China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

User:ThaHamburglar

2013-04-16T01:42:53Z

Colbygale: Created page with "'''I am the one and only Hamburglar''' 500|"

'''I am the one and only Hamburglar'''
[[File:Hamburglar.jpg|500|]]

File:Hamburglar.jpg

2013-04-16T01:40:22Z

Colbygale:

Talk:Terra Cotta Army

2013-04-16T01:37:50Z

Colbygale: /* New comments in 2013 */

=New comments in 2013=
Dear Bill, please start by uploading your powerpoint presentation and then revise the existing article. Now it is still too short. The final version should be 7 pages. You need not only to describe things, but also switch to the commentator role (maybe indicated by "Contemporary Commentator" and then evaluate and discuss the topic from different angles, put it into context, criticize etc.). If you want to write less, you can integrate more pictures. Please make sure to indicate your source after each sentence or, if there is a whole paragraph with the same source, after each paragraph. You can indicate it like "Smith 2009:345" and in the final section "References" write the long version "Smith, Jared, Confucius revisted, Yale University Press 2009, 415 pp." In the edit mode, section headers are indicated with "=" and sub section headers with "==". In the edit mode, paragraphs need to be marked with 2 line feeds ("Enter" key). 1 Line feed will not show up as a paragraph. For additional editing tips, including how to indicate sources and how to find copyright free pictures, please refer to [http://wiki.vm.rub.de/uvu/index.php/uvu:Community_Portal]. Good luck with your composition! Best, [[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 13:36, 25 February 2013 (CET)

I really like your article Bill, I think organizing things a little differently might help, but excellent material and pictures :). [[User:ThaHamburglar|ThaHamburglar]]

==There seems to be a lot of question about what is actually there (tomb) and what is legend or hear say. Clarifying material?[[User:Anonymous5|Anonymous5]] ([[User talk:Anonymous5|talk]]) 21:16, 27 February 2013 (CET)==

=References=
You should add your references using MLA format. [[Jimmerica|Jimmerica]] 02:27, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

=Content=
If you are looking for more content, I think it may be interesting to read more about the production process- what terra cotta is, how it is made, and how each soldier was assembled. Also, what kept this artwork preserved for such a long period of time. [[Jimmerica|Jimmerica]] 02:28, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for your feedback, I just added the information on how the soldiers were made.[[chris1|chris1]]

Another comment on Content, where is your argument? So far, this is just a description of what happened. And, be sure to proofread this. You have some punctuation issues and many of your sentences don't make sense, the way they are written. Try reading it out loud, I think you'll see what I mean. [[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 09:21, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

Great! I just made some grammar corrections.[[chris1|chris1]]

Add the video you found on youtube. Also, I can see your statement on the top that this is one of the greatest discoveries, but where is the content to support that strong statement? Be more descriptive in the size of the army and where it is kept. It would be good to describe the surrounding area or that there are possibly more armies and the tomb of Qin on that land. [[User:Linksys|Linksys]] 17:59, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

Yes, I just added more information on the rest of area around the emperors tomb.[[chris1|chris1]]

And say why they haven't uncovered the rest of the burial place.[[User:Linksys|Linksys]] 18:00, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

No link to the original source to the pictures.. and maybe add one more reference? [[User:Kovenor|Kovenor]] 21:42, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

Talk:Jin and Yuan Dynasties

2013-04-16T01:33:44Z

Colbygale: Created page with "This is really great, pretty much perfect. ThaHamburglar 19:33, 15 April 2013"

This is really great, pretty much perfect. [[User:ThaHamburglar|ThaHamburglar]] 19:33, 15 April 2013

Jin and Yuan Dynasties

2013-04-16T01:24:36Z

Colbygale: Created page with "='''Jin and Yuan Dynasties'''= 30| =Jin Dynasty= ==Founding== The Jin Dynasty was founded by the ethnic minority known as the Nuzhen who originat..."

='''Jin and Yuan Dynasties'''=

[[File:Khanate_Map.jpg|30|]]

=Jin Dynasty=

==Founding==
The Jin Dynasty was founded by the ethnic minority known as the Nuzhen who originated from the Heilongjiang River and Songhua River regions and the Changpai Mountain area. In 1115, one of the Nuzhen tribal leaders, by the name of Wanyan Aguda, unified the whole Nuzhen group and established this Dynasty in Acheng City (currently in Heilongjiang Province). Later, the capital city was moved to Yanjing (currently Beijing and finally settled in Bianjing (currently Kaifeng).

In 1115, Jin, considered as deadly threat to Liao, entered into an alliance with Song to conquer Liao dynasty. The alliance succeeded in conquering the Liao dynasty, also called as Khitan Empire. Later, Jin defeated the Song, and conquered the Northern region. After some time, Jin continued to attack the newly established in Southern Song, but, Jin military troops suffered severe wounds.

==The Jurchens==
Generally, Jin dynasty was formed by Tungus Jurchen tribal chieftain Wanyan Aguda from the tribe of Manchuria. When Aguda was dead, the new emperor of Jin broke the alliance and fought with Song. After the unsuccessful fight with Southern Song, the battle continued for almost a decade until a peace treaty was signed by both parties. It was then the Jin was considered to be formidable in Northern China.

After the invasion of Northern China, Jin was composed by over thirty million people, of which half were Jurchens. Society was organized as Jin ruler gives lands to their people. Although there were marriages by Jurchens to Hans, still, the top positions and noble people were considered to Jurchens alone.

==Jin Emperor Xizong, a.k.a. Prince Hailing==
When Jin Emperor Xizong, or Prince Hailing, ruled, there were various rebellions coming from different regions. His frustrations to invade the whole of China turned him into alcoholic and unrighteous ruler. He executed more than a hundred of his top officials, princes, and even his family, for criticizing his administration. While he was busy planning the invasions of China, two rebellions were initiated from Khitan tribesmen and Jurchen nobles. These uprisings lowered his forces. Eventually, his defeats also led to his assassination by his own generals.

==Emperor Shizong==
The next ruler, Emperor Shìzōng, administered the Jin dynasty differently. He negotiated peace with Southern Song. He lifted the tax abuses to help minority groups, and encouraged communal farming. Later on, the empire had sufficient reserve of grains. He constructed the Jurchen Academy to promote the Jurchen language and culture. His administration was considered peaceful and prosperous since he focused on promoting the lives of his people rather than conquering other lands.

Except during the reign of Emperor Shìzōng, Jin dynasty faced various battles with other groups. These led to the strengthening of Jin military forces. Even before the invasion of Liao dynasty, the military force was trained rigorously, although the skills were developed in hunting as their way of living. After the defeat of Liao, and followed by Northern Song, cavalry, horses, and various machines were significantly developed. The Jin troops absorbed elements from the Khitan, Bohai, Yi and Han. Cannons, grenades, and even rockets were used on the later part of the dynasty, and it was even considered as the first ever human battle that used gunpowder.

==Jin Dynasty Economy==
While the rulers of Jin faced much warfare, millions of its people were specialized into economic crafts such as farming, fishing, and hunting. Animal husbandry became the dominant industry. With the marriages of Jurchen and Han peoples, commerce and agricultural production were greatly developed. It is also at this era that extensive advancement in terms of drama and literature was initiated. With internal uprisings and warfare, the people of Jin seem not affected by the trouble. It was mainly due to the influence of Hans’s people on possessing positive attitude in life.

Trade relationship with neighboring empires was innovated, especially with the Song. It was an attempt to remove the usual trade barriers between different empires. Later on, commerce was recovered and further developed. With regards to agricultural sector, tax was mainly reduced to encourage farming from tribes. Interestingly, it was during this period that silver was considered as legal tender. Hence, it marked the important milestone in the history that even influences the contemporary period.

=The Influence of Buddhism During the Jin Dynasty=
One of the known structures in China, the Chengling Pagoda that is located in Zhengding, Hebei province, was constructed during this period. It only shows that people were greatly involved in the development of arts in China. Religious statues such as Buddha and Buddhist Monks were also carved during the reign of Jin dynasty. It mainly showed Buddhism as a growing religion, and people changed the ways of their life. Transition from warfare to simple living occurred as well. Perhaps, it can be one of the explanations of weakening military forces: more Jin people began to follow the teachings of Buddhism.

=Jin Dynasty Architectural Developments=
Another major development in architecture that happened in Jin dynasty was the construction of stone bridges, ornamental columns, and bridge sculptures. It also marked another important milestone in history of China. Up to this time, these structures were greatly appreciated by most people.

With regards to literature, Jin dynasty produced some famous poets who were even the recipient of awards.

Although Jin dynasty decided to change their capital, there were still different attacks from West Xia and the northern Mongols. Against the combined forces of mightiest nomad rulers in the world, the strong Southern Song and Mongolian Army, the Jin dynasty faced defeat. It happened when the enemy attacked the Jin military troops in a very isolated condition. Afterwards, the last emperor was captured and commenced the collapsed of Jin dynasty. The Jin Dynasty reigned for hundred and fifty years.

=End of the Jin Dynasty=
During the late Jin Dynasty, rulers became corrupt and there was a dramatic surge in national uprisings. What was worse, the Jin court in that period made enemies simultaneously with Xixia, the Northern Song and the Mongolian Kingdom. In 1234, the Jin army was finally defeated by the allied forces of the Northern Song and the Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongolia. After 119 years, it came to an end.

=Yuan Dynasty=

==Founding==
Since the late period of the 12th century, an ethnic minority group called Mongolian had grown up in the northern areas of China. In 1204, one of the leaders of the Mongolian tribes, Tiemuzhen, unified all the internal tribes. Two years later, Tiemuzhen was honored as Genghis Khan (meaning - the ruler of the world) and soon established the Mongolian Empire. Successively, it captured Xixia and the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234), after which the combative Mongolian army sent its military forces into Central Asia and Europe.

==Kublai Khan==
In 1260, the grandson of Tiemuzhen, Kublai Khan, ascended the throne. In 1271, he formally established the Yuan Dynasty with Yuandadu (currently Beijing) as the capital. (The new dynasty was not territorially the former Mongolian Empire as three parts had broken away before the new dynasty was founded.)

==Capture of the Southern Song==
In 1276, not long after the founding of the dynasty, Kublai Khan led his army, capturing the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127 - 1279) and thus he unified the entire China. At that time, Yuan's territory stretched to Mongolia and Siberia in the north, the South Sea in the south, Yunnan Province and Tibet in the southwest, eastern part of Xinjiang Province in the northwest and the Stanovoi Range in the northeast. The total area of the country was over 4.6 million square miles.

==An Era of Economic Prosperity==
As a mighty state, the Yuan Dynasty enjoyed economic development and prospered in the fields of science and literature. The economy was mainly based on agriculture. The agricultural techniques used were superior to those of previous dynasties and food output increased. Additionally, the use of paper currency stimulated the development of commerce. Meanwhile, trade with foreign countries was greatly encouraged following an open policy adopted by the rulers. In the area of science, astronomy, mathematics and medicine reached a very high level. In literature, the Yuan drama, along with the Tang poem and 'ci' poem of the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), was considered another heritage of Chinese literature. During the glorious period, diplomatic activities with foreign countries were quite frequent with many foreign envoys, merchants and travelers traversing the sea to come to China. Among them, the famous Italian merchant Marco Polo was a successful cultural transmitter who wrote the historic travel notes, The Travels of Marco Polo, informing the West about China.

==The Fall of the Mighty Yuan Dynasty==
In the late period, the internal contradictions of the ruling class, serious natural disasters, and unreasonable grading system together aroused the indignation of the people. In 1367, the rebel army led by Zhu Yuanzhang captured the Yuan capital, ending the ever mighty Yuan regime.

Traditional Chinese History

2013-04-16T01:23:13Z

Colbygale:

[http://wiki.vm.rub.de/uvu/index.php/uvu:Community_Portal Click here to learn how to use this Wiki.] [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

'''Overview on Final Papers'''

<span style="color:red">Dear students, thank you very much for putting your articles here online. Here is a quick link to all the articles of all students in class. You may want to check if you have commented on all of them.</span>
*Grant A - final paper: [[The Warring States Period]], (Midterm paper was: [[Mozi]])
*James C - final paper: [[Han Fei Tzu]], (Midterm paper was: [[Overview of the Han Dynasty]])
*Colby G - final paper: [[Jin and Yuan Dynasties]], (Midterm paper was: [[Later Han Dynasty]])
*Daniel J - final paper: (None yet), (Midterm paper was: [[Xunzi]])
*Bill P - final paper: [[Terra Cotta Army]], (Midterm paper was: [[Mencius]])
*Lance R - final paper: [[The Forbidden City]], (Midterm paper was: [[Three Kingdoms]])
*Emmanuel R - final paper: [[Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279 CE]] and [[Liao Dynasty 907-1125 CE]], (Midterm paper was: [[Qin Shihuangdi]])
*Loren S - final paper: [[Buddhism]], (Midterm paper was: [[Confucius]])
*Mallory W - final paper: [[Footbinding]], (Midterm paper was: [[Empresses]])
*Christopher W - final paper: [[17th Century China and Europe]], (Midterm paper was: [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]])

= Beginnings =

* [[Shang Dynasty]] -- [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
* [[Proof of early exchange between cultures]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[Olivia]]

= The Foundations of an Empire =

=== Zhou Dynasty - The philosophical foundations are laid ===
* [[Confucius]] (551 – 479 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:57, 12 April 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Loren S
* [[Laozi]] (5th–4th century BC) -- [[Chris C]]
* [[Zhuangzi]] (4th century BC) -- Shawn
* [[Xunzi]] (ca. 312–230 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by Daniel J
* [[Han Feizi]] (ca. 280 BC – 233 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by J. Raleigh C.
* [[Mozi]] (ca. 470 BC – ca. 391 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:09, 27 January 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Grant A.
* [[Mencius]] (ca. 372 – 289 BCE) -- Olivia -- revised by --[[User:Bill P|Bill P]] 23:07, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
* [[The Warring States Period]] -- Grant A
* [[Han Fei Tzu]] -- James C

=== Qin Dynasty - The Dream of Empire and the rule of Law ===
* [[Qin Shihuangdi]] (259 BC – 210 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper''--[[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:15, 6 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Emanuelle R
* [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]] (213 BC) -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 22:35, 3 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Christopher W.
* [[Terra Cotta Army]] (210–209 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Chris1|Chris1]] 22:27, 24 February 2012 (UTC) -- Bill P.

=== Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 220 CE - Confucianism becomes State Philosophy and the Rise of the Bureaucracy ===
* [[Overview of the Han Dynasty]] -- James C
* [[Buddhism]] may have entered China as early as the first century CE. -- Loren S
* [[The Imperial Order and Han Syntheses]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
* [[Eunuchs]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' -- [[Shawn]]
*Earlier Han Dynasty = Western Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 CE
*Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang 9 CE - 23 CE
*[[Later Han Dynasty]] = Eastern Han Dynasty 25 CE - 220 CE [[:Colbygale]]
*[[Three Kingdoms]] = 220 CE - 280 CE

= The Golden Age =
=== Tang Dynasty- Religion, Literature and World-wide connections ===
* [[Buddhism]] flourishes in China -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

=== Song Dynasty ===
* [[Footbinding]] spreads and becomes common - [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 02:07, 12 April 2012 (UTC) [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]]
* [[Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279 CE]] -- [[User:Emmanuel R|Emmanuel R]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel R|talk]]) 23:24, 3 April 2013 (CEST)

= Foreign Rule =
=== The Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties ===
* [[A View from the outside: Korea, the Yuan and the rise of the Ming]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 19:42, 1 April 2012 (UTC)
* [[Liao Dynasty 907-1125 CE]] -- [[User:Emmanuel R|Emmanuel R]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel R|talk]]) 23:26, 3 April 2013 (CEST)

= The Restoration of Native Rule =
=== Ming Dynasty ===
* [[Zheng He]] -- Shawn
* [[The Forbidden City]] -- [[Chris C]], enriched by Lance R.

= Timeless Presentations =
* [[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
* [[Kung Fu]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
* [[Money in early China]] -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 20:30, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
* [[The Great Wall of China]] -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 20:30, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
* [[Women in ancient China]] -- Olivia
* [[Empresses]] -- [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]]
* [[17th Century China and Europe]] -- [[User: Christopher W|Christopher W]]
* [[Test]] -- Test

Jin and Yuan

2013-04-16T01:21:12Z

Colbygale:

='''Jin and Yuan Dynasties'''=

[[File:Khanate_Map.jpg|30|]]

=Jin Dynasty=

==Founding==
The Jin Dynasty was founded by the ethnic minority known as the Nuzhen who originated from the Heilongjiang River and Songhua River regions and the Changpai Mountain area. In 1115, one of the Nuzhen tribal leaders, by the name of Wanyan Aguda, unified the whole Nuzhen group and established this Dynasty in Acheng City (currently in Heilongjiang Province). Later, the capital city was moved to Yanjing (currently Beijing and finally settled in Bianjing (currently Kaifeng).

In 1115, Jin, considered as deadly threat to Liao, entered into an alliance with Song to conquer Liao dynasty. The alliance succeeded in conquering the Liao dynasty, also called as Khitan Empire. Later, Jin defeated the Song, and conquered the Northern region. After some time, Jin continued to attack the newly established in Southern Song, but, Jin military troops suffered severe wounds.

==The Jurchens==
Generally, Jin dynasty was formed by Tungus Jurchen tribal chieftain Wanyan Aguda from the tribe of Manchuria. When Aguda was dead, the new emperor of Jin broke the alliance and fought with Song. After the unsuccessful fight with Southern Song, the battle continued for almost a decade until a peace treaty was signed by both parties. It was then the Jin was considered to be formidable in Northern China.

After the invasion of Northern China, Jin was composed by over thirty million people, of which half were Jurchens. Society was organized as Jin ruler gives lands to their people. Although there were marriages by Jurchens to Hans, still, the top positions and noble people were considered to Jurchens alone.

==Jin Emperor Xizong, a.k.a. Prince Hailing==
When Jin Emperor Xizong, or Prince Hailing, ruled, there were various rebellions coming from different regions. His frustrations to invade the whole of China turned him into alcoholic and unrighteous ruler. He executed more than a hundred of his top officials, princes, and even his family, for criticizing his administration. While he was busy planning the invasions of China, two rebellions were initiated from Khitan tribesmen and Jurchen nobles. These uprisings lowered his forces. Eventually, his defeats also led to his assassination by his own generals.

==Emperor Shizong==
The next ruler, Emperor Shìzōng, administered the Jin dynasty differently. He negotiated peace with Southern Song. He lifted the tax abuses to help minority groups, and encouraged communal farming. Later on, the empire had sufficient reserve of grains. He constructed the Jurchen Academy to promote the Jurchen language and culture. His administration was considered peaceful and prosperous since he focused on promoting the lives of his people rather than conquering other lands.

Except during the reign of Emperor Shìzōng, Jin dynasty faced various battles with other groups. These led to the strengthening of Jin military forces. Even before the invasion of Liao dynasty, the military force was trained rigorously, although the skills were developed in hunting as their way of living. After the defeat of Liao, and followed by Northern Song, cavalry, horses, and various machines were significantly developed. The Jin troops absorbed elements from the Khitan, Bohai, Yi and Han. Cannons, grenades, and even rockets were used on the later part of the dynasty, and it was even considered as the first ever human battle that used gunpowder.

==Jin Dynasty Economy==
While the rulers of Jin faced much warfare, millions of its people were specialized into economic crafts such as farming, fishing, and hunting. Animal husbandry became the dominant industry. With the marriages of Jurchen and Han peoples, commerce and agricultural production were greatly developed. It is also at this era that extensive advancement in terms of drama and literature was initiated. With internal uprisings and warfare, the people of Jin seem not affected by the trouble. It was mainly due to the influence of Hans’s people on possessing positive attitude in life.

Trade relationship with neighboring empires was innovated, especially with the Song. It was an attempt to remove the usual trade barriers between different empires. Later on, commerce was recovered and further developed. With regards to agricultural sector, tax was mainly reduced to encourage farming from tribes. Interestingly, it was during this period that silver was considered as legal tender. Hence, it marked the important milestone in the history that even influences the contemporary period.

=The Influence of Buddhism During the Jin Dynasty=
One of the known structures in China, the Chengling Pagoda that is located in Zhengding, Hebei province, was constructed during this period. It only shows that people were greatly involved in the development of arts in China. Religious statues such as Buddha and Buddhist Monks were also carved during the reign of Jin dynasty. It mainly showed Buddhism as a growing religion, and people changed the ways of their life. Transition from warfare to simple living occurred as well. Perhaps, it can be one of the explanations of weakening military forces: more Jin people began to follow the teachings of Buddhism.

=Jin Dynasty Architectural Developments=
Another major development in architecture that happened in Jin dynasty was the construction of stone bridges, ornamental columns, and bridge sculptures. It also marked another important milestone in history of China. Up to this time, these structures were greatly appreciated by most people.

With regards to literature, Jin dynasty produced some famous poets who were even the recipient of awards.

Although Jin dynasty decided to change their capital, there were still different attacks from West Xia and the northern Mongols. Against the combined forces of mightiest nomad rulers in the world, the strong Southern Song and Mongolian Army, the Jin dynasty faced defeat. It happened when the enemy attacked the Jin military troops in a very isolated condition. Afterwards, the last emperor was captured and commenced the collapsed of Jin dynasty. The Jin Dynasty reigned for hundred and fifty years.

=End of the Jin Dynasty=
During the late Jin Dynasty, rulers became corrupt and there was a dramatic surge in national uprisings. What was worse, the Jin court in that period made enemies simultaneously with Xixia, the Northern Song and the Mongolian Kingdom. In 1234, the Jin army was finally defeated by the allied forces of the Northern Song and the Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongolia. After 119 years, it came to an end.

=Yuan Dynasty=

==Founding==
Since the late period of the 12th century, an ethnic minority group called Mongolian had grown up in the northern areas of China. In 1204, one of the leaders of the Mongolian tribes, Tiemuzhen, unified all the internal tribes. Two years later, Tiemuzhen was honored as Genghis Khan (meaning - the ruler of the world) and soon established the Mongolian Empire. Successively, it captured Xixia and the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234), after which the combative Mongolian army sent its military forces into Central Asia and Europe.

==Kublai Khan==
In 1260, the grandson of Tiemuzhen, Kublai Khan, ascended the throne. In 1271, he formally established the Yuan Dynasty with Yuandadu (currently Beijing) as the capital. (The new dynasty was not territorially the former Mongolian Empire as three parts had broken away before the new dynasty was founded.)

==Capture of the Southern Song==
In 1276, not long after the founding of the dynasty, Kublai Khan led his army, capturing the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127 - 1279) and thus he unified the entire China. At that time, Yuan's territory stretched to Mongolia and Siberia in the north, the South Sea in the south, Yunnan Province and Tibet in the southwest, eastern part of Xinjiang Province in the northwest and the Stanovoi Range in the northeast. The total area of the country was over 4.6 million square miles.

==An Era of Economic Prosperity==
As a mighty state, the Yuan Dynasty enjoyed economic development and prospered in the fields of science and literature. The economy was mainly based on agriculture. The agricultural techniques used were superior to those of previous dynasties and food output increased. Additionally, the use of paper currency stimulated the development of commerce. Meanwhile, trade with foreign countries was greatly encouraged following an open policy adopted by the rulers. In the area of science, astronomy, mathematics and medicine reached a very high level. In literature, the Yuan drama, along with the Tang poem and 'ci' poem of the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), was considered another heritage of Chinese literature. During the glorious period, diplomatic activities with foreign countries were quite frequent with many foreign envoys, merchants and travelers traversing the sea to come to China. Among them, the famous Italian merchant Marco Polo was a successful cultural transmitter who wrote the historic travel notes, The Travels of Marco Polo, informing the West about China.

==The fall of the mighty Yuan Dynasty==
In the late period, the internal contradictions of the ruling class, serious natural disasters, and unreasonable grading system together aroused the indignation of the people. In 1367, the rebel army led by Zhu Yuanzhang captured the Yuan capital, ending the ever mighty Yuan regime.

Jin and Yuan

2013-04-16T01:19:04Z

Colbygale:

='''Jin and Yuan Dynasties'''=

[[File:Khanate_Map.jpg|30|]]

=Jin Dynasty=

==Founding==
The Jin Dynasty was founded by the ethnic minority known as the Nuzhen who originated from the Heilongjiang River and Songhua River regions and the Changpai Mountain area. In 1115, one of the Nuzhen tribal leaders, by the name of Wanyan Aguda, unified the whole Nuzhen group and established this Dynasty in Acheng City (currently in Heilongjiang Province). Later, the capital city was moved to Yanjing (currently Beijing and finally settled in Bianjing (currently Kaifeng).

In 1115, Jin, considered as deadly threat to Liao, entered into an alliance with Song to conquer Liao dynasty. The alliance succeeded in conquering the Liao dynasty, also called as Khitan Empire. Later, Jin defeated the Song, and conquered the Northern region. After some time, Jin continued to attack the newly established in Southern Song, but, Jin military troops suffered severe wounds.

=The Jurchens=
Generally, Jin dynasty was formed by Tungus Jurchen tribal chieftain Wanyan Aguda from the tribe of Manchuria. When Aguda was dead, the new emperor of Jin broke the alliance and fought with Song. After the unsuccessful fight with Southern Song, the battle continued for almost a decade until a peace treaty was signed by both parties. It was then the Jin was considered to be formidable in Northern China.

After the invasion of Northern China, Jin was composed by over thirty million people, of which half were Jurchens. Society was organized as Jin ruler gives lands to their people. Although there were marriages by Jurchens to Hans, still, the top positions and noble people were considered to Jurchens alone.

=Jin Emperor Xizong, a.k.a. Prince Hailing=
When Jin Emperor Xizong, or Prince Hailing, ruled, there were various rebellions coming from different regions. His frustrations to invade the whole of China turned him into alcoholic and unrighteous ruler. He executed more than a hundred of his top officials, princes, and even his family, for criticizing his administration. While he was busy planning the invasions of China, two rebellions were initiated from Khitan tribesmen and Jurchen nobles. These uprisings lowered his forces. Eventually, his defeats also led to his assassination by his own generals.

=Emperor Shizong=
The next ruler, Emperor Shìzōng, administered the Jin dynasty differently. He negotiated peace with Southern Song. He lifted the tax abuses to help minority groups, and encouraged communal farming. Later on, the empire had sufficient reserve of grains. He constructed the Jurchen Academy to promote the Jurchen language and culture. His administration was considered peaceful and prosperous since he focused on promoting the lives of his people rather than conquering other lands.

Except during the reign of Emperor Shìzōng, Jin dynasty faced various battles with other groups. These led to the strengthening of Jin military forces. Even before the invasion of Liao dynasty, the military force was trained rigorously, although the skills were developed in hunting as their way of living. After the defeat of Liao, and followed by Northern Song, cavalry, horses, and various machines were significantly developed. The Jin troops absorbed elements from the Khitan, Bohai, Yi and Han. Cannons, grenades, and even rockets were used on the later part of the dynasty, and it was even considered as the first ever human battle that used gunpowder.

=Jin Dynasty Economy=
While the rulers of Jin faced much warfare, millions of its people were specialized into economic crafts such as farming, fishing, and hunting. Animal husbandry became the dominant industry. With the marriages of Jurchen and Han peoples, commerce and agricultural production were greatly developed. It is also at this era that extensive advancement in terms of drama and literature was initiated. With internal uprisings and warfare, the people of Jin seem not affected by the trouble. It was mainly due to the influence of Hans’s people on possessing positive attitude in life.

Trade relationship with neighboring empires was innovated, especially with the Song. It was an attempt to remove the usual trade barriers between different empires. Later on, commerce was recovered and further developed. With regards to agricultural sector, tax was mainly reduced to encourage farming from tribes. Interestingly, it was during this period that silver was considered as legal tender. Hence, it marked the important milestone in the history that even influences the contemporary period.

=The Influence of Buddhism During the Jin Dynasty=
One of the known structures in China, the Chengling Pagoda that is located in Zhengding, Hebei province, was constructed during this period. It only shows that people were greatly involved in the development of arts in China. Religious statues such as Buddha and Buddhist Monks were also carved during the reign of Jin dynasty. It mainly showed Buddhism as a growing religion, and people changed the ways of their life. Transition from warfare to simple living occurred as well. Perhaps, it can be one of the explanations of weakening military forces: more Jin people began to follow the teachings of Buddhism.

=Jin Dynasty Architectural Developments=
Another major development in architecture that happened in Jin dynasty was the construction of stone bridges, ornamental columns, and bridge sculptures. It also marked another important milestone in history of China. Up to this time, these structures were greatly appreciated by most people.

With regards to literature, Jin dynasty produced some famous poets who were even the recipient of awards.

Although Jin dynasty decided to change their capital, there were still different attacks from West Xia and the northern Mongols. Against the combined forces of mightiest nomad rulers in the world, the strong Southern Song and Mongolian Army, the Jin dynasty faced defeat. It happened when the enemy attacked the Jin military troops in a very isolated condition. Afterwards, the last emperor was captured and commenced the collapsed of Jin dynasty. The Jin Dynasty reigned for hundred and fifty years.

=End of the Jin Dynasty=
During the late Jin Dynasty, rulers became corrupt and there was a dramatic surge in national uprisings. What was worse, the Jin court in that period made enemies simultaneously with Xixia, the Northern Song and the Mongolian Kingdom. In 1234, the Jin army was finally defeated by the allied forces of the Northern Song and the Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongolia. After 119 years, it came to an end.

=Yuan Dynasty=

=Founding=
Since the late period of the 12th century, an ethnic minority group called Mongolian had grown up in the northern areas of China. In 1204, one of the leaders of the Mongolian tribes, Tiemuzhen, unified all the internal tribes. Two years later, Tiemuzhen was honored as Genghis Khan (meaning - the ruler of the world) and soon established the Mongolian Empire. Successively, it captured Xixia and the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234), after which the combative Mongolian army sent its military forces into Central Asia and Europe.

=Kublai Khan=
In 1260, the grandson of Tiemuzhen, Kublai Khan, ascended the throne. In 1271, he formally established the Yuan Dynasty with Yuandadu (currently Beijing) as the capital. (The new dynasty was not territorially the former Mongolian Empire as three parts had broken away before the new dynasty was founded.)

=Capture of the Southern Song=
In 1276, not long after the founding of the dynasty, Kublai Khan led his army, capturing the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127 - 1279) and thus he unified the entire China. At that time, Yuan's territory stretched to Mongolia and Siberia in the north, the South Sea in the south, Yunnan Province and Tibet in the southwest, eastern part of Xinjiang Province in the northwest and the Stanovoi Range in the northeast. The total area of the country was over 4.6 million square miles.

=An Era of Economic Prosperity=
As a mighty state, the Yuan Dynasty enjoyed economic development and prospered in the fields of science and literature. The economy was mainly based on agriculture. The agricultural techniques used were superior to those of previous dynasties and food output increased. Additionally, the use of paper currency stimulated the development of commerce. Meanwhile, trade with foreign countries was greatly encouraged following an open policy adopted by the rulers. In the area of science, astronomy, mathematics and medicine reached a very high level. In literature, the Yuan drama, along with the Tang poem and 'ci' poem of the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), was considered another heritage of Chinese literature. During the glorious period, diplomatic activities with foreign countries were quite frequent with many foreign envoys, merchants and travelers traversing the sea to come to China. Among them, the famous Italian merchant Marco Polo was a successful cultural transmitter who wrote the historic travel notes, The Travels of Marco Polo, informing the West about China.

=The eventual fall of the mighty Yuan Dynasty=
In the late period, the internal contradictions of the ruling class, serious natural disasters, and unreasonable grading system together aroused the indignation of the people. In 1367, the rebel army led by Zhu Yuanzhang captured the Yuan capital, ending the ever mighty Yuan regime.

Jin and Yuan

2013-04-16T01:13:54Z

Colbygale:

'''Jin and Yuan Dynasties'''
[[File:.Khanate_Map.jpg]]

=Jin Dynasty=

=Founding=
The Jin Dynasty was founded by the ethnic minority known as the Nuzhen who originated from the Heilongjiang River and Songhua River regions and the Changpai Mountain area. In 1115, one of the Nuzhen tribal leaders, by the name of Wanyan Aguda, unified the whole Nuzhen group and established this Dynasty in Acheng City (currently in Heilongjiang Province). Later, the capital city was moved to Yanjing (currently Beijing and finally settled in Bianjing (currently Kaifeng).

In 1115, Jin, considered as deadly threat to Liao, entered into an alliance with Song to conquer Liao dynasty. The alliance succeeded in conquering the Liao dynasty, also called as Khitan Empire. Later, Jin defeated the Song, and conquered the Northern region. After some time, Jin continued to attack the newly established in Southern Song, but, Jin military troops suffered severe wounds.

=The Jurchens=
Generally, Jin dynasty was formed by Tungus Jurchen tribal chieftain Wanyan Aguda from the tribe of Manchuria. When Aguda was dead, the new emperor of Jin broke the alliance and fought with Song. After the unsuccessful fight with Southern Song, the battle continued for almost a decade until a peace treaty was signed by both parties. It was then the Jin was considered to be formidable in Northern China.

After the invasion of Northern China, Jin was composed by over thirty million people, of which half were Jurchens. Society was organized as Jin ruler gives lands to their people. Although there were marriages by Jurchens to Hans, still, the top positions and noble people were considered to Jurchens alone.

=Jin Emperor Xizong, a.k.a. Prince Hailing=
When Jin Emperor Xizong, or Prince Hailing, ruled, there were various rebellions coming from different regions. His frustrations to invade the whole of China turned him into alcoholic and unrighteous ruler. He executed more than a hundred of his top officials, princes, and even his family, for criticizing his administration. While he was busy planning the invasions of China, two rebellions were initiated from Khitan tribesmen and Jurchen nobles. These uprisings lowered his forces. Eventually, his defeats also led to his assassination by his own generals.

=Emperor Shizong=
The next ruler, Emperor Shìzōng, administered the Jin dynasty differently. He negotiated peace with Southern Song. He lifted the tax abuses to help minority groups, and encouraged communal farming. Later on, the empire had sufficient reserve of grains. He constructed the Jurchen Academy to promote the Jurchen language and culture. His administration was considered peaceful and prosperous since he focused on promoting the lives of his people rather than conquering other lands.

Except during the reign of Emperor Shìzōng, Jin dynasty faced various battles with other groups. These led to the strengthening of Jin military forces. Even before the invasion of Liao dynasty, the military force was trained rigorously, although the skills were developed in hunting as their way of living. After the defeat of Liao, and followed by Northern Song, cavalry, horses, and various machines were significantly developed. The Jin troops absorbed elements from the Khitan, Bohai, Yi and Han. Cannons, grenades, and even rockets were used on the later part of the dynasty, and it was even considered as the first ever human battle that used gunpowder.

=Jin Dynasty Economy=
While the rulers of Jin faced much warfare, millions of its people were specialized into economic crafts such as farming, fishing, and hunting. Animal husbandry became the dominant industry. With the marriages of Jurchen and Han peoples, commerce and agricultural production were greatly developed. It is also at this era that extensive advancement in terms of drama and literature was initiated. With internal uprisings and warfare, the people of Jin seem not affected by the trouble. It was mainly due to the influence of Hans’s people on possessing positive attitude in life.

Trade relationship with neighboring empires was innovated, especially with the Song. It was an attempt to remove the usual trade barriers between different empires. Later on, commerce was recovered and further developed. With regards to agricultural sector, tax was mainly reduced to encourage farming from tribes. Interestingly, it was during this period that silver was considered as legal tender. Hence, it marked the important milestone in the history that even influences the contemporary period.

=The Influence of Buddhism During the Jin Dynasty=
One of the known structures in China, the Chengling Pagoda that is located in Zhengding, Hebei province, was constructed during this period. It only shows that people were greatly involved in the development of arts in China. Religious statues such as Buddha and Buddhist Monks were also carved during the reign of Jin dynasty. It mainly showed Buddhism as a growing religion, and people changed the ways of their life. Transition from warfare to simple living occurred as well. Perhaps, it can be one of the explanations of weakening military forces: more Jin people began to follow the teachings of Buddhism.

=Jin Dynasty Architectural Developments=
Another major development in architecture that happened in Jin dynasty was the construction of stone bridges, ornamental columns, and bridge sculptures. It also marked another important milestone in history of China. Up to this time, these structures were greatly appreciated by most people.

With regards to literature, Jin dynasty produced some famous poets who were even the recipient of awards.

Although Jin dynasty decided to change their capital, there were still different attacks from West Xia and the northern Mongols. Against the combined forces of mightiest nomad rulers in the world, the strong Southern Song and Mongolian Army, the Jin dynasty faced defeat. It happened when the enemy attacked the Jin military troops in a very isolated condition. Afterwards, the last emperor was captured and commenced the collapsed of Jin dynasty. The Jin Dynasty reigned for hundred and fifty years.

=End of the Jin Dynasty=
During the late Jin Dynasty, rulers became corrupt and there was a dramatic surge in national uprisings. What was worse, the Jin court in that period made enemies simultaneously with Xixia, the Northern Song and the Mongolian Kingdom. In 1234, the Jin army was finally defeated by the allied forces of the Northern Song and the Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongolia. After 119 years, it came to an end.

=Yuan Dynasty=

=Founding=
Since the late period of the 12th century, an ethnic minority group called Mongolian had grown up in the northern areas of China. In 1204, one of the leaders of the Mongolian tribes, Tiemuzhen, unified all the internal tribes. Two years later, Tiemuzhen was honored as Genghis Khan (meaning - the ruler of the world) and soon established the Mongolian Empire. Successively, it captured Xixia and the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234), after which the combative Mongolian army sent its military forces into Central Asia and Europe.

=Kublai Khan=
In 1260, the grandson of Tiemuzhen, Kublai Khan, ascended the throne. In 1271, he formally established the Yuan Dynasty with Yuandadu (currently Beijing) as the capital. (The new dynasty was not territorially the former Mongolian Empire as three parts had broken away before the new dynasty was founded.)

=Capture of the Southern Song=
In 1276, not long after the founding of the dynasty, Kublai Khan led his army, capturing the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127 - 1279) and thus he unified the entire China. At that time, Yuan's territory stretched to Mongolia and Siberia in the north, the South Sea in the south, Yunnan Province and Tibet in the southwest, eastern part of Xinjiang Province in the northwest and the Stanovoi Range in the northeast. The total area of the country was over 4.6 million square miles.

=An Era of Economic Prosperity=
As a mighty state, the Yuan Dynasty enjoyed economic development and prospered in the fields of science and literature. The economy was mainly based on agriculture. The agricultural techniques used were superior to those of previous dynasties and food output increased. Additionally, the use of paper currency stimulated the development of commerce. Meanwhile, trade with foreign countries was greatly encouraged following an open policy adopted by the rulers. In the area of science, astronomy, mathematics and medicine reached a very high level. In literature, the Yuan drama, along with the Tang poem and 'ci' poem of the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), was considered another heritage of Chinese literature. During the glorious period, diplomatic activities with foreign countries were quite frequent with many foreign envoys, merchants and travelers traversing the sea to come to China. Among them, the famous Italian merchant Marco Polo was a successful cultural transmitter who wrote the historic travel notes, The Travels of Marco Polo, informing the West about China.

=The eventual fall of the mighty Yuan Dynasty=
In the late period, the internal contradictions of the ruling class, serious natural disasters, and unreasonable grading system together aroused the indignation of the people. In 1367, the rebel army led by Zhu Yuanzhang captured the Yuan capital, ending the ever mighty Yuan regime.

File:Khanate Map.jpg

2013-04-16T01:12:58Z

Colbygale:

Jin and Yuan

2013-04-16T00:59:24Z

Colbygale:

'''Jin and Yuan Dynasties'''

=Jin Dynasty=

=Founding=
The Jin Dynasty was founded by the ethnic minority known as the Nuzhen who originated from the Heilongjiang River and Songhua River regions and the Changpai Mountain area. In 1115, one of the Nuzhen tribal leaders, by the name of Wanyan Aguda, unified the whole Nuzhen group and established this Dynasty in Acheng City (currently in Heilongjiang Province). Later, the capital city was moved to Yanjing (currently Beijing and finally settled in Bianjing (currently Kaifeng).

In 1115, Jin, considered as deadly threat to Liao, entered into an alliance with Song to conquer Liao dynasty. The alliance succeeded in conquering the Liao dynasty, also called as Khitan Empire. Later, Jin defeated the Song, and conquered the Northern region. After some time, Jin continued to attack the newly established in Southern Song, but, Jin military troops suffered severe wounds.

=The Jurchens=
Generally, Jin dynasty was formed by Tungus Jurchen tribal chieftain Wanyan Aguda from the tribe of Manchuria. When Aguda was dead, the new emperor of Jin broke the alliance and fought with Song. After the unsuccessful fight with Southern Song, the battle continued for almost a decade until a peace treaty was signed by both parties. It was then the Jin was considered to be formidable in Northern China.

After the invasion of Northern China, Jin was composed by over thirty million people, of which half were Jurchens. Society was organized as Jin ruler gives lands to their people. Although there were marriages by Jurchens to Hans, still, the top positions and noble people were considered to Jurchens alone.

=Jin Emperor Xizong, a.k.a. Prince Hailing=
When Jin Emperor Xizong, or Prince Hailing, ruled, there were various rebellions coming from different regions. His frustrations to invade the whole of China turned him into alcoholic and unrighteous ruler. He executed more than a hundred of his top officials, princes, and even his family, for criticizing his administration. While he was busy planning the invasions of China, two rebellions were initiated from Khitan tribesmen and Jurchen nobles. These uprisings lowered his forces. Eventually, his defeats also led to his assassination by his own generals.

=Emperor Shizong=
The next ruler, Emperor Shìzōng, administered the Jin dynasty differently. He negotiated peace with Southern Song. He lifted the tax abuses to help minority groups, and encouraged communal farming. Later on, the empire had sufficient reserve of grains. He constructed the Jurchen Academy to promote the Jurchen language and culture. His administration was considered peaceful and prosperous since he focused on promoting the lives of his people rather than conquering other lands.

Except during the reign of Emperor Shìzōng, Jin dynasty faced various battles with other groups. These led to the strengthening of Jin military forces. Even before the invasion of Liao dynasty, the military force was trained rigorously, although the skills were developed in hunting as their way of living. After the defeat of Liao, and followed by Northern Song, cavalry, horses, and various machines were significantly developed. The Jin troops absorbed elements from the Khitan, Bohai, Yi and Han. Cannons, grenades, and even rockets were used on the later part of the dynasty, and it was even considered as the first ever human battle that used gunpowder.

=Jin Dynasty Economy=
While the rulers of Jin faced much warfare, millions of its people were specialized into economic crafts such as farming, fishing, and hunting. Animal husbandry became the dominant industry. With the marriages of Jurchen and Han peoples, commerce and agricultural production were greatly developed. It is also at this era that extensive advancement in terms of drama and literature was initiated. With internal uprisings and warfare, the people of Jin seem not affected by the trouble. It was mainly due to the influence of Hans’s people on possessing positive attitude in life.

Trade relationship with neighboring empires was innovated, especially with the Song. It was an attempt to remove the usual trade barriers between different empires. Later on, commerce was recovered and further developed. With regards to agricultural sector, tax was mainly reduced to encourage farming from tribes. Interestingly, it was during this period that silver was considered as legal tender. Hence, it marked the important milestone in the history that even influences the contemporary period.

=The Influence of Buddhism During the Jin Dynasty=
One of the known structures in China, the Chengling Pagoda that is located in Zhengding, Hebei province, was constructed during this period. It only shows that people were greatly involved in the development of arts in China. Religious statues such as Buddha and Buddhist Monks were also carved during the reign of Jin dynasty. It mainly showed Buddhism as a growing religion, and people changed the ways of their life. Transition from warfare to simple living occurred as well. Perhaps, it can be one of the explanations of weakening military forces: more Jin people began to follow the teachings of Buddhism.

=Jin Dynasty Architectural Developments=
Another major development in architecture that happened in Jin dynasty was the construction of stone bridges, ornamental columns, and bridge sculptures. It also marked another important milestone in history of China. Up to this time, these structures were greatly appreciated by most people.

With regards to literature, Jin dynasty produced some famous poets who were even the recipient of awards.

Although Jin dynasty decided to change their capital, there were still different attacks from West Xia and the northern Mongols. Against the combined forces of mightiest nomad rulers in the world, the strong Southern Song and Mongolian Army, the Jin dynasty faced defeat. It happened when the enemy attacked the Jin military troops in a very isolated condition. Afterwards, the last emperor was captured and commenced the collapsed of Jin dynasty. The Jin Dynasty reigned for hundred and fifty years.

=End of the Jin Dynasty=
During the late Jin Dynasty, rulers became corrupt and there was a dramatic surge in national uprisings. What was worse, the Jin court in that period made enemies simultaneously with Xixia, the Northern Song and the Mongolian Kingdom. In 1234, the Jin army was finally defeated by the allied forces of the Northern Song and the Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongolia. After 119 years, it came to an end.

=Yuan Dynasty=

=Founding=
Since the late period of the 12th century, an ethnic minority group called Mongolian had grown up in the northern areas of China. In 1204, one of the leaders of the Mongolian tribes, Tiemuzhen, unified all the internal tribes. Two years later, Tiemuzhen was honored as Genghis Khan (meaning - the ruler of the world) and soon established the Mongolian Empire. Successively, it captured Xixia and the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234), after which the combative Mongolian army sent its military forces into Central Asia and Europe.

=Kublai Khan=
In 1260, the grandson of Tiemuzhen, Kublai Khan, ascended the throne. In 1271, he formally established the Yuan Dynasty with Yuandadu (currently Beijing) as the capital. (The new dynasty was not territorially the former Mongolian Empire as three parts had broken away before the new dynasty was founded.)

=Capture of the Southern Song=
In 1276, not long after the founding of the dynasty, Kublai Khan led his army, capturing the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127 - 1279) and thus he unified the entire China. At that time, Yuan's territory stretched to Mongolia and Siberia in the north, the South Sea in the south, Yunnan Province and Tibet in the southwest, eastern part of Xinjiang Province in the northwest and the Stanovoi Range in the northeast. The total area of the country was over 4.6 million square miles.

=An Era of Economic Prosperity=
As a mighty state, the Yuan Dynasty enjoyed economic development and prospered in the fields of science and literature. The economy was mainly based on agriculture. The agricultural techniques used were superior to those of previous dynasties and food output increased. Additionally, the use of paper currency stimulated the development of commerce. Meanwhile, trade with foreign countries was greatly encouraged following an open policy adopted by the rulers. In the area of science, astronomy, mathematics and medicine reached a very high level. In literature, the Yuan drama, along with the Tang poem and 'ci' poem of the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), was considered another heritage of Chinese literature. During the glorious period, diplomatic activities with foreign countries were quite frequent with many foreign envoys, merchants and travelers traversing the sea to come to China. Among them, the famous Italian merchant Marco Polo was a successful cultural transmitter who wrote the historic travel notes, The Travels of Marco Polo, informing the West about China.

=The eventual fall of the mighty Yuan Dynasty=
In the late period, the internal contradictions of the ruling class, serious natural disasters, and unreasonable grading system together aroused the indignation of the people. In 1367, the rebel army led by Zhu Yuanzhang captured the Yuan capital, ending the ever mighty Yuan regime.

Jin and Yuan

2013-04-16T00:44:19Z

Colbygale:

Jin and Yuan

2013-04-16T00:39:44Z

Colbygale: Created page with "'''Jin and Yuan Dynasties''' =Jin Dynasty= In 1115, Jin, considered as deadly threat to Liao, entered into an alliance with Song to conquer Liao dynasty. The alliance succee..."

'''Jin and Yuan Dynasties'''

=Jin Dynasty=
In 1115, Jin, considered as deadly threat to Liao, entered into an alliance with Song to conquer Liao dynasty. The alliance succeeded in conquering the Liao dynasty, also called as Khitan Empire. Later, Jin defeated the Song, and conquered the Northern region. After some time, Jin continued to attack the newly established in Southern Song, but, Jin military troops suffered severe wounds.

=The Jurchens=
Generally, Jin dynasty was formed by Tungus Jurchen tribal chieftain Wanyan Aguda from the tribe of Manchuria. When Aguda was dead, the new emperor of Jin broke the alliance and fought with Song. After the unsuccessful fight with Southern Song, the battle continued for almost a decade until a peace treaty was signed by both parties. It was then the Jin was considered to be formidable in Northern China.

After the invasion of Northern China, Jin was composed by over thirty million people, of which half were Jurchens. Society was organized as Jin ruler gives lands to their people. Although there were marriages by Jurchens to Hans, still, the top positions and noble people were considered to Jurchens alone.

=Jin Emperor Xizong, a.k.a. Prince Hailing=
When Jin Emperor Xizong, or Prince Hailing, ruled, there were various rebellions coming from different regions. His frustrations to invade the whole of China turned him into alcoholic and unrighteous ruler. He executed more than a hundred of his top officials, princes, and even his family, for criticizing his administration. While he was busy planning the invasions of China, two rebellions were initiated from Khitan tribesmen and Jurchen nobles. These uprisings lowered his forces. Eventually, his defeats also led to his assassination by his own generals.

=Emperor Shizong=
The next ruler, Emperor Shìzōng, administered the Jin dynasty differently. He negotiated peace with Southern Song. He lifted the tax abuses to help minority groups, and encouraged communal farming. Later on, the empire had sufficient reserve of grains. He constructed the Jurchen Academy to promote the Jurchen language and culture. His administration was considered peaceful and prosperous since he focused on promoting the lives of his people rather than conquering other lands.

Except during the reign of Emperor Shìzōng, Jin dynasty faced various battles with other groups. These led to the strengthening of Jin military forces. Even before the invasion of Liao dynasty, the military force was trained rigorously, although the skills were developed in hunting as their way of living. After the defeat of Liao, and followed by Northern Song, cavalry, horses, and various machines were significantly developed. The Jin troops absorbed elements from the Khitan, Bohai, Yi and Han. Cannons, grenades, and even rockets were used on the later part of the dynasty, and it was even considered as the first ever human battle that used gunpowder.

=Jin Dynasty Economy=
While the rulers of Jin faced much warfare, millions of its people were specialized into economic crafts such as farming, fishing, and hunting. Animal husbandry became the dominant industry. With the marriages of Jurchen and Han peoples, commerce and agricultural production were greatly developed. It is also at this era that extensive advancement in terms of drama and literature was initiated. With internal uprisings and warfare, the people of Jin seem not affected by the trouble. It was mainly due to the influence of Hans’s people on possessing positive attitude in life.

Trade relationship with neighboring empires was innovated, especially with the Song. It was an attempt to remove the usual trade barriers between different empires. Later on, commerce was recovered and further developed. With regards to agricultural sector, tax was mainly reduced to encourage farming from tribes. Interestingly, it was during this period that silver was considered as legal tender. Hence, it marked the important milestone in the history that even influences the contemporary period.

Later Han Dynasty

2013-02-28T01:47:41Z

Colbygale: /* Eastern Han */

=Eastern Han=

The Eastern Han, also known as the Later Han, formally began on 5 August 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han.During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the Korean state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30. The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40. Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan in a campaign from AD 42–43. Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu, who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi (比), a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu (蒲奴), submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50. This created two rival Xiongnu states: the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi, an ally of Han, and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu, an enemy of Han.

During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, Han lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han's Hexi Corridor in Gansu. Dou Gu defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison. After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha, the garrison at Hami was withdrawn. At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89, Dou Xian defeated the Northern Chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains. After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91, the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people. The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai (檀石槐), who consistently defeated Chinese armies. However, Tanshihuai's confederation disintegrated after his death.

Ban Chao enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao.

It was also rumored that the Han had relations with the Ancient Roman Empire. It has been told that a ambassador on the behalf of Marcus Aurelius made it to the royal palace of the Han. This has been largely dismissed as only a tale though. It is believed that these Romans were just merchants from ancient Rome and not actually emissaries of Marcus Aurelius.

This was the tale of how the Xin dynasty devolved and the Eastern Han Dynasty was able to come into the spotlight. There were a lot of leftover conflicts from the Xin that the Eastern Han had to deal with when they reestablished their rule over China. Emperor Guangwu of Han probably didn't realise the lasting influences he would have not only on China, but on the world as a whole. This all led to the Three Kingdoms Era of China as well.

==References==
*Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 223–290. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Chang, Chun-shu. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
*Hansen, Valerie. (2000). The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600. New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company.
Wang, Zhongshu. (1982). Han Civilization. Translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
*Liu, Xujie (2002). "The Qin and Han Dynasties" in Chinese Architecture, 33–60. Edited by Nancy S. Steinhardt. New Haven: Yale University Press.
*Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 103–222. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Loewe, Michael. (2005). "Funerary Practice in Han Times," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 23–74. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum.
*Steinhardt, Nancy N. (2005). "Tower model," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 283–285. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum.

= Classroom Materials =
*Powerpoint file by Colby G. [[Media:Later_Han_Dynasty-Colby_Gale.pptx]]

Later Han Dynasty

2013-02-28T01:24:38Z

Colbygale: /* Eastern Han */

Later Han Dynasty

2013-02-28T01:16:20Z

Colbygale: /* Eastern Han */

File:Later Han Dynasty-Colby Gale.pptx

2013-02-28T01:08:49Z

Colbygale:

Later Han Dynasty

2013-02-28T01:04:36Z

Colbygale: /* Eastern Han */

Later Han Dynasty

2013-02-27T23:32:55Z

Colbygale:

=Eastern Han=

Colbygale

2013-02-27T23:28:35Z

Colbygale: Created page with "I'm Colby, yeah."

I'm Colby, yeah.

-Colbygale

2013-02-27T23:27:57Z

Colbygale: Created page with "I'm Colby, yeah."

I'm Colby, yeah.

Traditional Chinese History

2013-02-27T23:27:09Z

Colbygale: /* Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 220 CE - Confucianism becomes State Philosophy and the Rise of the Bureaucracy */

[http://wiki.vm.rub.de/uvu/index.php/uvu:Community_Portal Click here to learn how to use this Wiki.] [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

= Beginnings =

* [[Shang Dynasty]] -- [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
* [[Proof of early exchange between cultures]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[Olivia]]

= The Foundations of an Empire =

=== Zhou Dynasty - The philosophical foundations are laid ===
* [[Confucius]] (551 – 479 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:57, 12 April 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Loren S
* [[Laozi]] (5th–4th century BC) -- [[Chris C]]
* [[Zhuangzi]] (4th century BC) -- Shawn
* [[Xunzi]] (ca. 312–230 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by Daniel J
* [[Han Feizi]] (ca. 280 BC – 233 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by J. Raleigh C.
* [[Mozi]] (ca. 470 BC – ca. 391 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:09, 27 January 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Grant A.
* [[Mencius]] (ca. 372 – 289 BCE) -- Olivia -- revised by --[[User:Bill P|Bill P]] 23:07, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
* [[The Warring States Period]] -- Grant A

=== Qin Dynasty - The Dream of Empire and the rule of Law ===
* [[Qin Shihuangdi]] (259 BC – 210 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper''--[[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:15, 6 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Emmanuel R
* [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]] (213 BC) -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 22:35, 3 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Christopher W.
* [[Terra Cotta Army]] (210–209 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Chris1|Chris1]] 22:27, 24 February 2012 (UTC) -- Bill P.

=== Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 220 CE - Confucianism becomes State Philosophy and the Rise of the Bureaucracy ===
* [[Buddhism]] comes to China.
* [[Buddhism]] Buddhism may have entered China as early as the first century CE..
* [[The Imperial Order and Han Syntheses]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
* [[Eunuchs]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' -- [[Shawn]]
*Earlier Han Dynasty = Western Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 CE
*Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang 9 CE - 23 CE
*[[Later Han Dynasty]] = Eastern Han Dynasty 25 CE - 220 CE [[:Colbygale]]

= The Golden Age =
=== Tang Dynasty- Religion, Literature and World-wide connections ===
* [[Buddhism]] flourishes in China -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

=== Song Dynasty ===
* [[Footbinding]] spreads and becomes common - [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 02:07, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

= Foreign Rule =
=== The Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties ===
* [[A View from the outside: Korea, the Yuan and the rise of the Ming]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 19:42, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

= The Restoration of Native Rule =
=== Ming Dynasty ===
* [[Zheng He]] -- Shawn
* [[The Forbidden City]] -- [[Chris C]]

= Timeless Presentations =
* [[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
* [[Kung Fu]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
* [[Money in early China]] -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 20:30, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
* [[The Great Wall of China]] -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 20:30, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
* [[Women in ancient China]] -- Olivia
* [[Empresses]] -- [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]]
* [[Test]] -- Test

Traditional Chinese History

2013-02-27T23:26:46Z

Colbygale: /* Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 220 CE - Confucianism becomes State Philosophy and the Rise of the Bureaucracy */

[http://wiki.vm.rub.de/uvu/index.php/uvu:Community_Portal Click here to learn how to use this Wiki.] [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

= Beginnings =

* [[Shang Dynasty]] -- [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
* [[Proof of early exchange between cultures]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[Olivia]]

= The Foundations of an Empire =

=== Zhou Dynasty - The philosophical foundations are laid ===
* [[Confucius]] (551 – 479 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:57, 12 April 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Loren S
* [[Laozi]] (5th–4th century BC) -- [[Chris C]]
* [[Zhuangzi]] (4th century BC) -- Shawn
* [[Xunzi]] (ca. 312–230 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by Daniel J
* [[Han Feizi]] (ca. 280 BC – 233 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by J. Raleigh C.
* [[Mozi]] (ca. 470 BC – ca. 391 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:09, 27 January 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Grant A.
* [[Mencius]] (ca. 372 – 289 BCE) -- Olivia -- revised by --[[User:Bill P|Bill P]] 23:07, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
* [[The Warring States Period]] -- Grant A

=== Qin Dynasty - The Dream of Empire and the rule of Law ===
* [[Qin Shihuangdi]] (259 BC – 210 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper''--[[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:15, 6 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Emmanuel R
* [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]] (213 BC) -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 22:35, 3 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Christopher W.
* [[Terra Cotta Army]] (210–209 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Chris1|Chris1]] 22:27, 24 February 2012 (UTC) -- Bill P.

=== Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 220 CE - Confucianism becomes State Philosophy and the Rise of the Bureaucracy ===
* [[Buddhism]] comes to China.
* [[Buddhism]] Buddhism may have entered China as early as the first century CE..
* [[The Imperial Order and Han Syntheses]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
* [[Eunuchs]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' -- [[Shawn]]
*Earlier Han Dynasty = Western Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 CE
*Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang 9 CE - 23 CE
*[[Later Han Dynasty]] = Eastern Han Dynasty 25 CE - 220 CE [[User:Colbygale]]

= The Golden Age =
=== Tang Dynasty- Religion, Literature and World-wide connections ===
* [[Buddhism]] flourishes in China -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

=== Song Dynasty ===
* [[Footbinding]] spreads and becomes common - [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 02:07, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

= Foreign Rule =
=== The Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties ===
* [[A View from the outside: Korea, the Yuan and the rise of the Ming]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 19:42, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

= The Restoration of Native Rule =
=== Ming Dynasty ===
* [[Zheng He]] -- Shawn
* [[The Forbidden City]] -- [[Chris C]]

= Timeless Presentations =
* [[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
* [[Kung Fu]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
* [[Money in early China]] -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 20:30, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
* [[The Great Wall of China]] -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 20:30, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
* [[Women in ancient China]] -- Olivia
* [[Empresses]] -- [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]]
* [[Test]] -- Test