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Cult Load Words EN 6

2021-12-30T14:27:36Z

Du Lina: /* Chapter 6:On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Text from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplifies by Zhangjiajie */

=Chapter 6:On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Text from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplified by Zhangjiajie=
''' 跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译翻译研究--以张家界为例'''

杜莉娜 Du Lina, Hunan Normal University, China

=== Abstract ===
Culture-loaded words are special in vocabulary for all kinds of language. Being different from general words, the strong local traits of these words are concealed behind the language form, which leads to the untranslatability and difficulties of translating. The translation of culture-loaded words is a big challenge for a translator since he/she needs to master both the source language and the target language as well as be familiar with the local culture. The translator needs to keep the translation accurate and advoids to lose cultural identities of a term. A study of translating culture-loaded from an international communication perspective is practical for that taking communication as purpose it focuses on culture behind a language and tries to find an alternative expression, which makes the recievers fully understand the target language and its culture. In the light of intercultural communication, this paper takes tourism texts published in the official site of Zhangjiajie as example to analyze the translation principles and strategies of culture-loaded in tourism texts, deeply discussing some problems in the translation of tourism texts and providing some practical solutions for it.

=== Key Words ===
Intercultural Communication; Tourism;Culture-loaded words;Translation

=== 摘要 ===
对于任何一种语言来说，文化负载词都是词汇中一种特殊存在形式。与普通词汇不同，它借用语言外形将自己浓厚的当地色彩包裹起来，使其不可译或难以翻译。文化负载词的翻译是对译者对源语和译入语精通度和当地文化熟悉度的一种高挑战，这不仅需要译者考虑翻译的准确性，还不能丧失词汇本身的文化烙印。从跨文化交际的角度来翻译文化负载词不失为一种可行的办法，跨文化交际以交际为目的，注重保留语言的文化性，试图找到一种合适的替代性表达让语言接受者完全理解源语言以及其背后的文化因素。本文从跨文化交际角度出发，以张家界旅游官网公布的旅游文本为例，分析其中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，进而分析旅游文本翻译存在的某些问题，并提供一些较为可行的解决办法。

=== 关键词 ===
跨文化交际，旅游，文化负载词，翻译

=== Introduction ===
中华上下五千年，文化源远流长。随着中国综合国力不断提高，中国在世界上的地位举足轻重，从一带一路、和平共处五项原则到中国特色社会主义无一不体现着儒家、道家哲学思想，因此，在当今的文化交流中，保留中华火种、弘扬中国文化是非常必要的。文化负载词翻译研究便是一种重要的本土文化保护方式。文化负载词指那些富有一定文化背景或者深刻文化意蕴的词语，在一定的历史阶段沉淀后，产生的带有文化性质的词语、谚语、典故、特殊的人物名称的表达，除此之外，它还包括现行的熟语和习语（方梦之，2011：297）。

New Mark（2001：95）将文化负载词分为生态学、物质文化、社会文化、社会、政治、经济、行政机构以及声势语言学这几类。由此可见，文化负载词涉及范围广泛，且随着时间的推移层出不穷，语言交流中这类词语也是最能体现某一社会文化信息、社会价值以及反映本土生活的表达。旅游文本涉及的文化词语范围广泛，从山川河流、博物馆、建筑、特色美食到动植物应有尽有，为文化负载词的研究提供了丰富且合适的资源。他国人了解本国文化时采用的最直接的方式便是旅游，我国山川壮阔、风景秀丽、美食众多，各国游客慕名前来。在中国，基本上各大景点都设有英文翻译，目前，多数景点也已设日文、韩文等翻译。它不仅是文化负载词研究的重点语料，也是跨文化交际的重要途径，因为它塑造了他国对我国文化的第一印象，在弘扬我国文化方面发挥着重要作用。因此，旅游文本的重要性可见一斑。本文选用跨文化交际为视角来分析旅游文本中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，以此来看语言、文化和翻译之间的相互关系。

Chinese culture runs a long history about 5,000 years. With the overall national strength is improving, China plays an important role in the whole world. Confucianism and Taoism is embodied in such political ideas as Belt and Road Initiative, Five Principles of Peaceful Coeixstence, socialism with Chinese characteristics and so on. Therefore, it is quite necessary to preserve Chinese culture heritage and carry forward Chinese culture in the current culture communication. Research on translation of culture-loaded words is such a important way culture topromote the indigenous cultrue. Culture-loaded words refers to some items that implies cultural background and connotations, and passing through the long-term historical precipitation these expression with culture character like words, proverbs, allusions and name of special figures have been produced. And the existing common phrases and idioms are part of culture-loaded words( Fang Mengzhi，2011:297).

New Mark (2001：95)classified culture-loaded words as all kinds of types in ecology, material culture, social culture, society, politics, economy, administrative institutions and gesture. It is therefore of wide range of cultural expression, and these items have emerged endlessly with the changes of the times.In the communication, these words can best embody cultural information and social values and reflect the social life of human.Tourism texts relate to a variety of areas among mountains and rivers, museums, architecture,delicious food, animals and plants, which provide abundant and propor data for reaserch on culture-loaded words. The most direct way to realize domestic culture is travel for foreigners. Especially, there are magnificent mountains and rivers, splendid scenery and numerous delicious food, attracting many travelers around the whole world. In China, scenic spots essentially provide English translation, and now many of them also have Japanese, Korean and others translation. Tourism is crucial in making the first Chinese impression to foreigners and carrying on Chinese culture. It is the key language data in studying culture-loaded words as well as the critical way in cross-communication.So the importance of tourism texts is obvious. This paper chooses the intercultural communication perspective to analyze the English translation principles and strategies in tourism texts, deeply discussing the interrelations among language, culture and translation. (New Mark，2001：95)

===Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts ===
由于这类词背景的复杂性，此类翻译对译者来说也并非易事，这是对译者对两种语言精通程度的考验，同时也是对两种文化认识程度的考验，这两方面缺一便会误导读者对该文化的误解。一般在文化类词语的翻译上，主要采取的两种翻译策略是韦努蒂的异化译法和归化译法。异化翻译，又称 “小众化翻译”或 “少数化翻译”，指的生成目标文本时会通过保留原文中某些异国情调的东西来故意打破目的语惯例的翻译类型（方梦之2001:96），即 “译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近”。归化译法指的是译者采用透明、流畅的风格，以最大限度地淡化目的语读者对外来文本的陌生感（Venuti 1995:20）。

Given the complexity of backgrounds of these words, the translation of them is not easy for translators who probably face challenges of well mastering two languages as well as understanding two cultures. Readers may misunderstand the text without one of the two aspects. Generally, two main strategies are foreignization and domestication put forward by Lawrence Venuti(1995) are employed in the translation of words containing culture. Foreignization translation also called “minoritizing translation” refers to a translation type that in producing the target texts one keeps some exotic information of the original texts to deliberately break the conventions of the target language(Fang Mengzhi 2001:96), so that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the readers towards them. Domesticating translation refers to the style of transparency and fluency, and the translator makes effort to reduce readers’ strange feeling to foreign texts（Venuti，1995:20）.
===== Foreignizatiom Strategy=====
对于文化负载词的异化译法，大体来说采取三种方式—直译、音译、引申义。源语中某些文化性词语在符合语言条件的基础上可以直接翻译；当目标语中缺少某一文化词语的对应项，且直译又难以充分揭示这类词包含的文化意义时，可以采取音译；如直译和音译都行不通，可以引申其意义。异化翻译是跨文化交际的主要手段之一，让读者接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，这对弘扬本国传统文化大有益处。

In the foreignization strategy, three ways of literal translation, transliteration, amplification are broadly used. Under the rules of language, some culture-loaded words in the source language can be translated literally; when no corresponding words existing in the target language, literal translation cannot fully reveal the information of culture that contained in the words of the source language, so transliteration might be taken; if both literal translation and transliteration does not work, amplifying the meaning of a culture-loaded word is also feasible. Foreignization is one of main methods of intercultural communication and makes people accept diverse language and culture and integrate into exotic situation, greatly contributing to carry forward Chinese traditional culture.

Generally speaking, there are three ways of foreignization translation of culture-loaded words: literal translation, transliteration and extended meaning.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:58, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
====== Literal Translation ======
文化负载词的直译并不是字对字的翻译，而是在符合目的语语言规则的情况下，保留源语的语言结构，表达目的语的文化信息，这种方法一方面可以创造出目的语读者读得懂的译文，另一方面又不至于失去源语的文化背景。

The literal translation of culture-loaded words is not word-for word translation, but keeping the language structure of the source language and expressing the cultural information under the language rules of the target language. It can not only create an understandable translation for reader of the target language but not lose the cultural background of the source language.

'''Example 1''':
因“狮”和“石”在普通话中同音，故'''黄狮寨'''又叫'''黄石寨'''。相传这一名字因张良师傅黄石公曾到此炼丹而得名。
'''the Yellow Stone (Huangshi) Village''' since the two words pronounce the same in Mandarin. According to the legend, it was named after Huang Shigong, the teacher
of Zhang Liang, who made alchemy here.

类似“黄狮寨”的地点名称一般有两种翻译，可以将其音译为“Huangshi Village”,也可以直译为“Yellow Lion Village”。虽然大多数情况下取第二种译法，但考虑到黄狮寨的特殊纪念意义，译为“Huangshi village”更好，如按照官网使人译为“Yellow Lion village”可能会误导游客，联想到此处有狮子存在等，这样一来便失去了黄狮寨特殊的文化背景。

In general, there are two types of method for the place name like “黄狮寨” ——transliterated as Huangshi Village or literally translated as Yellow Lion Village. Though the latter is common in most cases, given the special commemorative significance of it, “Huangshi village” is better than “Yellow Lion village” for that the latter could mislead tourists and make them imagine the existence of lions, which loses the cultural background.

'''Example 2''':
'''敲敲酒'''，因其有趣的名字和特别的盛酒容器而出名，其色泽清亮微黄，保存在竹筒中，入口清新甘甜。
'''Qiaoqiao Wine''', or '''knock wine''', gains its popularity by its interesting name and its unique vessel. The yellowish wine, preserved in a bamboo tube, is
lustrously clear, and tastes fresh and sweet.

张家界特产敲敲酒又叫竹筒酒，在喝之前，先要在竹筒顶端敲一个洞，是一种非常独特的启酒方式，因敲击次数的不同拥有不同的寓意。因为其特别的饮法，“Qiaoqiao Wine”或者“knock wine”两种译法都是可取的,都会引起观者强烈的好奇心。此外，也可以将直译和音译相结合，互作解释。

Qiaoqiao Wine, also called bamboo tube wine, is a specialty in Zhangjiajie. This wine is known as its special drinking way of knocking a hole in the bamboo tube before drinking, and the knock times for it connote different implied meaning. Because its distinctive way of drinking, both Qiaoqiao Wine” and “knock wine” are reasonable and easily able to arouse people’s curiosity. And literal translation and transliteration can be combined and give explanation for each other.

'''Example 3''':
往东，沿'''金鞭溪'''而下，可达'''索溪谷'''，往北可上'''天子山'''。(曹波，2016：95)
Strolling eastward down '''the Golden Whip Stream''', sightseers can get to '''the Suo Stream Valley'''; and northward, '''the Son of Heaven Mountain'''.（Cao Bo，
2016：95）

此处“金鞭溪”“索溪谷”和“天子山”都是直接翻译，“金鞭溪”因其流经“金鞭岩”而得名，“金鞭岩”因形状如浑然天成的长鞭而得名；“索溪谷”因溪水如绳索而得名；而“天子山”因史上有土家族领袖向王（名大坤）自称天子而得名。这三个词均蕴含特殊意义，直译比音译更能体现其意义，所以此处的“索溪谷”和其它两个词一样直译为“Rope Stream Valley”更好。

In this sentence, “索溪谷”和 “天子山” are translated literally. “金鞭溪”gains its name for that it passes through the Golden Whip Rock; “索溪谷”for its shape like a natural long whip; “天子山” for a leader of Tujia (whose name is Da Kun) called himself a Son of Heaven. All the three words imply special meaning and literal translation of them can be able to embody its meaning. So “索溪谷” should literally translate as“Rope Stream Valley”like the others.

====== Transliteration ======
音译, 也叫“转写”，即用一种文字符号（如拉丁字母）来表示另一种文字系统的文字符号（如汉字）的过程或结果。当源语和目的语之间差异很大、存在语义空白的情况下，翻译不可能直接从形式或语义入手，此时，音译时主要的翻译手段。(方梦之，2001:101) 音译加注是旅游翻译中专业名词翻译的常用方法，虽然音译可以保留源语言中的文化因素，但并不能让目的语读者真正理解，所以音译加注的方法很好解决了这个问题，创造出目的语读者可接受的译文。（Xiang Chunyan，2016）

Transliteration, also called “transcription”, refers to a process or result that use letter symbols of one language system (like Latin letter) to express those of another language system. When there is distinct difference and semantic gap between the original language and the target language, it is impossible to directly translate in form or meaning, then transliteration is the principal translation method.(Fang Mengzhi，2001:101) Especially, transliteration plus a note is a common method in transliteration of proper noun in tourism translation. Though transliteration can keep the original form of the source language, it can not take the target reader comprehend the cultural connotations or images in the osurce culture. Therefore, a note added to the transliterated word can provide lots of important information to get the translated text better accepted by the target reader.(Xiang Chunyan，2016)

'''Example 1''':
（1）'''普光寺（普光禅寺）'''坐落在张家界永定区城东部，前有天门山、澧水河，后有福德山（即今子五台）。
'''Puguang Temple (Puguang Zen Temple)''' is located in the east of Yongding
District behind Tianmen Mountain, and in front of Fude Mountain (present-day Ziwu Terrace).
（2）除了这些天然景区，张家界还有两处省级重点保护文物单位的人文旅游景观：玉皇洞和'''普光禅寺'''。(曹波，2016：97)
In addition to these scenic areas created by nature, Zhangjiajie is in possession of two artificial touris destinations: the Jade Emperor’s Grottoes
and '''the Universal Light Zen Temple'''.（Cao Bo，2016:97）

对于“普光寺”的翻译，张家界旅游官网和曹波（2016：97）译文不同，前者是音译，后者是直译。光绪三十二年（公元1906年）侯昌铨编撰的《湖南永定县乡土志》记载：“迤东有普光寺，明永乐十一年(公元1413年，农历癸已年)指挥史雍简建，本朝(按：指清朝)雍正十一年（公元1733年，农历癸丑年）协镇史城重修。寺有白羊石，雍简建寺时，见白羊满山，逐之入土，掘之见石，其下有窖金。遂发之，以金修寺，寺成入奏，赐名普光石。”《续修永定县》也有相似记载。由史料可知，普光寺历史深远，历经多代重修，其得名主要是因为寺中曾发现金子，但是光靠名字来展现其复杂的历史由来，或许有些困难。而且，当地人熟知且常用的还是“普光寺”，故使用音译更恰当。(王树人（修），1975:104)

In the translation of “普光寺”, there are different between the official webside of Zhangjiajie and Cao Bo（2016:97）, and former is transliteration and latter literal translation.According to the record of the thirty-second year of Guangxu Emperor(1906 AD) in ''Hunan Yong Ding County Annals'' edited by Hou Changquan, there is a temple called Puguang Temple in the east and was built by commander Yong Jain in the eleventh year of Yongle of Ming dynasty(1413 AD). Now(note: referring to Qing dynasty) the eleventh year of Yongzheng(1722 AD) sent Zhen Shicheng rebuild it. White sheep stone was discovered to have been standed in the temple. When Yongjian build the temple, he found flocks of white sheep was strolling all over the field. Then he gave orders to dig that field and found a cellar filling of gold behind some stone. So the temple was accomplished by using those gold, and stones were granted name of Puguang Stone after reporting to the emperor. Another record of ''Rebuilding Yongdin County Annals'' also descibes it similarly. Therefore, the temple has a long history and been rebuilt by many dybasties. The origin of its name is the discovery of gold in it, but it may be difficult to express its complex history only by a name. And the local people are more familiar with “Puguang Temple” than “General Light Zen Temple”, so the former is appropriate.(Wang Shuren(modification)，1975:104)

'''Example 2''':
位于张家界市永定区罗塔坪乡的景点'''锅灶天坑'''气势磅礴、宏伟壮观。锅灶天坑从空中俯瞰是巨型天坑，形状宛如土家族的锅灶。地面上有一座天生桥，其形状宛若“灶门”。
There is a magnificent and spectacular tourist spot named '''Guozao Tiankeng''' in Luotaping Township, Yongding District, Zhangjiajie City. Viewed from above, it
looks like a Tujia stove lying on the ground in a prone position. There is also a natural bridge on the ground assembling a stove door.

这里提到的“锅灶”是仅为中国文化所有的烹饪工具，这里采用音译法是完全可以的。“天坑”是一种地理现象，这里可以直接使用通常译法“Tiankeng”。

The mentioned cookstove is a unique cuisine tool for Chinese culture, so the transliteration of it is entirely appropriate. And “Tiankeng” is one of geographic phenomenon, here can be transliterated by the common translation “Tiankeng”.

====== Amplification ======
Amplification refers to the addition of some necessary information including words, phrases or sentences in target texts so as to supplement the connotations of source language. China is a great country with vast territory and splendid civilization. Sometimes, it is hard for western tourists to understand the applied cultural meanings in tourist attraction. For this reason, translators can add some words, phrased or sentences to make the English tourist texts more understandable and meet the reading habits of target language readers.（Dou Peixiang，2019）

'''Example 1''':
'''茅岩藤茶'''又叫长寿茶、魔法茶，味道独特，入喉有甜味，其藤条表面富含丰富的蛋白霜。
'''Maoyan vine tea''' is also called longevity vine and magic tea. It has a unique taste and a sweet aftertaste. The vine is covered by a layer of natural
“meringue”.

长寿藤茶的实际是张家界盛产的一种草本叫茅岩莓的藤叶，茅岩莓并非茶科，因表面有一层天然白霜俗称霉茶，因霉字不吉利故谐音莓茶。此处，如果直接按照当地叫法将其直接译为“longevity tea”也并非不可，但如果引申译为 “ Maoyan vine tea”并注解 “longevity tea”一方面可以凸显出当地特色植物茅岩莓，另一方面又可以用“长寿”来引起游客的兴趣。

The longevity tea is actually vine of a herb called congongrass cliff berry. Not belonging to the theaceae, it is known as “霉茶”(mildewed tea) and commonly use it homophone“莓茶” (berry tea) for the unlucky pronunciation of the former. The translation of “longevity tea” is acceptable, but if the tea is amplified as “Maoyan vine tea” with annotation “longevity tea”, it can able to highlight the local characteristic plant as well as attract tourists by the word “longevity”.

'''Example 2''':
“meringue”.'''老院子'''引位于湖南张家界市城中心，鹭鸶湾大桥附近，展现了丰富的傩文化（一种驱瘟避疫、祭神跳鬼的祭祀活动）。
'''Tian’s Old Courtyard''' is located in the center of the city and close to Luyuwan Bridge, which is the witness of Nuo culture (a type of sacrificial and magical
ritual held to expel evil spirits and pestilence).

所谓老院子是田氏族人的祖居，当地人通常称之为老院子，在翻译时，将这种隐藏信息展现出来有助于游客快速理解老院子的文化信息。

The so called Old Courtyard is ancestral home of Tians, and the local people call it the Old Courtyard. Expressing the implied meaning of Tians and Nuo Culture helps tourists quickly grasp the cultural information of it.

===== Domestication Strategy=====
文化负载词的归化译法主要采取意译和省略两种方法，这两种方法并不是绝对的将原词中每一项都包含在译文中，只是在整体理解词意的基础上，将整个词语的意思翻译出来，而对于一些对整体意思没有太大影响的部分可以选择删去。这种译法主要是站在读者的角度来考虑的，目的是使读者能清楚的理解原文的意思。这种方法在旅游翻译中常见，尤其中文中对一些景色的描述时会重复使用各种各样的成语和习语，在翻译时，应该综合考虑句意思，灵活运用意译和省略。

The domestication of the culture-loaded word mainly employed two types of method of free translation and omission. The two methods do not be used to rigidly translate every term of the source language into the target language, but to comprehensively understand the meaning of words and translate the basic meaning of them. Sometimes some parts that will not influence the whole meaning can be deleted. This strategy is in reader’s perspective and its aim to make them clearly know the meaning of original text. This is common to use in translation of tourism text especially in some Chinese text in which some repeated and diverse idioms and proverbs are used. Therefore, in translation the translator should entirely comprehend the meaning of the words or sentences and making flexible use of free translation and omission.

====== Free Translation ======
意译是与直译并列的主要译法之一。译文一致而形式不同谓之意译，即以原文形式为标准，译文表达形式上另辟蹊径。当译者需要改变形式才能忠实地再现原文内容时，就采用意译。(方梦之，2001:101)

As the main translation method paralleling with literal translation, free translation refers that the translation is consistent in meaning but different in form with original text, that is, taking the form of the original as standard the translator finds a new path in the expression of the translation. When he/she need to change form to truthfully reproduce the contents of the original text, the free translation is employed. (Fang Mengzhi，2001：101)

'''Example 1''':
（张家界）这颗风景明珠'''“养在深闺人未识”'''，直到20世纪80年代才撩开神秘的面纱。（曹波，2016：95）
(Zhangjiajie)This jewel of scenery, '''“secluded in the innermost boudoir”''',remained unknown until the 1980’s. (Cao Bo，2016：95)

此处，“养在深闺无人识”在英语中并没有可以直接翻译的对应项目，意译是最好的方法。这里主要想体现张家界虽风景优美但一直以来都没有得到广泛关注，“闺房”表示女子的卧室，在英文中有“boudoir”这一对应词，那么“深闺”便可以译为“innermost boudoir”，综合理解整个句子后，可以省去“人未识”，意译为 “secluded in the innermost boudoir”。

In this sentence, there is no correspondent term of “养在深闺人未识” in English, and considering its length, it is also not convenient to transliterate. So the best translation method is free translation The purpose here is to express that Zhangjiajie has not been widely concerned though its scenery is beautiful. “闺房” refers to the living room of a lady and has a correspondent term “boudoir” in English, so “深闺”can be translated as “innermost boudoir”. After entirely understand the whole sentence and leaving out the repeated meaning contained in the part “人未识别”, it can be free translated as “seclude in the innermost boudoir”.

'''Example 2''':
顺流而下二三里，'''至台地深谷洞子坊'''，两岸路人交谈容易握手难。（曹波，2016:97）
'''The Cavernous Lane''', a couple miles downstream, '''cuts deep into the upland''' and makes it impossible for social talkers on its banks to reach each other.(Cao
Bo，2016:97)

In this sentence, “至台地深谷洞子坊” is free translated and makes “台地” become the subject of the whole sentence as well as “cuts deep into the upland” the object. The translation generally describes the Chinese tourism texts.

====== Omission ======
省略法与增词法相对，指原文有些词语不必译出，因为译文中虽无其词已有其意；或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是省去删去一些可有可无的词，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词，但省略并非把原文的思想内容删去。在旅游翻译中，省略也是一种常用的翻译策略，其主要目的是使游客更好地理解文本中蕴含的信息。(方梦之，2001：116)

Omission, contrary with addition, refers that some words in original text is not necessary to translate because that the translation contains the meaning of it without its exact form or it is self-evident. In other words, the omission is a method of leaving out some dispensable and redundant terms or words that break the rules of target language. But it does not mean deleting some words that is related to the main meaning of the text. In tourism translation, it is also a usual translation strategy on purpose of helping people greatly understanding the information include in the text.(Fang Mengzhi，2001:116)Particularly, omission is common to use in translation of Chinese literature for that Chinese is paratactic language and needs to first understand its meaning then express by English by general. In a Chinese sentence, there is rare to use obvious connected word like “and” and “or” and usual in the application of covert coherence. On the contrary, English is a type of explicit coherence and emphasize the form makers by which the grammatical meaning and logical relationships between words are expressed.

'''Example 1''':
这里，山泉小溪蜿蜒曲折，流淌不息，以水显“幽”；这里，原始次生林郁郁葱葱，'''珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣'''。武陵源还是巨大的天然动植物园，栖息着许多古树、奇花、珍禽、异兽。（曹波
，2016：98）
It is all the more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round. It is a wild land densely balnketed with primeval second growth. It has made a huge
natural zoological and botanical garden sheltering numerous old trees, bizarre flowers, precious birds and rare animals.(Cao Bo，2016：98)

In this sentence, “珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣” is free translated and among them the Chinese word “野” is not showed by an exact word. This word means a wild, uncultivated and unrestrained condition. The reason why “野” is omitted is that the whole sentence is expressing the wild life by such words as “more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round” “a wild land” and “primeval second growth” . The omission of this word does not influence the meaning of the whole sentence and readers can still be able to feel a picture of wild life.

'''Example 2''':
第三大景区天子山自然保护区为武陵山脉中心台地，居高临下，东西南北四面均可观景。这里视野开阔，奇峰耸立，云遮雾绕，'''气象万千'''。（曹波，2016：98）
The Son of Heaven Mountain Nature Reserve, the third section, is a tableland in the Wuling Mountains, high enough for tourists to watch scenes in all directions. It
provides a broad view of the surrounding grotesque peaks veiled in lingering clouds and mists.(Cao Bo，2016：98)

In this sentence, “气象万千” is not obviously showed in the translation. This phrase refers to a magnificent and mighty panorama. Given the reason of omission, it seems that the translator supposes that the meaning of the deleted part is contained in the meaning of whole sentence. As a matter of fact, the context is related to the description of scenery of Wuling Mountains. And a kind of majestic spectacular is implied in the representation like “a broad view”, “the surrounding grotesque peaks” and “lingering clouds and mists”.

=== Carrying forward Chinese Culture in Intercultural Communication ===

==== The Relationships between Language, Culture and Translation ====

Language is a really special part of culture. Firstly, it provides basis to the culture and through it culture can be remained and pass to next generation. Then language directly truthfully reflexed culture. So as Wang Zuoliang said after realizing social culture in a language one can really grasp it.（Fang Mengzhi，2011）

The functions of translation lie on human communication, information exchanges, business etc. Among them, cultural commission is a considerably important part. Zheng Liuyi（2012）mentioned that culture is a complicated system in which all kinds of aspects in human life are involved. If we regard that the culture system is comprised by many small systems in which language is the most important systema and bear the feature of relative independence. As a matter of fact, language plays an irreplaceable role in cultural construction, commission, communication between different cultures, creation etc. Meanwhile, diverse cultural traits tend to contribute to different language features. In other words, culture is significance of language as the assertion of the famous linguist Saussure “any literal language is production of language and finally it will separate from the range of nature or spoken language.” Besides, as cultural symbols language is a part of process of cultural creation, which is vividly expressed in some cultural loss phenomena like untranslatability and undertranslation.（Zheng Liuyi，2012）

In intercultural communicaton, a translator should first emphasize function of tranlation of cultual exchanges and pay attention to the cultural gap between differnet language. Especially in the process of golibalization, cultural invasion has become a common and natural phenomenon, which makes Chinese traditional culture be negelected by people particularly in young people. Therefore, taking Chinese culture as a translator's responsibility is an important and emergent thought change.

==== Some Potential Problems in Translation of Chinese Tourism Texts ====

本文在分析文化负载词的翻译时，发现目前张家界许多景点的官方网页在外宣方面投入甚少，网页建设不足，版面设计单一，逻辑性不强，来源老旧，翻译方面的问题也存在不少，总体看来表现在以下几个方面：
一、机器翻译痕迹严重；一些旅游网站看似外宣工作做的面面俱到，内容都依靠机器翻译，出现诸如将“腰子寨”译为“Kidney village”,将“一夫当关，万夫莫开”译为“When Kazuo, Fumo opens”,再如将“妙峰连绵”译为“ Miao Feng mountain”等令人贻笑大方的翻译。

二、旅游翻译的方法亟待提升；一些旅游翻译的准确性不高，译文内容肤浅，不深入,成形后的内容理解起来较为困难，究其原因还是，在英汉语言对比方面的研究不足,没有形成系统的旅游翻译体系。

三、弘扬中国文化的意识不强。旅游翻译与文化传播直接相关，是跨文化交际研究的重点，一些翻译虽然做到了传统意义上的“信”，但是并没有深入展现中华文化，译文一味追求直译，少了文化思考。目前，文化建设与弘扬是我国发展的重点，外语工作不应该在像之前一样追求引入新文化，而是应该多在本土文化上做文章。在旅游翻译中，我们应该考虑的是如何充分凸显我国文化，建立文化自信，我们的目的是使外国游客体验、感悟、探索当地文化。

跨文化交际中，翻译根本目的在于语言和文化交流。首先应该保证意思准确，不能歪曲文化词汇的词意，在文化负载词的理解上应结合文化来理解，所以要求译者本身要有良好的中文素养；其次，保证简单、清晰。旅游文本的翻译应该简单明了，让游客一目了然，很快能够抓住中心；在把握住这两方面的基础上，再同时兼顾其中的文化和美学表达。

In the process of analyzing the translation of culture-loaded words, this paper finds now many websites of scene spots spend few in foreign publicity with some problems in lacking establishment of website, simple layout, logical weakness, old sources. And there are many problems in the translation mainly in the following aspects:

Firstly, the indication od machine translation is obvious. Some tourism websites seem to cover all the facets in external publicity, but in actual fact its contents depend on machine translation even making ridiculous errors like translating “腰子寨”(Yao Zi village) into “Kidney village”, “一夫当关，万夫莫开”（One man can hold out against ten thousand）into “When Kazuo, Fumo opens” and “the undulating mountains” into “Miao Feng mountain”.
Then the methods of tourism translation need to strengthen. Some translation lack accuracy, leading to superficial contents and difficulties to understand. The reasons for these problems are that lacking the comparisons between English and Chinese and system structure of tourism translation.

Finally is the consciousness of carrying forward Chinese culture is weak. Tourism translation is directly relative to cultural transmission and has been focus in cross-cultural communication. Some of them exactly are in accordance with “faithfulness” -- the traditional translation standard, but devoid of deeply expressing Chinese culture and just blindly doing literal translation without reflections on culture. In current, cultural construction and promoting are the main point of China’s development, so the tasks related to foreign language should not pursue to introduce diverse culture and making an issue of carrying on domesticate culture. In translation of tourism texts, a translator should consider how to emphasize Chinese culture and build cultural confidence, aiming to making foreign tourists experience, understand and explore local culture.

In cross-communication, the fundamental aim of translation is language and cultural exchanges. The first is keeping the meaning accurate without misunderstanding the meaning of cultural words. Translators should grasp the meaning of a culture-loaded term combining with the native culture, which requires their Chinese literary at a high level. Secondly, keeping clear and simple. The translation of tourism should be so brief and clear that people can grasp the key point at a glance; then based on the two aspects, giving consideration to cultural transmission and aesthetic expression.

In cross-cultural communication, the fundamental purpose of translation is language and cultural exchange. First of all, the meaning should be accurate, and the meaning of cultural vocabulary should not be distorted. The understanding of culturally loaded words should be combined with culture. Therefore, the translator must have a good Chinese literacy; secondly, ensure that it is simple and clear. The translation of tourism texts should be simple and clear, so that visitors can see at a glance, and quickly grasp the center; on the basis of grasping these two aspects, the cultural and aesthetic expressions in it should be taken into account at the same time.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:54, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

=== Conclusion ===

我们的时代是全球化时代。跨文化交际已经成为这个时代的一个突出特征。L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的人类交际经历了五个阶段，第五个阶段为跨文化交际，我们现正处于这第五个阶段。（胡文仲，1999：2）。有鉴于此，我们不但应该了解全球的文化，还应该让中国文化走向世界。中国已经成为全世界最大的旅游目的地国之一。而旅游实则是一种非常典型的文化活动，一种非常典型的跨文化交际。（陈刚，2004：324）

文化负载词承载着当地的深厚文化和历史底蕴，在翻译时应当仔细斟酌，译者应多方面考虑，对于英语中有对应项，直接采用英语对应词不折损文化传递的词可以进行采用直译；没有对应项目时，可以采取音译和引申，这主要应用于一些特色的地名；难以直译时，考虑结合语境综合理解文化负载词，表达其中的意思，对于无关词项可以省略。无论采取哪一种翻译方法，译者均应综合考虑语言、文化和跨文化交际，保持中国自信，以弘扬中国文化为最终目的。

本文从跨文化交际出发，浅析文化负载词的英汉翻译策略，虽在论证方面仍有诸多不足，主要由于学术经验不足，表达还有欠缺，研究结果比较肤浅，但仍期望对我国旅游翻译建设提供些许帮助。笔者也将不断提升自己的翻译能力和学术能力，积累经验，期望能为我国跨文化研究和旅游翻译研究提供更多有建设性的帮助。

Today is a globalization time whose distinct characteristic is intercultural communication. L.S. Harms belives that the communication between huamans has experienced five stages in which the fifth one is cross-cultural communication we are in now.(Hu Wenzhong，1999:2). On this basis, we should realiza the other cuture all over the word as well as carrying on Chinese culture to the world. China has become one of the biggest tourists' destination in the world,and tourism is a really typical cultural activity and a intercultual communication activity.

Culture-loaded words bear an abundance of historical and cultural represents. In the process of translation, a translator should carefully consider in the choice of word. If there is a correspondent term in English and using it without influences to cultural expression; if there is no correspondent terms, transliteration and amplification is appropriate especially in application of translation of some characteristic place name; if there are difficulties to literal translation, it is necessary to comprehensively understand culture-loaded words under the relative context, just expressing the meaning of them and sometimes leaving out some irrelevant words. However, no matter which strategy is adopted, all translators should deeply consider three aspects of language, culture and cross-cultural communication, keeping China’s confidence and taking carrying forward Chinese culture as the destination. And what a translator should have done is functional equivalence in the tanslation of cutual words as the proposition of Nida(2001:97).

No matter which translation method is adopted, translators should take language, culture and cross-cultural communication into consideration, maintain China's confidence, and promote Chinese culture as the ultimate goal.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 12:05, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

This paper briefly analyzes the strategies of translation between English and Chinese from the perspective of intercultural communication. There are so many limitations mainly in inadequate research experience, deficient expression and superficial research results, but the author still hopes to provide some help. If it is possible, the author will consistently enhance the ability of translation and research and accumulate experience, looking forward to contribute more constructive and effective tactics in intercultural communication and tourism translation.

=== References ===

Caobo 曹波(2016). 湖南旅游[M] A Tour of Hunan. 长沙：湖南师范大学出版社Changsha:Hunan Normal University Press,94.

Chengang 陈刚(2004). 旅游翻译与涉外导游[M]Tourism Translaton and Guide-interpreter. 中国对外翻译出版公司 China International Translation and Interpreting Press.

Dou Peixiang 窦培祥(2019). 目的论视角下旅游文本文化负载词翻译策略研究[J]On Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourist Text from the Perspective of Skopos Theory.济南大学 Jinan University.

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之(2011). 译学大辞典[M] A Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海：上海外语教育出版社Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Hu Wenzhong 胡文仲(1999). 跨文化交际学概论[M] A General Introduction to Intercultural Communication. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Newmark,P.(2001). Approaches to translation.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Nida, E. A. (1993). Language, culture and translating.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Venuti, Lawrence.1995. ''The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. ''[M]London and New York: Routledge.

Xiang, Chunyan.(2016): 69-74. "On Translation Strategies of Chinese Culture-Loaded Words."[J] Canadian Social Science 12.6 .

Wang Shuren (Modification), Hou Changming 王树人（修），侯昌铭（篡）（1975）. 湖南永定县乡土志[M]Hunan Yong Ding County Annals.成文出版社 Cheng Wen Press.

Zheng Liuyi郑柳依(2012). 从翻译中的“文化流失”论语言与文化的关系[J] Discussion on the Relationships between Language and Culture from the “Loss of Culture” in Translation.中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (humanistic and social science), 32(06).

Written by---[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

20210929 homework

2021-12-30T13:43:29Z

Cult Load Words EN 6

2021-12-22T12:19:41Z

Du Lina: /* The Relationships between Language, Culture and Translation */

=Chapter 6:On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Text from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplifies by Zhangjiajie=
''' 跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译翻译研究--以张家界为例'''

杜莉娜 Du Lina, Hunan Normal University, China

=== Abstract ===
Culture-loaded words are special in vocabulary for all kinds of language. Being different from general words, the strong local traits of these words are concealed behind the language form, which leads to the untranslatability and difficulties of translating. The translation of culture-loaded words is a big challenge for a translator since he/she needs to master both the source language and the target language as well as be familiar with the local culture. The translator needs to keep the translation accurate and advoids to lose cultural identities of a term. A study of translating culture-loaded from an international communication perspective is practical for that taking communication as purpose it focuses on culture behind a language and tries to find an alternative expression, which makes the recievers fully understand the target language and its culture. In the light of intercultural communication, this paper takes tourism texts published in the official site of Zhangjiajie as example to analyze the translation principles and strategies of culture-loaded in tourism texts, deeply discussing some problems in the translation of tourism texts and providing some practical solutions for it.

=== Key Words ===
Intercultural Communication; Tourism;Culture-loaded words;Translation

=== 摘要 ===
对于任何一种语言来说，文化负载词都是词汇中一种特殊存在形式。与普通词汇不同，它借用语言外形将自己浓厚的当地色彩包裹起来，使其不可译或难以翻译。文化负载词的翻译是对译者对源语和译入语精通度和当地文化熟悉度的一种高挑战，这不仅需要译者考虑翻译的准确性，还不能丧失词汇本身的文化烙印。从跨文化交际的角度来翻译文化负载词不失为一种可行的办法，跨文化交际以交际为目的，注重保留语言的文化性，试图找到一种合适的替代性表达让语言接受者完全理解源语言以及其背后的文化因素。本文从跨文化交际角度出发，以张家界旅游官网公布的旅游文本为例，分析其中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，进而分析旅游文本翻译存在的某些问题，并提供一些较为可行的解决办法。

=== 关键词 ===
跨文化交际，旅游，文化负载词，翻译

=== Introduction ===
中华上下五千年，文化源远流长。随着中国综合国力不断提高，中国在世界上的地位举足轻重，从一带一路、和平共处五项原则到中国特色社会主义无一不体现着儒家、道家哲学思想，因此，在当今的文化交流中，保留中华火种、弘扬中国文化是非常必要的。文化负载词翻译研究便是一种重要的本土文化保护方式。文化负载词指那些富有一定文化背景或者深刻文化意蕴的词语，在一定的历史阶段沉淀后，产生的带有文化性质的词语、谚语、典故、特殊的人物名称的表达，除此之外，它还包括现行的熟语和习语（方梦之，2011：297）。

New Mark（2001：95）将文化负载词分为生态学、物质文化、社会文化、社会、政治、经济、行政机构以及声势语言学这几类。由此可见，文化负载词涉及范围广泛，且随着时间的推移层出不穷，语言交流中这类词语也是最能体现某一社会文化信息、社会价值以及反映本土生活的表达。旅游文本涉及的文化词语范围广泛，从山川河流、博物馆、建筑、特色美食到动植物应有尽有，为文化负载词的研究提供了丰富且合适的资源。他国人了解本国文化时采用的最直接的方式便是旅游，我国山川壮阔、风景秀丽、美食众多，各国游客慕名前来。在中国，基本上各大景点都设有英文翻译，目前，多数景点也已设日文、韩文等翻译。它不仅是文化负载词研究的重点语料，也是跨文化交际的重要途径，因为它塑造了他国对我国文化的第一印象，在弘扬我国文化方面发挥着重要作用。因此，旅游文本的重要性可见一斑。本文选用跨文化交际为视角来分析旅游文本中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，以此来看语言、文化和翻译之间的相互关系。

Chinese culture runs a long history about 5,000 years. With the overall national strength is improving, China plays an important role in the whole world. Confucianism and Taoism is embodied in such political ideas as Belt and Road Initiative, Five Principles of Peaceful Coeixstence, socialism with Chinese characteristics and so on. Therefore, it is quite necessary to preserve Chinese culture heritage and carry forward Chinese culture in the current culture communication. Research on translation of culture-loaded words is such a important way culture topromote the indigenous cultrue. Culture-loaded words refers to some items that implies cultural background and connotations, and passing through the long-term historical precipitation these expression with culture character like words, proverbs, allusions and name of special figures have been produced. And the existing common phrases and idioms are part of culture-loaded words( Fang Mengzhi，2011:297).

New Mark (2001：95)classified culture-loaded words as all kinds of types in ecology, material culture, social culture, society, politics, economy, administrative institutions and gesture. It is therefore of wide range of cultural expression, and these items have emerged endlessly with the changes of the times.In the communication, these words can best embody cultural information and social values and reflect the social life of human.Tourism texts relate to a variety of areas among mountains and rivers, museums, architecture,delicious food, animals and plants, which provide abundant and propor data for reaserch on culture-loaded words. The most direct way to realize domestic culture is travel for foreigners. Especially, there are magnificent mountains and rivers, splendid scenery and numerous delicious food, attracting many travelers around the whole world. In China, scenic spots essentially provide English translation, and now many of them also have Japanese, Korean and others translation. Tourism is crucial in making the first Chinese impression to foreigners and carrying on Chinese culture. It is the key language data in studying culture-loaded words as well as the critical way in cross-communication.So the importance of tourism texts is obvious. This paper chooses the intercultural communication perspective to analyze the English translation principles and strategies in tourism texts, deeply discussing the interrelations among language, culture and translation. (New Mark，2001：95)

===Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts ===
由于这类词背景的复杂性，此类翻译对译者来说也并非易事，这是对译者对两种语言精通程度的考验，同时也是对两种文化认识程度的考验，这两方面缺一便会误导读者对该文化的误解。一般在文化类词语的翻译上，主要采取的两种翻译策略是韦努蒂的异化译法和归化译法。异化翻译，又称 “小众化翻译”或 “少数化翻译”，指的生成目标文本时会通过保留原文中某些异国情调的东西来故意打破目的语惯例的翻译类型（方梦之2001:96），即 “译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近”。归化译法指的是译者采用透明、流畅的风格，以最大限度地淡化目的语读者对外来文本的陌生感（Venuti 1995:20）。

Given the complexity of backgrounds of these words, the translation of them is not easy for translators who probably face challenges of well mastering two languages as well as understanding two cultures. Readers may misunderstand the text without one of the two aspects. Generally, two main strategies are foreignization and domestication put forward by Lawrence Venuti(1995) are employed in the translation of words containing culture. Foreignization translation also called “minoritizing translation” refers to a translation type that in producing the target texts one keeps some exotic information of the original texts to deliberately break the conventions of the target language(Fang Mengzhi 2001:96), so that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the readers towards them. Domesticating translation refers to the style of transparency and fluency, and the translator makes effort to reduce readers’ strange feeling to foreign texts（Venuti，1995:20）.
===== Foreignizatiom Strategy=====
对于文化负载词的异化译法，大体来说采取三种方式—直译、音译、引申义。源语中某些文化性词语在符合语言条件的基础上可以直接翻译；当目标语中缺少某一文化词语的对应项，且直译又难以充分揭示这类词包含的文化意义时，可以采取音译；如直译和音译都行不通，可以引申其意义。异化翻译是跨文化交际的主要手段之一，让读者接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，这对弘扬本国传统文化大有益处。

In the foreignization strategy, three ways of literal translation, transliteration, amplification are broadly used. Under the rules of language, some culture-loaded words in the source language can be translated literally; when no corresponding words existing in the target language, literal translation cannot fully reveal the information of culture that contained in the words of the source language, so transliteration might be taken; if both literal translation and transliteration does not work, amplifying the meaning of a culture-loaded word is also feasible. Foreignization is one of main methods of intercultural communication and makes people accept diverse language and culture and integrate into exotic situation, greatly contributing to carry forward Chinese traditional culture.

Generally speaking, there are three ways of foreignization translation of culture-loaded words: literal translation, transliteration and extended meaning.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:58, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
====== Literal Translation ======
文化负载词的直译并不是字对字的翻译，而是在符合目的语语言规则的情况下，保留源语的语言结构，表达目的语的文化信息，这种方法一方面可以创造出目的语读者读得懂的译文，另一方面又不至于失去源语的文化背景。

The literal translation of culture-loaded words is not word-for word translation, but keeping the language structure of the source language and expressing the cultural information under the language rules of the target language. It can not only create an understandable translation for reader of the target language but not lose the cultural background of the source language.

'''Example 1''':
因“狮”和“石”在普通话中同音，故'''黄狮寨'''又叫'''黄石寨'''。相传这一名字因张良师傅黄石公曾到此炼丹而得名。
'''the Yellow Stone (Huangshi) Village''' since the two words pronounce the same in Mandarin. According to the legend, it was named after Huang Shigong, the teacher
of Zhang Liang, who made alchemy here.

类似“黄狮寨”的地点名称一般有两种翻译，可以将其音译为“Huangshi Village”,也可以直译为“Yellow Lion Village”。虽然大多数情况下取第二种译法，但考虑到黄狮寨的特殊纪念意义，译为“Huangshi village”更好，如按照官网使人译为“Yellow Lion village”可能会误导游客，联想到此处有狮子存在等，这样一来便失去了黄狮寨特殊的文化背景。

In general, there are two types of method for the place name like “黄狮寨” ——transliterated as Huangshi Village or literally translated as Yellow Lion Village. Though the latter is common in most cases, given the special commemorative significance of it, “Huangshi village” is better than “Yellow Lion village” for that the latter could mislead tourists and make them imagine the existence of lions, which loses the cultural background.

'''Example 2''':
'''敲敲酒'''，因其有趣的名字和特别的盛酒容器而出名，其色泽清亮微黄，保存在竹筒中，入口清新甘甜。
'''Qiaoqiao Wine''', or '''knock wine''', gains its popularity by its interesting name and its unique vessel. The yellowish wine, preserved in a bamboo tube, is
lustrously clear, and tastes fresh and sweet.

张家界特产敲敲酒又叫竹筒酒，在喝之前，先要在竹筒顶端敲一个洞，是一种非常独特的启酒方式，因敲击次数的不同拥有不同的寓意。因为其特别的饮法，“Qiaoqiao Wine”或者“knock wine”两种译法都是可取的,都会引起观者强烈的好奇心。此外，也可以将直译和音译相结合，互作解释。

Qiaoqiao Wine, also called bamboo tube wine, is a specialty in Zhangjiajie. This wine is known as its special drinking way of knocking a hole in the bamboo tube before drinking, and the knock times for it connote different implied meaning. Because its distinctive way of drinking, both Qiaoqiao Wine” and “knock wine” are reasonable and easily able to arouse people’s curiosity. And literal translation and transliteration can be combined and give explanation for each other.

'''Example 3''':
往东，沿'''金鞭溪'''而下，可达'''索溪谷'''，往北可上'''天子山'''。(曹波，2016：95)
Strolling eastward down '''the Golden Whip Stream''', sightseers can get to '''the Suo Stream Valley'''; and northward, '''the Son of Heaven Mountain'''.（Cao Bo，
2016：95）

此处“金鞭溪”“索溪谷”和“天子山”都是直接翻译，“金鞭溪”因其流经“金鞭岩”而得名，“金鞭岩”因形状如浑然天成的长鞭而得名；“索溪谷”因溪水如绳索而得名；而“天子山”因史上有土家族领袖向王（名大坤）自称天子而得名。这三个词均蕴含特殊意义，直译比音译更能体现其意义，所以此处的“索溪谷”和其它两个词一样直译为“Rope Stream Valley”更好。

In this sentence, “索溪谷”和 “天子山” are translated literally. “金鞭溪”gains its name for that it passes through the Golden Whip Rock; “索溪谷”for its shape like a natural long whip; “天子山” for a leader of Tujia (whose name is Da Kun) called himself a Son of Heaven. All the three words imply special meaning and literal translation of them can be able to embody its meaning. So “索溪谷” should literally translate as“Rope Stream Valley”like the others.

====== Transliteration ======
音译, 也叫“转写”，即用一种文字符号（如拉丁字母）来表示另一种文字系统的文字符号（如汉字）的过程或结果。当源语和目的语之间差异很大、存在语义空白的情况下，翻译不可能直接从形式或语义入手，此时，音译时主要的翻译手段。(方梦之，2001:101) 音译加注是旅游翻译中专业名词翻译的常用方法，虽然音译可以保留源语言中的文化因素，但并不能让目的语读者真正理解，所以音译加注的方法很好解决了这个问题，创造出目的语读者可接受的译文。（Xiang Chunyan，2016）

Transliteration, also called “transcription”, refers to a process or result that use letter symbols of one language system (like Latin letter) to express those of another language system. When there is distinct difference and semantic gap between the original language and the target language, it is impossible to directly translate in form or meaning, then transliteration is the principal translation method.(Fang Mengzhi，2001:101) Especially, transliteration plus a note is a common method in transliteration of proper noun in tourism translation. Though transliteration can keep the original form of the source language, it can not take the target reader comprehend the cultural connotations or images in the osurce culture. Therefore, a note added to the transliterated word can provide lots of important information to get the translated text better accepted by the target reader.(Xiang Chunyan，2016)

'''Example 1''':
（1）'''普光寺（普光禅寺）'''坐落在张家界永定区城东部，前有天门山、澧水河，后有福德山（即今子五台）。
'''Puguang Temple (Puguang Zen Temple)''' is located in the east of Yongding
District behind Tianmen Mountain, and in front of Fude Mountain (present-day Ziwu Terrace).
（2）除了这些天然景区，张家界还有两处省级重点保护文物单位的人文旅游景观：玉皇洞和'''普光禅寺'''。(曹波，2016：97)
In addition to these scenic areas created by nature, Zhangjiajie is in possession of two artificial touris destinations: the Jade Emperor’s Grottoes
and '''the Universal Light Zen Temple'''.（Cao Bo，2016:97）

对于“普光寺”的翻译，张家界旅游官网和曹波（2016：97）译文不同，前者是音译，后者是直译。光绪三十二年（公元1906年）侯昌铨编撰的《湖南永定县乡土志》记载：“迤东有普光寺，明永乐十一年(公元1413年，农历癸已年)指挥史雍简建，本朝(按：指清朝)雍正十一年（公元1733年，农历癸丑年）协镇史城重修。寺有白羊石，雍简建寺时，见白羊满山，逐之入土，掘之见石，其下有窖金。遂发之，以金修寺，寺成入奏，赐名普光石。”《续修永定县》也有相似记载。由史料可知，普光寺历史深远，历经多代重修，其得名主要是因为寺中曾发现金子，但是光靠名字来展现其复杂的历史由来，或许有些困难。而且，当地人熟知且常用的还是“普光寺”，故使用音译更恰当。(王树人（修），1975:104)

In the translation of “普光寺”, there are different between the official webside of Zhangjiajie and Cao Bo（2016:97）, and former is transliteration and latter literal translation.According to the record of the thirty-second year of Guangxu Emperor(1906 AD) in ''Hunan Yong Ding County Annals'' edited by Hou Changquan, there is a temple called Puguang Temple in the east and was built by commander Yong Jain in the eleventh year of Yongle of Ming dynasty(1413 AD). Now(note: referring to Qing dynasty) the eleventh year of Yongzheng(1722 AD) sent Zhen Shicheng rebuild it. White sheep stone was discovered to have been standed in the temple. When Yongjian build the temple, he found flocks of white sheep was strolling all over the field. Then he gave orders to dig that field and found a cellar filling of gold behind some stone. So the temple was accomplished by using those gold, and stones were granted name of Puguang Stone after reporting to the emperor. Another record of ''Rebuilding Yongdin County Annals'' also descibes it similarly. Therefore, the temple has a long history and been rebuilt by many dybasties. The origin of its name is the discovery of gold in it, but it may be difficult to express its complex history only by a name. And the local people are more familiar with “Puguang Temple” than “General Light Zen Temple”, so the former is appropriate.(Wang Shuren(modification)，1975:104)

'''Example 2''':
位于张家界市永定区罗塔坪乡的景点'''锅灶天坑'''气势磅礴、宏伟壮观。锅灶天坑从空中俯瞰是巨型天坑，形状宛如土家族的锅灶。地面上有一座天生桥，其形状宛若“灶门”。
There is a magnificent and spectacular tourist spot named '''Guozao Tiankeng''' in Luotaping Township, Yongding District, Zhangjiajie City. Viewed from above, it
looks like a Tujia stove lying on the ground in a prone position. There is also a natural bridge on the ground assembling a stove door.

这里提到的“锅灶”是仅为中国文化所有的烹饪工具，这里采用音译法是完全可以的。“天坑”是一种地理现象，这里可以直接使用通常译法“Tiankeng”。

The mentioned cookstove is a unique cuisine tool for Chinese culture, so the transliteration of it is entirely appropriate. And “Tiankeng” is one of geographic phenomenon, here can be transliterated by the common translation “Tiankeng”.

====== Amplification ======
Amplification refers to the addition of some necessary information including words, phrases or sentences in target texts so as to supplement the connotations of source language. China is a great country with vast territory and splendid civilization. Sometimes, it is hard for western tourists to understand the applied cultural meanings in tourist attraction. For this reason, translators can add some words, phrased or sentences to make the English tourist texts more understandable and meet the reading habits of target language readers.（Dou Peixiang，2019）

'''Example 1''':
'''茅岩藤茶'''又叫长寿茶、魔法茶，味道独特，入喉有甜味，其藤条表面富含丰富的蛋白霜。
'''Maoyan vine tea''' is also called longevity vine and magic tea. It has a unique taste and a sweet aftertaste. The vine is covered by a layer of natural
“meringue”.

长寿藤茶的实际是张家界盛产的一种草本叫茅岩莓的藤叶，茅岩莓并非茶科，因表面有一层天然白霜俗称霉茶，因霉字不吉利故谐音莓茶。此处，如果直接按照当地叫法将其直接译为“longevity tea”也并非不可，但如果引申译为 “ Maoyan vine tea”并注解 “longevity tea”一方面可以凸显出当地特色植物茅岩莓，另一方面又可以用“长寿”来引起游客的兴趣。

The longevity tea is actually vine of a herb called congongrass cliff berry. Not belonging to the theaceae, it is known as “霉茶”(mildewed tea) and commonly use it homophone“莓茶” (berry tea) for the unlucky pronunciation of the former. The translation of “longevity tea” is acceptable, but if the tea is amplified as “Maoyan vine tea” with annotation “longevity tea”, it can able to highlight the local characteristic plant as well as attract tourists by the word “longevity”.

'''Example 2''':
“meringue”.'''老院子'''引位于湖南张家界市城中心，鹭鸶湾大桥附近，展现了丰富的傩文化（一种驱瘟避疫、祭神跳鬼的祭祀活动）。
'''Tian’s Old Courtyard''' is located in the center of the city and close to Luyuwan Bridge, which is the witness of Nuo culture (a type of sacrificial and magical
ritual held to expel evil spirits and pestilence).

所谓老院子是田氏族人的祖居，当地人通常称之为老院子，在翻译时，将这种隐藏信息展现出来有助于游客快速理解老院子的文化信息。

The so called Old Courtyard is ancestral home of Tians, and the local people call it the Old Courtyard. Expressing the implied meaning of Tians and Nuo Culture helps tourists quickly grasp the cultural information of it.

===== Domestication Strategy=====
文化负载词的归化译法主要采取意译和省略两种方法，这两种方法并不是绝对的将原词中每一项都包含在译文中，只是在整体理解词意的基础上，将整个词语的意思翻译出来，而对于一些对整体意思没有太大影响的部分可以选择删去。这种译法主要是站在读者的角度来考虑的，目的是使读者能清楚的理解原文的意思。这种方法在旅游翻译中常见，尤其中文中对一些景色的描述时会重复使用各种各样的成语和习语，在翻译时，应该综合考虑句意思，灵活运用意译和省略。

The domestication of the culture-loaded word mainly employed two types of method of free translation and omission. The two methods do not be used to rigidly translate every term of the source language into the target language, but to comprehensively understand the meaning of words and translate the basic meaning of them. Sometimes some parts that will not influence the whole meaning can be deleted. This strategy is in reader’s perspective and its aim to make them clearly know the meaning of original text. This is common to use in translation of tourism text especially in some Chinese text in which some repeated and diverse idioms and proverbs are used. Therefore, in translation the translator should entirely comprehend the meaning of the words or sentences and making flexible use of free translation and omission.

====== Free Translation ======
意译是与直译并列的主要译法之一。译文一致而形式不同谓之意译，即以原文形式为标准，译文表达形式上另辟蹊径。当译者需要改变形式才能忠实地再现原文内容时，就采用意译。(方梦之，2001:101)

As the main translation method paralleling with literal translation, free translation refers that the translation is consistent in meaning but different in form with original text, that is, taking the form of the original as standard the translator finds a new path in the expression of the translation. When he/she need to change form to truthfully reproduce the contents of the original text, the free translation is employed. (Fang Mengzhi，2001：101)

'''Example 1''':
（张家界）这颗风景明珠'''“养在深闺人未识”'''，直到20世纪80年代才撩开神秘的面纱。（曹波，2016：95）
(Zhangjiajie)This jewel of scenery, '''“secluded in the innermost boudoir”''',remained unknown until the 1980’s. (Cao Bo，2016：95)

此处，“养在深闺无人识”在英语中并没有可以直接翻译的对应项目，意译是最好的方法。这里主要想体现张家界虽风景优美但一直以来都没有得到广泛关注，“闺房”表示女子的卧室，在英文中有“boudoir”这一对应词，那么“深闺”便可以译为“innermost boudoir”，综合理解整个句子后，可以省去“人未识”，意译为 “secluded in the innermost boudoir”。

In this sentence, there is no correspondent term of “养在深闺人未识” in English, and considering its length, it is also not convenient to transliterate. So the best translation method is free translation The purpose here is to express that Zhangjiajie has not been widely concerned though its scenery is beautiful. “闺房” refers to the living room of a lady and has a correspondent term “boudoir” in English, so “深闺”can be translated as “innermost boudoir”. After entirely understand the whole sentence and leaving out the repeated meaning contained in the part “人未识别”, it can be free translated as “seclude in the innermost boudoir”.

'''Example 2''':
顺流而下二三里，'''至台地深谷洞子坊'''，两岸路人交谈容易握手难。（曹波，2016:97）
'''The Cavernous Lane''', a couple miles downstream, '''cuts deep into the upland''' and makes it impossible for social talkers on its banks to reach each other.(Cao
Bo，2016:97)

In this sentence, “至台地深谷洞子坊” is free translated and makes “台地” become the subject of the whole sentence as well as “cuts deep into the upland” the object. The translation generally describes the Chinese tourism texts.

====== Omission ======
省略法与增词法相对，指原文有些词语不必译出，因为译文中虽无其词已有其意；或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是省去删去一些可有可无的词，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词，但省略并非把原文的思想内容删去。在旅游翻译中，省略也是一种常用的翻译策略，其主要目的是使游客更好地理解文本中蕴含的信息。(方梦之，2001：116)

Omission, contrary with addition, refers that some words in original text is not necessary to translate because that the translation contains the meaning of it without its exact form or it is self-evident. In other words, the omission is a method of leaving out some dispensable and redundant terms or words that break the rules of target language. But it does not mean deleting some words that is related to the main meaning of the text. In tourism translation, it is also a usual translation strategy on purpose of helping people greatly understanding the information include in the text.(Fang Mengzhi，2001:116)Particularly, omission is common to use in translation of Chinese literature for that Chinese is paratactic language and needs to first understand its meaning then express by English by general. In a Chinese sentence, there is rare to use obvious connected word like “and” and “or” and usual in the application of covert coherence. On the contrary, English is a type of explicit coherence and emphasize the form makers by which the grammatical meaning and logical relationships between words are expressed.

'''Example 1''':
这里，山泉小溪蜿蜒曲折，流淌不息，以水显“幽”；这里，原始次生林郁郁葱葱，'''珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣'''。武陵源还是巨大的天然动植物园，栖息着许多古树、奇花、珍禽、异兽。（曹波
，2016：98）
It is all the more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round. It is a wild land densely balnketed with primeval second growth. It has made a huge
natural zoological and botanical garden sheltering numerous old trees, bizarre flowers, precious birds and rare animals.(Cao Bo，2016：98)

In this sentence, “珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣” is free translated and among them the Chinese word “野” is not showed by an exact word. This word means a wild, uncultivated and unrestrained condition. The reason why “野” is omitted is that the whole sentence is expressing the wild life by such words as “more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round” “a wild land” and “primeval second growth” . The omission of this word does not influence the meaning of the whole sentence and readers can still be able to feel a picture of wild life.

'''Example 2''':
第三大景区天子山自然保护区为武陵山脉中心台地，居高临下，东西南北四面均可观景。这里视野开阔，奇峰耸立，云遮雾绕，'''气象万千'''。（曹波，2016：98）
The Son of Heaven Mountain Nature Reserve, the third section, is a tableland in the Wuling Mountains, high enough for tourists to watch scenes in all directions. It
provides a broad view of the surrounding grotesque peaks veiled in lingering clouds and mists.(Cao Bo，2016：98)

In this sentence, “气象万千” is not obviously showed in the translation. This phrase refers to a magnificent and mighty panorama. Given the reason of omission, it seems that the translator supposes that the meaning of the deleted part is contained in the meaning of whole sentence. As a matter of fact, the context is related to the description of scenery of Wuling Mountains. And a kind of majestic spectacular is implied in the representation like “a broad view”, “the surrounding grotesque peaks” and “lingering clouds and mists”.

=== Carrying forward Chinese Culture in Intercultural Communication ===

==== The Relationships between Language, Culture and Translation ====

Language is a really special part of culture. Firstly, it provides basis to the culture and through it culture can be remained and pass to next generation. Then language directly truthfully reflexed culture. So as Wang Zuoliang said after realizing social culture in a language one can really grasp it.（Fang Mengzhi，2011）

The functions of translation lie on human communication, information exchanges, business etc. Among them, cultural commission is a considerably important part. Zheng Liuyi（2012）mentioned that culture is a complicated system in which all kinds of aspects in human life are involved. If we regard that the culture system is comprised by many small systems in which language is the most important systema and bear the feature of relative independence. As a matter of fact, language plays an irreplaceable role in cultural construction, commission, communication between different cultures, creation etc. Meanwhile, diverse cultural traits tend to contribute to different language features. In other words, culture is significance of language as the assertion of the famous linguist Saussure “any literal language is production of language and finally it will separate from the range of nature or spoken language.” Besides, as cultural symbols language is a part of process of cultural creation, which is vividly expressed in some cultural loss phenomena like untranslatability and undertranslation.（Zheng Liuyi，2012）

In intercultural communicaton, a translator should first emphasize function of tranlation of cultual exchanges and pay attention to the cultural gap between differnet language. Especially in the process of golibalization, cultural invasion has become a common and natural phenomenon, which makes Chinese traditional culture be negelected by people particularly in young people. Therefore, taking Chinese culture as a translator's responsibility is an important and emergent thought change.

==== Some Potential Problems in Translation of Chinese Tourism Texts ====

本文在分析文化负载词的翻译时，发现目前张家界许多景点的官方网页在外宣方面投入甚少，网页建设不足，版面设计单一，逻辑性不强，来源老旧，翻译方面的问题也存在不少，总体看来表现在以下几个方面：
一、机器翻译痕迹严重；一些旅游网站看似外宣工作做的面面俱到，内容都依靠机器翻译，出现诸如将“腰子寨”译为“Kidney village”,将“一夫当关，万夫莫开”译为“When Kazuo, Fumo opens”,再如将“妙峰连绵”译为“ Miao Feng mountain”等令人贻笑大方的翻译。

二、旅游翻译的方法亟待提升；一些旅游翻译的准确性不高，译文内容肤浅，不深入,成形后的内容理解起来较为困难，究其原因还是，在英汉语言对比方面的研究不足,没有形成系统的旅游翻译体系。

三、弘扬中国文化的意识不强。旅游翻译与文化传播直接相关，是跨文化交际研究的重点，一些翻译虽然做到了传统意义上的“信”，但是并没有深入展现中华文化，译文一味追求直译，少了文化思考。目前，文化建设与弘扬是我国发展的重点，外语工作不应该在像之前一样追求引入新文化，而是应该多在本土文化上做文章。在旅游翻译中，我们应该考虑的是如何充分凸显我国文化，建立文化自信，我们的目的是使外国游客体验、感悟、探索当地文化。

跨文化交际中，翻译根本目的在于语言和文化交流。首先应该保证意思准确，不能歪曲文化词汇的词意，在文化负载词的理解上应结合文化来理解，所以要求译者本身要有良好的中文素养；其次，保证简单、清晰。旅游文本的翻译应该简单明了，让游客一目了然，很快能够抓住中心；在把握住这两方面的基础上，再同时兼顾其中的文化和美学表达。

In the process of analyzing the translation of culture-loaded words, this paper finds now many websites of scene spots spend few in foreign publicity with some problems in lacking establishment of website, simple layout, logical weakness, old sources. And there are many problems in the translation mainly in the following aspects:

Firstly, the indication od machine translation is obvious. Some tourism websites seem to cover all the facets in external publicity, but in actual fact its contents depend on machine translation even making ridiculous errors like translating “腰子寨”(Yao Zi village) into “Kidney village”, “一夫当关，万夫莫开”（One man can hold out against ten thousand）into “When Kazuo, Fumo opens” and “the undulating mountains” into “Miao Feng mountain”.
Then the methods of tourism translation need to strengthen. Some translation lack accuracy, leading to superficial contents and difficulties to understand. The reasons for these problems are that lacking the comparisons between English and Chinese and system structure of tourism translation.

Finally is the consciousness of carrying forward Chinese culture is weak. Tourism translation is directly relative to cultural transmission and has been focus in cross-cultural communication. Some of them exactly are in accordance with “faithfulness” -- the traditional translation standard, but devoid of deeply expressing Chinese culture and just blindly doing literal translation without reflections on culture. In current, cultural construction and promoting are the main point of China’s development, so the tasks related to foreign language should not pursue to introduce diverse culture and making an issue of carrying on domesticate culture. In translation of tourism texts, a translator should consider how to emphasize Chinese culture and build cultural confidence, aiming to making foreign tourists experience, understand and explore local culture.

In cross-communication, the fundamental aim of translation is language and cultural exchanges. The first is keeping the meaning accurate without misunderstanding the meaning of cultural words. Translators should grasp the meaning of a culture-loaded term combining with the native culture, which requires their Chinese literary at a high level. Secondly, keeping clear and simple. The translation of tourism should be so brief and clear that people can grasp the key point at a glance; then based on the two aspects, giving consideration to cultural transmission and aesthetic expression.

In cross-cultural communication, the fundamental purpose of translation is language and cultural exchange. First of all, the meaning should be accurate, and the meaning of cultural vocabulary should not be distorted. The understanding of culturally loaded words should be combined with culture. Therefore, the translator must have a good Chinese literacy; secondly, ensure that it is simple and clear. The translation of tourism texts should be simple and clear, so that visitors can see at a glance, and quickly grasp the center; on the basis of grasping these two aspects, the cultural and aesthetic expressions in it should be taken into account at the same time.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:54, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

=== Conclusion ===

我们的时代是全球化时代。跨文化交际已经成为这个时代的一个突出特征。L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的人类交际经历了五个阶段，第五个阶段为跨文化交际，我们现正处于这第五个阶段。（胡文仲 1999：2）。有鉴于此，我们不但应该了解全球的文化，还应该让中国文化走向世界。中国已经成为全世界最大的旅游目的地国之一。而旅游实则是一种非常典型的文化活动，一种非常典型的跨文化交际。（陈刚 2004：324）

文化负载词承载着当地的深厚文化和历史底蕴，在翻译时应当仔细斟酌，译者应多方面考虑，对于英语中有对应项，直接采用英语对应词不折损文化传递的词可以进行采用直译；没有对应项目时，可以采取音译和引申，这主要应用于一些特色的地名；难以直译时，考虑结合语境综合理解文化负载词，表达其中的意思，对于无关词项可以省略。无论采取哪一种翻译方法，译者均应综合考虑语言、文化和跨文化交际，保持中国自信，以弘扬中国文化为最终目的。

本文从跨文化交际出发，浅析文化负载词的英汉翻译策略，虽在论证方面仍有诸多不足，主要由于学术经验不足，表达还有欠缺，研究结果比较肤浅，但仍期望对我国旅游翻译建设提供些许帮助。笔者也将不断提升自己的翻译能力和学术能力，积累经验，期望能为我国跨文化研究和旅游翻译研究提供更多有建设性的帮助。

Today is a globalization time whose distinct characteristic is intercultural communication. L.S. Harms belives that the communication between huamans has experienced five stages in which the fifth one is cross-cultural communication we are in now.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2). On this basis, we should realiza the other cuture all over the word as well as carrying on Chinese culture to the world. China has become one of the biggest tourists' destination in the world,and tourism is a really typical cultural activity and a intercultual communication activity.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2)(Chen Gang 2004:324)

Culture-loaded words bear an abundance of historical and cultural represents. In the process of translation, a translator should carefully consider in the choice of word. If there is a correspondent term in English and using it without influences to cultural expression; if there is no correspondent terms, transliteration and amplification is appropriate especially in application of translation of some characteristic place name; if there are difficulties to literal translation, it is necessary to comprehensively understand culture-loaded words under the relative context, just expressing the meaning of them and sometimes leaving out some irrelevant words. However, no matter which strategy is adopted, all translators should deeply consider three aspects of language, culture and cross-cultural communication, keeping China’s confidence and taking carrying forward Chinese culture as the destination. And what a translator should have done is functional equivalence in the tanslation of cutual words as the proposition of Nida(2001:97).

No matter which translation method is adopted, translators should take language, culture and cross-cultural communication into consideration, maintain China's confidence, and promote Chinese culture as the ultimate goal.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 12:05, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

This paper briefly analyzes the strategies of translation between English and Chinese from the perspective of intercultural communication. There are so many limitations mainly in inadequate research experience, deficient expression and superficial research results, but the author still hopes to provide some help. If it is possible, the author will consistently enhance the ability of translation and research and accumulate experience, looking forward to contribute more constructive and effective tactics in intercultural communication and tourism translation.

=== References ===

Caobo 曹波(2016). 湖南旅游[M] A Tour of Hunan. 长沙：湖南师范大学出版社Changsha:Hunan Normal University Press,94.

Chengang 陈刚(2004). 旅游翻译与涉外导游[M]Tourism Translaton and Guide-interpreter. 中国对外翻译出版公司 China International Translation and Interpreting Press.

Dou Peixiang 窦培祥(2019). 目的论视角下旅游文本文化负载词翻译策略研究[J]On Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourist Text from the Perspective of Skopos Theory.济南大学 Jinan University.

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之(2011). 译学大辞典[M] A Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海：上海外语教育出版社Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Hu Wenzhong 胡文仲(1999). 跨文化交际学概论[M] A General Introduction to Intercultural Communication. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Newmark,P.(2001). Approaches to translation.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Nida, E. A. (1993). Language, culture and translating.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Venuti, Lawrence.1995. ''The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. ''[M]London and New York: Routledge.

Xiang, Chunyan.(2016): 69-74. "On Translation Strategies of Chinese Culture-Loaded Words."[J] Canadian Social Science 12.6 .

Wang Shuren (Modification), Hou Changming 王树人（修），侯昌铭（篡）（1975）. 湖南永定县乡土志[M]Hunan Yong Ding County Annals.成文出版社 Cheng Wen Press.

Zheng Liuyi郑柳依(2012). 从翻译中的“文化流失”论语言与文化的关系[J] Discussion on the Relationships between Language and Culture from the “Loss of Culture” in Translation.中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (humanistic and social science), 32(06).

Written by---[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Cult Load Words EN 6

2021-12-22T12:18:17Z

Du Lina: /* Introduction */

=Chapter 6:On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Text from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplifies by Zhangjiajie=
''' 跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译翻译研究--以张家界为例'''

杜莉娜 Du Lina, Hunan Normal University, China

=== Abstract ===
Culture-loaded words are special in vocabulary for all kinds of language. Being different from general words, the strong local traits of these words are concealed behind the language form, which leads to the untranslatability and difficulties of translating. The translation of culture-loaded words is a big challenge for a translator since he/she needs to master both the source language and the target language as well as be familiar with the local culture. The translator needs to keep the translation accurate and advoids to lose cultural identities of a term. A study of translating culture-loaded from an international communication perspective is practical for that taking communication as purpose it focuses on culture behind a language and tries to find an alternative expression, which makes the recievers fully understand the target language and its culture. In the light of intercultural communication, this paper takes tourism texts published in the official site of Zhangjiajie as example to analyze the translation principles and strategies of culture-loaded in tourism texts, deeply discussing some problems in the translation of tourism texts and providing some practical solutions for it.

=== Key Words ===
Intercultural Communication; Tourism;Culture-loaded words;Translation

=== 摘要 ===
对于任何一种语言来说，文化负载词都是词汇中一种特殊存在形式。与普通词汇不同，它借用语言外形将自己浓厚的当地色彩包裹起来，使其不可译或难以翻译。文化负载词的翻译是对译者对源语和译入语精通度和当地文化熟悉度的一种高挑战，这不仅需要译者考虑翻译的准确性，还不能丧失词汇本身的文化烙印。从跨文化交际的角度来翻译文化负载词不失为一种可行的办法，跨文化交际以交际为目的，注重保留语言的文化性，试图找到一种合适的替代性表达让语言接受者完全理解源语言以及其背后的文化因素。本文从跨文化交际角度出发，以张家界旅游官网公布的旅游文本为例，分析其中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，进而分析旅游文本翻译存在的某些问题，并提供一些较为可行的解决办法。

=== 关键词 ===
跨文化交际，旅游，文化负载词，翻译

=== Introduction ===
中华上下五千年，文化源远流长。随着中国综合国力不断提高，中国在世界上的地位举足轻重，从一带一路、和平共处五项原则到中国特色社会主义无一不体现着儒家、道家哲学思想，因此，在当今的文化交流中，保留中华火种、弘扬中国文化是非常必要的。文化负载词翻译研究便是一种重要的本土文化保护方式。文化负载词指那些富有一定文化背景或者深刻文化意蕴的词语，在一定的历史阶段沉淀后，产生的带有文化性质的词语、谚语、典故、特殊的人物名称的表达，除此之外，它还包括现行的熟语和习语（方梦之，2011：297）。

New Mark（2001：95）将文化负载词分为生态学、物质文化、社会文化、社会、政治、经济、行政机构以及声势语言学这几类。由此可见，文化负载词涉及范围广泛，且随着时间的推移层出不穷，语言交流中这类词语也是最能体现某一社会文化信息、社会价值以及反映本土生活的表达。旅游文本涉及的文化词语范围广泛，从山川河流、博物馆、建筑、特色美食到动植物应有尽有，为文化负载词的研究提供了丰富且合适的资源。他国人了解本国文化时采用的最直接的方式便是旅游，我国山川壮阔、风景秀丽、美食众多，各国游客慕名前来。在中国，基本上各大景点都设有英文翻译，目前，多数景点也已设日文、韩文等翻译。它不仅是文化负载词研究的重点语料，也是跨文化交际的重要途径，因为它塑造了他国对我国文化的第一印象，在弘扬我国文化方面发挥着重要作用。因此，旅游文本的重要性可见一斑。本文选用跨文化交际为视角来分析旅游文本中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，以此来看语言、文化和翻译之间的相互关系。

Chinese culture runs a long history about 5,000 years. With the overall national strength is improving, China plays an important role in the whole world. Confucianism and Taoism is embodied in such political ideas as Belt and Road Initiative, Five Principles of Peaceful Coeixstence, socialism with Chinese characteristics and so on. Therefore, it is quite necessary to preserve Chinese culture heritage and carry forward Chinese culture in the current culture communication. Research on translation of culture-loaded words is such a important way culture topromote the indigenous cultrue. Culture-loaded words refers to some items that implies cultural background and connotations, and passing through the long-term historical precipitation these expression with culture character like words, proverbs, allusions and name of special figures have been produced. And the existing common phrases and idioms are part of culture-loaded words( Fang Mengzhi，2011:297).

New Mark (2001：95)classified culture-loaded words as all kinds of types in ecology, material culture, social culture, society, politics, economy, administrative institutions and gesture. It is therefore of wide range of cultural expression, and these items have emerged endlessly with the changes of the times.In the communication, these words can best embody cultural information and social values and reflect the social life of human.Tourism texts relate to a variety of areas among mountains and rivers, museums, architecture,delicious food, animals and plants, which provide abundant and propor data for reaserch on culture-loaded words. The most direct way to realize domestic culture is travel for foreigners. Especially, there are magnificent mountains and rivers, splendid scenery and numerous delicious food, attracting many travelers around the whole world. In China, scenic spots essentially provide English translation, and now many of them also have Japanese, Korean and others translation. Tourism is crucial in making the first Chinese impression to foreigners and carrying on Chinese culture. It is the key language data in studying culture-loaded words as well as the critical way in cross-communication.So the importance of tourism texts is obvious. This paper chooses the intercultural communication perspective to analyze the English translation principles and strategies in tourism texts, deeply discussing the interrelations among language, culture and translation. (New Mark，2001：95)

===Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts ===
由于这类词背景的复杂性，此类翻译对译者来说也并非易事，这是对译者对两种语言精通程度的考验，同时也是对两种文化认识程度的考验，这两方面缺一便会误导读者对该文化的误解。一般在文化类词语的翻译上，主要采取的两种翻译策略是韦努蒂的异化译法和归化译法。异化翻译，又称 “小众化翻译”或 “少数化翻译”，指的生成目标文本时会通过保留原文中某些异国情调的东西来故意打破目的语惯例的翻译类型（方梦之2001:96），即 “译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近”。归化译法指的是译者采用透明、流畅的风格，以最大限度地淡化目的语读者对外来文本的陌生感（Venuti 1995:20）。

Given the complexity of backgrounds of these words, the translation of them is not easy for translators who probably face challenges of well mastering two languages as well as understanding two cultures. Readers may misunderstand the text without one of the two aspects. Generally, two main strategies are foreignization and domestication put forward by Lawrence Venuti(1995) are employed in the translation of words containing culture. Foreignization translation also called “minoritizing translation” refers to a translation type that in producing the target texts one keeps some exotic information of the original texts to deliberately break the conventions of the target language(Fang Mengzhi 2001:96), so that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the readers towards them. Domesticating translation refers to the style of transparency and fluency, and the translator makes effort to reduce readers’ strange feeling to foreign texts（Venuti，1995:20）.
===== Foreignizatiom Strategy=====
对于文化负载词的异化译法，大体来说采取三种方式—直译、音译、引申义。源语中某些文化性词语在符合语言条件的基础上可以直接翻译；当目标语中缺少某一文化词语的对应项，且直译又难以充分揭示这类词包含的文化意义时，可以采取音译；如直译和音译都行不通，可以引申其意义。异化翻译是跨文化交际的主要手段之一，让读者接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，这对弘扬本国传统文化大有益处。

In the foreignization strategy, three ways of literal translation, transliteration, amplification are broadly used. Under the rules of language, some culture-loaded words in the source language can be translated literally; when no corresponding words existing in the target language, literal translation cannot fully reveal the information of culture that contained in the words of the source language, so transliteration might be taken; if both literal translation and transliteration does not work, amplifying the meaning of a culture-loaded word is also feasible. Foreignization is one of main methods of intercultural communication and makes people accept diverse language and culture and integrate into exotic situation, greatly contributing to carry forward Chinese traditional culture.

Generally speaking, there are three ways of foreignization translation of culture-loaded words: literal translation, transliteration and extended meaning.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:58, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
====== Literal Translation ======
文化负载词的直译并不是字对字的翻译，而是在符合目的语语言规则的情况下，保留源语的语言结构，表达目的语的文化信息，这种方法一方面可以创造出目的语读者读得懂的译文，另一方面又不至于失去源语的文化背景。

The literal translation of culture-loaded words is not word-for word translation, but keeping the language structure of the source language and expressing the cultural information under the language rules of the target language. It can not only create an understandable translation for reader of the target language but not lose the cultural background of the source language.

'''Example 1''':
因“狮”和“石”在普通话中同音，故'''黄狮寨'''又叫'''黄石寨'''。相传这一名字因张良师傅黄石公曾到此炼丹而得名。
'''the Yellow Stone (Huangshi) Village''' since the two words pronounce the same in Mandarin. According to the legend, it was named after Huang Shigong, the teacher
of Zhang Liang, who made alchemy here.

类似“黄狮寨”的地点名称一般有两种翻译，可以将其音译为“Huangshi Village”,也可以直译为“Yellow Lion Village”。虽然大多数情况下取第二种译法，但考虑到黄狮寨的特殊纪念意义，译为“Huangshi village”更好，如按照官网使人译为“Yellow Lion village”可能会误导游客，联想到此处有狮子存在等，这样一来便失去了黄狮寨特殊的文化背景。

In general, there are two types of method for the place name like “黄狮寨” ——transliterated as Huangshi Village or literally translated as Yellow Lion Village. Though the latter is common in most cases, given the special commemorative significance of it, “Huangshi village” is better than “Yellow Lion village” for that the latter could mislead tourists and make them imagine the existence of lions, which loses the cultural background.

'''Example 2''':
'''敲敲酒'''，因其有趣的名字和特别的盛酒容器而出名，其色泽清亮微黄，保存在竹筒中，入口清新甘甜。
'''Qiaoqiao Wine''', or '''knock wine''', gains its popularity by its interesting name and its unique vessel. The yellowish wine, preserved in a bamboo tube, is
lustrously clear, and tastes fresh and sweet.

张家界特产敲敲酒又叫竹筒酒，在喝之前，先要在竹筒顶端敲一个洞，是一种非常独特的启酒方式，因敲击次数的不同拥有不同的寓意。因为其特别的饮法，“Qiaoqiao Wine”或者“knock wine”两种译法都是可取的,都会引起观者强烈的好奇心。此外，也可以将直译和音译相结合，互作解释。

Qiaoqiao Wine, also called bamboo tube wine, is a specialty in Zhangjiajie. This wine is known as its special drinking way of knocking a hole in the bamboo tube before drinking, and the knock times for it connote different implied meaning. Because its distinctive way of drinking, both Qiaoqiao Wine” and “knock wine” are reasonable and easily able to arouse people’s curiosity. And literal translation and transliteration can be combined and give explanation for each other.

'''Example 3''':
往东，沿'''金鞭溪'''而下，可达'''索溪谷'''，往北可上'''天子山'''。(曹波，2016：95)
Strolling eastward down '''the Golden Whip Stream''', sightseers can get to '''the Suo Stream Valley'''; and northward, '''the Son of Heaven Mountain'''.（Cao Bo，
2016：95）

此处“金鞭溪”“索溪谷”和“天子山”都是直接翻译，“金鞭溪”因其流经“金鞭岩”而得名，“金鞭岩”因形状如浑然天成的长鞭而得名；“索溪谷”因溪水如绳索而得名；而“天子山”因史上有土家族领袖向王（名大坤）自称天子而得名。这三个词均蕴含特殊意义，直译比音译更能体现其意义，所以此处的“索溪谷”和其它两个词一样直译为“Rope Stream Valley”更好。

In this sentence, “索溪谷”和 “天子山” are translated literally. “金鞭溪”gains its name for that it passes through the Golden Whip Rock; “索溪谷”for its shape like a natural long whip; “天子山” for a leader of Tujia (whose name is Da Kun) called himself a Son of Heaven. All the three words imply special meaning and literal translation of them can be able to embody its meaning. So “索溪谷” should literally translate as“Rope Stream Valley”like the others.

====== Transliteration ======
音译, 也叫“转写”，即用一种文字符号（如拉丁字母）来表示另一种文字系统的文字符号（如汉字）的过程或结果。当源语和目的语之间差异很大、存在语义空白的情况下，翻译不可能直接从形式或语义入手，此时，音译时主要的翻译手段。(方梦之，2001:101) 音译加注是旅游翻译中专业名词翻译的常用方法，虽然音译可以保留源语言中的文化因素，但并不能让目的语读者真正理解，所以音译加注的方法很好解决了这个问题，创造出目的语读者可接受的译文。（Xiang Chunyan，2016）

Transliteration, also called “transcription”, refers to a process or result that use letter symbols of one language system (like Latin letter) to express those of another language system. When there is distinct difference and semantic gap between the original language and the target language, it is impossible to directly translate in form or meaning, then transliteration is the principal translation method.(Fang Mengzhi，2001:101) Especially, transliteration plus a note is a common method in transliteration of proper noun in tourism translation. Though transliteration can keep the original form of the source language, it can not take the target reader comprehend the cultural connotations or images in the osurce culture. Therefore, a note added to the transliterated word can provide lots of important information to get the translated text better accepted by the target reader.(Xiang Chunyan，2016)

'''Example 1''':
（1）'''普光寺（普光禅寺）'''坐落在张家界永定区城东部，前有天门山、澧水河，后有福德山（即今子五台）。
'''Puguang Temple (Puguang Zen Temple)''' is located in the east of Yongding
District behind Tianmen Mountain, and in front of Fude Mountain (present-day Ziwu Terrace).
（2）除了这些天然景区，张家界还有两处省级重点保护文物单位的人文旅游景观：玉皇洞和'''普光禅寺'''。(曹波，2016：97)
In addition to these scenic areas created by nature, Zhangjiajie is in possession of two artificial touris destinations: the Jade Emperor’s Grottoes
and '''the Universal Light Zen Temple'''.（Cao Bo，2016:97）

对于“普光寺”的翻译，张家界旅游官网和曹波（2016：97）译文不同，前者是音译，后者是直译。光绪三十二年（公元1906年）侯昌铨编撰的《湖南永定县乡土志》记载：“迤东有普光寺，明永乐十一年(公元1413年，农历癸已年)指挥史雍简建，本朝(按：指清朝)雍正十一年（公元1733年，农历癸丑年）协镇史城重修。寺有白羊石，雍简建寺时，见白羊满山，逐之入土，掘之见石，其下有窖金。遂发之，以金修寺，寺成入奏，赐名普光石。”《续修永定县》也有相似记载。由史料可知，普光寺历史深远，历经多代重修，其得名主要是因为寺中曾发现金子，但是光靠名字来展现其复杂的历史由来，或许有些困难。而且，当地人熟知且常用的还是“普光寺”，故使用音译更恰当。(王树人（修），1975:104)

In the translation of “普光寺”, there are different between the official webside of Zhangjiajie and Cao Bo（2016:97）, and former is transliteration and latter literal translation.According to the record of the thirty-second year of Guangxu Emperor(1906 AD) in ''Hunan Yong Ding County Annals'' edited by Hou Changquan, there is a temple called Puguang Temple in the east and was built by commander Yong Jain in the eleventh year of Yongle of Ming dynasty(1413 AD). Now(note: referring to Qing dynasty) the eleventh year of Yongzheng(1722 AD) sent Zhen Shicheng rebuild it. White sheep stone was discovered to have been standed in the temple. When Yongjian build the temple, he found flocks of white sheep was strolling all over the field. Then he gave orders to dig that field and found a cellar filling of gold behind some stone. So the temple was accomplished by using those gold, and stones were granted name of Puguang Stone after reporting to the emperor. Another record of ''Rebuilding Yongdin County Annals'' also descibes it similarly. Therefore, the temple has a long history and been rebuilt by many dybasties. The origin of its name is the discovery of gold in it, but it may be difficult to express its complex history only by a name. And the local people are more familiar with “Puguang Temple” than “General Light Zen Temple”, so the former is appropriate.(Wang Shuren(modification)，1975:104)

'''Example 2''':
位于张家界市永定区罗塔坪乡的景点'''锅灶天坑'''气势磅礴、宏伟壮观。锅灶天坑从空中俯瞰是巨型天坑，形状宛如土家族的锅灶。地面上有一座天生桥，其形状宛若“灶门”。
There is a magnificent and spectacular tourist spot named '''Guozao Tiankeng''' in Luotaping Township, Yongding District, Zhangjiajie City. Viewed from above, it
looks like a Tujia stove lying on the ground in a prone position. There is also a natural bridge on the ground assembling a stove door.

这里提到的“锅灶”是仅为中国文化所有的烹饪工具，这里采用音译法是完全可以的。“天坑”是一种地理现象，这里可以直接使用通常译法“Tiankeng”。

The mentioned cookstove is a unique cuisine tool for Chinese culture, so the transliteration of it is entirely appropriate. And “Tiankeng” is one of geographic phenomenon, here can be transliterated by the common translation “Tiankeng”.

====== Amplification ======
Amplification refers to the addition of some necessary information including words, phrases or sentences in target texts so as to supplement the connotations of source language. China is a great country with vast territory and splendid civilization. Sometimes, it is hard for western tourists to understand the applied cultural meanings in tourist attraction. For this reason, translators can add some words, phrased or sentences to make the English tourist texts more understandable and meet the reading habits of target language readers.（Dou Peixiang，2019）

'''Example 1''':
'''茅岩藤茶'''又叫长寿茶、魔法茶，味道独特，入喉有甜味，其藤条表面富含丰富的蛋白霜。
'''Maoyan vine tea''' is also called longevity vine and magic tea. It has a unique taste and a sweet aftertaste. The vine is covered by a layer of natural
“meringue”.

长寿藤茶的实际是张家界盛产的一种草本叫茅岩莓的藤叶，茅岩莓并非茶科，因表面有一层天然白霜俗称霉茶，因霉字不吉利故谐音莓茶。此处，如果直接按照当地叫法将其直接译为“longevity tea”也并非不可，但如果引申译为 “ Maoyan vine tea”并注解 “longevity tea”一方面可以凸显出当地特色植物茅岩莓，另一方面又可以用“长寿”来引起游客的兴趣。

The longevity tea is actually vine of a herb called congongrass cliff berry. Not belonging to the theaceae, it is known as “霉茶”(mildewed tea) and commonly use it homophone“莓茶” (berry tea) for the unlucky pronunciation of the former. The translation of “longevity tea” is acceptable, but if the tea is amplified as “Maoyan vine tea” with annotation “longevity tea”, it can able to highlight the local characteristic plant as well as attract tourists by the word “longevity”.

'''Example 2''':
“meringue”.'''老院子'''引位于湖南张家界市城中心，鹭鸶湾大桥附近，展现了丰富的傩文化（一种驱瘟避疫、祭神跳鬼的祭祀活动）。
'''Tian’s Old Courtyard''' is located in the center of the city and close to Luyuwan Bridge, which is the witness of Nuo culture (a type of sacrificial and magical
ritual held to expel evil spirits and pestilence).

所谓老院子是田氏族人的祖居，当地人通常称之为老院子，在翻译时，将这种隐藏信息展现出来有助于游客快速理解老院子的文化信息。

The so called Old Courtyard is ancestral home of Tians, and the local people call it the Old Courtyard. Expressing the implied meaning of Tians and Nuo Culture helps tourists quickly grasp the cultural information of it.

===== Domestication Strategy=====
文化负载词的归化译法主要采取意译和省略两种方法，这两种方法并不是绝对的将原词中每一项都包含在译文中，只是在整体理解词意的基础上，将整个词语的意思翻译出来，而对于一些对整体意思没有太大影响的部分可以选择删去。这种译法主要是站在读者的角度来考虑的，目的是使读者能清楚的理解原文的意思。这种方法在旅游翻译中常见，尤其中文中对一些景色的描述时会重复使用各种各样的成语和习语，在翻译时，应该综合考虑句意思，灵活运用意译和省略。

The domestication of the culture-loaded word mainly employed two types of method of free translation and omission. The two methods do not be used to rigidly translate every term of the source language into the target language, but to comprehensively understand the meaning of words and translate the basic meaning of them. Sometimes some parts that will not influence the whole meaning can be deleted. This strategy is in reader’s perspective and its aim to make them clearly know the meaning of original text. This is common to use in translation of tourism text especially in some Chinese text in which some repeated and diverse idioms and proverbs are used. Therefore, in translation the translator should entirely comprehend the meaning of the words or sentences and making flexible use of free translation and omission.

====== Free Translation ======
意译是与直译并列的主要译法之一。译文一致而形式不同谓之意译，即以原文形式为标准，译文表达形式上另辟蹊径。当译者需要改变形式才能忠实地再现原文内容时，就采用意译。(方梦之，2001:101)

As the main translation method paralleling with literal translation, free translation refers that the translation is consistent in meaning but different in form with original text, that is, taking the form of the original as standard the translator finds a new path in the expression of the translation. When he/she need to change form to truthfully reproduce the contents of the original text, the free translation is employed. (Fang Mengzhi，2001：101)

'''Example 1''':
（张家界）这颗风景明珠'''“养在深闺人未识”'''，直到20世纪80年代才撩开神秘的面纱。（曹波，2016：95）
(Zhangjiajie)This jewel of scenery, '''“secluded in the innermost boudoir”''',remained unknown until the 1980’s. (Cao Bo，2016：95)

此处，“养在深闺无人识”在英语中并没有可以直接翻译的对应项目，意译是最好的方法。这里主要想体现张家界虽风景优美但一直以来都没有得到广泛关注，“闺房”表示女子的卧室，在英文中有“boudoir”这一对应词，那么“深闺”便可以译为“innermost boudoir”，综合理解整个句子后，可以省去“人未识”，意译为 “secluded in the innermost boudoir”。

In this sentence, there is no correspondent term of “养在深闺人未识” in English, and considering its length, it is also not convenient to transliterate. So the best translation method is free translation The purpose here is to express that Zhangjiajie has not been widely concerned though its scenery is beautiful. “闺房” refers to the living room of a lady and has a correspondent term “boudoir” in English, so “深闺”can be translated as “innermost boudoir”. After entirely understand the whole sentence and leaving out the repeated meaning contained in the part “人未识别”, it can be free translated as “seclude in the innermost boudoir”.

'''Example 2''':
顺流而下二三里，'''至台地深谷洞子坊'''，两岸路人交谈容易握手难。（曹波，2016:97）
'''The Cavernous Lane''', a couple miles downstream, '''cuts deep into the upland''' and makes it impossible for social talkers on its banks to reach each other.(Cao
Bo，2016:97)

In this sentence, “至台地深谷洞子坊” is free translated and makes “台地” become the subject of the whole sentence as well as “cuts deep into the upland” the object. The translation generally describes the Chinese tourism texts.

====== Omission ======
省略法与增词法相对，指原文有些词语不必译出，因为译文中虽无其词已有其意；或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是省去删去一些可有可无的词，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词，但省略并非把原文的思想内容删去。在旅游翻译中，省略也是一种常用的翻译策略，其主要目的是使游客更好地理解文本中蕴含的信息。(方梦之，2001：116)

Omission, contrary with addition, refers that some words in original text is not necessary to translate because that the translation contains the meaning of it without its exact form or it is self-evident. In other words, the omission is a method of leaving out some dispensable and redundant terms or words that break the rules of target language. But it does not mean deleting some words that is related to the main meaning of the text. In tourism translation, it is also a usual translation strategy on purpose of helping people greatly understanding the information include in the text.(Fang Mengzhi，2001:116)Particularly, omission is common to use in translation of Chinese literature for that Chinese is paratactic language and needs to first understand its meaning then express by English by general. In a Chinese sentence, there is rare to use obvious connected word like “and” and “or” and usual in the application of covert coherence. On the contrary, English is a type of explicit coherence and emphasize the form makers by which the grammatical meaning and logical relationships between words are expressed.

'''Example 1''':
这里，山泉小溪蜿蜒曲折，流淌不息，以水显“幽”；这里，原始次生林郁郁葱葱，'''珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣'''。武陵源还是巨大的天然动植物园，栖息着许多古树、奇花、珍禽、异兽。（曹波
，2016：98）
It is all the more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round. It is a wild land densely balnketed with primeval second growth. It has made a huge
natural zoological and botanical garden sheltering numerous old trees, bizarre flowers, precious birds and rare animals.(Cao Bo，2016：98)

In this sentence, “珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣” is free translated and among them the Chinese word “野” is not showed by an exact word. This word means a wild, uncultivated and unrestrained condition. The reason why “野” is omitted is that the whole sentence is expressing the wild life by such words as “more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round” “a wild land” and “primeval second growth” . The omission of this word does not influence the meaning of the whole sentence and readers can still be able to feel a picture of wild life.

'''Example 2''':
第三大景区天子山自然保护区为武陵山脉中心台地，居高临下，东西南北四面均可观景。这里视野开阔，奇峰耸立，云遮雾绕，'''气象万千'''。（曹波，2016：98）
The Son of Heaven Mountain Nature Reserve, the third section, is a tableland in the Wuling Mountains, high enough for tourists to watch scenes in all directions. It
provides a broad view of the surrounding grotesque peaks veiled in lingering clouds and mists.(Cao Bo，2016：98)

In this sentence, “气象万千” is not obviously showed in the translation. This phrase refers to a magnificent and mighty panorama. Given the reason of omission, it seems that the translator supposes that the meaning of the deleted part is contained in the meaning of whole sentence. As a matter of fact, the context is related to the description of scenery of Wuling Mountains. And a kind of majestic spectacular is implied in the representation like “a broad view”, “the surrounding grotesque peaks” and “lingering clouds and mists”.

=== Carrying forward Chinese Culture in Intercultural Communication ===

==== The Relationships between Language, Culture and Translation ====

Language is a really special part of culture. Firstly, it provides basis to the culture and through it culture can be remained and pass to next generation. Then language directly truthfully reflexed culture. So as Wang Zuoliang said after realizing social culture in a language one can really grasp it.（Fang Mengzhi，2011）

The functions of translation lie on human communication, information exchanges, business etc. Among them, cultural commission is a considerably important part. Zheng Liuyi（2012）mentioned that culture is a complicated system in which all kinds of aspects in human life are involved. If we regard that the culture system is comprised by many small systems in which language is the most important systema and bear the feature of relative independence. As a matter of fact, language plays an irreplaceable role in cultural construction, commission, communication between different cultures, creation etc. Meanwhile, diverse cultural traits tend to contribute to different language features. In other words, culture is significance of language as the assertion of the famous linguist Saussure “any literal language is production of language and finally it will separate from the range of nature or spoken language.” Besides, as cultural symbols language is a part of process of cultural creation, which is vividly expressed in some cultural loss phenomena like untranslatability and undertranslation.（Zheng Liuyi 2012）

In intercultural communicaton, a translator should first emphasize function of tranlation of cultual exchanges and pay attention to the cultural gap between differnet language. Especially in the process of golibalization, cultural invasion has become a common and natural phenomenon, which makes Chinese traditional culture be negelected by people particularly in young people. Therefore, taking Chinese culture as a translator's responsibility is an important and emergent thought change.

==== Some Potential Problems in Translation of Chinese Tourism Texts ====

本文在分析文化负载词的翻译时，发现目前张家界许多景点的官方网页在外宣方面投入甚少，网页建设不足，版面设计单一，逻辑性不强，来源老旧，翻译方面的问题也存在不少，总体看来表现在以下几个方面：
一、机器翻译痕迹严重；一些旅游网站看似外宣工作做的面面俱到，内容都依靠机器翻译，出现诸如将“腰子寨”译为“Kidney village”,将“一夫当关，万夫莫开”译为“When Kazuo, Fumo opens”,再如将“妙峰连绵”译为“ Miao Feng mountain”等令人贻笑大方的翻译。

二、旅游翻译的方法亟待提升；一些旅游翻译的准确性不高，译文内容肤浅，不深入,成形后的内容理解起来较为困难，究其原因还是，在英汉语言对比方面的研究不足,没有形成系统的旅游翻译体系。

三、弘扬中国文化的意识不强。旅游翻译与文化传播直接相关，是跨文化交际研究的重点，一些翻译虽然做到了传统意义上的“信”，但是并没有深入展现中华文化，译文一味追求直译，少了文化思考。目前，文化建设与弘扬是我国发展的重点，外语工作不应该在像之前一样追求引入新文化，而是应该多在本土文化上做文章。在旅游翻译中，我们应该考虑的是如何充分凸显我国文化，建立文化自信，我们的目的是使外国游客体验、感悟、探索当地文化。

跨文化交际中，翻译根本目的在于语言和文化交流。首先应该保证意思准确，不能歪曲文化词汇的词意，在文化负载词的理解上应结合文化来理解，所以要求译者本身要有良好的中文素养；其次，保证简单、清晰。旅游文本的翻译应该简单明了，让游客一目了然，很快能够抓住中心；在把握住这两方面的基础上，再同时兼顾其中的文化和美学表达。

In the process of analyzing the translation of culture-loaded words, this paper finds now many websites of scene spots spend few in foreign publicity with some problems in lacking establishment of website, simple layout, logical weakness, old sources. And there are many problems in the translation mainly in the following aspects:

Firstly, the indication od machine translation is obvious. Some tourism websites seem to cover all the facets in external publicity, but in actual fact its contents depend on machine translation even making ridiculous errors like translating “腰子寨”(Yao Zi village) into “Kidney village”, “一夫当关，万夫莫开”（One man can hold out against ten thousand）into “When Kazuo, Fumo opens” and “the undulating mountains” into “Miao Feng mountain”.
Then the methods of tourism translation need to strengthen. Some translation lack accuracy, leading to superficial contents and difficulties to understand. The reasons for these problems are that lacking the comparisons between English and Chinese and system structure of tourism translation.

Finally is the consciousness of carrying forward Chinese culture is weak. Tourism translation is directly relative to cultural transmission and has been focus in cross-cultural communication. Some of them exactly are in accordance with “faithfulness” -- the traditional translation standard, but devoid of deeply expressing Chinese culture and just blindly doing literal translation without reflections on culture. In current, cultural construction and promoting are the main point of China’s development, so the tasks related to foreign language should not pursue to introduce diverse culture and making an issue of carrying on domesticate culture. In translation of tourism texts, a translator should consider how to emphasize Chinese culture and build cultural confidence, aiming to making foreign tourists experience, understand and explore local culture.

In cross-communication, the fundamental aim of translation is language and cultural exchanges. The first is keeping the meaning accurate without misunderstanding the meaning of cultural words. Translators should grasp the meaning of a culture-loaded term combining with the native culture, which requires their Chinese literary at a high level. Secondly, keeping clear and simple. The translation of tourism should be so brief and clear that people can grasp the key point at a glance; then based on the two aspects, giving consideration to cultural transmission and aesthetic expression.

In cross-cultural communication, the fundamental purpose of translation is language and cultural exchange. First of all, the meaning should be accurate, and the meaning of cultural vocabulary should not be distorted. The understanding of culturally loaded words should be combined with culture. Therefore, the translator must have a good Chinese literacy; secondly, ensure that it is simple and clear. The translation of tourism texts should be simple and clear, so that visitors can see at a glance, and quickly grasp the center; on the basis of grasping these two aspects, the cultural and aesthetic expressions in it should be taken into account at the same time.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:54, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

=== Conclusion ===

我们的时代是全球化时代。跨文化交际已经成为这个时代的一个突出特征。L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的人类交际经历了五个阶段，第五个阶段为跨文化交际，我们现正处于这第五个阶段。（胡文仲 1999：2）。有鉴于此，我们不但应该了解全球的文化，还应该让中国文化走向世界。中国已经成为全世界最大的旅游目的地国之一。而旅游实则是一种非常典型的文化活动，一种非常典型的跨文化交际。（陈刚 2004：324）

文化负载词承载着当地的深厚文化和历史底蕴，在翻译时应当仔细斟酌，译者应多方面考虑，对于英语中有对应项，直接采用英语对应词不折损文化传递的词可以进行采用直译；没有对应项目时，可以采取音译和引申，这主要应用于一些特色的地名；难以直译时，考虑结合语境综合理解文化负载词，表达其中的意思，对于无关词项可以省略。无论采取哪一种翻译方法，译者均应综合考虑语言、文化和跨文化交际，保持中国自信，以弘扬中国文化为最终目的。

本文从跨文化交际出发，浅析文化负载词的英汉翻译策略，虽在论证方面仍有诸多不足，主要由于学术经验不足，表达还有欠缺，研究结果比较肤浅，但仍期望对我国旅游翻译建设提供些许帮助。笔者也将不断提升自己的翻译能力和学术能力，积累经验，期望能为我国跨文化研究和旅游翻译研究提供更多有建设性的帮助。

Today is a globalization time whose distinct characteristic is intercultural communication. L.S. Harms belives that the communication between huamans has experienced five stages in which the fifth one is cross-cultural communication we are in now.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2). On this basis, we should realiza the other cuture all over the word as well as carrying on Chinese culture to the world. China has become one of the biggest tourists' destination in the world,and tourism is a really typical cultural activity and a intercultual communication activity.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2)(Chen Gang 2004:324)

Culture-loaded words bear an abundance of historical and cultural represents. In the process of translation, a translator should carefully consider in the choice of word. If there is a correspondent term in English and using it without influences to cultural expression; if there is no correspondent terms, transliteration and amplification is appropriate especially in application of translation of some characteristic place name; if there are difficulties to literal translation, it is necessary to comprehensively understand culture-loaded words under the relative context, just expressing the meaning of them and sometimes leaving out some irrelevant words. However, no matter which strategy is adopted, all translators should deeply consider three aspects of language, culture and cross-cultural communication, keeping China’s confidence and taking carrying forward Chinese culture as the destination. And what a translator should have done is functional equivalence in the tanslation of cutual words as the proposition of Nida(2001:97).

No matter which translation method is adopted, translators should take language, culture and cross-cultural communication into consideration, maintain China's confidence, and promote Chinese culture as the ultimate goal.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 12:05, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

This paper briefly analyzes the strategies of translation between English and Chinese from the perspective of intercultural communication. There are so many limitations mainly in inadequate research experience, deficient expression and superficial research results, but the author still hopes to provide some help. If it is possible, the author will consistently enhance the ability of translation and research and accumulate experience, looking forward to contribute more constructive and effective tactics in intercultural communication and tourism translation.

=== References ===

Caobo 曹波(2016). 湖南旅游[M] A Tour of Hunan. 长沙：湖南师范大学出版社Changsha:Hunan Normal University Press,94.

Chengang 陈刚(2004). 旅游翻译与涉外导游[M]Tourism Translaton and Guide-interpreter. 中国对外翻译出版公司 China International Translation and Interpreting Press.

Dou Peixiang 窦培祥(2019). 目的论视角下旅游文本文化负载词翻译策略研究[J]On Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourist Text from the Perspective of Skopos Theory.济南大学 Jinan University.

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之(2011). 译学大辞典[M] A Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海：上海外语教育出版社Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Hu Wenzhong 胡文仲(1999). 跨文化交际学概论[M] A General Introduction to Intercultural Communication. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Newmark,P.(2001). Approaches to translation.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Nida, E. A. (1993). Language, culture and translating.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Venuti, Lawrence.1995. ''The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. ''[M]London and New York: Routledge.

Xiang, Chunyan.(2016): 69-74. "On Translation Strategies of Chinese Culture-Loaded Words."[J] Canadian Social Science 12.6 .

Wang Shuren (Modification), Hou Changming 王树人（修），侯昌铭（篡）（1975）. 湖南永定县乡土志[M]Hunan Yong Ding County Annals.成文出版社 Cheng Wen Press.

Zheng Liuyi郑柳依(2012). 从翻译中的“文化流失”论语言与文化的关系[J] Discussion on the Relationships between Language and Culture from the “Loss of Culture” in Translation.中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (humanistic and social science), 32(06).

Written by---[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Cult Load Words EN 6

2021-12-22T12:17:46Z

Du Lina: /* Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts */

=Chapter 6:On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Text from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplifies by Zhangjiajie=
''' 跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译翻译研究--以张家界为例'''

杜莉娜 Du Lina, Hunan Normal University, China

=== Abstract ===
Culture-loaded words are special in vocabulary for all kinds of language. Being different from general words, the strong local traits of these words are concealed behind the language form, which leads to the untranslatability and difficulties of translating. The translation of culture-loaded words is a big challenge for a translator since he/she needs to master both the source language and the target language as well as be familiar with the local culture. The translator needs to keep the translation accurate and advoids to lose cultural identities of a term. A study of translating culture-loaded from an international communication perspective is practical for that taking communication as purpose it focuses on culture behind a language and tries to find an alternative expression, which makes the recievers fully understand the target language and its culture. In the light of intercultural communication, this paper takes tourism texts published in the official site of Zhangjiajie as example to analyze the translation principles and strategies of culture-loaded in tourism texts, deeply discussing some problems in the translation of tourism texts and providing some practical solutions for it.

=== Key Words ===
Intercultural Communication; Tourism;Culture-loaded words;Translation

=== 摘要 ===
对于任何一种语言来说，文化负载词都是词汇中一种特殊存在形式。与普通词汇不同，它借用语言外形将自己浓厚的当地色彩包裹起来，使其不可译或难以翻译。文化负载词的翻译是对译者对源语和译入语精通度和当地文化熟悉度的一种高挑战，这不仅需要译者考虑翻译的准确性，还不能丧失词汇本身的文化烙印。从跨文化交际的角度来翻译文化负载词不失为一种可行的办法，跨文化交际以交际为目的，注重保留语言的文化性，试图找到一种合适的替代性表达让语言接受者完全理解源语言以及其背后的文化因素。本文从跨文化交际角度出发，以张家界旅游官网公布的旅游文本为例，分析其中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，进而分析旅游文本翻译存在的某些问题，并提供一些较为可行的解决办法。

=== 关键词 ===
跨文化交际，旅游，文化负载词，翻译

=== Introduction ===
中华上下五千年，文化源远流长。随着中国综合国力不断提高，中国在世界上的地位举足轻重，从一带一路、和平共处五项原则到中国特色社会主义无一不体现着儒家、道家哲学思想，因此，在当今的文化交流中，保留中华火种、弘扬中国文化是非常必要的。文化负载词翻译研究便是一种重要的本土文化保护方式。文化负载词指那些富有一定文化背景或者深刻文化意蕴的词语，在一定的历史阶段沉淀后，产生的带有文化性质的词语、谚语、典故、特殊的人物名称的表达，除此之外，它还包括现行的熟语和习语（方梦之 2011：297）。

New Mark（2001：95）将文化负载词分为生态学、物质文化、社会文化、社会、政治、经济、行政机构以及声势语言学这几类。由此可见，文化负载词涉及范围广泛，且随着时间的推移层出不穷，语言交流中这类词语也是最能体现某一社会文化信息、社会价值以及反映本土生活的表达。旅游文本涉及的文化词语范围广泛，从山川河流、博物馆、建筑、特色美食到动植物应有尽有，为文化负载词的研究提供了丰富且合适的资源。他国人了解本国文化时采用的最直接的方式便是旅游，我国山川壮阔、风景秀丽、美食众多，各国游客慕名前来。在中国，基本上各大景点都设有英文翻译，目前，多数景点也已设日文、韩文等翻译。它不仅是文化负载词研究的重点语料，也是跨文化交际的重要途径，因为它塑造了他国对我国文化的第一印象，在弘扬我国文化方面发挥着重要作用。因此，旅游文本的重要性可见一斑。本文选用跨文化交际为视角来分析旅游文本中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，以此来看语言、文化和翻译之间的相互关系。

Chinese culture runs a long history about 5,000 years. With the overall national strength is improving, China plays an important role in the whole world. Confucianism and Taoism is embodied in such political ideas as Belt and Road Initiative, Five Principles of Peaceful Coeixstence, socialism with Chinese characteristics and so on. Therefore, it is quite necessary to preserve Chinese culture heritage and carry forward Chinese culture in the current culture communication. Research on translation of culture-loaded words is such a important way culture topromote the indigenous cultrue. Culture-loaded words refers to some items that implies cultural background and connotations, and passing through the long-term historical precipitation these expression with culture character like words, proverbs, allusions and name of special figures have been produced. And the existing common phrases and idioms are part of culture-loaded words( Fang Mengzhi，2011:297).

New Mark (2001：95)classified culture-loaded words as all kinds of types in ecology, material culture, social culture, society, politics, economy, administrative institutions and gesture. It is therefore of wide range of cultural expression, and these items have emerged endlessly with the changes of the times.In the communication, these words can best embody cultural information and social values and reflect the social life of human.Tourism texts relate to a variety of areas among mountains and rivers, museums, architecture,delicious food, animals and plants, which provide abundant and propor data for reaserch on culture-loaded words. The most direct way to realize domestic culture is travel for foreigners. Especially, there are magnificent mountains and rivers, splendid scenery and numerous delicious food, attracting many travelers around the whole world. In China, scenic spots essentially provide English translation, and now many of them also have Japanese, Korean and others translation. Tourism is crucial in making the first Chinese impression to foreigners and carrying on Chinese culture. It is the key language data in studying culture-loaded words as well as the critical way in cross-communication.So the importance of tourism texts is obvious. This paper chooses the intercultural communication perspective to analyze the English translation principles and strategies in tourism texts, deeply discussing the interrelations among language, culture and translation. (New Mark，2001：95)

===Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts ===
由于这类词背景的复杂性，此类翻译对译者来说也并非易事，这是对译者对两种语言精通程度的考验，同时也是对两种文化认识程度的考验，这两方面缺一便会误导读者对该文化的误解。一般在文化类词语的翻译上，主要采取的两种翻译策略是韦努蒂的异化译法和归化译法。异化翻译，又称 “小众化翻译”或 “少数化翻译”，指的生成目标文本时会通过保留原文中某些异国情调的东西来故意打破目的语惯例的翻译类型（方梦之2001:96），即 “译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近”。归化译法指的是译者采用透明、流畅的风格，以最大限度地淡化目的语读者对外来文本的陌生感（Venuti 1995:20）。

Given the complexity of backgrounds of these words, the translation of them is not easy for translators who probably face challenges of well mastering two languages as well as understanding two cultures. Readers may misunderstand the text without one of the two aspects. Generally, two main strategies are foreignization and domestication put forward by Lawrence Venuti(1995) are employed in the translation of words containing culture. Foreignization translation also called “minoritizing translation” refers to a translation type that in producing the target texts one keeps some exotic information of the original texts to deliberately break the conventions of the target language(Fang Mengzhi 2001:96), so that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the readers towards them. Domesticating translation refers to the style of transparency and fluency, and the translator makes effort to reduce readers’ strange feeling to foreign texts（Venuti，1995:20）.
===== Foreignizatiom Strategy=====
对于文化负载词的异化译法，大体来说采取三种方式—直译、音译、引申义。源语中某些文化性词语在符合语言条件的基础上可以直接翻译；当目标语中缺少某一文化词语的对应项，且直译又难以充分揭示这类词包含的文化意义时，可以采取音译；如直译和音译都行不通，可以引申其意义。异化翻译是跨文化交际的主要手段之一，让读者接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，这对弘扬本国传统文化大有益处。

In the foreignization strategy, three ways of literal translation, transliteration, amplification are broadly used. Under the rules of language, some culture-loaded words in the source language can be translated literally; when no corresponding words existing in the target language, literal translation cannot fully reveal the information of culture that contained in the words of the source language, so transliteration might be taken; if both literal translation and transliteration does not work, amplifying the meaning of a culture-loaded word is also feasible. Foreignization is one of main methods of intercultural communication and makes people accept diverse language and culture and integrate into exotic situation, greatly contributing to carry forward Chinese traditional culture.

Generally speaking, there are three ways of foreignization translation of culture-loaded words: literal translation, transliteration and extended meaning.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:58, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
====== Literal Translation ======
文化负载词的直译并不是字对字的翻译，而是在符合目的语语言规则的情况下，保留源语的语言结构，表达目的语的文化信息，这种方法一方面可以创造出目的语读者读得懂的译文，另一方面又不至于失去源语的文化背景。

The literal translation of culture-loaded words is not word-for word translation, but keeping the language structure of the source language and expressing the cultural information under the language rules of the target language. It can not only create an understandable translation for reader of the target language but not lose the cultural background of the source language.

'''Example 1''':
因“狮”和“石”在普通话中同音，故'''黄狮寨'''又叫'''黄石寨'''。相传这一名字因张良师傅黄石公曾到此炼丹而得名。
'''the Yellow Stone (Huangshi) Village''' since the two words pronounce the same in Mandarin. According to the legend, it was named after Huang Shigong, the teacher
of Zhang Liang, who made alchemy here.

类似“黄狮寨”的地点名称一般有两种翻译，可以将其音译为“Huangshi Village”,也可以直译为“Yellow Lion Village”。虽然大多数情况下取第二种译法，但考虑到黄狮寨的特殊纪念意义，译为“Huangshi village”更好，如按照官网使人译为“Yellow Lion village”可能会误导游客，联想到此处有狮子存在等，这样一来便失去了黄狮寨特殊的文化背景。

In general, there are two types of method for the place name like “黄狮寨” ——transliterated as Huangshi Village or literally translated as Yellow Lion Village. Though the latter is common in most cases, given the special commemorative significance of it, “Huangshi village” is better than “Yellow Lion village” for that the latter could mislead tourists and make them imagine the existence of lions, which loses the cultural background.

'''Example 2''':
'''敲敲酒'''，因其有趣的名字和特别的盛酒容器而出名，其色泽清亮微黄，保存在竹筒中，入口清新甘甜。
'''Qiaoqiao Wine''', or '''knock wine''', gains its popularity by its interesting name and its unique vessel. The yellowish wine, preserved in a bamboo tube, is
lustrously clear, and tastes fresh and sweet.

张家界特产敲敲酒又叫竹筒酒，在喝之前，先要在竹筒顶端敲一个洞，是一种非常独特的启酒方式，因敲击次数的不同拥有不同的寓意。因为其特别的饮法，“Qiaoqiao Wine”或者“knock wine”两种译法都是可取的,都会引起观者强烈的好奇心。此外，也可以将直译和音译相结合，互作解释。

Qiaoqiao Wine, also called bamboo tube wine, is a specialty in Zhangjiajie. This wine is known as its special drinking way of knocking a hole in the bamboo tube before drinking, and the knock times for it connote different implied meaning. Because its distinctive way of drinking, both Qiaoqiao Wine” and “knock wine” are reasonable and easily able to arouse people’s curiosity. And literal translation and transliteration can be combined and give explanation for each other.

'''Example 3''':
往东，沿'''金鞭溪'''而下，可达'''索溪谷'''，往北可上'''天子山'''。(曹波，2016：95)
Strolling eastward down '''the Golden Whip Stream''', sightseers can get to '''the Suo Stream Valley'''; and northward, '''the Son of Heaven Mountain'''.（Cao Bo，
2016：95）

此处“金鞭溪”“索溪谷”和“天子山”都是直接翻译，“金鞭溪”因其流经“金鞭岩”而得名，“金鞭岩”因形状如浑然天成的长鞭而得名；“索溪谷”因溪水如绳索而得名；而“天子山”因史上有土家族领袖向王（名大坤）自称天子而得名。这三个词均蕴含特殊意义，直译比音译更能体现其意义，所以此处的“索溪谷”和其它两个词一样直译为“Rope Stream Valley”更好。

In this sentence, “索溪谷”和 “天子山” are translated literally. “金鞭溪”gains its name for that it passes through the Golden Whip Rock; “索溪谷”for its shape like a natural long whip; “天子山” for a leader of Tujia (whose name is Da Kun) called himself a Son of Heaven. All the three words imply special meaning and literal translation of them can be able to embody its meaning. So “索溪谷” should literally translate as“Rope Stream Valley”like the others.

====== Transliteration ======
音译, 也叫“转写”，即用一种文字符号（如拉丁字母）来表示另一种文字系统的文字符号（如汉字）的过程或结果。当源语和目的语之间差异很大、存在语义空白的情况下，翻译不可能直接从形式或语义入手，此时，音译时主要的翻译手段。(方梦之，2001:101) 音译加注是旅游翻译中专业名词翻译的常用方法，虽然音译可以保留源语言中的文化因素，但并不能让目的语读者真正理解，所以音译加注的方法很好解决了这个问题，创造出目的语读者可接受的译文。（Xiang Chunyan，2016）

Transliteration, also called “transcription”, refers to a process or result that use letter symbols of one language system (like Latin letter) to express those of another language system. When there is distinct difference and semantic gap between the original language and the target language, it is impossible to directly translate in form or meaning, then transliteration is the principal translation method.(Fang Mengzhi，2001:101) Especially, transliteration plus a note is a common method in transliteration of proper noun in tourism translation. Though transliteration can keep the original form of the source language, it can not take the target reader comprehend the cultural connotations or images in the osurce culture. Therefore, a note added to the transliterated word can provide lots of important information to get the translated text better accepted by the target reader.(Xiang Chunyan，2016)

'''Example 1''':
（1）'''普光寺（普光禅寺）'''坐落在张家界永定区城东部，前有天门山、澧水河，后有福德山（即今子五台）。
'''Puguang Temple (Puguang Zen Temple)''' is located in the east of Yongding
District behind Tianmen Mountain, and in front of Fude Mountain (present-day Ziwu Terrace).
（2）除了这些天然景区，张家界还有两处省级重点保护文物单位的人文旅游景观：玉皇洞和'''普光禅寺'''。(曹波，2016：97)
In addition to these scenic areas created by nature, Zhangjiajie is in possession of two artificial touris destinations: the Jade Emperor’s Grottoes
and '''the Universal Light Zen Temple'''.（Cao Bo，2016:97）

对于“普光寺”的翻译，张家界旅游官网和曹波（2016：97）译文不同，前者是音译，后者是直译。光绪三十二年（公元1906年）侯昌铨编撰的《湖南永定县乡土志》记载：“迤东有普光寺，明永乐十一年(公元1413年，农历癸已年)指挥史雍简建，本朝(按：指清朝)雍正十一年（公元1733年，农历癸丑年）协镇史城重修。寺有白羊石，雍简建寺时，见白羊满山，逐之入土，掘之见石，其下有窖金。遂发之，以金修寺，寺成入奏，赐名普光石。”《续修永定县》也有相似记载。由史料可知，普光寺历史深远，历经多代重修，其得名主要是因为寺中曾发现金子，但是光靠名字来展现其复杂的历史由来，或许有些困难。而且，当地人熟知且常用的还是“普光寺”，故使用音译更恰当。(王树人（修），1975:104)

In the translation of “普光寺”, there are different between the official webside of Zhangjiajie and Cao Bo（2016:97）, and former is transliteration and latter literal translation.According to the record of the thirty-second year of Guangxu Emperor(1906 AD) in ''Hunan Yong Ding County Annals'' edited by Hou Changquan, there is a temple called Puguang Temple in the east and was built by commander Yong Jain in the eleventh year of Yongle of Ming dynasty(1413 AD). Now(note: referring to Qing dynasty) the eleventh year of Yongzheng(1722 AD) sent Zhen Shicheng rebuild it. White sheep stone was discovered to have been standed in the temple. When Yongjian build the temple, he found flocks of white sheep was strolling all over the field. Then he gave orders to dig that field and found a cellar filling of gold behind some stone. So the temple was accomplished by using those gold, and stones were granted name of Puguang Stone after reporting to the emperor. Another record of ''Rebuilding Yongdin County Annals'' also descibes it similarly. Therefore, the temple has a long history and been rebuilt by many dybasties. The origin of its name is the discovery of gold in it, but it may be difficult to express its complex history only by a name. And the local people are more familiar with “Puguang Temple” than “General Light Zen Temple”, so the former is appropriate.(Wang Shuren(modification)，1975:104)

'''Example 2''':
位于张家界市永定区罗塔坪乡的景点'''锅灶天坑'''气势磅礴、宏伟壮观。锅灶天坑从空中俯瞰是巨型天坑，形状宛如土家族的锅灶。地面上有一座天生桥，其形状宛若“灶门”。
There is a magnificent and spectacular tourist spot named '''Guozao Tiankeng''' in Luotaping Township, Yongding District, Zhangjiajie City. Viewed from above, it
looks like a Tujia stove lying on the ground in a prone position. There is also a natural bridge on the ground assembling a stove door.

这里提到的“锅灶”是仅为中国文化所有的烹饪工具，这里采用音译法是完全可以的。“天坑”是一种地理现象，这里可以直接使用通常译法“Tiankeng”。

The mentioned cookstove is a unique cuisine tool for Chinese culture, so the transliteration of it is entirely appropriate. And “Tiankeng” is one of geographic phenomenon, here can be transliterated by the common translation “Tiankeng”.

====== Amplification ======
Amplification refers to the addition of some necessary information including words, phrases or sentences in target texts so as to supplement the connotations of source language. China is a great country with vast territory and splendid civilization. Sometimes, it is hard for western tourists to understand the applied cultural meanings in tourist attraction. For this reason, translators can add some words, phrased or sentences to make the English tourist texts more understandable and meet the reading habits of target language readers.（Dou Peixiang，2019）

'''Example 1''':
'''茅岩藤茶'''又叫长寿茶、魔法茶，味道独特，入喉有甜味，其藤条表面富含丰富的蛋白霜。
'''Maoyan vine tea''' is also called longevity vine and magic tea. It has a unique taste and a sweet aftertaste. The vine is covered by a layer of natural
“meringue”.

长寿藤茶的实际是张家界盛产的一种草本叫茅岩莓的藤叶，茅岩莓并非茶科，因表面有一层天然白霜俗称霉茶，因霉字不吉利故谐音莓茶。此处，如果直接按照当地叫法将其直接译为“longevity tea”也并非不可，但如果引申译为 “ Maoyan vine tea”并注解 “longevity tea”一方面可以凸显出当地特色植物茅岩莓，另一方面又可以用“长寿”来引起游客的兴趣。

The longevity tea is actually vine of a herb called congongrass cliff berry. Not belonging to the theaceae, it is known as “霉茶”(mildewed tea) and commonly use it homophone“莓茶” (berry tea) for the unlucky pronunciation of the former. The translation of “longevity tea” is acceptable, but if the tea is amplified as “Maoyan vine tea” with annotation “longevity tea”, it can able to highlight the local characteristic plant as well as attract tourists by the word “longevity”.

'''Example 2''':
“meringue”.'''老院子'''引位于湖南张家界市城中心，鹭鸶湾大桥附近，展现了丰富的傩文化（一种驱瘟避疫、祭神跳鬼的祭祀活动）。
'''Tian’s Old Courtyard''' is located in the center of the city and close to Luyuwan Bridge, which is the witness of Nuo culture (a type of sacrificial and magical
ritual held to expel evil spirits and pestilence).

所谓老院子是田氏族人的祖居，当地人通常称之为老院子，在翻译时，将这种隐藏信息展现出来有助于游客快速理解老院子的文化信息。

The so called Old Courtyard is ancestral home of Tians, and the local people call it the Old Courtyard. Expressing the implied meaning of Tians and Nuo Culture helps tourists quickly grasp the cultural information of it.

===== Domestication Strategy=====
文化负载词的归化译法主要采取意译和省略两种方法，这两种方法并不是绝对的将原词中每一项都包含在译文中，只是在整体理解词意的基础上，将整个词语的意思翻译出来，而对于一些对整体意思没有太大影响的部分可以选择删去。这种译法主要是站在读者的角度来考虑的，目的是使读者能清楚的理解原文的意思。这种方法在旅游翻译中常见，尤其中文中对一些景色的描述时会重复使用各种各样的成语和习语，在翻译时，应该综合考虑句意思，灵活运用意译和省略。

The domestication of the culture-loaded word mainly employed two types of method of free translation and omission. The two methods do not be used to rigidly translate every term of the source language into the target language, but to comprehensively understand the meaning of words and translate the basic meaning of them. Sometimes some parts that will not influence the whole meaning can be deleted. This strategy is in reader’s perspective and its aim to make them clearly know the meaning of original text. This is common to use in translation of tourism text especially in some Chinese text in which some repeated and diverse idioms and proverbs are used. Therefore, in translation the translator should entirely comprehend the meaning of the words or sentences and making flexible use of free translation and omission.

====== Free Translation ======
意译是与直译并列的主要译法之一。译文一致而形式不同谓之意译，即以原文形式为标准，译文表达形式上另辟蹊径。当译者需要改变形式才能忠实地再现原文内容时，就采用意译。(方梦之，2001:101)

As the main translation method paralleling with literal translation, free translation refers that the translation is consistent in meaning but different in form with original text, that is, taking the form of the original as standard the translator finds a new path in the expression of the translation. When he/she need to change form to truthfully reproduce the contents of the original text, the free translation is employed. (Fang Mengzhi，2001：101)

'''Example 1''':
（张家界）这颗风景明珠'''“养在深闺人未识”'''，直到20世纪80年代才撩开神秘的面纱。（曹波，2016：95）
(Zhangjiajie)This jewel of scenery, '''“secluded in the innermost boudoir”''',remained unknown until the 1980’s. (Cao Bo，2016：95)

此处，“养在深闺无人识”在英语中并没有可以直接翻译的对应项目，意译是最好的方法。这里主要想体现张家界虽风景优美但一直以来都没有得到广泛关注，“闺房”表示女子的卧室，在英文中有“boudoir”这一对应词，那么“深闺”便可以译为“innermost boudoir”，综合理解整个句子后，可以省去“人未识”，意译为 “secluded in the innermost boudoir”。

In this sentence, there is no correspondent term of “养在深闺人未识” in English, and considering its length, it is also not convenient to transliterate. So the best translation method is free translation The purpose here is to express that Zhangjiajie has not been widely concerned though its scenery is beautiful. “闺房” refers to the living room of a lady and has a correspondent term “boudoir” in English, so “深闺”can be translated as “innermost boudoir”. After entirely understand the whole sentence and leaving out the repeated meaning contained in the part “人未识别”, it can be free translated as “seclude in the innermost boudoir”.

'''Example 2''':
顺流而下二三里，'''至台地深谷洞子坊'''，两岸路人交谈容易握手难。（曹波，2016:97）
'''The Cavernous Lane''', a couple miles downstream, '''cuts deep into the upland''' and makes it impossible for social talkers on its banks to reach each other.(Cao
Bo，2016:97)

In this sentence, “至台地深谷洞子坊” is free translated and makes “台地” become the subject of the whole sentence as well as “cuts deep into the upland” the object. The translation generally describes the Chinese tourism texts.

====== Omission ======
省略法与增词法相对，指原文有些词语不必译出，因为译文中虽无其词已有其意；或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是省去删去一些可有可无的词，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词，但省略并非把原文的思想内容删去。在旅游翻译中，省略也是一种常用的翻译策略，其主要目的是使游客更好地理解文本中蕴含的信息。(方梦之，2001：116)

Omission, contrary with addition, refers that some words in original text is not necessary to translate because that the translation contains the meaning of it without its exact form or it is self-evident. In other words, the omission is a method of leaving out some dispensable and redundant terms or words that break the rules of target language. But it does not mean deleting some words that is related to the main meaning of the text. In tourism translation, it is also a usual translation strategy on purpose of helping people greatly understanding the information include in the text.(Fang Mengzhi，2001:116)Particularly, omission is common to use in translation of Chinese literature for that Chinese is paratactic language and needs to first understand its meaning then express by English by general. In a Chinese sentence, there is rare to use obvious connected word like “and” and “or” and usual in the application of covert coherence. On the contrary, English is a type of explicit coherence and emphasize the form makers by which the grammatical meaning and logical relationships between words are expressed.

'''Example 1''':
这里，山泉小溪蜿蜒曲折，流淌不息，以水显“幽”；这里，原始次生林郁郁葱葱，'''珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣'''。武陵源还是巨大的天然动植物园，栖息着许多古树、奇花、珍禽、异兽。（曹波
，2016：98）
It is all the more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round. It is a wild land densely balnketed with primeval second growth. It has made a huge
natural zoological and botanical garden sheltering numerous old trees, bizarre flowers, precious birds and rare animals.(Cao Bo，2016：98)

In this sentence, “珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣” is free translated and among them the Chinese word “野” is not showed by an exact word. This word means a wild, uncultivated and unrestrained condition. The reason why “野” is omitted is that the whole sentence is expressing the wild life by such words as “more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round” “a wild land” and “primeval second growth” . The omission of this word does not influence the meaning of the whole sentence and readers can still be able to feel a picture of wild life.

'''Example 2''':
第三大景区天子山自然保护区为武陵山脉中心台地，居高临下，东西南北四面均可观景。这里视野开阔，奇峰耸立，云遮雾绕，'''气象万千'''。（曹波，2016：98）
The Son of Heaven Mountain Nature Reserve, the third section, is a tableland in the Wuling Mountains, high enough for tourists to watch scenes in all directions. It
provides a broad view of the surrounding grotesque peaks veiled in lingering clouds and mists.(Cao Bo，2016：98)

In this sentence, “气象万千” is not obviously showed in the translation. This phrase refers to a magnificent and mighty panorama. Given the reason of omission, it seems that the translator supposes that the meaning of the deleted part is contained in the meaning of whole sentence. As a matter of fact, the context is related to the description of scenery of Wuling Mountains. And a kind of majestic spectacular is implied in the representation like “a broad view”, “the surrounding grotesque peaks” and “lingering clouds and mists”.

=== Carrying forward Chinese Culture in Intercultural Communication ===

==== The Relationships between Language, Culture and Translation ====

Language is a really special part of culture. Firstly, it provides basis to the culture and through it culture can be remained and pass to next generation. Then language directly truthfully reflexed culture. So as Wang Zuoliang said after realizing social culture in a language one can really grasp it.（Fang Mengzhi，2011）

The functions of translation lie on human communication, information exchanges, business etc. Among them, cultural commission is a considerably important part. Zheng Liuyi（2012）mentioned that culture is a complicated system in which all kinds of aspects in human life are involved. If we regard that the culture system is comprised by many small systems in which language is the most important systema and bear the feature of relative independence. As a matter of fact, language plays an irreplaceable role in cultural construction, commission, communication between different cultures, creation etc. Meanwhile, diverse cultural traits tend to contribute to different language features. In other words, culture is significance of language as the assertion of the famous linguist Saussure “any literal language is production of language and finally it will separate from the range of nature or spoken language.” Besides, as cultural symbols language is a part of process of cultural creation, which is vividly expressed in some cultural loss phenomena like untranslatability and undertranslation.（Zheng Liuyi 2012）

In intercultural communicaton, a translator should first emphasize function of tranlation of cultual exchanges and pay attention to the cultural gap between differnet language. Especially in the process of golibalization, cultural invasion has become a common and natural phenomenon, which makes Chinese traditional culture be negelected by people particularly in young people. Therefore, taking Chinese culture as a translator's responsibility is an important and emergent thought change.

==== Some Potential Problems in Translation of Chinese Tourism Texts ====

本文在分析文化负载词的翻译时，发现目前张家界许多景点的官方网页在外宣方面投入甚少，网页建设不足，版面设计单一，逻辑性不强，来源老旧，翻译方面的问题也存在不少，总体看来表现在以下几个方面：
一、机器翻译痕迹严重；一些旅游网站看似外宣工作做的面面俱到，内容都依靠机器翻译，出现诸如将“腰子寨”译为“Kidney village”,将“一夫当关，万夫莫开”译为“When Kazuo, Fumo opens”,再如将“妙峰连绵”译为“ Miao Feng mountain”等令人贻笑大方的翻译。

二、旅游翻译的方法亟待提升；一些旅游翻译的准确性不高，译文内容肤浅，不深入,成形后的内容理解起来较为困难，究其原因还是，在英汉语言对比方面的研究不足,没有形成系统的旅游翻译体系。

三、弘扬中国文化的意识不强。旅游翻译与文化传播直接相关，是跨文化交际研究的重点，一些翻译虽然做到了传统意义上的“信”，但是并没有深入展现中华文化，译文一味追求直译，少了文化思考。目前，文化建设与弘扬是我国发展的重点，外语工作不应该在像之前一样追求引入新文化，而是应该多在本土文化上做文章。在旅游翻译中，我们应该考虑的是如何充分凸显我国文化，建立文化自信，我们的目的是使外国游客体验、感悟、探索当地文化。

跨文化交际中，翻译根本目的在于语言和文化交流。首先应该保证意思准确，不能歪曲文化词汇的词意，在文化负载词的理解上应结合文化来理解，所以要求译者本身要有良好的中文素养；其次，保证简单、清晰。旅游文本的翻译应该简单明了，让游客一目了然，很快能够抓住中心；在把握住这两方面的基础上，再同时兼顾其中的文化和美学表达。

In the process of analyzing the translation of culture-loaded words, this paper finds now many websites of scene spots spend few in foreign publicity with some problems in lacking establishment of website, simple layout, logical weakness, old sources. And there are many problems in the translation mainly in the following aspects:

Firstly, the indication od machine translation is obvious. Some tourism websites seem to cover all the facets in external publicity, but in actual fact its contents depend on machine translation even making ridiculous errors like translating “腰子寨”(Yao Zi village) into “Kidney village”, “一夫当关，万夫莫开”（One man can hold out against ten thousand）into “When Kazuo, Fumo opens” and “the undulating mountains” into “Miao Feng mountain”.
Then the methods of tourism translation need to strengthen. Some translation lack accuracy, leading to superficial contents and difficulties to understand. The reasons for these problems are that lacking the comparisons between English and Chinese and system structure of tourism translation.

Finally is the consciousness of carrying forward Chinese culture is weak. Tourism translation is directly relative to cultural transmission and has been focus in cross-cultural communication. Some of them exactly are in accordance with “faithfulness” -- the traditional translation standard, but devoid of deeply expressing Chinese culture and just blindly doing literal translation without reflections on culture. In current, cultural construction and promoting are the main point of China’s development, so the tasks related to foreign language should not pursue to introduce diverse culture and making an issue of carrying on domesticate culture. In translation of tourism texts, a translator should consider how to emphasize Chinese culture and build cultural confidence, aiming to making foreign tourists experience, understand and explore local culture.

In cross-communication, the fundamental aim of translation is language and cultural exchanges. The first is keeping the meaning accurate without misunderstanding the meaning of cultural words. Translators should grasp the meaning of a culture-loaded term combining with the native culture, which requires their Chinese literary at a high level. Secondly, keeping clear and simple. The translation of tourism should be so brief and clear that people can grasp the key point at a glance; then based on the two aspects, giving consideration to cultural transmission and aesthetic expression.

In cross-cultural communication, the fundamental purpose of translation is language and cultural exchange. First of all, the meaning should be accurate, and the meaning of cultural vocabulary should not be distorted. The understanding of culturally loaded words should be combined with culture. Therefore, the translator must have a good Chinese literacy; secondly, ensure that it is simple and clear. The translation of tourism texts should be simple and clear, so that visitors can see at a glance, and quickly grasp the center; on the basis of grasping these two aspects, the cultural and aesthetic expressions in it should be taken into account at the same time.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:54, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

=== Conclusion ===

我们的时代是全球化时代。跨文化交际已经成为这个时代的一个突出特征。L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的人类交际经历了五个阶段，第五个阶段为跨文化交际，我们现正处于这第五个阶段。（胡文仲 1999：2）。有鉴于此，我们不但应该了解全球的文化，还应该让中国文化走向世界。中国已经成为全世界最大的旅游目的地国之一。而旅游实则是一种非常典型的文化活动，一种非常典型的跨文化交际。（陈刚 2004：324）

文化负载词承载着当地的深厚文化和历史底蕴，在翻译时应当仔细斟酌，译者应多方面考虑，对于英语中有对应项，直接采用英语对应词不折损文化传递的词可以进行采用直译；没有对应项目时，可以采取音译和引申，这主要应用于一些特色的地名；难以直译时，考虑结合语境综合理解文化负载词，表达其中的意思，对于无关词项可以省略。无论采取哪一种翻译方法，译者均应综合考虑语言、文化和跨文化交际，保持中国自信，以弘扬中国文化为最终目的。

本文从跨文化交际出发，浅析文化负载词的英汉翻译策略，虽在论证方面仍有诸多不足，主要由于学术经验不足，表达还有欠缺，研究结果比较肤浅，但仍期望对我国旅游翻译建设提供些许帮助。笔者也将不断提升自己的翻译能力和学术能力，积累经验，期望能为我国跨文化研究和旅游翻译研究提供更多有建设性的帮助。

Today is a globalization time whose distinct characteristic is intercultural communication. L.S. Harms belives that the communication between huamans has experienced five stages in which the fifth one is cross-cultural communication we are in now.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2). On this basis, we should realiza the other cuture all over the word as well as carrying on Chinese culture to the world. China has become one of the biggest tourists' destination in the world,and tourism is a really typical cultural activity and a intercultual communication activity.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2)(Chen Gang 2004:324)

Culture-loaded words bear an abundance of historical and cultural represents. In the process of translation, a translator should carefully consider in the choice of word. If there is a correspondent term in English and using it without influences to cultural expression; if there is no correspondent terms, transliteration and amplification is appropriate especially in application of translation of some characteristic place name; if there are difficulties to literal translation, it is necessary to comprehensively understand culture-loaded words under the relative context, just expressing the meaning of them and sometimes leaving out some irrelevant words. However, no matter which strategy is adopted, all translators should deeply consider three aspects of language, culture and cross-cultural communication, keeping China’s confidence and taking carrying forward Chinese culture as the destination. And what a translator should have done is functional equivalence in the tanslation of cutual words as the proposition of Nida(2001:97).

No matter which translation method is adopted, translators should take language, culture and cross-cultural communication into consideration, maintain China's confidence, and promote Chinese culture as the ultimate goal.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 12:05, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

This paper briefly analyzes the strategies of translation between English and Chinese from the perspective of intercultural communication. There are so many limitations mainly in inadequate research experience, deficient expression and superficial research results, but the author still hopes to provide some help. If it is possible, the author will consistently enhance the ability of translation and research and accumulate experience, looking forward to contribute more constructive and effective tactics in intercultural communication and tourism translation.

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Wang Shuren (Modification), Hou Changming 王树人（修），侯昌铭（篡）（1975）. 湖南永定县乡土志[M]Hunan Yong Ding County Annals.成文出版社 Cheng Wen Press.

Zheng Liuyi郑柳依(2012). 从翻译中的“文化流失”论语言与文化的关系[J] Discussion on the Relationships between Language and Culture from the “Loss of Culture” in Translation.中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (humanistic and social science), 32(06).

Written by---[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Cult Load Words EN 6

2021-12-22T12:14:48Z

Du Lina: /* Introduction */

=Chapter 6:On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Text from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplifies by Zhangjiajie=
''' 跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译翻译研究--以张家界为例'''

杜莉娜 Du Lina, Hunan Normal University, China

=== Abstract ===
Culture-loaded words are special in vocabulary for all kinds of language. Being different from general words, the strong local traits of these words are concealed behind the language form, which leads to the untranslatability and difficulties of translating. The translation of culture-loaded words is a big challenge for a translator since he/she needs to master both the source language and the target language as well as be familiar with the local culture. The translator needs to keep the translation accurate and advoids to lose cultural identities of a term. A study of translating culture-loaded from an international communication perspective is practical for that taking communication as purpose it focuses on culture behind a language and tries to find an alternative expression, which makes the recievers fully understand the target language and its culture. In the light of intercultural communication, this paper takes tourism texts published in the official site of Zhangjiajie as example to analyze the translation principles and strategies of culture-loaded in tourism texts, deeply discussing some problems in the translation of tourism texts and providing some practical solutions for it.

=== Key Words ===
Intercultural Communication; Tourism;Culture-loaded words;Translation

=== 摘要 ===
对于任何一种语言来说，文化负载词都是词汇中一种特殊存在形式。与普通词汇不同，它借用语言外形将自己浓厚的当地色彩包裹起来，使其不可译或难以翻译。文化负载词的翻译是对译者对源语和译入语精通度和当地文化熟悉度的一种高挑战，这不仅需要译者考虑翻译的准确性，还不能丧失词汇本身的文化烙印。从跨文化交际的角度来翻译文化负载词不失为一种可行的办法，跨文化交际以交际为目的，注重保留语言的文化性，试图找到一种合适的替代性表达让语言接受者完全理解源语言以及其背后的文化因素。本文从跨文化交际角度出发，以张家界旅游官网公布的旅游文本为例，分析其中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，进而分析旅游文本翻译存在的某些问题，并提供一些较为可行的解决办法。

=== 关键词 ===
跨文化交际，旅游，文化负载词，翻译

=== Introduction ===
中华上下五千年，文化源远流长。随着中国综合国力不断提高，中国在世界上的地位举足轻重，从一带一路、和平共处五项原则到中国特色社会主义无一不体现着儒家、道家哲学思想，因此，在当今的文化交流中，保留中华火种、弘扬中国文化是非常必要的。文化负载词翻译研究便是一种重要的本土文化保护方式。文化负载词指那些富有一定文化背景或者深刻文化意蕴的词语，在一定的历史阶段沉淀后，产生的带有文化性质的词语、谚语、典故、特殊的人物名称的表达，除此之外，它还包括现行的熟语和习语（方梦之 2011：297）。

New Mark（2001：95）将文化负载词分为生态学、物质文化、社会文化、社会、政治、经济、行政机构以及声势语言学这几类。由此可见，文化负载词涉及范围广泛，且随着时间的推移层出不穷，语言交流中这类词语也是最能体现某一社会文化信息、社会价值以及反映本土生活的表达。旅游文本涉及的文化词语范围广泛，从山川河流、博物馆、建筑、特色美食到动植物应有尽有，为文化负载词的研究提供了丰富且合适的资源。他国人了解本国文化时采用的最直接的方式便是旅游，我国山川壮阔、风景秀丽、美食众多，各国游客慕名前来。在中国，基本上各大景点都设有英文翻译，目前，多数景点也已设日文、韩文等翻译。它不仅是文化负载词研究的重点语料，也是跨文化交际的重要途径，因为它塑造了他国对我国文化的第一印象，在弘扬我国文化方面发挥着重要作用。因此，旅游文本的重要性可见一斑。本文选用跨文化交际为视角来分析旅游文本中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，以此来看语言、文化和翻译之间的相互关系。

Chinese culture runs a long history about 5,000 years. With the overall national strength is improving, China plays an important role in the whole world. Confucianism and Taoism is embodied in such political ideas as Belt and Road Initiative, Five Principles of Peaceful Coeixstence, socialism with Chinese characteristics and so on. Therefore, it is quite necessary to preserve Chinese culture heritage and carry forward Chinese culture in the current culture communication. Research on translation of culture-loaded words is such a important way culture topromote the indigenous cultrue. Culture-loaded words refers to some items that implies cultural background and connotations, and passing through the long-term historical precipitation these expression with culture character like words, proverbs, allusions and name of special figures have been produced. And the existing common phrases and idioms are part of culture-loaded words( Fang Mengzhi，2011:297).

New Mark (2001：95)classified culture-loaded words as all kinds of types in ecology, material culture, social culture, society, politics, economy, administrative institutions and gesture. It is therefore of wide range of cultural expression, and these items have emerged endlessly with the changes of the times.In the communication, these words can best embody cultural information and social values and reflect the social life of human.Tourism texts relate to a variety of areas among mountains and rivers, museums, architecture,delicious food, animals and plants, which provide abundant and propor data for reaserch on culture-loaded words. The most direct way to realize domestic culture is travel for foreigners. Especially, there are magnificent mountains and rivers, splendid scenery and numerous delicious food, attracting many travelers around the whole world. In China, scenic spots essentially provide English translation, and now many of them also have Japanese, Korean and others translation. Tourism is crucial in making the first Chinese impression to foreigners and carrying on Chinese culture. It is the key language data in studying culture-loaded words as well as the critical way in cross-communication.So the importance of tourism texts is obvious. This paper chooses the intercultural communication perspective to analyze the English translation principles and strategies in tourism texts, deeply discussing the interrelations among language, culture and translation. (New Mark，2001：95)

===Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts ===
由于这类词背景的复杂性，此类翻译对译者来说也并非易事，这是对译者对两种语言精通程度的考验，同时也是对两种文化认识程度的考验，这两方面缺一便会误导读者对该文化的误解。一般在文化类词语的翻译上，主要采取的两种翻译策略是韦努蒂的异化译法和归化译法。异化翻译，又称 “小众化翻译”或 “少数化翻译”，指的生成目标文本时会通过保留原文中某些异国情调的东西来故意打破目的语惯例的翻译类型（方梦之2001:96），即 “译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近”。归化译法指的是译者采用透明、流畅的风格，以最大限度地淡化目的语读者对外来文本的陌生感（Venuti 1995:20）。

Given the complexity of backgrounds of these words, the translation of them is not easy for translators who probably face challenges of well mastering two languages as well as understanding two cultures. Readers may misunderstand the text without one of the two aspects. Generally, two main strategies are foreignization and domestication put forward by Lawrence Venuti(1995) are employed in the translation of words containing culture. Foreignization translation also called “minoritizing translation” refers to a translation type that in producing the target texts one keeps some exotic information of the original texts to deliberately break the conventions of the target language(Fang Mengzhi 2001:96), so that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the readers towards them. Domesticating translation refers to the style of transparency and fluency, and the translator makes effort to reduce readers’ strange feeling to foreign texts（Venuti 1995:20）.
===== Foreignizatiom Strategy=====
对于文化负载词的异化译法，大体来说采取三种方式—直译、音译、引申义。源语中某些文化性词语在符合语言条件的基础上可以直接翻译；当目标语中缺少某一文化词语的对应项，且直译又难以充分揭示这类词包含的文化意义时，可以采取音译；如直译和音译都行不通，可以引申其意义。异化翻译是跨文化交际的主要手段之一，让读者接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，这对弘扬本国传统文化大有益处。

In the foreignization strategy, three ways of literal translation, transliteration, amplification are broadly used. Under the rules of language, some culture-loaded words in the source language can be translated literally; when no corresponding words existing in the target language, literal translation cannot fully reveal the information of culture that contained in the words of the source language, so transliteration might be taken; if both literal translation and transliteration does not work, amplifying the meaning of a culture-loaded word is also feasible. Foreignization is one of main methods of intercultural communication and makes people accept diverse language and culture and integrate into exotic situation, greatly contributing to carry forward Chinese traditional culture.

Generally speaking, there are three ways of foreignization translation of culture-loaded words: literal translation, transliteration and extended meaning.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:58, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
====== Literal Translation ======
文化负载词的直译并不是字对字的翻译，而是在符合目的语语言规则的情况下，保留源语的语言结构，表达目的语的文化信息，这种方法一方面可以创造出目的语读者读得懂的译文，另一方面又不至于失去源语的文化背景。

The literal translation of culture-loaded words is not word-for word translation, but keeping the language structure of the source language and expressing the cultural information under the language rules of the target language. It can not only create an understandable translation for reader of the target language but not lose the cultural background of the source language.

'''Example 1''':
因“狮”和“石”在普通话中同音，故'''黄狮寨'''又叫'''黄石寨'''。相传这一名字因张良师傅黄石公曾到此炼丹而得名。
'''the Yellow Stone (Huangshi) Village''' since the two words pronounce the same in Mandarin. According to the legend, it was named after Huang Shigong, the teacher
of Zhang Liang, who made alchemy here.

类似“黄狮寨”的地点名称一般有两种翻译，可以将其音译为“Huangshi Village”,也可以直译为“Yellow Lion Village”。虽然大多数情况下取第二种译法，但考虑到黄狮寨的特殊纪念意义，译为“Huangshi village”更好，如按照官网使人译为“Yellow Lion village”可能会误导游客，联想到此处有狮子存在等，这样一来便失去了黄狮寨特殊的文化背景。

In general, there are two types of method for the place name like “黄狮寨” ——transliterated as Huangshi Village or literally translated as Yellow Lion Village. Though the latter is common in most cases, given the special commemorative significance of it, “Huangshi village” is better than “Yellow Lion village” for that the latter could mislead tourists and make them imagine the existence of lions, which loses the cultural background.

'''Example 2''':
'''敲敲酒'''，因其有趣的名字和特别的盛酒容器而出名，其色泽清亮微黄，保存在竹筒中，入口清新甘甜。
'''Qiaoqiao Wine''', or '''knock wine''', gains its popularity by its interesting name and its unique vessel. The yellowish wine, preserved in a bamboo tube, is
lustrously clear, and tastes fresh and sweet.

张家界特产敲敲酒又叫竹筒酒，在喝之前，先要在竹筒顶端敲一个洞，是一种非常独特的启酒方式，因敲击次数的不同拥有不同的寓意。因为其特别的饮法，“Qiaoqiao Wine”或者“knock wine”两种译法都是可取的,都会引起观者强烈的好奇心。此外，也可以将直译和音译相结合，互作解释。

Qiaoqiao Wine, also called bamboo tube wine, is a specialty in Zhangjiajie. This wine is known as its special drinking way of knocking a hole in the bamboo tube before drinking, and the knock times for it connote different implied meaning. Because its distinctive way of drinking, both Qiaoqiao Wine” and “knock wine” are reasonable and easily able to arouse people’s curiosity. And literal translation and transliteration can be combined and give explanation for each other.

'''Example 3''':
往东，沿'''金鞭溪'''而下，可达'''索溪谷'''，往北可上'''天子山'''。(曹波 2016：95)
Strolling eastward down '''the Golden Whip Stream''', sightseers can get to '''the Suo Stream Valley'''; and northward, '''the Son of Heaven Mountain'''.（Cao Bo
2016：95）

此处“金鞭溪”“索溪谷”和“天子山”都是直接翻译，“金鞭溪”因其流经“金鞭岩”而得名，“金鞭岩”因形状如浑然天成的长鞭而得名；“索溪谷”因溪水如绳索而得名；而“天子山”因史上有土家族领袖向王（名大坤）自称天子而得名。这三个词均蕴含特殊意义，直译比音译更能体现其意义，所以此处的“索溪谷”和其它两个词一样直译为“Rope Stream Valley”更好。

In this sentence, “索溪谷”和 “天子山” are translated literally. “金鞭溪”gains its name for that it passes through the Golden Whip Rock; “索溪谷”for its shape like a natural long whip; “天子山” for a leader of Tujia (whose name is Da Kun) called himself a Son of Heaven. All the three words imply special meaning and literal translation of them can be able to embody its meaning. So “索溪谷” should literally translate as“Rope Stream Valley”like the others.

====== Transliteration ======
音译, 也叫“转写”，即用一种文字符号（如拉丁字母）来表示另一种文字系统的文字符号（如汉字）的过程或结果。当源语和目的语之间差异很大、存在语义空白的情况下，翻译不可能直接从形式或语义入手，此时，音译时主要的翻译手段。(方梦之 2001:101) 音译加注是旅游翻译中专业名词翻译的常用方法，虽然音译可以保留源语言中的文化因素，但并不能让目的语读者真正理解，所以音译加注的方法很好解决了这个问题，创造出目的语读者可接受的译文。（Xiang Chunyan 2016）

Transliteration, also called “transcription”, refers to a process or result that use letter symbols of one language system (like Latin letter) to express those of another language system. When there is distinct difference and semantic gap between the original language and the target language, it is impossible to directly translate in form or meaning, then transliteration is the principal translation method.(Fang Mengzhi 2001:101) Especially, transliteration plus a note is a common method in transliteration of proper noun in tourism translation. Though transliteration can keep the original form of the source language, it can not take the target reader comprehend the cultural connotations or images in the osurce culture. Therefore, a note added to the transliterated word can provide lots of important information to get the translated text better accepted by the target reader.(Xiang Chunyan 2016)

'''Example 1''':
（1）'''普光寺（普光禅寺）'''坐落在张家界永定区城东部，前有天门山、澧水河，后有福德山（即今子五台）。
'''Puguang Temple (Puguang Zen Temple)''' is located in the east of Yongding
District behind Tianmen Mountain, and in front of Fude Mountain (present-day Ziwu Terrace).
（2）除了这些天然景区，张家界还有两处省级重点保护文物单位的人文旅游景观：玉皇洞和'''普光禅寺'''。(曹波 2016：97)
In addition to these scenic areas created by nature, Zhangjiajie is in possession of two artificial touris destinations: the Jade Emperor’s Grottoes
and '''the Universal Light Zen Temple'''.（Cao Bo 2016:97）

对于“普光寺”的翻译，张家界旅游官网和曹波（2016：97）译文不同，前者是音译，后者是直译。光绪三十二年（公元1906年）侯昌铨编撰的《湖南永定县乡土志》记载：“迤东有普光寺，明永乐十一年(公元1413年，农历癸已年)指挥史雍简建，本朝(按：指清朝)雍正十一年（公元1733年，农历癸丑年）协镇史城重修。寺有白羊石，雍简建寺时，见白羊满山，逐之入土，掘之见石，其下有窖金。遂发之，以金修寺，寺成入奏，赐名普光石。”《续修永定县》也有相似记载。由史料可知，普光寺历史深远，历经多代重修，其得名主要是因为寺中曾发现金子，但是光靠名字来展现其复杂的历史由来，或许有些困难。而且，当地人熟知且常用的还是“普光寺”，故使用音译更恰当。(王树人（修）1975:104)

In the translation of “普光寺”, there are different between the official webside of Zhangjiajie and Cao Bo（2016:97）, and former is transliteration and latter literal translation.According to the record of the thirty-second year of Guangxu Emperor(1906 AD) in ''Hunan Yong Ding County Annals'' edited by Hou Changquan, there is a temple called Puguang Temple in the east and was built by commander Yong Jain in the eleventh year of Yongle of Ming dynasty(1413 AD). Now(note: referring to Qing dynasty) the eleventh year of Yongzheng(1722 AD) sent Zhen Shicheng rebuild it. White sheep stone was discovered to have been standed in the temple. When Yongjian build the temple, he found flocks of white sheep was strolling all over the field. Then he gave orders to dig that field and found a cellar filling of gold behind some stone. So the temple was accomplished by using those gold, and stones were granted name of Puguang Stone after reporting to the emperor. Another record of ''Rebuilding Yongdin County Annals'' also descibes it similarly. Therefore, the temple has a long history and been rebuilt by many dybasties. The origin of its name is the discovery of gold in it, but it may be difficult to express its complex history only by a name. And the local people are more familiar with “Puguang Temple” than “General Light Zen Temple”, so the former is appropriate.(Wang Shuren(modification)1975:104)

'''Example 2''':
位于张家界市永定区罗塔坪乡的景点'''锅灶天坑'''气势磅礴、宏伟壮观。锅灶天坑从空中俯瞰是巨型天坑，形状宛如土家族的锅灶。地面上有一座天生桥，其形状宛若“灶门”。
There is a magnificent and spectacular tourist spot named '''Guozao Tiankeng''' in Luotaping Township, Yongding District, Zhangjiajie City. Viewed from above, it
looks like a Tujia stove lying on the ground in a prone position. There is also a natural bridge on the ground assembling a stove door.

这里提到的“锅灶”是仅为中国文化所有的烹饪工具，这里采用音译法是完全可以的。“天坑”是一种地理现象，这里可以直接使用通常译法“Tiankeng”。

The mentioned cookstove is a unique cuisine tool for Chinese culture, so the transliteration of it is entirely appropriate. And “Tiankeng” is one of geographic phenomenon, here can be transliterated by the common translation “Tiankeng”.

====== Amplification ======
Amplification refers to the addition of some necessary information including words, phrases or sentences in target texts so as to supplement the connotations of source language. China is a great country with vast territory and splendid civilization. Sometimes, it is hard for western tourists to understand the applied cultural meanings in tourist attraction. For this reason, translators can add some words, phrased or sentences to make the English tourist texts more understandable and meet the reading habits of target language readers.（Dou Peixiang 2019）

'''Example 1''':
'''茅岩藤茶'''又叫长寿茶、魔法茶，味道独特，入喉有甜味，其藤条表面富含丰富的蛋白霜。
'''Maoyan vine tea''' is also called longevity vine and magic tea. It has a unique taste and a sweet aftertaste. The vine is covered by a layer of natural
“meringue”.

长寿藤茶的实际是张家界盛产的一种草本叫茅岩莓的藤叶，茅岩莓并非茶科，因表面有一层天然白霜俗称霉茶，因霉字不吉利故谐音莓茶。此处，如果直接按照当地叫法将其直接译为“longevity tea”也并非不可，但如果引申译为 “ Maoyan vine tea”并注解 “longevity tea”一方面可以凸显出当地特色植物茅岩莓，另一方面又可以用“长寿”来引起游客的兴趣。

The longevity tea is actually vine of a herb called congongrass cliff berry. Not belonging to the theaceae, it is known as “霉茶”(mildewed tea) and commonly use it homophone“莓茶” (berry tea) for the unlucky pronunciation of the former. The translation of “longevity tea” is acceptable, but if the tea is amplified as “Maoyan vine tea” with annotation “longevity tea”, it can able to highlight the local characteristic plant as well as attract tourists by the word “longevity”.

'''Example 2''':
“meringue”.'''老院子'''引位于湖南张家界市城中心，鹭鸶湾大桥附近，展现了丰富的傩文化（一种驱瘟避疫、祭神跳鬼的祭祀活动）。
'''Tian’s Old Courtyard''' is located in the center of the city and close to Luyuwan Bridge, which is the witness of Nuo culture (a type of sacrificial and magical
ritual held to expel evil spirits and pestilence).

所谓老院子是田氏族人的祖居，当地人通常称之为老院子，在翻译时，将这种隐藏信息展现出来有助于游客快速理解老院子的文化信息。

The so called Old Courtyard is ancestral home of Tians, and the local people call it the Old Courtyard. Expressing the implied meaning of Tians and Nuo Culture helps tourists quickly grasp the cultural information of it.

===== Domestication Strategy=====
文化负载词的归化译法主要采取意译和省略两种方法，这两种方法并不是绝对的将原词中每一项都包含在译文中，只是在整体理解词意的基础上，将整个词语的意思翻译出来，而对于一些对整体意思没有太大影响的部分可以选择删去。这种译法主要是站在读者的角度来考虑的，目的是使读者能清楚的理解原文的意思。这种方法在旅游翻译中常见，尤其中文中对一些景色的描述时会重复使用各种各样的成语和习语，在翻译时，应该综合考虑句意思，灵活运用意译和省略。

The domestication of the culture-loaded word mainly employed two types of method of free translation and omission. The two methods do not be used to rigidly translate every term of the source language into the target language, but to comprehensively understand the meaning of words and translate the basic meaning of them. Sometimes some parts that will not influence the whole meaning can be deleted. This strategy is in reader’s perspective and its aim to make them clearly know the meaning of original text. This is common to use in translation of tourism text especially in some Chinese text in which some repeated and diverse idioms and proverbs are used. Therefore, in translation the translator should entirely comprehend the meaning of the words or sentences and making flexible use of free translation and omission.

====== Free Translation ======
意译是与直译并列的主要译法之一。译文一致而形式不同谓之意译，即以原文形式为标准，译文表达形式上另辟蹊径。当译者需要改变形式才能忠实地再现原文内容时，就采用意译。(方梦之 2001:101)

As the main translation method paralleling with literal translation, free translation refers that the translation is consistent in meaning but different in form with original text, that is, taking the form of the original as standard the translator finds a new path in the expression of the translation. When he/she need to change form to truthfully reproduce the contents of the original text, the free translation is employed. (Fang Mengzhi 2001：101)

'''Example 1''':
（张家界）这颗风景明珠'''“养在深闺人未识”'''，直到20世纪80年代才撩开神秘的面纱。（曹波 2016：95）
(Zhangjiajie)This jewel of scenery, '''“secluded in the innermost boudoir”''',remained unknown until the 1980’s. (Cao Bo 2016：95)

此处，“养在深闺无人识”在英语中并没有可以直接翻译的对应项目，意译是最好的方法。这里主要想体现张家界虽风景优美但一直以来都没有得到广泛关注，“闺房”表示女子的卧室，在英文中有“boudoir”这一对应词，那么“深闺”便可以译为“innermost boudoir”，综合理解整个句子后，可以省去“人未识”，意译为 “secluded in the innermost boudoir”。

In this sentence, there is no correspondent term of “养在深闺人未识” in English, and considering its length, it is also not convenient to transliterate. So the best translation method is free translation The purpose here is to express that Zhangjiajie has not been widely concerned though its scenery is beautiful. “闺房” refers to the living room of a lady and has a correspondent term “boudoir” in English, so “深闺”can be translated as “innermost boudoir”. After entirely understand the whole sentence and leaving out the repeated meaning contained in the part “人未识别”, it can be free translated as “seclude in the innermost boudoir”.

'''Example 2''':
顺流而下二三里，'''至台地深谷洞子坊'''，两岸路人交谈容易握手难。（曹波 2016:97）
'''The Cavernous Lane''', a couple miles downstream, '''cuts deep into the upland''' and makes it impossible for social talkers on its banks to reach each other.(Cao
Bo 2016:97)

In this sentence, “至台地深谷洞子坊” is free translated and makes “台地” become the subject of the whole sentence as well as “cuts deep into the upland” the object. The translation generally describes the Chinese tourism texts.

====== Omission ======
省略法与增词法相对，指原文有些词语不必译出，因为译文中虽无其词已有其意；或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是省去删去一些可有可无的词，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词，但省略并非把原文的思想内容删去。在旅游翻译中，省略也是一种常用的翻译策略，其主要目的是使游客更好地理解文本中蕴含的信息。(方梦之 2001：116)

Omission, contrary with addition, refers that some words in original text is not necessary to translate because that the translation contains the meaning of it without its exact form or it is self-evident. In other words, the omission is a method of leaving out some dispensable and redundant terms or words that break the rules of target language. But it does not mean deleting some words that is related to the main meaning of the text. In tourism translation, it is also a usual translation strategy on purpose of helping people greatly understanding the information include in the text.(Fang Mengzhi 2001:116)Particularly, omission is common to use in translation of Chinese literature for that Chinese is paratactic language and needs to first understand its meaning then express by English by general. In a Chinese sentence, there is rare to use obvious connected word like “and” and “or” and usual in the application of covert coherence. On the contrary, English is a type of explicit coherence and emphasize the form makers by which the grammatical meaning and logical relationships between words are expressed.

'''Example 1''':
这里，山泉小溪蜿蜒曲折，流淌不息，以水显“幽”；这里，原始次生林郁郁葱葱，'''珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣'''。武陵源还是巨大的天然动植物园，栖息着许多古树、奇花、珍禽、异兽。（曹波
2016：98）
It is all the more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round. It is a wild land densely balnketed with primeval second growth. It has made a huge
natural zoological and botanical garden sheltering numerous old trees, bizarre flowers, precious birds and rare animals.(Cao Bo 2016：98)

In this sentence, “珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣” is free translated and among them the Chinese word “野” is not showed by an exact word. This word means a wild, uncultivated and unrestrained condition. The reason why “野” is omitted is that the whole sentence is expressing the wild life by such words as “more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round” “a wild land” and “primeval second growth” . The omission of this word does not influence the meaning of the whole sentence and readers can still be able to feel a picture of wild life.

'''Example 2''':
第三大景区天子山自然保护区为武陵山脉中心台地，居高临下，东西南北四面均可观景。这里视野开阔，奇峰耸立，云遮雾绕，'''气象万千'''。（曹波 2016：98）
The Son of Heaven Mountain Nature Reserve, the third section, is a tableland in the Wuling Mountains, high enough for tourists to watch scenes in all directions. It
provides a broad view of the surrounding grotesque peaks veiled in lingering clouds and mists.(Cao Bo 2016：98)

In this sentence, “气象万千” is not obviously showed in the translation. This phrase refers to a magnificent and mighty panorama. Given the reason of omission, it seems that the translator supposes that the meaning of the deleted part is contained in the meaning of whole sentence. As a matter of fact, the context is related to the description of scenery of Wuling Mountains. And a kind of majestic spectacular is implied in the representation like “a broad view”, “the surrounding grotesque peaks” and “lingering clouds and mists”.

=== Carrying forward Chinese Culture in Intercultural Communication ===

==== The Relationships between Language, Culture and Translation ====

Language is a really special part of culture. Firstly, it provides basis to the culture and through it culture can be remained and pass to next generation. Then language directly truthfully reflexed culture. So as Wang Zuoliang said after realizing social culture in a language one can really grasp it.（Fang Mengzhi，2011）

The functions of translation lie on human communication, information exchanges, business etc. Among them, cultural commission is a considerably important part. Zheng Liuyi（2012）mentioned that culture is a complicated system in which all kinds of aspects in human life are involved. If we regard that the culture system is comprised by many small systems in which language is the most important systema and bear the feature of relative independence. As a matter of fact, language plays an irreplaceable role in cultural construction, commission, communication between different cultures, creation etc. Meanwhile, diverse cultural traits tend to contribute to different language features. In other words, culture is significance of language as the assertion of the famous linguist Saussure “any literal language is production of language and finally it will separate from the range of nature or spoken language.” Besides, as cultural symbols language is a part of process of cultural creation, which is vividly expressed in some cultural loss phenomena like untranslatability and undertranslation.（Zheng Liuyi 2012）

In intercultural communicaton, a translator should first emphasize function of tranlation of cultual exchanges and pay attention to the cultural gap between differnet language. Especially in the process of golibalization, cultural invasion has become a common and natural phenomenon, which makes Chinese traditional culture be negelected by people particularly in young people. Therefore, taking Chinese culture as a translator's responsibility is an important and emergent thought change.

==== Some Potential Problems in Translation of Chinese Tourism Texts ====

本文在分析文化负载词的翻译时，发现目前张家界许多景点的官方网页在外宣方面投入甚少，网页建设不足，版面设计单一，逻辑性不强，来源老旧，翻译方面的问题也存在不少，总体看来表现在以下几个方面：
一、机器翻译痕迹严重；一些旅游网站看似外宣工作做的面面俱到，内容都依靠机器翻译，出现诸如将“腰子寨”译为“Kidney village”,将“一夫当关，万夫莫开”译为“When Kazuo, Fumo opens”,再如将“妙峰连绵”译为“ Miao Feng mountain”等令人贻笑大方的翻译。

二、旅游翻译的方法亟待提升；一些旅游翻译的准确性不高，译文内容肤浅，不深入,成形后的内容理解起来较为困难，究其原因还是，在英汉语言对比方面的研究不足,没有形成系统的旅游翻译体系。

三、弘扬中国文化的意识不强。旅游翻译与文化传播直接相关，是跨文化交际研究的重点，一些翻译虽然做到了传统意义上的“信”，但是并没有深入展现中华文化，译文一味追求直译，少了文化思考。目前，文化建设与弘扬是我国发展的重点，外语工作不应该在像之前一样追求引入新文化，而是应该多在本土文化上做文章。在旅游翻译中，我们应该考虑的是如何充分凸显我国文化，建立文化自信，我们的目的是使外国游客体验、感悟、探索当地文化。

跨文化交际中，翻译根本目的在于语言和文化交流。首先应该保证意思准确，不能歪曲文化词汇的词意，在文化负载词的理解上应结合文化来理解，所以要求译者本身要有良好的中文素养；其次，保证简单、清晰。旅游文本的翻译应该简单明了，让游客一目了然，很快能够抓住中心；在把握住这两方面的基础上，再同时兼顾其中的文化和美学表达。

In the process of analyzing the translation of culture-loaded words, this paper finds now many websites of scene spots spend few in foreign publicity with some problems in lacking establishment of website, simple layout, logical weakness, old sources. And there are many problems in the translation mainly in the following aspects:

Firstly, the indication od machine translation is obvious. Some tourism websites seem to cover all the facets in external publicity, but in actual fact its contents depend on machine translation even making ridiculous errors like translating “腰子寨”(Yao Zi village) into “Kidney village”, “一夫当关，万夫莫开”（One man can hold out against ten thousand）into “When Kazuo, Fumo opens” and “the undulating mountains” into “Miao Feng mountain”.
Then the methods of tourism translation need to strengthen. Some translation lack accuracy, leading to superficial contents and difficulties to understand. The reasons for these problems are that lacking the comparisons between English and Chinese and system structure of tourism translation.

Finally is the consciousness of carrying forward Chinese culture is weak. Tourism translation is directly relative to cultural transmission and has been focus in cross-cultural communication. Some of them exactly are in accordance with “faithfulness” -- the traditional translation standard, but devoid of deeply expressing Chinese culture and just blindly doing literal translation without reflections on culture. In current, cultural construction and promoting are the main point of China’s development, so the tasks related to foreign language should not pursue to introduce diverse culture and making an issue of carrying on domesticate culture. In translation of tourism texts, a translator should consider how to emphasize Chinese culture and build cultural confidence, aiming to making foreign tourists experience, understand and explore local culture.

In cross-communication, the fundamental aim of translation is language and cultural exchanges. The first is keeping the meaning accurate without misunderstanding the meaning of cultural words. Translators should grasp the meaning of a culture-loaded term combining with the native culture, which requires their Chinese literary at a high level. Secondly, keeping clear and simple. The translation of tourism should be so brief and clear that people can grasp the key point at a glance; then based on the two aspects, giving consideration to cultural transmission and aesthetic expression.

In cross-cultural communication, the fundamental purpose of translation is language and cultural exchange. First of all, the meaning should be accurate, and the meaning of cultural vocabulary should not be distorted. The understanding of culturally loaded words should be combined with culture. Therefore, the translator must have a good Chinese literacy; secondly, ensure that it is simple and clear. The translation of tourism texts should be simple and clear, so that visitors can see at a glance, and quickly grasp the center; on the basis of grasping these two aspects, the cultural and aesthetic expressions in it should be taken into account at the same time.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:54, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

=== Conclusion ===

我们的时代是全球化时代。跨文化交际已经成为这个时代的一个突出特征。L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的人类交际经历了五个阶段，第五个阶段为跨文化交际，我们现正处于这第五个阶段。（胡文仲 1999：2）。有鉴于此，我们不但应该了解全球的文化，还应该让中国文化走向世界。中国已经成为全世界最大的旅游目的地国之一。而旅游实则是一种非常典型的文化活动，一种非常典型的跨文化交际。（陈刚 2004：324）

文化负载词承载着当地的深厚文化和历史底蕴，在翻译时应当仔细斟酌，译者应多方面考虑，对于英语中有对应项，直接采用英语对应词不折损文化传递的词可以进行采用直译；没有对应项目时，可以采取音译和引申，这主要应用于一些特色的地名；难以直译时，考虑结合语境综合理解文化负载词，表达其中的意思，对于无关词项可以省略。无论采取哪一种翻译方法，译者均应综合考虑语言、文化和跨文化交际，保持中国自信，以弘扬中国文化为最终目的。

本文从跨文化交际出发，浅析文化负载词的英汉翻译策略，虽在论证方面仍有诸多不足，主要由于学术经验不足，表达还有欠缺，研究结果比较肤浅，但仍期望对我国旅游翻译建设提供些许帮助。笔者也将不断提升自己的翻译能力和学术能力，积累经验，期望能为我国跨文化研究和旅游翻译研究提供更多有建设性的帮助。

Today is a globalization time whose distinct characteristic is intercultural communication. L.S. Harms belives that the communication between huamans has experienced five stages in which the fifth one is cross-cultural communication we are in now.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2). On this basis, we should realiza the other cuture all over the word as well as carrying on Chinese culture to the world. China has become one of the biggest tourists' destination in the world,and tourism is a really typical cultural activity and a intercultual communication activity.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2)(Chen Gang 2004:324)

Culture-loaded words bear an abundance of historical and cultural represents. In the process of translation, a translator should carefully consider in the choice of word. If there is a correspondent term in English and using it without influences to cultural expression; if there is no correspondent terms, transliteration and amplification is appropriate especially in application of translation of some characteristic place name; if there are difficulties to literal translation, it is necessary to comprehensively understand culture-loaded words under the relative context, just expressing the meaning of them and sometimes leaving out some irrelevant words. However, no matter which strategy is adopted, all translators should deeply consider three aspects of language, culture and cross-cultural communication, keeping China’s confidence and taking carrying forward Chinese culture as the destination. And what a translator should have done is functional equivalence in the tanslation of cutual words as the proposition of Nida(2001:97).

No matter which translation method is adopted, translators should take language, culture and cross-cultural communication into consideration, maintain China's confidence, and promote Chinese culture as the ultimate goal.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 12:05, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

This paper briefly analyzes the strategies of translation between English and Chinese from the perspective of intercultural communication. There are so many limitations mainly in inadequate research experience, deficient expression and superficial research results, but the author still hopes to provide some help. If it is possible, the author will consistently enhance the ability of translation and research and accumulate experience, looking forward to contribute more constructive and effective tactics in intercultural communication and tourism translation.

=== References ===

Caobo 曹波(2016). 湖南旅游[M] A Tour of Hunan. 长沙：湖南师范大学出版社Changsha:Hunan Normal University Press,94.

Chengang 陈刚(2004). 旅游翻译与涉外导游[M]Tourism Translaton and Guide-interpreter. 中国对外翻译出版公司 China International Translation and Interpreting Press.

Dou Peixiang 窦培祥(2019). 目的论视角下旅游文本文化负载词翻译策略研究[J]On Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourist Text from the Perspective of Skopos Theory.济南大学 Jinan University.

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之(2011). 译学大辞典[M] A Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海：上海外语教育出版社Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Hu Wenzhong 胡文仲(1999). 跨文化交际学概论[M] A General Introduction to Intercultural Communication. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Newmark,P.(2001). Approaches to translation.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Nida, E. A. (1993). Language, culture and translating.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Venuti, Lawrence.1995. ''The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. ''[M]London and New York: Routledge.

Xiang, Chunyan.(2016): 69-74. "On Translation Strategies of Chinese Culture-Loaded Words."[J] Canadian Social Science 12.6 .

Wang Shuren (Modification), Hou Changming 王树人（修），侯昌铭（篡）（1975）. 湖南永定县乡土志[M]Hunan Yong Ding County Annals.成文出版社 Cheng Wen Press.

Zheng Liuyi郑柳依(2012). 从翻译中的“文化流失”论语言与文化的关系[J] Discussion on the Relationships between Language and Culture from the “Loss of Culture” in Translation.中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (humanistic and social science), 32(06).

Written by---[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

2021-12-14T03:22:56Z

Du Lina: /* Literal Translation */

=Chapter 6:On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Text from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplifies by Zhangjiajie=
''' 跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译翻译研究--以张家界为例'''

杜莉娜 Du Lina, Hunan Normal University, China

=== Abstract ===
Culture-loaded words are special in vocabulary for all kinds of language. Being different from general words, the strong local traits of these words are concealed behind the language form, which leads to the untranslatability and difficulties of translating. The translation of culture-loaded words is a big challenge for a translator since he/she needs to master both the source language and the target language as well as be familiar with the local culture. The translator needs to keep the translation accurate and advoids to lose cultural identities of a term. A study of translating culture-loaded from an international communication perspective is practical for that taking communication as purpose it focuses on culture behind a language and tries to find an alternative expression, which makes the recievers fully understand the target language and its culture. In the light of intercultural communication, this paper takes tourism texts published in the official site of Zhangjiajie as example to analyze the translation principles and strategies of culture-loaded in tourism texts, deeply discussing some problems in the translation of tourism texts and providing some practical solutions for it.

=== Key Words ===
Intercultural Communication; Tourism;Culture-loaded words;Translation

=== 摘要 ===
对于任何一种语言来说，文化负载词都是词汇中一种特殊存在形式。与普通词汇不同，它借用语言外形将自己浓厚的当地色彩包裹起来，使其不可译或难以翻译。文化负载词的翻译是对译者对源语和译入语精通度和当地文化熟悉度的一种高挑战，这不仅需要译者考虑翻译的准确性，还不能丧失词汇本身的文化烙印。从跨文化交际的角度来翻译文化负载词不失为一种可行的办法，跨文化交际以交际为目的，注重保留语言的文化性，试图找到一种合适的替代性表达让语言接受者完全理解源语言以及其背后的文化因素。本文从跨文化交际角度出发，以张家界旅游官网公布的旅游文本为例，分析其中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，进而分析旅游文本翻译存在的某些问题，并提供一些较为可行的解决办法。

=== 关键词 ===
跨文化交际，旅游，文化负载词，翻译

=== Introduction ===
中华上下五千年，文化源远流长。随着中国综合国力不断提高，中国在世界上的地位举足轻重，从一带一路、和平共处五项原则到中国特色社会主义无一不体现着儒家、道家哲学思想，因此，在当今的文化交流中，保留中华火种、弘扬中国文化是非常必要的。文化负载词翻译研究便是一种重要的本土文化保护方式。文化负载词指那些富有一定文化背景或者深刻文化意蕴的词语，在一定的历史阶段沉淀后，产生的带有文化性质的词语、谚语、典故、特殊的人物名称的表达，除此之外，它还包括现行的熟语和习语（方梦之 2011：297）。

New Mark（2001：95）将文化负载词分为生态学、物质文化、社会文化、社会、政治、经济、行政机构以及声势语言学这几类。由此可见，文化负载词涉及范围广泛，且随着时间的推移层出不穷，语言交流中这类词语也是最能体现某一社会文化信息、社会价值以及反映本土生活的表达。旅游文本涉及的文化词语范围广泛，从山川河流、博物馆、建筑、特色美食到动植物应有尽有，为文化负载词的研究提供了丰富且合适的资源。他国人了解本国文化时采用的最直接的方式便是旅游，我国山川壮阔、风景秀丽、美食众多，各国游客慕名前来。在中国，基本上各大景点都设有英文翻译，目前，多数景点也已设日文、韩文等翻译。它不仅是文化负载词研究的重点语料，也是跨文化交际的重要途径，因为它塑造了他国对我国文化的第一印象，在弘扬我国文化方面发挥着重要作用。因此，旅游文本的重要性可见一斑。本文选用跨文化交际为视角来分析旅游文本中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，以此来看语言、文化和翻译之间的相互关系。

Chinese culture runs a long history about 5,000 years. With the overall national strength is improving, China plays an important role in the whole world. Confucianism and Taoism is embodied in such political ideas as Belt and Road Initiative, Five Principles of Peaceful Coeixstence, socialism with Chinese characteristics and so on. Therefore, it is quite necessary to preserve Chinese culture heritage and carry forward Chinese culture in the current culture communication. Research on translation of culture-loaded words is such a important way culture topromote the indigenous cultrue. Culture-loaded words refers to some items that implies cultural background and connotations, and passing through the long-term historical precipitation these expression with culture character like words, proverbs, allusions and name of special figures have been produced. And the existing common phrases and idioms are part of culture-loaded words( Fang Mengzhi 2011:297).

New Mark (2001：95)classified culture-loaded words as all kinds of types in ecology, material culture, social culture, society, politics, economy, administrative institutions and gesture. It is therefore of wide range of cultural expression, and these items have emerged endlessly with the changes of the times.In the communication, these words can best embody cultural information and social values and reflect the social life of human.Tourism texts relate to a variety of areas among mountains and rivers, museums, architecture,delicious food, animals and plants, which provide abundant and propor data for reaserch on culture-loaded words. The most direct way to realize domestic culture is travel for foreigners. Especially, there are magnificent mountains and rivers, splendid scenery and numerous delicious food, attracting many travelers around the whole world. In China, scenic spots essentially provide English translation, and now many of them also have Japanese, Korean and others translation. Tourism is crucial in making the first Chinese impression to foreigners and carrying on Chinese culture. It is the key language data in studying culture-loaded words as well as the critical way in cross-communication.So the importance of tourism texts is obvious. This paper chooses the intercultural communication perspective to analyze the English translation principles and strategies in tourism texts, deeply discussing the interrelations among language, culture and translation. (New Mark 2001：95)

===Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts ===
由于这类词背景的复杂性，此类翻译对译者来说也并非易事，这是对译者对两种语言精通程度的考验，同时也是对两种文化认识程度的考验，这两方面缺一便会误导读者对该文化的误解。一般在文化类词语的翻译上，主要采取的两种翻译策略是韦努蒂的异化译法和归化译法。异化翻译，又称 “小众化翻译”或 “少数化翻译”，指的生成目标文本时会通过保留原文中某些异国情调的东西来故意打破目的语惯例的翻译类型（方梦之2001:96），即 “译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近”。归化译法指的是译者采用透明、流畅的风格，以最大限度地淡化目的语读者对外来文本的陌生感（Venuti 1995:20）。

Given the complexity of backgrounds of these words, the translation of them is not easy for translators who probably face challenges of well mastering two languages as well as understanding two cultures. Readers may misunderstand the text without one of the two aspects. Generally, two main strategies are foreignization and domestication put forward by Lawrence Venuti(1995) are employed in the translation of words containing culture. Foreignization translation also called “minoritizing translation” refers to a translation type that in producing the target texts one keeps some exotic information of the original texts to deliberately break the conventions of the target language(Fang Mengzhi 2001:96), so that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the readers towards them. Domesticating translation refers to the style of transparency and fluency, and the translator makes effort to reduce readers’ strange feeling to foreign texts（Venuti 1995:20）.
===== Foreignizatiom Strategy=====
对于文化负载词的异化译法，大体来说采取三种方式—直译、音译、引申义。源语中某些文化性词语在符合语言条件的基础上可以直接翻译；当目标语中缺少某一文化词语的对应项，且直译又难以充分揭示这类词包含的文化意义时，可以采取音译；如直译和音译都行不通，可以引申其意义。异化翻译是跨文化交际的主要手段之一，让读者接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，这对弘扬本国传统文化大有益处。

In the foreignization strategy, three ways of literal translation, transliteration, amplification are broadly used. Under the rules of language, some culture-loaded words in the source language can be translated literally; when no corresponding words existing in the target language, literal translation cannot fully reveal the information of culture that contained in the words of the source language, so transliteration might be taken; if both literal translation and transliteration does not work, amplifying the meaning of a culture-loaded word is also feasible. Foreignization is one of main methods of intercultural communication and makes people accept diverse language and culture and integrate into exotic situation, greatly contributing to carry forward Chinese traditional culture.
====== Literal Translation ======
文化负载词的直译并不是字对字的翻译，而是在符合目的语语言规则的情况下，保留源语的语言结构，表达目的语的文化信息，这种方法一方面可以创造出目的语读者读得懂的译文，另一方面又不至于失去源语的文化背景。

The literal translation of culture-loaded words is not word-for word translation, but keeping the language structure of the source language and expressing the cultural information under the language rules of the target language. It can not only create an understandable translation for reader of the target language but not lose the cultural background of the source language.

'''Example 1''':
因“狮”和“石”在普通话中同音，故'''黄狮寨'''又叫'''黄石寨'''。相传这一名字因张良师傅黄石公曾到此炼丹而得名。

'''the Yellow Stone (Huangshi) Village''' since the two words pronounce the same in Mandarin. According to the legend, it was named after Huang Shigong, the teacher of Zhang Liang, who made alchemy here.

类似“黄狮寨”的地点名称一般有两种翻译，可以将其音译为“Huangshi Village”,也可以直译为“Yellow Lion Village”。虽然大多数情况下取第二种译法，但考虑到黄狮寨的特殊纪念意义，译为“Huangshi village”更好，如按照官网使人译为“Yellow Lion village”可能会误导游客，联想到此处有狮子存在等，这样一来便失去了黄狮寨特殊的文化背景。

In general, there are two types of method for the place name like “黄狮寨” ——transliterated as Huangshi Village or literally translated as Yellow Lion Village. Though the latter is common in most cases, given the special commemorative significance of it, “Huangshi village” is better than “Yellow Lion village” for that the latter could mislead tourists and make them imagine the existence of lions, which loses the cultural background.

'''Example 2:'''

'''敲敲酒'''，因其有趣的名字和特别的盛酒容器而出名，其色泽清亮微黄，保存在竹筒中，入口清新甘甜。

'''Qiaoqiao Wine''', or '''knock wine''', gains its popularity by its interesting name and its unique vessel. The yellowish wine, preserved in a bamboo tube, is lustrously clear, and tastes fresh and sweet.

张家界特产敲敲酒又叫竹筒酒，在喝之前，先要在竹筒顶端敲一个洞，是一种非常独特的启酒方式，因敲击次数的不同拥有不同的寓意。因为其特别的饮法，“Qiaoqiao Wine”或者“knock wine”两种译法都是可取的,都会引起观者强烈的好奇心。此外，也可以将直译和音译相结合，互作解释。

Qiaoqiao Wine, also called bamboo tube wine, is a specialty in Zhangjiajie. This wine is known as its special drinking way of knocking a hole in the bamboo tube before drinking, and the knock times for it connote different implied meaning. Because its distinctive way of drinking, both Qiaoqiao Wine” and “knock wine” are reasonable and easily able to arouse people’s curiosity. And literal translation and transliteration can be combined and give explanation for each other.

'''Example 3:'''

往东，沿'''金鞭溪'''而下，可达'''索溪谷'''，往北可上'''天子山'''。(曹波 2016：95)

Strolling eastward down '''the Golden Whip Stream''', sightseers can get to '''the Suo Stream Valley'''; and northward, '''the Son of Heaven Mountain'''.（Cao Bo 2016：95）

此处“金鞭溪”“索溪谷”和“天子山”都是直接翻译，“金鞭溪”因其流经“金鞭岩”而得名，“金鞭岩”因形状如浑然天成的长鞭而得名；“索溪谷”因溪水如绳索而得名；而“天子山”因史上有土家族领袖向王（名大坤）自称天子而得名。这三个词均蕴含特殊意义，直译比音译更能体现其意义，所以此处的“索溪谷”和其它两个词一样直译为“Rope Stream Valley”更好。

In this sentence, “索溪谷”和 “天子山” are translated literally. “金鞭溪”gains its name for that it passes through the Golden Whip Rock; “索溪谷”for its shape like a natural long whip; “天子山” for a leader of Tujia (whose name is Da Kun) called himself a Son of Heaven. All the three words imply special meaning and literal translation of them can be able to embody its meaning. So “索溪谷” should literally translate as“Rope Stream Valley”like the others.

====== Transliteration ======
音译, 也叫“转写”，即用一种文字符号（如拉丁字母）来表示另一种文字系统的文字符号（如汉字）的过程或结果。当源语和目的语之间差异很大、存在语义空白的情况下，翻译不可能直接从形式或语义入手，此时，音译时主要的翻译手段。(方梦之 2001:101) 音译加注是旅游翻译中专业名词翻译的常用方法，虽然音译可以保留源语言中的文化因素，但并不能让目的语读者真正理解，所以音译加注的方法很好解决了这个问题，创造出目的语读者可接受的译文。（Xiang Chunyan 2016）

Transliteration, also called “transcription”, refers to a process or result that use letter symbols of one language system (like Latin letter) to express those of another language system. When there is distinct difference and semantic gap between the original language and the target language, it is impossible to directly translate in form or meaning, then transliteration is the principal translation method.(Fang Mengzhi 2001:101) Especially, transliteration plus a note is a common method in transliteration of proper noun in tourism translation. Though transliteration can keep the original form of the source language, it can not take the target reader comprehend the cultural connotations or images in the osurce culture. Therefore, a note added to the transliterated word can provide lots of important information to get the translated text better accepted by the target reader.(Xiang Chunyan 2016)

'''Example 1:'''

（1）'''普光寺（普光禅寺）'''坐落在张家界永定区城东部，前有天门山、澧水河，后有福德山（即今子五台）。

'''Puguang Temple (Puguang Zen Temple)''' is located in the east of Yongding District behind Tianmen Mountain, and in front of Fude Mountain (present-day Ziwu Terrace).

（2）除了这些天然景区，张家界还有两处省级重点保护文物单位的人文旅游景观：玉皇洞和普光禅寺。(曹波 2016：97)

In addition to these scenic areas created by nature, Zhangjiajie is in possession of two artificial touris destinations: the Jade Emperor’s Grottoes and '''the Universal Light Zen Temple'''.（Cao Bo 2016:97）

对于“普光寺”的翻译，张家界旅游官网和曹波（2016：97）译文不同，前者是音译，后者是直译。光绪三十二年（公元1906年）侯昌铨编撰的《湖南永定县乡土志》记载：“迤东有普光寺，明永乐十一年(公元1413年，农历癸已年)指挥史雍简建，本朝(按：指清朝)雍正十一年（公元1733年，农历癸丑年）协镇史城重修。寺有白羊石，雍简建寺时，见白羊满山，逐之入土，掘之见石，其下有窖金。遂发之，以金修寺，寺成入奏，赐名普光石。”《续修永定县》也有相似记载。由史料可知，普光寺历史深远，历经多代重修，其得名主要是因为寺中曾发现金子，但是光靠名字来展现其复杂的历史由来，或许有些困难。而且，当地人熟知且常用的还是“普光寺”，故使用音译更恰当。

In the translation of “普光寺”, there are different between the official webside of Zhangjiajie and Cao Bo（2016:97）, and former is transliteration and latter literal translation.According to the record of the thirty-second year of Guangxu Emperor(1906 AD) in ''Hunan Yong Ding County Annals'' edited by Hou Changquan, there is a temple called Puguang Temple in the east and was built by commander Yong Jain in the eleventh year of Yongle of Ming dynasty(1413 AD). Now(note: referring to Qing dynasty) the eleventh year of Yongzheng(1722 AD) sent Zhen Shicheng rebuild it. White sheep stone was discovered to have been standed in the temple. When Yongjian build the temple, he found flocks of white sheep was strolling all over the field. Then he gave orders to dig that field and found a cellar filling of gold behind some stone. So the temple was accomplished by using those gold, and stones were granted name of Puguang Stone after reporting to the emperor. Another record of ''Rebuilding Yongdin County Annals'' also descibes it similarly. Therefore, the temple has a long history and been rebuilt by many dybasties. The origin of its name is the discovery of gold in it, but it may be difficult to express its complex history only by a name. And the local people are more familiar with “Puguang Temple” than “General Light Zen Temple”, so the former is appropriate.

'''Example 2:'''

位于张家界市永定区罗塔坪乡的景点'''锅灶天坑'''气势磅礴、宏伟壮观。锅灶天坑从空中俯瞰是巨型天坑，形状宛如土家族的锅灶。地面上有一座天生桥，其形状宛若“灶门”。

There is a magnificent and spectacular tourist spot named '''Guozao Tiankeng''' in Luotaping Township, Yongding District, Zhangjiajie City. Viewed from above, it looks like a Tujia stove lying on the ground in a prone position. There is also a natural bridge on the ground assembling a stove door.

这里提到的“锅灶”是仅为中国文化所有的烹饪工具，这里采用音译法是完全可以的。“天坑”是一种地理现象，这里可以直接使用通常译法“Tiankeng”。

The mentioned cookstove is a unique cuisine tool for Chinese culture, so the transliteration of it is entirely appropriate. And “Tiankeng” is one of geographic phenomenon, here can be transliterated by the common translation “Tiankeng”.

====== Amplification ======
Amplification refers to the addition of some necessary information including words, phrases or sentences in target texts so as to supplement the connotations of source language. China is a great country with vast territory and splendid civilization. Sometimes, it is hard for western tourists to understand the applied cultural meanings in tourist attraction. For this reason, translators can add some words, phrased or sentences to make the English tourist texts more understandable and meet the reading habits of target language readers.（Dou Peixiang 2019）

'''Example 1:'''

'''茅岩藤茶'''又叫长寿茶、魔法茶，味道独特，入喉有甜味，其藤条表面富含丰富的蛋白霜。

'''Maoyan vine tea''' is also called longevity vine and magic tea. It has a unique taste and a sweet aftertaste. The vine is covered by a layer of natural “meringue”.

长寿藤茶的实际是张家界盛产的一种草本叫茅岩莓的藤叶，茅岩莓并非茶科，因表面有一层天然白霜俗称霉茶，因霉字不吉利故谐音莓茶。此处，如果直接按照当地叫法将其直接译为“longevity tea”也并非不可，但如果引申译为 “ Maoyan vine tea”并注解 “longevity tea”一方面可以凸显出当地特色植物茅岩莓，另一方面又可以用“长寿”来引起游客的兴趣。

The longevity tea is actually vine of a herb called congongrass cliff berry. Not belonging to the theaceae, it is known as “霉茶”(mildewed tea) and commonly use it homophone“莓茶” (berry tea) for the unlucky pronunciation of the former. The translation of “longevity tea” is acceptable, but if the tea is amplified as “Maoyan vine tea” with annotation “longevity tea”, it can able to highlight the local characteristic plant as well as attract tourists by the word “longevity”.

'''Example 2:'''

'''老院子'''引位于湖南张家界市城中心，鹭鸶湾大桥附近，展现了丰富的傩文化（一种驱瘟避疫、祭神跳鬼的祭祀活动）。

'''Tian’s Old Courtyard''' is located in the center of the city and close to Luyuwan Bridge, which is the witness of Nuo culture (a type of sacrificial and magical ritual held to expel evil spirits and pestilence).

所谓老院子是田氏族人的祖居，当地人通常称之为老院子，在翻译时，将这种隐藏信息展现出来有助于游客快速理解老院子的文化信息。

The so called Old Courtyard is ancestral home of Tians, and the local people call it the Old Courtyard. Expressing the implied meaning of Tians and Nuo Culture helps tourists quickly grasp the cultural information of it.

===== Domestication Strategy=====
文化负载词的归化译法主要采取意译和省略两种方法，这两种方法并不是绝对的将原词中每一项都包含在译文中，只是在整体理解词意的基础上，将整个词语的意思翻译出来，而对于一些对整体意思没有太大影响的部分可以选择删去。这种译法主要是站在读者的角度来考虑的，目的是使读者能清楚的理解原文的意思。这种方法在旅游翻译中常见，尤其中文中对一些景色的描述时会重复使用各种各样的成语和习语，在翻译时，应该综合考虑句意思，灵活运用意译和省略。

The domestication of the culture-loaded word mainly employed two types of method of free translation and omission. The two methods do not be used to rigidly translate every term of the source language into the target language, but to comprehensively understand the meaning of words and translate the basic meaning of them. Sometimes some parts that will not influence the whole meaning can be deleted. This strategy is in reader’s perspective and its aim to make them clearly know the meaning of original text. This is common to use in translation of tourism text especially in some Chinese text in which some repeated and diverse idioms and proverbs are used. Therefore, in translation the translator should entirely comprehend the meaning of the words or sentences and making flexible use of free translation and omission.

====== Free Translation ======
意译是与直译并列的主要译法之一。译文一致而形式不同谓之意译，即以原文形式为标准，译文表达形式上另辟蹊径。当译者需要改变形式才能忠实地再现原文内容时，就采用意译。(方梦之 2001:101)

As the main translation method paralleling with literal translation, free translation refers that the translation is consistent in meaning but different in form with original text, that is, taking the form of the original as standard the translator finds a new path in the expression of the translation. When he/she need to change form to truthfully reproduce the contents of the original text, the free translation is employed. (Fang Mengzhi 2001：101)

'''Example 1:'''

（张家界）这颗风景明珠'''“养在深闺人未识”'''，直到20世纪80年代才撩开神秘的面纱。（曹波 2016：95）

(Zhangjiajie)This jewel of scenery, '''“secluded in the innermost boudoir”''',remained unknown until the 1980’s. (Cao Bo 2016：95)

此处，“养在深闺无人识”在英语中并没有可以直接翻译的对应项目，意译是最好的方法。这里主要想体现张家界虽风景优美但一直以来都没有得到广泛关注，“闺房”表示女子的卧室，在英文中有“boudoir”这一对应词，那么“深闺”便可以译为“innermost boudoir”，综合理解整个句子后，可以省去“人未识”，意译为 “secluded in the innermost boudoir”。

In this sentence, there is no correspondent term of “养在深闺人未识” in English, and considering its length, it is also not convenient to transliterate. So the best translation method is free translation The purpose here is to express that Zhangjiajie has not been widely concerned though its scenery is beautiful. “闺房” refers to the living room of a lady and has a correspondent term “boudoir” in English, so “深闺”can be translated as “innermost boudoir”. After entirely understand the whole sentence and leaving out the repeated meaning contained in the part “人未识别”, it can be free translated as “seclude in the innermost boudoir”.

'''Example 2:'''

顺流而下二三里，'''至台地深谷洞子坊'''，两岸路人交谈容易握手难。（曹波 2016:97）

'''The Cavernous Lane''', a couple miles downstream, '''cuts deep into the upland''' and makes it impossible for social talkers on its banks to reach each other.(Cao Bo 2016:97)

In this sentence, “至台地深谷洞子坊” is free translated and makes “台地” become the subject of the whole sentence as well as “cuts deep into the upland” the object. The translation generally describes the Chinese tourism texts.

====== Omission ======
省略法与增词法相对，指原文有些词语不必译出，因为译文中虽无其词已有其意；或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是省去删去一些可有可无的词，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词，但省略并非把原文的思想内容删去。在旅游翻译中，省略也是一种常用的翻译策略，其主要目的是使游客更好地理解文本中蕴含的信息。(方梦之 2001：116)

Omission, contrary with addition, refers that some words in original text is not necessary to translate because that the translation contains the meaning of it without its exact form or it is self-evident. In other words, the omission is a method of leaving out some dispensable and redundant terms or words that break the rules of target language. But it does not mean deleting some words that is related to the main meaning of the text. In tourism translation, it is also a usual translation strategy on purpose of helping people greatly understanding the information include in the text.(Fang Mengzhi 2001:116)Particularly, omission is common to use in translation of Chinese literature for that Chinese is paratactic language and needs to first understand its meaning then express by English by general. In a Chinese sentence, there is rare to use obvious connected word like “and” and “or” and usual in the application of covert coherence. On the contrary, English is a type of explicit coherence and emphasize the form makers by which the grammatical meaning and logical relationships between words are expressed.

'''Example 1:'''

这里，山泉小溪蜿蜒曲折，流淌不息，以水显“幽”；这里，原始次生林郁郁葱葱，'''珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣'''。武陵源还是巨大的天然动植物园，栖息着许多古树、奇花、珍禽、异兽。（曹波 2016：98）

It is all the more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round. It is a wild land densely balnketed with primeval second growth. It has made a huge natural zoological and botanical garden sheltering numerous old trees, bizarre flowers, precious birds and rare animals.(Cao Bo 2016：98)

In this sentence, “珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣” is free translated and among them the Chinese word “野” is not showed by an exact word. This word means a wild, uncultivated and unrestrained condition. The reason why “野” is omitted is that the whole sentence is expressing the wild life by such words as “more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round” “a wild land” and “primeval second growth” . The omission of this word does not influence the meaning of the whole sentence and readers can still be able to feel a picture of wild life.

'''Example 2:'''

第三大景区天子山自然保护区为武陵山脉中心台地，居高临下，东西南北四面均可观景。这里视野开阔，奇峰耸立，云遮雾绕，'''气象万千'''。（曹波 2016：98）

The Son of Heaven Mountain Nature Reserve, the third section, is a tableland in the Wuling Mountains, high enough for tourists to watch scenes in all directions. It provides a broad view of the surrounding grotesque peaks veiled in lingering clouds and mists.(Cao Bo 2016：98)

=== Carrying forward Chinese Culture in Intercultural Communication ===

==== The Relationships between Language, Culture and Translation ====

Language is a really special part of culture. Firstly, it provides basis to the culture and through it culture can be remained and pass to next generation. Then language directly truthfully reflexed culture. So as Wang Zuoliang said after realizing social culture in a language one can really grasp it.（Fang Mengzhi，2011）

The functions of translation lie on human communication, information exchanges, business etc. Among them, cultural commission is a considerably important part. Zheng Liuyi（2012）mentioned that culture is a complicated system in which all kinds of aspects in human life are involved. If we regard that the culture system is comprised by many small systems in which language is the most important systema and bear the feature of relative independence. As a matter of fact, language plays an irreplaceable role in cultural construction, commission, communication between different cultures, creation etc. Meanwhile, diverse cultural traits tend to contribute to different language features. In other words, culture is significance of language as the assertion of the famous linguist Saussure “any literal language is production of language and finally it will separate from the range of nature or spoken language.” Besides, as cultural symbols language is a part of process of cultural creation, which is vividly expressed in some cultural loss phenomena like untranslatability and undertranslation.（Zheng Liuyi 2012）

In intercultural communicaton, a translator should first emphasize function of tranlation of cultual exchanges and pay attention to the cultural gap between differnet language. Especially in the process of golibalization, cultural invasion has become a common and natural phenomenon, which makes Chinese traditional culture be negelected by people particularly in young people. Therefore, taking Chinese culture as a translator's responsibility is an important and emergent thought change.

==== Some Potential Problems in Translation of Chinese Tourism Texts ====

本文在分析文化负载词的翻译时，发现目前张家界许多景点的官方网页在外宣方面投入甚少，网页建设不足，版面设计单一，逻辑性不强，来源老旧，翻译方面的问题也存在不少，总体看来表现在以下几个方面：
一、机器翻译痕迹严重；一些旅游网站看似外宣工作做的面面俱到，内容都依靠机器翻译，出现诸如将“腰子寨”译为“Kidney village”,将“一夫当关，万夫莫开”译为“When Kazuo, Fumo opens”,再如将“妙峰连绵”译为“ Miao Feng mountain”等令人贻笑大方的翻译。

二、旅游翻译的方法亟待提升；一些旅游翻译的准确性不高，译文内容肤浅，不深入,成形后的内容理解起来较为困难，究其原因还是，在英汉语言对比方面的研究不足,没有形成系统的旅游翻译体系。

三、弘扬中国文化的意识不强。旅游翻译与文化传播直接相关，是跨文化交际研究的重点，一些翻译虽然做到了传统意义上的“信”，但是并没有深入展现中华文化，译文一味追求直译，少了文化思考。目前，文化建设与弘扬是我国发展的重点，外语工作不应该在像之前一样追求引入新文化，而是应该多在本土文化上做文章。在旅游翻译中，我们应该考虑的是如何充分凸显我国文化，建立文化自信，我们的目的是使外国游客体验、感悟、探索当地文化。

跨文化交际中，翻译根本目的在于语言和文化交流。首先应该保证意思准确，不能歪曲文化词汇的词意，在文化负载词的理解上应结合文化来理解，所以要求译者本身要有良好的中文素养；其次，保证简单、清晰。旅游文本的翻译应该简单明了，让游客一目了然，很快能够抓住中心；在把握住这两方面的基础上，再同时兼顾其中的文化和美学表达。

In the process of analyzing the translation of culture-loaded words, this paper finds now many websites of scene spots spend few in foreign publicity with some problems in lacking establishment of website, simple layout, logical weakness, old sources. And there are many problems in the translation mainly in the following aspects:

Firstly, the indication od machine translation is obvious. Some tourism websites seem to cover all the facets in external publicity, but in actual fact its contents depend on machine translation even making ridiculous errors like translating “腰子寨”(Yao Zi village) into “Kidney village”, “一夫当关，万夫莫开”（One man can hold out against ten thousand）into “When Kazuo, Fumo opens” and “the undulating mountains” into “Miao Feng mountain”.
Then the methods of tourism translation need to strengthen. Some translation lack accuracy, leading to superficial contents and difficulties to understand. The reasons for these problems are that lacking the comparisons between English and Chinese and system structure of tourism translation.

Finally is the consciousness of carrying forward Chinese culture is weak. Tourism translation is directly relative to cultural transmission and has been focus in cross-cultural communication. Some of them exactly are in accordance with “faithfulness” -- the traditional translation standard, but devoid of deeply expressing Chinese culture and just blindly doing literal translation without reflections on culture. In current, cultural construction and promoting are the main point of China’s development, so the tasks related to foreign language should not pursue to introduce diverse culture and making an issue of carrying on domesticate culture. In translation of tourism texts, a translator should consider how to emphasize Chinese culture and build cultural confidence, aiming to making foreign tourists experience, understand and explore local culture.

In cross-communication, the fundamental aim of translation is language and cultural exchanges. The first is keeping the meaning accurate without misunderstanding the meaning of cultural words. Translators should grasp the meaning of a culture-loaded term combining with the native culture, which requires their Chinese literary at a high level. Secondly, keeping clear and simple. The translation of tourism should be so brief and clear that people can grasp the key point at a glance; then based on the two aspects, giving consideration to cultural transmission and aesthetic expression.

=== Conclusion ===

我们的时代是全球化时代。跨文化交际已经成为这个时代的一个突出特征。L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的人类交际经历了五个阶段，第五个阶段为跨文化交际，我们现正处于这第五个阶段。（胡文仲 1999：2）。有鉴于此，我们不但应该了解全球的文化，还应该让中国文化走向世界。中国已经成为全世界最大的旅游目的地国之一。而旅游实则是一种非常典型的文化活动，一种非常典型的跨文化交际。（陈刚 2004：324）

文化负载词承载着当地的深厚文化和历史底蕴，在翻译时应当仔细斟酌，译者应多方面考虑，对于英语中有对应项，直接采用英语对应词不折损文化传递的词可以进行采用直译；没有对应项目时，可以采取音译和引申，这主要应用于一些特色的地名；难以直译时，考虑结合语境综合理解文化负载词，表达其中的意思，对于无关词项可以省略。无论采取哪一种翻译方法，译者均应综合考虑语言、文化和跨文化交际，保持中国自信，以弘扬中国文化为最终目的。

本文从跨文化交际出发，浅析文化负载词的英汉翻译策略，虽在论证方面仍有诸多不足，主要由于学术经验不足，表达还有欠缺，研究结果比较肤浅，但仍期望对我国旅游翻译建设提供些许帮助。笔者也将不断提升自己的翻译能力和学术能力，积累经验，期望能为我国跨文化研究和旅游翻译研究提供更多有建设性的帮助。

Today is a globalization time whose distinct characteristic is intercultural communication. L.S. Harms belives that the communication between huamans has experienced five stages in which the fifth one is cross-cultural communication we are in now.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2). On this basis, we should realiza the other cuture all over the word as well as carrying on Chinese culture to the world. China has become one of the biggest tourists' destination in the world,and tourism is a really typical cultural activity and a intercultual communication activity.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2)(Chen Gang 2004:324)

Culture-loaded words bear an abundance of historical and cultural represents. In the process of translation, a translator should carefully consider in the choice of word. If there is a correspondent term in English and using it without influences to cultural expression; if there is no correspondent terms, transliteration and amplification is appropriate especially in application of translation of some characteristic place name; if there are difficulties to literal translation, it is necessary to comprehensively understand culture-loaded words under the relative context, just expressing the meaning of them and sometimes leaving out some irrelevant words. However, no matter which strategy is adopted, all translators should deeply consider three aspects of language, culture and cross-cultural communication, keeping China’s confidence and taking carrying forward Chinese culture as the destination. And what a translator should have done is functional equivalence in the tanslation of cutual words as the proposition of Nida(2001:97).

This paper briefly analyzes the strategies of translation between English and Chinese from the perspective of intercultural communication. There are so many limitations mainly in inadequate research experience, deficient expression and superficial research results, but the author still hopes to provide some help. If it is possible, the author will consistently enhance the ability of translation and research and accumulate experience, looking forward to contribute more constructive and effective tactics in intercultural communication and tourism translation.

=== References ===

Caobo 曹波(2016). 湖南旅游[M] A Tour of Hunan. 长沙：湖南师范大学出版社Changsha:Hunan Normal University Press,94.

Chengang 陈刚(2004). 旅游翻译与涉外导游[M]Tourism Translaton and Guide-interpreter. 中国对外翻译出版公司 China International Translation and Interpreting Press.

Dou Peixiang 窦培祥(2019). 目的论视角下旅游文本文化负载词翻译策略研究[J]On Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourist Text from the Perspective of Skopos Theory.济南大学 Jinan University.

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之(2011). 译学大辞典[M] A Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海：上海外语教育出版社Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Hu Wenzhong 胡文仲(1999). 跨文化交际学概论[M] A General Introduction to Intercultural Communication. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Xiang, Chunyan.(2016): 69-74. "On Translation Strategies of Chinese Culture-Loaded Words."[J] Canadian Social Science 12.6 .

Newmark,P.(2001). Approaches to translation.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Nida, E. A. (1993). Language, culture and translating.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Venuti, Lawrence.1995. ''The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. ''[M]London and New York: Routledge.

Zheng Liuyi郑柳依(2012). 从翻译中的“文化流失”论语言与文化的关系[J] Discussion on the Relationships between Language and Culture from the “Loss of Culture” in Translation.中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (humanistic and social science), 32(06).

Written by---[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Cult Load Words EN 6

2021-12-14T03:22:40Z

Du Lina: /* Literal Translation */

=Chapter 6:On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Text from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplifies by Zhangjiajie=
''' 跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译翻译研究--以张家界为例'''

杜莉娜 Du Lina, Hunan Normal University, China

=== Abstract ===
Culture-loaded words are special in vocabulary for all kinds of language. Being different from general words, the strong local traits of these words are concealed behind the language form, which leads to the untranslatability and difficulties of translating. The translation of culture-loaded words is a big challenge for a translator since he/she needs to master both the source language and the target language as well as be familiar with the local culture. The translator needs to keep the translation accurate and advoids to lose cultural identities of a term. A study of translating culture-loaded from an international communication perspective is practical for that taking communication as purpose it focuses on culture behind a language and tries to find an alternative expression, which makes the recievers fully understand the target language and its culture. In the light of intercultural communication, this paper takes tourism texts published in the official site of Zhangjiajie as example to analyze the translation principles and strategies of culture-loaded in tourism texts, deeply discussing some problems in the translation of tourism texts and providing some practical solutions for it.

=== Key Words ===
Intercultural Communication; Tourism;Culture-loaded words;Translation

=== 摘要 ===
对于任何一种语言来说，文化负载词都是词汇中一种特殊存在形式。与普通词汇不同，它借用语言外形将自己浓厚的当地色彩包裹起来，使其不可译或难以翻译。文化负载词的翻译是对译者对源语和译入语精通度和当地文化熟悉度的一种高挑战，这不仅需要译者考虑翻译的准确性，还不能丧失词汇本身的文化烙印。从跨文化交际的角度来翻译文化负载词不失为一种可行的办法，跨文化交际以交际为目的，注重保留语言的文化性，试图找到一种合适的替代性表达让语言接受者完全理解源语言以及其背后的文化因素。本文从跨文化交际角度出发，以张家界旅游官网公布的旅游文本为例，分析其中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，进而分析旅游文本翻译存在的某些问题，并提供一些较为可行的解决办法。

=== 关键词 ===
跨文化交际，旅游，文化负载词，翻译

=== Introduction ===
中华上下五千年，文化源远流长。随着中国综合国力不断提高，中国在世界上的地位举足轻重，从一带一路、和平共处五项原则到中国特色社会主义无一不体现着儒家、道家哲学思想，因此，在当今的文化交流中，保留中华火种、弘扬中国文化是非常必要的。文化负载词翻译研究便是一种重要的本土文化保护方式。文化负载词指那些富有一定文化背景或者深刻文化意蕴的词语，在一定的历史阶段沉淀后，产生的带有文化性质的词语、谚语、典故、特殊的人物名称的表达，除此之外，它还包括现行的熟语和习语（方梦之 2011：297）。

New Mark（2001：95）将文化负载词分为生态学、物质文化、社会文化、社会、政治、经济、行政机构以及声势语言学这几类。由此可见，文化负载词涉及范围广泛，且随着时间的推移层出不穷，语言交流中这类词语也是最能体现某一社会文化信息、社会价值以及反映本土生活的表达。旅游文本涉及的文化词语范围广泛，从山川河流、博物馆、建筑、特色美食到动植物应有尽有，为文化负载词的研究提供了丰富且合适的资源。他国人了解本国文化时采用的最直接的方式便是旅游，我国山川壮阔、风景秀丽、美食众多，各国游客慕名前来。在中国，基本上各大景点都设有英文翻译，目前，多数景点也已设日文、韩文等翻译。它不仅是文化负载词研究的重点语料，也是跨文化交际的重要途径，因为它塑造了他国对我国文化的第一印象，在弘扬我国文化方面发挥着重要作用。因此，旅游文本的重要性可见一斑。本文选用跨文化交际为视角来分析旅游文本中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，以此来看语言、文化和翻译之间的相互关系。

Chinese culture runs a long history about 5,000 years. With the overall national strength is improving, China plays an important role in the whole world. Confucianism and Taoism is embodied in such political ideas as Belt and Road Initiative, Five Principles of Peaceful Coeixstence, socialism with Chinese characteristics and so on. Therefore, it is quite necessary to preserve Chinese culture heritage and carry forward Chinese culture in the current culture communication. Research on translation of culture-loaded words is such a important way culture topromote the indigenous cultrue. Culture-loaded words refers to some items that implies cultural background and connotations, and passing through the long-term historical precipitation these expression with culture character like words, proverbs, allusions and name of special figures have been produced. And the existing common phrases and idioms are part of culture-loaded words( Fang Mengzhi 2011:297).

New Mark (2001：95)classified culture-loaded words as all kinds of types in ecology, material culture, social culture, society, politics, economy, administrative institutions and gesture. It is therefore of wide range of cultural expression, and these items have emerged endlessly with the changes of the times.In the communication, these words can best embody cultural information and social values and reflect the social life of human.Tourism texts relate to a variety of areas among mountains and rivers, museums, architecture,delicious food, animals and plants, which provide abundant and propor data for reaserch on culture-loaded words. The most direct way to realize domestic culture is travel for foreigners. Especially, there are magnificent mountains and rivers, splendid scenery and numerous delicious food, attracting many travelers around the whole world. In China, scenic spots essentially provide English translation, and now many of them also have Japanese, Korean and others translation. Tourism is crucial in making the first Chinese impression to foreigners and carrying on Chinese culture. It is the key language data in studying culture-loaded words as well as the critical way in cross-communication.So the importance of tourism texts is obvious. This paper chooses the intercultural communication perspective to analyze the English translation principles and strategies in tourism texts, deeply discussing the interrelations among language, culture and translation. (New Mark 2001：95)

===Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts ===
由于这类词背景的复杂性，此类翻译对译者来说也并非易事，这是对译者对两种语言精通程度的考验，同时也是对两种文化认识程度的考验，这两方面缺一便会误导读者对该文化的误解。一般在文化类词语的翻译上，主要采取的两种翻译策略是韦努蒂的异化译法和归化译法。异化翻译，又称 “小众化翻译”或 “少数化翻译”，指的生成目标文本时会通过保留原文中某些异国情调的东西来故意打破目的语惯例的翻译类型（方梦之2001:96），即 “译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近”。归化译法指的是译者采用透明、流畅的风格，以最大限度地淡化目的语读者对外来文本的陌生感（Venuti 1995:20）。

Given the complexity of backgrounds of these words, the translation of them is not easy for translators who probably face challenges of well mastering two languages as well as understanding two cultures. Readers may misunderstand the text without one of the two aspects. Generally, two main strategies are foreignization and domestication put forward by Lawrence Venuti(1995) are employed in the translation of words containing culture. Foreignization translation also called “minoritizing translation” refers to a translation type that in producing the target texts one keeps some exotic information of the original texts to deliberately break the conventions of the target language(Fang Mengzhi 2001:96), so that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the readers towards them. Domesticating translation refers to the style of transparency and fluency, and the translator makes effort to reduce readers’ strange feeling to foreign texts（Venuti 1995:20）.
===== Foreignizatiom Strategy=====
对于文化负载词的异化译法，大体来说采取三种方式—直译、音译、引申义。源语中某些文化性词语在符合语言条件的基础上可以直接翻译；当目标语中缺少某一文化词语的对应项，且直译又难以充分揭示这类词包含的文化意义时，可以采取音译；如直译和音译都行不通，可以引申其意义。异化翻译是跨文化交际的主要手段之一，让读者接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，这对弘扬本国传统文化大有益处。

In the foreignization strategy, three ways of literal translation, transliteration, amplification are broadly used. Under the rules of language, some culture-loaded words in the source language can be translated literally; when no corresponding words existing in the target language, literal translation cannot fully reveal the information of culture that contained in the words of the source language, so transliteration might be taken; if both literal translation and transliteration does not work, amplifying the meaning of a culture-loaded word is also feasible. Foreignization is one of main methods of intercultural communication and makes people accept diverse language and culture and integrate into exotic situation, greatly contributing to carry forward Chinese traditional culture.
====== Literal Translation ======
文化负载词的直译并不是字对字的翻译，而是在符合目的语语言规则的情况下，保留源语的语言结构，表达目的语的文化信息，这种方法一方面可以创造出目的语读者读得懂的译文，另一方面又不至于失去源语的文化背景。

The literal translation of culture-loaded words is not word-for word translation, but keeping the language structure of the source language and expressing the cultural information under the language rules of the target language. It can not only create an understandable translation for reader of the target language but not lose the cultural background of the source language.

'''Example 1''':
因“狮”和“石”在普通话中同音，故'''黄狮寨'''又叫'''黄石寨'''。相传这一名字因张良师傅黄石公曾到此炼丹而得名。
'''the Yellow Stone (Huangshi) Village''' since the two words pronounce the same in Mandarin. According to the legend, it was named after Huang Shigong, the teacher of Zhang Liang, who made alchemy here.

类似“黄狮寨”的地点名称一般有两种翻译，可以将其音译为“Huangshi Village”,也可以直译为“Yellow Lion Village”。虽然大多数情况下取第二种译法，但考虑到黄狮寨的特殊纪念意义，译为“Huangshi village”更好，如按照官网使人译为“Yellow Lion village”可能会误导游客，联想到此处有狮子存在等，这样一来便失去了黄狮寨特殊的文化背景。

In general, there are two types of method for the place name like “黄狮寨” ——transliterated as Huangshi Village or literally translated as Yellow Lion Village. Though the latter is common in most cases, given the special commemorative significance of it, “Huangshi village” is better than “Yellow Lion village” for that the latter could mislead tourists and make them imagine the existence of lions, which loses the cultural background.

'''Example 2:'''

'''敲敲酒'''，因其有趣的名字和特别的盛酒容器而出名，其色泽清亮微黄，保存在竹筒中，入口清新甘甜。

'''Qiaoqiao Wine''', or '''knock wine''', gains its popularity by its interesting name and its unique vessel. The yellowish wine, preserved in a bamboo tube, is lustrously clear, and tastes fresh and sweet.

张家界特产敲敲酒又叫竹筒酒，在喝之前，先要在竹筒顶端敲一个洞，是一种非常独特的启酒方式，因敲击次数的不同拥有不同的寓意。因为其特别的饮法，“Qiaoqiao Wine”或者“knock wine”两种译法都是可取的,都会引起观者强烈的好奇心。此外，也可以将直译和音译相结合，互作解释。

Qiaoqiao Wine, also called bamboo tube wine, is a specialty in Zhangjiajie. This wine is known as its special drinking way of knocking a hole in the bamboo tube before drinking, and the knock times for it connote different implied meaning. Because its distinctive way of drinking, both Qiaoqiao Wine” and “knock wine” are reasonable and easily able to arouse people’s curiosity. And literal translation and transliteration can be combined and give explanation for each other.

'''Example 3:'''

往东，沿'''金鞭溪'''而下，可达'''索溪谷'''，往北可上'''天子山'''。(曹波 2016：95)

Strolling eastward down '''the Golden Whip Stream''', sightseers can get to '''the Suo Stream Valley'''; and northward, '''the Son of Heaven Mountain'''.（Cao Bo 2016：95）

此处“金鞭溪”“索溪谷”和“天子山”都是直接翻译，“金鞭溪”因其流经“金鞭岩”而得名，“金鞭岩”因形状如浑然天成的长鞭而得名；“索溪谷”因溪水如绳索而得名；而“天子山”因史上有土家族领袖向王（名大坤）自称天子而得名。这三个词均蕴含特殊意义，直译比音译更能体现其意义，所以此处的“索溪谷”和其它两个词一样直译为“Rope Stream Valley”更好。

In this sentence, “索溪谷”和 “天子山” are translated literally. “金鞭溪”gains its name for that it passes through the Golden Whip Rock; “索溪谷”for its shape like a natural long whip; “天子山” for a leader of Tujia (whose name is Da Kun) called himself a Son of Heaven. All the three words imply special meaning and literal translation of them can be able to embody its meaning. So “索溪谷” should literally translate as“Rope Stream Valley”like the others.

====== Transliteration ======
音译, 也叫“转写”，即用一种文字符号（如拉丁字母）来表示另一种文字系统的文字符号（如汉字）的过程或结果。当源语和目的语之间差异很大、存在语义空白的情况下，翻译不可能直接从形式或语义入手，此时，音译时主要的翻译手段。(方梦之 2001:101) 音译加注是旅游翻译中专业名词翻译的常用方法，虽然音译可以保留源语言中的文化因素，但并不能让目的语读者真正理解，所以音译加注的方法很好解决了这个问题，创造出目的语读者可接受的译文。（Xiang Chunyan 2016）

Transliteration, also called “transcription”, refers to a process or result that use letter symbols of one language system (like Latin letter) to express those of another language system. When there is distinct difference and semantic gap between the original language and the target language, it is impossible to directly translate in form or meaning, then transliteration is the principal translation method.(Fang Mengzhi 2001:101) Especially, transliteration plus a note is a common method in transliteration of proper noun in tourism translation. Though transliteration can keep the original form of the source language, it can not take the target reader comprehend the cultural connotations or images in the osurce culture. Therefore, a note added to the transliterated word can provide lots of important information to get the translated text better accepted by the target reader.(Xiang Chunyan 2016)

'''Example 1:'''

（1）'''普光寺（普光禅寺）'''坐落在张家界永定区城东部，前有天门山、澧水河，后有福德山（即今子五台）。

'''Puguang Temple (Puguang Zen Temple)''' is located in the east of Yongding District behind Tianmen Mountain, and in front of Fude Mountain (present-day Ziwu Terrace).

（2）除了这些天然景区，张家界还有两处省级重点保护文物单位的人文旅游景观：玉皇洞和普光禅寺。(曹波 2016：97)

In addition to these scenic areas created by nature, Zhangjiajie is in possession of two artificial touris destinations: the Jade Emperor’s Grottoes and '''the Universal Light Zen Temple'''.（Cao Bo 2016:97）

对于“普光寺”的翻译，张家界旅游官网和曹波（2016：97）译文不同，前者是音译，后者是直译。光绪三十二年（公元1906年）侯昌铨编撰的《湖南永定县乡土志》记载：“迤东有普光寺，明永乐十一年(公元1413年，农历癸已年)指挥史雍简建，本朝(按：指清朝)雍正十一年（公元1733年，农历癸丑年）协镇史城重修。寺有白羊石，雍简建寺时，见白羊满山，逐之入土，掘之见石，其下有窖金。遂发之，以金修寺，寺成入奏，赐名普光石。”《续修永定县》也有相似记载。由史料可知，普光寺历史深远，历经多代重修，其得名主要是因为寺中曾发现金子，但是光靠名字来展现其复杂的历史由来，或许有些困难。而且，当地人熟知且常用的还是“普光寺”，故使用音译更恰当。

In the translation of “普光寺”, there are different between the official webside of Zhangjiajie and Cao Bo（2016:97）, and former is transliteration and latter literal translation.According to the record of the thirty-second year of Guangxu Emperor(1906 AD) in ''Hunan Yong Ding County Annals'' edited by Hou Changquan, there is a temple called Puguang Temple in the east and was built by commander Yong Jain in the eleventh year of Yongle of Ming dynasty(1413 AD). Now(note: referring to Qing dynasty) the eleventh year of Yongzheng(1722 AD) sent Zhen Shicheng rebuild it. White sheep stone was discovered to have been standed in the temple. When Yongjian build the temple, he found flocks of white sheep was strolling all over the field. Then he gave orders to dig that field and found a cellar filling of gold behind some stone. So the temple was accomplished by using those gold, and stones were granted name of Puguang Stone after reporting to the emperor. Another record of ''Rebuilding Yongdin County Annals'' also descibes it similarly. Therefore, the temple has a long history and been rebuilt by many dybasties. The origin of its name is the discovery of gold in it, but it may be difficult to express its complex history only by a name. And the local people are more familiar with “Puguang Temple” than “General Light Zen Temple”, so the former is appropriate.

'''Example 2:'''

位于张家界市永定区罗塔坪乡的景点'''锅灶天坑'''气势磅礴、宏伟壮观。锅灶天坑从空中俯瞰是巨型天坑，形状宛如土家族的锅灶。地面上有一座天生桥，其形状宛若“灶门”。

There is a magnificent and spectacular tourist spot named '''Guozao Tiankeng''' in Luotaping Township, Yongding District, Zhangjiajie City. Viewed from above, it looks like a Tujia stove lying on the ground in a prone position. There is also a natural bridge on the ground assembling a stove door.

这里提到的“锅灶”是仅为中国文化所有的烹饪工具，这里采用音译法是完全可以的。“天坑”是一种地理现象，这里可以直接使用通常译法“Tiankeng”。

The mentioned cookstove is a unique cuisine tool for Chinese culture, so the transliteration of it is entirely appropriate. And “Tiankeng” is one of geographic phenomenon, here can be transliterated by the common translation “Tiankeng”.

====== Amplification ======
Amplification refers to the addition of some necessary information including words, phrases or sentences in target texts so as to supplement the connotations of source language. China is a great country with vast territory and splendid civilization. Sometimes, it is hard for western tourists to understand the applied cultural meanings in tourist attraction. For this reason, translators can add some words, phrased or sentences to make the English tourist texts more understandable and meet the reading habits of target language readers.（Dou Peixiang 2019）

'''Example 1:'''

'''茅岩藤茶'''又叫长寿茶、魔法茶，味道独特，入喉有甜味，其藤条表面富含丰富的蛋白霜。

'''Maoyan vine tea''' is also called longevity vine and magic tea. It has a unique taste and a sweet aftertaste. The vine is covered by a layer of natural “meringue”.

长寿藤茶的实际是张家界盛产的一种草本叫茅岩莓的藤叶，茅岩莓并非茶科，因表面有一层天然白霜俗称霉茶，因霉字不吉利故谐音莓茶。此处，如果直接按照当地叫法将其直接译为“longevity tea”也并非不可，但如果引申译为 “ Maoyan vine tea”并注解 “longevity tea”一方面可以凸显出当地特色植物茅岩莓，另一方面又可以用“长寿”来引起游客的兴趣。

The longevity tea is actually vine of a herb called congongrass cliff berry. Not belonging to the theaceae, it is known as “霉茶”(mildewed tea) and commonly use it homophone“莓茶” (berry tea) for the unlucky pronunciation of the former. The translation of “longevity tea” is acceptable, but if the tea is amplified as “Maoyan vine tea” with annotation “longevity tea”, it can able to highlight the local characteristic plant as well as attract tourists by the word “longevity”.

'''Example 2:'''

'''老院子'''引位于湖南张家界市城中心，鹭鸶湾大桥附近，展现了丰富的傩文化（一种驱瘟避疫、祭神跳鬼的祭祀活动）。

'''Tian’s Old Courtyard''' is located in the center of the city and close to Luyuwan Bridge, which is the witness of Nuo culture (a type of sacrificial and magical ritual held to expel evil spirits and pestilence).

所谓老院子是田氏族人的祖居，当地人通常称之为老院子，在翻译时，将这种隐藏信息展现出来有助于游客快速理解老院子的文化信息。

The so called Old Courtyard is ancestral home of Tians, and the local people call it the Old Courtyard. Expressing the implied meaning of Tians and Nuo Culture helps tourists quickly grasp the cultural information of it.

===== Domestication Strategy=====
文化负载词的归化译法主要采取意译和省略两种方法，这两种方法并不是绝对的将原词中每一项都包含在译文中，只是在整体理解词意的基础上，将整个词语的意思翻译出来，而对于一些对整体意思没有太大影响的部分可以选择删去。这种译法主要是站在读者的角度来考虑的，目的是使读者能清楚的理解原文的意思。这种方法在旅游翻译中常见，尤其中文中对一些景色的描述时会重复使用各种各样的成语和习语，在翻译时，应该综合考虑句意思，灵活运用意译和省略。

The domestication of the culture-loaded word mainly employed two types of method of free translation and omission. The two methods do not be used to rigidly translate every term of the source language into the target language, but to comprehensively understand the meaning of words and translate the basic meaning of them. Sometimes some parts that will not influence the whole meaning can be deleted. This strategy is in reader’s perspective and its aim to make them clearly know the meaning of original text. This is common to use in translation of tourism text especially in some Chinese text in which some repeated and diverse idioms and proverbs are used. Therefore, in translation the translator should entirely comprehend the meaning of the words or sentences and making flexible use of free translation and omission.

====== Free Translation ======
意译是与直译并列的主要译法之一。译文一致而形式不同谓之意译，即以原文形式为标准，译文表达形式上另辟蹊径。当译者需要改变形式才能忠实地再现原文内容时，就采用意译。(方梦之 2001:101)

As the main translation method paralleling with literal translation, free translation refers that the translation is consistent in meaning but different in form with original text, that is, taking the form of the original as standard the translator finds a new path in the expression of the translation. When he/she need to change form to truthfully reproduce the contents of the original text, the free translation is employed. (Fang Mengzhi 2001：101)

'''Example 1:'''

（张家界）这颗风景明珠'''“养在深闺人未识”'''，直到20世纪80年代才撩开神秘的面纱。（曹波 2016：95）

(Zhangjiajie)This jewel of scenery, '''“secluded in the innermost boudoir”''',remained unknown until the 1980’s. (Cao Bo 2016：95)

此处，“养在深闺无人识”在英语中并没有可以直接翻译的对应项目，意译是最好的方法。这里主要想体现张家界虽风景优美但一直以来都没有得到广泛关注，“闺房”表示女子的卧室，在英文中有“boudoir”这一对应词，那么“深闺”便可以译为“innermost boudoir”，综合理解整个句子后，可以省去“人未识”，意译为 “secluded in the innermost boudoir”。

In this sentence, there is no correspondent term of “养在深闺人未识” in English, and considering its length, it is also not convenient to transliterate. So the best translation method is free translation The purpose here is to express that Zhangjiajie has not been widely concerned though its scenery is beautiful. “闺房” refers to the living room of a lady and has a correspondent term “boudoir” in English, so “深闺”can be translated as “innermost boudoir”. After entirely understand the whole sentence and leaving out the repeated meaning contained in the part “人未识别”, it can be free translated as “seclude in the innermost boudoir”.

'''Example 2:'''

顺流而下二三里，'''至台地深谷洞子坊'''，两岸路人交谈容易握手难。（曹波 2016:97）

'''The Cavernous Lane''', a couple miles downstream, '''cuts deep into the upland''' and makes it impossible for social talkers on its banks to reach each other.(Cao Bo 2016:97)

In this sentence, “至台地深谷洞子坊” is free translated and makes “台地” become the subject of the whole sentence as well as “cuts deep into the upland” the object. The translation generally describes the Chinese tourism texts.

====== Omission ======
省略法与增词法相对，指原文有些词语不必译出，因为译文中虽无其词已有其意；或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是省去删去一些可有可无的词，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词，但省略并非把原文的思想内容删去。在旅游翻译中，省略也是一种常用的翻译策略，其主要目的是使游客更好地理解文本中蕴含的信息。(方梦之 2001：116)

Omission, contrary with addition, refers that some words in original text is not necessary to translate because that the translation contains the meaning of it without its exact form or it is self-evident. In other words, the omission is a method of leaving out some dispensable and redundant terms or words that break the rules of target language. But it does not mean deleting some words that is related to the main meaning of the text. In tourism translation, it is also a usual translation strategy on purpose of helping people greatly understanding the information include in the text.(Fang Mengzhi 2001:116)Particularly, omission is common to use in translation of Chinese literature for that Chinese is paratactic language and needs to first understand its meaning then express by English by general. In a Chinese sentence, there is rare to use obvious connected word like “and” and “or” and usual in the application of covert coherence. On the contrary, English is a type of explicit coherence and emphasize the form makers by which the grammatical meaning and logical relationships between words are expressed.

'''Example 1:'''

这里，山泉小溪蜿蜒曲折，流淌不息，以水显“幽”；这里，原始次生林郁郁葱葱，'''珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣'''。武陵源还是巨大的天然动植物园，栖息着许多古树、奇花、珍禽、异兽。（曹波 2016：98）

It is all the more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round. It is a wild land densely balnketed with primeval second growth. It has made a huge natural zoological and botanical garden sheltering numerous old trees, bizarre flowers, precious birds and rare animals.(Cao Bo 2016：98)

In this sentence, “珍稀动物繁衍生息，形态天成，充满“野”趣” is free translated and among them the Chinese word “野” is not showed by an exact word. This word means a wild, uncultivated and unrestrained condition. The reason why “野” is omitted is that the whole sentence is expressing the wild life by such words as “more tranquil with winding streams murmuring all year round” “a wild land” and “primeval second growth” . The omission of this word does not influence the meaning of the whole sentence and readers can still be able to feel a picture of wild life.

'''Example 2:'''

第三大景区天子山自然保护区为武陵山脉中心台地，居高临下，东西南北四面均可观景。这里视野开阔，奇峰耸立，云遮雾绕，'''气象万千'''。（曹波 2016：98）

The Son of Heaven Mountain Nature Reserve, the third section, is a tableland in the Wuling Mountains, high enough for tourists to watch scenes in all directions. It provides a broad view of the surrounding grotesque peaks veiled in lingering clouds and mists.(Cao Bo 2016：98)

=== Carrying forward Chinese Culture in Intercultural Communication ===

==== The Relationships between Language, Culture and Translation ====

Language is a really special part of culture. Firstly, it provides basis to the culture and through it culture can be remained and pass to next generation. Then language directly truthfully reflexed culture. So as Wang Zuoliang said after realizing social culture in a language one can really grasp it.（Fang Mengzhi，2011）

The functions of translation lie on human communication, information exchanges, business etc. Among them, cultural commission is a considerably important part. Zheng Liuyi（2012）mentioned that culture is a complicated system in which all kinds of aspects in human life are involved. If we regard that the culture system is comprised by many small systems in which language is the most important systema and bear the feature of relative independence. As a matter of fact, language plays an irreplaceable role in cultural construction, commission, communication between different cultures, creation etc. Meanwhile, diverse cultural traits tend to contribute to different language features. In other words, culture is significance of language as the assertion of the famous linguist Saussure “any literal language is production of language and finally it will separate from the range of nature or spoken language.” Besides, as cultural symbols language is a part of process of cultural creation, which is vividly expressed in some cultural loss phenomena like untranslatability and undertranslation.（Zheng Liuyi 2012）

In intercultural communicaton, a translator should first emphasize function of tranlation of cultual exchanges and pay attention to the cultural gap between differnet language. Especially in the process of golibalization, cultural invasion has become a common and natural phenomenon, which makes Chinese traditional culture be negelected by people particularly in young people. Therefore, taking Chinese culture as a translator's responsibility is an important and emergent thought change.

==== Some Potential Problems in Translation of Chinese Tourism Texts ====

本文在分析文化负载词的翻译时，发现目前张家界许多景点的官方网页在外宣方面投入甚少，网页建设不足，版面设计单一，逻辑性不强，来源老旧，翻译方面的问题也存在不少，总体看来表现在以下几个方面：
一、机器翻译痕迹严重；一些旅游网站看似外宣工作做的面面俱到，内容都依靠机器翻译，出现诸如将“腰子寨”译为“Kidney village”,将“一夫当关，万夫莫开”译为“When Kazuo, Fumo opens”,再如将“妙峰连绵”译为“ Miao Feng mountain”等令人贻笑大方的翻译。

二、旅游翻译的方法亟待提升；一些旅游翻译的准确性不高，译文内容肤浅，不深入,成形后的内容理解起来较为困难，究其原因还是，在英汉语言对比方面的研究不足,没有形成系统的旅游翻译体系。

三、弘扬中国文化的意识不强。旅游翻译与文化传播直接相关，是跨文化交际研究的重点，一些翻译虽然做到了传统意义上的“信”，但是并没有深入展现中华文化，译文一味追求直译，少了文化思考。目前，文化建设与弘扬是我国发展的重点，外语工作不应该在像之前一样追求引入新文化，而是应该多在本土文化上做文章。在旅游翻译中，我们应该考虑的是如何充分凸显我国文化，建立文化自信，我们的目的是使外国游客体验、感悟、探索当地文化。

跨文化交际中，翻译根本目的在于语言和文化交流。首先应该保证意思准确，不能歪曲文化词汇的词意，在文化负载词的理解上应结合文化来理解，所以要求译者本身要有良好的中文素养；其次，保证简单、清晰。旅游文本的翻译应该简单明了，让游客一目了然，很快能够抓住中心；在把握住这两方面的基础上，再同时兼顾其中的文化和美学表达。

In the process of analyzing the translation of culture-loaded words, this paper finds now many websites of scene spots spend few in foreign publicity with some problems in lacking establishment of website, simple layout, logical weakness, old sources. And there are many problems in the translation mainly in the following aspects:

Firstly, the indication od machine translation is obvious. Some tourism websites seem to cover all the facets in external publicity, but in actual fact its contents depend on machine translation even making ridiculous errors like translating “腰子寨”(Yao Zi village) into “Kidney village”, “一夫当关，万夫莫开”（One man can hold out against ten thousand）into “When Kazuo, Fumo opens” and “the undulating mountains” into “Miao Feng mountain”.
Then the methods of tourism translation need to strengthen. Some translation lack accuracy, leading to superficial contents and difficulties to understand. The reasons for these problems are that lacking the comparisons between English and Chinese and system structure of tourism translation.

Finally is the consciousness of carrying forward Chinese culture is weak. Tourism translation is directly relative to cultural transmission and has been focus in cross-cultural communication. Some of them exactly are in accordance with “faithfulness” -- the traditional translation standard, but devoid of deeply expressing Chinese culture and just blindly doing literal translation without reflections on culture. In current, cultural construction and promoting are the main point of China’s development, so the tasks related to foreign language should not pursue to introduce diverse culture and making an issue of carrying on domesticate culture. In translation of tourism texts, a translator should consider how to emphasize Chinese culture and build cultural confidence, aiming to making foreign tourists experience, understand and explore local culture.

In cross-communication, the fundamental aim of translation is language and cultural exchanges. The first is keeping the meaning accurate without misunderstanding the meaning of cultural words. Translators should grasp the meaning of a culture-loaded term combining with the native culture, which requires their Chinese literary at a high level. Secondly, keeping clear and simple. The translation of tourism should be so brief and clear that people can grasp the key point at a glance; then based on the two aspects, giving consideration to cultural transmission and aesthetic expression.

=== Conclusion ===

我们的时代是全球化时代。跨文化交际已经成为这个时代的一个突出特征。L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的人类交际经历了五个阶段，第五个阶段为跨文化交际，我们现正处于这第五个阶段。（胡文仲 1999：2）。有鉴于此，我们不但应该了解全球的文化，还应该让中国文化走向世界。中国已经成为全世界最大的旅游目的地国之一。而旅游实则是一种非常典型的文化活动，一种非常典型的跨文化交际。（陈刚 2004：324）

文化负载词承载着当地的深厚文化和历史底蕴，在翻译时应当仔细斟酌，译者应多方面考虑，对于英语中有对应项，直接采用英语对应词不折损文化传递的词可以进行采用直译；没有对应项目时，可以采取音译和引申，这主要应用于一些特色的地名；难以直译时，考虑结合语境综合理解文化负载词，表达其中的意思，对于无关词项可以省略。无论采取哪一种翻译方法，译者均应综合考虑语言、文化和跨文化交际，保持中国自信，以弘扬中国文化为最终目的。

本文从跨文化交际出发，浅析文化负载词的英汉翻译策略，虽在论证方面仍有诸多不足，主要由于学术经验不足，表达还有欠缺，研究结果比较肤浅，但仍期望对我国旅游翻译建设提供些许帮助。笔者也将不断提升自己的翻译能力和学术能力，积累经验，期望能为我国跨文化研究和旅游翻译研究提供更多有建设性的帮助。

Today is a globalization time whose distinct characteristic is intercultural communication. L.S. Harms belives that the communication between huamans has experienced five stages in which the fifth one is cross-cultural communication we are in now.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2). On this basis, we should realiza the other cuture all over the word as well as carrying on Chinese culture to the world. China has become one of the biggest tourists' destination in the world,and tourism is a really typical cultural activity and a intercultual communication activity.(Hu Wenzhong 1999:2)(Chen Gang 2004:324)

Culture-loaded words bear an abundance of historical and cultural represents. In the process of translation, a translator should carefully consider in the choice of word. If there is a correspondent term in English and using it without influences to cultural expression; if there is no correspondent terms, transliteration and amplification is appropriate especially in application of translation of some characteristic place name; if there are difficulties to literal translation, it is necessary to comprehensively understand culture-loaded words under the relative context, just expressing the meaning of them and sometimes leaving out some irrelevant words. However, no matter which strategy is adopted, all translators should deeply consider three aspects of language, culture and cross-cultural communication, keeping China’s confidence and taking carrying forward Chinese culture as the destination. And what a translator should have done is functional equivalence in the tanslation of cutual words as the proposition of Nida(2001:97).

This paper briefly analyzes the strategies of translation between English and Chinese from the perspective of intercultural communication. There are so many limitations mainly in inadequate research experience, deficient expression and superficial research results, but the author still hopes to provide some help. If it is possible, the author will consistently enhance the ability of translation and research and accumulate experience, looking forward to contribute more constructive and effective tactics in intercultural communication and tourism translation.

=== References ===

Caobo 曹波(2016). 湖南旅游[M] A Tour of Hunan. 长沙：湖南师范大学出版社Changsha:Hunan Normal University Press,94.

Chengang 陈刚(2004). 旅游翻译与涉外导游[M]Tourism Translaton and Guide-interpreter. 中国对外翻译出版公司 China International Translation and Interpreting Press.

Dou Peixiang 窦培祥(2019). 目的论视角下旅游文本文化负载词翻译策略研究[J]On Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourist Text from the Perspective of Skopos Theory.济南大学 Jinan University.

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之(2011). 译学大辞典[M] A Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海：上海外语教育出版社Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Hu Wenzhong 胡文仲(1999). 跨文化交际学概论[M] A General Introduction to Intercultural Communication. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Xiang, Chunyan.(2016): 69-74. "On Translation Strategies of Chinese Culture-Loaded Words."[J] Canadian Social Science 12.6 .

Newmark,P.(2001). Approaches to translation.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Nida, E. A. (1993). Language, culture and translating.[M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Venuti, Lawrence.1995. ''The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. ''[M]London and New York: Routledge.

Zheng Liuyi郑柳依(2012). 从翻译中的“文化流失”论语言与文化的关系[J] Discussion on the Relationships between Language and Culture from the “Loss of Culture” in Translation.中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (humanistic and social science), 32(06).

Written by---[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)