China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

User:Fang Xian

2025-12-28T14:39:34Z

Fang Xian: /* 6.现代化发展 */

Hello, my name is Fang Xian. I am from the Shizhong District of Leshan City, located in the picturesque province of Sichuan, China. My academic journey began at Leshan Normal University, where I completed my undergraduate studies. I majored in English and was fortunate to be part of an exceptional program known as the “Outstanding Teacher Training Class.”This foundational experience solidified my passion for the English language and education. At present，I am furthering my academic pursuits as a graduate student at Hunan Normal University. My focus is on English Translation and Interpreting, a field I am deeply enthusiastic about.

==Final Exam Paper==

===Leshan Giant Buddha===

====1. Introduction====

“The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.

====2. Construction history====

The Giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Kaiyuan (713) in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), which took 90 years to complete the whole construction. At the confluence of the three rivers (Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River) in ancient Leshan, the deep and rapid water and the turbulent waves, often engulfs boats and endanger the people. Zen Master Haitong was very unbearable when he saw the ship crashing and people dying. In order to reduce flood damage and purify all living beings, he decided to carve a statue by the river, hoping that the Buddha could control the water monster (Wu Ruowen, 2014). After 20 years of begging, he recruited manpower and material resources to build and chisel the Buddha. During the process of building and chiseling the Buddha statue, Zen Master Haitong encountered numerous obstacles. Legend has it one day, upon hearing of Zen Master Haitong’s wealth, the official of Jiazhou arrived with a group of followers to demand it. Facing the threat, Zen Master Haitong showed no fear and firmly refused, saying, “Even my eyes can be gouged out, the funds for the Buddha is hard to obtain.” Haitong’s pride and contempt enraged the greedy official, he couldn’t believe that anyone would have the courage to gouge out his own eyes. Then, the official became furious and said, “ Then show me gouging out your eyes!” Facing this shameless official, Zen Master Haitong sat cross-legged with dignity, took a bronze plate, and without hesitation gouged out one of his eyes, silently presenting it to the official. The official was struck with terror and fled down the mountain in panic. Zen Master Haitong’s selfless sacrifice and noble spirit moved heaven and earth, and further inspired people’s determination to complete the construction of the Buddha. When building the shoulders of Giant Buddha, however, Zen Master Haitong passed away. After Haitong’s death, the chiseling work was interrupted for a time. Years later, thanks to donations from several government officials and taxes ordered by the court, Haitong’s apprentices led craftsmen to continue building the Buddha. With the efforts of three generations of craftsmen, it took 90 years to complete the construction of the Giant Buddha (Daisy, 2016).

====3. Design features====

The Giant Buddha is sitting in the open air, and the weather of Leshan is humid. However, the Giant Buddha has been preserved so well under such natural conditions. The secret lies in its ingenious design. There is a delicate and invisible drainage system which played an important role in protecting the Giant Buddha from corrosion. Among the 18 layers spiral coils on the Buddha head, the 4th layer, the 9th layer and 18th layer have one cross drainage; the drainage from the left side in front of the chest is connecting to the back drainage of the right arm; there are caves on the back side (the side near the mountain) connecting the two ears. These caves and drainage have composed the scientific drainage, moisture proof and ventilation system. Besides, the local government will renovate the Giant Buddha statue irregularly to restore the broken parts, clean the Buddha, change materials, and eliminate safety risks.

====4. Cultural value====

As the cultural heritage in the world, the Leshan Giant Buddha has religious and cultural value, historical and cultural value, and artistic and cultural value. As one of the symbols of Buddhism, Leshan Giant Buddha is also regarded as one of the carriers of Buddhist culture. Buddhism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The existence of Leshan Giant Buddha has played a positive role in promoting the spread and promotion of Buddhism. The construction of Leshan Giant Buddha lasted for nearly one hundred years, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of ancient Chinese laborers. Leshan Giant Buddha symbolizes the superb skills and loyalty to faith of ancient Chinese craftsmen, and is one of the important cultural heritages of Chinese traditional culture. Leshan Giant Buddha, as one of the exemplary stone cave art in China, has high artistic value in terms of its carving techniques and scale. From the carving feature of Leshan Giant Buddha, one can see the superb techniques and unique expression forms of ancient Chinese stone cave art, which is a precious heritage of stone cave art.

====5. Mysterious legends about the Giant Buddha====

According to legend, the Leshan Giant Buddha cried in 1962, 1963, and 1976 but showed happiness in 1994, 2001, and 2002. In 1962, there was a natural disaster that lasted for two years. Millions of people died of starvation and many babies were seen floating in the Min River. The Buddha could not bear to see such tragedy. The Buddha closed eyes in pain and wept silently. In 1963, The Buddha closed eyes again at the start of the Cultural Revolution. In 1976, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De (three Chinese leaders) all died in 1976. The Tangshan earthquake also caused hundreds of thousands of casualties in the same year. The Buddha was angry about this unfair and dark world. In 1994, despite grieving due to people’s lack of faith and being worried for mankind, the Buddha’s sadness turned to a smile as the Buddha realized that hope was on the way. In 2001, China successfully joined the WTO and won the bid to host the Beijing Olympic Games. The light around the Leshan Giant Buddha’s head showed his happiness for China. In 2002, in the sky above the sculpture, where the dark clouds had not yet faded, there was a sudden halo phenomenon. This was thought to be Buddha’s light.

Actually, as the local people, I have heard of the mysterious legends about the Buddha since my childhood. Although this beautiful imagination reflects the Buddha’s sublime status in our hearts, we understand that it is all just a legend. As a matter of fact, the Buddha shed tears because it was contaminated. The Buddha closing its eyes is a typical manifestation of “black shell” effect caused by acid rain. The eyelids of the Buddha turned black, and many parts of the surface layer peeled off, resulting in the visual effect of the Buddha closing its eyes. The Buddha’s light is a natural phenomenon of light as well, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and mists. Due to the high requirements for its formation, it is relatively rare.

====6. Modern development====

In order to better protect the Leshan Giant Buddha, the local government have successively issued a series of regulations to strengthen the management of the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area. Furthermore, it set a goal of “attract more attention to the Leshan Giant Buddha and help young people rediscover its culture”. Today, the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area not only boasts pavilions, terraces, trees, and flowers, but also unique cultural and creative products that captivate visitors.

In recent years, The local government of Leshan has adhered to the principle of promoting tourism through culture and vice versa, combining heritage display with revitalization. The scenic area has launched a series of cultural and creative products such as “Memories of the Giant Buddha” and “Lingyun Gifts”, developed six high-quality study tours on World Cultural and Natural Heritage, created the VR immersive experience project “Lingyun Exploration”, and planned and launched a series of activities such as, “Leshan Giant Buddha Spring Festival Carnival” and “Winter Tour of the Giant Buddha, Enjoy Jiazhou”. It has also promoted the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha Digital Experience Center, contributing to Leshan’s development into a globally renowned world-class tourist destination and attracting numerous domestic and international tourists.

Developing while protecting, innovating while inheriting—the protection, inheritance, and innovation of cultural heritage must respect the history of the Leshan Giant Buddha culture while also keeping pace with the times. The local government of Leshan is also making beneficial explorations in research and interpretation, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and other aspects, so as to greatly enhance the vitality, inheritance and influence of world heritage, so that the world can better understand Chinese culture and fully reflect the value of world cultural and natural heritage (He Yong, 2025).

===References===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===Terms and Expressions===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===Questions===

1. How many years did it take to build the Leshan Giant Buddha?

2. Who organized the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

3. In terms of its design features, why has the Leshan Giant Buddha been able to be preserved for so long?

4. What is the cultural value of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

5. In order to promote modern development of the Leshan Giant Buddha, what measures did the local government of Leshan take?

==期末论文==

===乐山大佛===

====1. 引言====

“山是一尊佛，佛是一座山”，这是对乐山大佛的美誉。乐山大佛位于岷江、青衣江以及大渡河三江汇流之处，高达233英尺（71米)，是世界上最大的石刻佛像, 雕刻于中国四川省乐山市（古称嘉州）的红色砂岩崖壁之上。佛教的古老智慧与宗教信仰孕育了这一宏伟壮丽的文化瑰宝，如今作为联合国教科文组织自然与文化遗产而闻名于世。乐山大佛已屹立愈千年，半垂着眼，默默俯视着往来的信徒与游客。当地人坚信大佛有感知灾祸的第六感，声称大佛曾几度垂泪。有这样的传言，难怪人们坚信大佛能感知世间疾苦。但事实上，大佛垂泪更可能是受污染造成的，而非神灵显现。尽管这只是一个传言，却反映出大佛在当地人心中的崇高地位。对当地人而言，乐山大佛不只是为当地增加旅游收入的旅游胜地，更守护着当地免受水灾的侵扰，而这也正是其建造的由来。

====2. 建造历史====

乐山大佛开凿于唐开元元年（713年），历时九十年，至贞元十九年（803年）完成建造。在古代乐山三江（岷江、青衣江和大渡河）三江汇流之处，江水深急，波涛汹涌，常常吞没来往船只，危及百姓性命。海通禅师看到船只沉没、百姓丧生，感到于心不忍。为了减少洪灾侵扰、普渡众生，海通禅师决定在此雕刻一尊佛像，希望佛祖能镇服水患（伍弱文，2014）。经过二十年的化缘筹资，海通禅师招募人力物力开凿佛像。海通禅师在造佛的过程中，遇到了重重险阻。相传，有一日，嘉州郡守听说海通手里有一大笔钱财，就带了一大批随从前来讨要。海通面对威胁，毫不畏惧，断然拒绝了，他斩钉截铁的说：“自目可剜，佛财难得！” 海通的高傲和蔑视激怒了贪财如命的郡守，他不相信会有人有胆量挖出自己的眼珠，他恼羞成怒的说：“那你就挖出来看看！” 面对寡廉鲜耻的郡守，海通威严的盘腿坐定，端起一只铜盘，毫不犹豫的剜出自己的一只眼珠放在上面，默默地举到郡守面前。顿时，郡守大惊失色，吓得失魂落魄，仓皇逃下山去。海通舍己献身的浩然正气感天动地，更激发了广大人民造就大佛的雄心。然而，在凿刻大佛肩部的时候，海通禅师圆寂了。海通圆寂后，开凿工作一度中断。数年以后，得益于几位官员的捐赠与朝廷下令征收的税款，海通禅师的弟子们带领工匠继续凿刻大佛。经过三代工匠的努力，历时九十年才建成这尊大佛（Daisy，2016）。

====3. 设计特色====

乐山大佛坐落于露天之中，且当地气候湿润，却依然在自然条件下保存完好。其秘诀在于其精妙的设计，精巧且隐蔽的排水系统对大佛免受腐蚀风化起到了至关重要的作用。在大佛头部18层螺髻中，第4层、第9层和第18层设有交叉排水系统。大佛胸前左侧的排水沟与右臂后侧的排水沟相连，背面洞穴（靠近山体的一侧）则与双耳相连。这些洞穴与排水沟共同构成了科学系统的排水、防潮以及通风体系。此外，当地政府不定期对大佛进行修缮，包括修复破损部位、清洁佛像、更换材料以及消除安全隐患。

====4. 文化价值====

作为世界文化遗产，乐山大佛具有宗教文化价值、历史文化价值以及艺术文化价值。作为佛教象征之一，乐山大佛也被认为是佛教文化的载体之一。佛教是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，乐山大佛的存在对于佛教的传播和弘扬起到了积极的推动作用。乐山大佛的建造历经近百年，是中国古代劳动人民智慧和勤劳的结晶。乐山大佛象征着中国古代工匠的高超技艺和对信仰的忠诚，是中国传统文化的重要遗产之一。乐山大佛作为中国石窟艺术的典范之一，其雕刻技艺及规模都具有很高的艺术价值。在乐山大佛的雕刻中，可以看到中国古代石窟艺术的高超技术和独特表现形式，是中国石窟艺术中的珍贵遗产。

====5. 大佛的神秘传说====

据传，乐山大佛曾在1962年、1963年和1976年垂泪，但在1994年、2001年和2002年却显露出微笑的神情。1962年，一场持续两年的自然灾害夺去了数百万人的生命，百姓饱受饥荒之苦，许多婴儿漂浮在岷江上，大佛无法忍受目睹如此的悲剧，便痛苦地闭上双眼，默默垂泪。1963年，文化大革命伊始，大佛再次闭眼。1976年，毛主席、周恩来和朱德（三位中国领导人）都在此年去世，同年唐山大地震也造成了数十万人伤亡，大佛对这个不公且黑暗的世界感到愤愤不平。1994年，尽管因人们缺乏信仰而悲伤，并为人类的未来担忧，但当大佛意识到希望即将来临时，它的悲伤化为了微笑。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织并申奥成功获得北京奥运会主办权。乐山大佛头部的“佛光”展现出其对此的喜悦。2002年，在大佛塑像上方的天空中，当乌云尚未消散之时，突然出现了一种光环现象，人们纷纷认为这便是“佛光”。

其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。

====6. 现代化发展====

为了更好保护乐山大佛，当地政府相继颁布了一些条例，以加强乐山大佛景区的管理。此外，当地政府还设立了“让更多人关注乐山大佛，让年轻人重新认识大佛文化”的目标。如今的乐山大佛景区，不仅有亭台楼阁、苗木花草，更有独特的文创产品让游客流连忘返。

近年来，乐山市坚持以文塑旅、以旅彰文，将遗产展示与活化利用相结合，景区推出“大佛记忆”“凌云礼”等系列文创产品，开发世界文化与自然遗产精品研学课程6个，制作VR大空间沉浸式体验项目“凌云探秘”，策划推出“乐山大佛新春嘉年华”以及“冬游大佛，乐享嘉州”等系列活动，推进乐山大佛数字体验中心建设，助推乐山建设享誉全球的世界重要旅游目的地，吸引众多国内外游客流连忘返。

在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。

===参考===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.htm

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===术语与表达===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===问题===

1. 建造乐山大佛耗时多少年？

2. 乐山大佛由谁组织建造？

3. 从设计特色来看，乐山大佛为何能长久保存？

4. 乐山大佛有哪些文化价值？

5. 为了促进乐山大佛的现代化发展，乐山当地政府采取了哪些措施？

User:Fang Xian

2025-12-28T14:39:25Z

Fang Xian: /* 5.大佛的神秘传说 */

Hello, my name is Fang Xian. I am from the Shizhong District of Leshan City, located in the picturesque province of Sichuan, China. My academic journey began at Leshan Normal University, where I completed my undergraduate studies. I majored in English and was fortunate to be part of an exceptional program known as the “Outstanding Teacher Training Class.”This foundational experience solidified my passion for the English language and education. At present，I am furthering my academic pursuits as a graduate student at Hunan Normal University. My focus is on English Translation and Interpreting, a field I am deeply enthusiastic about.

==Final Exam Paper==

===Leshan Giant Buddha===

====1. Introduction====

“The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.

====2. Construction history====

The Giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Kaiyuan (713) in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), which took 90 years to complete the whole construction. At the confluence of the three rivers (Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River) in ancient Leshan, the deep and rapid water and the turbulent waves, often engulfs boats and endanger the people. Zen Master Haitong was very unbearable when he saw the ship crashing and people dying. In order to reduce flood damage and purify all living beings, he decided to carve a statue by the river, hoping that the Buddha could control the water monster (Wu Ruowen, 2014). After 20 years of begging, he recruited manpower and material resources to build and chisel the Buddha. During the process of building and chiseling the Buddha statue, Zen Master Haitong encountered numerous obstacles. Legend has it one day, upon hearing of Zen Master Haitong’s wealth, the official of Jiazhou arrived with a group of followers to demand it. Facing the threat, Zen Master Haitong showed no fear and firmly refused, saying, “Even my eyes can be gouged out, the funds for the Buddha is hard to obtain.” Haitong’s pride and contempt enraged the greedy official, he couldn’t believe that anyone would have the courage to gouge out his own eyes. Then, the official became furious and said, “ Then show me gouging out your eyes!” Facing this shameless official, Zen Master Haitong sat cross-legged with dignity, took a bronze plate, and without hesitation gouged out one of his eyes, silently presenting it to the official. The official was struck with terror and fled down the mountain in panic. Zen Master Haitong’s selfless sacrifice and noble spirit moved heaven and earth, and further inspired people’s determination to complete the construction of the Buddha. When building the shoulders of Giant Buddha, however, Zen Master Haitong passed away. After Haitong’s death, the chiseling work was interrupted for a time. Years later, thanks to donations from several government officials and taxes ordered by the court, Haitong’s apprentices led craftsmen to continue building the Buddha. With the efforts of three generations of craftsmen, it took 90 years to complete the construction of the Giant Buddha (Daisy, 2016).

====3. Design features====

The Giant Buddha is sitting in the open air, and the weather of Leshan is humid. However, the Giant Buddha has been preserved so well under such natural conditions. The secret lies in its ingenious design. There is a delicate and invisible drainage system which played an important role in protecting the Giant Buddha from corrosion. Among the 18 layers spiral coils on the Buddha head, the 4th layer, the 9th layer and 18th layer have one cross drainage; the drainage from the left side in front of the chest is connecting to the back drainage of the right arm; there are caves on the back side (the side near the mountain) connecting the two ears. These caves and drainage have composed the scientific drainage, moisture proof and ventilation system. Besides, the local government will renovate the Giant Buddha statue irregularly to restore the broken parts, clean the Buddha, change materials, and eliminate safety risks.

====4. Cultural value====

As the cultural heritage in the world, the Leshan Giant Buddha has religious and cultural value, historical and cultural value, and artistic and cultural value. As one of the symbols of Buddhism, Leshan Giant Buddha is also regarded as one of the carriers of Buddhist culture. Buddhism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The existence of Leshan Giant Buddha has played a positive role in promoting the spread and promotion of Buddhism. The construction of Leshan Giant Buddha lasted for nearly one hundred years, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of ancient Chinese laborers. Leshan Giant Buddha symbolizes the superb skills and loyalty to faith of ancient Chinese craftsmen, and is one of the important cultural heritages of Chinese traditional culture. Leshan Giant Buddha, as one of the exemplary stone cave art in China, has high artistic value in terms of its carving techniques and scale. From the carving feature of Leshan Giant Buddha, one can see the superb techniques and unique expression forms of ancient Chinese stone cave art, which is a precious heritage of stone cave art.

====5. Mysterious legends about the Giant Buddha====

According to legend, the Leshan Giant Buddha cried in 1962, 1963, and 1976 but showed happiness in 1994, 2001, and 2002. In 1962, there was a natural disaster that lasted for two years. Millions of people died of starvation and many babies were seen floating in the Min River. The Buddha could not bear to see such tragedy. The Buddha closed eyes in pain and wept silently. In 1963, The Buddha closed eyes again at the start of the Cultural Revolution. In 1976, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De (three Chinese leaders) all died in 1976. The Tangshan earthquake also caused hundreds of thousands of casualties in the same year. The Buddha was angry about this unfair and dark world. In 1994, despite grieving due to people’s lack of faith and being worried for mankind, the Buddha’s sadness turned to a smile as the Buddha realized that hope was on the way. In 2001, China successfully joined the WTO and won the bid to host the Beijing Olympic Games. The light around the Leshan Giant Buddha’s head showed his happiness for China. In 2002, in the sky above the sculpture, where the dark clouds had not yet faded, there was a sudden halo phenomenon. This was thought to be Buddha’s light.

Actually, as the local people, I have heard of the mysterious legends about the Buddha since my childhood. Although this beautiful imagination reflects the Buddha’s sublime status in our hearts, we understand that it is all just a legend. As a matter of fact, the Buddha shed tears because it was contaminated. The Buddha closing its eyes is a typical manifestation of “black shell” effect caused by acid rain. The eyelids of the Buddha turned black, and many parts of the surface layer peeled off, resulting in the visual effect of the Buddha closing its eyes. The Buddha’s light is a natural phenomenon of light as well, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and mists. Due to the high requirements for its formation, it is relatively rare.

====6. Modern development====

In order to better protect the Leshan Giant Buddha, the local government have successively issued a series of regulations to strengthen the management of the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area. Furthermore, it set a goal of “attract more attention to the Leshan Giant Buddha and help young people rediscover its culture”. Today, the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area not only boasts pavilions, terraces, trees, and flowers, but also unique cultural and creative products that captivate visitors.

In recent years, The local government of Leshan has adhered to the principle of promoting tourism through culture and vice versa, combining heritage display with revitalization. The scenic area has launched a series of cultural and creative products such as “Memories of the Giant Buddha” and “Lingyun Gifts”, developed six high-quality study tours on World Cultural and Natural Heritage, created the VR immersive experience project “Lingyun Exploration”, and planned and launched a series of activities such as, “Leshan Giant Buddha Spring Festival Carnival” and “Winter Tour of the Giant Buddha, Enjoy Jiazhou”. It has also promoted the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha Digital Experience Center, contributing to Leshan’s development into a globally renowned world-class tourist destination and attracting numerous domestic and international tourists.

Developing while protecting, innovating while inheriting—the protection, inheritance, and innovation of cultural heritage must respect the history of the Leshan Giant Buddha culture while also keeping pace with the times. The local government of Leshan is also making beneficial explorations in research and interpretation, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and other aspects, so as to greatly enhance the vitality, inheritance and influence of world heritage, so that the world can better understand Chinese culture and fully reflect the value of world cultural and natural heritage (He Yong, 2025).

===References===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===Terms and Expressions===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===Questions===

1. How many years did it take to build the Leshan Giant Buddha?

2. Who organized the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

3. In terms of its design features, why has the Leshan Giant Buddha been able to be preserved for so long?

4. What is the cultural value of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

5. In order to promote modern development of the Leshan Giant Buddha, what measures did the local government of Leshan take?

==期末论文==

===乐山大佛===

====1. 引言====

“山是一尊佛，佛是一座山”，这是对乐山大佛的美誉。乐山大佛位于岷江、青衣江以及大渡河三江汇流之处，高达233英尺（71米)，是世界上最大的石刻佛像, 雕刻于中国四川省乐山市（古称嘉州）的红色砂岩崖壁之上。佛教的古老智慧与宗教信仰孕育了这一宏伟壮丽的文化瑰宝，如今作为联合国教科文组织自然与文化遗产而闻名于世。乐山大佛已屹立愈千年，半垂着眼，默默俯视着往来的信徒与游客。当地人坚信大佛有感知灾祸的第六感，声称大佛曾几度垂泪。有这样的传言，难怪人们坚信大佛能感知世间疾苦。但事实上，大佛垂泪更可能是受污染造成的，而非神灵显现。尽管这只是一个传言，却反映出大佛在当地人心中的崇高地位。对当地人而言，乐山大佛不只是为当地增加旅游收入的旅游胜地，更守护着当地免受水灾的侵扰，而这也正是其建造的由来。

====2. 建造历史====

乐山大佛开凿于唐开元元年（713年），历时九十年，至贞元十九年（803年）完成建造。在古代乐山三江（岷江、青衣江和大渡河）三江汇流之处，江水深急，波涛汹涌，常常吞没来往船只，危及百姓性命。海通禅师看到船只沉没、百姓丧生，感到于心不忍。为了减少洪灾侵扰、普渡众生，海通禅师决定在此雕刻一尊佛像，希望佛祖能镇服水患（伍弱文，2014）。经过二十年的化缘筹资，海通禅师招募人力物力开凿佛像。海通禅师在造佛的过程中，遇到了重重险阻。相传，有一日，嘉州郡守听说海通手里有一大笔钱财，就带了一大批随从前来讨要。海通面对威胁，毫不畏惧，断然拒绝了，他斩钉截铁的说：“自目可剜，佛财难得！” 海通的高傲和蔑视激怒了贪财如命的郡守，他不相信会有人有胆量挖出自己的眼珠，他恼羞成怒的说：“那你就挖出来看看！” 面对寡廉鲜耻的郡守，海通威严的盘腿坐定，端起一只铜盘，毫不犹豫的剜出自己的一只眼珠放在上面，默默地举到郡守面前。顿时，郡守大惊失色，吓得失魂落魄，仓皇逃下山去。海通舍己献身的浩然正气感天动地，更激发了广大人民造就大佛的雄心。然而，在凿刻大佛肩部的时候，海通禅师圆寂了。海通圆寂后，开凿工作一度中断。数年以后，得益于几位官员的捐赠与朝廷下令征收的税款，海通禅师的弟子们带领工匠继续凿刻大佛。经过三代工匠的努力，历时九十年才建成这尊大佛（Daisy，2016）。

====3. 设计特色====

乐山大佛坐落于露天之中，且当地气候湿润，却依然在自然条件下保存完好。其秘诀在于其精妙的设计，精巧且隐蔽的排水系统对大佛免受腐蚀风化起到了至关重要的作用。在大佛头部18层螺髻中，第4层、第9层和第18层设有交叉排水系统。大佛胸前左侧的排水沟与右臂后侧的排水沟相连，背面洞穴（靠近山体的一侧）则与双耳相连。这些洞穴与排水沟共同构成了科学系统的排水、防潮以及通风体系。此外，当地政府不定期对大佛进行修缮，包括修复破损部位、清洁佛像、更换材料以及消除安全隐患。

====4. 文化价值====

作为世界文化遗产，乐山大佛具有宗教文化价值、历史文化价值以及艺术文化价值。作为佛教象征之一，乐山大佛也被认为是佛教文化的载体之一。佛教是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，乐山大佛的存在对于佛教的传播和弘扬起到了积极的推动作用。乐山大佛的建造历经近百年，是中国古代劳动人民智慧和勤劳的结晶。乐山大佛象征着中国古代工匠的高超技艺和对信仰的忠诚，是中国传统文化的重要遗产之一。乐山大佛作为中国石窟艺术的典范之一，其雕刻技艺及规模都具有很高的艺术价值。在乐山大佛的雕刻中，可以看到中国古代石窟艺术的高超技术和独特表现形式，是中国石窟艺术中的珍贵遗产。

====5. 大佛的神秘传说====

据传，乐山大佛曾在1962年、1963年和1976年垂泪，但在1994年、2001年和2002年却显露出微笑的神情。1962年，一场持续两年的自然灾害夺去了数百万人的生命，百姓饱受饥荒之苦，许多婴儿漂浮在岷江上，大佛无法忍受目睹如此的悲剧，便痛苦地闭上双眼，默默垂泪。1963年，文化大革命伊始，大佛再次闭眼。1976年，毛主席、周恩来和朱德（三位中国领导人）都在此年去世，同年唐山大地震也造成了数十万人伤亡，大佛对这个不公且黑暗的世界感到愤愤不平。1994年，尽管因人们缺乏信仰而悲伤，并为人类的未来担忧，但当大佛意识到希望即将来临时，它的悲伤化为了微笑。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织并申奥成功获得北京奥运会主办权。乐山大佛头部的“佛光”展现出其对此的喜悦。2002年，在大佛塑像上方的天空中，当乌云尚未消散之时，突然出现了一种光环现象，人们纷纷认为这便是“佛光”。

其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。

====6.现代化发展====

为了更好保护乐山大佛，当地政府相继颁布了一些条例，以加强乐山大佛景区的管理。此外，当地政府还设立了“让更多人关注乐山大佛，让年轻人重新认识大佛文化”的目标。如今的乐山大佛景区，不仅有亭台楼阁、苗木花草，更有独特的文创产品让游客流连忘返。

近年来，乐山市坚持以文塑旅、以旅彰文，将遗产展示与活化利用相结合，景区推出“大佛记忆”“凌云礼”等系列文创产品，开发世界文化与自然遗产精品研学课程6个，制作VR大空间沉浸式体验项目“凌云探秘”，策划推出“乐山大佛新春嘉年华”以及“冬游大佛，乐享嘉州”等系列活动，推进乐山大佛数字体验中心建设，助推乐山建设享誉全球的世界重要旅游目的地，吸引众多国内外游客流连忘返。

在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。

===参考===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.htm

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===术语与表达===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===问题===

1. 建造乐山大佛耗时多少年？

2. 乐山大佛由谁组织建造？

3. 从设计特色来看，乐山大佛为何能长久保存？

4. 乐山大佛有哪些文化价值？

5. 为了促进乐山大佛的现代化发展，乐山当地政府采取了哪些措施？

User:Fang Xian

2025-12-28T14:39:13Z

Fang Xian: /* 1.Introduction */

Hello, my name is Fang Xian. I am from the Shizhong District of Leshan City, located in the picturesque province of Sichuan, China. My academic journey began at Leshan Normal University, where I completed my undergraduate studies. I majored in English and was fortunate to be part of an exceptional program known as the “Outstanding Teacher Training Class.”This foundational experience solidified my passion for the English language and education. At present，I am furthering my academic pursuits as a graduate student at Hunan Normal University. My focus is on English Translation and Interpreting, a field I am deeply enthusiastic about.

==Final Exam Paper==

===Leshan Giant Buddha===

====1. Introduction====

“The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.

====2. Construction history====

The Giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Kaiyuan (713) in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), which took 90 years to complete the whole construction. At the confluence of the three rivers (Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River) in ancient Leshan, the deep and rapid water and the turbulent waves, often engulfs boats and endanger the people. Zen Master Haitong was very unbearable when he saw the ship crashing and people dying. In order to reduce flood damage and purify all living beings, he decided to carve a statue by the river, hoping that the Buddha could control the water monster (Wu Ruowen, 2014). After 20 years of begging, he recruited manpower and material resources to build and chisel the Buddha. During the process of building and chiseling the Buddha statue, Zen Master Haitong encountered numerous obstacles. Legend has it one day, upon hearing of Zen Master Haitong’s wealth, the official of Jiazhou arrived with a group of followers to demand it. Facing the threat, Zen Master Haitong showed no fear and firmly refused, saying, “Even my eyes can be gouged out, the funds for the Buddha is hard to obtain.” Haitong’s pride and contempt enraged the greedy official, he couldn’t believe that anyone would have the courage to gouge out his own eyes. Then, the official became furious and said, “ Then show me gouging out your eyes!” Facing this shameless official, Zen Master Haitong sat cross-legged with dignity, took a bronze plate, and without hesitation gouged out one of his eyes, silently presenting it to the official. The official was struck with terror and fled down the mountain in panic. Zen Master Haitong’s selfless sacrifice and noble spirit moved heaven and earth, and further inspired people’s determination to complete the construction of the Buddha. When building the shoulders of Giant Buddha, however, Zen Master Haitong passed away. After Haitong’s death, the chiseling work was interrupted for a time. Years later, thanks to donations from several government officials and taxes ordered by the court, Haitong’s apprentices led craftsmen to continue building the Buddha. With the efforts of three generations of craftsmen, it took 90 years to complete the construction of the Giant Buddha (Daisy, 2016).

====3. Design features====

The Giant Buddha is sitting in the open air, and the weather of Leshan is humid. However, the Giant Buddha has been preserved so well under such natural conditions. The secret lies in its ingenious design. There is a delicate and invisible drainage system which played an important role in protecting the Giant Buddha from corrosion. Among the 18 layers spiral coils on the Buddha head, the 4th layer, the 9th layer and 18th layer have one cross drainage; the drainage from the left side in front of the chest is connecting to the back drainage of the right arm; there are caves on the back side (the side near the mountain) connecting the two ears. These caves and drainage have composed the scientific drainage, moisture proof and ventilation system. Besides, the local government will renovate the Giant Buddha statue irregularly to restore the broken parts, clean the Buddha, change materials, and eliminate safety risks.

====4. Cultural value====

As the cultural heritage in the world, the Leshan Giant Buddha has religious and cultural value, historical and cultural value, and artistic and cultural value. As one of the symbols of Buddhism, Leshan Giant Buddha is also regarded as one of the carriers of Buddhist culture. Buddhism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The existence of Leshan Giant Buddha has played a positive role in promoting the spread and promotion of Buddhism. The construction of Leshan Giant Buddha lasted for nearly one hundred years, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of ancient Chinese laborers. Leshan Giant Buddha symbolizes the superb skills and loyalty to faith of ancient Chinese craftsmen, and is one of the important cultural heritages of Chinese traditional culture. Leshan Giant Buddha, as one of the exemplary stone cave art in China, has high artistic value in terms of its carving techniques and scale. From the carving feature of Leshan Giant Buddha, one can see the superb techniques and unique expression forms of ancient Chinese stone cave art, which is a precious heritage of stone cave art.

====5. Mysterious legends about the Giant Buddha====

According to legend, the Leshan Giant Buddha cried in 1962, 1963, and 1976 but showed happiness in 1994, 2001, and 2002. In 1962, there was a natural disaster that lasted for two years. Millions of people died of starvation and many babies were seen floating in the Min River. The Buddha could not bear to see such tragedy. The Buddha closed eyes in pain and wept silently. In 1963, The Buddha closed eyes again at the start of the Cultural Revolution. In 1976, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De (three Chinese leaders) all died in 1976. The Tangshan earthquake also caused hundreds of thousands of casualties in the same year. The Buddha was angry about this unfair and dark world. In 1994, despite grieving due to people’s lack of faith and being worried for mankind, the Buddha’s sadness turned to a smile as the Buddha realized that hope was on the way. In 2001, China successfully joined the WTO and won the bid to host the Beijing Olympic Games. The light around the Leshan Giant Buddha’s head showed his happiness for China. In 2002, in the sky above the sculpture, where the dark clouds had not yet faded, there was a sudden halo phenomenon. This was thought to be Buddha’s light.

Actually, as the local people, I have heard of the mysterious legends about the Buddha since my childhood. Although this beautiful imagination reflects the Buddha’s sublime status in our hearts, we understand that it is all just a legend. As a matter of fact, the Buddha shed tears because it was contaminated. The Buddha closing its eyes is a typical manifestation of “black shell” effect caused by acid rain. The eyelids of the Buddha turned black, and many parts of the surface layer peeled off, resulting in the visual effect of the Buddha closing its eyes. The Buddha’s light is a natural phenomenon of light as well, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and mists. Due to the high requirements for its formation, it is relatively rare.

====6. Modern development====

In order to better protect the Leshan Giant Buddha, the local government have successively issued a series of regulations to strengthen the management of the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area. Furthermore, it set a goal of “attract more attention to the Leshan Giant Buddha and help young people rediscover its culture”. Today, the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area not only boasts pavilions, terraces, trees, and flowers, but also unique cultural and creative products that captivate visitors.

In recent years, The local government of Leshan has adhered to the principle of promoting tourism through culture and vice versa, combining heritage display with revitalization. The scenic area has launched a series of cultural and creative products such as “Memories of the Giant Buddha” and “Lingyun Gifts”, developed six high-quality study tours on World Cultural and Natural Heritage, created the VR immersive experience project “Lingyun Exploration”, and planned and launched a series of activities such as, “Leshan Giant Buddha Spring Festival Carnival” and “Winter Tour of the Giant Buddha, Enjoy Jiazhou”. It has also promoted the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha Digital Experience Center, contributing to Leshan’s development into a globally renowned world-class tourist destination and attracting numerous domestic and international tourists.

Developing while protecting, innovating while inheriting—the protection, inheritance, and innovation of cultural heritage must respect the history of the Leshan Giant Buddha culture while also keeping pace with the times. The local government of Leshan is also making beneficial explorations in research and interpretation, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and other aspects, so as to greatly enhance the vitality, inheritance and influence of world heritage, so that the world can better understand Chinese culture and fully reflect the value of world cultural and natural heritage (He Yong, 2025).

===References===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===Terms and Expressions===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===Questions===

1. How many years did it take to build the Leshan Giant Buddha?

2. Who organized the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

3. In terms of its design features, why has the Leshan Giant Buddha been able to be preserved for so long?

4. What is the cultural value of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

5. In order to promote modern development of the Leshan Giant Buddha, what measures did the local government of Leshan take?

==期末论文==

===乐山大佛===

====1. 引言====

“山是一尊佛，佛是一座山”，这是对乐山大佛的美誉。乐山大佛位于岷江、青衣江以及大渡河三江汇流之处，高达233英尺（71米)，是世界上最大的石刻佛像, 雕刻于中国四川省乐山市（古称嘉州）的红色砂岩崖壁之上。佛教的古老智慧与宗教信仰孕育了这一宏伟壮丽的文化瑰宝，如今作为联合国教科文组织自然与文化遗产而闻名于世。乐山大佛已屹立愈千年，半垂着眼，默默俯视着往来的信徒与游客。当地人坚信大佛有感知灾祸的第六感，声称大佛曾几度垂泪。有这样的传言，难怪人们坚信大佛能感知世间疾苦。但事实上，大佛垂泪更可能是受污染造成的，而非神灵显现。尽管这只是一个传言，却反映出大佛在当地人心中的崇高地位。对当地人而言，乐山大佛不只是为当地增加旅游收入的旅游胜地，更守护着当地免受水灾的侵扰，而这也正是其建造的由来。

====2. 建造历史====

乐山大佛开凿于唐开元元年（713年），历时九十年，至贞元十九年（803年）完成建造。在古代乐山三江（岷江、青衣江和大渡河）三江汇流之处，江水深急，波涛汹涌，常常吞没来往船只，危及百姓性命。海通禅师看到船只沉没、百姓丧生，感到于心不忍。为了减少洪灾侵扰、普渡众生，海通禅师决定在此雕刻一尊佛像，希望佛祖能镇服水患（伍弱文，2014）。经过二十年的化缘筹资，海通禅师招募人力物力开凿佛像。海通禅师在造佛的过程中，遇到了重重险阻。相传，有一日，嘉州郡守听说海通手里有一大笔钱财，就带了一大批随从前来讨要。海通面对威胁，毫不畏惧，断然拒绝了，他斩钉截铁的说：“自目可剜，佛财难得！” 海通的高傲和蔑视激怒了贪财如命的郡守，他不相信会有人有胆量挖出自己的眼珠，他恼羞成怒的说：“那你就挖出来看看！” 面对寡廉鲜耻的郡守，海通威严的盘腿坐定，端起一只铜盘，毫不犹豫的剜出自己的一只眼珠放在上面，默默地举到郡守面前。顿时，郡守大惊失色，吓得失魂落魄，仓皇逃下山去。海通舍己献身的浩然正气感天动地，更激发了广大人民造就大佛的雄心。然而，在凿刻大佛肩部的时候，海通禅师圆寂了。海通圆寂后，开凿工作一度中断。数年以后，得益于几位官员的捐赠与朝廷下令征收的税款，海通禅师的弟子们带领工匠继续凿刻大佛。经过三代工匠的努力，历时九十年才建成这尊大佛（Daisy，2016）。

====3. 设计特色====

乐山大佛坐落于露天之中，且当地气候湿润，却依然在自然条件下保存完好。其秘诀在于其精妙的设计，精巧且隐蔽的排水系统对大佛免受腐蚀风化起到了至关重要的作用。在大佛头部18层螺髻中，第4层、第9层和第18层设有交叉排水系统。大佛胸前左侧的排水沟与右臂后侧的排水沟相连，背面洞穴（靠近山体的一侧）则与双耳相连。这些洞穴与排水沟共同构成了科学系统的排水、防潮以及通风体系。此外，当地政府不定期对大佛进行修缮，包括修复破损部位、清洁佛像、更换材料以及消除安全隐患。

====4. 文化价值====

作为世界文化遗产，乐山大佛具有宗教文化价值、历史文化价值以及艺术文化价值。作为佛教象征之一，乐山大佛也被认为是佛教文化的载体之一。佛教是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，乐山大佛的存在对于佛教的传播和弘扬起到了积极的推动作用。乐山大佛的建造历经近百年，是中国古代劳动人民智慧和勤劳的结晶。乐山大佛象征着中国古代工匠的高超技艺和对信仰的忠诚，是中国传统文化的重要遗产之一。乐山大佛作为中国石窟艺术的典范之一，其雕刻技艺及规模都具有很高的艺术价值。在乐山大佛的雕刻中，可以看到中国古代石窟艺术的高超技术和独特表现形式，是中国石窟艺术中的珍贵遗产。

====5.大佛的神秘传说====

据传，乐山大佛曾在1962年、1963年和1976年垂泪，但在1994年、2001年和2002年却显露出微笑的神情。1962年，一场持续两年的自然灾害夺去了数百万人的生命，百姓饱受饥荒之苦，许多婴儿漂浮在岷江上，大佛无法忍受目睹如此的悲剧，便痛苦地闭上双眼，默默垂泪。1963年，文化大革命伊始，大佛再次闭眼。1976年，毛主席、周恩来和朱德（三位中国领导人）都在此年去世，同年唐山大地震也造成了数十万人伤亡，大佛对这个不公且黑暗的世界感到愤愤不平。1994年，尽管因人们缺乏信仰而悲伤，并为人类的未来担忧，但当大佛意识到希望即将来临时，它的悲伤化为了微笑。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织并申奥成功获得北京奥运会主办权。乐山大佛头部的“佛光”展现出其对此的喜悦。2002年，在大佛塑像上方的天空中，当乌云尚未消散之时，突然出现了一种光环现象，人们纷纷认为这便是“佛光”。

其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。

====6.现代化发展====

为了更好保护乐山大佛，当地政府相继颁布了一些条例，以加强乐山大佛景区的管理。此外，当地政府还设立了“让更多人关注乐山大佛，让年轻人重新认识大佛文化”的目标。如今的乐山大佛景区，不仅有亭台楼阁、苗木花草，更有独特的文创产品让游客流连忘返。

近年来，乐山市坚持以文塑旅、以旅彰文，将遗产展示与活化利用相结合，景区推出“大佛记忆”“凌云礼”等系列文创产品，开发世界文化与自然遗产精品研学课程6个，制作VR大空间沉浸式体验项目“凌云探秘”，策划推出“乐山大佛新春嘉年华”以及“冬游大佛，乐享嘉州”等系列活动，推进乐山大佛数字体验中心建设，助推乐山建设享誉全球的世界重要旅游目的地，吸引众多国内外游客流连忘返。

在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。

===参考===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.htm

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===术语与表达===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===问题===

1. 建造乐山大佛耗时多少年？

2. 乐山大佛由谁组织建造？

3. 从设计特色来看，乐山大佛为何能长久保存？

4. 乐山大佛有哪些文化价值？

5. 为了促进乐山大佛的现代化发展，乐山当地政府采取了哪些措施？

Uvu/index.php/User:Fang Xian

2025-12-28T14:38:41Z

Fang Xian: /* 1.Introduction */

==Final Exam Paper==

===Leshan Giant Buddha===

====1. Introduction====

“The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.

====2. Construction history====

The Giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Kaiyuan (713) in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), which took 90 years to complete the whole construction. At the confluence of the three rivers (Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River) in ancient Leshan, the deep and rapid water and the turbulent waves, often engulfs boats and endanger the people. Zen Master Haitong was very unbearable when he saw the ship crashing and people dying. In order to reduce flood damage and purify all living beings, he decided to carve a statue by the river, hoping that the Buddha could control the water monster (Wu Ruowen, 2014). After 20 years of begging, he recruited manpower and material resources to build and chisel the Buddha. During the process of building and chiseling the Buddha statue, Zen Master Haitong encountered numerous obstacles. Legend has it one day, upon hearing of Zen Master Haitong’s wealth, the official of Jiazhou arrived with a group of followers to demand it. Facing the threat, Zen Master Haitong showed no fear and firmly refused, saying, “Even my eyes can be gouged out, the funds for the Buddha is hard to obtain.” Haitong’s pride and contempt enraged the greedy official, he couldn’t believe that anyone would have the courage to gouge out his own eyes. Then, the official became furious and said, “ Then show me gouging out your eyes!” Facing this shameless official, Zen Master Haitong sat cross-legged with dignity, took a bronze plate, and without hesitation gouged out one of his eyes, silently presenting it to the official. The official was struck with terror and fled down the mountain in panic. Zen Master Haitong’s selfless sacrifice and noble spirit moved heaven and earth, and further inspired people’s determination to complete the construction of the Buddha. When building the shoulders of Giant Buddha, however, Zen Master Haitong passed away. After Haitong’s death, the chiseling work was interrupted for a time. Years later, thanks to donations from several government officials and taxes ordered by the court, Haitong’s apprentices led craftsmen to continue building the Buddha. With the efforts of three generations of craftsmen, it took 90 years to complete the construction of the Giant Buddha (Daisy, 2016).

====3. Design features====

The Giant Buddha is sitting in the open air, and the weather of Leshan is humid. However, the Giant Buddha has been preserved so well under such natural conditions. The secret lies in its ingenious design. There is a delicate and invisible drainage system which played an important role in protecting the Giant Buddha from corrosion. Among the 18 layers spiral coils on the Buddha head, the 4th layer, the 9th layer and 18th layer have one cross drainage; the drainage from the left side in front of the chest is connecting to the back drainage of the right arm; there are caves on the back side (the side near the mountain) connecting the two ears. These caves and drainage have composed the scientific drainage, moisture proof and ventilation system. Besides, the local government will renovate the Giant Buddha statue irregularly to restore the broken parts, clean the Buddha, change materials, and eliminate safety risks.

====4. Cultural value====

As the cultural heritage in the world, the Leshan Giant Buddha has religious and cultural value, historical and cultural value, and artistic and cultural value. As one of the symbols of Buddhism, Leshan Giant Buddha is also regarded as one of the carriers of Buddhist culture. Buddhism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The existence of Leshan Giant Buddha has played a positive role in promoting the spread and promotion of Buddhism. The construction of Leshan Giant Buddha lasted for nearly one hundred years, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of ancient Chinese laborers. Leshan Giant Buddha symbolizes the superb skills and loyalty to faith of ancient Chinese craftsmen, and is one of the important cultural heritages of Chinese traditional culture. Leshan Giant Buddha, as one of the exemplary stone cave art in China, has high artistic value in terms of its carving techniques and scale. From the carving feature of Leshan Giant Buddha, one can see the superb techniques and unique expression forms of ancient Chinese stone cave art, which is a precious heritage of stone cave art.

====5. Mysterious legends about the Giant Buddha====

According to legend, the Leshan Giant Buddha cried in 1962, 1963, and 1976 but showed happiness in 1994, 2001, and 2002. In 1962, there was a natural disaster that lasted for two years. Millions of people died of starvation and many babies were seen floating in the Min River. The Buddha could not bear to see such tragedy. The Buddha closed eyes in pain and wept silently. In 1963, The Buddha closed eyes again at the start of the Cultural Revolution. In 1976, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De (three Chinese leaders) all died in 1976. The Tangshan earthquake also caused hundreds of thousands of casualties in the same year. The Buddha was angry about this unfair and dark world. In 1994, despite grieving due to people’s lack of faith and being worried for mankind, the Buddha’s sadness turned to a smile as the Buddha realized that hope was on the way. In 2001, China successfully joined the WTO and won the bid to host the Beijing Olympic Games. The light around the Leshan Giant Buddha’s head showed his happiness for China. In 2002, in the sky above the sculpture, where the dark clouds had not yet faded, there was a sudden halo phenomenon. This was thought to be Buddha’s light.

Actually, as the local people, I have heard of the mysterious legends about the Buddha since my childhood. Although this beautiful imagination reflects the Buddha’s sublime status in our hearts, we understand that it is all just a legend. As a matter of fact, the Buddha shed tears because it was contaminated. The Buddha closing its eyes is a typical manifestation of “black shell” effect caused by acid rain. The eyelids of the Buddha turned black, and many parts of the surface layer peeled off, resulting in the visual effect of the Buddha closing its eyes. The Buddha’s light is a natural phenomenon of light as well, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and mists. Due to the high requirements for its formation, it is relatively rare.

====6. Modern development====

In order to better protect the Leshan Giant Buddha, the local government have successively issued a series of regulations to strengthen the management of the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area. Furthermore, it set a goal of “attract more attention to the Leshan Giant Buddha and help young people rediscover its culture”. Today, the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area not only boasts pavilions, terraces, trees, and flowers, but also unique cultural and creative products that captivate visitors.

In recent years, The local government of Leshan has adhered to the principle of promoting tourism through culture and vice versa, combining heritage display with revitalization. The scenic area has launched a series of cultural and creative products such as “Memories of the Giant Buddha” and “Lingyun Gifts”, developed six high-quality study tours on World Cultural and Natural Heritage, created the VR immersive experience project “Lingyun Exploration”, and planned and launched a series of activities such as, “Leshan Giant Buddha Spring Festival Carnival” and “Winter Tour of the Giant Buddha, Enjoy Jiazhou”. It has also promoted the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha Digital Experience Center, contributing to Leshan’s development into a globally renowned world-class tourist destination and attracting numerous domestic and international tourists.

Developing while protecting, innovating while inheriting—the protection, inheritance, and innovation of cultural heritage must respect the history of the Leshan Giant Buddha culture while also keeping pace with the times. The local government of Leshan is also making beneficial explorations in research and interpretation, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and other aspects, so as to greatly enhance the vitality, inheritance and influence of world heritage, so that the world can better understand Chinese culture and fully reflect the value of world cultural and natural heritage (He Yong, 2025).

===References===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===Terms and Expressions===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===Questions===

1. How many years did it take to build the Leshan Giant Buddha?

2. Who organized the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

3. In terms of its design features, why has the Leshan Giant Buddha been able to be preserved for so long?

4. What is the cultural value of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

5. In order to promote modern development of the Leshan Giant Buddha, what measures did the local government of Leshan take?

==期末论文==

===乐山大佛===

====1. 引言====

“山是一尊佛，佛是一座山”，这是对乐山大佛的美誉。乐山大佛位于岷江、青衣江以及大渡河三江汇流之处，高达233英尺（71米)，是世界上最大的石刻佛像, 雕刻于中国四川省乐山市（古称嘉州）的红色砂岩崖壁之上。佛教的古老智慧与宗教信仰孕育了这一宏伟壮丽的文化瑰宝，如今作为联合国教科文组织自然与文化遗产而闻名于世。乐山大佛已屹立愈千年，半垂着眼，默默俯视着往来的信徒与游客。当地人坚信大佛有感知灾祸的第六感，声称大佛曾几度垂泪。有这样的传言，难怪人们坚信大佛能感知世间疾苦。但事实上，大佛垂泪更可能是受污染造成的，而非神灵显现。尽管这只是一个传言，却反映出大佛在当地人心中的崇高地位。对当地人而言，乐山大佛不只是为当地增加旅游收入的旅游胜地，更守护着当地免受水灾的侵扰，而这也正是其建造的由来。

====2. 建造历史====

乐山大佛开凿于唐开元元年（713年），历时九十年，至贞元十九年（803年）完成建造。在古代乐山三江（岷江、青衣江和大渡河）三江汇流之处，江水深急，波涛汹涌，常常吞没来往船只，危及百姓性命。海通禅师看到船只沉没、百姓丧生，感到于心不忍。为了减少洪灾侵扰、普渡众生，海通禅师决定在此雕刻一尊佛像，希望佛祖能镇服水患（伍弱文，2014）。经过二十年的化缘筹资，海通禅师招募人力物力开凿佛像。海通禅师在造佛的过程中，遇到了重重险阻。相传，有一日，嘉州郡守听说海通手里有一大笔钱财，就带了一大批随从前来讨要。海通面对威胁，毫不畏惧，断然拒绝了，他斩钉截铁的说：“自目可剜，佛财难得！” 海通的高傲和蔑视激怒了贪财如命的郡守，他不相信会有人有胆量挖出自己的眼珠，他恼羞成怒的说：“那你就挖出来看看！” 面对寡廉鲜耻的郡守，海通威严的盘腿坐定，端起一只铜盘，毫不犹豫的剜出自己的一只眼珠放在上面，默默地举到郡守面前。顿时，郡守大惊失色，吓得失魂落魄，仓皇逃下山去。海通舍己献身的浩然正气感天动地，更激发了广大人民造就大佛的雄心。然而，在凿刻大佛肩部的时候，海通禅师圆寂了。海通圆寂后，开凿工作一度中断。数年以后，得益于几位官员的捐赠与朝廷下令征收的税款，海通禅师的弟子们带领工匠继续凿刻大佛。经过三代工匠的努力，历时九十年才建成这尊大佛（Daisy，2016）。

====3. 设计特色====

乐山大佛坐落于露天之中，且当地气候湿润，却依然在自然条件下保存完好。其秘诀在于其精妙的设计，精巧且隐蔽的排水系统对大佛免受腐蚀风化起到了至关重要的作用。在大佛头部18层螺髻中，第4层、第9层和第18层设有交叉排水系统。大佛胸前左侧的排水沟与右臂后侧的排水沟相连，背面洞穴（靠近山体的一侧）则与双耳相连。这些洞穴与排水沟共同构成了科学系统的排水、防潮以及通风体系。此外，当地政府不定期对大佛进行修缮，包括修复破损部位、清洁佛像、更换材料以及消除安全隐患。

====4. 文化价值====

作为世界文化遗产，乐山大佛具有宗教文化价值、历史文化价值以及艺术文化价值。作为佛教象征之一，乐山大佛也被认为是佛教文化的载体之一。佛教是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，乐山大佛的存在对于佛教的传播和弘扬起到了积极的推动作用。乐山大佛的建造历经近百年，是中国古代劳动人民智慧和勤劳的结晶。乐山大佛象征着中国古代工匠的高超技艺和对信仰的忠诚，是中国传统文化的重要遗产之一。乐山大佛作为中国石窟艺术的典范之一，其雕刻技艺及规模都具有很高的艺术价值。在乐山大佛的雕刻中，可以看到中国古代石窟艺术的高超技术和独特表现形式，是中国石窟艺术中的珍贵遗产。

====5. 大佛的神秘传说====

据传，乐山大佛曾在1962年、1963年和1976年垂泪，但在1994年、2001年和2002年却显露出微笑的神情。1962年，一场持续两年的自然灾害夺去了数百万人的生命，百姓饱受饥荒之苦，许多婴儿漂浮在岷江上，大佛无法忍受目睹如此的悲剧，便痛苦地闭上双眼，默默垂泪。1963年，文化大革命伊始，大佛再次闭眼。1976年，毛主席、周恩来和朱德（三位中国领导人）都在此年去世，同年唐山大地震也造成了数十万人伤亡，大佛对这个不公且黑暗的世界感到愤愤不平。1994年，尽管因人们缺乏信仰而悲伤，并为人类的未来担忧，但当大佛意识到希望即将来临时，它的悲伤化为了微笑。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织并申奥成功获得北京奥运会主办权。乐山大佛头部的“佛光”展现出其对此的喜悦。2002年，在大佛塑像上方的天空中，当乌云尚未消散之时，突然出现了一种光环现象，人们纷纷认为这便是“佛光”。

其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。

====6. 现代化发展====

为了更好保护乐山大佛，当地政府相继颁布了一些条例，以加强乐山大佛景区的管理。此外，当地政府还设立了“让更多人关注乐山大佛，让年轻人重新认识大佛文化”的目标。如今的乐山大佛景区，不仅有亭台楼阁、苗木花草，更有独特的文创产品让游客流连忘返。

近年来，乐山市坚持以文塑旅、以旅彰文，将遗产展示与活化利用相结合，景区推出“大佛记忆”“凌云礼”等系列文创产品，开发世界文化与自然遗产精品研学课程6个，制作VR大空间沉浸式体验项目“凌云探秘”，策划推出“乐山大佛新春嘉年华”以及“冬游大佛，乐享嘉州”等系列活动，推进乐山大佛数字体验中心建设，助推乐山建设享誉全球的世界重要旅游目的地，吸引众多国内外游客流连忘返。

在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。

===参考===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.htm

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===术语与表达===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===问题===

1. 建造乐山大佛耗时多少年？

2. 乐山大佛由谁组织建造？

3. 从设计特色来看，乐山大佛为何能长久保存？

4. 乐山大佛有哪些文化价值？

5. 为了促进乐山大佛的现代化发展，乐山当地政府采取了哪些措施？

Uvu/index.php/User:Fang Xian

2025-12-28T14:38:14Z

Fang Xian: /* 6.现代化发展 */

==Final Exam Paper==

===Leshan Giant Buddha===

====1.Introduction====

“The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.

====2. Construction history====

The Giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Kaiyuan (713) in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), which took 90 years to complete the whole construction. At the confluence of the three rivers (Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River) in ancient Leshan, the deep and rapid water and the turbulent waves, often engulfs boats and endanger the people. Zen Master Haitong was very unbearable when he saw the ship crashing and people dying. In order to reduce flood damage and purify all living beings, he decided to carve a statue by the river, hoping that the Buddha could control the water monster (Wu Ruowen, 2014). After 20 years of begging, he recruited manpower and material resources to build and chisel the Buddha. During the process of building and chiseling the Buddha statue, Zen Master Haitong encountered numerous obstacles. Legend has it one day, upon hearing of Zen Master Haitong’s wealth, the official of Jiazhou arrived with a group of followers to demand it. Facing the threat, Zen Master Haitong showed no fear and firmly refused, saying, “Even my eyes can be gouged out, the funds for the Buddha is hard to obtain.” Haitong’s pride and contempt enraged the greedy official, he couldn’t believe that anyone would have the courage to gouge out his own eyes. Then, the official became furious and said, “ Then show me gouging out your eyes!” Facing this shameless official, Zen Master Haitong sat cross-legged with dignity, took a bronze plate, and without hesitation gouged out one of his eyes, silently presenting it to the official. The official was struck with terror and fled down the mountain in panic. Zen Master Haitong’s selfless sacrifice and noble spirit moved heaven and earth, and further inspired people’s determination to complete the construction of the Buddha. When building the shoulders of Giant Buddha, however, Zen Master Haitong passed away. After Haitong’s death, the chiseling work was interrupted for a time. Years later, thanks to donations from several government officials and taxes ordered by the court, Haitong’s apprentices led craftsmen to continue building the Buddha. With the efforts of three generations of craftsmen, it took 90 years to complete the construction of the Giant Buddha (Daisy, 2016).

====3. Design features====

The Giant Buddha is sitting in the open air, and the weather of Leshan is humid. However, the Giant Buddha has been preserved so well under such natural conditions. The secret lies in its ingenious design. There is a delicate and invisible drainage system which played an important role in protecting the Giant Buddha from corrosion. Among the 18 layers spiral coils on the Buddha head, the 4th layer, the 9th layer and 18th layer have one cross drainage; the drainage from the left side in front of the chest is connecting to the back drainage of the right arm; there are caves on the back side (the side near the mountain) connecting the two ears. These caves and drainage have composed the scientific drainage, moisture proof and ventilation system. Besides, the local government will renovate the Giant Buddha statue irregularly to restore the broken parts, clean the Buddha, change materials, and eliminate safety risks.

====4. Cultural value====

As the cultural heritage in the world, the Leshan Giant Buddha has religious and cultural value, historical and cultural value, and artistic and cultural value. As one of the symbols of Buddhism, Leshan Giant Buddha is also regarded as one of the carriers of Buddhist culture. Buddhism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The existence of Leshan Giant Buddha has played a positive role in promoting the spread and promotion of Buddhism. The construction of Leshan Giant Buddha lasted for nearly one hundred years, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of ancient Chinese laborers. Leshan Giant Buddha symbolizes the superb skills and loyalty to faith of ancient Chinese craftsmen, and is one of the important cultural heritages of Chinese traditional culture. Leshan Giant Buddha, as one of the exemplary stone cave art in China, has high artistic value in terms of its carving techniques and scale. From the carving feature of Leshan Giant Buddha, one can see the superb techniques and unique expression forms of ancient Chinese stone cave art, which is a precious heritage of stone cave art.

====5. Mysterious legends about the Giant Buddha====

According to legend, the Leshan Giant Buddha cried in 1962, 1963, and 1976 but showed happiness in 1994, 2001, and 2002. In 1962, there was a natural disaster that lasted for two years. Millions of people died of starvation and many babies were seen floating in the Min River. The Buddha could not bear to see such tragedy. The Buddha closed eyes in pain and wept silently. In 1963, The Buddha closed eyes again at the start of the Cultural Revolution. In 1976, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De (three Chinese leaders) all died in 1976. The Tangshan earthquake also caused hundreds of thousands of casualties in the same year. The Buddha was angry about this unfair and dark world. In 1994, despite grieving due to people’s lack of faith and being worried for mankind, the Buddha’s sadness turned to a smile as the Buddha realized that hope was on the way. In 2001, China successfully joined the WTO and won the bid to host the Beijing Olympic Games. The light around the Leshan Giant Buddha’s head showed his happiness for China. In 2002, in the sky above the sculpture, where the dark clouds had not yet faded, there was a sudden halo phenomenon. This was thought to be Buddha’s light.

Actually, as the local people, I have heard of the mysterious legends about the Buddha since my childhood. Although this beautiful imagination reflects the Buddha’s sublime status in our hearts, we understand that it is all just a legend. As a matter of fact, the Buddha shed tears because it was contaminated. The Buddha closing its eyes is a typical manifestation of “black shell” effect caused by acid rain. The eyelids of the Buddha turned black, and many parts of the surface layer peeled off, resulting in the visual effect of the Buddha closing its eyes. The Buddha’s light is a natural phenomenon of light as well, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and mists. Due to the high requirements for its formation, it is relatively rare.

====6. Modern development====

In order to better protect the Leshan Giant Buddha, the local government have successively issued a series of regulations to strengthen the management of the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area. Furthermore, it set a goal of “attract more attention to the Leshan Giant Buddha and help young people rediscover its culture”. Today, the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area not only boasts pavilions, terraces, trees, and flowers, but also unique cultural and creative products that captivate visitors.

In recent years, The local government of Leshan has adhered to the principle of promoting tourism through culture and vice versa, combining heritage display with revitalization. The scenic area has launched a series of cultural and creative products such as “Memories of the Giant Buddha” and “Lingyun Gifts”, developed six high-quality study tours on World Cultural and Natural Heritage, created the VR immersive experience project “Lingyun Exploration”, and planned and launched a series of activities such as, “Leshan Giant Buddha Spring Festival Carnival” and “Winter Tour of the Giant Buddha, Enjoy Jiazhou”. It has also promoted the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha Digital Experience Center, contributing to Leshan’s development into a globally renowned world-class tourist destination and attracting numerous domestic and international tourists.

Developing while protecting, innovating while inheriting—the protection, inheritance, and innovation of cultural heritage must respect the history of the Leshan Giant Buddha culture while also keeping pace with the times. The local government of Leshan is also making beneficial explorations in research and interpretation, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and other aspects, so as to greatly enhance the vitality, inheritance and influence of world heritage, so that the world can better understand Chinese culture and fully reflect the value of world cultural and natural heritage (He Yong, 2025).

===References===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===Terms and Expressions===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===Questions===

1. How many years did it take to build the Leshan Giant Buddha?

2. Who organized the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

3. In terms of its design features, why has the Leshan Giant Buddha been able to be preserved for so long?

4. What is the cultural value of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

5. In order to promote modern development of the Leshan Giant Buddha, what measures did the local government of Leshan take?

==期末论文==

===乐山大佛===

====1. 引言====

“山是一尊佛，佛是一座山”，这是对乐山大佛的美誉。乐山大佛位于岷江、青衣江以及大渡河三江汇流之处，高达233英尺（71米)，是世界上最大的石刻佛像, 雕刻于中国四川省乐山市（古称嘉州）的红色砂岩崖壁之上。佛教的古老智慧与宗教信仰孕育了这一宏伟壮丽的文化瑰宝，如今作为联合国教科文组织自然与文化遗产而闻名于世。乐山大佛已屹立愈千年，半垂着眼，默默俯视着往来的信徒与游客。当地人坚信大佛有感知灾祸的第六感，声称大佛曾几度垂泪。有这样的传言，难怪人们坚信大佛能感知世间疾苦。但事实上，大佛垂泪更可能是受污染造成的，而非神灵显现。尽管这只是一个传言，却反映出大佛在当地人心中的崇高地位。对当地人而言，乐山大佛不只是为当地增加旅游收入的旅游胜地，更守护着当地免受水灾的侵扰，而这也正是其建造的由来。

====2. 建造历史====

乐山大佛开凿于唐开元元年（713年），历时九十年，至贞元十九年（803年）完成建造。在古代乐山三江（岷江、青衣江和大渡河）三江汇流之处，江水深急，波涛汹涌，常常吞没来往船只，危及百姓性命。海通禅师看到船只沉没、百姓丧生，感到于心不忍。为了减少洪灾侵扰、普渡众生，海通禅师决定在此雕刻一尊佛像，希望佛祖能镇服水患（伍弱文，2014）。经过二十年的化缘筹资，海通禅师招募人力物力开凿佛像。海通禅师在造佛的过程中，遇到了重重险阻。相传，有一日，嘉州郡守听说海通手里有一大笔钱财，就带了一大批随从前来讨要。海通面对威胁，毫不畏惧，断然拒绝了，他斩钉截铁的说：“自目可剜，佛财难得！” 海通的高傲和蔑视激怒了贪财如命的郡守，他不相信会有人有胆量挖出自己的眼珠，他恼羞成怒的说：“那你就挖出来看看！” 面对寡廉鲜耻的郡守，海通威严的盘腿坐定，端起一只铜盘，毫不犹豫的剜出自己的一只眼珠放在上面，默默地举到郡守面前。顿时，郡守大惊失色，吓得失魂落魄，仓皇逃下山去。海通舍己献身的浩然正气感天动地，更激发了广大人民造就大佛的雄心。然而，在凿刻大佛肩部的时候，海通禅师圆寂了。海通圆寂后，开凿工作一度中断。数年以后，得益于几位官员的捐赠与朝廷下令征收的税款，海通禅师的弟子们带领工匠继续凿刻大佛。经过三代工匠的努力，历时九十年才建成这尊大佛（Daisy，2016）。

====3. 设计特色====

乐山大佛坐落于露天之中，且当地气候湿润，却依然在自然条件下保存完好。其秘诀在于其精妙的设计，精巧且隐蔽的排水系统对大佛免受腐蚀风化起到了至关重要的作用。在大佛头部18层螺髻中，第4层、第9层和第18层设有交叉排水系统。大佛胸前左侧的排水沟与右臂后侧的排水沟相连，背面洞穴（靠近山体的一侧）则与双耳相连。这些洞穴与排水沟共同构成了科学系统的排水、防潮以及通风体系。此外，当地政府不定期对大佛进行修缮，包括修复破损部位、清洁佛像、更换材料以及消除安全隐患。

====4. 文化价值====

作为世界文化遗产，乐山大佛具有宗教文化价值、历史文化价值以及艺术文化价值。作为佛教象征之一，乐山大佛也被认为是佛教文化的载体之一。佛教是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，乐山大佛的存在对于佛教的传播和弘扬起到了积极的推动作用。乐山大佛的建造历经近百年，是中国古代劳动人民智慧和勤劳的结晶。乐山大佛象征着中国古代工匠的高超技艺和对信仰的忠诚，是中国传统文化的重要遗产之一。乐山大佛作为中国石窟艺术的典范之一，其雕刻技艺及规模都具有很高的艺术价值。在乐山大佛的雕刻中，可以看到中国古代石窟艺术的高超技术和独特表现形式，是中国石窟艺术中的珍贵遗产。

====5. 大佛的神秘传说====

据传，乐山大佛曾在1962年、1963年和1976年垂泪，但在1994年、2001年和2002年却显露出微笑的神情。1962年，一场持续两年的自然灾害夺去了数百万人的生命，百姓饱受饥荒之苦，许多婴儿漂浮在岷江上，大佛无法忍受目睹如此的悲剧，便痛苦地闭上双眼，默默垂泪。1963年，文化大革命伊始，大佛再次闭眼。1976年，毛主席、周恩来和朱德（三位中国领导人）都在此年去世，同年唐山大地震也造成了数十万人伤亡，大佛对这个不公且黑暗的世界感到愤愤不平。1994年，尽管因人们缺乏信仰而悲伤，并为人类的未来担忧，但当大佛意识到希望即将来临时，它的悲伤化为了微笑。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织并申奥成功获得北京奥运会主办权。乐山大佛头部的“佛光”展现出其对此的喜悦。2002年，在大佛塑像上方的天空中，当乌云尚未消散之时，突然出现了一种光环现象，人们纷纷认为这便是“佛光”。

其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。

====6. 现代化发展====

为了更好保护乐山大佛，当地政府相继颁布了一些条例，以加强乐山大佛景区的管理。此外，当地政府还设立了“让更多人关注乐山大佛，让年轻人重新认识大佛文化”的目标。如今的乐山大佛景区，不仅有亭台楼阁、苗木花草，更有独特的文创产品让游客流连忘返。

近年来，乐山市坚持以文塑旅、以旅彰文，将遗产展示与活化利用相结合，景区推出“大佛记忆”“凌云礼”等系列文创产品，开发世界文化与自然遗产精品研学课程6个，制作VR大空间沉浸式体验项目“凌云探秘”，策划推出“乐山大佛新春嘉年华”以及“冬游大佛，乐享嘉州”等系列活动，推进乐山大佛数字体验中心建设，助推乐山建设享誉全球的世界重要旅游目的地，吸引众多国内外游客流连忘返。

在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。

===参考===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.htm

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===术语与表达===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===问题===

1. 建造乐山大佛耗时多少年？

2. 乐山大佛由谁组织建造？

3. 从设计特色来看，乐山大佛为何能长久保存？

4. 乐山大佛有哪些文化价值？

5. 为了促进乐山大佛的现代化发展，乐山当地政府采取了哪些措施？

Uvu/index.php/User:Fang Xian

2025-12-28T14:38:03Z

Fang Xian: /* 5.大佛的神秘传说 */

==Final Exam Paper==

===Leshan Giant Buddha===

====1.Introduction====

“The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.

====2. Construction history====

The Giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Kaiyuan (713) in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), which took 90 years to complete the whole construction. At the confluence of the three rivers (Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River) in ancient Leshan, the deep and rapid water and the turbulent waves, often engulfs boats and endanger the people. Zen Master Haitong was very unbearable when he saw the ship crashing and people dying. In order to reduce flood damage and purify all living beings, he decided to carve a statue by the river, hoping that the Buddha could control the water monster (Wu Ruowen, 2014). After 20 years of begging, he recruited manpower and material resources to build and chisel the Buddha. During the process of building and chiseling the Buddha statue, Zen Master Haitong encountered numerous obstacles. Legend has it one day, upon hearing of Zen Master Haitong’s wealth, the official of Jiazhou arrived with a group of followers to demand it. Facing the threat, Zen Master Haitong showed no fear and firmly refused, saying, “Even my eyes can be gouged out, the funds for the Buddha is hard to obtain.” Haitong’s pride and contempt enraged the greedy official, he couldn’t believe that anyone would have the courage to gouge out his own eyes. Then, the official became furious and said, “ Then show me gouging out your eyes!” Facing this shameless official, Zen Master Haitong sat cross-legged with dignity, took a bronze plate, and without hesitation gouged out one of his eyes, silently presenting it to the official. The official was struck with terror and fled down the mountain in panic. Zen Master Haitong’s selfless sacrifice and noble spirit moved heaven and earth, and further inspired people’s determination to complete the construction of the Buddha. When building the shoulders of Giant Buddha, however, Zen Master Haitong passed away. After Haitong’s death, the chiseling work was interrupted for a time. Years later, thanks to donations from several government officials and taxes ordered by the court, Haitong’s apprentices led craftsmen to continue building the Buddha. With the efforts of three generations of craftsmen, it took 90 years to complete the construction of the Giant Buddha (Daisy, 2016).

====3. Design features====

The Giant Buddha is sitting in the open air, and the weather of Leshan is humid. However, the Giant Buddha has been preserved so well under such natural conditions. The secret lies in its ingenious design. There is a delicate and invisible drainage system which played an important role in protecting the Giant Buddha from corrosion. Among the 18 layers spiral coils on the Buddha head, the 4th layer, the 9th layer and 18th layer have one cross drainage; the drainage from the left side in front of the chest is connecting to the back drainage of the right arm; there are caves on the back side (the side near the mountain) connecting the two ears. These caves and drainage have composed the scientific drainage, moisture proof and ventilation system. Besides, the local government will renovate the Giant Buddha statue irregularly to restore the broken parts, clean the Buddha, change materials, and eliminate safety risks.

====4. Cultural value====

As the cultural heritage in the world, the Leshan Giant Buddha has religious and cultural value, historical and cultural value, and artistic and cultural value. As one of the symbols of Buddhism, Leshan Giant Buddha is also regarded as one of the carriers of Buddhist culture. Buddhism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The existence of Leshan Giant Buddha has played a positive role in promoting the spread and promotion of Buddhism. The construction of Leshan Giant Buddha lasted for nearly one hundred years, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of ancient Chinese laborers. Leshan Giant Buddha symbolizes the superb skills and loyalty to faith of ancient Chinese craftsmen, and is one of the important cultural heritages of Chinese traditional culture. Leshan Giant Buddha, as one of the exemplary stone cave art in China, has high artistic value in terms of its carving techniques and scale. From the carving feature of Leshan Giant Buddha, one can see the superb techniques and unique expression forms of ancient Chinese stone cave art, which is a precious heritage of stone cave art.

====5. Mysterious legends about the Giant Buddha====

According to legend, the Leshan Giant Buddha cried in 1962, 1963, and 1976 but showed happiness in 1994, 2001, and 2002. In 1962, there was a natural disaster that lasted for two years. Millions of people died of starvation and many babies were seen floating in the Min River. The Buddha could not bear to see such tragedy. The Buddha closed eyes in pain and wept silently. In 1963, The Buddha closed eyes again at the start of the Cultural Revolution. In 1976, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De (three Chinese leaders) all died in 1976. The Tangshan earthquake also caused hundreds of thousands of casualties in the same year. The Buddha was angry about this unfair and dark world. In 1994, despite grieving due to people’s lack of faith and being worried for mankind, the Buddha’s sadness turned to a smile as the Buddha realized that hope was on the way. In 2001, China successfully joined the WTO and won the bid to host the Beijing Olympic Games. The light around the Leshan Giant Buddha’s head showed his happiness for China. In 2002, in the sky above the sculpture, where the dark clouds had not yet faded, there was a sudden halo phenomenon. This was thought to be Buddha’s light.

Actually, as the local people, I have heard of the mysterious legends about the Buddha since my childhood. Although this beautiful imagination reflects the Buddha’s sublime status in our hearts, we understand that it is all just a legend. As a matter of fact, the Buddha shed tears because it was contaminated. The Buddha closing its eyes is a typical manifestation of “black shell” effect caused by acid rain. The eyelids of the Buddha turned black, and many parts of the surface layer peeled off, resulting in the visual effect of the Buddha closing its eyes. The Buddha’s light is a natural phenomenon of light as well, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and mists. Due to the high requirements for its formation, it is relatively rare.

====6. Modern development====

In order to better protect the Leshan Giant Buddha, the local government have successively issued a series of regulations to strengthen the management of the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area. Furthermore, it set a goal of “attract more attention to the Leshan Giant Buddha and help young people rediscover its culture”. Today, the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area not only boasts pavilions, terraces, trees, and flowers, but also unique cultural and creative products that captivate visitors.

In recent years, The local government of Leshan has adhered to the principle of promoting tourism through culture and vice versa, combining heritage display with revitalization. The scenic area has launched a series of cultural and creative products such as “Memories of the Giant Buddha” and “Lingyun Gifts”, developed six high-quality study tours on World Cultural and Natural Heritage, created the VR immersive experience project “Lingyun Exploration”, and planned and launched a series of activities such as, “Leshan Giant Buddha Spring Festival Carnival” and “Winter Tour of the Giant Buddha, Enjoy Jiazhou”. It has also promoted the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha Digital Experience Center, contributing to Leshan’s development into a globally renowned world-class tourist destination and attracting numerous domestic and international tourists.

Developing while protecting, innovating while inheriting—the protection, inheritance, and innovation of cultural heritage must respect the history of the Leshan Giant Buddha culture while also keeping pace with the times. The local government of Leshan is also making beneficial explorations in research and interpretation, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and other aspects, so as to greatly enhance the vitality, inheritance and influence of world heritage, so that the world can better understand Chinese culture and fully reflect the value of world cultural and natural heritage (He Yong, 2025).

===References===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===Terms and Expressions===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===Questions===

1. How many years did it take to build the Leshan Giant Buddha?

2. Who organized the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

3. In terms of its design features, why has the Leshan Giant Buddha been able to be preserved for so long?

4. What is the cultural value of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

5. In order to promote modern development of the Leshan Giant Buddha, what measures did the local government of Leshan take?

==期末论文==

===乐山大佛===

====1. 引言====

“山是一尊佛，佛是一座山”，这是对乐山大佛的美誉。乐山大佛位于岷江、青衣江以及大渡河三江汇流之处，高达233英尺（71米)，是世界上最大的石刻佛像, 雕刻于中国四川省乐山市（古称嘉州）的红色砂岩崖壁之上。佛教的古老智慧与宗教信仰孕育了这一宏伟壮丽的文化瑰宝，如今作为联合国教科文组织自然与文化遗产而闻名于世。乐山大佛已屹立愈千年，半垂着眼，默默俯视着往来的信徒与游客。当地人坚信大佛有感知灾祸的第六感，声称大佛曾几度垂泪。有这样的传言，难怪人们坚信大佛能感知世间疾苦。但事实上，大佛垂泪更可能是受污染造成的，而非神灵显现。尽管这只是一个传言，却反映出大佛在当地人心中的崇高地位。对当地人而言，乐山大佛不只是为当地增加旅游收入的旅游胜地，更守护着当地免受水灾的侵扰，而这也正是其建造的由来。

====2. 建造历史====

乐山大佛开凿于唐开元元年（713年），历时九十年，至贞元十九年（803年）完成建造。在古代乐山三江（岷江、青衣江和大渡河）三江汇流之处，江水深急，波涛汹涌，常常吞没来往船只，危及百姓性命。海通禅师看到船只沉没、百姓丧生，感到于心不忍。为了减少洪灾侵扰、普渡众生，海通禅师决定在此雕刻一尊佛像，希望佛祖能镇服水患（伍弱文，2014）。经过二十年的化缘筹资，海通禅师招募人力物力开凿佛像。海通禅师在造佛的过程中，遇到了重重险阻。相传，有一日，嘉州郡守听说海通手里有一大笔钱财，就带了一大批随从前来讨要。海通面对威胁，毫不畏惧，断然拒绝了，他斩钉截铁的说：“自目可剜，佛财难得！” 海通的高傲和蔑视激怒了贪财如命的郡守，他不相信会有人有胆量挖出自己的眼珠，他恼羞成怒的说：“那你就挖出来看看！” 面对寡廉鲜耻的郡守，海通威严的盘腿坐定，端起一只铜盘，毫不犹豫的剜出自己的一只眼珠放在上面，默默地举到郡守面前。顿时，郡守大惊失色，吓得失魂落魄，仓皇逃下山去。海通舍己献身的浩然正气感天动地，更激发了广大人民造就大佛的雄心。然而，在凿刻大佛肩部的时候，海通禅师圆寂了。海通圆寂后，开凿工作一度中断。数年以后，得益于几位官员的捐赠与朝廷下令征收的税款，海通禅师的弟子们带领工匠继续凿刻大佛。经过三代工匠的努力，历时九十年才建成这尊大佛（Daisy，2016）。

====3. 设计特色====

乐山大佛坐落于露天之中，且当地气候湿润，却依然在自然条件下保存完好。其秘诀在于其精妙的设计，精巧且隐蔽的排水系统对大佛免受腐蚀风化起到了至关重要的作用。在大佛头部18层螺髻中，第4层、第9层和第18层设有交叉排水系统。大佛胸前左侧的排水沟与右臂后侧的排水沟相连，背面洞穴（靠近山体的一侧）则与双耳相连。这些洞穴与排水沟共同构成了科学系统的排水、防潮以及通风体系。此外，当地政府不定期对大佛进行修缮，包括修复破损部位、清洁佛像、更换材料以及消除安全隐患。

====4. 文化价值====

作为世界文化遗产，乐山大佛具有宗教文化价值、历史文化价值以及艺术文化价值。作为佛教象征之一，乐山大佛也被认为是佛教文化的载体之一。佛教是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，乐山大佛的存在对于佛教的传播和弘扬起到了积极的推动作用。乐山大佛的建造历经近百年，是中国古代劳动人民智慧和勤劳的结晶。乐山大佛象征着中国古代工匠的高超技艺和对信仰的忠诚，是中国传统文化的重要遗产之一。乐山大佛作为中国石窟艺术的典范之一，其雕刻技艺及规模都具有很高的艺术价值。在乐山大佛的雕刻中，可以看到中国古代石窟艺术的高超技术和独特表现形式，是中国石窟艺术中的珍贵遗产。

====5. 大佛的神秘传说====

据传，乐山大佛曾在1962年、1963年和1976年垂泪，但在1994年、2001年和2002年却显露出微笑的神情。1962年，一场持续两年的自然灾害夺去了数百万人的生命，百姓饱受饥荒之苦，许多婴儿漂浮在岷江上，大佛无法忍受目睹如此的悲剧，便痛苦地闭上双眼，默默垂泪。1963年，文化大革命伊始，大佛再次闭眼。1976年，毛主席、周恩来和朱德（三位中国领导人）都在此年去世，同年唐山大地震也造成了数十万人伤亡，大佛对这个不公且黑暗的世界感到愤愤不平。1994年，尽管因人们缺乏信仰而悲伤，并为人类的未来担忧，但当大佛意识到希望即将来临时，它的悲伤化为了微笑。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织并申奥成功获得北京奥运会主办权。乐山大佛头部的“佛光”展现出其对此的喜悦。2002年，在大佛塑像上方的天空中，当乌云尚未消散之时，突然出现了一种光环现象，人们纷纷认为这便是“佛光”。

其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。

====6.现代化发展====

为了更好保护乐山大佛，当地政府相继颁布了一些条例，以加强乐山大佛景区的管理。此外，当地政府还设立了“让更多人关注乐山大佛，让年轻人重新认识大佛文化”的目标。如今的乐山大佛景区，不仅有亭台楼阁、苗木花草，更有独特的文创产品让游客流连忘返。

近年来，乐山市坚持以文塑旅、以旅彰文，将遗产展示与活化利用相结合，景区推出“大佛记忆”“凌云礼”等系列文创产品，开发世界文化与自然遗产精品研学课程6个，制作VR大空间沉浸式体验项目“凌云探秘”，策划推出“乐山大佛新春嘉年华”以及“冬游大佛，乐享嘉州”等系列活动，推进乐山大佛数字体验中心建设，助推乐山建设享誉全球的世界重要旅游目的地，吸引众多国内外游客流连忘返。

在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。

===参考===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.htm

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===术语与表达===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===问题===

1. 建造乐山大佛耗时多少年？

2. 乐山大佛由谁组织建造？

3. 从设计特色来看，乐山大佛为何能长久保存？

4. 乐山大佛有哪些文化价值？

5. 为了促进乐山大佛的现代化发展，乐山当地政府采取了哪些措施？

Uvu/index.php/User:Fang Xian

2025-12-28T14:29:25Z

Fang Xian: Created page with "==Final Exam Paper== ===Leshan Giant Buddha=== ====1.Introduction==== “The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant B..."

==Final Exam Paper==

===Leshan Giant Buddha===

====1.Introduction====

“The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.

====2. Construction history====

The Giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Kaiyuan (713) in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), which took 90 years to complete the whole construction. At the confluence of the three rivers (Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River) in ancient Leshan, the deep and rapid water and the turbulent waves, often engulfs boats and endanger the people. Zen Master Haitong was very unbearable when he saw the ship crashing and people dying. In order to reduce flood damage and purify all living beings, he decided to carve a statue by the river, hoping that the Buddha could control the water monster (Wu Ruowen, 2014). After 20 years of begging, he recruited manpower and material resources to build and chisel the Buddha. During the process of building and chiseling the Buddha statue, Zen Master Haitong encountered numerous obstacles. Legend has it one day, upon hearing of Zen Master Haitong’s wealth, the official of Jiazhou arrived with a group of followers to demand it. Facing the threat, Zen Master Haitong showed no fear and firmly refused, saying, “Even my eyes can be gouged out, the funds for the Buddha is hard to obtain.” Haitong’s pride and contempt enraged the greedy official, he couldn’t believe that anyone would have the courage to gouge out his own eyes. Then, the official became furious and said, “ Then show me gouging out your eyes!” Facing this shameless official, Zen Master Haitong sat cross-legged with dignity, took a bronze plate, and without hesitation gouged out one of his eyes, silently presenting it to the official. The official was struck with terror and fled down the mountain in panic. Zen Master Haitong’s selfless sacrifice and noble spirit moved heaven and earth, and further inspired people’s determination to complete the construction of the Buddha. When building the shoulders of Giant Buddha, however, Zen Master Haitong passed away. After Haitong’s death, the chiseling work was interrupted for a time. Years later, thanks to donations from several government officials and taxes ordered by the court, Haitong’s apprentices led craftsmen to continue building the Buddha. With the efforts of three generations of craftsmen, it took 90 years to complete the construction of the Giant Buddha (Daisy, 2016).

====3. Design features====

The Giant Buddha is sitting in the open air, and the weather of Leshan is humid. However, the Giant Buddha has been preserved so well under such natural conditions. The secret lies in its ingenious design. There is a delicate and invisible drainage system which played an important role in protecting the Giant Buddha from corrosion. Among the 18 layers spiral coils on the Buddha head, the 4th layer, the 9th layer and 18th layer have one cross drainage; the drainage from the left side in front of the chest is connecting to the back drainage of the right arm; there are caves on the back side (the side near the mountain) connecting the two ears. These caves and drainage have composed the scientific drainage, moisture proof and ventilation system. Besides, the local government will renovate the Giant Buddha statue irregularly to restore the broken parts, clean the Buddha, change materials, and eliminate safety risks.

====4. Cultural value====

As the cultural heritage in the world, the Leshan Giant Buddha has religious and cultural value, historical and cultural value, and artistic and cultural value. As one of the symbols of Buddhism, Leshan Giant Buddha is also regarded as one of the carriers of Buddhist culture. Buddhism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The existence of Leshan Giant Buddha has played a positive role in promoting the spread and promotion of Buddhism. The construction of Leshan Giant Buddha lasted for nearly one hundred years, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of ancient Chinese laborers. Leshan Giant Buddha symbolizes the superb skills and loyalty to faith of ancient Chinese craftsmen, and is one of the important cultural heritages of Chinese traditional culture. Leshan Giant Buddha, as one of the exemplary stone cave art in China, has high artistic value in terms of its carving techniques and scale. From the carving feature of Leshan Giant Buddha, one can see the superb techniques and unique expression forms of ancient Chinese stone cave art, which is a precious heritage of stone cave art.

====5. Mysterious legends about the Giant Buddha====

According to legend, the Leshan Giant Buddha cried in 1962, 1963, and 1976 but showed happiness in 1994, 2001, and 2002. In 1962, there was a natural disaster that lasted for two years. Millions of people died of starvation and many babies were seen floating in the Min River. The Buddha could not bear to see such tragedy. The Buddha closed eyes in pain and wept silently. In 1963, The Buddha closed eyes again at the start of the Cultural Revolution. In 1976, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De (three Chinese leaders) all died in 1976. The Tangshan earthquake also caused hundreds of thousands of casualties in the same year. The Buddha was angry about this unfair and dark world. In 1994, despite grieving due to people’s lack of faith and being worried for mankind, the Buddha’s sadness turned to a smile as the Buddha realized that hope was on the way. In 2001, China successfully joined the WTO and won the bid to host the Beijing Olympic Games. The light around the Leshan Giant Buddha’s head showed his happiness for China. In 2002, in the sky above the sculpture, where the dark clouds had not yet faded, there was a sudden halo phenomenon. This was thought to be Buddha’s light.

Actually, as the local people, I have heard of the mysterious legends about the Buddha since my childhood. Although this beautiful imagination reflects the Buddha’s sublime status in our hearts, we understand that it is all just a legend. As a matter of fact, the Buddha shed tears because it was contaminated. The Buddha closing its eyes is a typical manifestation of “black shell” effect caused by acid rain. The eyelids of the Buddha turned black, and many parts of the surface layer peeled off, resulting in the visual effect of the Buddha closing its eyes. The Buddha’s light is a natural phenomenon of light as well, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and mists. Due to the high requirements for its formation, it is relatively rare.

====6. Modern development====

In order to better protect the Leshan Giant Buddha, the local government have successively issued a series of regulations to strengthen the management of the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area. Furthermore, it set a goal of “attract more attention to the Leshan Giant Buddha and help young people rediscover its culture”. Today, the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area not only boasts pavilions, terraces, trees, and flowers, but also unique cultural and creative products that captivate visitors.

In recent years, The local government of Leshan has adhered to the principle of promoting tourism through culture and vice versa, combining heritage display with revitalization. The scenic area has launched a series of cultural and creative products such as “Memories of the Giant Buddha” and “Lingyun Gifts”, developed six high-quality study tours on World Cultural and Natural Heritage, created the VR immersive experience project “Lingyun Exploration”, and planned and launched a series of activities such as, “Leshan Giant Buddha Spring Festival Carnival” and “Winter Tour of the Giant Buddha, Enjoy Jiazhou”. It has also promoted the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha Digital Experience Center, contributing to Leshan’s development into a globally renowned world-class tourist destination and attracting numerous domestic and international tourists.

Developing while protecting, innovating while inheriting—the protection, inheritance, and innovation of cultural heritage must respect the history of the Leshan Giant Buddha culture while also keeping pace with the times. The local government of Leshan is also making beneficial explorations in research and interpretation, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and other aspects, so as to greatly enhance the vitality, inheritance and influence of world heritage, so that the world can better understand Chinese culture and fully reflect the value of world cultural and natural heritage (He Yong, 2025).

===References===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===Terms and Expressions===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===Questions===

1. How many years did it take to build the Leshan Giant Buddha?

2. Who organized the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

3. In terms of its design features, why has the Leshan Giant Buddha been able to be preserved for so long?

4. What is the cultural value of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

5. In order to promote modern development of the Leshan Giant Buddha, what measures did the local government of Leshan take?

==期末论文==

===乐山大佛===

====1. 引言====

“山是一尊佛，佛是一座山”，这是对乐山大佛的美誉。乐山大佛位于岷江、青衣江以及大渡河三江汇流之处，高达233英尺（71米)，是世界上最大的石刻佛像, 雕刻于中国四川省乐山市（古称嘉州）的红色砂岩崖壁之上。佛教的古老智慧与宗教信仰孕育了这一宏伟壮丽的文化瑰宝，如今作为联合国教科文组织自然与文化遗产而闻名于世。乐山大佛已屹立愈千年，半垂着眼，默默俯视着往来的信徒与游客。当地人坚信大佛有感知灾祸的第六感，声称大佛曾几度垂泪。有这样的传言，难怪人们坚信大佛能感知世间疾苦。但事实上，大佛垂泪更可能是受污染造成的，而非神灵显现。尽管这只是一个传言，却反映出大佛在当地人心中的崇高地位。对当地人而言，乐山大佛不只是为当地增加旅游收入的旅游胜地，更守护着当地免受水灾的侵扰，而这也正是其建造的由来。

====2. 建造历史====

乐山大佛开凿于唐开元元年（713年），历时九十年，至贞元十九年（803年）完成建造。在古代乐山三江（岷江、青衣江和大渡河）三江汇流之处，江水深急，波涛汹涌，常常吞没来往船只，危及百姓性命。海通禅师看到船只沉没、百姓丧生，感到于心不忍。为了减少洪灾侵扰、普渡众生，海通禅师决定在此雕刻一尊佛像，希望佛祖能镇服水患（伍弱文，2014）。经过二十年的化缘筹资，海通禅师招募人力物力开凿佛像。海通禅师在造佛的过程中，遇到了重重险阻。相传，有一日，嘉州郡守听说海通手里有一大笔钱财，就带了一大批随从前来讨要。海通面对威胁，毫不畏惧，断然拒绝了，他斩钉截铁的说：“自目可剜，佛财难得！” 海通的高傲和蔑视激怒了贪财如命的郡守，他不相信会有人有胆量挖出自己的眼珠，他恼羞成怒的说：“那你就挖出来看看！” 面对寡廉鲜耻的郡守，海通威严的盘腿坐定，端起一只铜盘，毫不犹豫的剜出自己的一只眼珠放在上面，默默地举到郡守面前。顿时，郡守大惊失色，吓得失魂落魄，仓皇逃下山去。海通舍己献身的浩然正气感天动地，更激发了广大人民造就大佛的雄心。然而，在凿刻大佛肩部的时候，海通禅师圆寂了。海通圆寂后，开凿工作一度中断。数年以后，得益于几位官员的捐赠与朝廷下令征收的税款，海通禅师的弟子们带领工匠继续凿刻大佛。经过三代工匠的努力，历时九十年才建成这尊大佛（Daisy，2016）。

====3. 设计特色====

乐山大佛坐落于露天之中，且当地气候湿润，却依然在自然条件下保存完好。其秘诀在于其精妙的设计，精巧且隐蔽的排水系统对大佛免受腐蚀风化起到了至关重要的作用。在大佛头部18层螺髻中，第4层、第9层和第18层设有交叉排水系统。大佛胸前左侧的排水沟与右臂后侧的排水沟相连，背面洞穴（靠近山体的一侧）则与双耳相连。这些洞穴与排水沟共同构成了科学系统的排水、防潮以及通风体系。此外，当地政府不定期对大佛进行修缮，包括修复破损部位、清洁佛像、更换材料以及消除安全隐患。

====4. 文化价值====

作为世界文化遗产，乐山大佛具有宗教文化价值、历史文化价值以及艺术文化价值。作为佛教象征之一，乐山大佛也被认为是佛教文化的载体之一。佛教是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，乐山大佛的存在对于佛教的传播和弘扬起到了积极的推动作用。乐山大佛的建造历经近百年，是中国古代劳动人民智慧和勤劳的结晶。乐山大佛象征着中国古代工匠的高超技艺和对信仰的忠诚，是中国传统文化的重要遗产之一。乐山大佛作为中国石窟艺术的典范之一，其雕刻技艺及规模都具有很高的艺术价值。在乐山大佛的雕刻中，可以看到中国古代石窟艺术的高超技术和独特表现形式，是中国石窟艺术中的珍贵遗产。

====5.大佛的神秘传说====

据传，乐山大佛曾在1962年、1963年和1976年垂泪，但在1994年、2001年和2002年却显露出微笑的神情。1962年，一场持续两年的自然灾害夺去了数百万人的生命，百姓饱受饥荒之苦，许多婴儿漂浮在岷江上，大佛无法忍受目睹如此的悲剧，便痛苦地闭上双眼，默默垂泪。1963年，文化大革命伊始，大佛再次闭眼。1976年，毛主席、周恩来和朱德（三位中国领导人）都在此年去世，同年唐山大地震也造成了数十万人伤亡，大佛对这个不公且黑暗的世界感到愤愤不平。1994年，尽管因人们缺乏信仰而悲伤，并为人类的未来担忧，但当大佛意识到希望即将来临时，它的悲伤化为了微笑。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织并申奥成功获得北京奥运会主办权。乐山大佛头部的“佛光”展现出其对此的喜悦。2002年，在大佛塑像上方的天空中，当乌云尚未消散之时，突然出现了一种光环现象，人们纷纷认为这便是“佛光”。

其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。

====6.现代化发展====

为了更好保护乐山大佛，当地政府相继颁布了一些条例，以加强乐山大佛景区的管理。此外，当地政府还设立了“让更多人关注乐山大佛，让年轻人重新认识大佛文化”的目标。如今的乐山大佛景区，不仅有亭台楼阁、苗木花草，更有独特的文创产品让游客流连忘返。

近年来，乐山市坚持以文塑旅、以旅彰文，将遗产展示与活化利用相结合，景区推出“大佛记忆”“凌云礼”等系列文创产品，开发世界文化与自然遗产精品研学课程6个，制作VR大空间沉浸式体验项目“凌云探秘”，策划推出“乐山大佛新春嘉年华”以及“冬游大佛，乐享嘉州”等系列活动，推进乐山大佛数字体验中心建设，助推乐山建设享誉全球的世界重要旅游目的地，吸引众多国内外游客流连忘返。

在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。

===参考===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.htm

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===术语与表达===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===问题===

1. 建造乐山大佛耗时多少年？

2. 乐山大佛由谁组织建造？

3. 从设计特色来看，乐山大佛为何能长久保存？

4. 乐山大佛有哪些文化价值？

5. 为了促进乐山大佛的现代化发展，乐山当地政府采取了哪些措施？

User:Fang Xian

2025-12-28T14:22:46Z

Fang Xian:

Hello, my name is Fang Xian. I am from the Shizhong District of Leshan City, located in the picturesque province of Sichuan, China. My academic journey began at Leshan Normal University, where I completed my undergraduate studies. I majored in English and was fortunate to be part of an exceptional program known as the “Outstanding Teacher Training Class.”This foundational experience solidified my passion for the English language and education. At present，I am furthering my academic pursuits as a graduate student at Hunan Normal University. My focus is on English Translation and Interpreting, a field I am deeply enthusiastic about.

==Final Exam Paper==

===Leshan Giant Buddha===

====1.Introduction====

“The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.

====2. Construction history====

The Giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Kaiyuan (713) in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), which took 90 years to complete the whole construction. At the confluence of the three rivers (Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River) in ancient Leshan, the deep and rapid water and the turbulent waves, often engulfs boats and endanger the people. Zen Master Haitong was very unbearable when he saw the ship crashing and people dying. In order to reduce flood damage and purify all living beings, he decided to carve a statue by the river, hoping that the Buddha could control the water monster (Wu Ruowen, 2014). After 20 years of begging, he recruited manpower and material resources to build and chisel the Buddha. During the process of building and chiseling the Buddha statue, Zen Master Haitong encountered numerous obstacles. Legend has it one day, upon hearing of Zen Master Haitong’s wealth, the official of Jiazhou arrived with a group of followers to demand it. Facing the threat, Zen Master Haitong showed no fear and firmly refused, saying, “Even my eyes can be gouged out, the funds for the Buddha is hard to obtain.” Haitong’s pride and contempt enraged the greedy official, he couldn’t believe that anyone would have the courage to gouge out his own eyes. Then, the official became furious and said, “ Then show me gouging out your eyes!” Facing this shameless official, Zen Master Haitong sat cross-legged with dignity, took a bronze plate, and without hesitation gouged out one of his eyes, silently presenting it to the official. The official was struck with terror and fled down the mountain in panic. Zen Master Haitong’s selfless sacrifice and noble spirit moved heaven and earth, and further inspired people’s determination to complete the construction of the Buddha. When building the shoulders of Giant Buddha, however, Zen Master Haitong passed away. After Haitong’s death, the chiseling work was interrupted for a time. Years later, thanks to donations from several government officials and taxes ordered by the court, Haitong’s apprentices led craftsmen to continue building the Buddha. With the efforts of three generations of craftsmen, it took 90 years to complete the construction of the Giant Buddha (Daisy, 2016).

====3. Design features====

The Giant Buddha is sitting in the open air, and the weather of Leshan is humid. However, the Giant Buddha has been preserved so well under such natural conditions. The secret lies in its ingenious design. There is a delicate and invisible drainage system which played an important role in protecting the Giant Buddha from corrosion. Among the 18 layers spiral coils on the Buddha head, the 4th layer, the 9th layer and 18th layer have one cross drainage; the drainage from the left side in front of the chest is connecting to the back drainage of the right arm; there are caves on the back side (the side near the mountain) connecting the two ears. These caves and drainage have composed the scientific drainage, moisture proof and ventilation system. Besides, the local government will renovate the Giant Buddha statue irregularly to restore the broken parts, clean the Buddha, change materials, and eliminate safety risks.

====4. Cultural value====

As the cultural heritage in the world, the Leshan Giant Buddha has religious and cultural value, historical and cultural value, and artistic and cultural value. As one of the symbols of Buddhism, Leshan Giant Buddha is also regarded as one of the carriers of Buddhist culture. Buddhism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The existence of Leshan Giant Buddha has played a positive role in promoting the spread and promotion of Buddhism. The construction of Leshan Giant Buddha lasted for nearly one hundred years, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of ancient Chinese laborers. Leshan Giant Buddha symbolizes the superb skills and loyalty to faith of ancient Chinese craftsmen, and is one of the important cultural heritages of Chinese traditional culture. Leshan Giant Buddha, as one of the exemplary stone cave art in China, has high artistic value in terms of its carving techniques and scale. From the carving feature of Leshan Giant Buddha, one can see the superb techniques and unique expression forms of ancient Chinese stone cave art, which is a precious heritage of stone cave art.

====5. Mysterious legends about the Giant Buddha====

According to legend, the Leshan Giant Buddha cried in 1962, 1963, and 1976 but showed happiness in 1994, 2001, and 2002. In 1962, there was a natural disaster that lasted for two years. Millions of people died of starvation and many babies were seen floating in the Min River. The Buddha could not bear to see such tragedy. The Buddha closed eyes in pain and wept silently. In 1963, The Buddha closed eyes again at the start of the Cultural Revolution. In 1976, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De (three Chinese leaders) all died in 1976. The Tangshan earthquake also caused hundreds of thousands of casualties in the same year. The Buddha was angry about this unfair and dark world. In 1994, despite grieving due to people’s lack of faith and being worried for mankind, the Buddha’s sadness turned to a smile as the Buddha realized that hope was on the way. In 2001, China successfully joined the WTO and won the bid to host the Beijing Olympic Games. The light around the Leshan Giant Buddha’s head showed his happiness for China. In 2002, in the sky above the sculpture, where the dark clouds had not yet faded, there was a sudden halo phenomenon. This was thought to be Buddha’s light.

Actually, as the local people, I have heard of the mysterious legends about the Buddha since my childhood. Although this beautiful imagination reflects the Buddha’s sublime status in our hearts, we understand that it is all just a legend. As a matter of fact, the Buddha shed tears because it was contaminated. The Buddha closing its eyes is a typical manifestation of “black shell” effect caused by acid rain. The eyelids of the Buddha turned black, and many parts of the surface layer peeled off, resulting in the visual effect of the Buddha closing its eyes. The Buddha’s light is a natural phenomenon of light as well, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and mists. Due to the high requirements for its formation, it is relatively rare.

====6. Modern development====

In order to better protect the Leshan Giant Buddha, the local government have successively issued a series of regulations to strengthen the management of the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area. Furthermore, it set a goal of “attract more attention to the Leshan Giant Buddha and help young people rediscover its culture”. Today, the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area not only boasts pavilions, terraces, trees, and flowers, but also unique cultural and creative products that captivate visitors.

In recent years, The local government of Leshan has adhered to the principle of promoting tourism through culture and vice versa, combining heritage display with revitalization. The scenic area has launched a series of cultural and creative products such as “Memories of the Giant Buddha” and “Lingyun Gifts”, developed six high-quality study tours on World Cultural and Natural Heritage, created the VR immersive experience project “Lingyun Exploration”, and planned and launched a series of activities such as, “Leshan Giant Buddha Spring Festival Carnival” and “Winter Tour of the Giant Buddha, Enjoy Jiazhou”. It has also promoted the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha Digital Experience Center, contributing to Leshan’s development into a globally renowned world-class tourist destination and attracting numerous domestic and international tourists.

Developing while protecting, innovating while inheriting—the protection, inheritance, and innovation of cultural heritage must respect the history of the Leshan Giant Buddha culture while also keeping pace with the times. The local government of Leshan is also making beneficial explorations in research and interpretation, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and other aspects, so as to greatly enhance the vitality, inheritance and influence of world heritage, so that the world can better understand Chinese culture and fully reflect the value of world cultural and natural heritage (He Yong, 2025).

===References===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===Terms and Expressions===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===Questions===

1. How many years did it take to build the Leshan Giant Buddha?

2. Who organized the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

3. In terms of its design features, why has the Leshan Giant Buddha been able to be preserved for so long?

4. What is the cultural value of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

5. In order to promote modern development of the Leshan Giant Buddha, what measures did the local government of Leshan take?

==期末论文==

===乐山大佛===

====1. 引言====

“山是一尊佛，佛是一座山”，这是对乐山大佛的美誉。乐山大佛位于岷江、青衣江以及大渡河三江汇流之处，高达233英尺（71米)，是世界上最大的石刻佛像, 雕刻于中国四川省乐山市（古称嘉州）的红色砂岩崖壁之上。佛教的古老智慧与宗教信仰孕育了这一宏伟壮丽的文化瑰宝，如今作为联合国教科文组织自然与文化遗产而闻名于世。乐山大佛已屹立愈千年，半垂着眼，默默俯视着往来的信徒与游客。当地人坚信大佛有感知灾祸的第六感，声称大佛曾几度垂泪。有这样的传言，难怪人们坚信大佛能感知世间疾苦。但事实上，大佛垂泪更可能是受污染造成的，而非神灵显现。尽管这只是一个传言，却反映出大佛在当地人心中的崇高地位。对当地人而言，乐山大佛不只是为当地增加旅游收入的旅游胜地，更守护着当地免受水灾的侵扰，而这也正是其建造的由来。

====2. 建造历史====

乐山大佛开凿于唐开元元年（713年），历时九十年，至贞元十九年（803年）完成建造。在古代乐山三江（岷江、青衣江和大渡河）三江汇流之处，江水深急，波涛汹涌，常常吞没来往船只，危及百姓性命。海通禅师看到船只沉没、百姓丧生，感到于心不忍。为了减少洪灾侵扰、普渡众生，海通禅师决定在此雕刻一尊佛像，希望佛祖能镇服水患（伍弱文，2014）。经过二十年的化缘筹资，海通禅师招募人力物力开凿佛像。海通禅师在造佛的过程中，遇到了重重险阻。相传，有一日，嘉州郡守听说海通手里有一大笔钱财，就带了一大批随从前来讨要。海通面对威胁，毫不畏惧，断然拒绝了，他斩钉截铁的说：“自目可剜，佛财难得！” 海通的高傲和蔑视激怒了贪财如命的郡守，他不相信会有人有胆量挖出自己的眼珠，他恼羞成怒的说：“那你就挖出来看看！” 面对寡廉鲜耻的郡守，海通威严的盘腿坐定，端起一只铜盘，毫不犹豫的剜出自己的一只眼珠放在上面，默默地举到郡守面前。顿时，郡守大惊失色，吓得失魂落魄，仓皇逃下山去。海通舍己献身的浩然正气感天动地，更激发了广大人民造就大佛的雄心。然而，在凿刻大佛肩部的时候，海通禅师圆寂了。海通圆寂后，开凿工作一度中断。数年以后，得益于几位官员的捐赠与朝廷下令征收的税款，海通禅师的弟子们带领工匠继续凿刻大佛。经过三代工匠的努力，历时九十年才建成这尊大佛（Daisy，2016）。

====3. 设计特色====

乐山大佛坐落于露天之中，且当地气候湿润，却依然在自然条件下保存完好。其秘诀在于其精妙的设计，精巧且隐蔽的排水系统对大佛免受腐蚀风化起到了至关重要的作用。在大佛头部18层螺髻中，第4层、第9层和第18层设有交叉排水系统。大佛胸前左侧的排水沟与右臂后侧的排水沟相连，背面洞穴（靠近山体的一侧）则与双耳相连。这些洞穴与排水沟共同构成了科学系统的排水、防潮以及通风体系。此外，当地政府不定期对大佛进行修缮，包括修复破损部位、清洁佛像、更换材料以及消除安全隐患。

====4. 文化价值====

作为世界文化遗产，乐山大佛具有宗教文化价值、历史文化价值以及艺术文化价值。作为佛教象征之一，乐山大佛也被认为是佛教文化的载体之一。佛教是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，乐山大佛的存在对于佛教的传播和弘扬起到了积极的推动作用。乐山大佛的建造历经近百年，是中国古代劳动人民智慧和勤劳的结晶。乐山大佛象征着中国古代工匠的高超技艺和对信仰的忠诚，是中国传统文化的重要遗产之一。乐山大佛作为中国石窟艺术的典范之一，其雕刻技艺及规模都具有很高的艺术价值。在乐山大佛的雕刻中，可以看到中国古代石窟艺术的高超技术和独特表现形式，是中国石窟艺术中的珍贵遗产。

====5.大佛的神秘传说====

据传，乐山大佛曾在1962年、1963年和1976年垂泪，但在1994年、2001年和2002年却显露出微笑的神情。1962年，一场持续两年的自然灾害夺去了数百万人的生命，百姓饱受饥荒之苦，许多婴儿漂浮在岷江上，大佛无法忍受目睹如此的悲剧，便痛苦地闭上双眼，默默垂泪。1963年，文化大革命伊始，大佛再次闭眼。1976年，毛主席、周恩来和朱德（三位中国领导人）都在此年去世，同年唐山大地震也造成了数十万人伤亡，大佛对这个不公且黑暗的世界感到愤愤不平。1994年，尽管因人们缺乏信仰而悲伤，并为人类的未来担忧，但当大佛意识到希望即将来临时，它的悲伤化为了微笑。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织并申奥成功获得北京奥运会主办权。乐山大佛头部的“佛光”展现出其对此的喜悦。2002年，在大佛塑像上方的天空中，当乌云尚未消散之时，突然出现了一种光环现象，人们纷纷认为这便是“佛光”。

其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。

====6.现代化发展====

为了更好保护乐山大佛，当地政府相继颁布了一些条例，以加强乐山大佛景区的管理。此外，当地政府还设立了“让更多人关注乐山大佛，让年轻人重新认识大佛文化”的目标。如今的乐山大佛景区，不仅有亭台楼阁、苗木花草，更有独特的文创产品让游客流连忘返。

近年来，乐山市坚持以文塑旅、以旅彰文，将遗产展示与活化利用相结合，景区推出“大佛记忆”“凌云礼”等系列文创产品，开发世界文化与自然遗产精品研学课程6个，制作VR大空间沉浸式体验项目“凌云探秘”，策划推出“乐山大佛新春嘉年华”以及“冬游大佛，乐享嘉州”等系列活动，推进乐山大佛数字体验中心建设，助推乐山建设享誉全球的世界重要旅游目的地，吸引众多国内外游客流连忘返。

在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。

===参考===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.htm

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===术语与表达===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===问题===

1. 建造乐山大佛耗时多少年？

2. 乐山大佛由谁组织建造？

3. 从设计特色来看，乐山大佛为何能长久保存？

4. 乐山大佛有哪些文化价值？

5. 为了促进乐山大佛的现代化发展，乐山当地政府采取了哪些措施？

File:Money Culture Currency Jiaozi A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty 2025.pptx

2025-12-19T09:21:45Z

Fang Xian:

Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-19T09:19:49Z

Fang Xian: /* 2025-10-30 (周四) - Completed */

Welcome to our course website [[Chinese Language and Culture - 2025]]! The AI website for our course is: https://dcg.de/ai/uni/chinese_language_culture.php

=Overview about this semester's student presentations=

== 📅 Presentation Schedule ==

=== 2025-10-16 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Luó Yǔyān || 罗语嫣 || 202570081748 || 275. Zhuazhou [[Media:Zhuazhou_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Qū Yuèníng || 曲悦宁 || 202570081750 || 267. Mazu culture
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Zhuóshàn || 李卓善 || 202570081692 || 282. Black Myth: Wukong [[Media:Black Myth: Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Mǐnjié || 张敏杰 || 202570081730 || 153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Qín Míngwén || 秦铭雯 || 202570081704 || 19. Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac [[Media:Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Zēng Lín || 曾琳 || 202570081670 || 27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy [[Media: calligraphy 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Dèng Xuě || 邓雪 || 202570081742 || Panda
|-
| 8 || Guō Xiǎopèi || 郭晓佩 || 202570081678 || 25. Body movements performance: traditional Chinese dance[[Media:Body_movements_performance_traditional_Chinese_dance.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Zhāng Xiāorán || 张潇然 || 202570081759 || Chinese Ancient Weapons
|}

=== 2025-10-23 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zēng Língkǎi || 曾凌楷 || 202570081774 || 213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) [[Media:Chinese Dreamcore 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Chén Kěxīn || 陈可心 || 202570081671 || The Five Famous Mountains [[Media:The_Five_Famous_Mountains_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Liú Jiāqí || 刘嘉琪 || 202570081696 || Chinese liquor culture
|-
| 4 || Wáng Guóshū || 王国姝 || 202570081753 || Red envelope and lucky money
|-
| 5 || Chén Qiānyùn || 陈仟运 || 202570081673 || 203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 [[Media:Chinese_horror_movies_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Hé Yí || 何怡 || 202570081743 || 262. The four pillars of destiny [[Media:The four pillars of destiny.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Zhāng Méiróng || 张梅容 || 202570081729 || 227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama (中国式霸总小说&短剧)
|-
| 8 || Lǐ Wénqīng || 李文清 || 202570081690 || 132. Porcelain [[Media:Chinese Porcelain.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Liú Zǐlíng || 刘紫玲 || 202570081699 || 185. Opera: Huangmei opera 黄梅戏[[Media:Opera:Huangmei opera.pptx]]
|-

=== 2025-10-24 (周五) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wēng Lánlín || 翁岚淋 || 202570081712 || 217. Cha Bai Xi / Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) [[Media:Cha_Bai_Xi_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Huáng Yàngyàng || 黄样样 || 202570081682 || 234. Dragon Lantern Dance [[Media:Dragondance.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Yòu || 李又 || 202570081691 || Kite-flying (放风筝)
|-
| 4 || Mǎ Yījiāo || 马一礁 || 202570081700 || 242. Hunan Rice Noodles (湖南米粉)[[Media:Hu Nan Rice Noodles.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Zhū Zhū || 朱珠 || 202570081738 || 37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy-Reading the Analects [[Media:Analects_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Wáng Rǎnrǎn || 王冉冉 || 202570081709 || Shandong cuisine 鲁菜
|-
| 7 || Yáng Shūwén || 杨淑雯 || 202570081722 || Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan [[Media: Breakfast_Culture_of_Wuhan_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Méi Xīléi || 梅希雷 || 202570081701 || 69. Language: Chinese Dialects[[Media:Language_Chinese_Dialects_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Liú Huì || 刘慧 || 202570081695 || 204. Stand-up Comedy [[Media:Stand-up Comedy.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-10-30 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Cáo Wén || 曹文 || 202570081669 || 171. Science and Technology: Taobao（淘宝）[[Media: Science and Technology: Taobao. pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Chén Míngbō || 陈明菠 || 202570081672 || Education: training Schools
|-
| 3 || Dèng Xīnyǔ || 邓欣雨 || 202570081674 || 253. Yuelu mountain 岳麓山[[Media:Yuelu Mountain（岳麓山）.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Dèng Xīn || 邓鑫 || 202570081675 || 196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles [[Media: Chinese Electric Vehicles.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Fāng Xiān || 方鲜 || 202570081676 || 100. Money Culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) [[Media:Money_Culture_Currency_Jiaozi_A_Paper_Currency_ in_Northern_Song_Dynasty_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Fú Róng || 符蓉 || 202570081677 || 225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（"村超"：中国乡村足球联赛）
|-
| 7 || Guō Yùróng || 郭玉熔 || 202570081679 || 14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese architecture [[Media:Fengshui_in_Architecture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Hè Jìngtóng || 贺婧童 || 202570081680 || 13. Three Great Towers in China[[Media:Three Great Towers in China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Hú Lěi || 胡磊 || 202570081681 || 193. Science and Technology: Buy together (PDD)[[Media:Science and Technology(PDD).pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Huáng Yáo || 黄瑶 || 202570081683 || Cheongsam
|-
| 11 || Martin Woesler || 吴漠汀 || xxx || Teacher presentation [[Media:02.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-06 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

周四换成：6 Wáng Zǐxīn 王紫新 202570081710 138.Round Table Culture；

周五换成：7 Líng Xīaoyáo 凌逍遥 202570081693 43.Chinese Folk Argot

Teacher presentation [[Media:02a.pptx]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Huáng Yīlín || 黄伊琳 || 202570081684 || Chinese incense culture
|-
| 2 || Jiǎng Kèyǔ || 蒋克雨 || 202570081686 || 221. Zhongyuan festival [[Media:Zhongyuan_Festival_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Kǒng Xiángyǎ || 孔祥雅 || 202570081687 || 266. Hui culture [[Media:Hui_culture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Lǐ Mèngxiá || 李孟霞 || 202570081688 || 243. Chinese names [[Media:Chinese_Names_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Lǐ Pàn || 李盼 || 202570081689 || 175. The Photo Retouching Culture in China [[Media:The_Photo_Retouching_Culture_in_China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Wáng Zǐxīn || 王紫新 || 202570081710 || 138.Round Table Culture [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Liú Dān || 刘丹 || 202570081694 || 232. Sun Wukong (孙悟空) [[Media:Sun_Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Liú Xīn || 刘欣 || 202570081697 || 170. Chinese Paper-cutting [[Media:Chinese_Paper-cutting_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Liú Yuán || 刘缘 || 202570081698 || Language: Hakka Dialect 1845
|}

=== 2025-11-07 (周五) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

Forum Discussion: Concept of Tianxia https://dcg.de/ai/uni/chinese_language_culture.php#tianxia

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Pān Liànyàn || 潘恋艳 || 202570081702 || 283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture [[Media:Guangdong morning tea.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Péng Xiāngrú || 彭湘茹 || 202570081703 || 5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia [[Media:Crying Marriage of Tujia.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Qū Yìyǐng || 曲奕颖 || 202570081705 || 216. The Story of Ming Lan 知否知否应是绿肥红瘦
|-
| 4 || Rèn Yàrú || 任亚茹 || 202570081706 || 63. Mogao Grottoes
|-
| 5 || Rèn Yíngyíng || 任盈盈 || 202570081707 || 263. Shaolin Temple
|-
| 6 || Shū Yǔlù || 舒雨璐 || 202570081708 || 133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song《青花瓷》
|-
| 7 || Líng Xiāoyáo || 凌逍遥 || 202570081693 || 70. Chinese folk argot
|-
| 8 || Wèi Fāngxīn || 魏方鑫 || 202570081711 || 152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks [[Media:Chopsticks_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Wú Hóngpíng || 吴洪萍 || 202570081713 || 31. Chinese clothing [[Media:Chinese Clothing_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Xiàng Xīnlěi || 向馨磊 || 202570081714 || 179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love
|}

=== 2025-11-13 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Xiàng Xuěbīng || 向雪冰 || 202570081715 || TBD - Xiàng Xuěbīng
|-
| 2 || Xiào Sūqín || 肖苏秦 || 202570081716 || 197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua-Velvet Flowers 绒花[[Media:The culture of Ronghua-Velvet Flowers 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Xióng Ruòyáo || 熊若瑶 || 202570081717 || 169. Cuisine: Luosifen [[Media: Luosifen_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Yán Zhéwén || 严哲文 || 202570081718 || 9. Architecture: The Forbidden City [[Media: Architecture The Forbidden City.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Yáng Hàodān || 杨皓丹 || 202570081719 || 209. Tofu meatball with pig blood(猪血丸子）[[Media: Tofu meatball with pig blood_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Yáng Jīnyǔ || 杨金雨 || 202570081720 || 96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine
|-
| 7 || Yáng Jìngwèi || 杨婧蔚 || 202570081721 || 45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera [[Media:Facial Make-up Face Changing in Sichuan Opera.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Yáng Xīrán || 杨晰然 || 202570081723 || 191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers [[Media: 191. The Culture of Flowers.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Yáng Yǔxuān || 杨宇轩 || 202570081724 || 20. Milk tea 奶茶[[Media:Milk Tea-.pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Yì Yǎlán || 易雅兰 || 202570081725 || 235.Bamboo Weaving 竹编 [[Media:Bamboo_Weaving_2025.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-20 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yú Chēn || 余琛 || 202570081726 || 174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 饺子 [[Media: Jiaozi.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Yuè Ziháo || 岳子豪 || 202570081727 || 108. Opera: Peking Opera (京剧)
|-
| 3 || Zhāng Lì || 张丽 || 202570081728 || 180. Tangyuan (汤圆)[[Media:Tangyuan_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Shuàichāo || 张帅超 || 202570081731 || Ancient Chinese education
|-
| 5 || Zhāng Yǔméng || 张雨蒙 || 202570081732 || 208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao (步摇)
|-
| 6 || Zhào Jǐntāo || 赵锦涛 || 202570081733 || Culture of Chinese Electric Car
|-
| 7 || Zhào Mǐn || 赵敏 || 202570081734 || Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China [[Media: Wu Zetian_2025. pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Zhào Yíxiāo || 赵怡潇 || 202570081735 || 205. Bride-price
|-
| 9 || Zhèng Shān || 郑珊 || 202570081736 || 278. The Beef Board Noodle
|-
| 10 || Zhōu Wénxuān || 周文萱 || 202570081737 || 23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing [[Media: Chinese Lion Dance.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-27 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zhù Yèhuī || 祝烨晖 || 202570081739 || 251. Rice Noodle Roll 肠粉 [[Media:251. Rice Noodle Roll.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǎqí || 陈雅琪 || 202570081740 || 157. Traditional Cuisine—hotpot [[Media: Traditional Cuisine— hotpot. pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Chén Yǔfēi || 陈宇飞 || 202570081741 || 91. Martial Arts: Wushu
|-
| 4 || Huáng Yǎqiàn || 黄雅倩 || 202570081745 || 93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) [[Media:Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Lín Zhǐyí || 林芷怡 || 202570081746 || 92. Frolics of the Five Animals (wuqinxi)
|-
| 6 || Liú Kāngyí || 刘康怡 || 202570081747 || 112. Huagu Opera (花鼓戏)
|-
| 7 || Lǚ Píng || 吕萍 || 202570081749 || 102. Music and instruments: guzheng
|-
| 8 || Shěn Yàn || 沈燕 || 202570081751 || 241. Abacus (珠算)
|-
| 9 || Tán Tíngtíng || 谭婷婷 || 202570081752 || 202. The Legend of Zhen Huan《甄嬛传》[[Media:The Legend of Zhen Huan.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-12-04 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wèi Méng || 魏萌 || 202570081754 || Zhang Zhongjing
|-
| 2 || Xiè Xuán || 谢璇 || 202570081755 || 02. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese marriage customs (中式婚礼)
|-
| 3 || Yáng Tíng || 杨婷 || 202570081756 || 254. Traditional Crafts: Tie-Dye
|-
| 4 || Yáng Yǔqíng || 杨雨晴 || 202570081757 || 259. Female writers
|-
| 5 || Yáng Yuàn || 杨媛 || 202570081758 || 188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)
|-
| 6 || Zhāng Yuè || 张悦 || 202570081760 || 265. Cuisine: changed spicy salted duck
|-
| 7 || Zhōu Xuán || 周璇 || 202570081761 || 186. The "reference" of Chinese Music (中国音乐的"借鉴")[[Media:The "reference" of Chinese Music.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Zhōu Yáng || 周洋 || 202570081762 || 148. Handcraft—Chinese knots
|-
| 9 || Guō Yǔtíng || 郭雨婷 || 202570081763 || 238. Three famous chinese mountains 中国三山
|-
| 10 || Jiāng Wǎnlíng || 姜宛灵 || 202570081685 || 1.Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development
|}

=== 2025-12-11 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Lǐ Fán || 李凡 || 202570081764 || 150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft 点翠
|-
| 2 || Péng Lùxī || 彭露曦 || 202570081765 || 52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play
|-
| 3 || Hú Mínghào || 胡明浩 || 202570081766 || 270. The Yingge Dance (英歌舞)
|-
| 4 || Huáng Lèlè || 黄乐乐 || 202570081767 || 6.The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China [[media: The Four Great male Beauties in Ancient China.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Jiāng Jiāyǔ || 姜佳宇 || 202570081768 || 224. Jiangxi Cuisine (赣菜) [[media: Jiangxi Cuisine (gancai).pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Liáng Yǔtóng || 梁羽彤 || 202570081769 || 256. Danmu (弹幕)
|-
| 7 || Péng Ruǐmiáo || 彭蕊苗 || 202570081770 || 178.Erhu(二胡）
|-
| 8 || Qín Níng || 秦宁 || 202570081771 || 28.The Evolution of Calligraphy(汉字的演变）
|-
| 9 || Wú Jǐnxuán || 吴瑾璇 || 202570081772 || 274. God of Wealth (财神)
|-
| 10 || Hé Yǐng || 何颖 || 202570081744 || 276. Nail art (美甲)[[media: Nail Art.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-12-18 (周四) - 共 8 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yǐn Ziháo || 尹子豪 || 202570081773 || Yǐn Ziháo
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǔjiā || 陈雨佳 || 202570081775 || 203. Beverages: Tea
|-
| 3 || Wāng Jīnyán || 汪金妍 || 202570081776 || 158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking
|-
| 4 || Yì Yǔtíng || 易雨婷 || 202570081777 || 268. Table manners
|-
| 5 || Hán Jiāyàn || 韩佳燕 || 202570081778 || 236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World[[Media:Landscapes and Tourism Harbin Ice and Snow World_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Liào Rútíng || 廖如婷 || 202570081779 || 255.Chinese style - sun protection[[Media:Chinese style - sun protection_2025.pptx]]
|
| 7 || Wáng Huìān || 王慧安 || 202570081780 || 128. TikTok (Douyin)[[Media:Douyin_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Wú Héng || 吴姮 || 202570081781 || 215. Live Streaming E-commerce (直播电商)[[Media:Live-streaming e-commerce_2025.pptx]]
|}

=Session 1 Thu Sep 25 19:00-21:35 room 613 - Organizational issues=

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 1 pptx presentations of 5 min. (without AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a interactive quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are 283 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

----
==Homework for every session==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook (if you have not much time, you can read it in Chinese), learn the vocabulary and make yourself familiar with the questions asked under the text.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

==Homework for Session 2==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve. You can click on https://bou.de/u and then "Register" in the top right corner, then input two times your pinyin name for username and real name in the way "Wang Jianguo", type in some info about yourself and submit the form with accepting the terms and conditions. More detailed instructions for registration you find in the powerpoint presentation which you can download from here ("Teacher presentation").

==Prepare ppt (10 students)==
Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations

Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?

Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)

Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?

Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?

Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?

Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?

Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?

Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?

Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?

Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?

Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?

Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?

Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on, plus an interactive quiz: The first ten presenters will have to present in two weeks!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197

21. Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai)

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246 (Tang Yan)

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi）

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606（Qin Yi)

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao)

77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841（Miao Yunlong）

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang)

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191 (Yang Yue2)

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272 (Fei Xinyu)

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283(Wang Huaixing)

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating)

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325

140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348

143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386（Zhang Huifang）

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480(Liu Peini)

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491(Xiao Zixin)

157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang)

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518……

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558 (She Xiao)

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573 Lv Jiahao

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 （Chen Sisi)

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644 （Liu Pei）

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694 (Liu Yunxi)

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719 (Fu Sihui)

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727 （Wang Xinyu）

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783(Du JIangping)

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845(Lu Wei)

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845 (Yang Jing)

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845 （Li Ting2）

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2)

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845 (Zhang Zixi)

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845 (Cai Yichun)

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845 (Tao Yao)

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845 (Ye Sitong)

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845 （Yang Jiahong2)

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845(Gao Xiaoqing)

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845(Huang Qiaoqiao)

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845 （Dong Jiating）

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845 （Ou Huang）

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845 （Lu Jiahui）

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845 (Liao Dan)

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845 (Shen Shuai)

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845 (Xiao Luyu)

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845 (Zhang Meiling)

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845 (Wang Yuxin)

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845 （Li Yuan2）

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845 (Cao Yuan)

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845 （Jin Yichen）

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845 (Chen Anqi)

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845 (Xu Xinwen)

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845 （Li Zihan2）

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845（Liu Chang）

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845 (Song Xin)

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845 (Chen Lin)

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845 (Gong Wei)

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845(Xiao Yikang)

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845(Li Linyao)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845（Du Yuan）

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845 （Liu Qi）

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845 （Yu Jingfang）

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845 ( Li Mingfeng )

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845（Liu Shutian）

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845（Chen Ting）

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845（Zhang Qi）

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845（Zhao Yashi）

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845 (Zhou Le)

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845 (Zhou Tianyi)

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845 (Liu Chao)

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) (Li Jiayi) 1845

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845 (Zuo Fang)

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Liu Jianan)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845 (Yan Jidong)

268. Table Manners 1845（Luo Yan）

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845 （Jiang Xinyue)

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845 （Shao Keyuan）

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845 (Zeng Zhi）

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845(Luo Sicheng)[[File:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845 （Zeng Xiaohui）

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845 （Luo Jiaxin）

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845 (Cheng Sixiang)

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845(Yan Xiang)

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845 （Luo Jingyan）

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845 (Guo Cili)

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845（Dai Yexun）

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845 （Zheng Jinlian）

=Session 02 Fri Feb 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Topics for today==
Please copy and paste your presentation topic, your name here and add your powerpoint file (size limit 10 MB)

You need to copy all the topics for the whole semester to the sessions NOW. If you do not do it sufficiently in advance, how can the fellow students prepare the texts?

Please remember that you have to indicate the 10 topics for Friday on the course website under "Session 2" with the topic name, student name, powerpoint uploaded (max size 10 MB), all presentations will be each on 1 topic only and cannot exceed 5 minutes. They have to be interactive and helpful from the perspective of an interpreter or translator who needs to prepare his/her work on this topic.

27. Chinese Calligraphy (Tang Yan) [[Media:Chinese_Calligraphy.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）[[Media:Mahjong-Jiang_Ziqiang.pptx]]

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）[[Media:The Summer Palace - Li Mei.pptx]]

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao) [[Media:Duan_Binyao_-76Su_Shi_and_Delegation_Literature.pptx]]

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Miao Yunlong)[[Media:Qian_Zhongshu_Miao_Yunlong.pptx]]

Tea Latte Art (Xiang Jianning)

Topic 7

Topic 8

Topic 9

Topic 10

=Session 03 Fri Mar 07 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Presentations==
1. Topic 21: Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai) [[Media:Tea_Spring_2025.pptx]] 86

2. Topic 64: Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606 (Qin Yi) [[Media:Mount_Tai_Spring_2025.pptx]]

3. Topic 101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang) [[Media:Lucky_Money_Spring_2025.pptx]]

4. Topic 107:National Symbols: Culture of the National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）[[Media:Culture_of_the_National_Flag_Spring_2025.pptx]]

5. Topic 155:Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480 (Liu Peini) [[Media:Wuhan_Breakfast_Spring_2025.pptx]]

6. Topic 157:Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang) [[Media:Hot_Pot_Spring_2025.pptx]]

7. Topic 126: China's four new inventions 1191(Yang Yue2).) [[Media:China's_Four_New_Great_Inventions_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Notes on presentations==
Most students did not do their homework. 素质 in Chinese and international culture. Taking over responsibility. Being independent. Making sure that things run. Taking care of others. Not to do the homework in time (displaying the 13 presentations of each session) has disadvantages also for the other students, who cannot prepare.

1. 14:43-49 Only Chinese tradition explained, not Indian, Egyptian etc. "Black tea" (in English all "hong cha" is called "black tea"), British tea culture (add milk)

2. 14:55-15:00 Personal origin: Shandong, personal experience: climbed Mount Tai 4 times, Sacrificial Culture, Culture of Literati, Folk Belief: God of Mount Tai, Blue Rosy Cloud Fairy; Spiritual Symbolism

3. 15:04-15:10 Legend, Tradition and Contrast, Significance; Sui Monster ya sui qian; contrast in the West: Giving money as a present is considered not as good as a present itself, giving money in an envelope has the bad taste of bribing (transparency.org); in China you can even go to the temple and pray for money

4. 15:29-15:34 historical details of design, red meaning “stop” internationally, “achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” (maybe a newer concept than the flag?), connection with earlier historical flags and other flags like of the communist movement, North Korea, ancient Soviet Union

5. 15:41-15:46 dialect terms (don’t use pinyin), analogy, breakfast is one of the most resilient cultural elements a person sticks to, guozao, 热干面, missing: characteristics like that it needs to be prepared quickly because the tradition of the dock workers

6. 15:56-16:01 hot pot history originated in China (?), regional differences within China 87

7. 16:02-16:06 4 new inventions - not explained that these inventions were invented in other countries. 86

==Student grades: 平时成绩/签到==

75/103 students, 24级 MA翻译, class representative: Zhang Jiaxin
# Jin Yichen
# lu jiahui
# li yuan
# cao yuan
# xiao luyu
# zhang jiaxin +5
# ye sitong
# zhao yashi
# jiang xinyue
# yan xiang
# fei xinyu
# zhang qi
# dai shiru
# zhang zixi
# zheng kaiwu
# cai yichun
# yang jing
# liao dan
# luo yan
# qin yi
# shao keyuan
# cao chunyang
# xu yangyang
# liao zuoyun
# cheng sixiang
# du jiangping
# liu qi
# miao yunlong
# huang qiaoqiao
# chen lin
# duan binyao
# li ting
# zeng zhi
# xing xueqing
# luo jingyan
# liu shutian
# gao xiaoqing
# chen zhen
# luo guoqiang -1-1-1
# she xiao
# he yunfeng
# liu ying
# du yuan
# li jiayi
# tao yao
# xu xinwen
# ou huang
# liu peini
# jiang ziqiang
# zhang huifang
# liu chao
# liu yunxi
# luo jiaxin
# li mei
# zeng xiaohui
# huang yixuan
# chen anqi
# chen ting
# zhang mai
# yuan xiaolin -1-1
# li mingfeng
# dai yexun-1-1
# yang pei -1
# tang yan
# xiang jianning-1
# liu chang -1
# wang yuxin
# lv jiahao-1
# dong jiating
# lu wei
# yang yue
# guo cili
# shen shuai
# Ouyang yihong
# li zihan -1
# zuo fang
# fu sihui
# xiao zixin -1
# zhou tianyi -1
# qi zhiyang -1-1
# liu pei
# gong wei
# chen sisi
# huang sinan
# xiao yikang
# yu jingfang
# luo sicheng
# yang jiahong
# yan jidong
# xiao yawen
# geng hongmei
# zhou le
# qiu ping
# wang huaixing
# wang xinyu
# chu hanqi
# wu jiating
# zhang meiling
# liu jianan
# song xin
# zhao qi
# zheng jinlian
# li linyao

=Session 04 Fri Mar 14 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 260：Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty(Liu Chao)[[Media:260 The Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty.pptx]]
#Topic 146: Traditional crafts: Xiang embroidery 1386(Zhang Huifang) [[Media:Hunan_embroidery_spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 153:Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)[[Media:Media Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx]]
#Topic 233: Traditional Chinese Pigments (Cao Yuan)[[Media:Traditional Chinese Pigments.pptx]]
#Topic 182: Chinese Economy: rich businessmen (Fu Sihui) [[Media:Rich_Businessmen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 156: Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick p. 1491 (Xiao Zixin) [[Media:Tanghulu_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 138: Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating) [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 174: Jiaozi (Liu Pei) [[Media:Dumplings_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing)

=Session 05 Fri Mar 21 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 50: Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi） [[Media:Weiqi_Go_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 110:Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)[[Media:Opera Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang.pptx]]
# Topic 131: Silk and porcelain: Silk (Fei Xinyu) [[Media:Silk_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 224: Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜）(Liao Dan) [[Media:Jiangxi_Cuisine.pptx]]
# Topic 169: Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 (Chen Sisi) ） [[Media:Luosifen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 167: History: Wang Shouren 1573 （Lv Jiahao)[[Media:History_Wang_Shouren_.pptx]]
# Topic 183: Jiangxi Gan Opera （Wang Xinyu） [[Media:Jiangxi Gan opera.pptx]]
# Topic 165: Worship: Chinese Incense Culture (She Xiao) [[Media:Chinese Incense Culture.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing) [Media: Silk and Porcelain]

=Session 06 Fri Mar 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=

#Topic 188:Mobile Games 手游 1783 （Du Jiangping）[[Media:Mobile_Game.pptx]]
#Topic 191:Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）)[[Media:Aesthetic_ideals_and_social_customs-_The_Culture_of_Flowers.pptx]]
#Topic 193:Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)
#Topic 195:Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)[[Media: Cuju.pptx]]
#Topic 202:The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)[[Media: The Legend of Zhen Huan.pptx]]
#Topic 203:Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)[[Media: Chinese Horror Movies.pptx]]
#Topic 185:Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）)[[Media: Huangmei Opera.pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

=HOLIDAY Session 07 Fri Apr 04 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Fri Apr 11 14:30-16:10 Zhishan Bldg. room 303 - Student presentations=
#Topic 133:Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing）
#Topic 179:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love（Liu Yunxi）[[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey(Xiao Yawen)
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]
#Topic 204:Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）
#Topic 220:Rice cake 年糕 (Dong Jiating)
#Topic 208:Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao(Yang Jing)[[Media:Chinese Traditional Ornament-Buyao.pptx]]
#Topic 209:Tofu meatball with nia blood(Li Ting2)[[Media:Pig_Blood_Balls.pptx]]
#Topic 212:Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2) [[Media:Training classes .pptx]]

=Session 09 Fri Apr 18 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 213: Chinese Dreamcore (Zhang Zixi)[[Media:Chinese Dreamcore.pptx]]
#Topic 215: Live-streaming e-commerce (Tao Yao)[[Media:Live-Streaming E-Commerce.pptx]]
#Topic 216: The Story of Ming Lan (Ye Sitong)[[Media:The Story of Minglan.pptx]]
#Topic 218: Guangdong Herbal tea (Gao Xiaoqing)
#Topic 219: Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） (Huang Qiaoqiao)[[Media:Seal carving.pptx]]
#Topic 207: Shan Dong Cuisine (Lu Wei) [[Media:Lu_Wei-207-Shandong_Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 221: Zhongyuan Festival (Ou Huang)[[Media:The Zhongyuan Festival.pptx]]
#Topic 223: The Return of the Pearl Princess (Lu Jiahui)[[Media:The Return of the Pearl Princess.pptx]]

=Session 10 Fri Apr 25 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 217: Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art（茶百戏）(Yang Jiahong)[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]
#Topic 225: Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）(Shen Shuai)
#Topic 227: Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)[[Media:Chinese_Bossy_Fictions_and_Microdramas.pptx]]
#Topic 229: Jingdezhen Porcelain(Xiao Luyu)[[Media:Jingdezhen Porcelain.pptx]]
#Topic 230: Gayageum（伽倻琴）(Zhang Meiling) [[Media:Gayageum.pptx]]
#Topic 231: The plague and couplet in Chinese garden(Wang Yuxin)[[Media:The Plague and Couplets in Chinese Garden.pptx]]
#Topic 232: Sun Wukong(Li Yuan)[[Media:0425 Sun Wukong.pptx]]
#Topic 234: Dragon Lantern Dance(Jin Yichen)[[Media:Jin Yichen Dragon Lantern Dance.pptx]]
#Topic 235: Bamboo Weaving(Chen Anqi)[[Media:Bamboo Weaving.pptx]]
#Topic 236: Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World(Xu Xinwen)[[Media:Harbin Ice and Snow World.pptx]]

==Please enroll in ai platform==
Please enroll (register) in the platform https://dcg.de/ai/

=HOLIDAY Session 11 Fri May 02 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
劳动节5月1日——5月5日

=Session 12 Tue May 06 10:00-11:40 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 238: Three Famous Chinese Mountains(Liu Chang)
#Topic 239: Female emperor-Wu Zetian(女皇武则天)(Song Xin) [[Media:Wu Zetian.pptx]]
#Topic 240: Clay sculpture (泥塑）(Chen Lin)[[Media:Clay Sculpture.pptx]]
#Topic 242: Hunan Rice Noodles(Gong Wei)[[Media:Hunan Rice Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 244: Chinese Popular Memes(中国网络流行热梗）(Xiao Yikang)[[Media:Chinese popular Memes.pptx]]
#Topic 245: Douzhi (豆汁)(Li Linyao)[[Media:Douzhi.pptx]]
#Topic 246: New Year Wood-block Paintings(Du Yuan)[[Media:Du Yuan New Year Wood-block Painting.pptx]]
#Topic 247: Carved lacquer（雕漆）(Liu Qi)[[Media:Carved lacquer.pptx]]
#Topic 237: Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)(Li Zihan)

==Regarding Wu Zetian‘s blank Steele==
关于武则天的“无字碑”（又称“无字碑记”）为何没有刻字，学界和民间流传着几种主要的假设：
#功过自有后人评说（最广为流传）：武则天希望后世自己来评价她的一生，不愿由自己或当时的人定论。这种说法强调了她的自信与超越常规。
#避讳批评或争议：武则天是中国历史上唯一的女皇帝，争议颇多。她可能认为无论写什么内容都容易引发非议，因此选择不刻字以避免争议。
#彰显佛教思想：她信奉佛教，而佛教讲究“空”与“无”，无字碑可能象征“空性”或“无常”，体现她的宗教哲学。
#未来自我书写：也有人猜测她原计划晚年或死前再刻碑文，但去世后未及实现，遂留下空碑。
#彰显权力与独特性：无字碑作为一种非同寻常的表达形式，也可视为权力和个性的象征，显示她与众不同的统治地位。

⸻

English Translation:

There are several main hypotheses about why Wu Zetian’s stele (often called the “Wordless Stele”) bears no inscription:
#“Let future generations judge” (most popular view): Wu Zetian may have wanted her life and legacy to be judged by later generations rather than writing her own praise. This interpretation highlights her confidence and forward-thinking.
#To avoid criticism or controversy: As the only female emperor in Chinese history, Wu Zetian was a controversial figure. She may have felt that any written content could provoke criticism, so she left it blank.
#Reflecting Buddhist philosophy: A devout Buddhist, she may have chosen to leave the stele blank as a symbol of “emptiness” or impermanence, ideas central to Buddhist thought.
#Intended to write later: Some believe she planned to inscribe it later in life but passed away before doing so, leaving the monument unfinished.
#Symbol of power and uniqueness: A blank stele could also serve as a unique and powerful statement, emphasizing her exceptional status and breaking with traditional forms.

=Session 13 Fri May 09 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 248: Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山）(Yu Jingfang) [[Media:Jing_Gang_Mountain_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 251: Rice noodle roll (Li Mingfeng)[[File:Rice Noodle Roll.pptx]]
#Topic 252: Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine (Liu Shutian)[[Media:Northeastern Chinese Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 253: Yuelu Mountain (Chen Ting) [[Media:Yuelu_Mountain.pptx]]
#Topic 254: Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye (Zhang Qi)[[Media:Traditional_Crafts_Tie-Dye.pptx]]
#Topic 255: Chinese-style sun protection (Zhao Yashi)[[ File:Chinese-style Sun Protection.pdf]]
#Topic 256: Danmu（弹幕）(Zhou Le)[[Media:Danmu.pptx]]
#Topic 259: Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua (Zhou Tianyi)[[Media:Voices of Chinese Female Writers.pptx]]
#Topic 214: Luban China's inventor (Cai Yichun)[[Media:Luban_China's_Inventor.pptx]]

=Session 14 Fri May 23 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 262: The Four Pillars of Destiny(Li Jiayi) [[Media:Eight Characters.pptx]]
#Topic 263: Shaolin Temple(Zuo Fang) [[Media:Shaolin Temple.pptx]]
#Topic 265: Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck(Xing Xueqing)[[Media:Changde spicy salted duck.pptx]]
#15:25-15:30 Topic 266: Hui Culture (徽文化)(Liu Jianan)[[Media:Hui Culture.pptx]]
#15:30- Topic 267: Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化)(Yan Jidong)[[Media:Mazu culture.pptx]]
#15:35- Topic 268: Table manner(Luo Yan)[[Media:Table manner.pptx]]
#15:40- Topic 270: Yingge Dance(Jiang Xinyue)[[Media:Yingge Dance.pptx]]
#15:45- Topic 271: Palace Lantern(Shao Keyuan)[[Media:Palace_Lantern.pptx]]
#15:50- Topic 272: Chinese Endearing Terms(Zeng Zhi)[[Media:Chinese Endearing Terms.pptx]]

15:55-16:10 Check final exam paper topics

=Session 15 Tue May 27 10:00-11:30 中和楼 213 (moved from Fri May 30 14:30-16:10 room 613) - Student presentations=
#Topic 273: Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐）(Luo Sicheng)[[Media:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]
#<nowiki>Topic 274:</nowiki> God of wealth(Liu Ying)[[Media:God of Wealth.pptx]]
#Topic 275: Zhua zhou (抓周）(Zeng Xiaohui) [[Media:Zhuazhou.pptx]]
#Topic 276: Nail art(Luo Jiaxin)[[Media:Nail_Art.pptx]]
#Topic 277: Mirror(Cheng Sixiang)[[Media:Mirror_Cheng Sixiang.pptx]]
#Topic 278: The Beef Board Noodles(Yan Xiang)[[Media:Beef Board Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 279: Huo Qubing(Luo Jingyan)
#Topic 280: Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院）(Guo Cili)[[Media:Chinese Courtyard Houses-Guo Cili.pptx]]
#Topic 281: yangqin(Dai Yexun)[[Media:Yangqin.pptx]]

=Session 16 Fri Jun 6 14:30-16:10 room 613=
#Topic 282: Black Myth: Wukong (Chen Zhen)
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture (Yuan Xiaolin)[[Media:Guangdong_Morning_Tea.pptx]]
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化）(Zheng Jinlian)[[Media:Guangdong Morning Tea Culture-Zheng Jinlian.pptx]]
#Topic:(Luo Guoqiang) Liuyang Fireworks

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。

=Deadline extended to June 20, 2025 - Final Exam=
Please upload your ppt if you not have done so so far.
[[Media:282_Black_Myth_Wukong_Chen_Zhen.pptx]]

Topic 196:[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]

==Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations==
#Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?
#Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)
#Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?
#Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?
#Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?
#Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?
#Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?
#Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?
#Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?
#Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?
#Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?
#Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?
#Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。
自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。

Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-11-12T05:09:23Z

Fang Xian: /* 2025-10-30 (周四) - Completed */

Contents from spring (will be updated for fall):

Welcome to our course website [[Chinese Language and Culture, Spring 2025]]!

=Overview about this semester's student presentations=

== 📅 Presentation Schedule ==

=== 2025-10-16 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Luó Yǔyān || 罗语嫣 || 202570081748 || 275. Zhuazhou [[Media:Zhuazhou_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Qū Yuèníng || 曲悦宁 || 202570081750 || 267. Mazu culture
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Zhuóshàn || 李卓善 || 202570081692 || 282. Black Myth: Wukong [[Media:Black Myth: Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Mǐnjié || 张敏杰 || 202570081730 || 153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Qín Míngwén || 秦铭雯 || 202570081704 || 19. Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac [[Media:Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Zēng Lín || 曾琳 || 202570081670 || 27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy [[Media: calligraphy 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Dèng Xuě || 邓雪 || 202570081742 || Panda
|-
| 8 || Guō Xiǎopèi || 郭晓佩 || 202570081678 || 25. Body movements performance: traditional Chinese dance[[Media:Body movements performance: traditional Chinese dance]]
|-
| 9 || Zhāng Xiāorán || 张潇然 || 202570081759 || Chinese Ancient Weapons
|}

=== 2025-10-23 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zēng Língkǎi || 曾凌楷 || 202570081774 || 213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核)
|-
| 2 || Chén Kěxīn || 陈可心 || 202570081671 || The Five Famous Mountains [[Media:The_Five_Famous_Mountains_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Liú Jiāqí || 刘嘉琪 || 202570081696 || Chinese liquor culture
|-
| 4 || Wáng Guóshū || 王国姝 || 202570081753 || Red envelope and lucky money
|-
| 5 || Chén Qiānyùn || 陈仟运 || 202570081673 || 203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 [[Media:Chinese_horror_movies_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Hé Yí || 何怡 || 202570081743 || 262. The four pillars of destiny [[Media:The four pillars of destiny.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Zhāng Méiróng || 张梅容 || 202570081729 || 227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama (中国式霸总小说&短剧)
|-
| 8 || Lǐ Wénqīng || 李文清 || 202570081690 || 132. Porcelain
|-
| 9 || Liú Zǐlíng || 刘紫玲 || 202570081699 || 185. Opera: Huangmei opera 黄梅戏
|}

=== 2025-10-24 (周五) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wēng Lánlín || 翁岚淋 || 202570081712 || 217. Cha Bai Xi / Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) [[Media:Cha_Bai_Xi_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Huáng Yàngyàng || 黄样样 || 202570081682 || 234. Dragon Lantern Dance [[Media:Dragondance.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Yòu || 李又 || 202570081691 || Kite-flying (放风筝)
|-
| 4 || Mǎ Yījiāo || 马一礁 || 202570081700 || 242. Hunan Rice Noodles (湖南米粉)
|-
| 5 || Zhū Zhū || 朱珠 || 202570081738 || 37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy-Reading the Analects
|-
| 6 || Wáng Rǎnrǎn || 王冉冉 || 202570081709 || Shandong cuisine 鲁菜
|-
| 7 || Yáng Shūwén || 杨淑雯 || 202570081722 || Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan
|-
| 8 || Méi Xīléi || 梅希雷 || 202570081701 || 69. Language: Chinese Dialects
|-
| 9 || Liú Huì || 刘慧 || 202570081695 || 204. Stand-up Comedy [[Media:Stand-up Comedy.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-10-30 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Cáo Wén || 曹文 || 202570081669 || 171. Science and Technology: Taobao（淘宝）
|-
| 2 || Chén Míngbō || 陈明菠 || 202570081672 || Education: training Schools
|-
| 3 || Dèng Xīnyǔ || 邓欣雨 || 202570081674 || 253. Yuelu mountain 岳麓山[[Media:Yuelu Mountain（岳麓山）.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Dèng Xīn || 邓鑫 || 202570081675 || 196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles
|-
| 5 || Fāng Xiān || 方鲜 || 202570081676 || 100. Money Culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) [[Media: Money Culture Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty).pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Fú Róng || 符蓉 || 202570081677 || 225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（"村超"：中国乡村足球联赛）
|-
| 7 || Guō Yùróng || 郭玉熔 || 202570081679 || 14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese architecture [[Media:Fengshui_in_Architecture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Hè Jìngtóng || 贺婧童 || 202570081680 || 13. Three Great Towers in China
|-
| 9 || Hú Lěi || 胡磊 || 202570081681 || 193. Science and Technology: Buy together (PDD)[[Media:Science and Technology(PDD).pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Huáng Yáo || 黄瑶 || 202570081683 || Cheongsam
|-
| 11 || Martin Woesler || 吴漠汀 || xxx || Teacher presentation [[Media:02.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-06 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

周四换成：6 Wáng Zǐxīn 王紫新 202570081710 138.Round Table Culture；

周五换成：7 Líng Xīaoyáo 凌逍遥 202570081693 43.Chinese Folk Argot

Teacher presentation [[Media:02a.pptx]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Huáng Yīlín || 黄伊琳 || 202570081684 || Chinese incense culture
|-
| 2 || Jiǎng Kèyǔ || 蒋克雨 || 202570081686 || 221. Zhongyuan festival [[Media:Zhongyuan_Festival_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Kǒng Xiángyǎ || 孔祥雅 || 202570081687 || 266. Hui culture
|-
| 4 || Lǐ Mèngxiá || 李孟霞 || 202570081688 || 243. Chinese names
|-
| 5 || Lǐ Pàn || 李盼 || 202570081689 || 175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China
|-
| 6 || Wáng Zǐxīn || 王紫新 || 202570081710 || 138.Round Table Culture [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Liú Dān || 刘丹 || 202570081694 || 232. Sun Wukong (孙悟空) [[Media:Sun_Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Liú Xīn || 刘欣 || 202570081697 || 170. Paper cutting
|-
| 9 || Liú Yuán || 刘缘 || 202570081698 || Language: Hakka Dialect 1845
|}

=== 2025-11-07 (周五) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

Forum Discussion: Concept of Tianxia https://dcg.de/ai/uni/chinese_language_culture.php#tianxia

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Pān Liànyàn || 潘恋艳 || 202570081702 || 283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture [[Media:Guangdong morning tea.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Péng Xiāngrú || 彭湘茹 || 202570081703 || 5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia
|-
| 3 || Qū Yìyǐng || 曲奕颖 || 202570081705 || 216. The Story of Ming Lan 知否知否应是绿肥红瘦
|-
| 4 || Rèn Yàrú || 任亚茹 || 202570081706 || 63. Mogao Grottoes
|-
| 5 || Rèn Yíngyíng || 任盈盈 || 202570081707 || 263. Shaolin Temple
|-
| 6 || Shū Yǔlù || 舒雨璐 || 202570081708 || 133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song《青花瓷》
|-
| 7 || Líng Xiāoyáo || 凌逍遥 || 202570081693 || 70. Chinese folk argot
|-
| 8 || Wèi Fāngxīn || 魏方鑫 || 202570081711 || 152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks [[Media:Chopsticks_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Wú Hóngpíng || 吴洪萍 || 202570081713 || 31. Chinese clothing [[Media:Chinese Clothing_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Xiàng Xīnlěi || 向馨磊 || 202570081714 || 179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love
|}

=== 2025-11-13 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Xiàng Xuěbīng || 向雪冰 || 202570081715 || TBD - Xiàng Xuěbīng
|-
| 2 || Xiào Sūqín || 肖苏秦 || 202570081716 || 197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua-Velvet Flowers 绒花
|-
| 3 || Xióng Ruòyáo || 熊若瑶 || 202570081717 || 169. Cuisine: Luosifen
|-
| 4 || Yán Zhéwén || 严哲文 || 202570081718 || 9. Architecture: The Forbidden City
|-
| 5 || Yáng Hàodān || 杨皓丹 || 202570081719 || 209. Tofu meatball with pig blood(猪血丸子）
|-
| 6 || Yáng Jīnyǔ || 杨金雨 || 202570081720 || 96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine
|-
| 7 || Yáng Jìngwèi || 杨婧蔚 || 202570081721 || 45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera
|-
| 8 || Yáng Xīrán || 杨晰然 || 202570081723 || 191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers
|-
| 9 || Yáng Yǔxuān || 杨宇轩 || 202570081724 || 20. Milk tea 奶茶
|-
| 10 || Yì Yǎlán || 易雅兰 || 202570081725 || Bamboo Weaving 竹编
|}

=== 2025-11-20 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yú Chēn || 余琛 || 202570081726 || 174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 饺子
|-
| 2 || Yuè Ziháo || 岳子豪 || 202570081727 || 108. Opera: Peking Opera (京剧)
|-
| 3 || Zhāng Lì || 张丽 || 202570081728 || 180. Tangyuan (汤圆)
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Shuàichāo || 张帅超 || 202570081731 || Ancient Chinese education
|-
| 5 || Zhāng Yǔméng || 张雨蒙 || 202570081732 || 208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao (步摇)
|-
| 6 || Zhào Jǐntāo || 赵锦涛 || 202570081733 || Culture of Chinese Electric Car
|-
| 7 || Zhào Mǐn || 赵敏 || 202570081734 || Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China
|-
| 8 || Zhào Yíxiāo || 赵怡潇 || 202570081735 || 205. Bride-price
|-
| 9 || Zhèng Shān || 郑珊 || 202570081736 || 278. The Beef Board Noodle
|-
| 10 || Zhōu Wénxuān || 周文萱 || 202570081737 || 23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing
|}

=== 2025-11-27 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zhù Yèhuī || 祝烨晖 || 202570081739 || 251. Rice Noodle Roll 肠粉
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǎqí || 陈雅琪 || 202570081740 || 157. Traditional Cuisine—hotpot
|-
| 3 || Chén Yǔfēi || 陈宇飞 || 202570081741 || 91. Martial Arts: Wushu
|-
| 4 || Hé Yǐng || 何颖 || 202570081744 || 276. Nail art (美甲)
|-
| 5 || Huáng Yǎqiàn || 黄雅倩 || 202570081745 || 93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
|-
| 6 || Lín Zhǐyí || 林芷怡 || 202570081746 || 92. Frolics of the Five Animals (wuqinxi)
|-
| 7 || Liú Kāngyí || 刘康怡 || 202570081747 || 112. Huagu Opera (花鼓戏)
|-
| 8 || Lǚ Píng || 吕萍 || 202570081749 || 102. Music and instruments: guzheng
|-
| 9 || Shěn Yàn || 沈燕 || 202570081751 || 241. Abacus (珠算)
|-
| 10 || Tán Tíngtíng || 谭婷婷 || 202570081752 || 202. The Legend of Zhen Huan《甄嬛传》
|}

=== 2025-12-04 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wèi Méng || 魏萌 || 202570081754 || Zhang Zhongjing
|-
| 2 || Xiè Xuán || 谢璇 || 202570081755 || 02. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese marriage customs (中式婚礼)
|-
| 3 || Yáng Tíng || 杨婷 || 202570081756 || 254. Traditional Crafts: Tie-Dye
|-
| 4 || Yáng Yǔqíng || 杨雨晴 || 202570081757 || 259. Female writers
|-
| 5 || Yáng Yuàn || 杨媛 || 202570081758 || 188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)
|-
| 6 || Zhāng Yuè || 张悦 || 202570081760 || 265. Cuisine: changed spicy salted duck
|-
| 7 || Zhōu Xuán || 周璇 || 202570081761 || 186. The "reference" of Chinese Music (中国音乐的"借鉴")
|-
| 8 || Zhōu Yáng || 周洋 || 202570081762 || 148. Handcraft—Chinese knots
|-
| 9 || Guō Yǔtíng || 郭雨婷 || 202570081763 || 238. Three famous chinese mountains 中国三山
|-
| 10 || Jiāng Wǎnlíng || 姜宛灵 || 202570081685 || 1.Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development
|}

=== 2025-12-11 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Lǐ Fán || 李凡 || 202570081764 || TBD - Lǐ Fán
|-
| 2 || Péng Lùxī || 彭露曦 || 202570081765 || 250. Language: Hakka Dialect (客家话)
|-
| 3 || Hú Mínghào || 胡明浩 || 202570081766 || 270. The Yingge Dance (英歌舞)
|-
| 4 || Huáng Lèlè || 黄乐乐 || 202570081767 || 179. Traditional and modern views on marriage and love
|-
| 5 || Jiāng Jiāyǔ || 姜佳宇 || 202570081768 || 224. Jiangxi Cuisine (赣菜)
|-
| 6 || Liáng Yǔtóng || 梁羽彤 || 202570081769 || 256. Danmu (弹幕)
|-
| 7 || Péng Ruǐmiáo || 彭蕊苗 || 202570081770 || 213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核)
|-
| 8 || Qín Níng || 秦宁 || 202570081771 || 212. Education: training Schools (教育：补习班)
|-
| 9 || Wú Jǐnxuán || 吴瑾璇 || 202570081772 || 274. God of Wealth (财神)
|}

=== 2025-12-18 (周四) - 共 8 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yǐn Ziháo || 尹子豪 || 202570081773 || TBD - Yǐn Ziháo
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǔjiā || 陈雨佳 || 202570081775 || 203. Beverages: Tea
|-
| 3 || Wāng Jīnyán || 汪金妍 || 202570081776 || 158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking
|-
| 4 || Yì Yǔtíng || 易雨婷 || 202570081777 || 268. Table manners
|-
| 5 || Hán Jiāyàn || 韩佳燕 || 202570081778 || 236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World
|-
| 6 || Liào Rútíng || 廖如婷 || 202570081779 || 169. Cuisine: Luosifen
|-
| 7 || Wáng Huìān || 王慧安 || 202570081780 || 128. TikTok (Douyin)
|-
| 8 || Wú Héng || 吴姮 || 202570081781 || 215. Live Streaming E-commerce (直播电商)
|}

=Session 1 Thu Sep 25 19:00-21:35 room 613 - Organizational issues=

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 1 pptx presentations of 5 min. (without AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a interactive quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are 283 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

----
==Homework for every session==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook (if you have not much time, you can read it in Chinese), learn the vocabulary and make yourself familiar with the questions asked under the text.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

==Homework for Session 2==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve. You can click on https://bou.de/u and then "Register" in the top right corner, then input two times your pinyin name for username and real name in the way "Wang Jianguo", type in some info about yourself and submit the form with accepting the terms and conditions. More detailed instructions for registration you find in the powerpoint presentation which you can download from here ("Teacher presentation").

==Prepare ppt (10 students)==
Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations

Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?

Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)

Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?

Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?

Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?

Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?

Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?

Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?

Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?

Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?

Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?

Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?

Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on, plus an interactive quiz: The first ten presenters will have to present in two weeks!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197

21. Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai)

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246 (Tang Yan)

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi）

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606（Qin Yi)

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao)

77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841（Miao Yunlong）

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang)

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191 (Yang Yue2)

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272 (Fei Xinyu)

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283(Wang Huaixing)

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating)

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325

140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348

143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386（Zhang Huifang）

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480(Liu Peini)

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491(Xiao Zixin)

157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang)

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518……

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558 (She Xiao)

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573 Lv Jiahao

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 （Chen Sisi)

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644 （Liu Pei）

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694 (Liu Yunxi)

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719 (Fu Sihui)

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727 （Wang Xinyu）

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783(Du JIangping)

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845(Lu Wei)

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845 (Yang Jing)

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845 （Li Ting2）

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2)

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845 (Zhang Zixi)

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845 (Cai Yichun)

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845 (Tao Yao)

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845 (Ye Sitong)

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845 （Yang Jiahong2)

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845(Gao Xiaoqing)

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845(Huang Qiaoqiao)

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845 （Dong Jiating）

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845 （Ou Huang）

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845 （Lu Jiahui）

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845 (Liao Dan)

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845 (Shen Shuai)

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845 (Xiao Luyu)

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845 (Zhang Meiling)

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845 (Wang Yuxin)

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845 （Li Yuan2）

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845 (Cao Yuan)

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845 （Jin Yichen）

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845 (Chen Anqi)

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845 (Xu Xinwen)

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845 （Li Zihan2）

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845（Liu Chang）

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845 (Song Xin)

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845 (Chen Lin)

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845 (Gong Wei)

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845(Xiao Yikang)

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845(Li Linyao)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845（Du Yuan）

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845 （Liu Qi）

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845 （Yu Jingfang）

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845 ( Li Mingfeng )

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845（Liu Shutian）

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845（Chen Ting）

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845（Zhang Qi）

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845（Zhao Yashi）

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845 (Zhou Le)

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845 (Zhou Tianyi)

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845 (Liu Chao)

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) (Li Jiayi) 1845

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845 (Zuo Fang)

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Liu Jianan)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845 (Yan Jidong)

268. Table Manners 1845（Luo Yan）

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845 （Jiang Xinyue)

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845 （Shao Keyuan）

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845 (Zeng Zhi）

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845(Luo Sicheng)[[File:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845 （Zeng Xiaohui）

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845 （Luo Jiaxin）

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845 (Cheng Sixiang)

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845(Yan Xiang)

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845 （Luo Jingyan）

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845 (Guo Cili)

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845（Dai Yexun）

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845 （Zheng Jinlian）

=Session 02 Fri Feb 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Topics for today==
Please copy and paste your presentation topic, your name here and add your powerpoint file (size limit 10 MB)

You need to copy all the topics for the whole semester to the sessions NOW. If you do not do it sufficiently in advance, how can the fellow students prepare the texts?

Please remember that you have to indicate the 10 topics for Friday on the course website under "Session 2" with the topic name, student name, powerpoint uploaded (max size 10 MB), all presentations will be each on 1 topic only and cannot exceed 5 minutes. They have to be interactive and helpful from the perspective of an interpreter or translator who needs to prepare his/her work on this topic.

27. Chinese Calligraphy (Tang Yan) [[Media:Chinese_Calligraphy.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）[[Media:Mahjong-Jiang_Ziqiang.pptx]]

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）[[Media:The Summer Palace - Li Mei.pptx]]

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao) [[Media:Duan_Binyao_-76Su_Shi_and_Delegation_Literature.pptx]]

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Miao Yunlong)[[Media:Qian_Zhongshu_Miao_Yunlong.pptx]]

Tea Latte Art (Xiang Jianning)

Topic 7

Topic 8

Topic 9

Topic 10

=Session 03 Fri Mar 07 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Presentations==
1. Topic 21: Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai) [[Media:Tea_Spring_2025.pptx]] 86

2. Topic 64: Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606 (Qin Yi) [[Media:Mount_Tai_Spring_2025.pptx]]

3. Topic 101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang) [[Media:Lucky_Money_Spring_2025.pptx]]

4. Topic 107:National Symbols: Culture of the National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）[[Media:Culture_of_the_National_Flag_Spring_2025.pptx]]

5. Topic 155:Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480 (Liu Peini) [[Media:Wuhan_Breakfast_Spring_2025.pptx]]

6. Topic 157:Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang) [[Media:Hot_Pot_Spring_2025.pptx]]

7. Topic 126: China's four new inventions 1191(Yang Yue2).) [[Media:China's_Four_New_Great_Inventions_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Notes on presentations==
Most students did not do their homework. 素质 in Chinese and international culture. Taking over responsibility. Being independent. Making sure that things run. Taking care of others. Not to do the homework in time (displaying the 13 presentations of each session) has disadvantages also for the other students, who cannot prepare.

1. 14:43-49 Only Chinese tradition explained, not Indian, Egyptian etc. "Black tea" (in English all "hong cha" is called "black tea"), British tea culture (add milk)

2. 14:55-15:00 Personal origin: Shandong, personal experience: climbed Mount Tai 4 times, Sacrificial Culture, Culture of Literati, Folk Belief: God of Mount Tai, Blue Rosy Cloud Fairy; Spiritual Symbolism

3. 15:04-15:10 Legend, Tradition and Contrast, Significance; Sui Monster ya sui qian; contrast in the West: Giving money as a present is considered not as good as a present itself, giving money in an envelope has the bad taste of bribing (transparency.org); in China you can even go to the temple and pray for money

4. 15:29-15:34 historical details of design, red meaning “stop” internationally, “achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” (maybe a newer concept than the flag?), connection with earlier historical flags and other flags like of the communist movement, North Korea, ancient Soviet Union

5. 15:41-15:46 dialect terms (don’t use pinyin), analogy, breakfast is one of the most resilient cultural elements a person sticks to, guozao, 热干面, missing: characteristics like that it needs to be prepared quickly because the tradition of the dock workers

6. 15:56-16:01 hot pot history originated in China (?), regional differences within China 87

7. 16:02-16:06 4 new inventions - not explained that these inventions were invented in other countries. 86

==Student grades: 平时成绩/签到==

75/103 students, 24级 MA翻译, class representative: Zhang Jiaxin
# Jin Yichen
# lu jiahui
# li yuan
# cao yuan
# xiao luyu
# zhang jiaxin +5
# ye sitong
# zhao yashi
# jiang xinyue
# yan xiang
# fei xinyu
# zhang qi
# dai shiru
# zhang zixi
# zheng kaiwu
# cai yichun
# yang jing
# liao dan
# luo yan
# qin yi
# shao keyuan
# cao chunyang
# xu yangyang
# liao zuoyun
# cheng sixiang
# du jiangping
# liu qi
# miao yunlong
# huang qiaoqiao
# chen lin
# duan binyao
# li ting
# zeng zhi
# xing xueqing
# luo jingyan
# liu shutian
# gao xiaoqing
# chen zhen
# luo guoqiang -1-1-1
# she xiao
# he yunfeng
# liu ying
# du yuan
# li jiayi
# tao yao
# xu xinwen
# ou huang
# liu peini
# jiang ziqiang
# zhang huifang
# liu chao
# liu yunxi
# luo jiaxin
# li mei
# zeng xiaohui
# huang yixuan
# chen anqi
# chen ting
# zhang mai
# yuan xiaolin -1-1
# li mingfeng
# dai yexun-1-1
# yang pei -1
# tang yan
# xiang jianning-1
# liu chang -1
# wang yuxin
# lv jiahao-1
# dong jiating
# lu wei
# yang yue
# guo cili
# shen shuai
# Ouyang yihong
# li zihan -1
# zuo fang
# fu sihui
# xiao zixin -1
# zhou tianyi -1
# qi zhiyang -1-1
# liu pei
# gong wei
# chen sisi
# huang sinan
# xiao yikang
# yu jingfang
# luo sicheng
# yang jiahong
# yan jidong
# xiao yawen
# geng hongmei
# zhou le
# qiu ping
# wang huaixing
# wang xinyu
# chu hanqi
# wu jiating
# zhang meiling
# liu jianan
# song xin
# zhao qi
# zheng jinlian
# li linyao

=Session 04 Fri Mar 14 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 260：Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty(Liu Chao)[[Media:260 The Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty.pptx]]
#Topic 146: Traditional crafts: Xiang embroidery 1386(Zhang Huifang) [[Media:Hunan_embroidery_spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 153:Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)[[Media:Media Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx]]
#Topic 233: Traditional Chinese Pigments (Cao Yuan)[[Media:Traditional Chinese Pigments.pptx]]
#Topic 182: Chinese Economy: rich businessmen (Fu Sihui) [[Media:Rich_Businessmen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 156: Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick p. 1491 (Xiao Zixin) [[Media:Tanghulu_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 138: Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating) [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 174: Jiaozi (Liu Pei) [[Media:Dumplings_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing)

=Session 05 Fri Mar 21 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 50: Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi） [[Media:Weiqi_Go_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 110:Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)[[Media:Opera Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang.pptx]]
# Topic 131: Silk and porcelain: Silk (Fei Xinyu) [[Media:Silk_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 224: Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜）(Liao Dan) [[Media:Jiangxi_Cuisine.pptx]]
# Topic 169: Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 (Chen Sisi) ） [[Media:Luosifen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 167: History: Wang Shouren 1573 （Lv Jiahao)[[Media:History_Wang_Shouren_.pptx]]
# Topic 183: Jiangxi Gan Opera （Wang Xinyu） [[Media:Jiangxi Gan opera.pptx]]
# Topic 165: Worship: Chinese Incense Culture (She Xiao) [[Media:Chinese Incense Culture.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing) [Media: Silk and Porcelain]

=Session 06 Fri Mar 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=

#Topic 188:Mobile Games 手游 1783 （Du Jiangping）[[Media:Mobile_Game.pptx]]
#Topic 191:Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）)[[Media:Aesthetic_ideals_and_social_customs-_The_Culture_of_Flowers.pptx]]
#Topic 193:Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)
#Topic 195:Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)[[Media: Cuju.pptx]]
#Topic 202:The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)[[Media: The Legend of Zhen Huan.pptx]]
#Topic 203:Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)[[Media: Chinese Horror Movies.pptx]]
#Topic 185:Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）)[[Media: Huangmei Opera.pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

=HOLIDAY Session 07 Fri Apr 04 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Fri Apr 11 14:30-16:10 Zhishan Bldg. room 303 - Student presentations=
#Topic 133:Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing）
#Topic 179:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love（Liu Yunxi）[[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey(Xiao Yawen)
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]
#Topic 204:Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）
#Topic 220:Rice cake 年糕 (Dong Jiating)
#Topic 208:Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao(Yang Jing)[[Media:Chinese Traditional Ornament-Buyao.pptx]]
#Topic 209:Tofu meatball with nia blood(Li Ting2)[[Media:Pig_Blood_Balls.pptx]]
#Topic 212:Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2) [[Media:Training classes .pptx]]

=Session 09 Fri Apr 18 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 213: Chinese Dreamcore (Zhang Zixi)[[Media:Chinese Dreamcore.pptx]]
#Topic 215: Live-streaming e-commerce (Tao Yao)[[Media:Live-Streaming E-Commerce.pptx]]
#Topic 216: The Story of Ming Lan (Ye Sitong)[[Media:The Story of Minglan.pptx]]
#Topic 218: Guangdong Herbal tea (Gao Xiaoqing)
#Topic 219: Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） (Huang Qiaoqiao)[[Media:Seal carving.pptx]]
#Topic 207: Shan Dong Cuisine (Lu Wei) [[Media:Lu_Wei-207-Shandong_Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 221: Zhongyuan Festival (Ou Huang)[[Media:The Zhongyuan Festival.pptx]]
#Topic 223: The Return of the Pearl Princess (Lu Jiahui)[[Media:The Return of the Pearl Princess.pptx]]

=Session 10 Fri Apr 25 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 217: Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art（茶百戏）(Yang Jiahong)[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]
#Topic 225: Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）(Shen Shuai)
#Topic 227: Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)[[Media:Chinese_Bossy_Fictions_and_Microdramas.pptx]]
#Topic 229: Jingdezhen Porcelain(Xiao Luyu)[[Media:Jingdezhen Porcelain.pptx]]
#Topic 230: Gayageum（伽倻琴）(Zhang Meiling) [[Media:Gayageum.pptx]]
#Topic 231: The plague and couplet in Chinese garden(Wang Yuxin)[[Media:The Plague and Couplets in Chinese Garden.pptx]]
#Topic 232: Sun Wukong(Li Yuan)[[Media:0425 Sun Wukong.pptx]]
#Topic 234: Dragon Lantern Dance(Jin Yichen)[[Media:Jin Yichen Dragon Lantern Dance.pptx]]
#Topic 235: Bamboo Weaving(Chen Anqi)[[Media:Bamboo Weaving.pptx]]
#Topic 236: Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World(Xu Xinwen)[[Media:Harbin Ice and Snow World.pptx]]

==Please enroll in ai platform==
Please enroll (register) in the platform https://dcg.de/ai/

=HOLIDAY Session 11 Fri May 02 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
劳动节5月1日——5月5日

=Session 12 Tue May 06 10:00-11:40 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 238: Three Famous Chinese Mountains(Liu Chang)
#Topic 239: Female emperor-Wu Zetian(女皇武则天)(Song Xin) [[Media:Wu Zetian.pptx]]
#Topic 240: Clay sculpture (泥塑）(Chen Lin)[[Media:Clay Sculpture.pptx]]
#Topic 242: Hunan Rice Noodles(Gong Wei)[[Media:Hunan Rice Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 244: Chinese Popular Memes(中国网络流行热梗）(Xiao Yikang)[[Media:Chinese popular Memes.pptx]]
#Topic 245: Douzhi (豆汁)(Li Linyao)[[Media:Douzhi.pptx]]
#Topic 246: New Year Wood-block Paintings(Du Yuan)[[Media:Du Yuan New Year Wood-block Painting.pptx]]
#Topic 247: Carved lacquer（雕漆）(Liu Qi)[[Media:Carved lacquer.pptx]]
#Topic 237: Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)(Li Zihan)

==Regarding Wu Zetian‘s blank Steele==
关于武则天的“无字碑”（又称“无字碑记”）为何没有刻字，学界和民间流传着几种主要的假设：
#功过自有后人评说（最广为流传）：武则天希望后世自己来评价她的一生，不愿由自己或当时的人定论。这种说法强调了她的自信与超越常规。
#避讳批评或争议：武则天是中国历史上唯一的女皇帝，争议颇多。她可能认为无论写什么内容都容易引发非议，因此选择不刻字以避免争议。
#彰显佛教思想：她信奉佛教，而佛教讲究“空”与“无”，无字碑可能象征“空性”或“无常”，体现她的宗教哲学。
#未来自我书写：也有人猜测她原计划晚年或死前再刻碑文，但去世后未及实现，遂留下空碑。
#彰显权力与独特性：无字碑作为一种非同寻常的表达形式，也可视为权力和个性的象征，显示她与众不同的统治地位。

⸻

English Translation:

There are several main hypotheses about why Wu Zetian’s stele (often called the “Wordless Stele”) bears no inscription:
#“Let future generations judge” (most popular view): Wu Zetian may have wanted her life and legacy to be judged by later generations rather than writing her own praise. This interpretation highlights her confidence and forward-thinking.
#To avoid criticism or controversy: As the only female emperor in Chinese history, Wu Zetian was a controversial figure. She may have felt that any written content could provoke criticism, so she left it blank.
#Reflecting Buddhist philosophy: A devout Buddhist, she may have chosen to leave the stele blank as a symbol of “emptiness” or impermanence, ideas central to Buddhist thought.
#Intended to write later: Some believe she planned to inscribe it later in life but passed away before doing so, leaving the monument unfinished.
#Symbol of power and uniqueness: A blank stele could also serve as a unique and powerful statement, emphasizing her exceptional status and breaking with traditional forms.

=Session 13 Fri May 09 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 248: Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山）(Yu Jingfang) [[Media:Jing_Gang_Mountain_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 251: Rice noodle roll (Li Mingfeng)[[File:Rice Noodle Roll.pptx]]
#Topic 252: Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine (Liu Shutian)[[Media:Northeastern Chinese Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 253: Yuelu Mountain (Chen Ting) [[Media:Yuelu_Mountain.pptx]]
#Topic 254: Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye (Zhang Qi)[[Media:Traditional_Crafts_Tie-Dye.pptx]]
#Topic 255: Chinese-style sun protection (Zhao Yashi)[[ File:Chinese-style Sun Protection.pdf]]
#Topic 256: Danmu（弹幕）(Zhou Le)[[Media:Danmu.pptx]]
#Topic 259: Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua (Zhou Tianyi)[[Media:Voices of Chinese Female Writers.pptx]]
#Topic 214: Luban China's inventor (Cai Yichun)[[Media:Luban_China's_Inventor.pptx]]

=Session 14 Fri May 23 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 262: The Four Pillars of Destiny(Li Jiayi) [[Media:Eight Characters.pptx]]
#Topic 263: Shaolin Temple(Zuo Fang) [[Media:Shaolin Temple.pptx]]
#Topic 265: Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck(Xing Xueqing)[[Media:Changde spicy salted duck.pptx]]
#15:25-15:30 Topic 266: Hui Culture (徽文化)(Liu Jianan)[[Media:Hui Culture.pptx]]
#15:30- Topic 267: Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化)(Yan Jidong)[[Media:Mazu culture.pptx]]
#15:35- Topic 268: Table manner(Luo Yan)[[Media:Table manner.pptx]]
#15:40- Topic 270: Yingge Dance(Jiang Xinyue)[[Media:Yingge Dance.pptx]]
#15:45- Topic 271: Palace Lantern(Shao Keyuan)[[Media:Palace_Lantern.pptx]]
#15:50- Topic 272: Chinese Endearing Terms(Zeng Zhi)[[Media:Chinese Endearing Terms.pptx]]

15:55-16:10 Check final exam paper topics

=Session 15 Tue May 27 10:00-11:30 中和楼 213 (moved from Fri May 30 14:30-16:10 room 613) - Student presentations=
#Topic 273: Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐）(Luo Sicheng)[[Media:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]
#<nowiki>Topic 274:</nowiki> God of wealth(Liu Ying)[[Media:God of Wealth.pptx]]
#Topic 275: Zhua zhou (抓周）(Zeng Xiaohui) [[Media:Zhuazhou.pptx]]
#Topic 276: Nail art(Luo Jiaxin)[[Media:Nail_Art.pptx]]
#Topic 277: Mirror(Cheng Sixiang)[[Media:Mirror_Cheng Sixiang.pptx]]
#Topic 278: The Beef Board Noodles(Yan Xiang)[[Media:Beef Board Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 279: Huo Qubing(Luo Jingyan)
#Topic 280: Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院）(Guo Cili)[[Media:Chinese Courtyard Houses-Guo Cili.pptx]]
#Topic 281: yangqin(Dai Yexun)[[Media:Yangqin.pptx]]

=Session 16 Fri Jun 6 14:30-16:10 room 613=
#Topic 282: Black Myth: Wukong (Chen Zhen)
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture (Yuan Xiaolin)[[Media:Guangdong_Morning_Tea.pptx]]
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化）(Zheng Jinlian)[[Media:Guangdong Morning Tea Culture-Zheng Jinlian.pptx]]
#Topic:(Luo Guoqiang) Liuyang Fireworks

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。

=Deadline extended to June 20, 2025 - Final Exam=
Please upload your ppt if you not have done so so far.
[[Media:282_Black_Myth_Wukong_Chen_Zhen.pptx]]

Topic 196:[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]

==Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations==
#Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?
#Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)
#Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?
#Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?
#Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?
#Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?
#Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?
#Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?
#Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?
#Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?
#Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?
#Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?
#Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。
自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。

File:100.Money Culture- Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty). pptx

2025-11-12T05:00:12Z

Fang Xian:

File:100. Money culture Currency,Jiaozi( A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty).pptx

2025-11-12T04:57:39Z

Fang Xian:

File:Money Culture- Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty). pptx

2025-11-09T09:16:11Z

Fang Xian:

Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-11-09T09:14:10Z

Fang Xian: /* 2025-10-30 (周四) - Completed */

Contents from spring (will be updated for fall):

Welcome to our course website [[Chinese Language and Culture, Spring 2025]]!

=Overview about this semester's student presentations=

== 📅 Presentation Schedule ==

=== 2025-10-16 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Luó Yǔyān || 罗语嫣 || 202570081748 || 275. Zhuazhou [[Media:Zhuazhou_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Qū Yuèníng || 曲悦宁 || 202570081750 || 267. Mazu culture
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Zhuóshàn || 李卓善 || 202570081692 || 282. Black Myth: Wukong [[Media:Black Myth: Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Mǐnjié || 张敏杰 || 202570081730 || 153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Qín Míngwén || 秦铭雯 || 202570081704 || 19. Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac [[Media:Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Zēng Lín || 曾琳 || 202570081670 || 27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy [[Media: calligraphy 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Dèng Xuě || 邓雪 || 202570081742 || Panda
|-
| 8 || Guō Xiǎopèi || 郭晓佩 || 202570081678 || 25. Body movements performance: traditional Chinese dance[[Media:Body movements performance: traditional Chinese dance]]
|-
| 9 || Zhāng Xiāorán || 张潇然 || 202570081759 || Chinese Ancient Weapons
|}

=== 2025-10-23 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zēng Língkǎi || 曾凌楷 || 202570081774 || 213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核)
|-
| 2 || Chén Kěxīn || 陈可心 || 202570081671 || The Five Famous Mountains [[Media:The_Five_Famous_Mountains_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Liú Jiāqí || 刘嘉琪 || 202570081696 || Chinese liquor culture
|-
| 4 || Wáng Guóshū || 王国姝 || 202570081753 || Red envelope and lucky money
|-
| 5 || Chén Qiānyùn || 陈仟运 || 202570081673 || 203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 [[Media:Chinese_horror_movies_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Hé Yí || 何怡 || 202570081743 || 262. The four pillars of destiny [[Media:The four pillars of destiny.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Zhāng Méiróng || 张梅容 || 202570081729 || 227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama (中国式霸总小说&短剧)
|-
| 8 || Lǐ Wénqīng || 李文清 || 202570081690 || 132. Porcelain
|-
| 9 || Liú Zǐlíng || 刘紫玲 || 202570081699 || 185. Opera: Huangmei opera 黄梅戏
|}

=== 2025-10-24 (周五) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wēng Lánlín || 翁岚淋 || 202570081712 || 217. Cha Bai Xi / Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) [[Media:Cha_Bai_Xi_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Huáng Yàngyàng || 黄样样 || 202570081682 || 234. Dragon Lantern Dance [[Media:Dragondance.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Yòu || 李又 || 202570081691 || Kite-flying (放风筝)
|-
| 4 || Mǎ Yījiāo || 马一礁 || 202570081700 || 242. Hunan Rice Noodles (湖南米粉)
|-
| 5 || Zhū Zhū || 朱珠 || 202570081738 || 37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy-Reading the Analects
|-
| 6 || Wáng Rǎnrǎn || 王冉冉 || 202570081709 || Shandong cuisine 鲁菜
|-
| 7 || Yáng Shūwén || 杨淑雯 || 202570081722 || Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan
|-
| 8 || Méi Xīléi || 梅希雷 || 202570081701 || 69. Language: Chinese Dialects
|-
| 9 || Liú Huì || 刘慧 || 202570081695 || 204. Stand-up Comedy [[Media:Stand-up Comedy.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-10-30 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Cáo Wén || 曹文 || 202570081669 || 171. Science and Technology: Taobao（淘宝）
|-
| 2 || Chén Míngbō || 陈明菠 || 202570081672 || Education: training Schools
|-
| 3 || Dèng Xīnyǔ || 邓欣雨 || 202570081674 || 253. Yuelu mountain 岳麓山[[Media:Yuelu Mountain（岳麓山）.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Dèng Xīn || 邓鑫 || 202570081675 || 196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles
|-
| 5 || Fāng Xiān || 方鲜 || 202570081676 || 100. Money Culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) [[Media: Money Culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty). pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Fú Róng || 符蓉 || 202570081677 || 225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（"村超"：中国乡村足球联赛）
|-
| 7 || Guō Yùróng || 郭玉熔 || 202570081679 || 14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese architecture [[Media:Fengshui_in_Architecture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Hè Jìngtóng || 贺婧童 || 202570081680 || 13. Three Great Towers in China
|-
| 9 || Hú Lěi || 胡磊 || 202570081681 || 193. Science and Technology: Buy together (PDD)[[Media:Science and Technology(PDD).pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Huáng Yáo || 黄瑶 || 202570081683 || Cheongsam
|-
| 11 || Martin Woesler || 吴漠汀 || xxx || Teacher presentation [[Media:02.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-06 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

周四换成：6 Wáng Zǐxīn 王紫新 202570081710 138.Round Table Culture；

周五换成：7 Líng Xīaoyáo 凌逍遥 202570081693 43.Chinese Folk Argot

Teacher presentation [[Media:02a.pptx]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Huáng Yīlín || 黄伊琳 || 202570081684 || Chinese incense culture
|-
| 2 || Jiǎng Kèyǔ || 蒋克雨 || 202570081686 || 221. Zhongyuan festival
|-
| 3 || Kǒng Xiángyǎ || 孔祥雅 || 202570081687 || 266. Hui culture
|-
| 4 || Lǐ Mèngxiá || 李孟霞 || 202570081688 || 243. Chinese names
|-
| 5 || Lǐ Pàn || 李盼 || 202570081689 || 175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China
|-
| 6 || Wáng Zǐxīn || 王紫新 || 202570081710 || 138.Round Table Culture [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Liú Dān || 刘丹 || 202570081694 || 232. Sun Wukong (孙悟空) [[Media:Sun_Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Liú Xīn || 刘欣 || 202570081697 || 170. Paper cutting
|-
| 9 || Liú Yuán || 刘缘 || 202570081698 || Language: Hakka Dialect 1845
|}

=== 2025-11-07 (周五) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

Forum Discussion: Concept of Tianxia https://dcg.de/ai/uni/chinese_language_culture.php#tianxia

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Pān Liànyàn || 潘恋艳 || 202570081702 || 283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture 广东早茶
|-
| 2 || Péng Xiāngrú || 彭湘茹 || 202570081703 || 5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia
|-
| 3 || Qū Yìyǐng || 曲奕颖 || 202570081705 || 216. The Story of Ming Lan 知否知否应是绿肥红瘦
|-
| 4 || Rèn Yàrú || 任亚茹 || 202570081706 || 63. Mogao Grottoes
|-
| 5 || Rèn Yíngyíng || 任盈盈 || 202570081707 || 263. Shaolin Temple
|-
| 6 || Shū Yǔlù || 舒雨璐 || 202570081708 || 133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song《青花瓷》
|-
| 7 || Líng Xiāoyáo || 凌逍遥 || 202570081693 || 70. Chinese folk argot
|-
| 8 || Wèi Fāngxīn || 魏方鑫 || 202570081711 || 152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks [[Media:Chopsticks_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Wú Hóngpíng || 吴洪萍 || 202570081713 || 31. Chinese clothing
|-
| 10 || Xiàng Xīnlěi || 向馨磊 || 202570081714 || 179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love
|}

=== 2025-11-13 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Xiàng Xuěbīng || 向雪冰 || 202570081715 || TBD - Xiàng Xuěbīng
|-
| 2 || Xiào Sūqín || 肖苏秦 || 202570081716 || 197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua-Velvet Flowers 绒花
|-
| 3 || Xióng Ruòyáo || 熊若瑶 || 202570081717 || 169. Cuisine: Luosifen
|-
| 4 || Yán Zhéwén || 严哲文 || 202570081718 || 9. Architecture: The Forbidden City
|-
| 5 || Yáng Hàodān || 杨皓丹 || 202570081719 || 209. Tofu meatball with pig blood(猪血丸子）
|-
| 6 || Yáng Jīnyǔ || 杨金雨 || 202570081720 || 96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine
|-
| 7 || Yáng Jìngwèi || 杨婧蔚 || 202570081721 || 45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera
|-
| 8 || Yáng Xīrán || 杨晰然 || 202570081723 || 191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers
|-
| 9 || Yáng Yǔxuān || 杨宇轩 || 202570081724 || 20. Milk tea 奶茶
|-
| 10 || Yì Yǎlán || 易雅兰 || 202570081725 || Bamboo Weaving 竹编
|}

=== 2025-11-20 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yú Chēn || 余琛 || 202570081726 || 174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 饺子
|-
| 2 || Yuè Ziháo || 岳子豪 || 202570081727 || 108. Opera: Peking Opera (京剧)
|-
| 3 || Zhāng Lì || 张丽 || 202570081728 || 180. Tangyuan (汤圆)
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Shuàichāo || 张帅超 || 202570081731 || Ancient Chinese education
|-
| 5 || Zhāng Yǔméng || 张雨蒙 || 202570081732 || 208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao (步摇)
|-
| 6 || Zhào Jǐntāo || 赵锦涛 || 202570081733 || Culture of Chinese Electric Car
|-
| 7 || Zhào Mǐn || 赵敏 || 202570081734 || Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China
|-
| 8 || Zhào Yíxiāo || 赵怡潇 || 202570081735 || 205. Bride-price
|-
| 9 || Zhèng Shān || 郑珊 || 202570081736 || 278. The Beef Board Noodle
|-
| 10 || Zhōu Wénxuān || 周文萱 || 202570081737 || 23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing
|}

=== 2025-11-27 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zhù Yèhuī || 祝烨晖 || 202570081739 || 251. Rice Noodle Roll 肠粉
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǎqí || 陈雅琪 || 202570081740 || 157. Traditional Cuisine—hotpot
|-
| 3 || Chén Yǔfēi || 陈宇飞 || 202570081741 || 91. Martial Arts: Wushu
|-
| 4 || Hé Yǐng || 何颖 || 202570081744 || 276. Nail art (美甲)
|-
| 5 || Huáng Yǎqiàn || 黄雅倩 || 202570081745 || 93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
|-
| 6 || Lín Zhǐyí || 林芷怡 || 202570081746 || 92. Frolics of the Five Animals (wuqinxi)
|-
| 7 || Liú Kāngyí || 刘康怡 || 202570081747 || 112. Huagu Opera (花鼓戏)
|-
| 8 || Lǚ Píng || 吕萍 || 202570081749 || 102. Music and instruments: guzheng
|-
| 9 || Shěn Yàn || 沈燕 || 202570081751 || 241. Abacus (珠算)
|-
| 10 || Tán Tíngtíng || 谭婷婷 || 202570081752 || 202. The Legend of Zhen Huan《甄嬛传》
|}

=== 2025-12-04 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wèi Méng || 魏萌 || 202570081754 || Zhang Zhongjing
|-
| 2 || Xiè Xuán || 谢璇 || 202570081755 || 02. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese marriage customs (中式婚礼)
|-
| 3 || Yáng Tíng || 杨婷 || 202570081756 || 254. Traditional Crafts: Tie-Dye
|-
| 4 || Yáng Yǔqíng || 杨雨晴 || 202570081757 || 259. Female writers
|-
| 5 || Yáng Yuàn || 杨媛 || 202570081758 || 188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)
|-
| 6 || Zhāng Yuè || 张悦 || 202570081760 || 265. Cuisine: changed spicy salted duck
|-
| 7 || Zhōu Xuán || 周璇 || 202570081761 || 186. The "reference" of Chinese Music (中国音乐的"借鉴")
|-
| 8 || Zhōu Yáng || 周洋 || 202570081762 || 148. Handcraft—Chinese knots
|-
| 9 || Guō Yǔtíng || 郭雨婷 || 202570081763 || 238. Three famous chinese mountains 中国三山
|-
| 10 || Jiāng Wǎnlíng || 姜宛灵 || 202570081685 || 1.Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development
|}

=== 2025-12-11 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Lǐ Fán || 李凡 || 202570081764 || TBD - Lǐ Fán
|-
| 2 || Péng Lùxī || 彭露曦 || 202570081765 || 250. Language: Hakka Dialect (客家话)
|-
| 3 || Hú Mínghào || 胡明浩 || 202570081766 || 270. The Yingge Dance (英歌舞)
|-
| 4 || Huáng Lèlè || 黄乐乐 || 202570081767 || 179. Traditional and modern views on marriage and love
|-
| 5 || Jiāng Jiāyǔ || 姜佳宇 || 202570081768 || 224. Jiangxi Cuisine (赣菜)
|-
| 6 || Liáng Yǔtóng || 梁羽彤 || 202570081769 || 256. Danmu (弹幕)
|-
| 7 || Péng Ruǐmiáo || 彭蕊苗 || 202570081770 || 213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核)
|-
| 8 || Qín Níng || 秦宁 || 202570081771 || 212. Education: training Schools (教育：补习班)
|-
| 9 || Wú Jǐnxuán || 吴瑾璇 || 202570081772 || 274. God of Wealth (财神)
|}

=== 2025-12-18 (周四) - 共 8 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yǐn Ziháo || 尹子豪 || 202570081773 || TBD - Yǐn Ziháo
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǔjiā || 陈雨佳 || 202570081775 || 203. Beverages: Tea
|-
| 3 || Wāng Jīnyán || 汪金妍 || 202570081776 || 158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking
|-
| 4 || Yì Yǔtíng || 易雨婷 || 202570081777 || 268. Table manners
|-
| 5 || Hán Jiāyàn || 韩佳燕 || 202570081778 || 236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World
|-
| 6 || Liào Rútíng || 廖如婷 || 202570081779 || 169. Cuisine: Luosifen
|-
| 7 || Wáng Huìān || 王慧安 || 202570081780 || 128. TikTok (Douyin)
|-
| 8 || Wú Héng || 吴姮 || 202570081781 || 215. Live Streaming E-commerce (直播电商)
|}

=Session 1 Thu Sep 25 19:00-21:35 room 613 - Organizational issues=

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 1 pptx presentations of 5 min. (without AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a interactive quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are 283 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

----
==Homework for every session==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook (if you have not much time, you can read it in Chinese), learn the vocabulary and make yourself familiar with the questions asked under the text.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

==Homework for Session 2==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve. You can click on https://bou.de/u and then "Register" in the top right corner, then input two times your pinyin name for username and real name in the way "Wang Jianguo", type in some info about yourself and submit the form with accepting the terms and conditions. More detailed instructions for registration you find in the powerpoint presentation which you can download from here ("Teacher presentation").

==Prepare ppt (10 students)==
Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations

Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?

Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)

Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?

Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?

Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?

Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?

Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?

Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?

Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?

Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?

Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?

Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?

Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on, plus an interactive quiz: The first ten presenters will have to present in two weeks!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197

21. Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai)

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246 (Tang Yan)

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi）

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606（Qin Yi)

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao)

77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841（Miao Yunlong）

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang)

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191 (Yang Yue2)

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272 (Fei Xinyu)

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283(Wang Huaixing)

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating)

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325

140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348

143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386（Zhang Huifang）

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480(Liu Peini)

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491(Xiao Zixin)

157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang)

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518……

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558 (She Xiao)

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573 Lv Jiahao

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 （Chen Sisi)

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644 （Liu Pei）

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694 (Liu Yunxi)

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719 (Fu Sihui)

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727 （Wang Xinyu）

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783(Du JIangping)

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845(Lu Wei)

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845 (Yang Jing)

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845 （Li Ting2）

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2)

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845 (Zhang Zixi)

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845 (Cai Yichun)

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845 (Tao Yao)

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845 (Ye Sitong)

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845 （Yang Jiahong2)

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845(Gao Xiaoqing)

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845(Huang Qiaoqiao)

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845 （Dong Jiating）

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845 （Ou Huang）

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845 （Lu Jiahui）

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845 (Liao Dan)

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845 (Shen Shuai)

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845 (Xiao Luyu)

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845 (Zhang Meiling)

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845 (Wang Yuxin)

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845 （Li Yuan2）

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845 (Cao Yuan)

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845 （Jin Yichen）

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845 (Chen Anqi)

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845 (Xu Xinwen)

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845 （Li Zihan2）

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845（Liu Chang）

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845 (Song Xin)

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845 (Chen Lin)

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845 (Gong Wei)

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845(Xiao Yikang)

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845(Li Linyao)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845（Du Yuan）

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845 （Liu Qi）

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845 （Yu Jingfang）

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845 ( Li Mingfeng )

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845（Liu Shutian）

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845（Chen Ting）

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845（Zhang Qi）

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845（Zhao Yashi）

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845 (Zhou Le)

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845 (Zhou Tianyi)

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845 (Liu Chao)

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) (Li Jiayi) 1845

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845 (Zuo Fang)

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Liu Jianan)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845 (Yan Jidong)

268. Table Manners 1845（Luo Yan）

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845 （Jiang Xinyue)

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845 （Shao Keyuan）

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845 (Zeng Zhi）

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845(Luo Sicheng)[[File:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845 （Zeng Xiaohui）

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845 （Luo Jiaxin）

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845 (Cheng Sixiang)

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845(Yan Xiang)

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845 （Luo Jingyan）

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845 (Guo Cili)

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845（Dai Yexun）

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845 （Zheng Jinlian）

=Session 02 Fri Feb 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Topics for today==
Please copy and paste your presentation topic, your name here and add your powerpoint file (size limit 10 MB)

You need to copy all the topics for the whole semester to the sessions NOW. If you do not do it sufficiently in advance, how can the fellow students prepare the texts?

Please remember that you have to indicate the 10 topics for Friday on the course website under "Session 2" with the topic name, student name, powerpoint uploaded (max size 10 MB), all presentations will be each on 1 topic only and cannot exceed 5 minutes. They have to be interactive and helpful from the perspective of an interpreter or translator who needs to prepare his/her work on this topic.

27. Chinese Calligraphy (Tang Yan) [[Media:Chinese_Calligraphy.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）[[Media:Mahjong-Jiang_Ziqiang.pptx]]

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）[[Media:The Summer Palace - Li Mei.pptx]]

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao) [[Media:Duan_Binyao_-76Su_Shi_and_Delegation_Literature.pptx]]

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Miao Yunlong)[[Media:Qian_Zhongshu_Miao_Yunlong.pptx]]

Tea Latte Art (Xiang Jianning)

Topic 7

Topic 8

Topic 9

Topic 10

=Session 03 Fri Mar 07 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Presentations==
1. Topic 21: Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai) [[Media:Tea_Spring_2025.pptx]] 86

2. Topic 64: Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606 (Qin Yi) [[Media:Mount_Tai_Spring_2025.pptx]]

3. Topic 101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang) [[Media:Lucky_Money_Spring_2025.pptx]]

4. Topic 107:National Symbols: Culture of the National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）[[Media:Culture_of_the_National_Flag_Spring_2025.pptx]]

5. Topic 155:Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480 (Liu Peini) [[Media:Wuhan_Breakfast_Spring_2025.pptx]]

6. Topic 157:Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang) [[Media:Hot_Pot_Spring_2025.pptx]]

7. Topic 126: China's four new inventions 1191(Yang Yue2).) [[Media:China's_Four_New_Great_Inventions_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Notes on presentations==
Most students did not do their homework. 素质 in Chinese and international culture. Taking over responsibility. Being independent. Making sure that things run. Taking care of others. Not to do the homework in time (displaying the 13 presentations of each session) has disadvantages also for the other students, who cannot prepare.

1. 14:43-49 Only Chinese tradition explained, not Indian, Egyptian etc. "Black tea" (in English all "hong cha" is called "black tea"), British tea culture (add milk)

2. 14:55-15:00 Personal origin: Shandong, personal experience: climbed Mount Tai 4 times, Sacrificial Culture, Culture of Literati, Folk Belief: God of Mount Tai, Blue Rosy Cloud Fairy; Spiritual Symbolism

3. 15:04-15:10 Legend, Tradition and Contrast, Significance; Sui Monster ya sui qian; contrast in the West: Giving money as a present is considered not as good as a present itself, giving money in an envelope has the bad taste of bribing (transparency.org); in China you can even go to the temple and pray for money

4. 15:29-15:34 historical details of design, red meaning “stop” internationally, “achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” (maybe a newer concept than the flag?), connection with earlier historical flags and other flags like of the communist movement, North Korea, ancient Soviet Union

5. 15:41-15:46 dialect terms (don’t use pinyin), analogy, breakfast is one of the most resilient cultural elements a person sticks to, guozao, 热干面, missing: characteristics like that it needs to be prepared quickly because the tradition of the dock workers

6. 15:56-16:01 hot pot history originated in China (?), regional differences within China 87

7. 16:02-16:06 4 new inventions - not explained that these inventions were invented in other countries. 86

==Student grades: 平时成绩/签到==

75/103 students, 24级 MA翻译, class representative: Zhang Jiaxin
# Jin Yichen
# lu jiahui
# li yuan
# cao yuan
# xiao luyu
# zhang jiaxin +5
# ye sitong
# zhao yashi
# jiang xinyue
# yan xiang
# fei xinyu
# zhang qi
# dai shiru
# zhang zixi
# zheng kaiwu
# cai yichun
# yang jing
# liao dan
# luo yan
# qin yi
# shao keyuan
# cao chunyang
# xu yangyang
# liao zuoyun
# cheng sixiang
# du jiangping
# liu qi
# miao yunlong
# huang qiaoqiao
# chen lin
# duan binyao
# li ting
# zeng zhi
# xing xueqing
# luo jingyan
# liu shutian
# gao xiaoqing
# chen zhen
# luo guoqiang -1-1-1
# she xiao
# he yunfeng
# liu ying
# du yuan
# li jiayi
# tao yao
# xu xinwen
# ou huang
# liu peini
# jiang ziqiang
# zhang huifang
# liu chao
# liu yunxi
# luo jiaxin
# li mei
# zeng xiaohui
# huang yixuan
# chen anqi
# chen ting
# zhang mai
# yuan xiaolin -1-1
# li mingfeng
# dai yexun-1-1
# yang pei -1
# tang yan
# xiang jianning-1
# liu chang -1
# wang yuxin
# lv jiahao-1
# dong jiating
# lu wei
# yang yue
# guo cili
# shen shuai
# Ouyang yihong
# li zihan -1
# zuo fang
# fu sihui
# xiao zixin -1
# zhou tianyi -1
# qi zhiyang -1-1
# liu pei
# gong wei
# chen sisi
# huang sinan
# xiao yikang
# yu jingfang
# luo sicheng
# yang jiahong
# yan jidong
# xiao yawen
# geng hongmei
# zhou le
# qiu ping
# wang huaixing
# wang xinyu
# chu hanqi
# wu jiating
# zhang meiling
# liu jianan
# song xin
# zhao qi
# zheng jinlian
# li linyao

=Session 04 Fri Mar 14 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 260：Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty(Liu Chao)[[Media:260 The Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty.pptx]]
#Topic 146: Traditional crafts: Xiang embroidery 1386(Zhang Huifang) [[Media:Hunan_embroidery_spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 153:Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)[[Media:Media Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx]]
#Topic 233: Traditional Chinese Pigments (Cao Yuan)[[Media:Traditional Chinese Pigments.pptx]]
#Topic 182: Chinese Economy: rich businessmen (Fu Sihui) [[Media:Rich_Businessmen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 156: Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick p. 1491 (Xiao Zixin) [[Media:Tanghulu_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 138: Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating) [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 174: Jiaozi (Liu Pei) [[Media:Dumplings_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing)

=Session 05 Fri Mar 21 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 50: Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi） [[Media:Weiqi_Go_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 110:Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)[[Media:Opera Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang.pptx]]
# Topic 131: Silk and porcelain: Silk (Fei Xinyu) [[Media:Silk_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 224: Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜）(Liao Dan) [[Media:Jiangxi_Cuisine.pptx]]
# Topic 169: Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 (Chen Sisi) ） [[Media:Luosifen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 167: History: Wang Shouren 1573 （Lv Jiahao)[[Media:History_Wang_Shouren_.pptx]]
# Topic 183: Jiangxi Gan Opera （Wang Xinyu） [[Media:Jiangxi Gan opera.pptx]]
# Topic 165: Worship: Chinese Incense Culture (She Xiao) [[Media:Chinese Incense Culture.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing) [Media: Silk and Porcelain]

=Session 06 Fri Mar 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=

#Topic 188:Mobile Games 手游 1783 （Du Jiangping）[[Media:Mobile_Game.pptx]]
#Topic 191:Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）)[[Media:Aesthetic_ideals_and_social_customs-_The_Culture_of_Flowers.pptx]]
#Topic 193:Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)
#Topic 195:Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)[[Media: Cuju.pptx]]
#Topic 202:The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)[[Media: The Legend of Zhen Huan.pptx]]
#Topic 203:Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)[[Media: Chinese Horror Movies.pptx]]
#Topic 185:Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）)[[Media: Huangmei Opera.pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

=HOLIDAY Session 07 Fri Apr 04 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Fri Apr 11 14:30-16:10 Zhishan Bldg. room 303 - Student presentations=
#Topic 133:Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing）
#Topic 179:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love（Liu Yunxi）[[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey(Xiao Yawen)
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]
#Topic 204:Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）
#Topic 220:Rice cake 年糕 (Dong Jiating)
#Topic 208:Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao(Yang Jing)[[Media:Chinese Traditional Ornament-Buyao.pptx]]
#Topic 209:Tofu meatball with nia blood(Li Ting2)[[Media:Pig_Blood_Balls.pptx]]
#Topic 212:Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2) [[Media:Training classes .pptx]]

=Session 09 Fri Apr 18 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 213: Chinese Dreamcore (Zhang Zixi)[[Media:Chinese Dreamcore.pptx]]
#Topic 215: Live-streaming e-commerce (Tao Yao)[[Media:Live-Streaming E-Commerce.pptx]]
#Topic 216: The Story of Ming Lan (Ye Sitong)[[Media:The Story of Minglan.pptx]]
#Topic 218: Guangdong Herbal tea (Gao Xiaoqing)
#Topic 219: Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） (Huang Qiaoqiao)[[Media:Seal carving.pptx]]
#Topic 207: Shan Dong Cuisine (Lu Wei) [[Media:Lu_Wei-207-Shandong_Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 221: Zhongyuan Festival (Ou Huang)[[Media:The Zhongyuan Festival.pptx]]
#Topic 223: The Return of the Pearl Princess (Lu Jiahui)[[Media:The Return of the Pearl Princess.pptx]]

=Session 10 Fri Apr 25 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 217: Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art（茶百戏）(Yang Jiahong)[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]
#Topic 225: Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）(Shen Shuai)
#Topic 227: Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)[[Media:Chinese_Bossy_Fictions_and_Microdramas.pptx]]
#Topic 229: Jingdezhen Porcelain(Xiao Luyu)[[Media:Jingdezhen Porcelain.pptx]]
#Topic 230: Gayageum（伽倻琴）(Zhang Meiling) [[Media:Gayageum.pptx]]
#Topic 231: The plague and couplet in Chinese garden(Wang Yuxin)[[Media:The Plague and Couplets in Chinese Garden.pptx]]
#Topic 232: Sun Wukong(Li Yuan)[[Media:0425 Sun Wukong.pptx]]
#Topic 234: Dragon Lantern Dance(Jin Yichen)[[Media:Jin Yichen Dragon Lantern Dance.pptx]]
#Topic 235: Bamboo Weaving(Chen Anqi)[[Media:Bamboo Weaving.pptx]]
#Topic 236: Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World(Xu Xinwen)[[Media:Harbin Ice and Snow World.pptx]]

==Please enroll in ai platform==
Please enroll (register) in the platform https://dcg.de/ai/

=HOLIDAY Session 11 Fri May 02 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
劳动节5月1日——5月5日

=Session 12 Tue May 06 10:00-11:40 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 238: Three Famous Chinese Mountains(Liu Chang)
#Topic 239: Female emperor-Wu Zetian(女皇武则天)(Song Xin) [[Media:Wu Zetian.pptx]]
#Topic 240: Clay sculpture (泥塑）(Chen Lin)[[Media:Clay Sculpture.pptx]]
#Topic 242: Hunan Rice Noodles(Gong Wei)[[Media:Hunan Rice Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 244: Chinese Popular Memes(中国网络流行热梗）(Xiao Yikang)[[Media:Chinese popular Memes.pptx]]
#Topic 245: Douzhi (豆汁)(Li Linyao)[[Media:Douzhi.pptx]]
#Topic 246: New Year Wood-block Paintings(Du Yuan)[[Media:Du Yuan New Year Wood-block Painting.pptx]]
#Topic 247: Carved lacquer（雕漆）(Liu Qi)[[Media:Carved lacquer.pptx]]
#Topic 237: Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)(Li Zihan)

==Regarding Wu Zetian‘s blank Steele==
关于武则天的“无字碑”（又称“无字碑记”）为何没有刻字，学界和民间流传着几种主要的假设：
#功过自有后人评说（最广为流传）：武则天希望后世自己来评价她的一生，不愿由自己或当时的人定论。这种说法强调了她的自信与超越常规。
#避讳批评或争议：武则天是中国历史上唯一的女皇帝，争议颇多。她可能认为无论写什么内容都容易引发非议，因此选择不刻字以避免争议。
#彰显佛教思想：她信奉佛教，而佛教讲究“空”与“无”，无字碑可能象征“空性”或“无常”，体现她的宗教哲学。
#未来自我书写：也有人猜测她原计划晚年或死前再刻碑文，但去世后未及实现，遂留下空碑。
#彰显权力与独特性：无字碑作为一种非同寻常的表达形式，也可视为权力和个性的象征，显示她与众不同的统治地位。

⸻

English Translation:

There are several main hypotheses about why Wu Zetian’s stele (often called the “Wordless Stele”) bears no inscription:
#“Let future generations judge” (most popular view): Wu Zetian may have wanted her life and legacy to be judged by later generations rather than writing her own praise. This interpretation highlights her confidence and forward-thinking.
#To avoid criticism or controversy: As the only female emperor in Chinese history, Wu Zetian was a controversial figure. She may have felt that any written content could provoke criticism, so she left it blank.
#Reflecting Buddhist philosophy: A devout Buddhist, she may have chosen to leave the stele blank as a symbol of “emptiness” or impermanence, ideas central to Buddhist thought.
#Intended to write later: Some believe she planned to inscribe it later in life but passed away before doing so, leaving the monument unfinished.
#Symbol of power and uniqueness: A blank stele could also serve as a unique and powerful statement, emphasizing her exceptional status and breaking with traditional forms.

=Session 13 Fri May 09 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 248: Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山）(Yu Jingfang) [[Media:Jing_Gang_Mountain_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 251: Rice noodle roll (Li Mingfeng)[[File:Rice Noodle Roll.pptx]]
#Topic 252: Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine (Liu Shutian)[[Media:Northeastern Chinese Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 253: Yuelu Mountain (Chen Ting) [[Media:Yuelu_Mountain.pptx]]
#Topic 254: Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye (Zhang Qi)[[Media:Traditional_Crafts_Tie-Dye.pptx]]
#Topic 255: Chinese-style sun protection (Zhao Yashi)[[ File:Chinese-style Sun Protection.pdf]]
#Topic 256: Danmu（弹幕）(Zhou Le)[[Media:Danmu.pptx]]
#Topic 259: Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua (Zhou Tianyi)[[Media:Voices of Chinese Female Writers.pptx]]
#Topic 214: Luban China's inventor (Cai Yichun)[[Media:Luban_China's_Inventor.pptx]]

=Session 14 Fri May 23 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 262: The Four Pillars of Destiny(Li Jiayi) [[Media:Eight Characters.pptx]]
#Topic 263: Shaolin Temple(Zuo Fang) [[Media:Shaolin Temple.pptx]]
#Topic 265: Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck(Xing Xueqing)[[Media:Changde spicy salted duck.pptx]]
#15:25-15:30 Topic 266: Hui Culture (徽文化)(Liu Jianan)[[Media:Hui Culture.pptx]]
#15:30- Topic 267: Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化)(Yan Jidong)[[Media:Mazu culture.pptx]]
#15:35- Topic 268: Table manner(Luo Yan)[[Media:Table manner.pptx]]
#15:40- Topic 270: Yingge Dance(Jiang Xinyue)[[Media:Yingge Dance.pptx]]
#15:45- Topic 271: Palace Lantern(Shao Keyuan)[[Media:Palace_Lantern.pptx]]
#15:50- Topic 272: Chinese Endearing Terms(Zeng Zhi)[[Media:Chinese Endearing Terms.pptx]]

15:55-16:10 Check final exam paper topics

=Session 15 Tue May 27 10:00-11:30 中和楼 213 (moved from Fri May 30 14:30-16:10 room 613) - Student presentations=
#Topic 273: Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐）(Luo Sicheng)[[Media:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]
#<nowiki>Topic 274:</nowiki> God of wealth(Liu Ying)[[Media:God of Wealth.pptx]]
#Topic 275: Zhua zhou (抓周）(Zeng Xiaohui) [[Media:Zhuazhou.pptx]]
#Topic 276: Nail art(Luo Jiaxin)[[Media:Nail_Art.pptx]]
#Topic 277: Mirror(Cheng Sixiang)[[Media:Mirror_Cheng Sixiang.pptx]]
#Topic 278: The Beef Board Noodles(Yan Xiang)[[Media:Beef Board Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 279: Huo Qubing(Luo Jingyan)
#Topic 280: Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院）(Guo Cili)[[Media:Chinese Courtyard Houses-Guo Cili.pptx]]
#Topic 281: yangqin(Dai Yexun)[[Media:Yangqin.pptx]]

=Session 16 Fri Jun 6 14:30-16:10 room 613=
#Topic 282: Black Myth: Wukong (Chen Zhen)
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture (Yuan Xiaolin)[[Media:Guangdong_Morning_Tea.pptx]]
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化）(Zheng Jinlian)[[Media:Guangdong Morning Tea Culture-Zheng Jinlian.pptx]]
#Topic:(Luo Guoqiang) Liuyang Fireworks

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。

=Deadline extended to June 20, 2025 - Final Exam=
Please upload your ppt if you not have done so so far.
[[Media:282_Black_Myth_Wukong_Chen_Zhen.pptx]]

Topic 196:[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]

==Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations==
#Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?
#Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)
#Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?
#Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?
#Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?
#Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?
#Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?
#Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?
#Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?
#Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?
#Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?
#Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?
#Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。
自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。