https://bou.de/u/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Grant+A 2026-04-04T09:19:17Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.35.14 https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6770 2013-04-16T05:14:25Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[File:mapming.jpg|thumb|]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> <br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6766 2013-04-16T05:13:56Z

<p>Grant A: /* Classroom Presentation */</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[File:mapming.jpg|thumb|]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> <br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6765 2013-04-16T05:13:42Z

<p>Grant A: /* Presentations, References, Weblinks */</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[File:mapming.jpg|thumb|]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> <br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6763 2013-04-16T05:13:19Z

<p>Grant A: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[File:mapming.jpg|thumb|]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> <br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Mapming.jpg&diff=6761 2013-04-16T05:12:38Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>Wikipedia Commons Public Domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6758 2013-04-16T05:11:40Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[File:mapming.jpg|thumb|]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> <br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6756 2013-04-16T05:10:41Z

<p>Grant A: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[File:mapming.jpg|thumb|]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Mapming.jpg&diff=6755 2013-04-16T05:10:03Z

<p>Grant A: Wikipedia Commons Public Domain</p> <hr /> <div>Wikipedia Commons Public Domain</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6753 2013-04-16T05:09:39Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[File:mapming.jpg]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6750 2013-04-16T05:09:09Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[mapming.jpg]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6741 2013-04-16T05:01:44Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[File:512px-Ming_foreign_relations_1580-zh-classical]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:MingMap1.png&diff=6737 2013-04-16T05:00:57Z

<p>Grant A: Grant A uploaded a new version of &amp;quot;File:MingMap1.png&amp;quot;:</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:MingMap1.png&diff=6736 2013-04-16T04:58:56Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6735 2013-04-16T04:58:22Z

<p>Grant A: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> [[File:MingMap1]]<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216).<br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6733 2013-04-16T04:53:53Z

<p>Grant A: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Dreyer Edward. L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006).<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6730 2013-04-16T04:49:18Z

<p>Grant A: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).<br /> <br /> *Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6729 2013-04-16T04:48:49Z

<p>Grant A: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).<br /> <br /> *Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. (Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971).</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6726 2013-04-16T04:47:52Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A source book. Second Edition. (The Free Press, New York, NY, 1993). <br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Second Edition. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2010).</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6721 2013-04-16T04:42:35Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[The Forbidden City]]<br /> *[[The Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]]</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6713 2013-04-16T04:39:41Z

<p>Grant A: /* See Also */</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Zheng He]]<br /> *[[]]<br /> *[[]]<br /> *[[]]</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6711 2013-04-16T04:38:14Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6707 2013-04-16T04:35:39Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.<br /> <br /> <br /> = Presentations, References, Weblinks =<br /> <br /> ==Classroom Presentation==<br /> <br /> [[Media:MingDynasty.pptx]]</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:MingDynasty.pptx&diff=6706 2013-04-16T04:34:56Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6700 2013-04-16T04:31:56Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> ==The Hongwu Emperor==<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Yongle Emperor==<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The Downfall of the Dynasty==<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6699 2013-04-16T04:29:36Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. (Ebrey 2010, 190)<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. (Ebrey 2010, 191)<br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Yongle Emperor'''<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. (Ebrey 2010, 193)<br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses. (Ebrey 2010, 194)<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa (Ebrey 2010, 210). Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Downfall of the Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. (Ebrey 2010, 214-15)<br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6698 2013-04-16T04:23:39Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Yongle Emperor'''<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. <br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses.<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa. Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Downfall of the Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. <br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6697 2013-04-16T04:22:17Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Yongle Emperor'''<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. <br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses.<br /> <br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa. Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png|thumb|]]<br /> <br /> '''The Downfall of the Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. <br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png&diff=6694 2013-04-16T04:19:10Z

<p>Grant A: chapter on the last expedition of Zheng He in: Dreyer E. L., Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. — Longman, 2007. — 256 p. — (Library of World Biography Series). — ISBN 0321084438.</p> <hr /> <div>chapter on the last expedition of Zheng He in: Dreyer E. L., Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. — Longman, 2007. — 256 p. — (Library of World Biography Series). — ISBN 0321084438.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6693 2013-04-16T04:18:17Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Yongle Emperor'''<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. <br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses.<br /> <br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa. Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> [[File:ZhengHe7thexpedition-map.png]]<br /> <br /> '''The Downfall of the Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. <br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6687 2013-04-16T04:11:57Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Yongle Emperor'''<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. <br /> <br /> [[File:Yongle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses.<br /> <br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa. Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> '''The Downfall of the Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. <br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Yongle.jpg&diff=6685 2013-04-16T04:10:58Z

<p>Grant A: Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</p> <hr /> <div>Public Domain Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yongle.jpg</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6684 2013-04-16T04:07:06Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Yongle Emperor'''<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. <br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses.<br /> <br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa. Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> '''The Downfall of the Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. <br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_History&diff=6682 2013-04-16T04:04:52Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>[http://wiki.vm.rub.de/uvu/index.php/uvu:Community_Portal Click here to learn how to use this Wiki.] [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)<br /> <br /> '''Overview on Final Papers'''<br /> <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Dear students, thank you very much for putting your articles here online. Here is a quick link to all the articles of all students in class. You may want to check if you have commented on all of them.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *Grant A - final paper: [[Ming Dynasty]], (Midterm paper was: [[The Warring States Period]])<br /> *James C - final paper: [[Han Fei Tzu]], (Midterm paper was: [[Overview of the Han Dynasty]])<br /> *Colby G - final paper: [[Jin and Yuan Dynasties]], (Midterm paper was: [[Later Han Dynasty]])<br /> *Daniel J - final paper: (None yet), (Midterm paper was: [[Xunzi]])<br /> *Bill P - final paper: [[Terra Cotta Army]], (Midterm paper was: [[Mencius]])<br /> *Lance R - final paper: [[The Forbidden City]], (Midterm paper was: [[Three Kingdoms]])<br /> *Emmanuel R - final paper: [[Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279 CE]] and [[Liao Dynasty 907-1125 CE]], (Midterm paper was: [[Qin Shihuangdi]])<br /> *Loren S - final paper: [[Buddhism]], (Midterm paper was: [[Confucius]])<br /> *Mallory W - final paper: [[Footbinding]], (Midterm paper was: [[Empresses]])<br /> *Christopher W - final paper: [[17th Century China and Europe]], (Midterm paper was: [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]])<br /> <br /> = Beginnings =<br /> <br /> * [[Shang Dynasty]] -- [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Proof of early exchange between cultures]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[Olivia]]<br /> <br /> = The Foundations of an Empire =<br /> <br /> === Zhou Dynasty - The philosophical foundations are laid ===<br /> * [[Confucius]] (551 – 479 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:57, 12 April 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Loren S<br /> * [[Laozi]] (5th–4th century BC) -- [[Chris C]]<br /> * [[Zhuangzi]] (4th century BC) -- Shawn<br /> * [[Xunzi]] (ca. 312–230 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by Daniel J<br /> * [[Han Feizi]] (ca. 280 BC – 233 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by J. Raleigh C.<br /> * [[Mozi]] (ca. 470 BC – ca. 391 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:09, 27 January 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Grant A.<br /> * [[Mencius]] (ca. 372 – 289 BCE) -- Olivia -- revised by --[[User:Bill P|Bill P]] 23:07, 18 January 2013 (UTC)<br /> * [[The Warring States Period]] -- Grant A<br /> * [[Han Fei Tzu]] -- James C<br /> <br /> === Qin Dynasty - The Dream of Empire and the rule of Law ===<br /> * [[Qin Shihuangdi]] (259 BC – 210 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper''--[[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:15, 6 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Emanuelle R<br /> * [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]] (213 BC) -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 22:35, 3 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Christopher W.<br /> * [[Terra Cotta Army]] (210–209 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Chris1|Chris1]] 22:27, 24 February 2012 (UTC) -- Bill P.<br /> <br /> === Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 220 CE - Confucianism becomes State Philosophy and the Rise of the Bureaucracy ===<br /> * [[Overview of the Han Dynasty]] -- James C<br /> * [[Buddhism]] may have entered China as early as the first century CE. -- Loren S<br /> * [[The Imperial Order and Han Syntheses]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Eunuchs]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' -- [[Shawn]]<br /> *Earlier Han Dynasty = Western Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 CE<br /> *Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang 9 CE - 23 CE<br /> *[[Later Han Dynasty]] = Eastern Han Dynasty 25 CE - 220 CE [[:Colbygale]]<br /> *[[Three Kingdoms]] = 220 CE - 280 CE<br /> <br /> = The Golden Age =<br /> === Tang Dynasty- Religion, Literature and World-wide connections ===<br /> * [[Buddhism]] flourishes in China -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC)<br /> <br /> === Song Dynasty ===<br /> * [[Footbinding]] spreads and becomes common - [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 02:07, 12 April 2012 (UTC) [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]] <br /> * [[Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279 CE]] -- [[User:Emmanuel R|Emmanuel R]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel R|talk]]) 23:24, 3 April 2013 (CEST)<br /> <br /> = Foreign Rule =<br /> === The Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties ===<br /> * [[A View from the outside: Korea, the Yuan and the rise of the Ming]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 19:42, 1 April 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Liao Dynasty 907-1125 CE]] -- [[User:Emmanuel R|Emmanuel R]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel R|talk]]) 23:26, 3 April 2013 (CEST)<br /> <br /> = The Restoration of Native Rule =<br /> === Ming Dynasty ===<br /> * [[Ming Dynasty]]-- [[Grant A]]<br /> * [[Zheng He]] -- Shawn<br /> * [[The Forbidden City]] -- [[Chris C]], enriched by Lance R.<br /> <br /> = Timeless Presentations =<br /> * [[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Kung Fu]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC) <br /> * [[Money in early China]] -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 20:30, 30 March 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[The Great Wall of China]] -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 20:30, 15 April 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Women in ancient China]] -- Olivia<br /> * [[Empresses]] -- [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]]<br /> * [[17th Century China and Europe]] -- [[User: Christopher W|Christopher W]]<br /> * [[Test]] -- Test</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Hongwu1.jpg&diff=6681 2013-04-16T04:02:49Z

<p>Grant A: Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971</p> <hr /> <div>Masterpieces of Chinese Portrait Painting in the National Palace Museum. Taipei: National Palace Museum. 1971</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6680 2013-04-16T04:00:55Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Yongle Emperor'''<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. <br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses.<br /> <br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa. Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.<br /> <br /> '''The Downfall of the Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> The Ming Dynasty ruled over on of the most prosperous times in Chinese history. But it failed in many respects.The Ming failed to control the affairs of China. The large Chinese bureaucracy was unable to adapt to the changing times. The Ming bureaucracy grew in size and inefficiency. Money was spent on thousands of members of the imperial entourage, while new sources of potential revenue were ignored. Policies were enacted to increase government control over maritime trade which ended up in chinese merchants becoming pirates. The Chinese economy was seeing a prosperous period and the government failed to take advantage. Mongols, Japanese and powerful eunuchs all went relatively unchecked. <br /> <br /> By the late Ming dynasty, the government was too inept to adjust to threats to the empire. Foreign invaders picked away at the peripheral territories, while natural disasters and famine lead to rebellions among the people. The Ming dynasty had lost it's Mandate of Heaven.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6672 2013-04-16T03:42:23Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Yongle Emperor'''<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. <br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses.<br /> <br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time. Zheng He was as muslim eunuch and trusted advisor to Yongle. Zheng He was appointed Grand Director and Chief Envoy. Zheng He would lead seven grand expeditions, traveling all over Asia and reaching East Africa. Gavin Menzies even claims that Zheng He was the first to travel to America in his book ''1491, The Year China Discovered America''.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6670 2013-04-16T03:35:36Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''The Yongle Emperor'''<br /> <br /> The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398. Hongwu had out lived his eldest son and heir, so the title was passed down to his grandson Emperor Jianwen. Soon after Jiawen's assertion, a civil war broke out. Hongwu's fourth son Yongle, territorial leader of Beijing, laid claim to the thrown. After three years of infighting, the Yongle emperor took control as emperor of China. <br /> <br /> The Yongle emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and began construction on the Forbidden City. Hundreds of thousands of workers were brought up to aid in the construction. In order to supply Beijing with enough grain, the Grand Canal was repaired and expanded. The Grand Canal is the largest artificial river. The Yongle emperor also repaired and expanded the Great Wall. His use of unpaid service created difficulties for Ming leaders that followed. There was so few legal sources for the government to increase revenue that administers where forced to exhaust the leagal sources. this lead to corruption and abuses.<br /> <br /> Yongle aslo commissioned some of the greatest explorations of all time.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6623 2013-04-16T02:44:08Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpg|Hongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6622 2013-04-16T02:43:24Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> [[File:Hongwu1.jpgHongwu1]]<br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6620 2013-04-16T02:37:03Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''<br /> <br /> Zhu Yuanzhang was born to a poor family in the, present day, Fengyang, Anhui province. He was the eighth child born into his family. His parents struggled so much to feed their children that some of Zhu's siblings were actually given away. When Zhu Yuanzhang was sixteeen, the yellow river shifted its course and flooded the valley where his family lived. The resulting famine and epidemics in the region took the lives of his parents and all but one of his siblings. <br /> <br /> Poor and destitute, Zhu Yuanzhang looked to a local monastery for help. The monastery was inundated with large numbers of people seeking help. Soon after presenting himself to the monastery, Zhu Yuanzang was sent out to beg for alms. Zhu would spend several years wandering east-central china before returning to the monastery for a few years. During this time there was a local uprising in the region. The Mongol Yuan dynasty sought to repress this rebellion. In their attempt to quell the discontent the Yuan army burt Zhu's monastery to the ground(1352). (Ebrey 2010, 190) <br /> <br /> During the chaos that was the final years of the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang became a local rebel organizer for the Red Turbans, a branch of the White Lotus Society. Zhu Yuanzhang quickly rose up the ranks of the Red Turbans, his power and status increased greatly when he married the foster daughter of a Red Turban commander. He soon took command of his father-in-laws troops. In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's forces captured the city of Nanjing. <br /> <br /> Using the city of Nanjing as his base of operations, Zhu Yanzhang soon controlled the southeast and made it clear that he sought to set up an empire. In fighting amongst the Red Turban leadership ensued. Zhu's main competition came from Chen Youliang who controlled the Yangtze River Valley. The two forces fought form 1360-1363 cultivating in one of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Lake Poyang. Though Zhu did not completely distroy Chen's forces at the battle, Chen was dealt a defeat in which he could not recover from. <br /> <br /> After a few years of cleaning uo the remaining opposition groups, Zhu Yanzhang became the Hongwu Emperor in 1368, and founded the Ming dynasty. He called his dynasty the Ming, which means brightness, to show China that they were coming out of the darkness which was Mongol rule.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6586 2013-04-16T01:53:47Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6585 2013-04-16T01:53:32Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368-1644. The Ming came to power in the wake of the collapse of the Mongol lead Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty would be the last ethnically chinese empire to rule China and was founded by the &quot;first commoner to become emperor in 1500 years&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205), Zhu Yuanzhang. The early Ming dynasty could be characterized as a period of great growth for the region and &quot;one of the most prosperous periods of Chinese history&quot; (Ebrey 1993, 205). But in the end the Ming state would prove to be too weak and unable to adapt to the changing world around them, just when Europeans were expanding their advancements and bringing real competition to China (Ebrey 2010, 216). <br /> <br /> '''The Hongwu Emperor'''</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6578 2013-04-16T01:38:50Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Introduction'''<br /> Following the collapse of the Yuan dynasty and the Mongol empire, an ethnic Haun Chinese dynasty came to power. It would come to be known as the Ming dynasty. The dynasty would rule from 1368-1644 and would wind up being the last chinese ruled dynasty in China.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_History&diff=6574 2013-04-16T01:37:19Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>[http://wiki.vm.rub.de/uvu/index.php/uvu:Community_Portal Click here to learn how to use this Wiki.] [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)<br /> <br /> '''Overview on Final Papers'''<br /> <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Dear students, thank you very much for putting your articles here online. Here is a quick link to all the articles of all students in class. You may want to check if you have commented on all of them.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *Grant A - final paper: [[The Ming Dynasty]], (Midterm paper was: [[The Warring States Period]])<br /> *James C - final paper: [[Han Fei Tzu]], (Midterm paper was: [[Overview of the Han Dynasty]])<br /> *Colby G - final paper: [[Jin and Yuan Dynasties]], (Midterm paper was: [[Later Han Dynasty]])<br /> *Daniel J - final paper: (None yet), (Midterm paper was: [[Xunzi]])<br /> *Bill P - final paper: [[Terra Cotta Army]], (Midterm paper was: [[Mencius]])<br /> *Lance R - final paper: [[The Forbidden City]], (Midterm paper was: [[Three Kingdoms]])<br /> *Emmanuel R - final paper: [[Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279 CE]] and [[Liao Dynasty 907-1125 CE]], (Midterm paper was: [[Qin Shihuangdi]])<br /> *Loren S - final paper: [[Buddhism]], (Midterm paper was: [[Confucius]])<br /> *Mallory W - final paper: [[Footbinding]], (Midterm paper was: [[Empresses]])<br /> *Christopher W - final paper: [[17th Century China and Europe]], (Midterm paper was: [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]])<br /> <br /> = Beginnings =<br /> <br /> * [[Shang Dynasty]] -- [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Proof of early exchange between cultures]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[Olivia]]<br /> <br /> = The Foundations of an Empire =<br /> <br /> === Zhou Dynasty - The philosophical foundations are laid ===<br /> * [[Confucius]] (551 – 479 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:57, 12 April 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Loren S<br /> * [[Laozi]] (5th–4th century BC) -- [[Chris C]]<br /> * [[Zhuangzi]] (4th century BC) -- Shawn<br /> * [[Xunzi]] (ca. 312–230 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by Daniel J<br /> * [[Han Feizi]] (ca. 280 BC – 233 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by J. Raleigh C.<br /> * [[Mozi]] (ca. 470 BC – ca. 391 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:09, 27 January 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Grant A.<br /> * [[Mencius]] (ca. 372 – 289 BCE) -- Olivia -- revised by --[[User:Bill P|Bill P]] 23:07, 18 January 2013 (UTC)<br /> * [[The Warring States Period]] -- Grant A<br /> * [[Han Fei Tzu]] -- James C<br /> <br /> === Qin Dynasty - The Dream of Empire and the rule of Law ===<br /> * [[Qin Shihuangdi]] (259 BC – 210 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper''--[[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:15, 6 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Emanuelle R<br /> * [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]] (213 BC) -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 22:35, 3 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Christopher W.<br /> * [[Terra Cotta Army]] (210–209 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Chris1|Chris1]] 22:27, 24 February 2012 (UTC) -- Bill P.<br /> <br /> === Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 220 CE - Confucianism becomes State Philosophy and the Rise of the Bureaucracy ===<br /> * [[Overview of the Han Dynasty]] -- James C<br /> * [[Buddhism]] may have entered China as early as the first century CE. -- Loren S<br /> * [[The Imperial Order and Han Syntheses]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Eunuchs]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' -- [[Shawn]]<br /> *Earlier Han Dynasty = Western Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 CE<br /> *Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang 9 CE - 23 CE<br /> *[[Later Han Dynasty]] = Eastern Han Dynasty 25 CE - 220 CE [[:Colbygale]]<br /> *[[Three Kingdoms]] = 220 CE - 280 CE<br /> <br /> = The Golden Age =<br /> === Tang Dynasty- Religion, Literature and World-wide connections ===<br /> * [[Buddhism]] flourishes in China -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC)<br /> <br /> === Song Dynasty ===<br /> * [[Footbinding]] spreads and becomes common - [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 02:07, 12 April 2012 (UTC) [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]] <br /> * [[Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279 CE]] -- [[User:Emmanuel R|Emmanuel R]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel R|talk]]) 23:24, 3 April 2013 (CEST)<br /> <br /> = Foreign Rule =<br /> === The Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties ===<br /> * [[A View from the outside: Korea, the Yuan and the rise of the Ming]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 19:42, 1 April 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Liao Dynasty 907-1125 CE]] -- [[User:Emmanuel R|Emmanuel R]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel R|talk]]) 23:26, 3 April 2013 (CEST)<br /> <br /> = The Restoration of Native Rule =<br /> === Ming Dynasty ===<br /> * [[Ming Dynasty]]-- [[Grant A]]<br /> * [[Zheng He]] -- Shawn<br /> * [[The Forbidden City]] -- [[Chris C]], enriched by Lance R.<br /> <br /> = Timeless Presentations =<br /> * [[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Kung Fu]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC) <br /> * [[Money in early China]] -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 20:30, 30 March 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[The Great Wall of China]] -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 20:30, 15 April 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Women in ancient China]] -- Olivia<br /> * [[Empresses]] -- [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]]<br /> * [[17th Century China and Europe]] -- [[User: Christopher W|Christopher W]]<br /> * [[Test]] -- Test</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6573 2013-04-16T01:35:23Z

<p>Grant A: </p> <hr /> <div>[Introduction]<br /> Following the collapse of the Yuan dynasty and the Mongol empire, an ethnic Haun Chinese dynasty came to power. It would come to be known as the Ming dynasty. The dynasty would rule from 1368-1644 and would wind up being the last chinese ruled dynasty in China.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&diff=6572 2013-04-16T01:34:58Z

<p>Grant A: Created page with &quot;Introduction Following the collapse of the Yuan dynasty and the Mongol empire, an ethnic Haun Chinese dynasty came to power. It would come to be known as the Ming dynasty. The...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Introduction<br /> Following the collapse of the Yuan dynasty and the Mongol empire, an ethnic Haun Chinese dynasty came to power. It would come to be known as the Ming dynasty. The dynasty would rule from 1368-1644 and would wind up being the last chinese ruled dynasty in China.</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_History&diff=6567 2013-04-16T01:24:34Z

<p>Grant A: /* Ming Dynasty */</p> <hr /> <div>[http://wiki.vm.rub.de/uvu/index.php/uvu:Community_Portal Click here to learn how to use this Wiki.] [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)<br /> <br /> '''Overview on Final Papers'''<br /> <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Dear students, thank you very much for putting your articles here online. Here is a quick link to all the articles of all students in class. You may want to check if you have commented on all of them.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *Grant A - final paper: [[The Warring States Period]], (Midterm paper was: [[Mozi]])<br /> *James C - final paper: [[Han Fei Tzu]], (Midterm paper was: [[Overview of the Han Dynasty]])<br /> *Colby G - final paper: [[Jin and Yuan Dynasties]], (Midterm paper was: [[Later Han Dynasty]])<br /> *Daniel J - final paper: (None yet), (Midterm paper was: [[Xunzi]])<br /> *Bill P - final paper: [[Terra Cotta Army]], (Midterm paper was: [[Mencius]])<br /> *Lance R - final paper: [[The Forbidden City]], (Midterm paper was: [[Three Kingdoms]])<br /> *Emmanuel R - final paper: [[Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279 CE]] and [[Liao Dynasty 907-1125 CE]], (Midterm paper was: [[Qin Shihuangdi]])<br /> *Loren S - final paper: [[Buddhism]], (Midterm paper was: [[Confucius]])<br /> *Mallory W - final paper: [[Footbinding]], (Midterm paper was: [[Empresses]])<br /> *Christopher W - final paper: [[17th Century China and Europe]], (Midterm paper was: [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]])<br /> <br /> = Beginnings =<br /> <br /> * [[Shang Dynasty]] -- [[User:Root|Root]] 11:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Proof of early exchange between cultures]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[Olivia]]<br /> <br /> = The Foundations of an Empire =<br /> <br /> === Zhou Dynasty - The philosophical foundations are laid ===<br /> * [[Confucius]] (551 – 479 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:57, 12 April 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Loren S<br /> * [[Laozi]] (5th–4th century BC) -- [[Chris C]]<br /> * [[Zhuangzi]] (4th century BC) -- Shawn<br /> * [[Xunzi]] (ca. 312–230 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by Daniel J<br /> * [[Han Feizi]] (ca. 280 BC – 233 BC) -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:15, 19 April 2012 (UTC); enriched by J. Raleigh C.<br /> * [[Mozi]] (ca. 470 BC – ca. 391 BC) -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 04:09, 27 January 2012 (UTC); enriched with a 2nd powerpoint by Grant A.<br /> * [[Mencius]] (ca. 372 – 289 BCE) -- Olivia -- revised by --[[User:Bill P|Bill P]] 23:07, 18 January 2013 (UTC)<br /> * [[The Warring States Period]] -- Grant A<br /> * [[Han Fei Tzu]] -- James C<br /> <br /> === Qin Dynasty - The Dream of Empire and the rule of Law ===<br /> * [[Qin Shihuangdi]] (259 BC – 210 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper''--[[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:15, 6 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Emanuelle R<br /> * [[Book burning in Qin Dynasty]] (213 BC) -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 22:35, 3 February 2012 (UTC); enriched by Christopher W.<br /> * [[Terra Cotta Army]] (210–209 BC) -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Chris1|Chris1]] 22:27, 24 February 2012 (UTC) -- Bill P.<br /> <br /> === Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 220 CE - Confucianism becomes State Philosophy and the Rise of the Bureaucracy ===<br /> * [[Overview of the Han Dynasty]] -- James C<br /> * [[Buddhism]] may have entered China as early as the first century CE. -- Loren S<br /> * [[The Imperial Order and Han Syntheses]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Eunuchs]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' -- [[Shawn]]<br /> *Earlier Han Dynasty = Western Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 CE<br /> *Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang 9 CE - 23 CE<br /> *[[Later Han Dynasty]] = Eastern Han Dynasty 25 CE - 220 CE [[:Colbygale]]<br /> *[[Three Kingdoms]] = 220 CE - 280 CE<br /> <br /> = The Golden Age =<br /> === Tang Dynasty- Religion, Literature and World-wide connections ===<br /> * [[Buddhism]] flourishes in China -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC)<br /> <br /> === Song Dynasty ===<br /> * [[Footbinding]] spreads and becomes common - [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 02:07, 12 April 2012 (UTC) [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]] <br /> * [[Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279 CE]] -- [[User:Emmanuel R|Emmanuel R]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel R|talk]]) 23:24, 3 April 2013 (CEST)<br /> <br /> = Foreign Rule =<br /> === The Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties ===<br /> * [[A View from the outside: Korea, the Yuan and the rise of the Ming]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 19:42, 1 April 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Liao Dynasty 907-1125 CE]] -- [[User:Emmanuel R|Emmanuel R]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel R|talk]]) 23:26, 3 April 2013 (CEST)<br /> <br /> = The Restoration of Native Rule =<br /> === Ming Dynasty ===<br /> * [[Ming Dynasty]]-- [[Grant A]]<br /> * [[Zheng He]] -- Shawn<br /> * [[The Forbidden City]] -- [[Chris C]], enriched by Lance R.<br /> <br /> = Timeless Presentations =<br /> * [[Capitals: When, Where and Why they were moved]] -- [[User:Licia K|Licia K]] 05:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Kung Fu]] -- ''Mid-term paper'' --[[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 01:56, 1 March 2012 (UTC) <br /> * [[Money in early China]] -- [[User:Hannah A|Hannah A]] 20:30, 30 March 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[The Great Wall of China]] -- [[User:Andrew P|Andrew P]] 20:30, 15 April 2012 (UTC)<br /> * [[Women in ancient China]] -- Olivia<br /> * [[Empresses]] -- [[User:Mallory W|Mallory W]]<br /> * [[17th Century China and Europe]] -- [[User: Christopher W|Christopher W]]<br /> * [[Test]] -- Test</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=The_Warring_States_Period&diff=5359 2013-03-01T02:48:03Z

<p>Grant A: /* Effects on Government */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Warring States Period'''<br /> <br /> The Warring States Period is the time period falling the Spring and Autumn period and ending with the rise of the Qin Dynasty. The Warring States Period lasted from 403 BCE to 221 BCE. <br /> <br /> '''China Prior to Warring States Period'''<br /> <br /> [[File:Chinese plain 5c. BC-en.jpg|50|Chinese plain 5c. BC-en.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> As the Zhou Dynasty slowly began to fall, lesser kingdoms began to break away and act as autonomous kingdoms. After these kingdoms broke away, they were pushed into volatile political system with each independent state looking to accumulate more power. Kingdoms would seek many different ways and philosophies to gain advantages over their rivals. This time period would see lots of social and political change that would greatly change the way China would evolve. <br /> <br /> '''China Just Prior to Unification Under Qin Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> [[File:651px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> “The central authority of the feudal Zhou regime had long disintegrated, and a varying number of states were engaged in perpetual struggle for predominance.”<br /> <br /> “This struggle for hegemony came to an end only in 221 B.C., when the despotic northwestern state of Qin succeed in reuniting the Chinese under a single (though short-lived) dynasty once more” (Minford xx). <br /> <br /> =War as a catalyst of change=<br /> <br /> The Warring States Period gets its name, quite simply, due to the fact that it consisted of almost constant warfare. This time period would see great changes in the way war was fought. <br /> <br /> The northern Chinese state of Jin had to wage war against non-Chinese tribes in the north. These tribes had mastered the art of cavalry warfare. Jin needed to combat this new threat and began to develop their own cavalries. Jin was the first Chinese kingdom to adopt cavalry techniques. Soon other kingdoms would adopt this newer, cheaper (than chariot warfare) and more effective strategy. After seeing the benefits that a cavalry can bring on the battlefield, kingdoms began to fight over pasturing lands and horses to build up their militaries. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Terracotta Army 32.jpg|thumb|Terracotta Army 32]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eastern Han Bronze Cavalry and Chariots3.JPG|thumb|Eastern Han Bronze Cavalry and Chariots3]]<br /> <br /> Besides the effect on Chinese warfare, the move towards cavalries had a great social effect. Chariots were manned buy powerful prestigious aristocracies. And though the chariot never went completely out of style, the addition of cavalry units and massed infantry greatly diminished the chariot aristocracies power both in the military and politically. <br /> <br /> <br /> The invention of the crossbow during this period would have an even greater effect. The crossbow allowed simple farmers to become effective soldiers with very little training. The crossbow enabled soldiers to shoot further and more accurate than ever before. This addition was very successful and militaries saw their numbers swell to the hundreds of thousands and in some cases millions. The ability to mass large numbers of soldiers was a great advantage in warfare and kingdoms sought out was to grow their populations and attract others.<br /> <br /> <br /> During this time period kingdoms invested in irrigation and agriculture in order to increase their populations. Different kingdoms also sought to attract peasants away from their rival kingdoms by offering immigrants land and by granting populations certain rights. During this time period there was a gradual decline in serfdom eventually ending all serfdom under the Qin Dynasty. <br /> <br /> <br /> Rulers started to look on trade more favorably as a way to gain economic advantages. They began to cast coins to take the place of larger bolts of silk. Economies were able to greatly expand thanks to Iron. Iron was used greatly in weapons and farming. By the end of the Warring States Period there were great smelting projects that employed up to 200 workers. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Iron_sword_and_two_bronze_swords,_Warring_States_Period.jpeg|thumb|]]<br /> <br /> =Effects on Government=<br /> <br /> The Warring states had amassed large militaries consisting of mass infantry, chariots and cavalry. Complex logistical systems needed to be developed and maintained by efficient government bureaucracies in order to train, supply and control theses massive units. In order to maintain control over these armies and their lands, rulers were forced to change the way they governed. Rulers would rely more and more on their own officials from the central government and send them out to govern peripheral territories. This new style of governance strengthened the power of the central government while Lessing the influence of hereditary lesser lords throughout the kingdom. It also allowed for more upward movement among lesser aristocracy members. <br /> <br /> <br /> Kings could choose advisors from a large, competitive pool of qualified men. The competition among the states also insured that these talented men could be more discerning with whom they chose to advise. <br /> <br /> <br /> As lesser states were concerned during this period, their nobles would be forced to seek new employment. These educated men would be quickly lured to work as advisors for neighboring kingdoms. These men would make plans and proposals and present them to the king on a variety of issues. These proposals would be debated, which lead to great advancements in the art of oratory skills, logic, strategy and science. Because of this, this period in time is also referred to as the One Hundred Schools of Thought. The Warring States Period would produce some of China’s most popular and revered scholars.<br /> <br /> =Ideologies in the Warring States Period/ One Hundred Schools of Thought =<br /> *See [[Confucianism]] <br /> *See [[Moism]]<br /> *See [[Taoism]]<br /> *See [[Legalism]]<br /> <br /> =Great Philosophers during the Warring States Period=<br /> *See [[Confucius]]<br /> *See [[Mozi]]<br /> *See [[Mencius]]<br /> *See [[Han Fei Tzu]]<br /> *See Xun Zi<br /> *See Lao Zi<br /> *See Zhuang Zi<br /> *See Qu Yuan<br /> *See Lao Tze<br /> *See Sun Tzu<br /> <br /> =Sources=<br /> <br /> *Bary, Theodore &amp; Irene Bloom. Sources of Chinese Tradition From the Earliest Times to 1600. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. 1999.<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, a Sourcebook. The Free Press, New York, NY. 1981.<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Illustrated History China, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 1996, 2010. <br /> <br /> *Gernet (1996) A History of Chinese Civilisation, Cambridge university press, p. 59 <br /> <br /> *Sun Tzu. The Art of War. Edited and Translated by John Minford. Penguin Group, New York, NY. 2003.<br /> <br /> *http://www.garyleetodd.com/chinese-museums-online/shaanxi-provincial-museum-xian/</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=The_Warring_States_Period&diff=5356 2013-03-01T02:42:48Z

<p>Grant A: /* War as a catalyst of change */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Warring States Period'''<br /> <br /> The Warring States Period is the time period falling the Spring and Autumn period and ending with the rise of the Qin Dynasty. The Warring States Period lasted from 403 BCE to 221 BCE. <br /> <br /> '''China Prior to Warring States Period'''<br /> <br /> [[File:Chinese plain 5c. BC-en.jpg|50|Chinese plain 5c. BC-en.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> As the Zhou Dynasty slowly began to fall, lesser kingdoms began to break away and act as autonomous kingdoms. After these kingdoms broke away, they were pushed into volatile political system with each independent state looking to accumulate more power. Kingdoms would seek many different ways and philosophies to gain advantages over their rivals. This time period would see lots of social and political change that would greatly change the way China would evolve. <br /> <br /> '''China Just Prior to Unification Under Qin Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> [[File:651px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> “The central authority of the feudal Zhou regime had long disintegrated, and a varying number of states were engaged in perpetual struggle for predominance.”<br /> <br /> “This struggle for hegemony came to an end only in 221 B.C., when the despotic northwestern state of Qin succeed in reuniting the Chinese under a single (though short-lived) dynasty once more” (Minford xx). <br /> <br /> =War as a catalyst of change=<br /> <br /> The Warring States Period gets its name, quite simply, due to the fact that it consisted of almost constant warfare. This time period would see great changes in the way war was fought. <br /> <br /> The northern Chinese state of Jin had to wage war against non-Chinese tribes in the north. These tribes had mastered the art of cavalry warfare. Jin needed to combat this new threat and began to develop their own cavalries. Jin was the first Chinese kingdom to adopt cavalry techniques. Soon other kingdoms would adopt this newer, cheaper (than chariot warfare) and more effective strategy. After seeing the benefits that a cavalry can bring on the battlefield, kingdoms began to fight over pasturing lands and horses to build up their militaries. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Terracotta Army 32.jpg|thumb|Terracotta Army 32]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eastern Han Bronze Cavalry and Chariots3.JPG|thumb|Eastern Han Bronze Cavalry and Chariots3]]<br /> <br /> Besides the effect on Chinese warfare, the move towards cavalries had a great social effect. Chariots were manned buy powerful prestigious aristocracies. And though the chariot never went completely out of style, the addition of cavalry units and massed infantry greatly diminished the chariot aristocracies power both in the military and politically. <br /> <br /> <br /> The invention of the crossbow during this period would have an even greater effect. The crossbow allowed simple farmers to become effective soldiers with very little training. The crossbow enabled soldiers to shoot further and more accurate than ever before. This addition was very successful and militaries saw their numbers swell to the hundreds of thousands and in some cases millions. The ability to mass large numbers of soldiers was a great advantage in warfare and kingdoms sought out was to grow their populations and attract others.<br /> <br /> <br /> During this time period kingdoms invested in irrigation and agriculture in order to increase their populations. Different kingdoms also sought to attract peasants away from their rival kingdoms by offering immigrants land and by granting populations certain rights. During this time period there was a gradual decline in serfdom eventually ending all serfdom under the Qin Dynasty. <br /> <br /> <br /> Rulers started to look on trade more favorably as a way to gain economic advantages. They began to cast coins to take the place of larger bolts of silk. Economies were able to greatly expand thanks to Iron. Iron was used greatly in weapons and farming. By the end of the Warring States Period there were great smelting projects that employed up to 200 workers. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Iron_sword_and_two_bronze_swords,_Warring_States_Period.jpeg|thumb|]]<br /> <br /> =Effects on Government=<br /> <br /> The Warring states had amassed large militaries consisting of mass infantry, chariots and cavalry. Complex logistical systems needed to be developed and maintained by efficient government bureaucracies in order to train, supply and control theses massive units. In order to maintain control over these armies and their lands, rulers were forced to change the way they governed. Rulers would rely more and more on their own officials from the central government and send them out to govern peripheral territories. This new style of governance strengthened the power of the central government while Lessing the influence of hereditary lesser lords throughout the kingdom. It also allowed for more upward movement among lesser aristocracy members. <br /> <br /> Kings could choose advisors from a large, competitive pool of qualified men. The competition among the states also insured that these talented men could be more discerning with whom they chose to advise. <br /> <br /> As lesser states were concerned during this period, their nobles would be forced to seek new employment. These educated men would be quickly lured to work as advisors for neighboring kingdoms. These men would make plans and proposals and present them to the king on a variety of issues. These proposals would be debated, which lead to great advancements in the art of oratory skills, logic, strategy and science. Because of this, this period in time is also referred to as the One Hundred Schools of Thought. The Warring States Period would produce some of China’s most popular and revered scholars. <br /> <br /> =Ideologies in the Warring States Period/ One Hundred Schools of Thought =<br /> *See [[Confucianism]] <br /> *See [[Moism]]<br /> *See [[Taoism]]<br /> *See [[Legalism]]<br /> <br /> =Great Philosophers during the Warring States Period=<br /> *See [[Confucius]]<br /> *See [[Mozi]]<br /> *See [[Mencius]]<br /> *See [[Han Fei Tzu]]<br /> *See Xun Zi<br /> *See Lao Zi<br /> *See Zhuang Zi<br /> *See Qu Yuan<br /> *See Lao Tze<br /> *See Sun Tzu<br /> <br /> =Sources=<br /> <br /> *Bary, Theodore &amp; Irene Bloom. Sources of Chinese Tradition From the Earliest Times to 1600. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. 1999.<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, a Sourcebook. The Free Press, New York, NY. 1981.<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Illustrated History China, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 1996, 2010. <br /> <br /> *Gernet (1996) A History of Chinese Civilisation, Cambridge university press, p. 59 <br /> <br /> *Sun Tzu. The Art of War. Edited and Translated by John Minford. Penguin Group, New York, NY. 2003.<br /> <br /> *http://www.garyleetodd.com/chinese-museums-online/shaanxi-provincial-museum-xian/</div>

Grant A https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=The_Warring_States_Period&diff=5349 2013-03-01T02:22:09Z

<p>Grant A: /* War as a catalyst of change */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Warring States Period'''<br /> <br /> The Warring States Period is the time period falling the Spring and Autumn period and ending with the rise of the Qin Dynasty. The Warring States Period lasted from 403 BCE to 221 BCE. <br /> <br /> '''China Prior to Warring States Period'''<br /> <br /> [[File:Chinese plain 5c. BC-en.jpg|50|Chinese plain 5c. BC-en.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> As the Zhou Dynasty slowly began to fall, lesser kingdoms began to break away and act as autonomous kingdoms. After these kingdoms broke away, they were pushed into volatile political system with each independent state looking to accumulate more power. Kingdoms would seek many different ways and philosophies to gain advantages over their rivals. This time period would see lots of social and political change that would greatly change the way China would evolve. <br /> <br /> '''China Just Prior to Unification Under Qin Dynasty'''<br /> <br /> [[File:651px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE1.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> “The central authority of the feudal Zhou regime had long disintegrated, and a varying number of states were engaged in perpetual struggle for predominance.”<br /> <br /> “This struggle for hegemony came to an end only in 221 B.C., when the despotic northwestern state of Qin succeed in reuniting the Chinese under a single (though short-lived) dynasty once more” (Minford xx). <br /> <br /> =War as a catalyst of change=<br /> <br /> The Warring States Period gets its name, quite simply, due to the fact that it consisted of almost constant warfare. This time period would see great changes in the way war was fought. <br /> <br /> The northern Chinese state of Jin had to wage war against non-Chinese tribes in the north. These tribes had mastered the art of cavalry warfare. Jin needed to combat this new threat and began to develop their own cavalries. Jin was the first Chinese kingdom to adopt cavalry techniques. Soon other kingdoms would adopt this newer, cheaper (than chariot warfare) and more effective strategy. After seeing the benefits that a cavalry can bring on the battlefield, kingdoms began to fight over pasturing lands and horses to build up their militaries. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Terracotta Army 32.jpg|thumb|Terracotta Army 32]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eastern Han Bronze Cavalry and Chariots3.JPG|thumb|Eastern Han Bronze Cavalry and Chariots3]]<br /> <br /> Besides the effect on Chinese warfare, the move towards cavalries had a great social effect. Chariots were manned buy powerful prestigious aristocracies. And though the chariot never went completely out of style, the addition of cavalry units and massed infantry greatly diminished the chariot aristocracies power both in the military and politically. <br /> <br /> The invention of the crossbow during this period would have an even greater effect. The crossbow allowed simple farmers to become effective soldiers with very little training. The crossbow enabled soldiers to shoot further and more accurate than ever before. This addition was very successful and militaries saw their numbers swell to the hundreds of thousands and in some cases millions. The ability to mass large numbers of soldiers was a great advantage in warfare and kingdoms sought out was to grow their populations and attract others.<br /> <br /> During this time period kingdoms invested in irrigation and agriculture in order to increase their populations. Different kingdoms also sought to attract peasants away from their rival kingdoms by offering immigrants land and by granting populations certain rights. During this time period there was a gradual decline in serfdom eventually ending all serfdom under the Qin Dynasty. <br /> <br /> Rulers started to look on trade more favorably as a way to gain economic advantages. They began to cast coins to take the place of larger bolts of silk. Economies were able to greatly expand thanks to Iron. Iron was used greatly in weapons and farming. By the end of the Warring States Period there were great smelting projects that employed up to 200 workers. <br /> <br /> [[File:Iron_sword_and_two_bronze_swords,_Warring_States_Period.jpeg|thumb|]]<br /> <br /> =Effects on Government=<br /> <br /> The Warring states had amassed large militaries consisting of mass infantry, chariots and cavalry. Complex logistical systems needed to be developed and maintained by efficient government bureaucracies in order to train, supply and control theses massive units. In order to maintain control over these armies and their lands, rulers were forced to change the way they governed. Rulers would rely more and more on their own officials from the central government and send them out to govern peripheral territories. This new style of governance strengthened the power of the central government while Lessing the influence of hereditary lesser lords throughout the kingdom. It also allowed for more upward movement among lesser aristocracy members. <br /> <br /> Kings could choose advisors from a large, competitive pool of qualified men. The competition among the states also insured that these talented men could be more discerning with whom they chose to advise. <br /> <br /> As lesser states were concerned during this period, their nobles would be forced to seek new employment. These educated men would be quickly lured to work as advisors for neighboring kingdoms. These men would make plans and proposals and present them to the king on a variety of issues. These proposals would be debated, which lead to great advancements in the art of oratory skills, logic, strategy and science. Because of this, this period in time is also referred to as the One Hundred Schools of Thought. The Warring States Period would produce some of China’s most popular and revered scholars. <br /> <br /> =Ideologies in the Warring States Period/ One Hundred Schools of Thought =<br /> *See [[Confucianism]] <br /> *See [[Moism]]<br /> *See [[Taoism]]<br /> *See [[Legalism]]<br /> <br /> =Great Philosophers during the Warring States Period=<br /> *See [[Confucius]]<br /> *See [[Mozi]]<br /> *See [[Mencius]]<br /> *See [[Han Fei Tzu]]<br /> *See Xun Zi<br /> *See Lao Zi<br /> *See Zhuang Zi<br /> *See Qu Yuan<br /> *See Lao Tze<br /> *See Sun Tzu<br /> <br /> =Sources=<br /> <br /> *Bary, Theodore &amp; Irene Bloom. Sources of Chinese Tradition From the Earliest Times to 1600. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. 1999.<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, a Sourcebook. The Free Press, New York, NY. 1981.<br /> <br /> *Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Illustrated History China, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 1996, 2010. <br /> <br /> *Gernet (1996) A History of Chinese Civilisation, Cambridge university press, p. 59 <br /> <br /> *Sun Tzu. The Art of War. Edited and Translated by John Minford. Penguin Group, New York, NY. 2003.<br /> <br /> *http://www.garyleetodd.com/chinese-museums-online/shaanxi-provincial-museum-xian/</div>

Grant A