China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

20230630 final exam culture 07

2023-06-03T12:58:28Z

Hu Yiqiang: /* Hu Xinping 胡欣平 Literature：Nalan Xingde's poetry */

Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].
Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]

== Song Yifang 宋奕芳 Makeup: Hair Styles==
==Hu Xinping 胡欣平 Literature：Nalan Xingde's poetry==
===Hu Xinping 202130092207 Translation and Interpreting Class===

===Abstract===
Nalan Xingde was a famous litterateur and scholar of the Qing dynasty, and the words he wrote enjoy a high reputation in the Qing dynasty Poetry world,which had an irreplaceable position in the entire history of Chinese literature. His poetry had many types and they were also full of his reflections on his own painful life and his feelings of sorrow for life, resulting in a feminine, ebullient, sentimental and profound character.The reason behind this couldn't be separated from his own experiences.
===Key words===
poetry; Nalan Xingde; Nalan Xingde’s Poetry; style of the poetry

===摘要===
纳兰性德是清初著名的文学家、学者，他写的词在清代词坛享有很高声誉，同时在整个中国文学史上也有着不可替代的地位。他的词种类很多，也充满了纳兰性德对自己痛苦人生的思考和对生命的忧患之情，从而出现阴柔婉约、伤感深沉的特点，这背后的原因离不开他本人的经历。
===关键词===
词；纳兰性德；纳兰词；词的风格

===1.Introduction===
Naran Xingde's surname was Nalan, and his name was Rongruo, and his literary name was Lengqieshanren. He was originally named Nalan Chengde, but later changed his name to Nalan Xingde to avoid the name of Prince Baocheng (Aisin-Gioro Yinreng). He was born on December 12, the eleventh year of Shunzhi (January 19, 1655). From a young age, he was well read in poetry and literature, and became a famous litterateur and scholar of the early Qing Dynasty. He made some achievements in literature, classics and other fields, and his poems not only enjoyed a high reputation in the Qing Dynasty, but also occupied a dazzling place in the entire history of Chinese literature.（Baidu baike Nalan Xingde https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%B0%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7/143602）

===2.Characteristics of Nalan's Poetry===
Nalan Xingde's words were soft and sentimental, full of Nalan Xingde's thoughts on his painful life and his sorrow for life. The fact that his words were already sung by everyone during his lifetime, and after his death, it was even more sensational in the whole Poetry World, which could not be separated from the characteristics of Nalan’s Poetry itself.
The most important characteristic of Nalan’s Poetry was that it chose many images which can achieve empathy with people, among which the most used images were nature images and life images.（Yang Anqi."On the Choice of Imagery in Nalan's Words." Masterpieces.12(2022):84-86+90.）
Nalan's favorite natural images were mainly "Wind" and "Moon". In ancient poetry, "Moon" could set off a beautiful scene, reflected the author's feelings and presented his state of mind.Nalan Xingde often used "Moon" to express his melancholy and thinking of life. The word "Wind" was also often quoted by Nalan and often appeared in the form of "East Wind". The image of "East Wind" represented the spring breeze, but it in Nalan's Poetry generally symbolized sorrow, which played an important role in "aiding sorrow".（Yang Anqi."On the Choice of Imagery in Nalan's Words." Masterpieces.12(2022):84-86+90.）
As for life images, the most common images used by Nalan were "Dream" and "Lamp", which appeared to be illusory but were in fact realistic in the sense. They visualized Nalan’s own emotions. With these non-physical images, Nalan connected the illusory world with his own depressed inner world, portraying his own sad emotions.（Yang Anqi."On the Choice of Imagery in Nalan's Words." Masterpieces.12(2022):84-86+90.）
It can be seen that Nalan liked to rely on some poignant images to make himself empathize with readers, so as to better express his emotions, And this formed the important characteristics of Nalan's poems.

===3.Reasons for the Formation of Nalan's Poetry Style===
The tone of Naran's Poetry was sad, euphoric and wistful, and the images he used were also , as mentioned above, poignant. There were many reasons behind this style, mainly related to his own experience.（Liu Yi."The stylistic characteristics of Nalan's Poetry."University Education.11(2017):126-128.）
Although he came from a prestigious family and had been rich and prosperous since childhood, he was at odds with this worldly official style. Everything he had also became his shackles: he pursued a plain life and a noble spiritual world, but was bound to the corrupt and sinister court. The glossy label on his body eventually became the trigger for his tragedy, which was his greatest sorrow and the biggest reason for the formation of
his poetry’s style.（Sun Mingxia."A Brief Discussion of the Causes of the Poignant Style of Nalan Xingde's Words."Journal of Chengdu Education College..04(2006):85-89.）
Another important reason was that he aspired to a beautiful love, but just experiencing the pain of parting many times. Nalan's pursuit of "one life, one pair" was defeated many times by reality. There were three important women in his life. The first one was his first love when he was young, and he was separated before he could declare his love. His first love was sent to the palace and became the emperor's concubine; The second one is his wife, Lu, who was very gentle and caring for him, which made him fall in love with her deeply. But the good times did not last long. After three years of marriage, Lu passed away due to childbirth, and he went back to living alone; While the third one was the world famous song prostitute Shen Wan. They shared the same interests and managed to fall in love. Although they could not be recognized by the secular for a variety of reasons, they lived a life of love and affection. However, due to his own frailty and illness, he died of illness after falling in love for a short time, leaving his beloved forever. There was no doubt that Nalan's love was sad and all three of his relationships ended in tragedy, which laid a certain foundation for the sad style of his poems.

===4.Content classification of Naran’s Poetry===
Nalan’s Poetry mainly included the following types: The words of mourning for the deceased are mainly those written by Nalan. This kind of potetry were vividly expressed Nalan's inner pain and the feeling of missing for the death of his first wife Lu; The self-narrating poems were often used to express the pain and sorrow of Nalan himself, such as the loneliness of his noble soul not being understood and the pursuit of noble ambition; The words of giving friends mainly expressed the value of friendship of Nalan; The Biansai Poem expressed the loneliness and sorrow in Nalan's heart, expressing his ambition and missing for his hometown.

===5.Conclusion===
Nalan's Poetry is an important part of the history of our Chinese poetry culture and have an extremely important place in the world of poetry. The style of Nalan’s Poetry is fresh but full of the author's sorrowful and unforgettable feelings, which are inseparable from his own sad and melancholy experiences. He was a nobleman of a prestigious family, but he had seen all the past; He was a royal guard who spent his days in and out of the Forbidden City, but only had melancholy in his heart; He was a handsome man with unparalleled talent, but just trapped in mediocre officialdom. He was perfect, but he was pathetic living in a time that didn't belong to him when he walked alone and lingered briefly on earth. The fact that we can sometimes shed tears of sympathy for his misfortunes probably stems from the fact that we all live in this poor world, and are all just lonely and despondent people walking alone on earth. At the age of only 30, Nalan left this world in a hurry, but the words he left behind and the true love he poured into them will remain in this world forever.

===Terms===
surname 姓氏
Aisin-Gioro Yinreng 爱新觉罗·胤礽
natural images 自然意象
life images 生活意象
aiding sorrow 助愁
the words of mourning 悼亡词
the self-narrating poems 自述身世词
the Biansai Poem 边塞词

===Questions===
1. What are Characteristics of Nalan's Poetry?
2. Which images did Nalan usually use?
3. What was the main reason for the Formation of Nalan's Poetry Style?
4. What did Nalan’s Poetry mainly included?

===Answers===
1.soft and sentimental
2. nature images and life images
3.It mainly related to his own experience.
4.The words of mourning, the self-narrating poems, the words of giving friends, the Biansai Poem.

===Reference===
[1]Yang Anqi."On the Choice of Imagery in Nalan's Words." Masterpieces.12(2022):84-86+90.
[2]Sun Mingxia."A Brief Discussion of the Causes of the Poignant Style of Nalan Xingde's Words."Journal of Chengdu Education College..04(2006):85-89.
[3]Liu Yi."The stylistic characteristics of Nalan's Poetry."University Education.11(2017):126-128.
[4]Baidu baike Nalan Xingde https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%B0%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7/143602

===纳兰性德的词===

===1.引入===
纳兰性德姓纳兰氏，字容若，号楞伽山人。他原名纳兰成德，后因避讳太子保成（爱新觉罗·胤礽）而改名纳兰性德。他出生于顺治十一年十二月十二日（即1655年1月19日）。他从小便饱读诗书，文武兼修，是清初著名的文学家、学者。他在文学、经学等领域都取得了一定的成就，他写的词在清代词坛享有很高声誉，同时在整个中国文学史上也有着不可替代的地位。（百度百科纳兰性德 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%B0%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7/143602）

===2.纳兰词的特点===
纳兰性德的词阴柔婉约、伤感深沉，充满了纳兰性德对自己痛苦人生的思考和对生命的忧患之情。他的词在其生前就已经出现了“家家传唱”的现象，在他死后更是轰动整个词坛，这离不开纳兰词本身的特点。
纳兰词最大的特点是选择了许多能够与人达到共情的意象，其中使用最多的就是自然意象和生活意象。（杨安琦."论纳兰词的意象选择." 名作欣赏 .12(2022):84-86+90.）
纳兰性德喜欢的自然意象主要是“风”和“月”。“月”在古诗词中可以衬托美景，可以寄托作者的感情，可以呈现作者的心境，纳兰性德经常借用“月”表达自己的惆怅之感和对人生聚散离合的思考；“风”字也常被纳兰性德引用，并常以“东风”的形式出现，“东风”意象代表着春风，但是纳兰词中的“东风”一般都象征着哀愁，“东风”在纳兰词中起着“助愁”的重要作用。（杨安琦."论纳兰词的意象选择." 名作欣赏 .12(2022):84-86+90.）
对于生活意象而言，纳兰性德最常用的便是“梦”和“灯”等意象，这类意象看似虚无缥缈，实则是以虚写实，将纳兰性德自己情感的具象化，用这些非实物意象将缥缈虚无的世界和他自己苦闷的内心世界相连接，描绘出了纳兰性德本身的伤感情绪。（杨安琦."论纳兰词的意象选择." 名作欣赏 .12(2022):84-86+90.）
由此可见，纳兰性德喜欢依靠一些令人伤感的意象使得自己与读者共情，从而更好地表现自己的情感，而这也形成了纳兰词的重要特点。

===3.纳兰词风格的形成原因===
纳兰词的基调是悲哀婉转，怅惘萧瑟的，纳兰性德使用的意象也正如前文所说是令人伤感的，而这一风格背后形成的原因有很多，主要与他本人的经历有关。（刘夷."纳兰词的风格特征." 大学教育 .11(2017):126-128.）
虽然他出身名门望族，从小便是锦衣玉食，但他却与这种世俗官场之风格格不入，他所拥有的一切也成为了他身上的枷锁：他追求平平淡淡的人生和高尚的精神世界，却被束缚在腐败险恶的朝廷之中。他身上光鲜亮丽的标签最终成为了他走向悲剧的导火索，这是他最大的悲哀，也是纳兰词风格形成的最大原因。（孙明霞."略论纳兰性德词凄艳风格的形成原因." 成都教育学院学报 .04(2006):85-89.）
另一个重要的原因便是他向往美好的爱情，却多次经历离别之苦。纳兰性德追求“一生一世一双人”，但现实却多次打败了他。他的一生中有三位重要的女人：第一位是他年少时的初恋，他还未曾将心意宣之于口便得到了分离——他的初恋被送到皇宫成为了皇帝的妃子；第二位是他的结发夫妻卢氏，他的妻子很温柔，很关心他，这也使得他深深爱上了她。但好景不长，成婚三年后，卢氏因为生产离世，他又回到了一个人的生活；而第三位是名满天下的歌妓沈宛，他们志趣相投，成功相爱，虽然因为种种原因得不到世俗的承认，但却过上了恩爱的日子。但由于纳兰性德本身的体弱多病，在没相爱多久后便因病去世，永远地离开了他所眷念的爱人。毫无疑问，纳兰性德的爱情的悲哀的，他的三段感情最终都以悲剧收场，我想这给他诗词悲哀的风格奠定了一定的基础。

===4.纳兰词的内容分类===
纳兰词主要包括以下几种：悼亡词、自述身世词、赠友词、边塞词等。悼亡词主要是纳兰性德为悼念去世的结发妻子卢氏的词，这一类词生动地表现了纳兰性德内心的痛苦和对妻子的想念之情；自述身世词多用来抒发纳兰性德本人的痛苦哀愁，比如对自己清高灵魂不被理解的寂寞和对高洁志向的追求；赠友词主要表达了纳兰对友谊的珍视；边塞词表现了纳兰性德内心的寂寞与忧愁，抒发自己的壮志雄心以及对家乡的思念。

===5.结语===
纳兰词是我们中华词文化历史上浓墨重彩的一笔，在词坛中有着极其重要的地位。纳兰词风格清新但充斥着作者的哀婉之情，让人共情难忘，而这离不开纳兰性德本身悲哀惆怅的经历。他是出身名门的贵胄公子，却看尽了这过往云烟；他是朝夕出入紫禁城的御前侍卫，内心却只有惆怅之感；他是拥有旷世才华的俊美才子，却被困于庸碌官场之中。他很完美，但他很可悲，他活在了一个不属于他的时代，他独行于世，短暂流连人间。我们有时因为他的不幸遭遇能共情地流下泪来，大概也是源自于我们都不过是生活在这可怜的人间，都不过是这踽踽独行的人间惆怅客而已。年仅30岁，纳兰便仓促地离开了人世，但他留下的词作以及他在词中倾注的真情，却永恒地留在了这人世间。

===参考文献===
[1]杨安琦."论纳兰词的意象选择." 名作欣赏 .12(2022):84-86+90.
[2]孙明霞."略论纳兰性德词凄艳风格的形成原因." 成都教育学院学报 .04(2006):85-89.
[3]刘夷."纳兰词的风格特征." 大学教育 .11(2017):126-128.
[4]百度百科纳兰性德 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%B0%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7/143602

==Deng Yingjie 邓颖杰 Modern Chinese Literature: Wang Xiaobo and his spirit of rebellion==

===Topic===

Modern Chinese Literature: Wang Xiaobo and his spirit of rebellion
Deng Yingjie 邓颖杰 202130092248,翻译系

===Abstract===

The passage provides an introduction to the life and literary works of Wang Xiaobo, a highly praised writer, scholar, and cultural critic in modern Chinese literature. It highlights Wang Xiaobo's unconventional style, rebellious spirit, and his challenge to established literary norms, as well as his portrayal of the socio-political conditions in China during the 1980s and 1990s. The passage discusses some of Wang Xiaobo's notable works, such as the novel "The Golden Age," which explores the lives of young intellectuals and criticizes the Chinese political system, and "The Silent Majority," which critiques conformity and collective mindset in Chinese society. The passage also mentions Wang Xiaobo's collection of essays, "The Meaning of Life," which reflects his concerns about consumerism and the erosion of traditional values. Despite Wang Xiaobo's untimely death, his legacy continues to inspire new generations of writers and intellectuals, emphasizing the enduring power of literature and the importance of fighting for one's beliefs.

===Keywords===

Wang Xiaobo, spirit of rebellion

===题目===

中国现代文学：王小波及其反叛精神

===摘要===

本文介绍了中国现代文学中备受推崇的作家、学者、文化批评家王小波的生平和文学作品。它突出了王小波的非传统风格、叛逆精神和对既定文学规范的挑战，以及他对中国在20世纪80年代和90年代社会政治状况的刻画。文章讨论了王小波的一些著名作品，如小说《黄金时代》，探讨了年轻知识分子的生活，批评了中国的政治制度，以及《沉默的多数》，批评了中国社会的从众和集体心态。文章还提到了王小波的散文集《生命的意义》，反映了他对消费主义和传统价值观受到侵蚀的担忧。尽管王小波英年早逝，但他的遗产继续激励着新一代作家和知识分子，强调了文学的不朽力量和为信仰而战的重要性。

===关键词===

王小波，反叛精神

===Introduction===

In 1952, Wang Xiaobo was born in Beijing. His parents may not know, after 30 years later, the baby they hold on hand will become a highly praised writer, scholar, and cultural critic in modern Chinese literature. Wang Xiaobo is best known for his critical essays, novels, and short stories. All of those works vividly portrayed the socio-political conditions of China in the 1980s and 1990s. The unconventional style, boldness, and rebellious spirit characterizes his literary works and challenged the established literary norms and provoked the readers to question the prevailing social order.
1952年，王小波出生于北京。他的父母可能不知道，30年后，他们手中的婴儿将成为中国现代文学史上备受赞誉的作家、学者和文化批评家。王小波以批评文章、长篇小说和短篇小说而闻名。所有这些作品都生动地描绘了中国在20世纪80年代和90年代的社会政治状况。他的文学作品具有超常规的风格、大胆和叛逆的精神，挑战了既定的文学规范，引发了读者对当时社会秩序的质疑。

Wang Xiaobo's literary career began in the 1980s when China was undergoing a significant transformation under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping. At that age, the economic reforms called "Reform and Opening-Up" held by Deng Xiaoping opened up the Chinese society to market forces. The Communist Party was also slowly losing its grip on the society. So, the political atmosphere became more relaxed, and the intellectuals were free to express their opinions and engage in critical debates.Wang Xiaobo, a towering figure of his era. His written works were infused with a rebellious spirit that brazenly defied authority, sprinkled with wit and laced with biting satire that exposed the flaws of the socialist system.
王小波的文学生涯始于上世纪80年代，当时中国正处于邓小平领导下的重大转型时期。在那个时代，邓小平所推动的被称为“改革开放”的经济改革。中国社会市场逐渐开放。中国共产党也减少了对市场的干预。因此，政治气氛变得更加宽松，知识分子开始自由发表意见。王小波是他那个时代的杰出人物。他的书面作品注入了一种公然挑战权威的反叛精神，夹杂着机智和尖锐的讽刺，揭露了社会主义制度的缺陷。

===Wang Xiaobo's works===

====The Golden Age====

In his novel, The Golden Age, Wang Xiaobo mainly portrayed the life of a young intellectual called Wang er in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution. Thorough Wang er, Wang Xiaobo describes the life and emotional stories of Chinese educated youth in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as their feelings and thoughts on social and political aspects. It also reveals the various problems and injustices that existed in Chinese society at that time, including the forced labor and uncertainty faced by the young intellectuals, as well as the oppression and exploitation of women. In addition, the novel also touches on criticism of the Chinese political system, including bureaucratic red tape and institutional rigidity.
在他的小说《黄金时代》中，王小波主要描绘了文化大革命期间北京一位名叫王二的年轻知识分子的生活。通过王二，王小波描述了20世纪80年代和90年代中国知青的生活和情感故事，以及他们在社会和政治方面的感受和思考。它还揭示了当时中国社会存在的各种问题和不公，包括青年知识分子面临的强迫劳动和不确定性，以及对妇女的压迫和剥削。此外，小说还涉及对中国政治制度的批评，包括官僚主义的繁文缛节和制度的僵化。

In a time overshadowed by the rigid confines of mainstream socialist realism, The Golden Age emerged as a fearless rebellion against the stifling literary norms of its era. Wang Xiaobo fearlessly charted an uncharted path, discarding the shackles of convention with audacious abandon. Through his daring and unconventional style, punctuated by colloquial language and unreserved exploration of once-taboo subjects such as sex and desire, he fearlessly confronted the established literary order. The Golden Age stood as a resounding battle cry, beckoning all who yearned for the liberation of self-expression and the birth of a new literary frontier.
在一个被主流社会主义现实主义的僵化限制所笼罩的时代，《黄金时代》作为对那个时代令人窒息的文学规范的无畏叛逆而出现。王小波无畏地走出了一条未知的道路，大胆地摆脱了传统的束缚。通过他大胆而非传统的风格，不时地使用口语化的语言，以及对一度禁忌的话题，如性和欲望的毫无保留的探索，他无畏地挑战着既定的文学秩序。黄金时代像一声嘹亮的战斗口号，召唤着所有渴望自我表达解放和新文学边疆诞生的人。

====The Silent Majority====

As The Silent Majority soared to the pinnacle of the bestseller list in China, it forged an indomitable path for Wang Xiaobo, securing his place as a resounding voice amidst the rising tide of new Chinese writers. Through his essay in The Silent Majority, Wang Xiaobo criticizes the conformity and collective mindset prevalent in Chinese society, which suppresses individuality and discourages independent thinking. He laments the fact that many people conform to societal expectations, avoiding controversial topics and maintaining a veneer of harmony, even if it means sacrificing their true beliefs. He argues that this conformist attitude contributes to a lack of progress and intellectual vitality in society."The Silent Majority" can be seen as a call to action for individuals to break free from the chains of conformity and apathy, to engage in critical thinking, and to express their unique perspectives and ideas. Wang Xiaobo encourages readers to question authority, challenge social norms, and strive for a society that values individualism, open dialogue, and intellectual freedom.
随着《沉默的大多数》在中国登上畅销书排行榜的巅峰，王小波开辟了一条不屈不挠的道路，确保了他在日益高涨的中国新作家浪潮中发出响亮声音的地位。王小波通过他的《沉默的大多数》里的文章批评了中国社会中盛行的从众和集体心态，这种心态压制了个性，阻碍了独立思考。他感叹，许多人顺应了社会的期望，避免了有争议的话题，保持了一种和谐的外表，即使这意味着牺牲他们真正的信仰。他认为，这种墨守成规的态度导致了社会缺乏进步和智力活力。“沉默的多数”可以被视为呼吁个人摆脱从众和冷漠的枷锁，进行批判性思考，表达自己独特的观点和想法。王小波鼓励读者质疑权威，挑战社会规范，为一个崇尚个人主义、开放对话、知识自由的社会而奋斗。

====The Meaning of Life====

In 1994, Wang Xiaobo released The Meaning of Life, a poignant collection of essays. This novel is about to delve into the mysteries of the human condition, which also reflected Wang Xiaobo’s profound concern of Chinese society’s future. The book was a searing critique of the consumerism that had taken root in China following the economic reforms, as well as a heartfelt lament for the loss of traditional values and the erosion of social morality. Through his eloquent words, Wang Xiaobo implored his readers to question the direction of their lives and consider what truly gives life meaning.
1994年，王小波发表了一部辛酸的散文集《生命的意义》。这部小说即将挖掘人类状况的奥秘，这也反映了王小波对中国社会未来的深切关注。这本书是对经济改革后在中国身上扎根的消费主义的猛烈批评，也是对传统价值观的丧失和社会道德的侵蚀的由衷哀叹。王小波用他雄辩的文字恳求读者质疑自己的人生方向，思考什么才是真正赋予生命意义的东西。

===Conclusion===

Wang Xiaobo died suddenly at the age of 45 - a tragic loss for the Chinese literary world and a heavy blow to those who admire him and set him as a goal. However, even in death, Wang Xiaobo is still an unquenchable torch that stimulates the new generations of Chinese writers and intellectuals. His unwavering commitment to the truth, his brave challenge to the authority, and his rebellious spirit have made him a symbol of freedom. His works continuing to inspire and encourage those who seek to challenge the status quo till now. Although he is no longer with us, The spirits he conveyed is immortal, keeping reminding us of the enduring power of literature and the importance of fighting for what we believe.
王小波突然去世，享年45岁--这是中国文坛的悲剧性损失，也是对那些仰慕他并以他为目标的人的沉重打击。然而，即使在死亡中，王小波仍然是激励着中国新一代作家和知识分子的不灭的火炬。他对真理的坚定不移的承诺，他对权威的勇敢挑战，以及他的反叛精神，使他成为自由的象征。他的作品继续激励和鼓励那些寻求挑战现状的人，直到现在。虽然他已经不在我们身边，但他传达的精神是不朽的，不断提醒我们文学的永恒力量和为我们的信仰而战的重要性。

Beyond his rebellious nature and unwavering dedication to truth, Wang Xiaobo's exploration of the intricate dynamics of human relationships within a rapidly evolving society remains a defining aspect of his work. Through novels like "The Golden Age" and "The Silent Majority," he artfully portrayed characters grappling with the search for purpose and connection in an increasingly fragmented and isolating world. Wang Xiaobo's incisive critique of literary conventions and his fearlessness in questioning established norms also positioned him as a cultural critic of great repute. Though his untimely demise at the tender age of 44 was a tragedy, his lasting legacy continues to captivate and challenge readers, serving as a testament to the enduring power of literature to reshape society and offer fresh insights into the intricacies of human relationships and the world at large.
除了叛逆的天性和对真理的坚定不移的奉献，王小波对快速发展的社会中错综复杂的人际关系的探索仍然是他作品的一个决定性方面。通过《黄金时代》和《沉默的多数》等小说，他巧妙地描绘了人物在一个日益支离破碎和孤立的世界中努力寻找目标和联系的过程。王小波对文学传统的犀利批判和对既定规范的无畏质疑，也使他成为一位享有盛誉的文化批评家。尽管他44岁的英年早逝是一场悲剧，但他的持久遗产继续吸引着读者，并向读者提出挑战，证明了文学重塑社会的持久力量，并为人类关系和整个世界的错综复杂提供了新的见解。

Wang Xiaobo's enduring legacy brights as a powerful symbol of resilience and defiance. The rebellion and relentless quest for truth that Wang Xiaobo conveyed have sparked a flicker of hope in the hearts of a new generation of Chinese writers and intellectuals. As they tirelessly fight for freedom of speech and the fundamental right to express their beliefs, Wang Xiaobo's profound influence becomes an unwavering beacon, which helps a lot for modern writers to illuminate their own path and inspire them to overcome the challenges ahead.
王小波的不朽遗产闪耀着韧性和反抗的强大象征。王小波传达的叛逆和对真理的不懈追求，在中国新一代作家和知识分子的心中点燃了一线希望。当他们不知疲倦地为言论自由和表达信仰的基本权利而奋斗时，王小波的深远影响成为坚定不移的灯塔，这对现代作家来说，很大程度上照亮了他们自己的道路，激励他们战胜未来的挑战。

Total number of English words: 1,184.

===Questions ===

1. When was Wang Xiaobo born?”
2. When did Wang Xiaobo's literary career began?
3. Did you get some masterpieces of Wang Xiaobo? List three of them.

===Answer===

1.In 1952
2.Wang Xiaobo's literary career began in the 1980s
3.The Golden Age, The Meaning of Life, The Silent Majority

===References===

王小波. (2012). 王小波全集 (第四卷): 黄金时代南京译林出版社
王小波. (2012). 王小波全集 (第七卷): 沉默的大多数南京译林出版社
梁鸿王. (2009). 小波之死—90 年代文学现象考察之二文艺争鸣
李静. (2008). 一个作家的精神视野—重读王小波杂文南方文坛
王尧. (2012). 关于“九十年代文学”的再认识文艺研究

20230630 final exam culture 05

2023-06-03T12:17:07Z

Hu Yiqiang: /* Hu Yiqiang 胡艺镪 Education: The Stone Drum Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) */

Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].
Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]

==Wu Ting 吴婷 Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China==
Abstract: This chapter is on the development of nightlife in China. According to the development and changes of curfew system and cultural customs, the nightlife in several major periods is described, including in Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties. As a transition to modern times, the nightlife in the Republic of China is also depicted. This chapter will help people better understand Chinese nightlife culture.
Keywords: Nightlife, Chinese culture, Curfew system
摘要：本章主要讲述了中国夜生活的发展。根据不同时期宵禁制度和文化习俗的发展变化，描述了几个主要时期中国的夜生活，包括唐宋、明清时期。同时也涉及到了民国时期的夜生活，是古代夜生活发展到现代的过渡。本章会帮助大家更好地了解中国夜生活文化。
关键词：夜生活，中国文化，宵禁制度
===1.Introduction===
Nightlife is becoming more popular among young people in China as the economy develops and entertainment options diversify. At night, under the neon lights of the city, the night markets, bistros, barbecue stalls, and KTV are especially crowded. Song and dance shows and street performances emerge one after another. When the evening lights are lit, for many young people, it signals the beginning of "nightlife". Many cities, such as Changsha, are well known for their colorful nightlife.
Then we can't help wondering how the nightlife has developed into such a colorful scene. Did the ancient people have nightlife? Of course they had, and enjoyed rich and colorful nightlife. Although life in ancient times was far less prosperous than it is today, ancient people had different arrangements for their nights in different periods and regions, enjoying themselves.
===2.Nightlife before the Song Dynasty===
Before the Song Dynasty, China had strict curfews, that is, at certain times, soldiers would patrol the streets. And if anyone was found strolling in the streets, it was a felony. This system was particularly strict in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an (today's Xi 'an) practiced the square city system. The central axis and symmetrical division of the city formed a checkerboard layout of streets. At dusk, people stroke gongs or beat drums in the streets to remind pedestrians to go home quickly, and the gates of Chang 'an and each fang would be closed. Therefore, before the Song Dynasty, people did not have a rich nightlife. Only three days before and after the Lantern Festival would the curfew be lifted and all the citizens were allowed to go on the street for fun.
Curfews were good for the rulers to control the people, but bad for business. By the Mid-tang Dynasty, Chang 'an was densely populated and bustling with commerce, already in conflict with the curfew system. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, although the rulers still emphasized curfews, they were no longer able to tell the people what to do with their nightlife, which paved the way for the breaking of the curfew system in the later Song Dynasty.
===3.Nightlife in the Song Dynasty===
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the curfew system was broken. At that time, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianliang (today's Kaifeng in Henan Province), was the most prosperous commercial city in China. It was natural to extend business hours in order to accommodate consumers' feelings and satisfy their needs, and the "night market" reached its peak during this period. There were numerous restaurants in the capital Bianliang, of which Fan Lou was the leader. It is said that its base was so high that it overlooked the imperial palace. Only in this period did people dare to construct such a building in the capital. From the night market in the Northern Song Dynasty to that in the Southern Song Dynasty, people's nightlife was greatly enriched.
The nightlife of the Song people was not only about wandering, shopping, eating and drinking, but also formed a unique and vivid night market culture. Various entertainment activities emerged in endless stream: watching lanterns, watching Zaju, kicking Cuju, listening to music, enjoying dance, getting drunk and so on. If the literati get together, they would talk about the court and their aspirations. When their spirits rose, they would also recite a poem.
Of course, the flourishing nightlife of the Song Dynasty was only limited to the "super cities" such as Bianjing and Lin’an, while the night in ordinary cities was still very quiet.
===4.Nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties===
During the Yuan Dynasty, the night market culture once ceased and faded. The Yuan Dynasty lasted less than one hundred years and implemented the curfew system. After the canal transportation between the north and the south was constructed, the night market flourished, which was suppressed to a certain extent later. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury, that the night market culture was restored. Different from the Song Dynasty, nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties broke through the restrictions of regions, and was not limited to the prosperous areas. Food, laughter and fireworks were everywhere in the city, and strangers from all over the country could gather together even if they had never met.
For example, the Dutch mission to China during the reign of Kangxi clearly recorded the nightlife of Linqing in Shandong Province at that time. As an important town along the canal, Linqing was famous for its prosperity. Every night, all the local inns and teahouses were open all night, with lively performances. What’s more, the guests only needed to pay a few bucks to enjoy the nightlife there.
===5.Nightlife during the Republican Period===
Although the Republic of China only existed for thirty-eight years, it left precious reminiscences for the later generations. If we analyze the nightlife of the Republic of China from the historical point of view, it is not difficult to find that the culture and customs at that time contained a combination of China and Western elements. When it comes to nightlife in the Republic of China, we can't help but think of nights in Shanghai, the so-called "city that never sleeps". The decadent music of the "Ten Miles of foreign land" filled the atmosphere, and the prosperity of old Shanghai was vividly displayed in the city of lights. With the lingering music and romantic fox trot, this was the unforgettable old Shanghai. It is obvious that the nightlife in big cities like Shanghai and Beijing at that time, due to the influence of foreign culture, has been very close to the popular nightlife nowadays.
===6.Nightlife in Modern China===
When night falls, people can say goodbye to the fast pace of city life during the daytime, and let off steam at night. Young people are becoming the protagonists of nightlife. Nightlife culture has developed so far that many of the old night-time businesses are gradually being abandoned by the young. For example, KTV, Internet bar and dance floor, which were very popular 10 years ago, have become less welcomed now. Nowadays, the young consumer groups’ extensive demands in leisure, social and other aspects, have stimulated the rise of more new forms of entertainment at night. Free and diversified social spaces are popular among the young. The popularity of script kill, Secret Room escape, small concert, electric sound and bistro industry is just a microcosm of the rapid development of the current night economy. From first-tier cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to Hangzhou, Chengdu, Changsha, etc., nightlife culture is gradually expanding to all parts of the country.
===7.Conclusion===
The night is not heavy, and this moment breeds a different kind of flavor and imagination. The story of night has never been broken since ancient times. In the future, China's night will continue to export wonderful cultural stories.

===1.引言===
在中国，随着经济水平提高、娱乐方式多样化，夜生活受到越来越多年轻人的追捧。夜晚城市的霓虹灯下，夜市、小酒馆、烧烤摊、KTV人头攒动，歌舞秀、街头表演层出不穷。每到暮色四合，华灯初上时，对于不少年轻人而言，这就是“夜生活”开始的讯号。许多城市，比如长沙，就因为丰富多彩的夜生活而广为人知。
这时我们不免好奇，现在的夜生活如此丰富多彩，是如何发展起来的呢？古代人也有夜生活吗？当然有，而且很丰富。虽然古时候的夜晚远不如今日的繁华，但古人在不同的时期、不同的地区，以不同的身份，都对于夜晚生活有着不同的安排，各得其乐。--（百度历史百小生 2021）
===2.宋朝之前的夜生活===
在宋朝之前，历朝历代都是有严格的宵禁制度的，即到了一定时间点，大街上会有士兵巡逻，一旦发现有人在大街上溜达，那就是重罪。这样的制度在唐朝尤为严苛。唐朝时期的长安(今西安)，实行坊市制度。全城中轴分明，区划匀称，形成了犹如棋盘一样的街道布局。每到黄昏时分，就有人在街上鸣金或者击鼓，提醒行人迅速各回各家，长安的城门及每个坊的大门都会关上。所以宋朝之前，人们并没有丰富的夜生活，只有上元节(元宵节)前后3天，才会解除宵禁，允许全城百姓上街游乐。--（百度历史百小生 2021）
宵禁制度有利于统治者对民众的管理，却不利于商业的发展。唐朝中期，长安城人口稠密，商业繁华，已经与宵禁制度产生了矛盾。唐朝末期，统治者虽然一再强调宵禁，但他们已经没有能力对老百姓的夜生活指手画脚了，为之后宋朝宵禁制度被打破作了铺垫。--（百度百科宵禁）
===3.宋朝时期的夜生活===
从北宋开始，宵禁制度就被打破了。当时北宋的都城东京汴梁（今河南开封），是全国商业最繁华的城市。为了照顾消费者的情绪和满足他们的需要，延长营业时间是很自然的事情，“夜市”也是在这个时期走向了巅峰。东京汴梁的酒楼数不胜数，而“樊楼”是头牌，类似现代版夜总会，据载它的基座很高，在它上面能俯瞰皇宫，在首都敢造这样的建筑，也只有宋朝。从北宋的东京夜市到南宋的临安夜市，老百姓的夜生活得到了极大的丰富。--（孟元老 1982）
宋人的夜生活不仅仅是逛街、购物与吃喝，还形成了一种独特而生动的夜市文化，各种娱乐活动层出不穷：看花灯、看杂剧、踢蹴鞠、听曲、赏舞、买醉等等。若是文人墨客相聚，还会谈朝廷、聊志向，兴致来时，便吟诗一首。--（孟元老 1982）
当然，大宋这“耍闹去处，通宵不绝”的繁华夜生活，其实也只局限在汴京临安大名等“超级城市”里，普通城市的夜晚还是非常冷清。（搜狐网 2018）
===4.明清时期的夜生活===
元朝时期，夜市文化曾经一度中断消退。元朝立国不足百年，并实行宵禁制度，南北漕运开通后夜市逐兴，后受到一定抑制。直到明清时期，适逢工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行，夜市文化才得以恢复。与宋朝不同的是，明清时期的夜生活突破了地域的限制，不仅局限于经济繁荣的地区，美食、欢笑、烟火气息遍布城市每个角落，来自五湖四海的陌生人，即使素不相识也能汇聚一堂。--（赵雪峰2021）
比如康熙年间出使中国的荷兰使团，就清楚记录了当时山东临清的“夜生活”。作为当时运河沿线的重镇，临清以富庶繁华著称。每天晚上，当地所有的客栈茶馆都通宵营业，戏曲弹唱演出热热闹闹，甚至客人们只需付几文钱，就可以愉快享受这里的“夜生活”。--（百度巴巴说历史 2019）
===5.民国时期的夜生活===
民国虽然仅存在了三十八年，却给后世留下了珍贵的回忆录。如果从历史角度去分析民国夜生活，不难发现当时的文化习俗蕴含着中西合璧的韵味。提到民国夜生活，我们都会不由自主地想到“夜上海”，人们口中的“不夜城”。灯红酒绿的“十里洋场”弥漫着靡靡之音，老上海的繁华与歌舞升平在不夜城里得到了淋漓尽致的展现。缠绵的百乐门、浪漫的狐步舞，这是让人怀缅的老上海。不难看出，那个时候像上海北京这样的大城市中的夜生活，由于受外来文化的影响，已经与现在普遍流行的夜生活十分接近了。--（夜上海百度百科）
===6.现代中国的夜生活===
每当夜幕降临，告别白日快节奏的城市生活，人们可以在夜晚尽情释放压力。年轻人正在成为这场“夜生活”的主角。夜生活文化发展至今，许多旧的夜间经济业态正在逐渐被年轻人抛弃。例如10年前很受欢迎的KTV、网吧、舞池等，现在已经变得不那么炙手可热。现如今年轻消费群体在生活休闲、社交等方面的广泛需求，催生了更多夜间经济新业态的兴起与火热。自由多元化的社交第三空间备受年轻人的喜爱，剧本杀、密室逃脱、小型音乐会、电音节和小酒馆行业的火爆，恰恰是当下夜间经济快速发展的一个缩影。从北上广深等一线城市，到杭州、成都、长沙等，夜生活文化逐步向全国各地扩张。--（朵朵 2021）
===7.结语===
夜晚并不沉，这一时刻孕育着别样的风情与想象力。关于夜晚的故事，从古至今未曾断绝，未来中国的夜晚也将持续输出精彩的文化故事。

===References:===
[1]孟元老. (1982). 东京梦华录注. 中华书局.
[2]赵雪峰.(2021).中国古代的夜市. 文史春秋(02),49-51.
[3]宋朝人的夜生活. 搜狐网. (2018-11-13).
[4]古代人有没有夜生活？有，而且很丰富. 历史百小生. 百度网. (2021-01-20).
[5]宵禁. 百度百科
[6]古代人的夜生活是什么样的？浅谈夜市的发展. 巴巴说历史. 百度网. (2019-12-30).
[7]夜上海. 百度百科
[8]这届年轻人，“玩”出了超30万亿的夜间经济. 朵朵. 微信公众号“连线Insight”. (2021-10-08).

===Terms and Expressions:===
Curfew 宵禁，是基于公共安全秩序为由，由立法机构、政府或军方决定并由军警具体负责实施的一种在戒严期间禁止夜间行动的宪法行为。
the square city system 坊市制度，主要表现为将住宅区（坊）和交易区（市）严格分开，并用法律和制度对交易的时间和地点进行严格控制。
Bianliang 汴梁，北宋东京城遗址，位于河南省开封市鼓楼区朱雀苑广场。
Fan Lou 樊楼，位于宋都御街北端，是据史书记载于1988年复建的一组庭院式仿宋楼阁，是开封最大的仿宋游乐中心。
Zaju 杂剧，是一种把歌曲、宾白、舞蹈结合起来的中国传统艺术形式。
Cuju 蹴鞠，指古人以脚蹴、蹋、踢皮球的活动，类似今日的足球。
Lin’an 临安县，建置始于东汉建安十六年（211年），时称临水县，县治在高虹镇高乐村。
Kangxi 康熙，清朝第四位皇帝，清定都北京后第二位皇帝。
Fox trot 狐步舞，是结婚典礼上、宴会上和社交会上的流行舞蹈。
script kill 剧本杀，起源于西方宴会实况角色扮演“谋杀之谜”，是玩家到实景场馆，体验推理性质的项目。
Secret Room escape 密室逃脱，实景逃脱类游戏。

===Questions:===
1.When did the curfew system start to break?
2.Did the Lantern Festival also have a curfew?
3.Has the nightlife always been rich since the Song Dynasty?
4.Why did night market culture flourish again in the Ming and Qing Dynasties?
===问题：===
1.宵禁制度是什么时候开始被打破的？
2.元宵节也有宵禁吗？
3.宋朝之后的夜生活一直很丰富吗？
4.为什么明清时期的夜市文化再次繁荣起来？

===Answers:===
1.In the Northern Song Dynasty.
2.No.
3.No.
4.It was because of the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury.
===回答：===
1.北宋时期。
2.没有。
3.不是。
4.因为工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行。

==Hu Yiqiang 胡艺镪 Education: The Stone Drum Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)==
===Hu Yiqiang 202130092146 Translation and Interpreting Class===
===Abstract===
As one of the "Four Most Prestigious Academies", the Stone Drum Academy is an important cultural treasure of China. However, due to various reasons, the Stone Drum Academy is rarely known. Even fragrant wine is afraid of deep alleyways. This article aims to give readers a more comprehensive and three-dimensional understanding of the Stone Drum Academy by introducing its history, main buildings, etc.
===Key words===
the Stone Drum Academy

===1. Introduction===
The definition of the "Four Most Prestigious Academies" has varied all over the history. Some people said they are "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, White Deer Grotto Academy and Songyang Academy", while others asserted other versions like "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, Stone Drum Academy, and White Deer Grotto Academy" or "Zulai Academy, Maoshan Academy, Stone Drum Academy and Yuelu Academy". In any case, among the three most widely circulated versions, two of them included the Stone Drum Academy, which is enough to prove the popularity and capability of the Stone Drum Academy. Accordingly, the Stone Drum Academy deserves the name of the "one of the Four Most Prestigious Academies". However, even so, there is very little knowledge in human mind about the Stone Drum Academy in comparison. The purpose of this article is to introduce the Stone Drum Academy both horizontally and vertically, so that readers can better understand that "thousand-year-old academy". (Baidu baike the Four Most Prestigious Academies)

===2. The History of the Stone Drum Academy===
The history of the Stone Drum Academy can be traced back to more than 1000 years ago. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907), an intellectual named Li Kuan who was a literati of Tang Dynasty studied in the Truth-seeking Temple on Stone Drum Hill, and then it was turned into an academy. In the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), the emperor bestowed a plaque of "Stone Drum Academy", which was called the Four Most Prestigious Academies, together with Yingtianfu Academy, White Deer Grotto Academy and Yuelu Academy at that time, attracting considerable famous scholars to come here, such as Zhu Xi who is a master of Confucianism and an ideologist in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), Xin Qiji who is the official, general and poet of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), Wen Tianxiang who is the statesman, poet and national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty and so on. In the following hundreds of years, the Stone Drum Academy experienced many wars and conflicts, was destroyed and rebuilt again and again, and finally became what we see today. (Ling Feifei 2007 1-3)

===3. The Main Buildings of the Stone Drum Academy===
The Stone Drum Academy, hidden in the Stone Drum Park today, covers an area of around 4000 square meters. It contains many places of interest, for example, the Stone Book, the Old Gingko Trees, the Front Gate, the Temple of Marquis, the Lecture Hall and the Daguan Tower, to name a few. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy)
The Stone Book, 2.4 meters long and 1.8 meters wide, is a landmark building of the academy on the park square. The shape of the Stone Book is an open book made of marble, which is engraved with the Story of the Stone Drum Academy written by Zhu Xi, when he came the academy to give a lecture. People call it "a book whose page cannot be turned" because of its material, indicating the thousand-year academy's long history, and it is difficult to be shaken by the world. (Excellent interpretation of scenic areas丨the Stone Drum Academy in Hengyang)
Next to the Stone Book is the Old Ginkgo Tree, which is still lush after the 1000-odd years vicissitudes of life, just like the academy itself. It is like a detached old man who looks coldly at the grievances of the world. It has seen the prosperity and decline of feudal dynasties, the brief prosperity of the Republic of China, the arrogance and embarrassment of foreign invaders, and the prosperity of the People's Republic of China. The flames of war did not destroy it, and peace enabled it more prosperous. It stands in the "Peach Blossom Source" of the Stone Drum Academy, which in Chinese culture stands for a place at peace with the rest of the world. Ten thousand years are just like one second. (Excellent interpretation of scenic areas丨the Stone Drum Academy in Hengyang)
After entering the academy and walking through the stone steps at the end of the corridor, there is the Front Gate of The Stone Drum Academy. The two sides of the Front Gate are guarded by two stone drums standing on both sides, while other places use the stone lion generally to ward off evil spirits. I think this is also aimed at reflecting the "Stone Drum" Academy. In Chines culture, if there are stone drums at door, people can enjoy good health, happiness and contentment. There is also a big stone drum inside the door, 2.8 meters high and 1.6 meters in diameter. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy)
Next to the Front Gate is the Temple of Marquis, which was built in memory of Zhuge Liang who the Prime Minister of Shu Han during the three Kingdoms period (220-228). He once stationed troops in Hengyang in which the Stone Drum Academy locates, and he lived on the Stone Drum Mountain. His loyalty and dedication to his country is admirable and touching to all the Chinese people. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy)
The Lecture Hall, built in the Song Dynasty, is the main lecture place of the academy. In the hall, there are wood carvings of Li Kuan, Han Yu who was an official and writer in Tang Dynasty, Li Shizhen who was a scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi who was the Neo-Confucianism of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi, Zhang Xian who was a scholar and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty and Huang Xian whose stone statues of them can be seen in the Stone Drum Park. In the extraordinary temperament and lifelike statues, they sit or stand, or hold books to study, or caress beard to meditate. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy)
The Daguan Tower is the core building of the Stone Drum Academy, which is used to collect books upstairs and give lectures downstairs. "Daguan" in Chinese means that after going upstairs, you can overlook the world and care about the world. In front of the building stands a statue of Confucius who is the founder of Confucianism. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy)

===4. Conclusion===
The thousand-year-old academy has been reborn through the vicissitudes and tribulations of time and fire. Whether it is the stone books, ancient trees, gates and other famous monuments, or famous scholars such as Confucius, Li Kuan and Han Yu, they crossed the long river of time and met because of the Stone Drum Academy, and coincidentally contributed to the transmission and dissemination of the Hunan culture behind the academy.

===Terms and Expressions===
Four Most Prestigious Academies 四大书院
Yingtianfu Academy 应天府书院
Yuelu Academy 岳麓书院
White Deer Grotto Academy 白鹿洞书院
Songyang Academy 嵩阳书院
Stone Drum Academy 石鼓书院
Zulai Academy 徂徕书院
Maoshan Academy 茅山书院
Truth-seeking Temple 寻真观
Stone Drum Hill 石鼓山
Stone Drum Park 石鼓公园
the Front Gate 山门
the Temple of Marquis 武侯寺
the Lecture Hall 会讲堂
the Daguan Tower 大观楼
Story of the Stone Drum Academy 《石鼓书院记》
Peach Blossom Source 桃花源

===Questions===
1. What are the three most popular definitions of the "Four Most Prestigious Academies"?
2.Among these definitions, how many times does the Stone Drum Academy be mentioned?
3. What is the landmark building of the academy on the park square?
4. Who is the Temple of Marquis used to be built in memory of?

===Answers===
1. "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, White Deer Grotto Academy and Songyang Academy ";
"Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, Stone Drum Academy, and White Deer Grotto Academy";
"Zulai Academy, Maoshan Academy, Stone Drum Academy and Yuelu Academy".
2. two times.
3. The Stone Book.
4. Zhuge Liang.

===Reference===
[1] Baidu baike the Four Most Prestigious Academies百度百科中国四大书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5919919
[2] Ling Feifei 凌飞飞."论石鼓书院的历史沿革与作用." 船山学刊 .03(2007):22-24.
[3] Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy 百度百科石鼓书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BC%93%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5155506?fr=aladdin
[4] Excellent interpretation of scenic areas丨the Stone Drum Academy in Hengyang 景区优秀讲解词丨衡阳石鼓书院 https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1739413931232770626&wfr=spider&for=pc

===教育：石鼓书院，中国四大书院之一===
===胡艺镪 202130092146 翻译班===

===摘要===
作为中国四大书院之一，石鼓书院是中国重要的文化瑰宝。然而，由于各种原因，石鼓书院很少为人们所熟知。酒好也怕巷子深，本文通过介绍石鼓书院的历史、主要建筑等等，让读者对石鼓书院有一个更加全面、立体的认识。
===关键词===
石鼓书院

===1. 引入===
历史上，关于中国古代四大书院究竟是哪四大，有着几种不同的说法。有人说是“应天府书院、岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院和嵩阳书院”，然而，还有人认为是“应天府书院、岳麓书院、石鼓书院和白鹿洞书院”，或是“徂徕书院、茅山书院、石鼓书院和岳麓书院”。不管怎样，在上述三种流传最广的说法中，有两种都包含了石鼓书院。这足以证明石鼓书院的知名度和实力。因此，石鼓书院“中国四大书院”之名当之无愧。然而，即便如此，相比较而言，人们对石鼓书院所知甚少。本文旨在通过对石鼓书院进行横向、纵向的介绍，让读者更加了解这个“千年书院”。

===2. 石鼓书院的历史===
石鼓书院的历史，可以追溯到距今一千多年。唐朝时期，当时有个叫李宽的知识分子在石鼓山的寻真观里读书，于是就把那里改成了书院。到了北宋时期，皇上赐“石鼓书院”匾，并与当时的睢阳书院、白鹿洞书院和岳麓书院并称为四大书院，吸引了许多著名的学者到此云集，如：朱熹、辛弃疾、文天祥等等。而后，经历多次兵火、战乱，石鼓书院多次被毁坏，又多次被重建，最后成为了今天我们所看到的样子。

===3. 石鼓书院的主要建筑===
今天，石鼓书院位在石鼓公园中，总占地面积约40000平方米。其中包含许多名胜古迹，例如：石书、古银杏树、山门、武侯寺、会讲堂、大观楼等等。
石书在书院最外侧的广场上，长2.4米，宽1.8米，是书院的标志性建筑。石书的外形是一本巨大的摊开的大理石做的书，上面刻有朱熹来此讲学时写的《石鼓书院记》。人们叫它“有书翻不动”，除了因为其客观原因不能翻阅，还寓意千年书院源远流长，难以被世人轻易撼动。
石书旁边，是一株千年银杏树，历经沧桑却仍郁郁葱葱，同书院一样，历久弥新。它就像是一个超然物外的老者，冷眼看人间恩怨。它见过封建王朝的鼎盛和没落，见过中华民国的短暂繁荣，见过外国入侵者的嚣张和狼狈，见过中华人民共和国的蒸蒸日上。战火没有摧毁它，和平让它更加繁盛。它矗立在石鼓书院这个“桃花源”中，一眼万年。
进入书院后，走过长廊尽头的石阶，就到了石鼓书院的山门。山门的两侧由两面竖着的石鼓护卫，这在其他地方一般是用的镇灾辟邪的石狮，我想这应该也是为了体现这里是“石鼓”书院吧。在中国文化中，门前的石鼓寓意健康、幸福和满足。门内还有一面大鼓，同样是石头做的，高2.8米，直径1.6米。
山门旁边是武侯祠，是为了纪念诸葛亮修建的，诸葛亮曾驻军衡阳，住在石鼓山上，他对国家的忠诚与奉献令人敬佩与感动。
会讲堂建于宋朝，是书院主要的讲学场所，堂内有李宽、韩愈、李士真、周敦颐、朱熹、张栻、黄斡七贤的木刻像，石鼓公园内还有他们七人的石刻像，雕像中的他们或坐或站，或捧着书学习，或抚须沉思，气质非凡，栩栩如生。
大观楼是石鼓书院的核心建筑，楼上用来藏书，楼下用来讲学，“大观”寓意登上楼之后可以俯瞰天下、心系天下。楼前还立有儒家创始人孔夫子的塑像。

===4. 结语===
千年书院，历经沧桑，久经磨难，浴火重生。无论是石书、古树、山门等名胜古迹，还是孔明、李宽、韩愈等著名学者，他们跨越时间长河，因石鼓书院而相聚，不约而同地为书院背后的湖湘文化的传承传播贡献力量。

===参考文献===
[1] 百度百科中国四大书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5919919
[2] 凌飞飞."论石鼓书院的历史沿革与作用." 船山学刊 .03(2007):22-24.
[3] 百度百科石鼓书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BC%93%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5155506?fr=aladdin
[4] 景区优秀讲解词丨衡阳石鼓书院 https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1739413931232770626&wfr=spider&for=pc

==Shu Jiangyu 舒锦玉 The image of dog in Chinese culture==

File:Mythology Gods and Immortals Hu Yiqiang.pptx

2023-03-26T12:25:36Z

Hu Yiqiang:

File:Aesthetic ideals and social customs- Chinese Marriage Customs Hu Yiqiang.pptx

2023-03-12T12:04:25Z

Hu Yiqiang: