China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

Talk:Pre-modern Chinese Literature through the end of the Ming Dynasty

2012-12-07T18:24:04Z

Humus:

I fixed up two of your pictures for you. Remember,you need to "upload file" before you can link it to your article. If you put in the picture info (like you have- check your other two pictures on the "edit" page to see what I'm talking about)and the "File" is in red print, it means that you haven't uploaded the picture yet. Log on and click on the "upload file" link on the left side of the page. It will take you the proper page. Fill in the info, click, and the computer will upload the picture. Then, copy the name you saved it as and go back to your page edit screen to be sure that the file name matches. Save the edit and your picture should now show up! It sounds more complicated than it is. That's why I didn't fix all your pictures- I left a couple for you to practice on.

Also, remember that, when you find a picture you need to go all the way to the original website that posted the picture.For example, On Google images, if you look to the right, you see a link to the website that the picture came from. You need to go to that page to check for copyright issues. Otherwise, you might be breaking the copyright on that picture. To avoid this issue, look up pictures that are free for anyone to use- Wikipedia Commons has a lot of them (try looking up your person in Wikipedia; click on a picture and it will take you to the page where you can check the copyright- most of the ones I've seen are free to use.)

OK so it is a long post- I hope it helps. I enjoyed your article.[[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 17:54, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

Great job, this article is detailed and yet still mentioning the main points. I fixed 2 more pictures, 1 link, the powerpoint and the source list at the end. However, if you want to achieve a better grade, you need to indicate for each sentence and/or paragraph, from where you got the information. It is not enough to list some web sources beneath. [[User:Root|Root]] 15:01, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
I like it.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 18:24, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

China's History since the Qing Dynasty

2012-12-07T18:17:00Z

Humus: /* Qing Dynasty */

== Qing Dynasty ==

The Qing Dynasty ended the long period of Dynastic rule in China. The Qing Dynasty lasted for nearly three hundred years. Many events occurred during the Qing Dynasty that altered the way China now interacts with the rest of the world. There was an Empress in the Qing Dynasty named, Empress Dowager Cixi. Empress Dowager Cixi was born on November 29th, 1835 to an ordinary family. She was very unhappy with the life she led and felt mistreated and unloved by her parents. At the age of sixteen Cixi was chosen to be a concubine to the Emperor Xianfeng. She was thrilled at the opportunity to escape the life that she had. Cixi gradually worked her way up in rank from a third-level concubine to a first one. When Emperor Xianfeng died in 1861 Cixi's son, Tongzhi inherited the throne due to the simple fact that the other high ranking concubines bore no sons. Her ambition and lust for power led her to overthrow her son from the throne in 1865. Empress Dowager Cixi was a very conservative ruler. She ruled during the time of the Opium Wars and therefore tried to keep China isolated from the rest of the world so that the Chinese people would not be subjects of Western influence.
[[File:Empress Dowager Cixi.jpg|220px|thumb|left|"The Empress Dowager Cixi" Click [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=LLpKitXxOIiKSM:&imgrefurl=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/38868/The-empress-dowager-Cixi-1904-late-Qing-dynasty-China&docid=R10eiEigVxxHaM&imgurl=http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/97/46297-004-7878BDA4.jpg&w=296&h=450&ei=GUZ_UOD0LIf0iQLg6YGYBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=722&vpy=125&dur=55&hovh=277&hovw=182&tx=113&ty=127&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=86&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:95]here for original source.]]
What are the dates of the Qing dynasty?[[User:Humus|Humus]] 18:17, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

== Opium Wars ==

The Opium Wars began in 1840 and lasted until 1856. These wars began because of the Westerners becoming frustrated with China only exporting and not importing goods. The Western nations were frustrated with China's isolation from the rest of the world. The British started smuggling opium into China to make up for all of the tea that they were buying. In reaction to the opium, Chinese officials prohibited the drug and destroyed all of it that they could find. In response to this Britain launched a naval attack on the Guangzhou port in China. China lost to the British power so they were forced to sign what the Chinese call, "unfair treaties". These treaties agreed to open up many trading ports to Great Britain. Other Western powers followed in the footsteps of the British and signed exporting treaties with China. In 1856 a second Opium War broke out because Chinese officials "illegally" searched a British merchant ship. At the end of this battle the Chinese were once again subjected to the signing of more treaties. These treaties allowed more trading ports to be opened, the legalization of opium and foreign missionaries and diplomats to be allowed into the country.

== Boxer Rebellion ==

The boxers were born out of the turmoil of the Opium Wars. The Boxers were a group of peasants in China whom created a secret society called the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists". They later gained the nickname of "Boxers" by practicing forms of boxing. The boxers hated the influence the foreigners were having on China and the Qing Rulers, so they decided to take matters into their own hands. When Empress Dowager Cixi gave them her support they focused their attention solely on ridding China of all foreigners. By the 1900's the Boxer Rebellion had spread throughout China. Foreigners were getting killed right and left which caused the Western powers need to intervene. Before the Western forces could arrive to the aid of the foreigners, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered all foreigners to be murdered. After the loss of many foreign lives the international force finally arrived in China and subdued the rebellion by capturing Peking (or what is known as modern day Beijing). The Boxer Rebellion ultimately weakened the Qing Dynasty and led to its overthrow by the Republic of China in 1911.

== Republic of China ==

The Republic of China ended more than 2,000 years of Dynastic rule in China. The Republic of China was formed under the Kuomintang (The National People's Party). The Kuomintang was in constant conflict with the Chinese Communist Party. The war against the Japanese Military aggression gave the Communist Party of China the boost that it needed to defeat the Republic of China. After the defeat of the Republic of China this party retreated to Taiwan, evolved, and is still in effect today.

== People's Republic of China ==

The People's Republic of China began on October 1st, 1949. Mao Zedong was the chairman of this party. The People's Republic of China was composed mostly of peasants. The People's Republic of China was backed by the Soviet Union when a Treaty of Friendship and mutual alliance was created between the two countries. The People's Republic of China was then involved in the Korean War and it failed to gain international recognition at that time. After the Korean War China focused on eliminating state enemies. Mao made all of his policies with the working class in mind. He knew they would be the force behind the changes he wanted to create in China. Mao worked towards industrialization and centralized government in China.
[[File:Mao_Zedong.jpg|190px|thumb|right| "Mao Zedong". Click [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=U3af2Dv-sd9HjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mao-Zedong.html&docid=5fV1PMspAJ5afM&imgurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_07_img0458.jpg&w=228&h=279&ei=a0p_UJeqMqbSigLMwYCgBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=365&vpy=109&dur=2668&hovh=223&hovw=182&tx=86&ty=112&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=131&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:171 here] for original source.]]

== Modern Day China ==

China's economy is continually growing. They seem to be mirroring the past in the sense that they are exporting goods more than they are importing. This helps their economy to further rise above the rest of the world. A common misconception is that everyone in China is of the same ethnical background. On the contrary, there are over 56 ethnic groups in China. 93% of the people are Hans while the other 7% is all the minorities. Chinese people belong to many different religions including: Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism. Although China remains Communistic rule it continues to become more integrated with the rest of the world.
[[File:Shanghai Skyline.jpg|500px|thumb|left|"Shanghai Skyline" Click [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=TJa-0owznzPgRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/04/26/luxury-mkt-pushes-shanghai-homes-to-record-prices/&docid=YuU1UW2PPAwHNM&imgurl=http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kenrapoza/files/2011/04/shanghai_skyline_g2.jpeg&w=510&h=398&ei=rEJ_UO7gAebfiALztIHQDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=830&vpy=58&dur=550&hovh=198&hovw=254&tx=127&ty=114&sig=101715426379007188876&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=187&start=12&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:183] here for original source.]][[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:12, 4 December 2012 (UTC)[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:19, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

== Powerpoint ==

[[file:Qing_Dynasty_to_Modern_China--presentation_for_Chinese_Studies.pptx]]

== Web Sources ==

* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0836734.html]
* [http://totallyhistory.com/peoples-republic-of-china-1949-to-present/]
* [http://www.sacu.org/cixi.html]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=TJa-0owznzPgRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/04/26/luxury-mkt-pushes-shanghai-homes-to-record-prices/&docid=YuU1UW2PPAwHNM&imgurl=http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kenrapoza/files/2011/04/shanghai_skyline_g2.jpeg&w=510&h=398&ei=rEJ_UO7gAebfiALztIHQDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=830&vpy=58&dur=550&hovh=198&hovw=254&tx=127&ty=114&sig=101715426379007188876&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=187&start=12&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:183]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=LLpKitXxOIiKSM:&imgrefurl=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/38868/The-empress-dowager-Cixi-1904-late-Qing-dynasty-China&docid=R10eiEigVxxHaM&imgurl=http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/97/46297-004-7878BDA4.jpg&w=296&h=450&ei=GUZ_UOD0LIf0iQLg6YGYBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=722&vpy=125&dur=55&hovh=277&hovw=182&tx=113&ty=127&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=86&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:95]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=U3af2Dv-sd9HjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mao-Zedong.html&docid=5fV1PMspAJ5afM&imgurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_07_img0458.jpg&w=228&h=279&ei=a0p_UJeqMqbSigLMwYCgBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=365&vpy=109&dur=2668&hovh=223&hovw=182&tx=86&ty=112&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=131&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:171]

206 BC to 1644 AD, From the start of the Han to the end of the Ming Dynasty

2012-12-07T18:12:14Z

Humus: /* For more information- Additional resources */

=Introduction- Before the Han Dynasty =
China has a long and varied history. In this article, each dynasty is listed with one or two memorable items ((events, items, people, philosophies etc.)to help differentiate between the many different dynasties. The main emphasis is on the period of Chinese History between the founding of the Han Dynasty, in 206 BC, and the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1644 AD. The dynasties/governments before and after that period of time are listed briefly to show their place in the timeline.

== Early Dynasties & the establishment of Empire==
[[File:Confucius_The_teaching_Confucius_Portait_by_Wu_Daozi_Tang_Dynasty.jpg|130px|thumb|right|"The teaching Confucius" Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg here] for original source.]]
[[File:Oracle bone.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Inscribed tortoise plastron- an "Oracle Bone". Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty_incribed_tortoise_plastron.jpg here] for original source.]]
===Shang (1751 BC to 1112 BC)===

* "divine" rulers- descendants of "Di" (God)
* oracle bones

===Zhou (1111 BC to 222 BC)===

* Rule by "Mandate of Heaven"
* Confucius
* Lao Tzu (Daoism)
* Warring States

===Qin (221 BC to 206 BC)===

* Believed to be the origin of the name "China"
* 1st Emperor- Qin Shihuangdi
* Terracotta warriors
* Standardization- language, roads, money, writing etc.
[[File:Qin Shihuangdi.jpg|150px|thumb|center|Qin Shihuangdi photo by Tonynetone]]

= From the start of the Han to the end of the Ming=
During these centuries, Chinese society grew and developed. Each succeeding dynasty built on the one before and, by the end of the Ming dynasty, the distinctive Chinese culture was well established.

==Han Dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD)==
[[File:Sima Qian- The Grand Historian.jpg |200px|thumb|right|"Sima Qian, The Grand Historian" Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg here] for original source.]]
The rulers of the Han dynasty inherited a tightly controlled and unified empire of dissatisfied people. They managed to keep many of the more convenient Qin government practices, such as the centralized government, while moderating the more unpopular (and harsh) practices of the prior regime.

Some major features of the Han Dynasty are:
* The Synthesis of Qin and Han practices
* Histories began to be kept
* The introduction of Buddhism
* This was the dynasty in power in China when Jesus Christ was born.

==Disunity (220 AD to 581 AD)==
16 Kingdoms and 6 Dynasties - period of alien rule.
During this era, there were many small kingdoms and some attempts to reestablish a central ruling dynasty, none of which were successful until the short-lived Sui Dynasty.

==Sui Dynasty (581 AD to 618 AD)==
[[File:Sui Map.jpg|200px|thumb|right| Map of the Sui Dynasty Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png here] for original source.]]
This dynasty succeeded in reestablishing central control of the country, but it was not strong enough to rule for much longer than the Qin dynasty had (not quite 40 years).

Major accomplishment of the Sui:
* The Grand Canal- 1700 kilometers long(1056.3 miles)[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:05, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

==Tang Dynasty (618 AD to 906 AD)==
[[File:Map of Tang.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Map of the Tang Dynasty. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg here] for original source.]]
This was the "Golden Age" of China when trade connected China to most of the known world and people from many lands were found at all levels of government and society. Literature and the arts were highly developed. This is the dynasty that most affected the early development of the nearby nations of Korea and Japan.

Some major features of the Tang Dynasty:
* Cosmopolitan- The Silk Road
* Christianity arrives, Nestorian Christians
* "The Golden Age" of China

==Song Dynasty (907 AD to 1279 AD)==
[[File:Song Map.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Map of the Song Dynasty. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_11a.jpg here] for original source.]]
The Song dynasty inherited the glory that was the Tang, but they had more problems with the surrounding barbarian tribes. As a result, the northern territories, originally controlled by the Song Dynasty, gradually came under alien rule, while the main Song government relocated to the southern territories and maintained control until they were conquered by the Mongols.

Some Main features of the Song Dynasty:
* Neo-Confucianism becomes the governing philosophy
* The "Silver" Age- not quite as glorious as the Tang was
* Overlapped with the Liao (Khitan) and Jin (Jurchen)Dynasties - Moved south as first, the Khitan and then the Jurchen took control of the north.

==Disunity (907 AD to 1234 AD)==
Period of alien rule- Liao Dynasty (Khitan ruled from 907 - 1125 AD) and Jin Dyansty (Jurchen ruled from 1115- 1234 AD) (Northern China).

==Yuan Dynasty (1280 AD to 1368 AD)==
[[File:Yuan Map.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Map of the Yuan Dynasty Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png here] for original source.]]
When the Mongols defeated the southern Song Dynasty, they succeeded in both reunifying China and increasing its borders. Like the Tang Dynasty, this dynasty had contact with most of the known world.

Features of the Yuan Dynasty:
* Mongols- Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) is the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
* Marco Polo- Lived in China for many years. He returned to Europe with fantastic tales of the court of Kublai Khan and the Empire in China

==Ming Dynasty (1368 AD to 1644 AD)==
[[File:Map of Ming.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Map of the Ming Dynasty and adjacent lands. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming-Empire2.jpg here] for original source.]]

In 1368, the first Ming Emperor, Taizu, succeeded in forcing the Mongols out of their control of China, thus restoring the rule of China to a "native" dynasty. While the rulers supported some exploration of the world outside of China, for most of the dynasty, the Ming Emperors sought to keep their empire separate and isolated from the outside world.

Major features/accomplishments of this dynasty:

* The building of the Forbidden City
* Sea Exploration (all the way out to the east coast of Africa)
* "The last "Chinese" dynasty."

The end of the Ming Dynasty marked the end of the "Traditional" period of Chinese History.

= After the Ming Dynasty: The Modern era governments of China =

===Qing Dynasty (1644 AD to 1911 AD )===
* Last dynasty of China

===Republic (1912 AD to 1949 AD)===
* Democracy
* the founding of Taiwan

===(PRC) People's Republic of China (1949 AD to ?)===
Current government

=For more information- Additional resources=

Click on the following link to view a PowerPoint presentation teaching the Dynasty Song (sung to the tune of "Are you Sleeping?").

[[Media:From_the_Han_to_the_Ming.pptx‎]]

Links to additional articles, on related topics, by the author:
[[Confucius]] - [[Qin Shihuangdi]] - [[The Imperial Order and Han Syntheses]] - [[Footbinding]] - [[A View from the outside: Korea, the Yuan and the rise of the Ming]] - [[Qianlong]]
A wrong date is entered for the Song dynasty, 960 for 907.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 18:12, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

=Works Cited=
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010

Warring States, Unification of China under Qin

2012-12-07T18:01:07Z

Humus: /* Power of Zhao[284-260] */

The Warring States Period (戰國時代) began with the second part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, after the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋时代). It begins around the 3rd century BC when Seven States had become the most prominent. These seven States were the Qin (秦), Zhao (趙), Chu (楚), Qi (齊), Wei (魏), Han (韓), Yan (燕). The period ends with the victory of the Qin state resulting in the Qin Dynasty.

[[File:834px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg|thumb|right|Warring States Period Wikipedia Commons. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg#file here] for original source.]]

== Warring States Period ==
The Warring States Period saw the introduction of many innovations to the art of warfare in China, such as the use of iron and of cavalry.
What are the dates?[[User:Humus|Humus]] 18:00, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

== Wars and Tactics [370-340 BC] ==

King Hui of Wei started a large-scale attack on Zhao. The state of Qi intervened(Sun Tzu: Art of War)
Then Wei attacked Han.

By using the same tactic, Qi feigned a retreat and then turned on the overconfident Wei troops and decisively defeated them.
Qi and Qin became the dominant states in China.

== Attacks and Alliances [301-284 BC] ==

294 BC: Qi and Qin planned an attack on Zhao but were later persuaded against it.
285 BC: Wei and Yan formed an alliance.
Yan attacked Qi. Chu declared itself an ally of Qi. Qi's armies were destroyed and the King Min was slain.

== Power of Zhao[284-260] ==

Since Chu was defeated along with Qi, the remaining powers were The Qin in the West and the Zhao in the North
Zhao increased its cavalry and defeated two Qin armies
In 265 BC Qin attacked Han, the gateway to Zhao, Zhao resisted but were weakened.
Because the other states did not form alliances against Qin, it became very powerful.
Is this time also "BC"?[[User:Humus|Humus]] 18:01, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

== Qin's Ascent BC [280-221] ==

278 BC: captured the Chu capital
265 BC: Qin started a war with Han, to open up the Yellow River corridor Xi(河西走廊).
260 BC: Zhao aided Han but its power was broken by Bai Qi at the Battle of ChangPing (長平). Qin was now the strongest state in China.

== Conquering by Qin ==

In 230 BC, the Qin state conquered the Han state. Han was the weakest of the Seven Warring States.
225 BC: Qin conquers Wei. Flooding the strong city walls by use of the Yellow river.
223 BC: Qin defeats the Chu state but only after some effective counter-attacks. After a while Chu defenders disbanded and Qin completed a successful attack.
At their peak, the combined armies of Chu and Qin are estimated to have ranged from hundreds of thousands to a million soldiers.
In 222 BC, Qin conquered Yan and Zhao, after a failed assassination attempt.
221 BC: Qin conquers Qi, Qi had not previously allied with any other state and quickly surrendered.

=== Sources ===
*[http://history.cultural-china.com/en/183History6970.html]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_Period]

Warring States, Unification of China under Qin

2012-12-07T18:00:22Z

Humus: /* Warring States Period */

The Warring States Period (戰國時代) began with the second part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, after the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋时代). It begins around the 3rd century BC when Seven States had become the most prominent. These seven States were the Qin (秦), Zhao (趙), Chu (楚), Qi (齊), Wei (魏), Han (韓), Yan (燕). The period ends with the victory of the Qin state resulting in the Qin Dynasty.

[[File:834px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg|thumb|right|Warring States Period Wikipedia Commons. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg#file here] for original source.]]

== Warring States Period ==
The Warring States Period saw the introduction of many innovations to the art of warfare in China, such as the use of iron and of cavalry.
What are the dates?[[User:Humus|Humus]] 18:00, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

== Wars and Tactics [370-340 BC] ==

King Hui of Wei started a large-scale attack on Zhao. The state of Qi intervened(Sun Tzu: Art of War)
Then Wei attacked Han.

By using the same tactic, Qi feigned a retreat and then turned on the overconfident Wei troops and decisively defeated them.
Qi and Qin became the dominant states in China.

== Attacks and Alliances [301-284 BC] ==

294 BC: Qi and Qin planned an attack on Zhao but were later persuaded against it.
285 BC: Wei and Yan formed an alliance.
Yan attacked Qi. Chu declared itself an ally of Qi. Qi's armies were destroyed and the King Min was slain.

== Power of Zhao[284-260] ==

Since Chu was defeated along with Qi, the remaining powers were The Qin in the West and the Zhao in the North
Zhao increased its cavalry and defeated two Qin armies
In 265 BC Qin attacked Han, the gateway to Zhao, Zhao resisted but were weakened.
Because the other states did not form alliances against Qin, it became very powerful.

== Qin's Ascent BC [280-221] ==

278 BC: captured the Chu capital
265 BC: Qin started a war with Han, to open up the Yellow River corridor Xi(河西走廊).
260 BC: Zhao aided Han but its power was broken by Bai Qi at the Battle of ChangPing (長平). Qin was now the strongest state in China.

== Conquering by Qin ==

In 230 BC, the Qin state conquered the Han state. Han was the weakest of the Seven Warring States.
225 BC: Qin conquers Wei. Flooding the strong city walls by use of the Yellow river.
223 BC: Qin defeats the Chu state but only after some effective counter-attacks. After a while Chu defenders disbanded and Qin completed a successful attack.
At their peak, the combined armies of Chu and Qin are estimated to have ranged from hundreds of thousands to a million soldiers.
In 222 BC, Qin conquered Yan and Zhao, after a failed assassination attempt.
221 BC: Qin conquers Qi, Qi had not previously allied with any other state and quickly surrendered.

=== Sources ===
*[http://history.cultural-china.com/en/183History6970.html]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_Period]

Talk:China's History since the Qing Dynasty

2012-12-06T14:59:04Z

Humus:

Looks good. Could you maybe put in some pictures? [[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 22:04, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

Thank you, I will fix that.[[User:Jenessa L|Jenessa L]] 00:14, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

Lots of sources and great pictures! [[User:Winghei|Winghei]] 20 October, 2012

Dear Jenessa, this is a fantastic paper bearing in mind that this is your first Wiki article. It is informative and well illustrated. I have fixed a few slight points, like the translation for the Kuomintang as "National People's Party" etc. Hope your next paper is similarly refreshing!
Things you can improve:
*You indicate some web sources, it would be better to have the references in the text so that the reader knows which source you used for which part of your paper.
*You also should give names to the web sources, now there are only URL addresses [[User:Root|Root]] 11:08, 23 October 2012 (UTC)
Jenessa, I like it. I want to see "years" for the Republic and for the PRC.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 14:59, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

Chinese Philosophy, Religion, and Beliefs

2012-12-04T15:42:05Z

Humus: /* Islam */

[[Media:Chinese Ethics-presentation 2]]=Chinese Ethics=
*Chinese Philosophy, Religion, and Beliefs [[User:Jenessa L|Jenessa L]] 03:11, 4 December 2012 (UTCB)

Before the warring states period China's religious beliefs were minimal. Philosophy made its way into China during the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period. Many of the scholars introduced at this time include: Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Sunzi, Mozi and Han Feizi.
=== Confucius ===
Although Confucius was raised in poverty he gained a good education. Because of this Confucius emphasized the importance of education from people in all types of classes. His ideas gained fame only after Confucius had passed away.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius2.JPG here]

=== Han Feizi ===
Han Feizi taught that rulers must keep ultimate control over their subjects by strictly punishing them for their disobedience. Without harsh punishments the rule breaking would only be encouraged.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:39, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

=== Mozi ===
Mozi was the founder of the Mohist school. He felt that war was the worst thing that only led to hurt and pain. He taught that love should be all embracing and people should love others as they love themselves.
The Mohist School was one of the main schools of thought during the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period.
Mohism was opposed to the teachings of Confucius and Taoism. Mohist beliefs were popular until the Legalist Qin Dynasty came into power. Many of the Mohist classics were ruined when Qin Shi Huang carried out the burning of books and elimination of scholars.

== Religions ==

=== Taoism ===
Taoism was founded during the eastern Han period.
Tao means path or principle and Taoists believe that the only way to reach Tao is to live a life free from desires.
Laozi was the founder of Taoism. He wrote, “The Classic of the Virtue of the Tao” it is the Taoist scripture.

=== Buddhism ===
Buddhism was introduced into China by an Indian monk, Bodhidharma. When Buddhism was introduced into China it began to gain Chinese elements such as Zen Buddhism.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:41, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

=== Islam ===
Islam was founded by Muhammad and spread to China from Arabia during the Tang Dynasty.
Minority groups in China are Muslim.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:42, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

=== Christianity ===
Christianity was introduced to China during the early Tang Dynasty but did not gain influence until the Ming and Qing Dynasties when Christian missionaries from the west combined the faith with western culture and science.

=== Ancestral Worship ===
The Chinese hold their ancestors in high regard. They view their ancestors that have passed away as their guardians.

=== Deity Worship ===
The Chinese like the Greeks have their own deities that they worship for specific causes of things.
Every seventh day of the seventh lunar month the Chinese celebrate their own version of Valentine’s Day. This story involves the seventh daughter of the Emperor of heaven and an orphaned farm boy falling in love and meeting once a year.

Chinese Philosophy, Religion, and Beliefs

2012-12-04T15:41:23Z

Humus: /* Buddhism */

[[Media:Chinese Ethics-presentation 2]]=Chinese Ethics=
*Chinese Philosophy, Religion, and Beliefs [[User:Jenessa L|Jenessa L]] 03:11, 4 December 2012 (UTCB)

Before the warring states period China's religious beliefs were minimal. Philosophy made its way into China during the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period. Many of the scholars introduced at this time include: Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Sunzi, Mozi and Han Feizi.
=== Confucius ===
Although Confucius was raised in poverty he gained a good education. Because of this Confucius emphasized the importance of education from people in all types of classes. His ideas gained fame only after Confucius had passed away.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius2.JPG here]

=== Han Feizi ===
Han Feizi taught that rulers must keep ultimate control over their subjects by strictly punishing them for their disobedience. Without harsh punishments the rule breaking would only be encouraged.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:39, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

=== Mozi ===
Mozi was the founder of the Mohist school. He felt that war was the worst thing that only led to hurt and pain. He taught that love should be all embracing and people should love others as they love themselves.
The Mohist School was one of the main schools of thought during the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period.
Mohism was opposed to the teachings of Confucius and Taoism. Mohist beliefs were popular until the Legalist Qin Dynasty came into power. Many of the Mohist classics were ruined when Qin Shi Huang carried out the burning of books and elimination of scholars.

== Religions ==

=== Taoism ===
Taoism was founded during the eastern Han period.
Tao means path or principle and Taoists believe that the only way to reach Tao is to live a life free from desires.
Laozi was the founder of Taoism. He wrote, “The Classic of the Virtue of the Tao” it is the Taoist scripture.

=== Buddhism ===
Buddhism was introduced into China by an Indian monk, Bodhidharma. When Buddhism was introduced into China it began to gain Chinese elements such as Zen Buddhism.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:41, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

=== Islam ===
Islam was founded by Muhammad and spread to China from Arab during the Tang Dynasty.
Minority groups in China are Muslim.

=== Christianity ===
Christianity was introduced to China during the early Tang Dynasty but did not gain influence until the Ming and Qing Dynasties when Christian missionaries from the west combined the faith with western culture and science.

=== Ancestral Worship ===
The Chinese hold their ancestors in high regard. They view their ancestors that have passed away as their guardians.

=== Deity Worship ===
The Chinese like the Greeks have their own deities that they worship for specific causes of things.
Every seventh day of the seventh lunar month the Chinese celebrate their own version of Valentine’s Day. This story involves the seventh daughter of the Emperor of heaven and an orphaned farm boy falling in love and meeting once a year.

Chinese Philosophy, Religion, and Beliefs

2012-12-04T15:39:55Z

Humus: /* Han Feizi */

[[Media:Chinese Ethics-presentation 2]]=Chinese Ethics=
*Chinese Philosophy, Religion, and Beliefs [[User:Jenessa L|Jenessa L]] 03:11, 4 December 2012 (UTCB)

Before the warring states period China's religious beliefs were minimal. Philosophy made its way into China during the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period. Many of the scholars introduced at this time include: Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Sunzi, Mozi and Han Feizi.
=== Confucius ===
Although Confucius was raised in poverty he gained a good education. Because of this Confucius emphasized the importance of education from people in all types of classes. His ideas gained fame only after Confucius had passed away.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius2.JPG here]

=== Han Feizi ===
Han Feizi taught that rulers must keep ultimate control over their subjects by strictly punishing them for their disobedience. Without harsh punishments the rule breaking would only be encouraged.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:39, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

=== Mozi ===
Mozi was the founder of the Mohist school. He felt that war was the worst thing that only led to hurt and pain. He taught that love should be all embracing and people should love others as they love themselves.
The Mohist School was one of the main schools of thought during the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period.
Mohism was opposed to the teachings of Confucius and Taoism. Mohist beliefs were popular until the Legalist Qin Dynasty came into power. Many of the Mohist classics were ruined when Qin Shi Huang carried out the burning of books and elimination of scholars.

== Religions ==

=== Taoism ===
Taoism was founded during the eastern Han period.
Tao means path or principle and Taoists believe that the only way to reach Tao is to live a life free from desires.
Laozi was the founder of Taoism. He wrote, “The Classic of the Virtue of the Tao” it is the Taoist scripture.

=== Buddhism ===
Buddhism was introduced into China by an Indian monk, Bodhidharma. Was Buddhism was introduced into China it began to gain Chinese elements such as Zen Buddhism.

=== Islam ===
Islam was founded by Muhammad and spread to China from Arab during the Tang Dynasty.
Minority groups in China are Muslim.

=== Christianity ===
Christianity was introduced to China during the early Tang Dynasty but did not gain influence until the Ming and Qing Dynasties when Christian missionaries from the west combined the faith with western culture and science.

=== Ancestral Worship ===
The Chinese hold their ancestors in high regard. They view their ancestors that have passed away as their guardians.

=== Deity Worship ===
The Chinese like the Greeks have their own deities that they worship for specific causes of things.
Every seventh day of the seventh lunar month the Chinese celebrate their own version of Valentine’s Day. This story involves the seventh daughter of the Emperor of heaven and an orphaned farm boy falling in love and meeting once a year.

Current Chinese Economy and Society

2012-12-04T15:24:51Z

Humus: /* Early Chinese Trade */

A little something about China's Economy and Society.

[[File:ImagesCALCMN39.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Click [http://wiki.vm.rub.de/uvu/images/5/59/ImagesCALCMN39.jpg here] for original source.]]

= Economic Evolution =

===Early Chinese Trade===
Much of China's economy today has been affected by the early trade and farming. In the mid seventh century, the Silk Road became of great importance. The contact to Europe made the route not only a route for trade, but also a route for information and outside influence. Much art came from the caravans along this road.[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:24, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

= Economy Today =
China is the world's top exporter. About $1.904 trillion worth of products was exported from China in 2011.

= Changing Society =
With almost every change of dynasties came war. Many lives were lost each time which meant the economy, and population, dropped. Just like any other country, China had to deal with the aftermath of war, and rebuild.

My Powerpoint

[[Media:The_Economy_and_Society_of_China.pptx]]

Being Polite in Chinese Society- some "Do's" and "Don'ts"

2012-12-04T15:22:11Z

Humus: /* Gifts- Giving and receiving */

=Introduction- Politeness pays=
American's are often very casual in their interpersonal interactions. The Chinese, by comparison, are far more restrained- more formal, by American standards. When interacting with someone from China, it always safe to be as respectful as you know how to be, to "put on your company manners" as it were.

*Bows
[[File:Hand shake.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Handshake, photo from SiteNet. Click [http://www.siteselection.com/ssinsider/bbdeal/bd070419.htm here] for original source.]]
In America, when you are introduced to someone you will expect to shake their hand. This is also acceptable in China (especially if you are a Westerner- they know the Western custom), but don't be surprised if the handshake is accompanied by a slight bow. In the old days, it was customary to show your respect for the other person by bowing to them.

=Gifts- Giving and receiving=
[[File:Gifts.jpg|250px|thumb|right|red & gold packages, photo by Bcody80. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DihuaMarketRat.jpg here] for original source.]]
Gifts are one way to show your appreciation for someone or for something they have done for you. Following are some "Do's" and "Don'ts" about gifts and gift giving.

Do:
* use red or gold wrapping (symbolizes good luck)
* give pairs (even numbers symbolize good luck)
* reciprocate (if you get a gift- give one of greater value back)- this is very important to remember!

Don't:
* give a "paired" gift to a sick person (doubled misfortune)
* open the gift in front of the giver (It is considered rude)
* give "unlucky" items such as:

-Handkerchief (good-bye forever)

-Scissors/knife (want to "cut" the relationship)

-Umbrella (break up)[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:22, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

-Clock, as a birthday gift (in Chinese this sounds like "bury parents")

-Jasmine or plum blossoms to a businessman (In Chinese these words sound like the words for unlucky business events)

= Visiting=
[[File:Teapot.JPG|150px|thumb|left|Teapot, photo by Andy Titcomb. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_teapot.JPG here] for original source.]]
Remember, it pays to be extra polite (by American standards). Here are some "Do's" and "Don'ts" for when visiting, or being visited.

Do:
* Offer your guest tea- give a 3/4 full cup with both hands (one hand under the cup, one hand holding it)
* Accept the tea- receive with '''both hands''' and take a few sips even if you are not thirsty. (see the "Don'ts" for what to do if you don't drink tea)
* Accept gifts if offered by your guest- or bring a gift if you are the visitor (good gifts are- foodstuffs/fruit, cloth, Handicrafts, cash ("red packet")
* Ask your guests to stay longer (or to visit again)
* Accompany them to the door
* Watch them leave

Don't:
* Refuse the offer of tea (although it is OK to request a cup of hot water "White Tea", if you don't drink tea)
* Refuse an offered gift (DON'T embarrass your guests)
* Open the gift in front of the giver (DON'T embarrass your guest)
* (Hosts) don't turn your back and go inside right after you say goodbye (it's rude)

=Eating out- Banquets=
[[File:Restaurant round table.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Restaurant table setting, photo by Hatestye. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_%E5%90%8D%E6%98%9F%E6%B5%B7%E9%AE%AE%E9%85%92%E5%AE%B6_Star_Seafood_Restaurant_round_table_March-2012_Ip4.jpg here] for original source.]]
Expect to be invited to eat out, it is a common way for the Chinese to get to know you. Unless you know them very well, it is rude to "talk business" at dinner- the goal is to get to know you- business can come later. Here are some "Do's" and "Don'ts" for eating out.

Do:
* Hand out invitations when inviting them to dinner (respect your guests)
* Wait for your host to seat you
* Remember, politeness counts!

Don't:
* Take the best seat, unless directed there (the guest of honor faces the main door and is seated to the right of the host)
* Hit your empty bowl with your chopsticks
* Stick your chopsticks upright in your rice (signifies that this food is an offering to the dead)
* Reach over another person for food (be polite)
* Let you chopsticks hover over the food on the table while you decide what you want to eat. Be polite. Use the serving chopsticks (if there are any) and not your own pair, to pick up food from a central plate.

= Miscellaneous =
Here are some other tips for polite (according to the Chinese) behavior.
[[File:Red envelopes- wikipedia.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Red packets, photo by Oldie. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_envelope here] for original source.]]

Do:
* If you are attending a funeral? Do wear somber color clothing.
* For a Birthday? A gift of wine symbolizes long life. Don't cut the longevity noodles.
* Gifts for a Birth? Good gifts: red packet (cash), baby food, jewelry, articles for everyday use
* Red packets (red envelopes with space to include some money) are always acceptable as gifts-

Don't:
* Don't ask new acquaintances personal questions such as: how old are you? how much do you make?
* Don't point at people (like Americans do, with one finger), use full hand and gesture in their direction
* Don't call out "hey!" Address the person by name, or, better yet, title.
* Don't insult someone (as in calling a fat person a "pig.")

Remember...Courtesy counts.

It is better to be too formal than too casual in your relationships.

If in doubt, follow their lead; your Chinese associates know the "proper" way to behave.

=Works Cited=
Fu Chunjiang, Asiapac (January 31, 2003)

China's History since the Qing Dynasty

2012-12-04T15:19:22Z

Humus: /* Modern Day China */

== Qing Dynasty ==

The Qing Dynasty ended the long period of Dynastic rule in China. The Qing Dynasty lasted for nearly three hundred years. Many events occurred during the Qing Dynasty that altered the way China now interacts with the rest of the world. There was an Empress in the Qing Dynasty named, Empress Dowager Cixi. Empress Dowager Cixi was born on November 29th, 1835 to an ordinary family. She was very unhappy with the life she led and felt mistreated and unloved by her parents. At the age of sixteen Cixi was chosen to be a concubine to the Emperor Xianfeng. She was thrilled at the opportunity to escape the life that she had. Cixi gradually worked her way up in rank from a third-level concubine to a first one. When Emperor Xianfeng died in 1861 Cixi's son, Tongzhi inherited the throne due to the simple fact that the other high ranking concubines bore no sons. Her ambition and lust for power led her to overthrow her son from the throne in 1865. Empress Dowager Cixi was a very conservative ruler. She ruled during the time of the Opium Wars and therefore tried to keep China isolated from the rest of the world so that the Chinese people would not be subjects of Western influence.
[[File:Empress Dowager Cixi.jpg|220px|thumb|left|"The Empress Dowager Cixi" Click [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=LLpKitXxOIiKSM:&imgrefurl=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/38868/The-empress-dowager-Cixi-1904-late-Qing-dynasty-China&docid=R10eiEigVxxHaM&imgurl=http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/97/46297-004-7878BDA4.jpg&w=296&h=450&ei=GUZ_UOD0LIf0iQLg6YGYBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=722&vpy=125&dur=55&hovh=277&hovw=182&tx=113&ty=127&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=86&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:95]here for original source.]]

== Opium Wars ==

The Opium Wars began in 1840 and lasted until 1856. These wars began because of the Westerners becoming frustrated with China only exporting and not importing goods. The Western nations were frustrated with China's isolation from the rest of the world. The British started smuggling opium into China to make up for all of the tea that they were buying. In reaction to the opium, Chinese officials prohibited the drug and destroyed all of it that they could find. In response to this Britain launched a naval attack on the Guangzhou port in China. China lost to the British power so they were forced to sign what the Chinese call, "unfair treaties". These treaties agreed to open up many trading ports to Great Britain. Other Western powers followed in the footsteps of the British and signed exporting treaties with China. In 1856 a second Opium War broke out because Chinese officials "illegally" searched a British merchant ship. At the end of this battle the Chinese were once again subjected to the signing of more treaties. These treaties allowed more trading ports to be opened, the legalization of opium and foreign missionaries and diplomats to be allowed into the country.

== Boxer Rebellion ==

The boxers were born out of the turmoil of the Opium Wars. The Boxers were a group of peasants in China whom created a secret society called the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists". They later gained the nickname of "Boxers" by practicing forms of boxing. The boxers hated the influence the foreigners were having on China and the Qing Rulers, so they decided to take matters into their own hands. When Empress Dowager Cixi gave them her support they focused their attention solely on ridding China of all foreigners. By the 1900's the Boxer Rebellion had spread throughout China. Foreigners were getting killed right and left which caused the Western powers need to intervene. Before the Western forces could arrive to the aid of the foreigners, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered all foreigners to be murdered. After the loss of many foreign lives the international force finally arrived in China and subdued the rebellion by capturing Peking (or what is known as modern day Beijing). The Boxer Rebellion ultimately weakened the Qing Dynasty and led to its overthrow by the Republic of China in 1911.

== Republic of China ==

The Republic of China ended more than 2,000 years of Dynastic rule in China. The Republic of China was formed under the Kuomintang (The National People's Party). The Kuomintang was in constant conflict with the Chinese Communist Party. The war against the Japanese Military aggression gave the Communist Party of China the boost that it needed to defeat the Republic of China. After the defeat of the Republic of China this party retreated to Taiwan, evolved, and is still in effect today.

== People's Republic of China ==

The People's Republic of China began on October 1st, 1949. Mao Zedong was the chairman of this party. The People's Republic of China was composed mostly of peasants. The People's Republic of China was backed by the Soviet Union when a Treaty of Friendship and mutual alliance was created between the two countries. The People's Republic of China was then involved in the Korean War and it failed to gain international recognition at that time. After the Korean War China focused on eliminating state enemies. Mao made all of his policies with the working class in mind. He knew they would be the force behind the changes he wanted to create in China. Mao worked towards industrialization and centralized government in China.
[[File:Mao_Zedong.jpg|190px|thumb|right| "Mao Zedong". Click [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=U3af2Dv-sd9HjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mao-Zedong.html&docid=5fV1PMspAJ5afM&imgurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_07_img0458.jpg&w=228&h=279&ei=a0p_UJeqMqbSigLMwYCgBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=365&vpy=109&dur=2668&hovh=223&hovw=182&tx=86&ty=112&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=131&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:171 here] for original source.]]

== Modern Day China ==

China's economy is continually growing. They seem to be mirroring the past in the sense that they are exporting goods more than they are importing. This helps their economy to further rise above the rest of the world. A common misconception is that everyone in China is of the same ethnical background. On the contrary, there are over 56 ethnic groups in China. 93% of the people are Hans while the other 7% is all the minorities. Chinese people belong to many different religions including: Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism. Although China remains Communistic rule it continues to become more integrated with the rest of the world.
[[File:Shanghai Skyline.jpg|500px|thumb|left|"Shanghai Skyline" Click [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=TJa-0owznzPgRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/04/26/luxury-mkt-pushes-shanghai-homes-to-record-prices/&docid=YuU1UW2PPAwHNM&imgurl=http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kenrapoza/files/2011/04/shanghai_skyline_g2.jpeg&w=510&h=398&ei=rEJ_UO7gAebfiALztIHQDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=830&vpy=58&dur=550&hovh=198&hovw=254&tx=127&ty=114&sig=101715426379007188876&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=187&start=12&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:183] here for original source.]][[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:12, 4 December 2012 (UTC)[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:19, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

== Powerpoint ==

[[file:Qing_Dynasty_to_Modern_China--presentation_for_Chinese_Studies.pptx]]

== Web Sources ==

* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0836734.html]
* [http://totallyhistory.com/peoples-republic-of-china-1949-to-present/]
* [http://www.sacu.org/cixi.html]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=TJa-0owznzPgRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/04/26/luxury-mkt-pushes-shanghai-homes-to-record-prices/&docid=YuU1UW2PPAwHNM&imgurl=http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kenrapoza/files/2011/04/shanghai_skyline_g2.jpeg&w=510&h=398&ei=rEJ_UO7gAebfiALztIHQDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=830&vpy=58&dur=550&hovh=198&hovw=254&tx=127&ty=114&sig=101715426379007188876&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=187&start=12&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:183]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=LLpKitXxOIiKSM:&imgrefurl=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/38868/The-empress-dowager-Cixi-1904-late-Qing-dynasty-China&docid=R10eiEigVxxHaM&imgurl=http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/97/46297-004-7878BDA4.jpg&w=296&h=450&ei=GUZ_UOD0LIf0iQLg6YGYBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=722&vpy=125&dur=55&hovh=277&hovw=182&tx=113&ty=127&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=86&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:95]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=U3af2Dv-sd9HjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mao-Zedong.html&docid=5fV1PMspAJ5afM&imgurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_07_img0458.jpg&w=228&h=279&ei=a0p_UJeqMqbSigLMwYCgBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=365&vpy=109&dur=2668&hovh=223&hovw=182&tx=86&ty=112&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=131&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:171]

China's History since the Qing Dynasty

2012-12-04T15:12:15Z

Humus: /* Modern Day China */

== Qing Dynasty ==

The Qing Dynasty ended the long period of Dynastic rule in China. The Qing Dynasty lasted for nearly three hundred years. Many events occurred during the Qing Dynasty that altered the way China now interacts with the rest of the world. There was an Empress in the Qing Dynasty named, Empress Dowager Cixi. Empress Dowager Cixi was born on November 29th, 1835 to an ordinary family. She was very unhappy with the life she led and felt mistreated and unloved by her parents. At the age of sixteen Cixi was chosen to be a concubine to the Emperor Xianfeng. She was thrilled at the opportunity to escape the life that she had. Cixi gradually worked her way up in rank from a third-level concubine to a first one. When Emperor Xianfeng died in 1861 Cixi's son, Tongzhi inherited the throne due to the simple fact that the other high ranking concubines bore no sons. Her ambition and lust for power led her to overthrow her son from the throne in 1865. Empress Dowager Cixi was a very conservative ruler. She ruled during the time of the Opium Wars and therefore tried to keep China isolated from the rest of the world so that the Chinese people would not be subjects of Western influence.
[[File:Empress Dowager Cixi.jpg|220px|thumb|left|"The Empress Dowager Cixi" Click [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=LLpKitXxOIiKSM:&imgrefurl=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/38868/The-empress-dowager-Cixi-1904-late-Qing-dynasty-China&docid=R10eiEigVxxHaM&imgurl=http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/97/46297-004-7878BDA4.jpg&w=296&h=450&ei=GUZ_UOD0LIf0iQLg6YGYBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=722&vpy=125&dur=55&hovh=277&hovw=182&tx=113&ty=127&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=86&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:95]here for original source.]]

== Opium Wars ==

The Opium Wars began in 1840 and lasted until 1856. These wars began because of the Westerners becoming frustrated with China only exporting and not importing goods. The Western nations were frustrated with China's isolation from the rest of the world. The British started smuggling opium into China to make up for all of the tea that they were buying. In reaction to the opium, Chinese officials prohibited the drug and destroyed all of it that they could find. In response to this Britain launched a naval attack on the Guangzhou port in China. China lost to the British power so they were forced to sign what the Chinese call, "unfair treaties". These treaties agreed to open up many trading ports to Great Britain. Other Western powers followed in the footsteps of the British and signed exporting treaties with China. In 1856 a second Opium War broke out because Chinese officials "illegally" searched a British merchant ship. At the end of this battle the Chinese were once again subjected to the signing of more treaties. These treaties allowed more trading ports to be opened, the legalization of opium and foreign missionaries and diplomats to be allowed into the country.

== Boxer Rebellion ==

The boxers were born out of the turmoil of the Opium Wars. The Boxers were a group of peasants in China whom created a secret society called the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists". They later gained the nickname of "Boxers" by practicing forms of boxing. The boxers hated the influence the foreigners were having on China and the Qing Rulers, so they decided to take matters into their own hands. When Empress Dowager Cixi gave them her support they focused their attention solely on ridding China of all foreigners. By the 1900's the Boxer Rebellion had spread throughout China. Foreigners were getting killed right and left which caused the Western powers need to intervene. Before the Western forces could arrive to the aid of the foreigners, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered all foreigners to be murdered. After the loss of many foreign lives the international force finally arrived in China and subdued the rebellion by capturing Peking (or what is known as modern day Beijing). The Boxer Rebellion ultimately weakened the Qing Dynasty and led to its overthrow by the Republic of China in 1911.

== Republic of China ==

The Republic of China ended more than 2,000 years of Dynastic rule in China. The Republic of China was formed under the Kuomintang (The National People's Party). The Kuomintang was in constant conflict with the Chinese Communist Party. The war against the Japanese Military aggression gave the Communist Party of China the boost that it needed to defeat the Republic of China. After the defeat of the Republic of China this party retreated to Taiwan, evolved, and is still in effect today.

== People's Republic of China ==

The People's Republic of China began on October 1st, 1949. Mao Zedong was the chairman of this party. The People's Republic of China was composed mostly of peasants. The People's Republic of China was backed by the Soviet Union when a Treaty of Friendship and mutual alliance was created between the two countries. The People's Republic of China was then involved in the Korean War and it failed to gain international recognition at that time. After the Korean War China focused on eliminating state enemies. Mao made all of his policies with the working class in mind. He knew they would be the force behind the changes he wanted to create in China. Mao worked towards industrialization and centralized government in China.
[[File:Mao_Zedong.jpg|190px|thumb|right| "Mao Zedong". Click [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=U3af2Dv-sd9HjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mao-Zedong.html&docid=5fV1PMspAJ5afM&imgurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_07_img0458.jpg&w=228&h=279&ei=a0p_UJeqMqbSigLMwYCgBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=365&vpy=109&dur=2668&hovh=223&hovw=182&tx=86&ty=112&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=131&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:171 here] for original source.]]

== Modern Day China ==

China's economy is continually growing. They seem to be mirroring the past in the sense that they are exporting goods more than they are importing. This helps their economy to further rise above the rest of the world. A common misconception is that everyone in China is of the same ethnical background. On the contrary, there are over 56 ethnic groups in China. 93% of the people are Hans while the other 7% is all the minorities. Chinese people belong to many different religions including: Confucusism, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism. Although China remains Communistic rule it continues to become more integrated with the rest of the world.
[[File:Shanghai Skyline.jpg|500px|thumb|left|"Shanghai Skyline" Click [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=TJa-0owznzPgRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/04/26/luxury-mkt-pushes-shanghai-homes-to-record-prices/&docid=YuU1UW2PPAwHNM&imgurl=http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kenrapoza/files/2011/04/shanghai_skyline_g2.jpeg&w=510&h=398&ei=rEJ_UO7gAebfiALztIHQDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=830&vpy=58&dur=550&hovh=198&hovw=254&tx=127&ty=114&sig=101715426379007188876&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=187&start=12&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:183] here for original source.]][[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:12, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

== Powerpoint ==

[[file:Qing_Dynasty_to_Modern_China--presentation_for_Chinese_Studies.pptx]]

== Web Sources ==

* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0836734.html]
* [http://totallyhistory.com/peoples-republic-of-china-1949-to-present/]
* [http://www.sacu.org/cixi.html]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=TJa-0owznzPgRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/04/26/luxury-mkt-pushes-shanghai-homes-to-record-prices/&docid=YuU1UW2PPAwHNM&imgurl=http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kenrapoza/files/2011/04/shanghai_skyline_g2.jpeg&w=510&h=398&ei=rEJ_UO7gAebfiALztIHQDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=830&vpy=58&dur=550&hovh=198&hovw=254&tx=127&ty=114&sig=101715426379007188876&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=187&start=12&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:183]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=LLpKitXxOIiKSM:&imgrefurl=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/38868/The-empress-dowager-Cixi-1904-late-Qing-dynasty-China&docid=R10eiEigVxxHaM&imgurl=http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/97/46297-004-7878BDA4.jpg&w=296&h=450&ei=GUZ_UOD0LIf0iQLg6YGYBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=722&vpy=125&dur=55&hovh=277&hovw=182&tx=113&ty=127&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=86&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:95]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=546&tbm=isch&tbnid=U3af2Dv-sd9HjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mao-Zedong.html&docid=5fV1PMspAJ5afM&imgurl=http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_07_img0458.jpg&w=228&h=279&ei=a0p_UJeqMqbSigLMwYCgBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=365&vpy=109&dur=2668&hovh=223&hovw=182&tx=86&ty=112&sig=101715426379007188876&page=1&tbnh=131&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:171]

206 BC to 1644 AD, From the start of the Han to the end of the Ming Dynasty

2012-12-04T15:05:56Z

Humus: /* Sui Dynasty (581 AD to 618 AD) */

=Introduction- Before the Han Dynasty =
China has a long and varied history. In this article, each dynasty is listed with one or two memorable items ((events, items, people, philosophies etc.)to help differentiate between the many different dynasties. The main emphasis is on the period of Chinese History between the founding of the Han Dynasty, in 206 BC, and the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1644 AD. The dynasties/governments before and after that period of time are listed briefly to show their place in the timeline.

== Early Dynasties & the establishment of Empire==
[[File:Confucius_The_teaching_Confucius_Portait_by_Wu_Daozi_Tang_Dynasty.jpg|130px|thumb|right|"The teaching Confucius" Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg here] for original source.]]
[[File:Oracle bone.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Inscribed tortoise plastron- an "Oracle Bone". Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty_incribed_tortoise_plastron.jpg here] for original source.]]
===Shang (1751 BC to 1112 BC)===

* "divine" rulers- descendants of "Di" (God)
* oracle bones

===Zhou (1111 BC to 222 BC)===

* Rule by "Mandate of Heaven"
* Confucius
* Lao Tzu (Daoism)
* Warring States

===Qin (221 BC to 206 BC)===

* Believed to be the origin of the name "China"
* 1st Emperor- Qin Shihuangdi
* Terracotta warriors
* Standardization- language, roads, money, writing etc.
[[File:Qin Shihuangdi.jpg|150px|thumb|center|Qin Shihuangdi photo by Tonynetone]]

= From the start of the Han to the end of the Ming=
During these centuries, Chinese society grew and developed. Each succeeding dynasty built on the one before and, by the end of the Ming dynasty, the distinctive Chinese culture was well established.

==Han Dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD)==
[[File:Sima Qian- The Grand Historian.jpg |200px|thumb|right|"Sima Qian, The Grand Historian" Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg here] for original source.]]
The rulers of the Han dynasty inherited a tightly controlled and unified empire of dissatisfied people. They managed to keep many of the more convenient Qin government practices, such as the centralized government, while moderating the more unpopular (and harsh) practices of the prior regime.

Some major features of the Han Dynasty are:
* The Synthesis of Qin and Han practices
* Histories began to be kept
* The introduction of Buddhism
* This was the dynasty in power in China when Jesus Christ was born.

==Disunity (220 AD to 581 AD)==
16 Kingdoms and 6 Dynasties - period of alien rule.
During this era, there were many small kingdoms and some attempts to reestablish a central ruling dynasty, none of which were successful until the short-lived Sui Dynasty.

==Sui Dynasty (581 AD to 618 AD)==
[[File:Sui Map.jpg|200px|thumb|right| Map of the Sui Dynasty Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png here] for original source.]]
This dynasty succeeded in reestablishing central control of the country, but it was not strong enough to rule for much longer than the Qin dynasty had (not quite 40 years).

Major accomplishment of the Sui:
* The Grand Canal- 1700 kilometers long(1056.3 miles)[[User:Humus|Humus]] 15:05, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

==Tang Dynasty (618 AD to 906 AD)==
[[File:Map of Tang.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Map of the Tang Dynasty. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg here] for original source.]]
This was the "Golden Age" of China when trade connected China to most of the known world and people from many lands were found at all levels of government and society. Literature and the arts were highly developed. This is the dynasty that most affected the early development of the nearby nations of Korea and Japan.

Some major features of the Tang Dynasty:
* Cosmopolitan- The Silk Road
* Christianity arrives, Nestorian Christians
* "The Golden Age" of China

==Song Dynasty (907 AD to 1279 AD)==
[[File:Song Map.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Map of the Song Dynasty. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_11a.jpg here] for original source.]]
The Song dynasty inherited the glory that was the Tang, but they had more problems with the surrounding barbarian tribes. As a result, the northern territories, originally controlled by the Song Dynasty, gradually came under alien rule, while the main Song government relocated to the southern territories and maintained control until they were conquered by the Mongols.

Some Main features of the Song Dynasty:
* Neo-Confucianism becomes the governing philosophy
* The "Silver" Age- not quite as glorious as the Tang was
* Overlapped with the Liao (Khitan) and Jin (Jurchen)Dynasties - Moved south as first, the Khitan and then the Jurchen took control of the north.

==Disunity (907 AD to 1234 AD)==
Period of alien rule- Liao Dynasty (Khitan ruled from 907 - 1125 AD) and Jin Dyansty (Jurchen ruled from 1115- 1234 AD) (Northern China).

==Yuan Dynasty (1280 AD to 1368 AD)==
[[File:Yuan Map.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Map of the Yuan Dynasty Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png here] for original source.]]
When the Mongols defeated the southern Song Dynasty, they succeeded in both reunifying China and increasing its borders. Like the Tang Dynasty, this dynasty had contact with most of the known world.

Features of the Yuan Dynasty:
* Mongols- Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) is the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
* Marco Polo- Lived in China for many years. He returned to Europe with fantastic tales of the court of Kublai Khan and the Empire in China

==Ming Dynasty (1368 AD to 1644 AD)==
[[File:Map of Ming.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Map of the Ming Dynasty and adjacent lands. Click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming-Empire2.jpg here] for original source.]]

In 1368, the first Ming Emperor, Taizu, succeeded in forcing the Mongols out of their control of China, thus restoring the rule of China to a "native" dynasty. While the rulers supported some exploration of the world outside of China, for most of the dynasty, the Ming Emperors sought to keep their empire separate and isolated from the outside world.

Major features/accomplishments of this dynasty:

* The building of the Forbidden City
* Sea Exploration (all the way out to the east coast of Africa)
* "The last "Chinese" dynasty."

The end of the Ming Dynasty marked the end of the "Traditional" period of Chinese History.

= After the Ming Dynasty: The Modern era governments of China =

===Qing Dynasty (1644 AD to 1911 AD )===
* Last dynasty of China

===Republic (1912 AD to 1949 AD)===
* Democracy
* the founding of Taiwan

===(PRC) People's Republic of China (1949 AD to ?)===
Current government

=For more information- Additional resources=

Click on the following link to view a PowerPoint presentation teaching the Dynasty Song (sung to the tune of "Are you Sleeping?").

[[Media:From_the_Han_to_the_Ming.pptx‎]]

Links to additional articles, on related topics, by the author:
[[Confucius]] - [[Qin Shihuangdi]] - [[The Imperial Order and Han Syntheses]] - [[Footbinding]] - [[A View from the outside: Korea, the Yuan and the rise of the Ming]] - [[Qianlong]]

=Works Cited=
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010