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User:Li Ru

2024-12-28T14:44:10Z

Li Ru:

<nowiki></nowiki>--[[User:Li Ru|Li Ru]] ([[User talk:Li Ru|talk]]) 06:24, 6 November 2024 (UTC)Hello everyone, my name is Li Ru, also known as Lee. I am currently studying English Translation at the School of Foreign Languages, Hunan Normal University. I have passed the CET4 and CET6, as well as the TEM4 and TEM8. I have also obtained CATTI 3 and a High School English Teacher Qualification Certificate.
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The Temple of Heaven: Reverence with Awe and Gratitude.

Lee Li Ru 李如 23级英语笔译

Abstract

This paper explores the history, architectural features, cultural connotations, and modern impact of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. As a site for the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties to worship heaven and earth, the Temple of Heaven is not only a treasure of ancient Chinese architecture but also has a profound influence in modern society. The article begins by introducing the establishment and development of the Temple of Heaven, including its historical background, architectural restoration, and cultural preservation. It then analyzes the architectural features of the Temple of Heaven, such as its rigorous layout, unique construction, and magnificent decoration, as well as the application of acoustic principles in architectural design. The paper also discusses the cultural connotations of the Temple of Heaven, including the emperor's sacrificial ceremonies, the concept of reverence for nature, and the integration of man and heaven. Finally, the importance of the Temple of Heaven in modern urban planning and tourism development, as well as its role as a cultural education venue, is discussed. Through an in-depth interpretation of the Temple of Heaven, this paper reveals the cultural connotations of ancient Chinese society and the value of the Temple of Heaven in modern society.

Establishment and Development

The Temple of Heaven is located in the southern part of Beijing, on the east side of Yongdingmen Inner Street in Dongcheng District. It covers an area of approximately 2.73 million square meters. Initially constructed in the 18th year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty (1420), it underwent significant renovations and reconstructions during the reigns of Emperors Qianlong and Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty. The Temple of Heaven is a collective term for the Circular Mound Altar and the Prayer for Good Harvests Altar, enclosed by two layers of walls that form the inner and outer altars. The walls are square in the north and round in the south, symbolizing the ancient Chinese cosmological concept of a round heaven and a square earth.

In 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance established their headquarters in the Hall of Abstinence within the Temple of Heaven and mounted artillery on the Circular Mound Altar. Cultural relics and sacrificial vessels were plundered, and the architecture and trees suffered severe damage. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the government invested substantial funds in the protection and restoration of the cultural relics and historical sites of the Temple of Heaven. Multiple renovations and large-scale greening efforts have been undertaken, enhancing the grandeur of this ancient site. The park covers an area of 200 hectares with gates on all four sides. Historical records indicate that formal ceremonies for worshiping heaven and earth can be traced back to the 2nd millennium BC, during the Xia Dynasty, which was still in a slave society. Ancient Chinese emperors called themselves “Son of Heaven,” and they held a deep reverence for heaven and earth. In 1961, the State Council declared the Temple of Heaven a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit. In 1998, it was recognized by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage site. On May 8, 2007, the Temple of Heaven Park was officially approved by the National Tourism Administration as a national 5A-level tourist attraction.

Architectural Features

The Temple of Heaven is renowned worldwide for its rigorous architectural layout, unique construction, and magnificent decorations. The main structures are located within the inner altar, with the Circular Mound Altar and the Imperial Vault of Heaven to the south, and the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests and the Hall of Supreme Harmony to the north. These two groups of buildings are connected by a north-south corridor known as the Vermilion Steps Bridge. The outer altar is surrounded by ancient cypresses, which enhance the solemnity and grandeur of the main architectural complex. Inside the altar, there are also acoustic wonders such as the Echo Wall, the Three Sounds Stone, and the Whispering Stones, which showcase the advanced level of ancient Chinese architectural craftsmanship. The Temple of Heaven Park is the largest preserved sacrificial altar complex in China. (Yang 2017,62)

Cultural Connotations

In ancient China, the nation was founded on agriculture, and the prosperity and survival of the state were closely linked to the heavens. Seeking divine favor in specific places and through certain rituals to ensure the eternal stability of the nation and favorable weather conditions was of paramount importance in social life. The Temple of Heaven was the venue that embodied this form and fulfilled this purpose. By interpreting the Temple of Heaven, one can reflect on the cultural connotations of ancient Chinese society.(Yang 2021,19)

1.Ceremonial Offerings of the Emperor
The emperor used to offer oblations to Heaven here twice a year, in the spring and winter. The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests was the site of the spring rituals, where the emperor and the ministers would gather for the ceremony signified by the name of the hall. On the Winter Solstice, they would make offerings at the Circular Mound Altar, to show their gratitude for the great compassion of Heaven toward the human world. In times of drought or flood, the emperor would come here with civil and military officials to pray for assistance from heaven. Only the emperor could pray at the Temple of Heaven. Ordinary people were not allowed access. Yet the idea of showing awe and respect to Heaven was not reserved for the emperor alone, but was shared by the people as well. The worship of Heaven among the Chinese dates back to over 3,000 years ago. Our ancestors believed that Heaven, also known as the Heavenly Deity or Heavenly Emperor, was the mysterious force that directed all things on Earth, such as natural harvests and personal fate. Heaven stood for righteousness. Natural disasters on Earth were regarded as warnings to people for wrongdoings of one kind or another. In the face of a calamity, people would say, “This is punishment from Heaven.” In the second year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (r. 1875-1908), the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests was burned down in a big fire. The emperor lost his composure at the news and all the ministers turned ashen gray, believing the disaster to be a bad omen from Heaven. To the ancient Chinese, however, Heaven was more inclined toward love and tolerance, punishing people only occasionally. Thus, our forebears were always grateful to Heaven.

2.Holding Nature in Awe
The architecture of the buildings in the Temple of Heaven ingeniously embodies the concept of holding nature in awe. While blue is the thematic color, the three main structures of the Temple of Heaven all stand on triple-terraced white foundations. The colors used invoke a strong sense of purity and sublimity - qualities the Chinese attribute to Heaven.

The Temple of Heaven is supposed to be close to Heaven. Careful visitors will notice the centripetal structures of the two main buildings, the Circular Mound Altar and the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests. This type of architecture gives one a sense of reaching up to Heaven while ascending the steps. The Circular Mound Altar, as its name suggests, is a round structure with three tiers. When you ascend the steps to the altar, no matter from which of the four directions, you find yourself entering a centripetal world. On the top tier, you find a round stone at the center surrounded by circle after circle of blue flagstones fanning out. The round stone represents the heart of Heaven and is aptly called “Heavenly Heart Stone.” The tablet representing Heaven was placed on this stone when the emperor offered oblations on the Winter Solstice. The process of approaching the Heavenly Heart Stone represents the process of approaching Heaven. The Circular Mound Altar has no physical roof, but is covered only by the boundless sky.

3.Humanity and Heaven in Communion
Ancient Chinese believed that people could communicate with Heaven, and the Temple of Heaven was built to enable this. The echo of sound at the Circular Mound Altar and the Imperial Vault of Heaven are evidence of what our forebears believed to be communicating with Heaven. If you stand on the Heavenly Heart Stone on the Circular Mound Altar, you can hear your voice rise from underneath your feet and echo back from the wall around the Altar. The resounding echo, according to the designers, represents Heaven’s reply to whatever the speaker asks for. When you stand inside the outer wall of the Imperial Vault of Heaven, and speak into the wall, a friend at a point farther away along the wall can hear your voice; it resembles making a phone call to someone. This phenomenon, due to the much shorter length of the sound waves compared to the radius of the round wall, gave rise to the nickname “echo wall” for the outer rim of the Vault.(Gu 2005,115)

Modern Impacts

The Temple of Heaven, as the site for emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties to worship heaven and earth, is not only a treasure of ancient Chinese architecture but also exerts a profound influence in modern society. With its unique architectural art and profound cultural connotations, it has become a cultural symbol of modern Beijing and China as a whole.

1.The Temple of Heaven has an extremely high aesthetic value and was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1998, making it a travel destination for tourists worldwide. It is not only a landmark of Beijing but also an important carrier of traditional Chinese culture. The rigorous layout, unique structure, and splendid decoration of the Temple of Heaven showcase the exceptional craftsmanship of ancient Chinese architecture, providing modern people with a direct historical experience and aesthetic pleasure.

2.The Temple of Heaven carries a rich cultural connotation. As the pinnacle of ancient materialized philosophical thought, it embodies the traditional Chinese philosophical concept of “unity of heaven and man,” representing the cultural tradition of “centrality” and “harmony” in China. In modern society, the Temple of Heaven is not only a witness to history but also an important venue for cultural education. Through various exhibitions and activities, it allows the public, especially the younger generation, to understand and inherit traditional Chinese culture.

3.The Temple of Heaven plays a significant role in modern urban planning and tourism development. It is not only one of the heritage components of the Beijing Central Axis but also an essential part of Beijing's urban culture. The Temple of Heaven Park, empowered by technology, tells the stories of the Temple of Heaven and the Beijing Central Axis, bringing cultural heritage to life and enhancing the social influence of the Temple of Heaven.

4.The Temple of Heaven is the most complete and grand set of feudal dynasty sacrificial buildings preserved in China today, with high historical, scientific, and artistic value. It integrates ancient philosophy, history, mathematics, mechanics, aesthetics, and ecology, and is a fine representative work of ancient architecture. Known for its rigorous architectural layout, unique construction, and magnificent decoration, it is listed as a World Cultural Heritage Site. The planar layout of the Temple of Heaven, the color matching of its buildings, the implied meanings of its structures, and its unique wooden framework all deeply reflect the profound expertise of ancient architects in the field of architecture.

Terms and Expressions

the Temple of Heaven天坛 the Circular Mound Altar圜丘 the Imperial Vault of Heaven 皇穹宇 the Prayer for Good Harvests Altar祈谷坛 the Vermilion Steps Bridge丹陛桥 Echo Wall回音壁 communion between humanity and heaven人与天的交融 World Cultural Heritage世界文化遗产 national 5A-level tourist attraction国家5A级旅游景区

Questions and Answers

Question 1:
What are the main structures of the Temple of Heaven, which served as the site for emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties to worship heaven and earth?

Question 2:
In what aspects are the architectural features of the Temple of Heaven reflected?

Question 3:
What are the modern impacts and roles of the Temple of Heaven?

Answer 1:
The main structures of the Temple of Heaven include the Circular Mound Altar, the Imperial Vault of Heaven, the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, and the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which are connected by the Vermilion Steps Bridge.

Answer 2:
The architectural features of the Temple of Heaven are reflected in its rigorous layout, unique construction, magnificent decoration, and the application of acoustic principles in architectural design.

Answer 3:
As a cultural symbol of China, the Temple of Heaven has extremely high aesthetic value and is a travel destination for tourists worldwide. It carries a rich cultural connotation, embodying the traditional Chinese philosophical concept of "unity of heaven and man," and serves as an important venue for cultural education. It plays a significant role in modern urban planning and tourism development, enhancing its social influence through technology empowerment.

References

[1] Gu Jianhui. Interpretation of Place--The Cultural Symbolic Significance of the Ming and Qing Dynasties’ Temple of Heaven in Beijing [J]. Central China Architecture, 2005(23): 115.
Gu Jianhui. Chang suo de jie du--Ming qing bei jing tian tan de wen hua xiang zheng yi yi
[2] Sun Shengnan, Zhao Xuewei, Meng Zhaobo. Characteristics of the Temple of Heaven Architecture and Their Enlightenment to Modern Structures [J]. Housing and Real Estate, 2018: 82.
Su Shengnan Zhao Xuewei Meng Zhaobo Tian tan jian zhu te se ji qi dui xian dai jie gou de qi di
[3] Yang Changjiang. From the Beijing Temple of Heaven to Chinese Architectural Culture [J]. Changjiang Series • Theoretical Research, 2017(5): 62.
Yang Changjiang Cong bei jing tian tan kan zhong guo jian zhu wen hua
[4] Yang Caiping. Integration of Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritance and Protection with Mass Cultural Work [J]. Chinese Artists, 2021(10).
Yang Caiping Fei yi chuan cheng bao hu yu qun zhong wen hua gong zuo de jie he
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/881

AI Statement
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

天坛：对天的敬畏与感恩

摘要

本文旨在探讨北京天坛的历史、建筑特色、文化内涵及其现代影响。天坛，作为明清两代皇帝祭祀天地的场所，不仅是中国古代建筑的瑰宝，更在现代社会中发挥着深远的影响。文章首先介绍了天坛的建立与发展，包括其历史背景、建筑修缮和文化保护。接着，分析了天坛的建筑特色，如严谨的布局、奇特的构造和瑰丽的装饰，以及声学原理在建筑设计中的应用。文章还探讨了天坛的文化内涵，包括皇帝的祭祀仪式、敬畏自然的思想和人与天的交融。最后，讨论了天坛在现代城市规划和旅游发展中的重要性，以及其作为文化教育场所的作用。通过对天坛的深入解读，本文揭示了中国古代社会的文化内涵和天坛在现代社会中的价值。

建立与发展

天坛，位于北京市南部，东城区永定门内大街东侧。占地约273万平方米。始建于明永乐十八年（1420年），清乾隆、光绪时曾重修改建。天坛是圜丘、祈谷两坛的总称，有坛墙两重，形成内外坛，坛墙南方北圆，象征天圆地方。
1900年八国联军曾在天坛斋宫内设立司令部，在圜丘上架炮。文物、祭器被席卷而去，建筑、树木惨遭破坏。1949年中华人民共和国成立后，政府对天坛的文物古迹投入大量的资金，进行保护和维修。进行过多次修缮和大规模绿化，使古老的天坛更加壮丽，公园占地200公顷，四面各有一门。据史料记载，有正式祭祀天地的活动，可追溯到公元前两千年，尚处于奴隶制社会的夏朝。中国古代帝王自称“天子”，他们对天地非常崇敬。1961年，国务院公布天坛为“全国重点文物保护单位”。1998年被联合国教科文组织确认为“世界文化遗产”。2007年5月8日，天坛公园经国家旅游局正式批准为国家5A级旅游景区。

建筑特色

天坛以严谨的建筑布局、奇特的建筑构造和瑰丽的建筑装饰著称于世。主要建筑物在内坛，南有圜丘坛、皇穹宇，北有祈年殿、皇乾殿，由一条贯通南北的甬道——丹陛桥，把这二组建筑连接起来。外坛古柏苍郁，环绕着内坛，使主要建筑群显得更加庄严宏伟。坛内还有巧妙运用声学原理建造的回音壁、三音石、对话石等，充分显示出古代中国建筑工艺的发达水平。天坛公园，是中国保存下来的最大祭坛建筑群。

文化内涵

古代中国以农立国，国家的存亡兴旺和上天的关系极为密切。在一定的场所、以一定的形式寻求上苍的庇佑，以实现江山永固和风调雨顺是社会生活中的头等大事。天坛便是承载这一形式、完成这一目的的场所。对天坛的解读，可以折射出中国古代社会的文化内涵。

1.皇帝的祭祀仪式
天坛的祭祀活动一般每年两次，一次在春季，一次在冬季。祈年殿是春季大祭的地方，春天是播种的季节，皇帝带着群臣来这里祭祀，祈祷天赐给好年成。圜丘则是冬季大祭的地方，时间在冬至日，此时的祭祀带有感谢天帝赐予人间恩德的意思。有时遇到旱灾、水灾，皇帝也会带着文武百官来此祭祀，祈祷平安。天坛是帝王祭天的地方，一般百姓是不能在此祭祀的。但是，天坛表达的对天的敬畏与感恩的思想，却不仅仅属于帝王，它凝结的是中国人对天崇拜的观念。早在三千多年前，中国人就有对天的崇拜。在古代中国人看来，天，或者说是天神、天帝，是控制着大地上一切事物的主宰力量。人的祸福，自然的收成等，都受到这种神秘力量控制。天只崇尚善行，如果大地上出现了自然灾害，往往被看成是天对人间做错事的一种警示，提醒人要修正。古代中国人遇到祸害的时候，往往说：“这是老天的惩罚。”清朝光绪皇帝登基的第二年，天坛大火，祈年殿被完全烧掉，光绪皇帝大惊失色，宫中的大臣面如死灰，普遍认为这昭示着某种天象，是不祥之兆。但对古代中国人来说，天并不常常是惩罚，它更多地表现为宽容和爱怜，人类在它温暖的怀抱中安详地生存。所以古代中国人对天又有一种感恩的心理。

2.敬畏自然
天坛通过巧妙的设计，突出这一建筑群的神性，寄寓着敬畏自然的思想。蓝色是主题色，天坛的三个主要建筑都建在三重白色台基上。使用的颜色唤起了强烈的纯净和崇高感——中国人将这些品质归因于天。天坛是一个靠近天的地方。细心的观赏者，一定会注意到天坛的收缩性结构。这种结构，使人仰望上天，并感觉到自己在通向上天。圜丘坛的坛面呈圆形，共分三层，无论你从哪个门拾级而上，你都会感到这是一个不断被收缩的圆形世界。到了圜丘坛的平面，经过一层一层扇形分布的艾青石石板，收缩到中间的一个圆石，那就是所谓的天心石，古代中国人认为那里是天的心脏。祭天的时候，天的神牌，就放在天心石上。接近圜丘，就是一步一步走近天心石的过程，它表达了步步近天的意思。圜丘坛的上面没有屋顶，而是一片虚空的苍穹，这就是天。

3.人与天的交融
在中国人的心目中，雄伟的天坛就是为天人之间的沟通和交融而建造的。天坛的圜丘坛和皇穹宇的回声现象，就是古人认为与天沟通的证据。如果你站在圜丘坛的天心石上，你会听到自己的声音从脚下升起，然后从坛周围的墙壁反射回来。根据设计者的说法，这种回荡的回声代表了天对说话者请求的回应。当你站在皇穹宇的外墙内，对着墙壁说话时，远处沿墙的一个朋友能够听到你的声音；这就像给别人打电话一样。这种现象，由于声波的长度远小于圆形墙壁的半径，使得皇穹宇的外墙外缘得到了“回音壁”的别称。

现代影响

天坛作为中国明清两代皇帝祭祀天地的场所，不仅是中国古代建筑的瑰宝，更在现代社会中发挥着深远的影响。它以其独特的建筑艺术和深厚的文化内涵，成为现代北京乃至中国的文化象征。

天坛的观赏价值极高，1998年被列入世界遗产，成为全球游客的旅游目的地。它不仅是北京的标志性建筑，也是中国传统文化的重要载体。天坛的建筑布局严谨、结构奇特、装饰辉煌，展现了中国古代建筑的卓越技艺，为现代人提供了直观的历史体验和审美享受。

天坛承载着丰富的文化内涵。作为古代物化哲学思想的顶峰，天坛体现了“天人合一”的中国传统哲学思想，代表了中国“中”“和”文化传统。在现代社会，天坛不仅是历史的见证，也是文化教育的重要场所，通过各种展览和活动，让公众尤其是年轻一代了解和传承中国传统文化。

天坛在现代城市规划和旅游发展中扮演着重要角色。它不仅是北京中轴线的遗产构成要素之一，也是北京城市文化的重要组成部分。天坛公园通过科技赋能，讲好天坛及北京中轴线故事，让文化遗产活起来，增强了天坛的社会影响力。

天坛是现今我国保存下来的最完整、规模最为宏大的一组封建王朝祭祀建筑群，有着较高的历史价值、科学价值和艺术价值。天坛集古代哲学、历史、数学、力学、美学、生态学于一体，是古建筑中的精品代表作，以严谨的建筑布局、奇特的建筑构造和瑰丽的建筑装饰著称于世界，被列为世界文化遗产。天坛建筑的平面布局、建筑的色彩的搭配、构造寓意、独特的木结构都深深体现出古代建筑师在建筑方面的深厚造诣。

问题与答案

问题1：
天坛是明清两代皇帝祭祀天地的场所，那么天坛的主要建筑有哪些？
问题2：
天坛的建筑特色体现在哪些方面？
问题3：
天坛在现代有哪些影响和作用？

答案1：
天坛的主要建筑包括圜丘坛、皇穹宇、祈年殿和皇乾殿，这些建筑由丹陛桥连接起来。
答案2：
天坛的建筑特色体现在其严谨的建筑布局、奇特的建筑构造和瑰丽的建筑装饰，以及声学原理在建筑设计中的应用。
答案3：
天坛作为中国的文化象征，具有极高的观赏价值，是全球游客的旅游目的地。它承载着丰富的文化内涵，体现了“天人合一”的中国传统哲学思想，是文化教育的重要场所。在现代城市规划和旅游发展中扮演着重要角色，通过科技赋能，增强了天坛的社会影响力。

参考文献

[1] 谷健辉.场所的解读 ——明清北京天坛的文化象征意义[J].华中建筑 2005（23）:115.
[2] 孙胜男，赵雪薇，孟昭博天坛建筑特色及其对现代结构的启迪[J].住宅与房地产2018：82
[3] 杨长江. 从北京天坛看中国建筑文化[J].长江丛刊•理论研究,2017(5):62.
[4] 杨彩萍.非遗传承保护与群众文化工作的结合[J].中国文艺家,2021(10).

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Chinese Language and Culture 2024

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Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

=簽到 Here you can sign in behind the topic you want to present in class=
*Yu Yi
*Memo
*Guo Zibin
*Binbin
*Glen
*Liu Li
*Liu Zhuofan
*Drovan
*Wu Ziyi
*Andrew
*Wang Xuan
*Cynthia
*Wang Yan
*Doris
*Wu Jing
*Jennie
*Huang Qi
*Esther
*Xiao Feiyan
*He Chuwen
*Lyra
*Shu Lin
*Shirleen
*Tang Yuewei
*Eavan
*Jiao Mengting
*Sherry
*Le Yuxuan
*Lydia
*Wu Jiaying
*Cathy
*Jiang Yaping
*Sunny
*Li Jia
*Zoe
*Wang Yujiao
*Wendy
*Fu Xinke
*Finger
*Zeng Wenjing
*Zoey
*Chen Zilan
*Landy
*Yang Lingyue
*Yang Fan
*Liu Peinan
*Peter

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development .. 16

2.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211

25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343

40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509

58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

90.
Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ............................................................................ 917

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949

105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211Chen Shanshan(Rebecca)

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404(Yang Lingyue/Judy)

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ....................................................................................... 1414

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Wang Yan/Doris）

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836

204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 2302

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=