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20230630 Classics

2023-06-14T18:15:30Z

Liang Xinlu: /* Final Exam Papers */

==Final Exam Papers==
Please think of a topic in relation to Chinese classics and their reception history in the West and list your topic with your name here. As soon as it will be approved by the teacher, you can start writing in one of the sub-websites beneath (see bottom of the page).

{| class="wikitable"
|colspan="3"| „Students' Final Exam Topic Suggestions and Teacher Comments“
|-
| 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi
| Current Situation of the Communication and Reflections on the English Translation of The Art of War
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
| 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi
| The Translation Methods and Strategies of Chinese Classics: A Case Study on Chuang Tzu
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
| 李心田 Li Xintian
| On the Translation and Reception History of the ''Tao Te Ching''
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find. SIMILAR TOPIC AS LIU YUQING - HOW ABOUT SPLIT THE WORK BETWEEN THE TWO OF YOU IN "English-speaking translation/reception" AND "Non-Anglophone translation/reception"?
|-
| 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia
| The Translation and Transmission of the ''Yijing'' in the West
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find. SIMILAR TOPIC AS LI YAN - HOW ABOUT SPLIT THE WORK BETWEEN THE TWO OF YOU IN "English-speaking translation/reception" AND "Non-Anglophone translation/reception"?
|-
| 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu
| On the Dissemination and Translation of the Analects in the West
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
| 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan
| On the Dissemination and Translation of ''Compendium of Materia Medica'' in Europe
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
| 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan
| On the Communication Effect in the English Translation of The Analects of Confucius
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
| 陈婧 Chen Jing
| The Translation of Chinese Scientific and Technological Classics
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
| 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu
| A Literature Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine Translation
|-
| 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi
| The English Translations of the ''Shijing'' and Its Dissemination in the English World
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
| 付静 Fu Jing
| A Systematic Literature Review of Studies on English translations of Chinese Artistic Essays
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
| 夏玲珑 Xia Linglong (Saitova Madina)
| The Evolution of Chinese Female Characters Perception in the West Based on Ancient Chinese Literature
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
| Mohammed Ali Saleh ALi Al AWDI
| Systematic Literature Review of the History of English translations of the ''Dream of the Red Chamber''
|-
| 李彦 Li Yan
|The Reception and Translation of "Journey to the West" in the West: Cultural Encounters and Value Reconstruction
|
|-
| 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing
| The Reception and Translation of the ''Tao Te Ching'' in the West
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find. SIMILAR TOPIC AS LI XINTIAN - HOW ABOUT SPLIT THE WORK BETWEEN THE TWO OF YOU IN "English-speaking translation/reception" AND "Non-Anglophone translation/reception"?
|-
| 王芳玲 Wang Fangling
| The Influence of Confucianism on Western Philosophy and Ethics
| Teacher comment: Since there are a lot of papers on this topic existing, please write your paper as a [[Systematic Literature Review]] taking into account the most often cited and most recent papers in English and Chinese you can find.
|-
|}

<span style="color:red">The deadline has been extended to '''June 5, 2023'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until June 5. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline June 15!</span> Altogether 5,000 English words.

==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. ...、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。总共5千个英文词。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Sub-Websites to write your final exam paper on==
[[20230630_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[[20230630_final_exam_01]] First group of students: 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi, 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi
*[[20230630_final_exam_02]] 2nd group of students: 李心田 Li Xintian, 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia
*[[20230630_final_exam_03]] 3rd group of students: 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu, 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan
*[[20230630_final_exam_04]] 4th group of students: 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan, 陈婧 Chen Jing
*[[20230630_final_exam_05]] 5th group of students: 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu, 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi
*[[20230630_final_exam_06]] 6th group of students: 付静 Fu Jing, 夏玲珑 Madina
*[[20230630_final_exam_07]] 7th group of students: Mohammed AWDI, 李彦 Li Yan
*[[20230630_final_exam_08]] 8th group of students: 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing, 王芳玲 Wang Fangling

20230630 final exam 05

2023-06-14T18:14:58Z

Liang Xinlu: /* Reference */

=202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting)=
== A Literature Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine Translation==
===Abstract===
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive review of the translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) literature, focusing on the key themes of TCM, terminology, cross-cultural communication, metaphor, functional theory, and globalization. TCM is a holistic medical system with a rich cultural and historical background, and its accurate translation is crucial for promoting cross-cultural understanding and global dissemination. The review examines the challenges faced in translating TCM terminology, explores the role of metaphor in TCM discourse, discusses the application of functional theory in TCM translation, and highlights the importance of globalization in the context of TCM. By analyzing existing research and literature, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of TCM translation studies and facilitate effective communication and exchange between TCM practitioners, researchers, and international audiences.
===Key Words===
TCM, Terminology, cross-cultural communication, metaphor, functional theory, globalization
===题目===
中医翻译文献综述
===摘要===
本文对中医翻译的文献进行了综述，重点关注中医、术语、跨文化交流、隐喻、功能理论和全球化等关键主题。中医是一个具有丰富文化和历史背景的整体医学系统，其准确的翻译对于促进跨文化理解和全球传播至关重要。本综述探讨了中医术语翻译所面临的挑战，探索了隐喻在中医语境中的作用，讨论了功能理论在中医翻译中的应用，并强调了全球化在中医背景下的重要性。通过分析现有的研究和文献，本综述旨在推动中医翻译研究的进展，促进中医从业者、研究人员和国际受众之间的有效沟通和交流
===关键词===
中医、术语、跨文化交际、功能理论、全球化
===Introduction===
In recent years, TCM has gained increasing international recognition and influence. As TCM continues to expand its reach, the importance of translation in the field has become paramount. Translating TCM texts accurately and effectively is essential for promoting cross-cultural understanding and facilitating global communication in this domain. This article explores the theoretical research in TCM translation, specifically focusing on the functional translation theory and metaphorical cognitive approaches applied to terminology translation. The renowned TCM classic, "Huangdi Neijing" (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), serves as a prominent example of the texts addressed in this discussion. Furthermore, the article raises questions regarding how to approach terminology translation and enhance the cross-cultural communicative function of TCM.
As TCM gains prominence on the international stage, the demand for reliable and precise translations has surged. It is imperative to explore theoretical frameworks and methodologies that can ensure accurate and culturally sensitive translations. The functional translation theory, which emphasizes the communicative function of translated texts, offers valuable insights into the translation of TCM materials. Additionally, applying metaphorical cognitive approaches in translating TCM terminology helps to capture the nuanced meanings and concepts embedded within TCM texts.
The translation of "Huangdi Neijing," a cornerstone of TCM literature, presents unique challenges and opportunities. Exploring effective strategies to translate its rich terminology, metaphors, and cultural references can contribute to a better understanding and appreciation of TCM worldwide. This article poses questions such as: How can we approach the translation of TCM terminologies while preserving their essence and functionality? How can we enhance the cross-cultural communicative impact of TCM translations, promoting effective dialogue and exchange of knowledge?
By delving into the theories and practices of TCM translation, this article aims to shed light on the crucial role translation plays in the growing international influence of TCM. Furthermore, it strives to stimulate further research and discussion on terminology translation and the enhancement of cross-cultural communication in the field of TCM.
===A Brief Introduction to the History of TCM Translation===
1.Significance of TCM translation
Traditional Chinese medical literature bears witness to the remarkable skills of TCM experts and their research achievements in prescriptions, showcasing the splendid accomplishments and significant contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. These ancient texts serve as the original sources of TCM theories and methods, preserving thousands of years of medical thoughts and treatment experiences that continue to hold a crucial position in clinical practice. Moreover, TCM classics are a treasure trove of ancient Chinese encyclopedic knowledge, reflecting an essential component of Chinese culture. Translating and studying these ancient texts not only plays a positive role in the international dissemination of TCM and the collective progress of global medicine but also helps bridge the cultural gap and showcase the splendid and enduring cultural traditions of China to the world.

2.Development stages

The English translation of TCM classics has gone through four significant historical stages.

The first stage took place from the mid-18th century to the late 19th century when Western knowledge gradually reached the East and Chinese knowledge spread to the West. During this period, foreign missionaries and sinologists translated some TCM classics, introducing TCM materia medica, pulse diagnosis, and organ systems. However, the translation results were to some extent constrained by the translators' understanding of TCM theories and influenced by Western culture.

The second stage occurred from 1900 to 1950, during a period marked by the impact of Western medicine on TCM and the prevailing trend of TCM modernization. In this era, the English translation of TCM classics was mainly undertaken by Western medical researchers and Chinese scholars. The translation work primarily focused on TCM materia medica and foundational theoretical works. However, due to the introduction of Western pharmaceutical methods, the translation results did not fully reflect the original form, medical and cultural connotations of the ancient texts.

The third stage spanned from 1951 to 1991, the period of the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the opening-up and reform era. During this stage, there was initial development in the English translation of TCM classics, with the emergence of translated versions of foundational TCM theoretical works and clinical treatises. Translators began to pay attention to the medical theories, clinical value, historical context, and cultural significance of the ancient texts. They also incorporated the methods of medical history and textual studies to improve the accuracy of translation.

The fourth stage, from 1992 to the present, is characterized by the internationalization and global dissemination of TCM. This stage witnessed a significant increase in the English translations of TCM classics, employing diverse translation methods and yielding more precise and comprehensive results. Translators have experimented with various interdisciplinary research approaches, including history, medicine, linguistics, and others, to better restore and interpret the knowledge and ideas contained in TCM classics.

These developmental stages demonstrate that TCM translation is not only essential for the inheritance and development of TCM culture but also serves as a vital bridge for the exchange and integration between TCM and global medicine. Through translation and study of TCM classics, we can gain a better understanding of the theoretical framework and clinical applications of TCM, promoting its dissemination and recognition on the international stage.

===An Overview of Metaphor and TCM ===

1.The introduction to metaphor

When reviewing the research on the translation of TCM terminology, it is evident that the mainstream theories guiding TCM translation have deviated from the actual language and cognitive characteristics of TCM. This deviation hinders the cognitive construction and acceptance of TCM in other cultural and linguistic contexts. The language and cognitive reality of TCM are rooted in metaphor and expressed through the formation and cognition of analogical terms.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the mechanisms of metaphorical semantic generation and comprehension. This model aims to provide quantifiable indicators for the construction and evaluation of TCM terminology translation, with the goal of offering reference points for further exploration of strategies, principles, and methods in TCM terminology translation.

To promote a better understanding and acceptance of TCM among a wider audience, it is necessary to align the mindset of the audience with the inherent cognitive approach of TCM itself. Due to its long-standing immersion in Chinese culture, TCM possesses a unique way of cognition, which often manifests in its language expression, particularly in the formation of terminology. It can be said that understanding TCM terminology serves as a gateway to comprehending the cognitive system of TCM. TCM employs analogical thinking as a cognitive method, and its terminology exhibits distinct metaphorical characteristics. The translation of TCM terminology, especially the translation of metaphorical expressions, directly affects the cognitive construction of TCM within another linguistic and cultural context, serving as an important condition for the acceptance of TCM principles in a different cultural framework.

2.Research on the theory of TCM translation

Research on the theory of TCM translation is urgently needed, not only because of the limited amount of theoretical research but also due to the inherent flaws in the existing theories being applied. Currently, the most commonly used theories in domestic TCM translation research include the theories of foreignization and domestication, linguistic-cultural theory, and the theory of multiple systems (Wang Yinquan, et al., 2014).
The Chinese language tends to use concrete imagery to express abstract concepts, and this is particularly evident in the language of TCM. The thinking embedded in TCM has its philosophical foundations, manifested in the process of observation, analogy, comparison, and understanding influenced by ancient geographical environment, production methods, social systems, and other factors. This analogical mapping relationship aligns with the metaphorical path of thinking in Western cognitive linguistics. This thinking can be traced back to the "gua" (hexagrams) in the Book of Changes (Yi Jing). In the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), the idea of "analogy and comparison" is explicitly expressed, such as in the chapter "Wu Yun Xing Da Lun" which states, "The Yin and Yang of heaven and earth cannot be determined by numbers but by their images," and in the chapter "Shi Cong Rong Lun" which says, "Regarding analogy and comparison, it encompasses the principles of harmony and conformity." It is evident that this concept has always been inherent in the terminology of TCM word formation.

The construction of an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the metaphorical cognitive perspective and the complete process of medical interpretation is an important methodology in TCM. TCM utilizes various "images" to explain and construct its most important theories, including the patterns of Yin and Yang, the Five Elements, and the interaction between Heaven and Human.

From the publication status of relevant papers in journals, although research in this field has made some progress, the inclusion of this topic in core journals is relatively limited. Chen Yi et al. (2020) pointed out that the study of metaphorical translation of TCM terminology is still in its preliminary stage, indicating that this research direction has yet to be further explored. Overall, the current research still faces three main issues: 1) the lack of a systematic evaluation framework for metaphorical translation of TCM terminology, with a focus on descriptive evaluation methods and limited and fragmented evaluation criteria; 2) incomplete discussion on the selection of translation theories and translation principles based on achieving the optimal effect of metaphorical terms, resulting in some studies showing low evaluation of translation based on metaphorical considerations; and 3) research on the metaphorical translation of TCM terminology mostly concentrates on the discussion of specific translation techniques, while related theoretical research remains underdeveloped.

To address these deficiencies, it is necessary to construct an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the mechanisms of metaphor generation and understanding. This model should investigate the entire process from the generation of metaphorical meaning to the emergence of meaning after translation, covering various stages from reader recognition to comprehension and cognitive application.

3 Metaphor and TCM works

Metaphor is not exclusive to literary works; it also exists in the fields of science, everyday language, thought patterns, and behavior. In addition to its medical nature, TCM encompasses elements of astronomy, geography, humanities, and philosophy. TCM language is rich in metaphors.
In ancient times, people's cognitive abilities were limited, so they often used the method of "taking similarities and making connections" to establish relationships based on the similarity between things. This cognitive method involves understanding unfamiliar and abstract concepts by relating them to familiar and concrete things. This cognitive method was widely used in TCM and TCM classics. In the "Huangdi Neijing," whether describing disease symptoms, elucidating medical principles, explaining TCM concepts, discussing TCM theories, or interpreting treatment methods and principles, the "Chinese-style metaphor" of "taking similarities and making connections" is consistently present.

The metaphors in the language of TCM can be categorized into three main types: natural, political, and philosophical. The ancient people's understanding of the world was derived from nature, and the construction of TCM theories was also influenced by the limitations of their cognitive sources. The relationship between the human body's structure and the universe is described in the "Ling Shu: Xie Ke" (Li Zhaoguo, 2008:822) as follows: "The heavens are round and the earth is square, and so the human head is round and the feet are square to correspond with them. Just as the heavens have the sun and moon, the human body has two eyes; just as the earth has nine provinces, the human body has nine orifices..." In this statement, the human body is metaphorically compared to a small universe. The descriptions of human body structure and its relationships in the "Huangdi Neijing" fully illustrate the abundance of metaphorical relationships between the human body and the natural world. Ancient TCM practitioners used metaphoric mappings from the natural world to the human body to construct mechanisms for physiological and pathological diagnosis and treatment.

When interpreting TCM, the ancient people were not only influenced by the natural world but also by the political hierarchy of their time. In ancient society, with "ritual" as its core, a strict political hierarchy was established, and a series of metaphors related to politics emerged in TCM. For example, mappings were made between official positions (yuan yu) and the study of TCM. The "Huangdi Neijing" states, "The main disease is called 'jun' (ruler), and assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen' (minister), and corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi' (envoy), not referring to the three classes of garments for upper, middle, and lower ranks" (Li Zhaoguo, 2008:1228). In this sentence, "the main disease is called 'jun'" refers to the "jun" in herbal formulations, which represents the main medicinal ingredient used to treat the disease. "Zuo" refers to assistance. "Assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen'" refers to the "chen" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the main ingredient in exerting its effects. "Ying chen" refers to the response or interaction with the "chen" ingredients. "Corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi'" refers to the "shi" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the "chen" ingredients in exerting their effects. TCM uses the hierarchical relationship of rulers and ministers to metaphorically represent the importance of medicinal substances in treating diseases.

3.Meaning of exploring metaphor

Every aspect of human life is influenced and shaped by culture. Culture determines people's ways of existence, self-expression, behavior, and thinking. Analogical thinking is a unique cognitive method deeply rooted in Chinese culture. The strong metaphorical nature of TCM requires the translation of TCM terminology from a metaphorical perspective. In general, human language and thinking are inherently metaphorical, which is a shared experience among all human beings. This provides the possibility for readers of other languages to understand foreign metaphors and embrace new thought patterns.
Therefore, in the long run, if target language readers can comprehend the metaphors in TCM, they will be better able to embrace TCM thinking. This will serve as a more effective approach to promote the acceptance and dissemination of TCM.

===Review of functionalist and TCM===

The introduction of German functionalist translation theory into China has had a profound impact on the translation community, bringing forth new research topics and influences. As an integral part of traditional Chinese culture, the question of how to globalize TCM has been extensively discussed by experts and scholars in the fields of translation and TCM. The functionalist translation theory offers a fresh perspective and theoretical foundation for the translation of TCM culture. It provides valuable insights and methods to bridge cultural and linguistic barriers, facilitating the dissemination and understanding of TCM principles on an international scale.

1.The introduction to Functional theory

Functional Translation Theory has its origins in Germany in the 1970s. It was first introduced by Katharina Reiss in her book "Possibilities and Limitation of Translation Criticism," where she emphasized the importance of text function as a criterion for evaluating translations. Reiss established a framework for assessing translations based on the relationship between the functions of the source text and the target text. Building on Reiss's work, her student Vermeer further developed the main theories of the functionalist approach and introduced the concept of skopostheory, which is considered the cornerstone of Functional Translation Theory. According to skopostheory, the guiding principle in translation is the "skopos rule," which states that the purpose to be achieved by a translation determines the entire translation process.

Mantyäri expanded the scope of Functional Translation Theory by incorporating action theory and addressing various forms of intercultural transformations, including text transformations. Her focus encompassed the behavior of the translation process, the roles of the participants, and the environmental factors in which translation takes place. Christiane Nord, in her further refinement of Functional Translation Theory, introduced the principle of "loyalty with addition of function," which emphasizes the interpersonal relationships among the translator, the author of the source text, the recipient of the translated text, and the initiator of the translation. Nord's influential work, "Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approaches Explained," published in 1997, provided a comprehensive overview of German functionalist theories, clarifying ambiguities and terminologies. She introduced the notion of loyalty as a crucial element in the functionalist model, emphasizing the importance of maintaining relationships while considering the function of the translated text. Nord argued that Functional Translation Theory can be applied to various types of translation.

In summary, Functional Translation Theory offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and evaluating translation by considering the functions and purposes involved in the translation process. It acknowledges the dynamic nature of translation within specific communicative contexts and emphasizes the significance of the target text's function in relation to the source text.

2. Current Research Status in China

From the perspective of c, the journal articles in CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) primarily focus on the following five areas: analysis of translation of specific aspects of TCM terminology or culturally loaded terms based on Functional Translation Theory, research on translation of TCM works and their versions from a functional translation theory perspective, translation studies on other aspects of TCM and TCM applications based on Functional Translation Theory, research on issues and strategies in the translation and dissemination of TCM, and research on the translation of TCM instructions based on Functional Translation Theory.

From the perspective of research content and subjects, the study of TCM translation in China goes beyond the translation of TCM terminology and the dissemination of TCM knowledge. It also involves the translation of highly specialized TCM classics, such as the "Huangdi Neijing," "Shanghan Lun," "Jin Kui Yao Lue," and others. The authors conducting this research come from diverse backgrounds, including not only linguistics or translation theory and practice but also TCM foundational theory, TCM medical history literature, and even interdisciplinary backgrounds like TCM foreign languages.

In terms of publication outlets, research articles can be found in both foreign language journals and TCM-related journals. Examples of TCM-related journals include "Global Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Shizhen Guoyi Guoyao" (Chinese Journal of Traditional Medical Science and Technology), "Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Hunan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine," and "Western Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine."

=== Internationalization and Translation of TCM Classics===

1.Significance

The translation of TCM classics carries great significance as TCM moves towards internationalization and globalization. The challenge lies in accurately translating the essence of Chinese traditional medicine to Western audiences. Translation involves the transformation of symbols between two different languages to facilitate cross-cultural communication and dissemination of information. As translators of TCM, our responsibility extends beyond conveying the source language information accurately; we must consciously introduce the literary atmosphere, cultural spirit, and philosophical understanding of traditional medicine and culture. It is undeniable that the translation of TCM classics from the source language (Chinese) to the target language (English, for example) falls within the realm of literary translation. As Professor Li Yuchun stated, literature is a symbol or coding system that constructs a national image and discourse system in various forms of discourse or symbols. Based on this understanding, it is essential for modern TCM translators to incorporate the concepts of modernization and national identity into the translation of TCM classics.

2.Challenges

In terms of historical perspective, the exchange and dissemination of TCM have been taking place since the Qin and Han dynasties. Early dissemination primarily focused on the Han cultural sphere influenced by Confucianism, culture, and language. From the Ming and Qing dynasties onwards, the translation, publication, and introduction of TCM literature and clinical works by Western missionaries and scholars in China formed part of the "Westernization of Chinese Studies," greatly promoting the overseas dissemination of TCM and the cultural exchange between Chinese and Western medicine. After more than 300 years of accumulated experience and practice, TCM translation has finally established a unique and distinctive development path. However, the difficulty lies in conveying the Chinese language, medicine, and culture to the West. To date, the translation and dissemination of TCM classics, which are indispensable for introducing TCM theories, practices, and culture, remain the weakest link in the translation and dissemination of traditional Chinese culture abroad. Overall, there is still a lack of a systematic and characteristic chain and system for introducing TCM to foreign readers in a planned and comprehensive manner, particularly in terms of content that enters the field of TCM understanding and becomes an important object of Western medical cognition. These challenges highlight the importance and urgency of research on the translation and dissemination of TCM classics. It is crucial to accurately grasp its historical origins, clarify its connotations, and approach its development from different levels, including theoretical concepts, basic paths, and objectives.

3.Approaches

Internationalization Path: The translation and dissemination of TCM classics should not only uphold national values and highlight the core ideas of traditional culture but also consider both Chinese and Western perspectives and promote mutual understanding. From a translation perspective, internationalized classic translation should not only construct linguistic forms but also ensure the transmission of meaning, capturing the essence effectively. Textual meaning construction includes the construction of textual meaning that facilitates information transmission and cultural interaction, as well as the scientific meaning construction. From a communication perspective, it is crucial to develop reasonable macro strategies that are widely accepted internationally, expand diverse forms of international communication channels, and seek collaborative efforts from multiple parties. For example, constructing medical or cultural products with aesthetic and cultural attributes that facilitate the internationalization of TCM, such as releasing translated texts or creating popular educational materials and brochures, can establish convenient interpretation and dissemination pathways. Moreover, the cultivation of translation and dissemination professionals with an international background in TCM classics is urgently needed. Confronting the issues and challenges of international dissemination of TCM under the globalization trend, establishing long-term goals for translation talent development based on industry and cultural strategies is vital to effectively promote the dissemination and diversified development of TCM. Currently, the cultivation of internationalized translation professionals in TCM is key

===Evaluation===

1 Conclusion of recent research

This literature review provides an analysis of the research on the translation history of TCM, emphasizing the significance of translation theory and metaphorical perspectives in effective cross-cultural dissemination. The synthesis of the reviewed literature highlights that TCM, with its medical essence and profound cultural connotations, holds great importance in international communication and collaboration.
Translation theory, specifically functional translation theory, offers valuable guidance for TCM translation. According to functional translation theory, translation serves specific functions beyond mere language conversion. In the context of TCM translation, these functions encompass accurate conveyance of medical knowledge, cultural exchange, and academic cooperation. Translators, therefore, need to comprehend the needs and backgrounds of the target readership, employing flexible translation strategies to ensure the fulfillment of these functional aspects in the translated texts.

Metaphorical perspectives play a crucial role in TCM translation. Metaphors are widely employed in the language of TCM, spanning the realms of nature, politics, and philosophy. Through the use of metaphors, TCM theories and concepts are communicated in a vivid and evocative manner to the target audience. Metaphors act as bridges in cross-cultural communication, facilitating the understanding and acceptance of TCM knowledge while fostering the development of new patterns of thinking and concepts.

The significance of studying the translation history of TCM lies in gaining a deeper understanding of its dissemination and drawing valuable lessons from it. By examining the historical processes of TCM translation, we can explore the strategies and modes of dissemination employed in different periods, identifying successful experiences and lessons learned. This research serves as a valuable reference and guide for current and future TCM translation endeavors, facilitating the international dissemination and promotion of TCM.

In conclusion, translation theory and metaphorical perspectives are instrumental in effectively disseminating TCM internationally. The exploration of TCM translation history offers valuable insights and lessons. Further research and practice in TCM translation are essential to promote the global outreach of TCM, ensuring the inheritance and development of TCM culture on the international stage.

2. Future Research Outlook

In the field of Chinese medicine translation, there are challenges and opportunities for improvement. Understanding the current state of Chinese medicine translation and proposing effective strategies for improvement is crucial for advancing the field. Future research can focus on the following areas:

Quality and Accuracy: Chinese medicine translation requires a high level of accuracy and fidelity to ensure the correct understanding and application of Chinese medicine theory and practice. Future research should emphasize the development of standard guidelines and criteria for Chinese medicine translation, including terminology consistency, cultural relevance, and maintaining the integrity of Chinese medicine concepts. Implementing quality control measures and promoting collaboration between Chinese medicine experts and translators can enhance the accuracy and reliability of Chinese medicine translation.

Bridging Language and Culture: Chinese medical texts often contain complex concepts and cultural nuances that can pose challenges in accurate communication across different languages. Future research should explore effective strategies for bridging the language and cultural gaps in Chinese medicine translation. This can include the development of vocabulary lists, reference materials, and translation resources to assist translators in capturing the essence of Chinese medicine concepts and ensuring their proper interpretation in different cultural contexts.

Collaboration and Knowledge Exchange: Collaboration between Chinese medicine practitioners, translators, researchers, and language professionals is crucial for driving the development of Chinese medicine translation. Future research should encourage interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange platforms to promote a deeper understanding of Chinese medicine theory, terminology, and cultural significance. This collaboration can help establish shared knowledge repositories and facilitate ongoing improvements in Chinese medicine translation practices.

Integration of Technology: The integration of technology such as machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and Chinese medicine databases can greatly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of Chinese medicine translation. Future research should explore the potential of these technologies in supporting the Chinese medicine translation process while addressing the unique challenges posed by Chinese medicine terminology and cultural nuances. Developing specialized tools and resources that harness these technologies can assist translators in making informed decisions and innovations when dealing with Chinese medicine translation.

By incorporating both metaphor translation and functional theory into future research, Chinese medicine translation can be further improved in terms of accuracy, cultural adaptation, and effective communication of the intended functions. These advancements will contribute to the wider dissemination and understanding of Chinese medicine theories and practices beyond national boundaries.

My view on TCM translation is that it should embrace a holistic approach that combines metaphor translation, functional theory, and localization. Building upon the previous research findings, I believe that effective TCM translation goes beyond linguistic accuracy and involves cultural adaptation to ensure the proper understanding and acceptance of TCM theories and practices in the target language and culture.
Firstly, metaphor translation plays a crucial role in capturing the essence of TCM concepts and conveying them in a culturally meaningful way. TCM language is rich in metaphors that reflect the interconnectedness of the human body, nature, and the universe. Translators should strive to identify and preserve these metaphors while ensuring their intelligibility and relevance in the target culture. This requires a deep understanding of both TCM theory and the target language's cultural context.
Secondly, functional theory provides a valuable framework for guiding TCM translation practices. Translators should consider the purpose and intended functions of the translated text, taking into account the needs and expectations of the target audience. Adhering to the principles of functional equivalence and communicative effectiveness, TCM translation should aim to convey the intended effects and benefits of TCM practices in a way that resonates with the target audience. This may involve adapting terminology, adjusting rhetorical styles, and selecting appropriate cultural references.
Furthermore, localization is essential in TCM translation to ensure the seamless integration of TCM concepts and practices into the target culture. This involves adapting not only the language but also the cultural and social aspects of TCM to make it relevant and accessible to the target audience. Localization may include adapting TCM diagnostic methods and treatment approaches to align with the target culture's healthcare system, incorporating local case studies and testimonials, and considering the preferences and beliefs of the target audience.

In the era of globalization, TCM translation should prioritize global reach. It is crucial to accurately convey the essence of TCM to a worldwide audience. This requires overcoming the challenge of translating TCM's rich cultural and medical knowledge into different languages. TCM translation must go beyond linguistic conversion and focus on cultural adaptation and sensitivity. By embracing modern translation theories and methodologies, TCM can be effectively communicated to a global audience while maintaining its authenticity. Additionally, leveraging technology and digital platforms can enhance the accessibility and dissemination of TCM worldwide. Training talented translators with an international background is essential for promoting TCM's internationalization. In summary, TCM translation needs to adapt to globalization, ensuring accurate communication and promoting the global integration of TCM.

===Reference===

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[2]丁立福,郭智莉,张健.论中医药国际化进程中的译介成果、挑战及对策[J].安徽理工大学学报(社会科学版),2021,23(04):74-79.

[3]武永胜,赵玉华.中医语言的特点及其翻译研究[J].兰州职业技术学院学报,2023,39(02):63-65.

[4]李成华,孔冉冉,孙慧明.中医翻译理论与话语权构建[J].中国医药导报,2023,20(06):194-197.DOI:10.20047/j.issn1673-7210.2023.06.45.

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=202270081680 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi 英语笔译(English translation)=
==The Translation and Dissenmination of Shi Jing in the English World==
===Abstract===
More than two centuries has witnessed the translation and spreading of Shi Jing in the English world. Various translations have emerged, providing a feasible way for the spreading and research of its English translation. In this paper, the author adpots the method of historical analysis to investigate and examine the English translation history of Shi Jing, and tries to depict the historial evolution of its English translation, which is divided into three periods: the indirect translation and slective translation period, the full translation period and the new period. Each period has the representative translators at home or abroad. Furthermore, the author summerizes the characteristics of each period in general. Based on meticulous investigations, this paper shows how Shi Jing has influenced the world and how it does a great deal for the Chinese literature coming towards the world.
===Key Words===
Shijing; English translation; three periods
==诗经在英语世界的翻译与传播==
===摘要===
两个多世纪以来，《诗经》英译本不断涌现，在英语世界广泛传播。繁多的译本为《诗经》的英译传播和研究提供了可行的途径。本文运用历史分析方法梳理、考辩《诗经》的英译历史，尝试描绘出《诗经》英译的历史演进并将其分为转译及摘译期、全译期和新时期，每一时期均简要评述了代表性翻译家及译作。最后，作者分别总结了上述三个阶段英译活动的特征。通过详实考察，本文展现了《诗经》对世界的影响，以及对中国文学走向世界的巨大推动作用。
===关键词===
诗经;英译;三个时期
===Introduction===
''Shi Jing'', also named ''Book of Poetry'' or ''Book of Songs'', is the first collection of poems in China. It consists of 305 poems that vividly show ancient Chinese people’s life from the early Western Zhou Dynasty (the 11th century BC) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period (the 6th century BC). There are three parts in the book: ''Feng'' (160 poems), ''Ya'' (74 poems in Xiao Ya and 31 poems in Da Ya), and ''Song'' (40 poems). Poems in ''Feng'' are mainly folk poems about people’s stories or emotions. ''Xiao Ya'' contains some folk poems and nobles’ works, and its most notable works are about fcasts and wars. Most of the poems in ''Da Ya'' are produced by imperial nobles. Poems in ''Song'' are mainly the song and poetry about the imperial family’s sacrifice to ancestors.

The language of ''Shi Jing'' conveys the beauty of music, with a sentence structure mainly composed of four words, but also flexible and varied. The four sentences independently form a poetic chapter, occasionally mixed with sentence structures of two, three, five, seven, or eight words. Reduplicated chapters, sentences, and characters are common expressive techniques in ''Shi Jing'', and rhythm between spaced sentences, between neighbouring sentences, cross rhyming, and rhyming through the same initial consonants and Chinese vowels are the basic methods in ''Shi Jing'' for metric. ''Shi Jing'' has unique characteristics in terms of meaning and rhetoric. Commonly used rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, contrast, and duality can be found in this classic. Its creative techniques have had a huge impact on the genre structure, language art, and other aspects of Chinese literature.

The translation and dissenmination of ''Shi Jing'' to foreign countries can be said to have a long history. The work has attracted many readers and scholars and conscquently been translated into many different languages. According to research, ''Shi Jing'' was first passed down through the Silk Road and initially spread to China’s neighboring countries such as today’s Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and so on. In the 16th century, ''Shi Jing'' began its journey in Europe. The earliest English translation can be traced back to the 18th century. So far, ''Shi Jing'' has been translated into dozens of languages and widely disseminated worldwide. Throughout the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, it generally includes two aspects: the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' and the research of it. In order to comprehensively understand the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', the author consulted a large number of literature, adopted historical analysis methods to examine the history of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', and then summarized the characteristics of English translation activities in different periods. The author hopes that this article can not only help us understand the dissemination of ''Shi Jing'' in the English speaking world, but also provide some reference for future research on related translation.

===1. Three Periods of the English Translation of ''Shi Jing''===

====1.1 The Indirect Translation and Slective Translation Period (1735-1829)====

According to the available materials, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' began with the indirect translation of ''Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' written in French. It was edited by the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde and it has four volumes. In the second volume, he introduced and examined the literariness of Shi Jing, with a collection of eight poems translated by the France Jesuit Joseph Henry de Prémare. The publication of the book in France immediately attracted the attention of the UK publishers. In 1736 and 1738, the Britain Richard Brooks, the London publisher Edward Cave and the translators he organized translated and published the English version of the book the respectively. It was the first time that some of poems of ''Shi Jing'' was translated into English.

In 1761, several excerpts from ''Shi Jing'' were contained in the final appendix of the novel ''Hau Kiou Choaan'' or ''The Pleasing History'' compiled by Thomas Percy. Knowing little about Chinese, Percy translated all those poems indirectly based on the reference to others’ translations. According to Yang Zhiyi (2005, 33), there are seven excerpts respectively translated indirectly from the version in Latin translation of ''Confucius Sinarum philosophus'' by Philippe Couplet and others, and cited from the version in the Latin work ''Musaem Sinicum'' by German Bayer and ''the Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' by Du Halde.

The earliest translation of ''Shi Jing'' with the original poems in Chinese as a reference was William Jones’s version. He initially translated the ''Qi Ao'' in ''Wei Feng'' in Latin and included the translation in the ''Poeseos Asiaticæ Commentatorium''. In 1785, Jones took most of pages to discuss ''Shi Jing'' in his paper “On the Second Classical Book of the Chinese”, where he also translated each section of poems ''Qi Ao'', ''Tao Yao'', and ''Jie’nan Shan'' with methods of both literal translation and free translation in poetic style. His literal translation in prose style is generally faithful to original poems in terms of meaning and numbers of sentences, while his free translation in poetic translation, on the other hand, is considered as “imitation” (Fan Cunzhong 1991, 79), a recreation inspired by the original text. Jones not only added poetic lines in his transaltion, but also generalized the rich cultural imagery of China, adopting the rhyme style of British folk songs.

In 1829, the famous British sinologist Sir John F. Davis published the second complete English translation of ''The Fortunate Union'', which embraces some poems extracted from ''Shi Jing''. He also included these selectiive translations in his article “On the Poetry of the Chinese”, which takes examples of ''Shi Jing'' and folk songs from Pre Qin Dynasty to Six Dynasties to elaborate on the rhythmic characteristics of Chinese classical poetry. He referred to the Chinese original text when translating the poems in The Fortune Union, and also introduced them in a Chinese English comparison in “On the Poetry of the Chinese”. In this way, he pioneered the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' by comparing with Chinese original poems.

====1.2 The Full Translation Period (1871-1976)====

In the 1870s, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' entered a prosperous stage, which was characterized by the emergence of a large number of full versions. The most influential ones are the translations of James Legge, William Waley, Bernhard Karlgren and others.

James Legge has translated ''Shi Jing'' three times in his life. With the help of Wang Tao, Legge completed the first complete English translation ''The She King or The Book of Poetry'', which was published in Hong Kong in 1871 as the fourth volume of The Chinese Classic. This translation became a milestone in the dissemination of ''Shi Jing'' in the Western world. In the preface, the author expressed his expectation that "the Work which he now offers will be deemed by competent scholars a reliable translation of the original poems". The translation was written in a non-rhymed prose style and reflects Legge’s pursuit of reproducing the literal meaning of the original poem, with “significant academic research characteristics”(Li Yuliang 2007, 43). In 1876, Legge retranslated and published the rhymed version ''The She King or The Book of Ancient Poetry''. This is the second complete English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Compared to the 1871 version, this version emphasizes rhythm, strives for accuracy, and pays more attention to aesthetic appeal. The portrayal of characters in the poem is more vivid with smoother expressions. He deleted the original Chinese poems, reduced annotations, and only retained the theme without Chinese characters in the annotations. In addition, the style and arrangement of the translation also undergone significant changes. In 1879, Legge compiled more than 100 ritualistic verses from ''Shi Jing'' into a single volume, which was included in the third volume of ''The Sacred Books of China: Texts of Confucianism'', edited by Max Müller. In this translation, the translator placed more emphasis on interpretation. The main feature of this selective translation is to highlight religious connotations, and the content unrelated to religion was removed out of the original preface to be independently composed as the preface to ''Song''. Each poem in this translation is annotated to elucidate its religious significance. Among the above three translations, the first version, which is considered as academic translation, has the profounded influence and a certain impact on many subsequent English translations.

In 1891, the complete rhymed translation ''The Shi King'' by British sinologist William Jennings was published in London, marking the advent of the third complete English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Jennings mainly referred to the annotations of Legge's translation published in 1871. Jennings’s translation includes a lengthy preface, and there are annotations on the theme and some word explanations after each translated poems. Jennings advocated for translating poetry in a poetic way and for the translation being as close to the original text in both content and form as possible. When translating, he strived to maintain the external form of the Chinese original poems, adopting a folk style form with interlaced rhymes.

In the same year, the fourth complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'', ''The Book of Chinese Poetry: The Shi Ching or Classic of Poetry'' wasbrought to the world by Clement F. R. Allen, who took the appreciation of the British into consideration. The most significant feature of this translation is that the translator greatly rewrote the poetry to live up with Western poetic concepts and acceptance habits of British readers. He adopted rhyme style when translating and employed extreme domestication translation techniques, attempting to achieve a transformation from Chinese poetry to English poetry from content to form.

After the 20th century, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' reached its peak, with various complete and selective translations emerging one after another. In 1905, British sinologist Launcelot Granmer-Byng published the selective translation ''The Classics of Confucius: Book of Odes''. The translation was written rhymed, emphasizing the poetic appeal. In 1913, Helen Waddell, an Irish poet and translator, published the selective translation Lyrics from the Chinese. She knew little about Chinese, so she abridged a lot in her translation, and added plenty of personal creations. But her translation was quite popular at that time. In 1915, Ezra Pound, the leader of the American New Poetry Movement, an image originator and an outstanding translator, published ''Cathay'', a collection of Chinese poems translated from Japanese annotations by Ernest Fenollosa, an American orientalist at the end of the 19th century, including ''Cai Wei'' of ''Xiao Ya''. This translation is not faithful to the original text, and the translator recreated to a great extent.

In 1937, the complete translation ''The Book of Songs'', translated from the Chinese by Arthur Waley was published in the UK. Waley made a bold attempt in terms of translation methods. He believed that the use of rhyme would resulted in the loss of meaning due to sounds, therefore Waley adopted free form in poem translation rather than rhymed form, without strict restrictions on the number of words per line. He was skilled in employing appropriate word selection, ventral rhyme, alliteration, repetition, and stressed syllables to reproduce the rhythm and artistry of the original poem. He also broke the order in the original work and rearranged it according to his own understanding of the content. There are many annotations in his translation, and there are also appendices at the end of the translation. Waley’s translation is known for its fluency and the pursuit of the reflection of the original poetic characteristics in form.

In 1950, Swedish sinologist and linguist Bernhard Karlgren published another complete English translation, ''The Book of Odes''. He conducted systematic research on the pronunciation, exegesis, and rhyme of ''Shi Jing''. From 1942 to 1948, he published specialized research annotations on difficult words and phrases in ''Shi Jing'' in the Swedish Far East Museum, totaling over 1300 articles. His translation has four main characteristics: (1) Citation of the original text of the Psalm; (2) Annotation to the original ''pinyin''; (3) No lining up, no end rhyme between lines, and no neat foot or obvious rhythm within the line; (4) Annotations between most of lines (Li Yuliang, Sun Lixin, 2011:98). Generally speaking, his translation is a poetry translation aimed at comparing the sound and writing of English and Chinese languages.

In the second half of the 20th century, the center of the translation of ''Shi Jing'' shifted from Europe to the United States. In 1954, Pound’s full translation ''Shih-Ching: The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius'' was published. Compared with the poetry translation in ''Cathay'', the translated poems in this version features higher concise, more strict rhythm, and stronger poetic meanings, but they still retain the consistent style as before. Pound’s translation mainly has the following characteristics: (1) There are very few annotations in the translation; no Chinese original poems, only the main text of the translated poems; (2) Many translated poems are rhymed, some of which are relatively neat, while others not. And the rhymes vary from one poem to another on account of different contents; (3) There are significant changes in the theme and meaning of the translated poem. Thus it is difficult to identify the source of the translation without comparing with the original one; (4) In terms of structural form, the translator deleted lots of lines, and there are also a few examples of amplification; (5) Almost all poems were summarized when being translated, based on which the translator rewrote them into new poems according to his own understanding. Pound’s English translation of ''Shi Jing'' has gotten a mixed review in the academic community, both criticized for dramatic changes to the original text and hailed as a model of creative translation.

In 1971, William McNaughton’s work ''The Book of Songs'' which focuses on the studies of ''Shi Jing'' was published in New York. This book is a collection of McNaughton’s research findings on ''Shi Jing''. The book consists of two parts: “Theme” and “Style”, up to sixteen special topics. The book lists many poems from ''Shi Jing'' to support his pertinent research. Most of poems were translated by Pound and only a few by McNaughton himself. McNaughton mainly translated his poetry into rhymed verse, with lines corresPounding to the original poem, highlighting overlapping sounds and ending rhymes. The translation has no original reference or annotations.

The British sinologist John Turner extracted and translated several poems from ''Shi Jing'' in his collection of ancient Chinese poetry published in 1976: ''A Golden Treasury of Chinese Poetry''. In order to preserve the musicality of Chinese poetry, he translated in the traditional form of English poetry, and translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses. In the same year, the English translation of the collection of ancient Chinese poetry, ''Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres'' written by the famous Chinese-American poet and translator Wai-lim Yip’s, was published by the University of California Press. The book has a contrastive layout between English and Chinese, first to present translation word by word, with each Chinese character corresponding to an English word and corresponding part of speech; then, a full translation to be attached line by line. Wai-lim Yip regarded poetry translation as the practical basis for comparative poetics research, highlighting the differences in language between Chinese and English poetry.

Compared with the prosperity of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' in European countries and America, there were relatively few local translations in China during this period. During late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, poet Su Manshu translated 61 pieces extracted from ''Shi Jing''. The content was arranged in the form of Chinese-English comparison. Su valued the metric, rhythm, and artistic conception of poetry. In 1954, Hong Kong Construction Press published ''Poems from China'' written by Huang Wen. This book is a selective version with English-Chinese comparison of six poems from ''Shi Jing''. However, few publishers have stored it and it’s not highly praised.

====1.3 The New Period (1983- )====

After the 1980s, a number of Chinese translators also joined the ranks of translating ''Shi Jing'', making foreign translation of ''Shi Jing'' unprecedented active in China. The most outstanding contributions are made by Xu Yuanchong and Wang Rongpei.

In 1983, the selective version ''Selections from the “Book of Songs”'', jointly translated by renowned Chinese translator Yang Xianyi and his British wife Gladys Yang, was published by Foreign Language Publishing House. The couple translated 45 poems. The translated poems in this selective translation are blank verses for reason that the translator adopted the strategy of foreignization to achieve the goal of spreading classical Chinese culture and faithfully conveying the historical content and culture of the poems. However, due to the excessive pursuit of “faithfulness to the original text”, the meaning and aesthetics contained in the poem itself cannot be effectively conveyed to the target language readers, resulting in a vast reduction in the readability of the translated poems. This is also one of the reasons why this version is very popular in China but has little influence abroad.

Xu Yuanchong, a translator known as the “the only expert in the world who can translate Chinese poetry into English and French”, finished his works ''The First Branch Blooming on Earth-The Book of Lyrics'' and ''The First Branch Blooming on Earth-The Book of Odes and Hymns'' in 1992. The uniqueness of these two translations lies in the fact that it contains the original poems, with Chinese ''pinyin'' annotated line by line. Some phrases or sentences difficult to understand are annotated to explain the meaning of the very poem. The book also includes a comparison table of initial consonants and Chinese vowels of Chinese ''pinyin'', and the English International Phonetic Alphabet. In 1993, Hunan Publishing House published ''The Book of Poetry''. This is the first complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'' completed by a Chinese translator, and also the seventh complete translation of it. In 1994, the Chinese Literature Publishing House published the translation ''An Unexpected Translation of Book of Songs''. In his works, Xu Yuanchong followed the principle of “three beauties”, and his translation has unique features in terms of translation techniques and aesthetic communication.

In 1995, Wang Rongpei and Ren Xiuhua jointly translated ''The Book of Poetry'', which was published by Liaoning Education Press. This is the second complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'' completed by Chinese translators. This translation takes a Chinese-English comparison form, and the original Chinese poetry is marked with modern Chinese pinyin. The translation emphasizes the ending rhyme, and each poem is accompanied by a brief explanation of the theme. In 2008, Wang Rongpei’s English translation ''The Book of Poetry'' was published by Hunan People’s Publishing House. On the basis of summarizing the gains and losses of previous translators, Wang Rongpei integrated his own understanding of the original work and its contemporary culture. His flexible and ingenious translation art reveals the translator’s unique artistic craftsmanship in the reconstruction of images, the transmission of the sense of beauty, and the elucidation of interest in the translated poetry.

Wang Fanglu published ''Exploration of Vernacular and English Translation of Ya and Song'' and ''Exploration of Vernacular and English Translation of Feng'' respectively in 2009 and 2013. The translation is arranged in order of the original poem, Chinese vernacular poem, English poem, annotations, and explanations. In 2010, Jia Fuxiang’s translation work ''“Airs of the States” from the Shi Jing: A New Trilingual Translation of the World’s Oldest Collection of Lyric Poetry'' was published, which is one of the few specialized English translations of ''the Book of Songs''. In 2016, Professor Zhao Yanchun briefly introduced the basic situation, artistic value, analysis of other English translations of ''Shi Jing'', and the translator’s translation perspectives in the English preface of his fully translated version ''She King''. Zhao followed the principles of translating poetry in a poetic way and classics in a classical way. The translated text corresPounds to the original text line by line, with great emphasis on word count and rhyme.

===2. The Characteristics of English Translation in Different Periods===
From 1735 to 1829 underwent the indirect and selective translation period of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'',whose the most conspicuous feature is that it mainly focused on the indirect translation. At this stage, most translators did not understand or were not proficient in Chinese. Hence they mainly relyed on the interlanguage translation, which will inevitably lead to the translations imprinted with the language and culture in interlanguage, as well as translator’s style. Also, in terms of language, culture, and style, they failed to be faithful to the original text, and problems such as mistranslation, addition, and omission would occur frequently. At this stage, there was no complete English translation yet, nor a specialized selective translation of ''Shi Jing''. The number of excerpts is small, and most of them only selected a few poems or some chapters of the poems. Moreover, the selective translations of ''Shi Jing'' only served as auxiliary functions in the original book, rather than being used for specialized translation and introduction of ''Shi Jing''. Small though the number of English translations of ''Shi Jing'' during this stage was small, they initiated the dissemination of English translations of Shi Jing, marking the embryonic stage of its English translation.

From the 1870s to the 1980s, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' was in its heyday. In the past 100 years, there were not only several selected versions, most of which appeared in special collections of English translations of Chinese poetry, but also a number of full English versions of ''Shi Jing'', such as James Legge’s porse version and rhymed version, Waley’s version, Pound’s version, etc. At this stage, the identities of translators are more diverse, including missionaries, diplomats, sinologists, poets, translators, etc. Most of them are proficient in Chinese and have in-depth research on Chinese language and Chinese culture. Therefore, there is a decrease in translation at this stage, and most of them translated directly. From the perspective of the ethnics of the translators, there are English and American translators, Swedish translators, Irish translators, Chinese American translators, and cooperative translation between English and American translators and Chinese scholars at this stage. In terms of translation style, there are translators for rhyme and against rhyme, and translators attempting to translate. At this stage, Western translators took the English translation and research of ''Shi Jing'' to a new platform, both in terms of breadth and depth, which greatly promotes its dissemination in the English world.

Since the 1980s, a group of excellent local Chinese translators have joined the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', promoting the gradual expansion of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Over the past twenty years, multiple complete translations came to the world. Most of these translators are both translators and translation theorists. The translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' and the formation of translation theory mutually reinforced. Translation strategies presented a coexistence of domestication and foreignization. Many Chinese translators have begun to continuously try to promote the internationalization of Chinese classical culture, forming a new era of English translation of ''Shi Jing''.

===Conclusion===

This article is mainly based on the English translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, attempting to outline the historical development trajectory of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. The turn of the 18th and 19th centuries was the indirect translation period of ''Shi Jing'', and the 1870s to 1980s were the complete translation period of ''Shi Jing''. The 1980s have been the new era of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. In addition, the author summarizes the characteristics of English translation of ''Shi Jing'' in different periods. In short, during the more than 200 year historical process of translating ''Shi Jing'' into English, with the tireless efforts of overseas sinologists and local Chinese scholars, there have been numerous English translations of ''Shi Jing'', including excerpts, selective translations, and complete translations. These translations with different styles have laid the foundation for the study of the translation of ''Shi Jing'', and have made great contributions to the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures, Chinese literature, and the internationalization of Chinese culture.

===References===

Cannon, Garland. (1992). The Collected Works of Sir William Jones [威廉·琼斯爵士作品集]. New York: New York University Press.

Chen Manhua陈满华. (2008). 威廉·琼斯学汉语的经历及其对中国经典的解读 [William Jones’ Experience of Learning Chinese and His Interpretation of Chinese Classics]. 世界汉语教学Chinese Teaching in The World (03) 87-89.

Cranmer-Byng Launcelot. (1908). The Classics of Confucius: Book of Odes [儒家经典: 诗经]. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.

FanCunzhong 范存忠. (1991). 中国文化在启蒙时期的英国[Chinese Culture in England during the Enlightenment]. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press 外语教育出版社.

Karlgren Klas Bernhard Johannes. (1950). The Book of Odes: Chinese text, transcription and translation [诗经: 汉语文本、转写与翻译]. Stockholm: The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.

Legge James. (1876). The She King, or the Book of Ancient Poetry, Translated in English verses with Essays and Notes[韵体版诗经]. London: Trubner & Co.

Li Yuliang李玉良. (2007). 《诗经》英译研究 [The Studies of English Translation Shi Jing]. Jinan: Shandong Qilu Press齐鲁书社.

Li Yuliang & Sun Lixin李玉良孙立新. (2011) 高本汉《诗经》翻译研究 [A Study on the Translation of Shi Jing by Cranmer-Byng]. 山东外语教学 Shandong Foreign Language Teaching (06) 64-72.

McNaughton William. (1971) The Book of Songs [诗经]. Boston: Twayne Publishers.

Qin Fangfang 覃芳芳. (2023). 《诗经》英译史考辨 [The Examination of the History of English Translation of Shi Jing]. 社会科学论坛 Tribune of Social Sciences (03) 171-184.

Wang Hong王宏. (2012). 《诗经》及其英译 [Shi Jing and Its English Translation].东方翻译 East Journal of Translation (06) 122-124.

Xu Yuanchong 许渊冲. (2003). 文学与翻译 [Literature and Translation]. Beijing: Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.

Yang Zhiyi 杨治宜. (2005). 多边文化研究：《诗经》在 18 世纪的英国——文本考据与个案研究 [Multilateral Cultural Studies: The Book of Songs in 18th Century England: Textual Research and Case Studies]. Beijing: Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.

Zheng Zhongqiu 郑中求. (2013). 马礼逊《华英字典》与《诗经》的早期英译 [Early English Translation of Morrison’s English and Chinese Pronouncing Condensed Dictionary and Shi Jing]. 华北理工大学学报(社会科学版) Journal of North China University of Technology (Social Sciences Edition) (06) 282-283.

20230630 final exam 05

2023-06-14T18:13:37Z

Liang Xinlu: /* An Overview of Metaphor and TCM */

=202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting)=
== A Literature Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine Translation==
===Abstract===
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive review of the translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) literature, focusing on the key themes of TCM, terminology, cross-cultural communication, metaphor, functional theory, and globalization. TCM is a holistic medical system with a rich cultural and historical background, and its accurate translation is crucial for promoting cross-cultural understanding and global dissemination. The review examines the challenges faced in translating TCM terminology, explores the role of metaphor in TCM discourse, discusses the application of functional theory in TCM translation, and highlights the importance of globalization in the context of TCM. By analyzing existing research and literature, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of TCM translation studies and facilitate effective communication and exchange between TCM practitioners, researchers, and international audiences.
===Key Words===
TCM, Terminology, cross-cultural communication, metaphor, functional theory, globalization
===题目===
中医翻译文献综述
===摘要===
本文对中医翻译的文献进行了综述，重点关注中医、术语、跨文化交流、隐喻、功能理论和全球化等关键主题。中医是一个具有丰富文化和历史背景的整体医学系统，其准确的翻译对于促进跨文化理解和全球传播至关重要。本综述探讨了中医术语翻译所面临的挑战，探索了隐喻在中医语境中的作用，讨论了功能理论在中医翻译中的应用，并强调了全球化在中医背景下的重要性。通过分析现有的研究和文献，本综述旨在推动中医翻译研究的进展，促进中医从业者、研究人员和国际受众之间的有效沟通和交流
===关键词===
中医、术语、跨文化交际、功能理论、全球化
===Introduction===
In recent years, TCM has gained increasing international recognition and influence. As TCM continues to expand its reach, the importance of translation in the field has become paramount. Translating TCM texts accurately and effectively is essential for promoting cross-cultural understanding and facilitating global communication in this domain. This article explores the theoretical research in TCM translation, specifically focusing on the functional translation theory and metaphorical cognitive approaches applied to terminology translation. The renowned TCM classic, "Huangdi Neijing" (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), serves as a prominent example of the texts addressed in this discussion. Furthermore, the article raises questions regarding how to approach terminology translation and enhance the cross-cultural communicative function of TCM.
As TCM gains prominence on the international stage, the demand for reliable and precise translations has surged. It is imperative to explore theoretical frameworks and methodologies that can ensure accurate and culturally sensitive translations. The functional translation theory, which emphasizes the communicative function of translated texts, offers valuable insights into the translation of TCM materials. Additionally, applying metaphorical cognitive approaches in translating TCM terminology helps to capture the nuanced meanings and concepts embedded within TCM texts.
The translation of "Huangdi Neijing," a cornerstone of TCM literature, presents unique challenges and opportunities. Exploring effective strategies to translate its rich terminology, metaphors, and cultural references can contribute to a better understanding and appreciation of TCM worldwide. This article poses questions such as: How can we approach the translation of TCM terminologies while preserving their essence and functionality? How can we enhance the cross-cultural communicative impact of TCM translations, promoting effective dialogue and exchange of knowledge?
By delving into the theories and practices of TCM translation, this article aims to shed light on the crucial role translation plays in the growing international influence of TCM. Furthermore, it strives to stimulate further research and discussion on terminology translation and the enhancement of cross-cultural communication in the field of TCM.
===A Brief Introduction to the History of TCM Translation===
1.Significance of TCM translation
Traditional Chinese medical literature bears witness to the remarkable skills of TCM experts and their research achievements in prescriptions, showcasing the splendid accomplishments and significant contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. These ancient texts serve as the original sources of TCM theories and methods, preserving thousands of years of medical thoughts and treatment experiences that continue to hold a crucial position in clinical practice. Moreover, TCM classics are a treasure trove of ancient Chinese encyclopedic knowledge, reflecting an essential component of Chinese culture. Translating and studying these ancient texts not only plays a positive role in the international dissemination of TCM and the collective progress of global medicine but also helps bridge the cultural gap and showcase the splendid and enduring cultural traditions of China to the world.

2.Development stages

The English translation of TCM classics has gone through four significant historical stages.

The first stage took place from the mid-18th century to the late 19th century when Western knowledge gradually reached the East and Chinese knowledge spread to the West. During this period, foreign missionaries and sinologists translated some TCM classics, introducing TCM materia medica, pulse diagnosis, and organ systems. However, the translation results were to some extent constrained by the translators' understanding of TCM theories and influenced by Western culture.

The second stage occurred from 1900 to 1950, during a period marked by the impact of Western medicine on TCM and the prevailing trend of TCM modernization. In this era, the English translation of TCM classics was mainly undertaken by Western medical researchers and Chinese scholars. The translation work primarily focused on TCM materia medica and foundational theoretical works. However, due to the introduction of Western pharmaceutical methods, the translation results did not fully reflect the original form, medical and cultural connotations of the ancient texts.

The third stage spanned from 1951 to 1991, the period of the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the opening-up and reform era. During this stage, there was initial development in the English translation of TCM classics, with the emergence of translated versions of foundational TCM theoretical works and clinical treatises. Translators began to pay attention to the medical theories, clinical value, historical context, and cultural significance of the ancient texts. They also incorporated the methods of medical history and textual studies to improve the accuracy of translation.

The fourth stage, from 1992 to the present, is characterized by the internationalization and global dissemination of TCM. This stage witnessed a significant increase in the English translations of TCM classics, employing diverse translation methods and yielding more precise and comprehensive results. Translators have experimented with various interdisciplinary research approaches, including history, medicine, linguistics, and others, to better restore and interpret the knowledge and ideas contained in TCM classics.

These developmental stages demonstrate that TCM translation is not only essential for the inheritance and development of TCM culture but also serves as a vital bridge for the exchange and integration between TCM and global medicine. Through translation and study of TCM classics, we can gain a better understanding of the theoretical framework and clinical applications of TCM, promoting its dissemination and recognition on the international stage.

===An Overview of Metaphor and TCM ===

1.The introduction to metaphor

When reviewing the research on the translation of TCM terminology, it is evident that the mainstream theories guiding TCM translation have deviated from the actual language and cognitive characteristics of TCM. This deviation hinders the cognitive construction and acceptance of TCM in other cultural and linguistic contexts. The language and cognitive reality of TCM are rooted in metaphor and expressed through the formation and cognition of analogical terms.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the mechanisms of metaphorical semantic generation and comprehension. This model aims to provide quantifiable indicators for the construction and evaluation of TCM terminology translation, with the goal of offering reference points for further exploration of strategies, principles, and methods in TCM terminology translation.

To promote a better understanding and acceptance of TCM among a wider audience, it is necessary to align the mindset of the audience with the inherent cognitive approach of TCM itself. Due to its long-standing immersion in Chinese culture, TCM possesses a unique way of cognition, which often manifests in its language expression, particularly in the formation of terminology. It can be said that understanding TCM terminology serves as a gateway to comprehending the cognitive system of TCM. TCM employs analogical thinking as a cognitive method, and its terminology exhibits distinct metaphorical characteristics. The translation of TCM terminology, especially the translation of metaphorical expressions, directly affects the cognitive construction of TCM within another linguistic and cultural context, serving as an important condition for the acceptance of TCM principles in a different cultural framework.

2.Research on the theory of TCM translation

Research on the theory of TCM translation is urgently needed, not only because of the limited amount of theoretical research but also due to the inherent flaws in the existing theories being applied. Currently, the most commonly used theories in domestic TCM translation research include the theories of foreignization and domestication, linguistic-cultural theory, and the theory of multiple systems (Wang Yinquan, et al., 2014).
The Chinese language tends to use concrete imagery to express abstract concepts, and this is particularly evident in the language of TCM. The thinking embedded in TCM has its philosophical foundations, manifested in the process of observation, analogy, comparison, and understanding influenced by ancient geographical environment, production methods, social systems, and other factors. This analogical mapping relationship aligns with the metaphorical path of thinking in Western cognitive linguistics. This thinking can be traced back to the "gua" (hexagrams) in the Book of Changes (Yi Jing). In the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), the idea of "analogy and comparison" is explicitly expressed, such as in the chapter "Wu Yun Xing Da Lun" which states, "The Yin and Yang of heaven and earth cannot be determined by numbers but by their images," and in the chapter "Shi Cong Rong Lun" which says, "Regarding analogy and comparison, it encompasses the principles of harmony and conformity." It is evident that this concept has always been inherent in the terminology of TCM word formation.

The construction of an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the metaphorical cognitive perspective and the complete process of medical interpretation is an important methodology in TCM. TCM utilizes various "images" to explain and construct its most important theories, including the patterns of Yin and Yang, the Five Elements, and the interaction between Heaven and Human.

From the publication status of relevant papers in journals, although research in this field has made some progress, the inclusion of this topic in core journals is relatively limited. Chen Yi et al. (2020) pointed out that the study of metaphorical translation of TCM terminology is still in its preliminary stage, indicating that this research direction has yet to be further explored. Overall, the current research still faces three main issues: 1) the lack of a systematic evaluation framework for metaphorical translation of TCM terminology, with a focus on descriptive evaluation methods and limited and fragmented evaluation criteria; 2) incomplete discussion on the selection of translation theories and translation principles based on achieving the optimal effect of metaphorical terms, resulting in some studies showing low evaluation of translation based on metaphorical considerations; and 3) research on the metaphorical translation of TCM terminology mostly concentrates on the discussion of specific translation techniques, while related theoretical research remains underdeveloped.

To address these deficiencies, it is necessary to construct an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the mechanisms of metaphor generation and understanding. This model should investigate the entire process from the generation of metaphorical meaning to the emergence of meaning after translation, covering various stages from reader recognition to comprehension and cognitive application.

3 Metaphor and TCM works

Metaphor is not exclusive to literary works; it also exists in the fields of science, everyday language, thought patterns, and behavior. In addition to its medical nature, TCM encompasses elements of astronomy, geography, humanities, and philosophy. TCM language is rich in metaphors.
In ancient times, people's cognitive abilities were limited, so they often used the method of "taking similarities and making connections" to establish relationships based on the similarity between things. This cognitive method involves understanding unfamiliar and abstract concepts by relating them to familiar and concrete things. This cognitive method was widely used in TCM and TCM classics. In the "Huangdi Neijing," whether describing disease symptoms, elucidating medical principles, explaining TCM concepts, discussing TCM theories, or interpreting treatment methods and principles, the "Chinese-style metaphor" of "taking similarities and making connections" is consistently present.

The metaphors in the language of TCM can be categorized into three main types: natural, political, and philosophical. The ancient people's understanding of the world was derived from nature, and the construction of TCM theories was also influenced by the limitations of their cognitive sources. The relationship between the human body's structure and the universe is described in the "Ling Shu: Xie Ke" (Li Zhaoguo, 2008:822) as follows: "The heavens are round and the earth is square, and so the human head is round and the feet are square to correspond with them. Just as the heavens have the sun and moon, the human body has two eyes; just as the earth has nine provinces, the human body has nine orifices..." In this statement, the human body is metaphorically compared to a small universe. The descriptions of human body structure and its relationships in the "Huangdi Neijing" fully illustrate the abundance of metaphorical relationships between the human body and the natural world. Ancient TCM practitioners used metaphoric mappings from the natural world to the human body to construct mechanisms for physiological and pathological diagnosis and treatment.

When interpreting TCM, the ancient people were not only influenced by the natural world but also by the political hierarchy of their time. In ancient society, with "ritual" as its core, a strict political hierarchy was established, and a series of metaphors related to politics emerged in TCM. For example, mappings were made between official positions (yuan yu) and the study of TCM. The "Huangdi Neijing" states, "The main disease is called 'jun' (ruler), and assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen' (minister), and corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi' (envoy), not referring to the three classes of garments for upper, middle, and lower ranks" (Li Zhaoguo, 2008:1228). In this sentence, "the main disease is called 'jun'" refers to the "jun" in herbal formulations, which represents the main medicinal ingredient used to treat the disease. "Zuo" refers to assistance. "Assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen'" refers to the "chen" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the main ingredient in exerting its effects. "Ying chen" refers to the response or interaction with the "chen" ingredients. "Corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi'" refers to the "shi" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the "chen" ingredients in exerting their effects. TCM uses the hierarchical relationship of rulers and ministers to metaphorically represent the importance of medicinal substances in treating diseases.

3.Meaning of exploring metaphor

Every aspect of human life is influenced and shaped by culture. Culture determines people's ways of existence, self-expression, behavior, and thinking. Analogical thinking is a unique cognitive method deeply rooted in Chinese culture. The strong metaphorical nature of TCM requires the translation of TCM terminology from a metaphorical perspective. In general, human language and thinking are inherently metaphorical, which is a shared experience among all human beings. This provides the possibility for readers of other languages to understand foreign metaphors and embrace new thought patterns.
Therefore, in the long run, if target language readers can comprehend the metaphors in TCM, they will be better able to embrace TCM thinking. This will serve as a more effective approach to promote the acceptance and dissemination of TCM.

===Review of functionalist and TCM===

The introduction of German functionalist translation theory into China has had a profound impact on the translation community, bringing forth new research topics and influences. As an integral part of traditional Chinese culture, the question of how to globalize TCM has been extensively discussed by experts and scholars in the fields of translation and TCM. The functionalist translation theory offers a fresh perspective and theoretical foundation for the translation of TCM culture. It provides valuable insights and methods to bridge cultural and linguistic barriers, facilitating the dissemination and understanding of TCM principles on an international scale.

1.The introduction to Functional theory

Functional Translation Theory has its origins in Germany in the 1970s. It was first introduced by Katharina Reiss in her book "Possibilities and Limitation of Translation Criticism," where she emphasized the importance of text function as a criterion for evaluating translations. Reiss established a framework for assessing translations based on the relationship between the functions of the source text and the target text. Building on Reiss's work, her student Vermeer further developed the main theories of the functionalist approach and introduced the concept of skopostheory, which is considered the cornerstone of Functional Translation Theory. According to skopostheory, the guiding principle in translation is the "skopos rule," which states that the purpose to be achieved by a translation determines the entire translation process.

Mantyäri expanded the scope of Functional Translation Theory by incorporating action theory and addressing various forms of intercultural transformations, including text transformations. Her focus encompassed the behavior of the translation process, the roles of the participants, and the environmental factors in which translation takes place. Christiane Nord, in her further refinement of Functional Translation Theory, introduced the principle of "loyalty with addition of function," which emphasizes the interpersonal relationships among the translator, the author of the source text, the recipient of the translated text, and the initiator of the translation. Nord's influential work, "Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approaches Explained," published in 1997, provided a comprehensive overview of German functionalist theories, clarifying ambiguities and terminologies. She introduced the notion of loyalty as a crucial element in the functionalist model, emphasizing the importance of maintaining relationships while considering the function of the translated text. Nord argued that Functional Translation Theory can be applied to various types of translation.

In summary, Functional Translation Theory offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and evaluating translation by considering the functions and purposes involved in the translation process. It acknowledges the dynamic nature of translation within specific communicative contexts and emphasizes the significance of the target text's function in relation to the source text.

2. Current Research Status in China

From the perspective of c, the journal articles in CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) primarily focus on the following five areas: analysis of translation of specific aspects of TCM terminology or culturally loaded terms based on Functional Translation Theory, research on translation of TCM works and their versions from a functional translation theory perspective, translation studies on other aspects of TCM and TCM applications based on Functional Translation Theory, research on issues and strategies in the translation and dissemination of TCM, and research on the translation of TCM instructions based on Functional Translation Theory.

From the perspective of research content and subjects, the study of TCM translation in China goes beyond the translation of TCM terminology and the dissemination of TCM knowledge. It also involves the translation of highly specialized TCM classics, such as the "Huangdi Neijing," "Shanghan Lun," "Jin Kui Yao Lue," and others. The authors conducting this research come from diverse backgrounds, including not only linguistics or translation theory and practice but also TCM foundational theory, TCM medical history literature, and even interdisciplinary backgrounds like TCM foreign languages.

In terms of publication outlets, research articles can be found in both foreign language journals and TCM-related journals. Examples of TCM-related journals include "Global Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Shizhen Guoyi Guoyao" (Chinese Journal of Traditional Medical Science and Technology), "Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Hunan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine," and "Western Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine."

=== Internationalization and Translation of TCM Classics===

1.Significance

The translation of TCM classics carries great significance as TCM moves towards internationalization and globalization. The challenge lies in accurately translating the essence of Chinese traditional medicine to Western audiences. Translation involves the transformation of symbols between two different languages to facilitate cross-cultural communication and dissemination of information. As translators of TCM, our responsibility extends beyond conveying the source language information accurately; we must consciously introduce the literary atmosphere, cultural spirit, and philosophical understanding of traditional medicine and culture. It is undeniable that the translation of TCM classics from the source language (Chinese) to the target language (English, for example) falls within the realm of literary translation. As Professor Li Yuchun stated, literature is a symbol or coding system that constructs a national image and discourse system in various forms of discourse or symbols. Based on this understanding, it is essential for modern TCM translators to incorporate the concepts of modernization and national identity into the translation of TCM classics.

2.Challenges

In terms of historical perspective, the exchange and dissemination of TCM have been taking place since the Qin and Han dynasties. Early dissemination primarily focused on the Han cultural sphere influenced by Confucianism, culture, and language. From the Ming and Qing dynasties onwards, the translation, publication, and introduction of TCM literature and clinical works by Western missionaries and scholars in China formed part of the "Westernization of Chinese Studies," greatly promoting the overseas dissemination of TCM and the cultural exchange between Chinese and Western medicine. After more than 300 years of accumulated experience and practice, TCM translation has finally established a unique and distinctive development path. However, the difficulty lies in conveying the Chinese language, medicine, and culture to the West. To date, the translation and dissemination of TCM classics, which are indispensable for introducing TCM theories, practices, and culture, remain the weakest link in the translation and dissemination of traditional Chinese culture abroad. Overall, there is still a lack of a systematic and characteristic chain and system for introducing TCM to foreign readers in a planned and comprehensive manner, particularly in terms of content that enters the field of TCM understanding and becomes an important object of Western medical cognition. These challenges highlight the importance and urgency of research on the translation and dissemination of TCM classics. It is crucial to accurately grasp its historical origins, clarify its connotations, and approach its development from different levels, including theoretical concepts, basic paths, and objectives.

3.Approaches

Internationalization Path: The translation and dissemination of TCM classics should not only uphold national values and highlight the core ideas of traditional culture but also consider both Chinese and Western perspectives and promote mutual understanding. From a translation perspective, internationalized classic translation should not only construct linguistic forms but also ensure the transmission of meaning, capturing the essence effectively. Textual meaning construction includes the construction of textual meaning that facilitates information transmission and cultural interaction, as well as the scientific meaning construction. From a communication perspective, it is crucial to develop reasonable macro strategies that are widely accepted internationally, expand diverse forms of international communication channels, and seek collaborative efforts from multiple parties. For example, constructing medical or cultural products with aesthetic and cultural attributes that facilitate the internationalization of TCM, such as releasing translated texts or creating popular educational materials and brochures, can establish convenient interpretation and dissemination pathways. Moreover, the cultivation of translation and dissemination professionals with an international background in TCM classics is urgently needed. Confronting the issues and challenges of international dissemination of TCM under the globalization trend, establishing long-term goals for translation talent development based on industry and cultural strategies is vital to effectively promote the dissemination and diversified development of TCM. Currently, the cultivation of internationalized translation professionals in TCM is key

===Evaluation===

1 Conclusion of recent research

This literature review provides an analysis of the research on the translation history of TCM, emphasizing the significance of translation theory and metaphorical perspectives in effective cross-cultural dissemination. The synthesis of the reviewed literature highlights that TCM, with its medical essence and profound cultural connotations, holds great importance in international communication and collaboration.
Translation theory, specifically functional translation theory, offers valuable guidance for TCM translation. According to functional translation theory, translation serves specific functions beyond mere language conversion. In the context of TCM translation, these functions encompass accurate conveyance of medical knowledge, cultural exchange, and academic cooperation. Translators, therefore, need to comprehend the needs and backgrounds of the target readership, employing flexible translation strategies to ensure the fulfillment of these functional aspects in the translated texts.

Metaphorical perspectives play a crucial role in TCM translation. Metaphors are widely employed in the language of TCM, spanning the realms of nature, politics, and philosophy. Through the use of metaphors, TCM theories and concepts are communicated in a vivid and evocative manner to the target audience. Metaphors act as bridges in cross-cultural communication, facilitating the understanding and acceptance of TCM knowledge while fostering the development of new patterns of thinking and concepts.

The significance of studying the translation history of TCM lies in gaining a deeper understanding of its dissemination and drawing valuable lessons from it. By examining the historical processes of TCM translation, we can explore the strategies and modes of dissemination employed in different periods, identifying successful experiences and lessons learned. This research serves as a valuable reference and guide for current and future TCM translation endeavors, facilitating the international dissemination and promotion of TCM.

In conclusion, translation theory and metaphorical perspectives are instrumental in effectively disseminating TCM internationally. The exploration of TCM translation history offers valuable insights and lessons. Further research and practice in TCM translation are essential to promote the global outreach of TCM, ensuring the inheritance and development of TCM culture on the international stage.

2. Future Research Outlook

In the field of Chinese medicine translation, there are challenges and opportunities for improvement. Understanding the current state of Chinese medicine translation and proposing effective strategies for improvement is crucial for advancing the field. Future research can focus on the following areas:

Quality and Accuracy: Chinese medicine translation requires a high level of accuracy and fidelity to ensure the correct understanding and application of Chinese medicine theory and practice. Future research should emphasize the development of standard guidelines and criteria for Chinese medicine translation, including terminology consistency, cultural relevance, and maintaining the integrity of Chinese medicine concepts. Implementing quality control measures and promoting collaboration between Chinese medicine experts and translators can enhance the accuracy and reliability of Chinese medicine translation.

Bridging Language and Culture: Chinese medical texts often contain complex concepts and cultural nuances that can pose challenges in accurate communication across different languages. Future research should explore effective strategies for bridging the language and cultural gaps in Chinese medicine translation. This can include the development of vocabulary lists, reference materials, and translation resources to assist translators in capturing the essence of Chinese medicine concepts and ensuring their proper interpretation in different cultural contexts.

Collaboration and Knowledge Exchange: Collaboration between Chinese medicine practitioners, translators, researchers, and language professionals is crucial for driving the development of Chinese medicine translation. Future research should encourage interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange platforms to promote a deeper understanding of Chinese medicine theory, terminology, and cultural significance. This collaboration can help establish shared knowledge repositories and facilitate ongoing improvements in Chinese medicine translation practices.

Integration of Technology: The integration of technology such as machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and Chinese medicine databases can greatly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of Chinese medicine translation. Future research should explore the potential of these technologies in supporting the Chinese medicine translation process while addressing the unique challenges posed by Chinese medicine terminology and cultural nuances. Developing specialized tools and resources that harness these technologies can assist translators in making informed decisions and innovations when dealing with Chinese medicine translation.

By incorporating both metaphor translation and functional theory into future research, Chinese medicine translation can be further improved in terms of accuracy, cultural adaptation, and effective communication of the intended functions. These advancements will contribute to the wider dissemination and understanding of Chinese medicine theories and practices beyond national boundaries.

My view on TCM translation is that it should embrace a holistic approach that combines metaphor translation, functional theory, and localization. Building upon the previous research findings, I believe that effective TCM translation goes beyond linguistic accuracy and involves cultural adaptation to ensure the proper understanding and acceptance of TCM theories and practices in the target language and culture.
Firstly, metaphor translation plays a crucial role in capturing the essence of TCM concepts and conveying them in a culturally meaningful way. TCM language is rich in metaphors that reflect the interconnectedness of the human body, nature, and the universe. Translators should strive to identify and preserve these metaphors while ensuring their intelligibility and relevance in the target culture. This requires a deep understanding of both TCM theory and the target language's cultural context.
Secondly, functional theory provides a valuable framework for guiding TCM translation practices. Translators should consider the purpose and intended functions of the translated text, taking into account the needs and expectations of the target audience. Adhering to the principles of functional equivalence and communicative effectiveness, TCM translation should aim to convey the intended effects and benefits of TCM practices in a way that resonates with the target audience. This may involve adapting terminology, adjusting rhetorical styles, and selecting appropriate cultural references.
Furthermore, localization is essential in TCM translation to ensure the seamless integration of TCM concepts and practices into the target culture. This involves adapting not only the language but also the cultural and social aspects of TCM to make it relevant and accessible to the target audience. Localization may include adapting TCM diagnostic methods and treatment approaches to align with the target culture's healthcare system, incorporating local case studies and testimonials, and considering the preferences and beliefs of the target audience.

In the era of globalization, TCM translation should prioritize global reach. It is crucial to accurately convey the essence of TCM to a worldwide audience. This requires overcoming the challenge of translating TCM's rich cultural and medical knowledge into different languages. TCM translation must go beyond linguistic conversion and focus on cultural adaptation and sensitivity. By embracing modern translation theories and methodologies, TCM can be effectively communicated to a global audience while maintaining its authenticity. Additionally, leveraging technology and digital platforms can enhance the accessibility and dissemination of TCM worldwide. Training talented translators with an international background is essential for promoting TCM's internationalization. In summary, TCM translation needs to adapt to globalization, ensuring accurate communication and promoting the global integration of TCM.

===Reference===

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[2]丁立福,郭智莉,张健.论中医药国际化进程中的译介成果、挑战及对策[J].安徽理工大学学报(社会科学版),2021,23(04):74-79.
[3]武永胜,赵玉华.中医语言的特点及其翻译研究[J].兰州职业技术学院学报,2023,39(02):63-65.
[4]李成华,孔冉冉,孙慧明.中医翻译理论与话语权构建[J].中国医药导报,2023,20(06):194-197.DOI:10.20047/j.issn1673-7210.2023.06.45.
[5]徐伟,刘盼盼.隐喻视角下的中医语言特点及《黄帝内经》翻译研究[J].英语广场,2022(20):40-42.DOI:10.16723/j.cnki.yygc.2022.20.032.
[6]张琳琳.中医英语翻译的问题和对策探析[J].国医论坛,2022,37(04):68-70.DOI:10.13913/j.cnki.41-1110/r.2022.04.018.

=202270081680 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi 英语笔译(English translation)=
==The Translation and Dissenmination of Shi Jing in the English World==
===Abstract===
More than two centuries has witnessed the translation and spreading of Shi Jing in the English world. Various translations have emerged, providing a feasible way for the spreading and research of its English translation. In this paper, the author adpots the method of historical analysis to investigate and examine the English translation history of Shi Jing, and tries to depict the historial evolution of its English translation, which is divided into three periods: the indirect translation and slective translation period, the full translation period and the new period. Each period has the representative translators at home or abroad. Furthermore, the author summerizes the characteristics of each period in general. Based on meticulous investigations, this paper shows how Shi Jing has influenced the world and how it does a great deal for the Chinese literature coming towards the world.
===Key Words===
Shijing; English translation; three periods
==诗经在英语世界的翻译与传播==
===摘要===
两个多世纪以来，《诗经》英译本不断涌现，在英语世界广泛传播。繁多的译本为《诗经》的英译传播和研究提供了可行的途径。本文运用历史分析方法梳理、考辩《诗经》的英译历史，尝试描绘出《诗经》英译的历史演进并将其分为转译及摘译期、全译期和新时期，每一时期均简要评述了代表性翻译家及译作。最后，作者分别总结了上述三个阶段英译活动的特征。通过详实考察，本文展现了《诗经》对世界的影响，以及对中国文学走向世界的巨大推动作用。
===关键词===
诗经;英译;三个时期
===Introduction===
''Shi Jing'', also named ''Book of Poetry'' or ''Book of Songs'', is the first collection of poems in China. It consists of 305 poems that vividly show ancient Chinese people’s life from the early Western Zhou Dynasty (the 11th century BC) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period (the 6th century BC). There are three parts in the book: ''Feng'' (160 poems), ''Ya'' (74 poems in Xiao Ya and 31 poems in Da Ya), and ''Song'' (40 poems). Poems in ''Feng'' are mainly folk poems about people’s stories or emotions. ''Xiao Ya'' contains some folk poems and nobles’ works, and its most notable works are about fcasts and wars. Most of the poems in ''Da Ya'' are produced by imperial nobles. Poems in ''Song'' are mainly the song and poetry about the imperial family’s sacrifice to ancestors.

The language of ''Shi Jing'' conveys the beauty of music, with a sentence structure mainly composed of four words, but also flexible and varied. The four sentences independently form a poetic chapter, occasionally mixed with sentence structures of two, three, five, seven, or eight words. Reduplicated chapters, sentences, and characters are common expressive techniques in ''Shi Jing'', and rhythm between spaced sentences, between neighbouring sentences, cross rhyming, and rhyming through the same initial consonants and Chinese vowels are the basic methods in ''Shi Jing'' for metric. ''Shi Jing'' has unique characteristics in terms of meaning and rhetoric. Commonly used rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, contrast, and duality can be found in this classic. Its creative techniques have had a huge impact on the genre structure, language art, and other aspects of Chinese literature.

The translation and dissenmination of ''Shi Jing'' to foreign countries can be said to have a long history. The work has attracted many readers and scholars and conscquently been translated into many different languages. According to research, ''Shi Jing'' was first passed down through the Silk Road and initially spread to China’s neighboring countries such as today’s Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and so on. In the 16th century, ''Shi Jing'' began its journey in Europe. The earliest English translation can be traced back to the 18th century. So far, ''Shi Jing'' has been translated into dozens of languages and widely disseminated worldwide. Throughout the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, it generally includes two aspects: the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' and the research of it. In order to comprehensively understand the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', the author consulted a large number of literature, adopted historical analysis methods to examine the history of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', and then summarized the characteristics of English translation activities in different periods. The author hopes that this article can not only help us understand the dissemination of ''Shi Jing'' in the English speaking world, but also provide some reference for future research on related translation.

===1. Three Periods of the English Translation of ''Shi Jing''===

====1.1 The Indirect Translation and Slective Translation Period (1735-1829)====

According to the available materials, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' began with the indirect translation of ''Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' written in French. It was edited by the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde and it has four volumes. In the second volume, he introduced and examined the literariness of Shi Jing, with a collection of eight poems translated by the France Jesuit Joseph Henry de Prémare. The publication of the book in France immediately attracted the attention of the UK publishers. In 1736 and 1738, the Britain Richard Brooks, the London publisher Edward Cave and the translators he organized translated and published the English version of the book the respectively. It was the first time that some of poems of ''Shi Jing'' was translated into English.

In 1761, several excerpts from ''Shi Jing'' were contained in the final appendix of the novel ''Hau Kiou Choaan'' or ''The Pleasing History'' compiled by Thomas Percy. Knowing little about Chinese, Percy translated all those poems indirectly based on the reference to others’ translations. According to Yang Zhiyi (2005, 33), there are seven excerpts respectively translated indirectly from the version in Latin translation of ''Confucius Sinarum philosophus'' by Philippe Couplet and others, and cited from the version in the Latin work ''Musaem Sinicum'' by German Bayer and ''the Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' by Du Halde.

The earliest translation of ''Shi Jing'' with the original poems in Chinese as a reference was William Jones’s version. He initially translated the ''Qi Ao'' in ''Wei Feng'' in Latin and included the translation in the ''Poeseos Asiaticæ Commentatorium''. In 1785, Jones took most of pages to discuss ''Shi Jing'' in his paper “On the Second Classical Book of the Chinese”, where he also translated each section of poems ''Qi Ao'', ''Tao Yao'', and ''Jie’nan Shan'' with methods of both literal translation and free translation in poetic style. His literal translation in prose style is generally faithful to original poems in terms of meaning and numbers of sentences, while his free translation in poetic translation, on the other hand, is considered as “imitation” (Fan Cunzhong 1991, 79), a recreation inspired by the original text. Jones not only added poetic lines in his transaltion, but also generalized the rich cultural imagery of China, adopting the rhyme style of British folk songs.

In 1829, the famous British sinologist Sir John F. Davis published the second complete English translation of ''The Fortunate Union'', which embraces some poems extracted from ''Shi Jing''. He also included these selectiive translations in his article “On the Poetry of the Chinese”, which takes examples of ''Shi Jing'' and folk songs from Pre Qin Dynasty to Six Dynasties to elaborate on the rhythmic characteristics of Chinese classical poetry. He referred to the Chinese original text when translating the poems in The Fortune Union, and also introduced them in a Chinese English comparison in “On the Poetry of the Chinese”. In this way, he pioneered the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' by comparing with Chinese original poems.

====1.2 The Full Translation Period (1871-1976)====

In the 1870s, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' entered a prosperous stage, which was characterized by the emergence of a large number of full versions. The most influential ones are the translations of James Legge, William Waley, Bernhard Karlgren and others.

James Legge has translated ''Shi Jing'' three times in his life. With the help of Wang Tao, Legge completed the first complete English translation ''The She King or The Book of Poetry'', which was published in Hong Kong in 1871 as the fourth volume of The Chinese Classic. This translation became a milestone in the dissemination of ''Shi Jing'' in the Western world. In the preface, the author expressed his expectation that "the Work which he now offers will be deemed by competent scholars a reliable translation of the original poems". The translation was written in a non-rhymed prose style and reflects Legge’s pursuit of reproducing the literal meaning of the original poem, with “significant academic research characteristics”(Li Yuliang 2007, 43). In 1876, Legge retranslated and published the rhymed version ''The She King or The Book of Ancient Poetry''. This is the second complete English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Compared to the 1871 version, this version emphasizes rhythm, strives for accuracy, and pays more attention to aesthetic appeal. The portrayal of characters in the poem is more vivid with smoother expressions. He deleted the original Chinese poems, reduced annotations, and only retained the theme without Chinese characters in the annotations. In addition, the style and arrangement of the translation also undergone significant changes. In 1879, Legge compiled more than 100 ritualistic verses from ''Shi Jing'' into a single volume, which was included in the third volume of ''The Sacred Books of China: Texts of Confucianism'', edited by Max Müller. In this translation, the translator placed more emphasis on interpretation. The main feature of this selective translation is to highlight religious connotations, and the content unrelated to religion was removed out of the original preface to be independently composed as the preface to ''Song''. Each poem in this translation is annotated to elucidate its religious significance. Among the above three translations, the first version, which is considered as academic translation, has the profounded influence and a certain impact on many subsequent English translations.

In 1891, the complete rhymed translation ''The Shi King'' by British sinologist William Jennings was published in London, marking the advent of the third complete English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Jennings mainly referred to the annotations of Legge's translation published in 1871. Jennings’s translation includes a lengthy preface, and there are annotations on the theme and some word explanations after each translated poems. Jennings advocated for translating poetry in a poetic way and for the translation being as close to the original text in both content and form as possible. When translating, he strived to maintain the external form of the Chinese original poems, adopting a folk style form with interlaced rhymes.

In the same year, the fourth complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'', ''The Book of Chinese Poetry: The Shi Ching or Classic of Poetry'' wasbrought to the world by Clement F. R. Allen, who took the appreciation of the British into consideration. The most significant feature of this translation is that the translator greatly rewrote the poetry to live up with Western poetic concepts and acceptance habits of British readers. He adopted rhyme style when translating and employed extreme domestication translation techniques, attempting to achieve a transformation from Chinese poetry to English poetry from content to form.

After the 20th century, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' reached its peak, with various complete and selective translations emerging one after another. In 1905, British sinologist Launcelot Granmer-Byng published the selective translation ''The Classics of Confucius: Book of Odes''. The translation was written rhymed, emphasizing the poetic appeal. In 1913, Helen Waddell, an Irish poet and translator, published the selective translation Lyrics from the Chinese. She knew little about Chinese, so she abridged a lot in her translation, and added plenty of personal creations. But her translation was quite popular at that time. In 1915, Ezra Pound, the leader of the American New Poetry Movement, an image originator and an outstanding translator, published ''Cathay'', a collection of Chinese poems translated from Japanese annotations by Ernest Fenollosa, an American orientalist at the end of the 19th century, including ''Cai Wei'' of ''Xiao Ya''. This translation is not faithful to the original text, and the translator recreated to a great extent.

In 1937, the complete translation ''The Book of Songs'', translated from the Chinese by Arthur Waley was published in the UK. Waley made a bold attempt in terms of translation methods. He believed that the use of rhyme would resulted in the loss of meaning due to sounds, therefore Waley adopted free form in poem translation rather than rhymed form, without strict restrictions on the number of words per line. He was skilled in employing appropriate word selection, ventral rhyme, alliteration, repetition, and stressed syllables to reproduce the rhythm and artistry of the original poem. He also broke the order in the original work and rearranged it according to his own understanding of the content. There are many annotations in his translation, and there are also appendices at the end of the translation. Waley’s translation is known for its fluency and the pursuit of the reflection of the original poetic characteristics in form.

In 1950, Swedish sinologist and linguist Bernhard Karlgren published another complete English translation, ''The Book of Odes''. He conducted systematic research on the pronunciation, exegesis, and rhyme of ''Shi Jing''. From 1942 to 1948, he published specialized research annotations on difficult words and phrases in ''Shi Jing'' in the Swedish Far East Museum, totaling over 1300 articles. His translation has four main characteristics: (1) Citation of the original text of the Psalm; (2) Annotation to the original ''pinyin''; (3) No lining up, no end rhyme between lines, and no neat foot or obvious rhythm within the line; (4) Annotations between most of lines (Li Yuliang, Sun Lixin, 2011:98). Generally speaking, his translation is a poetry translation aimed at comparing the sound and writing of English and Chinese languages.

In the second half of the 20th century, the center of the translation of ''Shi Jing'' shifted from Europe to the United States. In 1954, Pound’s full translation ''Shih-Ching: The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius'' was published. Compared with the poetry translation in ''Cathay'', the translated poems in this version features higher concise, more strict rhythm, and stronger poetic meanings, but they still retain the consistent style as before. Pound’s translation mainly has the following characteristics: (1) There are very few annotations in the translation; no Chinese original poems, only the main text of the translated poems; (2) Many translated poems are rhymed, some of which are relatively neat, while others not. And the rhymes vary from one poem to another on account of different contents; (3) There are significant changes in the theme and meaning of the translated poem. Thus it is difficult to identify the source of the translation without comparing with the original one; (4) In terms of structural form, the translator deleted lots of lines, and there are also a few examples of amplification; (5) Almost all poems were summarized when being translated, based on which the translator rewrote them into new poems according to his own understanding. Pound’s English translation of ''Shi Jing'' has gotten a mixed review in the academic community, both criticized for dramatic changes to the original text and hailed as a model of creative translation.

In 1971, William McNaughton’s work ''The Book of Songs'' which focuses on the studies of ''Shi Jing'' was published in New York. This book is a collection of McNaughton’s research findings on ''Shi Jing''. The book consists of two parts: “Theme” and “Style”, up to sixteen special topics. The book lists many poems from ''Shi Jing'' to support his pertinent research. Most of poems were translated by Pound and only a few by McNaughton himself. McNaughton mainly translated his poetry into rhymed verse, with lines corresPounding to the original poem, highlighting overlapping sounds and ending rhymes. The translation has no original reference or annotations.

The British sinologist John Turner extracted and translated several poems from ''Shi Jing'' in his collection of ancient Chinese poetry published in 1976: ''A Golden Treasury of Chinese Poetry''. In order to preserve the musicality of Chinese poetry, he translated in the traditional form of English poetry, and translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses. In the same year, the English translation of the collection of ancient Chinese poetry, ''Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres'' written by the famous Chinese-American poet and translator Wai-lim Yip’s, was published by the University of California Press. The book has a contrastive layout between English and Chinese, first to present translation word by word, with each Chinese character corresponding to an English word and corresponding part of speech; then, a full translation to be attached line by line. Wai-lim Yip regarded poetry translation as the practical basis for comparative poetics research, highlighting the differences in language between Chinese and English poetry.

Compared with the prosperity of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' in European countries and America, there were relatively few local translations in China during this period. During late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, poet Su Manshu translated 61 pieces extracted from ''Shi Jing''. The content was arranged in the form of Chinese-English comparison. Su valued the metric, rhythm, and artistic conception of poetry. In 1954, Hong Kong Construction Press published ''Poems from China'' written by Huang Wen. This book is a selective version with English-Chinese comparison of six poems from ''Shi Jing''. However, few publishers have stored it and it’s not highly praised.

====1.3 The New Period (1983- )====

After the 1980s, a number of Chinese translators also joined the ranks of translating ''Shi Jing'', making foreign translation of ''Shi Jing'' unprecedented active in China. The most outstanding contributions are made by Xu Yuanchong and Wang Rongpei.

In 1983, the selective version ''Selections from the “Book of Songs”'', jointly translated by renowned Chinese translator Yang Xianyi and his British wife Gladys Yang, was published by Foreign Language Publishing House. The couple translated 45 poems. The translated poems in this selective translation are blank verses for reason that the translator adopted the strategy of foreignization to achieve the goal of spreading classical Chinese culture and faithfully conveying the historical content and culture of the poems. However, due to the excessive pursuit of “faithfulness to the original text”, the meaning and aesthetics contained in the poem itself cannot be effectively conveyed to the target language readers, resulting in a vast reduction in the readability of the translated poems. This is also one of the reasons why this version is very popular in China but has little influence abroad.

Xu Yuanchong, a translator known as the “the only expert in the world who can translate Chinese poetry into English and French”, finished his works ''The First Branch Blooming on Earth-The Book of Lyrics'' and ''The First Branch Blooming on Earth-The Book of Odes and Hymns'' in 1992. The uniqueness of these two translations lies in the fact that it contains the original poems, with Chinese ''pinyin'' annotated line by line. Some phrases or sentences difficult to understand are annotated to explain the meaning of the very poem. The book also includes a comparison table of initial consonants and Chinese vowels of Chinese ''pinyin'', and the English International Phonetic Alphabet. In 1993, Hunan Publishing House published ''The Book of Poetry''. This is the first complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'' completed by a Chinese translator, and also the seventh complete translation of it. In 1994, the Chinese Literature Publishing House published the translation ''An Unexpected Translation of Book of Songs''. In his works, Xu Yuanchong followed the principle of “three beauties”, and his translation has unique features in terms of translation techniques and aesthetic communication.

In 1995, Wang Rongpei and Ren Xiuhua jointly translated ''The Book of Poetry'', which was published by Liaoning Education Press. This is the second complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'' completed by Chinese translators. This translation takes a Chinese-English comparison form, and the original Chinese poetry is marked with modern Chinese pinyin. The translation emphasizes the ending rhyme, and each poem is accompanied by a brief explanation of the theme. In 2008, Wang Rongpei’s English translation ''The Book of Poetry'' was published by Hunan People’s Publishing House. On the basis of summarizing the gains and losses of previous translators, Wang Rongpei integrated his own understanding of the original work and its contemporary culture. His flexible and ingenious translation art reveals the translator’s unique artistic craftsmanship in the reconstruction of images, the transmission of the sense of beauty, and the elucidation of interest in the translated poetry.

Wang Fanglu published ''Exploration of Vernacular and English Translation of Ya and Song'' and ''Exploration of Vernacular and English Translation of Feng'' respectively in 2009 and 2013. The translation is arranged in order of the original poem, Chinese vernacular poem, English poem, annotations, and explanations. In 2010, Jia Fuxiang’s translation work ''“Airs of the States” from the Shi Jing: A New Trilingual Translation of the World’s Oldest Collection of Lyric Poetry'' was published, which is one of the few specialized English translations of ''the Book of Songs''. In 2016, Professor Zhao Yanchun briefly introduced the basic situation, artistic value, analysis of other English translations of ''Shi Jing'', and the translator’s translation perspectives in the English preface of his fully translated version ''She King''. Zhao followed the principles of translating poetry in a poetic way and classics in a classical way. The translated text corresPounds to the original text line by line, with great emphasis on word count and rhyme.

===2. The Characteristics of English Translation in Different Periods===
From 1735 to 1829 underwent the indirect and selective translation period of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'',whose the most conspicuous feature is that it mainly focused on the indirect translation. At this stage, most translators did not understand or were not proficient in Chinese. Hence they mainly relyed on the interlanguage translation, which will inevitably lead to the translations imprinted with the language and culture in interlanguage, as well as translator’s style. Also, in terms of language, culture, and style, they failed to be faithful to the original text, and problems such as mistranslation, addition, and omission would occur frequently. At this stage, there was no complete English translation yet, nor a specialized selective translation of ''Shi Jing''. The number of excerpts is small, and most of them only selected a few poems or some chapters of the poems. Moreover, the selective translations of ''Shi Jing'' only served as auxiliary functions in the original book, rather than being used for specialized translation and introduction of ''Shi Jing''. Small though the number of English translations of ''Shi Jing'' during this stage was small, they initiated the dissemination of English translations of Shi Jing, marking the embryonic stage of its English translation.

From the 1870s to the 1980s, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' was in its heyday. In the past 100 years, there were not only several selected versions, most of which appeared in special collections of English translations of Chinese poetry, but also a number of full English versions of ''Shi Jing'', such as James Legge’s porse version and rhymed version, Waley’s version, Pound’s version, etc. At this stage, the identities of translators are more diverse, including missionaries, diplomats, sinologists, poets, translators, etc. Most of them are proficient in Chinese and have in-depth research on Chinese language and Chinese culture. Therefore, there is a decrease in translation at this stage, and most of them translated directly. From the perspective of the ethnics of the translators, there are English and American translators, Swedish translators, Irish translators, Chinese American translators, and cooperative translation between English and American translators and Chinese scholars at this stage. In terms of translation style, there are translators for rhyme and against rhyme, and translators attempting to translate. At this stage, Western translators took the English translation and research of ''Shi Jing'' to a new platform, both in terms of breadth and depth, which greatly promotes its dissemination in the English world.

Since the 1980s, a group of excellent local Chinese translators have joined the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', promoting the gradual expansion of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Over the past twenty years, multiple complete translations came to the world. Most of these translators are both translators and translation theorists. The translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' and the formation of translation theory mutually reinforced. Translation strategies presented a coexistence of domestication and foreignization. Many Chinese translators have begun to continuously try to promote the internationalization of Chinese classical culture, forming a new era of English translation of ''Shi Jing''.

===Conclusion===

This article is mainly based on the English translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, attempting to outline the historical development trajectory of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. The turn of the 18th and 19th centuries was the indirect translation period of ''Shi Jing'', and the 1870s to 1980s were the complete translation period of ''Shi Jing''. The 1980s have been the new era of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. In addition, the author summarizes the characteristics of English translation of ''Shi Jing'' in different periods. In short, during the more than 200 year historical process of translating ''Shi Jing'' into English, with the tireless efforts of overseas sinologists and local Chinese scholars, there have been numerous English translations of ''Shi Jing'', including excerpts, selective translations, and complete translations. These translations with different styles have laid the foundation for the study of the translation of ''Shi Jing'', and have made great contributions to the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures, Chinese literature, and the internationalization of Chinese culture.

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Qin Fangfang 覃芳芳. (2023). 《诗经》英译史考辨 [The Examination of the History of English Translation of Shi Jing]. 社会科学论坛 Tribune of Social Sciences (03) 171-184.

Wang Hong王宏. (2012). 《诗经》及其英译 [Shi Jing and Its English Translation].东方翻译 East Journal of Translation (06) 122-124.

Xu Yuanchong 许渊冲. (2003). 文学与翻译 [Literature and Translation]. Beijing: Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.

Yang Zhiyi 杨治宜. (2005). 多边文化研究：《诗经》在 18 世纪的英国——文本考据与个案研究 [Multilateral Cultural Studies: The Book of Songs in 18th Century England: Textual Research and Case Studies]. Beijing: Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.

Zheng Zhongqiu 郑中求. (2013). 马礼逊《华英字典》与《诗经》的早期英译 [Early English Translation of Morrison’s English and Chinese Pronouncing Condensed Dictionary and Shi Jing]. 华北理工大学学报(社会科学版) Journal of North China University of Technology (Social Sciences Edition) (06) 282-283.

20230630 final exam 05

2023-06-14T18:12:20Z

Liang Xinlu: /* 202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting) */

=202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting)=
== A Literature Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine Translation==
===Abstract===
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive review of the translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) literature, focusing on the key themes of TCM, terminology, cross-cultural communication, metaphor, functional theory, and globalization. TCM is a holistic medical system with a rich cultural and historical background, and its accurate translation is crucial for promoting cross-cultural understanding and global dissemination. The review examines the challenges faced in translating TCM terminology, explores the role of metaphor in TCM discourse, discusses the application of functional theory in TCM translation, and highlights the importance of globalization in the context of TCM. By analyzing existing research and literature, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of TCM translation studies and facilitate effective communication and exchange between TCM practitioners, researchers, and international audiences.
===Key Words===
TCM, Terminology, cross-cultural communication, metaphor, functional theory, globalization
===题目===
中医翻译文献综述
===摘要===
本文对中医翻译的文献进行了综述，重点关注中医、术语、跨文化交流、隐喻、功能理论和全球化等关键主题。中医是一个具有丰富文化和历史背景的整体医学系统，其准确的翻译对于促进跨文化理解和全球传播至关重要。本综述探讨了中医术语翻译所面临的挑战，探索了隐喻在中医语境中的作用，讨论了功能理论在中医翻译中的应用，并强调了全球化在中医背景下的重要性。通过分析现有的研究和文献，本综述旨在推动中医翻译研究的进展，促进中医从业者、研究人员和国际受众之间的有效沟通和交流
===关键词===
中医、术语、跨文化交际、功能理论、全球化
===Introduction===
In recent years, TCM has gained increasing international recognition and influence. As TCM continues to expand its reach, the importance of translation in the field has become paramount. Translating TCM texts accurately and effectively is essential for promoting cross-cultural understanding and facilitating global communication in this domain. This article explores the theoretical research in TCM translation, specifically focusing on the functional translation theory and metaphorical cognitive approaches applied to terminology translation. The renowned TCM classic, "Huangdi Neijing" (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), serves as a prominent example of the texts addressed in this discussion. Furthermore, the article raises questions regarding how to approach terminology translation and enhance the cross-cultural communicative function of TCM.
As TCM gains prominence on the international stage, the demand for reliable and precise translations has surged. It is imperative to explore theoretical frameworks and methodologies that can ensure accurate and culturally sensitive translations. The functional translation theory, which emphasizes the communicative function of translated texts, offers valuable insights into the translation of TCM materials. Additionally, applying metaphorical cognitive approaches in translating TCM terminology helps to capture the nuanced meanings and concepts embedded within TCM texts.
The translation of "Huangdi Neijing," a cornerstone of TCM literature, presents unique challenges and opportunities. Exploring effective strategies to translate its rich terminology, metaphors, and cultural references can contribute to a better understanding and appreciation of TCM worldwide. This article poses questions such as: How can we approach the translation of TCM terminologies while preserving their essence and functionality? How can we enhance the cross-cultural communicative impact of TCM translations, promoting effective dialogue and exchange of knowledge?
By delving into the theories and practices of TCM translation, this article aims to shed light on the crucial role translation plays in the growing international influence of TCM. Furthermore, it strives to stimulate further research and discussion on terminology translation and the enhancement of cross-cultural communication in the field of TCM.
===A Brief Introduction to the History of TCM Translation===
1.Significance of TCM translation
Traditional Chinese medical literature bears witness to the remarkable skills of TCM experts and their research achievements in prescriptions, showcasing the splendid accomplishments and significant contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. These ancient texts serve as the original sources of TCM theories and methods, preserving thousands of years of medical thoughts and treatment experiences that continue to hold a crucial position in clinical practice. Moreover, TCM classics are a treasure trove of ancient Chinese encyclopedic knowledge, reflecting an essential component of Chinese culture. Translating and studying these ancient texts not only plays a positive role in the international dissemination of TCM and the collective progress of global medicine but also helps bridge the cultural gap and showcase the splendid and enduring cultural traditions of China to the world.

2.Development stages

The English translation of TCM classics has gone through four significant historical stages.

The first stage took place from the mid-18th century to the late 19th century when Western knowledge gradually reached the East and Chinese knowledge spread to the West. During this period, foreign missionaries and sinologists translated some TCM classics, introducing TCM materia medica, pulse diagnosis, and organ systems. However, the translation results were to some extent constrained by the translators' understanding of TCM theories and influenced by Western culture.

The second stage occurred from 1900 to 1950, during a period marked by the impact of Western medicine on TCM and the prevailing trend of TCM modernization. In this era, the English translation of TCM classics was mainly undertaken by Western medical researchers and Chinese scholars. The translation work primarily focused on TCM materia medica and foundational theoretical works. However, due to the introduction of Western pharmaceutical methods, the translation results did not fully reflect the original form, medical and cultural connotations of the ancient texts.

The third stage spanned from 1951 to 1991, the period of the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the opening-up and reform era. During this stage, there was initial development in the English translation of TCM classics, with the emergence of translated versions of foundational TCM theoretical works and clinical treatises. Translators began to pay attention to the medical theories, clinical value, historical context, and cultural significance of the ancient texts. They also incorporated the methods of medical history and textual studies to improve the accuracy of translation.

The fourth stage, from 1992 to the present, is characterized by the internationalization and global dissemination of TCM. This stage witnessed a significant increase in the English translations of TCM classics, employing diverse translation methods and yielding more precise and comprehensive results. Translators have experimented with various interdisciplinary research approaches, including history, medicine, linguistics, and others, to better restore and interpret the knowledge and ideas contained in TCM classics.

These developmental stages demonstrate that TCM translation is not only essential for the inheritance and development of TCM culture but also serves as a vital bridge for the exchange and integration between TCM and global medicine. Through translation and study of TCM classics, we can gain a better understanding of the theoretical framework and clinical applications of TCM, promoting its dissemination and recognition on the international stage.

===An Overview of Metaphor and TCM ===

1.The introduction to metaphor

When reviewing the research on the translation of TCM terminology, it is evident that the mainstream theories guiding TCM translation have deviated from the actual language and cognitive characteristics of TCM. This deviation hinders the cognitive construction and acceptance of TCM in other cultural and linguistic contexts. The language and cognitive reality of TCM are rooted in metaphor and expressed through the formation and cognition of analogical terms.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the mechanisms of metaphorical semantic generation and comprehension. This model aims to provide quantifiable indicators for the construction and evaluation of TCM terminology translation, with the goal of offering reference points for further exploration of strategies, principles, and methods in TCM terminology translation.

To promote a better understanding and acceptance of TCM among a wider audience, it is necessary to align the mindset of the audience with the inherent cognitive approach of TCM itself. Due to its long-standing immersion in Chinese culture, TCM possesses a unique way of cognition, which often manifests in its language expression, particularly in the formation of terminology. It can be said that understanding TCM terminology serves as a gateway to comprehending the cognitive system of TCM. TCM employs analogical thinking as a cognitive method, and its terminology exhibits distinct metaphorical characteristics. The translation of TCM terminology, especially the translation of metaphorical expressions, directly affects the cognitive construction of TCM within another linguistic and cultural context, serving as an important condition for the acceptance of TCM principles in a different cultural framework.

2.Research on the theory of TCM translation

Research on the theory of TCM translation is urgently needed, not only because of the limited amount of theoretical research but also due to the inherent flaws in the existing theories being applied. Currently, the most commonly used theories in domestic TCM translation research include the theories of foreignization and domestication, linguistic-cultural theory, and the theory of multiple systems (Wang Yinquan, et al., 2014).
The Chinese language tends to use concrete imagery to express abstract concepts, and this is particularly evident in the language of TCM. The thinking embedded in TCM has its philosophical foundations, manifested in the process of observation, analogy, comparison, and understanding influenced by ancient geographical environment, production methods, social systems, and other factors. This analogical mapping relationship aligns with the metaphorical path of thinking in Western cognitive linguistics. This thinking can be traced back to the "gua" (hexagrams) in the Book of Changes (Yi Jing). In the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), the idea of "analogy and comparison" is explicitly expressed, such as in the chapter "Wu Yun Xing Da Lun" which states, "The Yin and Yang of heaven and earth cannot be determined by numbers but by their images," and in the chapter "Shi Cong Rong Lun" which says, "Regarding analogy and comparison, it encompasses the principles of harmony and conformity." It is evident that this concept has always been inherent in the terminology of TCM word formation.

The construction of an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the metaphorical cognitive perspective and the complete process of medical interpretation is an important methodology in TCM. TCM utilizes various "images" to explain and construct its most important theories, including the patterns of Yin and Yang, the Five Elements, and the interaction between Heaven and Human.

From the publication status of relevant papers in journals, although research in this field has made some progress, the inclusion of this topic in core journals is relatively limited. Chen Yi et al. (2020) pointed out that the study of metaphorical translation of TCM terminology is still in its preliminary stage, indicating that this research direction has yet to be further explored. Overall, the current research still faces three main issues: 1) the lack of a systematic evaluation framework for metaphorical translation of TCM terminology, with a focus on descriptive evaluation methods and limited and fragmented evaluation criteria; 2) incomplete discussion on the selection of translation theories and translation principles based on achieving the optimal effect of metaphorical terms, resulting in some studies showing low evaluation of translation based on metaphorical considerations; and 3) research on the metaphorical translation of TCM terminology mostly concentrates on the discussion of specific translation techniques, while related theoretical research remains underdeveloped.

To address these deficiencies, it is necessary to construct an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the mechanisms of metaphor generation and understanding. This model should investigate the entire process from the generation of metaphorical meaning to the emergence of meaning after translation, covering various stages from reader recognition to comprehension and cognitive application.

3 Metaphor and TCM works

Metaphor is not exclusive to literary works; it also exists in the fields of science, everyday language, thought patterns, and behavior. In addition to its medical nature, TCM encompasses elements of astronomy, geography, humanities, and philosophy. TCM language is rich in metaphors.
In ancient times, people's cognitive abilities were limited, so they often used the method of "taking similarities and making connections" to establish relationships based on the similarity between things. This cognitive method involves understanding unfamiliar and abstract concepts by relating them to familiar and concrete things. This cognitive method was widely used in TCM and TCM classics. In the "Huangdi Neijing," whether describing disease symptoms, elucidating medical principles, explaining TCM concepts, discussing TCM theories, or interpreting treatment methods and principles, the "Chinese-style metaphor" of "taking similarities and making connections" is consistently present.

The metaphors in the language of TCM can be categorized into three main types: natural, political, and philosophical. The ancient people's understanding of the world was derived from nature, and the construction of TCM theories was also influenced by the limitations of their cognitive sources. The relationship between the human body's structure and the universe is described in the "Ling Shu: Xie Ke" (Li Zhaoguo, 2008:822) as follows: "The heavens are round and the earth is square, and so the human head is round and the feet are square to correspond with them. Just as the heavens have the sun and moon, the human body has two eyes; just as the earth has nine provinces, the human body has nine orifices..." In this statement, the human body is metaphorically compared to a small universe. The descriptions of human body structure and its relationships in the "Huangdi Neijing" fully illustrate the abundance of metaphorical relationships between the human body and the natural world. Ancient TCM practitioners used metaphoric mappings from the natural world to the human body to construct mechanisms for physiological and pathological diagnosis and treatment.

When interpreting TCM, the ancient people were not only influenced by the natural world but also by the political hierarchy of their time. In ancient society, with "ritual" as its core, a strict political hierarchy was established, and a series of metaphors related to politics emerged in TCM. For example, mappings were made between official positions (yuan yu) and the study of TCM. The "Huangdi Neijing" states, "The main disease is called 'jun' (ruler), and assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen' (minister), and corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi' (envoy), not referring to the three classes of garments for upper, middle, and lower ranks" (Li Zhaoguo, 2008:1228). In this sentence, "the main disease is called 'jun'" refers to the "jun" in herbal formulations, which represents the main medicinal ingredient used to treat the disease. "Zuo" refers to assistance. "Assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen'" refers to the "chen" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the main ingredient in exerting its effects. "Ying chen" refers to the response or interaction with the "chen" ingredients. "Corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi'" refers to the "shi" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the "chen" ingredients in exerting their effects. TCM uses the hierarchical relationship of rulers and ministers to metaphorically represent the importance of medicinal substances in treating diseases.

3.Meaning of exploring metaphor

Every aspect of human life is influenced and shaped by culture. Culture determines people's ways of existence, self-expression, behavior, and thinking. Analogical thinking is a unique cognitive method deeply rooted in Chinese culture. The strong metaphorical nature of TCM requires the translation of TCM terminology from a metaphorical perspective. In general, human language and thinking are inherently metaphorical, which is a shared experience among all human beings. This provides the possibility for readers of other languages to understand foreign metaphors and embrace new thought patterns.
Therefore, in the long run, if target language readers can comprehend the metaphors in TCM, they will be better able to embrace TCM thinking. This will serve as a more effective approach to promote the acceptance and dissemination of TCM.

===Review of functionalist and TCM===

The introduction of German functionalist translation theory into China has had a profound impact on the translation community, bringing forth new research topics and influences. As an integral part of traditional Chinese culture, the question of how to globalize TCM has been extensively discussed by experts and scholars in the fields of translation and TCM. The functionalist translation theory offers a fresh perspective and theoretical foundation for the translation of TCM culture. It provides valuable insights and methods to bridge cultural and linguistic barriers, facilitating the dissemination and understanding of TCM principles on an international scale.

1.The introduction to Functional theory

Functional Translation Theory has its origins in Germany in the 1970s. It was first introduced by Katharina Reiss in her book "Possibilities and Limitation of Translation Criticism," where she emphasized the importance of text function as a criterion for evaluating translations. Reiss established a framework for assessing translations based on the relationship between the functions of the source text and the target text. Building on Reiss's work, her student Vermeer further developed the main theories of the functionalist approach and introduced the concept of skopostheory, which is considered the cornerstone of Functional Translation Theory. According to skopostheory, the guiding principle in translation is the "skopos rule," which states that the purpose to be achieved by a translation determines the entire translation process.

Mantyäri expanded the scope of Functional Translation Theory by incorporating action theory and addressing various forms of intercultural transformations, including text transformations. Her focus encompassed the behavior of the translation process, the roles of the participants, and the environmental factors in which translation takes place. Christiane Nord, in her further refinement of Functional Translation Theory, introduced the principle of "loyalty with addition of function," which emphasizes the interpersonal relationships among the translator, the author of the source text, the recipient of the translated text, and the initiator of the translation. Nord's influential work, "Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approaches Explained," published in 1997, provided a comprehensive overview of German functionalist theories, clarifying ambiguities and terminologies. She introduced the notion of loyalty as a crucial element in the functionalist model, emphasizing the importance of maintaining relationships while considering the function of the translated text. Nord argued that Functional Translation Theory can be applied to various types of translation.

In summary, Functional Translation Theory offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and evaluating translation by considering the functions and purposes involved in the translation process. It acknowledges the dynamic nature of translation within specific communicative contexts and emphasizes the significance of the target text's function in relation to the source text.

2. Current Research Status in China

From the perspective of c, the journal articles in CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) primarily focus on the following five areas: analysis of translation of specific aspects of TCM terminology or culturally loaded terms based on Functional Translation Theory, research on translation of TCM works and their versions from a functional translation theory perspective, translation studies on other aspects of TCM and TCM applications based on Functional Translation Theory, research on issues and strategies in the translation and dissemination of TCM, and research on the translation of TCM instructions based on Functional Translation Theory.

From the perspective of research content and subjects, the study of TCM translation in China goes beyond the translation of TCM terminology and the dissemination of TCM knowledge. It also involves the translation of highly specialized TCM classics, such as the "Huangdi Neijing," "Shanghan Lun," "Jin Kui Yao Lue," and others. The authors conducting this research come from diverse backgrounds, including not only linguistics or translation theory and practice but also TCM foundational theory, TCM medical history literature, and even interdisciplinary backgrounds like TCM foreign languages.

In terms of publication outlets, research articles can be found in both foreign language journals and TCM-related journals. Examples of TCM-related journals include "Global Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Shizhen Guoyi Guoyao" (Chinese Journal of Traditional Medical Science and Technology), "Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Hunan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine," and "Western Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine."

=== Internationalization and Translation of TCM Classics===

1.Significance

The translation of TCM classics carries great significance as TCM moves towards internationalization and globalization. The challenge lies in accurately translating the essence of Chinese traditional medicine to Western audiences. Translation involves the transformation of symbols between two different languages to facilitate cross-cultural communication and dissemination of information. As translators of TCM, our responsibility extends beyond conveying the source language information accurately; we must consciously introduce the literary atmosphere, cultural spirit, and philosophical understanding of traditional medicine and culture. It is undeniable that the translation of TCM classics from the source language (Chinese) to the target language (English, for example) falls within the realm of literary translation. As Professor Li Yuchun stated, literature is a symbol or coding system that constructs a national image and discourse system in various forms of discourse or symbols. Based on this understanding, it is essential for modern TCM translators to incorporate the concepts of modernization and national identity into the translation of TCM classics.

2.Challenges

In terms of historical perspective, the exchange and dissemination of TCM have been taking place since the Qin and Han dynasties. Early dissemination primarily focused on the Han cultural sphere influenced by Confucianism, culture, and language. From the Ming and Qing dynasties onwards, the translation, publication, and introduction of TCM literature and clinical works by Western missionaries and scholars in China formed part of the "Westernization of Chinese Studies," greatly promoting the overseas dissemination of TCM and the cultural exchange between Chinese and Western medicine. After more than 300 years of accumulated experience and practice, TCM translation has finally established a unique and distinctive development path. However, the difficulty lies in conveying the Chinese language, medicine, and culture to the West. To date, the translation and dissemination of TCM classics, which are indispensable for introducing TCM theories, practices, and culture, remain the weakest link in the translation and dissemination of traditional Chinese culture abroad. Overall, there is still a lack of a systematic and characteristic chain and system for introducing TCM to foreign readers in a planned and comprehensive manner, particularly in terms of content that enters the field of TCM understanding and becomes an important object of Western medical cognition. These challenges highlight the importance and urgency of research on the translation and dissemination of TCM classics. It is crucial to accurately grasp its historical origins, clarify its connotations, and approach its development from different levels, including theoretical concepts, basic paths, and objectives.

3.Approaches

Internationalization Path: The translation and dissemination of TCM classics should not only uphold national values and highlight the core ideas of traditional culture but also consider both Chinese and Western perspectives and promote mutual understanding. From a translation perspective, internationalized classic translation should not only construct linguistic forms but also ensure the transmission of meaning, capturing the essence effectively. Textual meaning construction includes the construction of textual meaning that facilitates information transmission and cultural interaction, as well as the scientific meaning construction. From a communication perspective, it is crucial to develop reasonable macro strategies that are widely accepted internationally, expand diverse forms of international communication channels, and seek collaborative efforts from multiple parties. For example, constructing medical or cultural products with aesthetic and cultural attributes that facilitate the internationalization of TCM, such as releasing translated texts or creating popular educational materials and brochures, can establish convenient interpretation and dissemination pathways. Moreover, the cultivation of translation and dissemination professionals with an international background in TCM classics is urgently needed. Confronting the issues and challenges of international dissemination of TCM under the globalization trend, establishing long-term goals for translation talent development based on industry and cultural strategies is vital to effectively promote the dissemination and diversified development of TCM. Currently, the cultivation of internationalized translation professionals in TCM is key

===Evaluation===

1 Conclusion of recent research

This literature review provides an analysis of the research on the translation history of TCM, emphasizing the significance of translation theory and metaphorical perspectives in effective cross-cultural dissemination. The synthesis of the reviewed literature highlights that TCM, with its medical essence and profound cultural connotations, holds great importance in international communication and collaboration.
Translation theory, specifically functional translation theory, offers valuable guidance for TCM translation. According to functional translation theory, translation serves specific functions beyond mere language conversion. In the context of TCM translation, these functions encompass accurate conveyance of medical knowledge, cultural exchange, and academic cooperation. Translators, therefore, need to comprehend the needs and backgrounds of the target readership, employing flexible translation strategies to ensure the fulfillment of these functional aspects in the translated texts.

Metaphorical perspectives play a crucial role in TCM translation. Metaphors are widely employed in the language of TCM, spanning the realms of nature, politics, and philosophy. Through the use of metaphors, TCM theories and concepts are communicated in a vivid and evocative manner to the target audience. Metaphors act as bridges in cross-cultural communication, facilitating the understanding and acceptance of TCM knowledge while fostering the development of new patterns of thinking and concepts.

The significance of studying the translation history of TCM lies in gaining a deeper understanding of its dissemination and drawing valuable lessons from it. By examining the historical processes of TCM translation, we can explore the strategies and modes of dissemination employed in different periods, identifying successful experiences and lessons learned. This research serves as a valuable reference and guide for current and future TCM translation endeavors, facilitating the international dissemination and promotion of TCM.

In conclusion, translation theory and metaphorical perspectives are instrumental in effectively disseminating TCM internationally. The exploration of TCM translation history offers valuable insights and lessons. Further research and practice in TCM translation are essential to promote the global outreach of TCM, ensuring the inheritance and development of TCM culture on the international stage.

2. Future Research Outlook

In the field of Chinese medicine translation, there are challenges and opportunities for improvement. Understanding the current state of Chinese medicine translation and proposing effective strategies for improvement is crucial for advancing the field. Future research can focus on the following areas:

Quality and Accuracy: Chinese medicine translation requires a high level of accuracy and fidelity to ensure the correct understanding and application of Chinese medicine theory and practice. Future research should emphasize the development of standard guidelines and criteria for Chinese medicine translation, including terminology consistency, cultural relevance, and maintaining the integrity of Chinese medicine concepts. Implementing quality control measures and promoting collaboration between Chinese medicine experts and translators can enhance the accuracy and reliability of Chinese medicine translation.

Bridging Language and Culture: Chinese medical texts often contain complex concepts and cultural nuances that can pose challenges in accurate communication across different languages. Future research should explore effective strategies for bridging the language and cultural gaps in Chinese medicine translation. This can include the development of vocabulary lists, reference materials, and translation resources to assist translators in capturing the essence of Chinese medicine concepts and ensuring their proper interpretation in different cultural contexts.

Collaboration and Knowledge Exchange: Collaboration between Chinese medicine practitioners, translators, researchers, and language professionals is crucial for driving the development of Chinese medicine translation. Future research should encourage interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange platforms to promote a deeper understanding of Chinese medicine theory, terminology, and cultural significance. This collaboration can help establish shared knowledge repositories and facilitate ongoing improvements in Chinese medicine translation practices.

Integration of Technology: The integration of technology such as machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and Chinese medicine databases can greatly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of Chinese medicine translation. Future research should explore the potential of these technologies in supporting the Chinese medicine translation process while addressing the unique challenges posed by Chinese medicine terminology and cultural nuances. Developing specialized tools and resources that harness these technologies can assist translators in making informed decisions and innovations when dealing with Chinese medicine translation.

By incorporating both metaphor translation and functional theory into future research, Chinese medicine translation can be further improved in terms of accuracy, cultural adaptation, and effective communication of the intended functions. These advancements will contribute to the wider dissemination and understanding of Chinese medicine theories and practices beyond national boundaries.

My view on TCM translation is that it should embrace a holistic approach that combines metaphor translation, functional theory, and localization. Building upon the previous research findings, I believe that effective TCM translation goes beyond linguistic accuracy and involves cultural adaptation to ensure the proper understanding and acceptance of TCM theories and practices in the target language and culture.
Firstly, metaphor translation plays a crucial role in capturing the essence of TCM concepts and conveying them in a culturally meaningful way. TCM language is rich in metaphors that reflect the interconnectedness of the human body, nature, and the universe. Translators should strive to identify and preserve these metaphors while ensuring their intelligibility and relevance in the target culture. This requires a deep understanding of both TCM theory and the target language's cultural context.
Secondly, functional theory provides a valuable framework for guiding TCM translation practices. Translators should consider the purpose and intended functions of the translated text, taking into account the needs and expectations of the target audience. Adhering to the principles of functional equivalence and communicative effectiveness, TCM translation should aim to convey the intended effects and benefits of TCM practices in a way that resonates with the target audience. This may involve adapting terminology, adjusting rhetorical styles, and selecting appropriate cultural references.
Furthermore, localization is essential in TCM translation to ensure the seamless integration of TCM concepts and practices into the target culture. This involves adapting not only the language but also the cultural and social aspects of TCM to make it relevant and accessible to the target audience. Localization may include adapting TCM diagnostic methods and treatment approaches to align with the target culture's healthcare system, incorporating local case studies and testimonials, and considering the preferences and beliefs of the target audience.

In the era of globalization, TCM translation should prioritize global reach. It is crucial to accurately convey the essence of TCM to a worldwide audience. This requires overcoming the challenge of translating TCM's rich cultural and medical knowledge into different languages. TCM translation must go beyond linguistic conversion and focus on cultural adaptation and sensitivity. By embracing modern translation theories and methodologies, TCM can be effectively communicated to a global audience while maintaining its authenticity. Additionally, leveraging technology and digital platforms can enhance the accessibility and dissemination of TCM worldwide. Training talented translators with an international background is essential for promoting TCM's internationalization. In summary, TCM translation needs to adapt to globalization, ensuring accurate communication and promoting the global integration of TCM.

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=202270081680 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi 英语笔译(English translation)=
==The Translation and Dissenmination of Shi Jing in the English World==
===Abstract===
More than two centuries has witnessed the translation and spreading of Shi Jing in the English world. Various translations have emerged, providing a feasible way for the spreading and research of its English translation. In this paper, the author adpots the method of historical analysis to investigate and examine the English translation history of Shi Jing, and tries to depict the historial evolution of its English translation, which is divided into three periods: the indirect translation and slective translation period, the full translation period and the new period. Each period has the representative translators at home or abroad. Furthermore, the author summerizes the characteristics of each period in general. Based on meticulous investigations, this paper shows how Shi Jing has influenced the world and how it does a great deal for the Chinese literature coming towards the world.
===Key Words===
Shijing; English translation; three periods
==诗经在英语世界的翻译与传播==
===摘要===
两个多世纪以来，《诗经》英译本不断涌现，在英语世界广泛传播。繁多的译本为《诗经》的英译传播和研究提供了可行的途径。本文运用历史分析方法梳理、考辩《诗经》的英译历史，尝试描绘出《诗经》英译的历史演进并将其分为转译及摘译期、全译期和新时期，每一时期均简要评述了代表性翻译家及译作。最后，作者分别总结了上述三个阶段英译活动的特征。通过详实考察，本文展现了《诗经》对世界的影响，以及对中国文学走向世界的巨大推动作用。
===关键词===
诗经;英译;三个时期
===Introduction===
''Shi Jing'', also named ''Book of Poetry'' or ''Book of Songs'', is the first collection of poems in China. It consists of 305 poems that vividly show ancient Chinese people’s life from the early Western Zhou Dynasty (the 11th century BC) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period (the 6th century BC). There are three parts in the book: ''Feng'' (160 poems), ''Ya'' (74 poems in Xiao Ya and 31 poems in Da Ya), and ''Song'' (40 poems). Poems in ''Feng'' are mainly folk poems about people’s stories or emotions. ''Xiao Ya'' contains some folk poems and nobles’ works, and its most notable works are about fcasts and wars. Most of the poems in ''Da Ya'' are produced by imperial nobles. Poems in ''Song'' are mainly the song and poetry about the imperial family’s sacrifice to ancestors.

The language of ''Shi Jing'' conveys the beauty of music, with a sentence structure mainly composed of four words, but also flexible and varied. The four sentences independently form a poetic chapter, occasionally mixed with sentence structures of two, three, five, seven, or eight words. Reduplicated chapters, sentences, and characters are common expressive techniques in ''Shi Jing'', and rhythm between spaced sentences, between neighbouring sentences, cross rhyming, and rhyming through the same initial consonants and Chinese vowels are the basic methods in ''Shi Jing'' for metric. ''Shi Jing'' has unique characteristics in terms of meaning and rhetoric. Commonly used rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, contrast, and duality can be found in this classic. Its creative techniques have had a huge impact on the genre structure, language art, and other aspects of Chinese literature.

The translation and dissenmination of ''Shi Jing'' to foreign countries can be said to have a long history. The work has attracted many readers and scholars and conscquently been translated into many different languages. According to research, ''Shi Jing'' was first passed down through the Silk Road and initially spread to China’s neighboring countries such as today’s Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and so on. In the 16th century, ''Shi Jing'' began its journey in Europe. The earliest English translation can be traced back to the 18th century. So far, ''Shi Jing'' has been translated into dozens of languages and widely disseminated worldwide. Throughout the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, it generally includes two aspects: the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' and the research of it. In order to comprehensively understand the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', the author consulted a large number of literature, adopted historical analysis methods to examine the history of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', and then summarized the characteristics of English translation activities in different periods. The author hopes that this article can not only help us understand the dissemination of ''Shi Jing'' in the English speaking world, but also provide some reference for future research on related translation.

===1. Three Periods of the English Translation of ''Shi Jing''===

====1.1 The Indirect Translation and Slective Translation Period (1735-1829)====

According to the available materials, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' began with the indirect translation of ''Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' written in French. It was edited by the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde and it has four volumes. In the second volume, he introduced and examined the literariness of Shi Jing, with a collection of eight poems translated by the France Jesuit Joseph Henry de Prémare. The publication of the book in France immediately attracted the attention of the UK publishers. In 1736 and 1738, the Britain Richard Brooks, the London publisher Edward Cave and the translators he organized translated and published the English version of the book the respectively. It was the first time that some of poems of ''Shi Jing'' was translated into English.

In 1761, several excerpts from ''Shi Jing'' were contained in the final appendix of the novel ''Hau Kiou Choaan'' or ''The Pleasing History'' compiled by Thomas Percy. Knowing little about Chinese, Percy translated all those poems indirectly based on the reference to others’ translations. According to Yang Zhiyi (2005, 33), there are seven excerpts respectively translated indirectly from the version in Latin translation of ''Confucius Sinarum philosophus'' by Philippe Couplet and others, and cited from the version in the Latin work ''Musaem Sinicum'' by German Bayer and ''the Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' by Du Halde.

The earliest translation of ''Shi Jing'' with the original poems in Chinese as a reference was William Jones’s version. He initially translated the ''Qi Ao'' in ''Wei Feng'' in Latin and included the translation in the ''Poeseos Asiaticæ Commentatorium''. In 1785, Jones took most of pages to discuss ''Shi Jing'' in his paper “On the Second Classical Book of the Chinese”, where he also translated each section of poems ''Qi Ao'', ''Tao Yao'', and ''Jie’nan Shan'' with methods of both literal translation and free translation in poetic style. His literal translation in prose style is generally faithful to original poems in terms of meaning and numbers of sentences, while his free translation in poetic translation, on the other hand, is considered as “imitation” (Fan Cunzhong 1991, 79), a recreation inspired by the original text. Jones not only added poetic lines in his transaltion, but also generalized the rich cultural imagery of China, adopting the rhyme style of British folk songs.

In 1829, the famous British sinologist Sir John F. Davis published the second complete English translation of ''The Fortunate Union'', which embraces some poems extracted from ''Shi Jing''. He also included these selectiive translations in his article “On the Poetry of the Chinese”, which takes examples of ''Shi Jing'' and folk songs from Pre Qin Dynasty to Six Dynasties to elaborate on the rhythmic characteristics of Chinese classical poetry. He referred to the Chinese original text when translating the poems in The Fortune Union, and also introduced them in a Chinese English comparison in “On the Poetry of the Chinese”. In this way, he pioneered the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' by comparing with Chinese original poems.

====1.2 The Full Translation Period (1871-1976)====

In the 1870s, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' entered a prosperous stage, which was characterized by the emergence of a large number of full versions. The most influential ones are the translations of James Legge, William Waley, Bernhard Karlgren and others.

James Legge has translated ''Shi Jing'' three times in his life. With the help of Wang Tao, Legge completed the first complete English translation ''The She King or The Book of Poetry'', which was published in Hong Kong in 1871 as the fourth volume of The Chinese Classic. This translation became a milestone in the dissemination of ''Shi Jing'' in the Western world. In the preface, the author expressed his expectation that "the Work which he now offers will be deemed by competent scholars a reliable translation of the original poems". The translation was written in a non-rhymed prose style and reflects Legge’s pursuit of reproducing the literal meaning of the original poem, with “significant academic research characteristics”(Li Yuliang 2007, 43). In 1876, Legge retranslated and published the rhymed version ''The She King or The Book of Ancient Poetry''. This is the second complete English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Compared to the 1871 version, this version emphasizes rhythm, strives for accuracy, and pays more attention to aesthetic appeal. The portrayal of characters in the poem is more vivid with smoother expressions. He deleted the original Chinese poems, reduced annotations, and only retained the theme without Chinese characters in the annotations. In addition, the style and arrangement of the translation also undergone significant changes. In 1879, Legge compiled more than 100 ritualistic verses from ''Shi Jing'' into a single volume, which was included in the third volume of ''The Sacred Books of China: Texts of Confucianism'', edited by Max Müller. In this translation, the translator placed more emphasis on interpretation. The main feature of this selective translation is to highlight religious connotations, and the content unrelated to religion was removed out of the original preface to be independently composed as the preface to ''Song''. Each poem in this translation is annotated to elucidate its religious significance. Among the above three translations, the first version, which is considered as academic translation, has the profounded influence and a certain impact on many subsequent English translations.

In 1891, the complete rhymed translation ''The Shi King'' by British sinologist William Jennings was published in London, marking the advent of the third complete English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Jennings mainly referred to the annotations of Legge's translation published in 1871. Jennings’s translation includes a lengthy preface, and there are annotations on the theme and some word explanations after each translated poems. Jennings advocated for translating poetry in a poetic way and for the translation being as close to the original text in both content and form as possible. When translating, he strived to maintain the external form of the Chinese original poems, adopting a folk style form with interlaced rhymes.

In the same year, the fourth complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'', ''The Book of Chinese Poetry: The Shi Ching or Classic of Poetry'' wasbrought to the world by Clement F. R. Allen, who took the appreciation of the British into consideration. The most significant feature of this translation is that the translator greatly rewrote the poetry to live up with Western poetic concepts and acceptance habits of British readers. He adopted rhyme style when translating and employed extreme domestication translation techniques, attempting to achieve a transformation from Chinese poetry to English poetry from content to form.

After the 20th century, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' reached its peak, with various complete and selective translations emerging one after another. In 1905, British sinologist Launcelot Granmer-Byng published the selective translation ''The Classics of Confucius: Book of Odes''. The translation was written rhymed, emphasizing the poetic appeal. In 1913, Helen Waddell, an Irish poet and translator, published the selective translation Lyrics from the Chinese. She knew little about Chinese, so she abridged a lot in her translation, and added plenty of personal creations. But her translation was quite popular at that time. In 1915, Ezra Pound, the leader of the American New Poetry Movement, an image originator and an outstanding translator, published ''Cathay'', a collection of Chinese poems translated from Japanese annotations by Ernest Fenollosa, an American orientalist at the end of the 19th century, including ''Cai Wei'' of ''Xiao Ya''. This translation is not faithful to the original text, and the translator recreated to a great extent.

In 1937, the complete translation ''The Book of Songs'', translated from the Chinese by Arthur Waley was published in the UK. Waley made a bold attempt in terms of translation methods. He believed that the use of rhyme would resulted in the loss of meaning due to sounds, therefore Waley adopted free form in poem translation rather than rhymed form, without strict restrictions on the number of words per line. He was skilled in employing appropriate word selection, ventral rhyme, alliteration, repetition, and stressed syllables to reproduce the rhythm and artistry of the original poem. He also broke the order in the original work and rearranged it according to his own understanding of the content. There are many annotations in his translation, and there are also appendices at the end of the translation. Waley’s translation is known for its fluency and the pursuit of the reflection of the original poetic characteristics in form.

In 1950, Swedish sinologist and linguist Bernhard Karlgren published another complete English translation, ''The Book of Odes''. He conducted systematic research on the pronunciation, exegesis, and rhyme of ''Shi Jing''. From 1942 to 1948, he published specialized research annotations on difficult words and phrases in ''Shi Jing'' in the Swedish Far East Museum, totaling over 1300 articles. His translation has four main characteristics: (1) Citation of the original text of the Psalm; (2) Annotation to the original ''pinyin''; (3) No lining up, no end rhyme between lines, and no neat foot or obvious rhythm within the line; (4) Annotations between most of lines (Li Yuliang, Sun Lixin, 2011:98). Generally speaking, his translation is a poetry translation aimed at comparing the sound and writing of English and Chinese languages.

In the second half of the 20th century, the center of the translation of ''Shi Jing'' shifted from Europe to the United States. In 1954, Pound’s full translation ''Shih-Ching: The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius'' was published. Compared with the poetry translation in ''Cathay'', the translated poems in this version features higher concise, more strict rhythm, and stronger poetic meanings, but they still retain the consistent style as before. Pound’s translation mainly has the following characteristics: (1) There are very few annotations in the translation; no Chinese original poems, only the main text of the translated poems; (2) Many translated poems are rhymed, some of which are relatively neat, while others not. And the rhymes vary from one poem to another on account of different contents; (3) There are significant changes in the theme and meaning of the translated poem. Thus it is difficult to identify the source of the translation without comparing with the original one; (4) In terms of structural form, the translator deleted lots of lines, and there are also a few examples of amplification; (5) Almost all poems were summarized when being translated, based on which the translator rewrote them into new poems according to his own understanding. Pound’s English translation of ''Shi Jing'' has gotten a mixed review in the academic community, both criticized for dramatic changes to the original text and hailed as a model of creative translation.

In 1971, William McNaughton’s work ''The Book of Songs'' which focuses on the studies of ''Shi Jing'' was published in New York. This book is a collection of McNaughton’s research findings on ''Shi Jing''. The book consists of two parts: “Theme” and “Style”, up to sixteen special topics. The book lists many poems from ''Shi Jing'' to support his pertinent research. Most of poems were translated by Pound and only a few by McNaughton himself. McNaughton mainly translated his poetry into rhymed verse, with lines corresPounding to the original poem, highlighting overlapping sounds and ending rhymes. The translation has no original reference or annotations.

The British sinologist John Turner extracted and translated several poems from ''Shi Jing'' in his collection of ancient Chinese poetry published in 1976: ''A Golden Treasury of Chinese Poetry''. In order to preserve the musicality of Chinese poetry, he translated in the traditional form of English poetry, and translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses. In the same year, the English translation of the collection of ancient Chinese poetry, ''Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres'' written by the famous Chinese-American poet and translator Wai-lim Yip’s, was published by the University of California Press. The book has a contrastive layout between English and Chinese, first to present translation word by word, with each Chinese character corresponding to an English word and corresponding part of speech; then, a full translation to be attached line by line. Wai-lim Yip regarded poetry translation as the practical basis for comparative poetics research, highlighting the differences in language between Chinese and English poetry.

Compared with the prosperity of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' in European countries and America, there were relatively few local translations in China during this period. During late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, poet Su Manshu translated 61 pieces extracted from ''Shi Jing''. The content was arranged in the form of Chinese-English comparison. Su valued the metric, rhythm, and artistic conception of poetry. In 1954, Hong Kong Construction Press published ''Poems from China'' written by Huang Wen. This book is a selective version with English-Chinese comparison of six poems from ''Shi Jing''. However, few publishers have stored it and it’s not highly praised.

====1.3 The New Period (1983- )====

After the 1980s, a number of Chinese translators also joined the ranks of translating ''Shi Jing'', making foreign translation of ''Shi Jing'' unprecedented active in China. The most outstanding contributions are made by Xu Yuanchong and Wang Rongpei.

In 1983, the selective version ''Selections from the “Book of Songs”'', jointly translated by renowned Chinese translator Yang Xianyi and his British wife Gladys Yang, was published by Foreign Language Publishing House. The couple translated 45 poems. The translated poems in this selective translation are blank verses for reason that the translator adopted the strategy of foreignization to achieve the goal of spreading classical Chinese culture and faithfully conveying the historical content and culture of the poems. However, due to the excessive pursuit of “faithfulness to the original text”, the meaning and aesthetics contained in the poem itself cannot be effectively conveyed to the target language readers, resulting in a vast reduction in the readability of the translated poems. This is also one of the reasons why this version is very popular in China but has little influence abroad.

Xu Yuanchong, a translator known as the “the only expert in the world who can translate Chinese poetry into English and French”, finished his works ''The First Branch Blooming on Earth-The Book of Lyrics'' and ''The First Branch Blooming on Earth-The Book of Odes and Hymns'' in 1992. The uniqueness of these two translations lies in the fact that it contains the original poems, with Chinese ''pinyin'' annotated line by line. Some phrases or sentences difficult to understand are annotated to explain the meaning of the very poem. The book also includes a comparison table of initial consonants and Chinese vowels of Chinese ''pinyin'', and the English International Phonetic Alphabet. In 1993, Hunan Publishing House published ''The Book of Poetry''. This is the first complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'' completed by a Chinese translator, and also the seventh complete translation of it. In 1994, the Chinese Literature Publishing House published the translation ''An Unexpected Translation of Book of Songs''. In his works, Xu Yuanchong followed the principle of “three beauties”, and his translation has unique features in terms of translation techniques and aesthetic communication.

In 1995, Wang Rongpei and Ren Xiuhua jointly translated ''The Book of Poetry'', which was published by Liaoning Education Press. This is the second complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'' completed by Chinese translators. This translation takes a Chinese-English comparison form, and the original Chinese poetry is marked with modern Chinese pinyin. The translation emphasizes the ending rhyme, and each poem is accompanied by a brief explanation of the theme. In 2008, Wang Rongpei’s English translation ''The Book of Poetry'' was published by Hunan People’s Publishing House. On the basis of summarizing the gains and losses of previous translators, Wang Rongpei integrated his own understanding of the original work and its contemporary culture. His flexible and ingenious translation art reveals the translator’s unique artistic craftsmanship in the reconstruction of images, the transmission of the sense of beauty, and the elucidation of interest in the translated poetry.

Wang Fanglu published ''Exploration of Vernacular and English Translation of Ya and Song'' and ''Exploration of Vernacular and English Translation of Feng'' respectively in 2009 and 2013. The translation is arranged in order of the original poem, Chinese vernacular poem, English poem, annotations, and explanations. In 2010, Jia Fuxiang’s translation work ''“Airs of the States” from the Shi Jing: A New Trilingual Translation of the World’s Oldest Collection of Lyric Poetry'' was published, which is one of the few specialized English translations of ''the Book of Songs''. In 2016, Professor Zhao Yanchun briefly introduced the basic situation, artistic value, analysis of other English translations of ''Shi Jing'', and the translator’s translation perspectives in the English preface of his fully translated version ''She King''. Zhao followed the principles of translating poetry in a poetic way and classics in a classical way. The translated text corresPounds to the original text line by line, with great emphasis on word count and rhyme.

===2. The Characteristics of English Translation in Different Periods===
From 1735 to 1829 underwent the indirect and selective translation period of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'',whose the most conspicuous feature is that it mainly focused on the indirect translation. At this stage, most translators did not understand or were not proficient in Chinese. Hence they mainly relyed on the interlanguage translation, which will inevitably lead to the translations imprinted with the language and culture in interlanguage, as well as translator’s style. Also, in terms of language, culture, and style, they failed to be faithful to the original text, and problems such as mistranslation, addition, and omission would occur frequently. At this stage, there was no complete English translation yet, nor a specialized selective translation of ''Shi Jing''. The number of excerpts is small, and most of them only selected a few poems or some chapters of the poems. Moreover, the selective translations of ''Shi Jing'' only served as auxiliary functions in the original book, rather than being used for specialized translation and introduction of ''Shi Jing''. Small though the number of English translations of ''Shi Jing'' during this stage was small, they initiated the dissemination of English translations of Shi Jing, marking the embryonic stage of its English translation.

From the 1870s to the 1980s, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' was in its heyday. In the past 100 years, there were not only several selected versions, most of which appeared in special collections of English translations of Chinese poetry, but also a number of full English versions of ''Shi Jing'', such as James Legge’s porse version and rhymed version, Waley’s version, Pound’s version, etc. At this stage, the identities of translators are more diverse, including missionaries, diplomats, sinologists, poets, translators, etc. Most of them are proficient in Chinese and have in-depth research on Chinese language and Chinese culture. Therefore, there is a decrease in translation at this stage, and most of them translated directly. From the perspective of the ethnics of the translators, there are English and American translators, Swedish translators, Irish translators, Chinese American translators, and cooperative translation between English and American translators and Chinese scholars at this stage. In terms of translation style, there are translators for rhyme and against rhyme, and translators attempting to translate. At this stage, Western translators took the English translation and research of ''Shi Jing'' to a new platform, both in terms of breadth and depth, which greatly promotes its dissemination in the English world.

Since the 1980s, a group of excellent local Chinese translators have joined the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', promoting the gradual expansion of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Over the past twenty years, multiple complete translations came to the world. Most of these translators are both translators and translation theorists. The translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' and the formation of translation theory mutually reinforced. Translation strategies presented a coexistence of domestication and foreignization. Many Chinese translators have begun to continuously try to promote the internationalization of Chinese classical culture, forming a new era of English translation of ''Shi Jing''.

===Conclusion===

This article is mainly based on the English translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, attempting to outline the historical development trajectory of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. The turn of the 18th and 19th centuries was the indirect translation period of ''Shi Jing'', and the 1870s to 1980s were the complete translation period of ''Shi Jing''. The 1980s have been the new era of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. In addition, the author summarizes the characteristics of English translation of ''Shi Jing'' in different periods. In short, during the more than 200 year historical process of translating ''Shi Jing'' into English, with the tireless efforts of overseas sinologists and local Chinese scholars, there have been numerous English translations of ''Shi Jing'', including excerpts, selective translations, and complete translations. These translations with different styles have laid the foundation for the study of the translation of ''Shi Jing'', and have made great contributions to the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures, Chinese literature, and the internationalization of Chinese culture.

===References===

Cannon, Garland. (1992). The Collected Works of Sir William Jones [威廉·琼斯爵士作品集]. New York: New York University Press.

Chen Manhua陈满华. (2008). 威廉·琼斯学汉语的经历及其对中国经典的解读 [William Jones’ Experience of Learning Chinese and His Interpretation of Chinese Classics]. 世界汉语教学Chinese Teaching in The World (03) 87-89.

Cranmer-Byng Launcelot. (1908). The Classics of Confucius: Book of Odes [儒家经典: 诗经]. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.

FanCunzhong 范存忠. (1991). 中国文化在启蒙时期的英国[Chinese Culture in England during the Enlightenment]. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press 外语教育出版社.

Karlgren Klas Bernhard Johannes. (1950). The Book of Odes: Chinese text, transcription and translation [诗经: 汉语文本、转写与翻译]. Stockholm: The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.

Legge James. (1876). The She King, or the Book of Ancient Poetry, Translated in English verses with Essays and Notes[韵体版诗经]. London: Trubner & Co.

Li Yuliang李玉良. (2007). 《诗经》英译研究 [The Studies of English Translation Shi Jing]. Jinan: Shandong Qilu Press齐鲁书社.

Li Yuliang & Sun Lixin李玉良孙立新. (2011) 高本汉《诗经》翻译研究 [A Study on the Translation of Shi Jing by Cranmer-Byng]. 山东外语教学 Shandong Foreign Language Teaching (06) 64-72.

McNaughton William. (1971) The Book of Songs [诗经]. Boston: Twayne Publishers.

Qin Fangfang 覃芳芳. (2023). 《诗经》英译史考辨 [The Examination of the History of English Translation of Shi Jing]. 社会科学论坛 Tribune of Social Sciences (03) 171-184.

Wang Hong王宏. (2012). 《诗经》及其英译 [Shi Jing and Its English Translation].东方翻译 East Journal of Translation (06) 122-124.

Xu Yuanchong 许渊冲. (2003). 文学与翻译 [Literature and Translation]. Beijing: Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.

Yang Zhiyi 杨治宜. (2005). 多边文化研究：《诗经》在 18 世纪的英国——文本考据与个案研究 [Multilateral Cultural Studies: The Book of Songs in 18th Century England: Textual Research and Case Studies]. Beijing: Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.

Zheng Zhongqiu 郑中求. (2013). 马礼逊《华英字典》与《诗经》的早期英译 [Early English Translation of Morrison’s English and Chinese Pronouncing Condensed Dictionary and Shi Jing]. 华北理工大学学报(社会科学版) Journal of North China University of Technology (Social Sciences Edition) (06) 282-283.

20230630 final exam 05

2023-06-14T18:10:30Z

Liang Xinlu: /* 202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting) */

=202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting)=
== A Literature Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine Translation==
===Abstract===
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive review of the translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) literature, focusing on the key themes of TCM, terminology, cross-cultural communication, metaphor, functional theory, and globalization. TCM is a holistic medical system with a rich cultural and historical background, and its accurate translation is crucial for promoting cross-cultural understanding and global dissemination. The review examines the challenges faced in translating TCM terminology, explores the role of metaphor in TCM discourse, discusses the application of functional theory in TCM translation, and highlights the importance of globalization in the context of TCM. By analyzing existing research and literature, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of TCM translation studies and facilitate effective communication and exchange between TCM practitioners, researchers, and international audiences.
===Key Words===
TCM, Terminology, cross-cultural communication, metaphor, functional theory, globalization
===题目===
中医翻译文献综述
===摘要===
本文对中医翻译的文献进行了综述，重点关注中医、术语、跨文化交流、隐喻、功能理论和全球化等关键主题。中医是一个具有丰富文化和历史背景的整体医学系统，其准确的翻译对于促进跨文化理解和全球传播至关重要。本综述探讨了中医术语翻译所面临的挑战，探索了隐喻在中医语境中的作用，讨论了功能理论在中医翻译中的应用，并强调了全球化在中医背景下的重要性。通过分析现有的研究和文献，本综述旨在推动中医翻译研究的进展，促进中医从业者、研究人员和国际受众之间的有效沟通和交流
===关键词===
中医、术语、跨文化交际、功能理论、全球化
===Introduction===
In recent years, TCM has gained increasing international recognition and influence. As TCM continues to expand its reach, the importance of translation in the field has become paramount. Translating TCM texts accurately and effectively is essential for promoting cross-cultural understanding and facilitating global communication in this domain. This article explores the theoretical research in TCM translation, specifically focusing on the functional translation theory and metaphorical cognitive approaches applied to terminology translation. The renowned TCM classic, "Huangdi Neijing" (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), serves as a prominent example of the texts addressed in this discussion. Furthermore, the article raises questions regarding how to approach terminology translation and enhance the cross-cultural communicative function of TCM.
As TCM gains prominence on the international stage, the demand for reliable and precise translations has surged. It is imperative to explore theoretical frameworks and methodologies that can ensure accurate and culturally sensitive translations. The functional translation theory, which emphasizes the communicative function of translated texts, offers valuable insights into the translation of TCM materials. Additionally, applying metaphorical cognitive approaches in translating TCM terminology helps to capture the nuanced meanings and concepts embedded within TCM texts.
The translation of "Huangdi Neijing," a cornerstone of TCM literature, presents unique challenges and opportunities. Exploring effective strategies to translate its rich terminology, metaphors, and cultural references can contribute to a better understanding and appreciation of TCM worldwide. This article poses questions such as: How can we approach the translation of TCM terminologies while preserving their essence and functionality? How can we enhance the cross-cultural communicative impact of TCM translations, promoting effective dialogue and exchange of knowledge?
By delving into the theories and practices of TCM translation, this article aims to shed light on the crucial role translation plays in the growing international influence of TCM. Furthermore, it strives to stimulate further research and discussion on terminology translation and the enhancement of cross-cultural communication in the field of TCM.
===A Brief Introduction to the History of TCM Translation===
1.Significance of TCM translation
Traditional Chinese medical literature bears witness to the remarkable skills of TCM experts and their research achievements in prescriptions, showcasing the splendid accomplishments and significant contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. These ancient texts serve as the original sources of TCM theories and methods, preserving thousands of years of medical thoughts and treatment experiences that continue to hold a crucial position in clinical practice. Moreover, TCM classics are a treasure trove of ancient Chinese encyclopedic knowledge, reflecting an essential component of Chinese culture. Translating and studying these ancient texts not only plays a positive role in the international dissemination of TCM and the collective progress of global medicine but also helps bridge the cultural gap and showcase the splendid and enduring cultural traditions of China to the world.

2.Development stages
The English translation of TCM classics has gone through four significant historical stages.

The first stage took place from the mid-18th century to the late 19th century when Western knowledge gradually reached the East and Chinese knowledge spread to the West. During this period, foreign missionaries and sinologists translated some TCM classics, introducing TCM materia medica, pulse diagnosis, and organ systems. However, the translation results were to some extent constrained by the translators' understanding of TCM theories and influenced by Western culture.

The second stage occurred from 1900 to 1950, during a period marked by the impact of Western medicine on TCM and the prevailing trend of TCM modernization. In this era, the English translation of TCM classics was mainly undertaken by Western medical researchers and Chinese scholars. The translation work primarily focused on TCM materia medica and foundational theoretical works. However, due to the introduction of Western pharmaceutical methods, the translation results did not fully reflect the original form, medical and cultural connotations of the ancient texts.

The third stage spanned from 1951 to 1991, the period of the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the opening-up and reform era. During this stage, there was initial development in the English translation of TCM classics, with the emergence of translated versions of foundational TCM theoretical works and clinical treatises. Translators began to pay attention to the medical theories, clinical value, historical context, and cultural significance of the ancient texts. They also incorporated the methods of medical history and textual studies to improve the accuracy of translation.

The fourth stage, from 1992 to the present, is characterized by the internationalization and global dissemination of TCM. This stage witnessed a significant increase in the English translations of TCM classics, employing diverse translation methods and yielding more precise and comprehensive results. Translators have experimented with various interdisciplinary research approaches, including history, medicine, linguistics, and others, to better restore and interpret the knowledge and ideas contained in TCM classics.

These developmental stages demonstrate that TCM translation is not only essential for the inheritance and development of TCM culture but also serves as a vital bridge for the exchange and integration between TCM and global medicine. Through translation and study of TCM classics, we can gain a better understanding of the theoretical framework and clinical applications of TCM, promoting its dissemination and recognition on the international stage.

===An Overview of Metaphor and TCM ===

1.The introduction to metaphor

When reviewing the research on the translation of TCM terminology, it is evident that the mainstream theories guiding TCM translation have deviated from the actual language and cognitive characteristics of TCM. This deviation hinders the cognitive construction and acceptance of TCM in other cultural and linguistic contexts. The language and cognitive reality of TCM are rooted in metaphor and expressed through the formation and cognition of analogical terms.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the mechanisms of metaphorical semantic generation and comprehension. This model aims to provide quantifiable indicators for the construction and evaluation of TCM terminology translation, with the goal of offering reference points for further exploration of strategies, principles, and methods in TCM terminology translation.

To promote a better understanding and acceptance of TCM among a wider audience, it is necessary to align the mindset of the audience with the inherent cognitive approach of TCM itself. Due to its long-standing immersion in Chinese culture, TCM possesses a unique way of cognition, which often manifests in its language expression, particularly in the formation of terminology. It can be said that understanding TCM terminology serves as a gateway to comprehending the cognitive system of TCM. TCM employs analogical thinking as a cognitive method, and its terminology exhibits distinct metaphorical characteristics. The translation of TCM terminology, especially the translation of metaphorical expressions, directly affects the cognitive construction of TCM within another linguistic and cultural context, serving as an important condition for the acceptance of TCM principles in a different cultural framework.

2.Research on the theory of TCM translation

Research on the theory of TCM translation is urgently needed, not only because of the limited amount of theoretical research but also due to the inherent flaws in the existing theories being applied. Currently, the most commonly used theories in domestic TCM translation research include the theories of foreignization and domestication, linguistic-cultural theory, and the theory of multiple systems (Wang Yinquan, et al., 2014).
The Chinese language tends to use concrete imagery to express abstract concepts, and this is particularly evident in the language of TCM. The thinking embedded in TCM has its philosophical foundations, manifested in the process of observation, analogy, comparison, and understanding influenced by ancient geographical environment, production methods, social systems, and other factors. This analogical mapping relationship aligns with the metaphorical path of thinking in Western cognitive linguistics. This thinking can be traced back to the "gua" (hexagrams) in the Book of Changes (Yi Jing). In the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), the idea of "analogy and comparison" is explicitly expressed, such as in the chapter "Wu Yun Xing Da Lun" which states, "The Yin and Yang of heaven and earth cannot be determined by numbers but by their images," and in the chapter "Shi Cong Rong Lun" which says, "Regarding analogy and comparison, it encompasses the principles of harmony and conformity." It is evident that this concept has always been inherent in the terminology of TCM word formation.

The construction of an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the metaphorical cognitive perspective and the complete process of medical interpretation is an important methodology in TCM. TCM utilizes various "images" to explain and construct its most important theories, including the patterns of Yin and Yang, the Five Elements, and the interaction between Heaven and Human.

From the publication status of relevant papers in journals, although research in this field has made some progress, the inclusion of this topic in core journals is relatively limited. Chen Yi et al. (2020) pointed out that the study of metaphorical translation of TCM terminology is still in its preliminary stage, indicating that this research direction has yet to be further explored. Overall, the current research still faces three main issues: 1) the lack of a systematic evaluation framework for metaphorical translation of TCM terminology, with a focus on descriptive evaluation methods and limited and fragmented evaluation criteria; 2) incomplete discussion on the selection of translation theories and translation principles based on achieving the optimal effect of metaphorical terms, resulting in some studies showing low evaluation of translation based on metaphorical considerations; and 3) research on the metaphorical translation of TCM terminology mostly concentrates on the discussion of specific translation techniques, while related theoretical research remains underdeveloped.

To address these deficiencies, it is necessary to construct an evaluation model for the translation of TCM terminology based on the mechanisms of metaphor generation and understanding. This model should investigate the entire process from the generation of metaphorical meaning to the emergence of meaning after translation, covering various stages from reader recognition to comprehension and cognitive application.

3 Metaphor and TCM works

Metaphor is not exclusive to literary works; it also exists in the fields of science, everyday language, thought patterns, and behavior. In addition to its medical nature, TCM encompasses elements of astronomy, geography, humanities, and philosophy. TCM language is rich in metaphors.
In ancient times, people's cognitive abilities were limited, so they often used the method of "taking similarities and making connections" to establish relationships based on the similarity between things. This cognitive method involves understanding unfamiliar and abstract concepts by relating them to familiar and concrete things. This cognitive method was widely used in TCM and TCM classics. In the "Huangdi Neijing," whether describing disease symptoms, elucidating medical principles, explaining TCM concepts, discussing TCM theories, or interpreting treatment methods and principles, the "Chinese-style metaphor" of "taking similarities and making connections" is consistently present.

The metaphors in the language of TCM can be categorized into three main types: natural, political, and philosophical. The ancient people's understanding of the world was derived from nature, and the construction of TCM theories was also influenced by the limitations of their cognitive sources. The relationship between the human body's structure and the universe is described in the "Ling Shu: Xie Ke" (Li Zhaoguo, 2008:822) as follows: "The heavens are round and the earth is square, and so the human head is round and the feet are square to correspond with them. Just as the heavens have the sun and moon, the human body has two eyes; just as the earth has nine provinces, the human body has nine orifices..." In this statement, the human body is metaphorically compared to a small universe. The descriptions of human body structure and its relationships in the "Huangdi Neijing" fully illustrate the abundance of metaphorical relationships between the human body and the natural world. Ancient TCM practitioners used metaphoric mappings from the natural world to the human body to construct mechanisms for physiological and pathological diagnosis and treatment.

When interpreting TCM, the ancient people were not only influenced by the natural world but also by the political hierarchy of their time. In ancient society, with "ritual" as its core, a strict political hierarchy was established, and a series of metaphors related to politics emerged in TCM. For example, mappings were made between official positions (yuan yu) and the study of TCM. The "Huangdi Neijing" states, "The main disease is called 'jun' (ruler), and assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen' (minister), and corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi' (envoy), not referring to the three classes of garments for upper, middle, and lower ranks" (Li Zhaoguo, 2008:1228). In this sentence, "the main disease is called 'jun'" refers to the "jun" in herbal formulations, which represents the main medicinal ingredient used to treat the disease. "Zuo" refers to assistance. "Assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen'" refers to the "chen" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the main ingredient in exerting its effects. "Ying chen" refers to the response or interaction with the "chen" ingredients. "Corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi'" refers to the "shi" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the "chen" ingredients in exerting their effects. TCM uses the hierarchical relationship of rulers and ministers to metaphorically represent the importance of medicinal substances in treating diseases.

窗体顶端

窗体底端
3.Meaning of exploring metaphor

Every aspect of human life is influenced and shaped by culture. Culture determines people's ways of existence, self-expression, behavior, and thinking. Analogical thinking is a unique cognitive method deeply rooted in Chinese culture. The strong metaphorical nature of TCM requires the translation of TCM terminology from a metaphorical perspective. In general, human language and thinking are inherently metaphorical, which is a shared experience among all human beings. This provides the possibility for readers of other languages to understand foreign metaphors and embrace new thought patterns.
Therefore, in the long run, if target language readers can comprehend the metaphors in TCM, they will be better able to embrace TCM thinking. This will serve as a more effective approach to promote the acceptance and dissemination of TCM.

===Review of functionalist and TCM===

The introduction of German functionalist translation theory into China has had a profound impact on the translation community, bringing forth new research topics and influences. As an integral part of traditional Chinese culture, the question of how to globalize TCM has been extensively discussed by experts and scholars in the fields of translation and TCM. The functionalist translation theory offers a fresh perspective and theoretical foundation for the translation of TCM culture. It provides valuable insights and methods to bridge cultural and linguistic barriers, facilitating the dissemination and understanding of TCM principles on an international scale.

1.The introduction to Functional theory

Functional Translation Theory has its origins in Germany in the 1970s. It was first introduced by Katharina Reiss in her book "Possibilities and Limitation of Translation Criticism," where she emphasized the importance of text function as a criterion for evaluating translations. Reiss established a framework for assessing translations based on the relationship between the functions of the source text and the target text. Building on Reiss's work, her student Vermeer further developed the main theories of the functionalist approach and introduced the concept of skopostheory, which is considered the cornerstone of Functional Translation Theory. According to skopostheory, the guiding principle in translation is the "skopos rule," which states that the purpose to be achieved by a translation determines the entire translation process.

Mantyäri expanded the scope of Functional Translation Theory by incorporating action theory and addressing various forms of intercultural transformations, including text transformations. Her focus encompassed the behavior of the translation process, the roles of the participants, and the environmental factors in which translation takes place. Christiane Nord, in her further refinement of Functional Translation Theory, introduced the principle of "loyalty with addition of function," which emphasizes the interpersonal relationships among the translator, the author of the source text, the recipient of the translated text, and the initiator of the translation. Nord's influential work, "Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approaches Explained," published in 1997, provided a comprehensive overview of German functionalist theories, clarifying ambiguities and terminologies. She introduced the notion of loyalty as a crucial element in the functionalist model, emphasizing the importance of maintaining relationships while considering the function of the translated text. Nord argued that Functional Translation Theory can be applied to various types of translation.

In summary, Functional Translation Theory offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and evaluating translation by considering the functions and purposes involved in the translation process. It acknowledges the dynamic nature of translation within specific communicative contexts and emphasizes the significance of the target text's function in relation to the source text.

2. Current Research Status in China

From the perspective of c, the journal articles in CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) primarily focus on the following five areas: analysis of translation of specific aspects of TCM terminology or culturally loaded terms based on Functional Translation Theory, research on translation of TCM works and their versions from a functional translation theory perspective, translation studies on other aspects of TCM and TCM applications based on Functional Translation Theory, research on issues and strategies in the translation and dissemination of TCM, and research on the translation of TCM instructions based on Functional Translation Theory.

From the perspective of research content and subjects, the study of TCM translation in China goes beyond the translation of TCM terminology and the dissemination of TCM knowledge. It also involves the translation of highly specialized TCM classics, such as the "Huangdi Neijing," "Shanghan Lun," "Jin Kui Yao Lue," and others. The authors conducting this research come from diverse backgrounds, including not only linguistics or translation theory and practice but also TCM foundational theory, TCM medical history literature, and even interdisciplinary backgrounds like TCM foreign languages.

In terms of publication outlets, research articles can be found in both foreign language journals and TCM-related journals. Examples of TCM-related journals include "Global Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Shizhen Guoyi Guoyao" (Chinese Journal of Traditional Medical Science and Technology), "Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Hunan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine," and "Western Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine."

=== Internationalization and Translation of TCM Classics===

1.Significance

The translation of TCM classics carries great significance as TCM moves towards internationalization and globalization. The challenge lies in accurately translating the essence of Chinese traditional medicine to Western audiences. Translation involves the transformation of symbols between two different languages to facilitate cross-cultural communication and dissemination of information. As translators of TCM, our responsibility extends beyond conveying the source language information accurately; we must consciously introduce the literary atmosphere, cultural spirit, and philosophical understanding of traditional medicine and culture. It is undeniable that the translation of TCM classics from the source language (Chinese) to the target language (English, for example) falls within the realm of literary translation. As Professor Li Yuchun stated, literature is a symbol or coding system that constructs a national image and discourse system in various forms of discourse or symbols. Based on this understanding, it is essential for modern TCM translators to incorporate the concepts of modernization and national identity into the translation of TCM classics.

2.Challenges

In terms of historical perspective, the exchange and dissemination of TCM have been taking place since the Qin and Han dynasties. Early dissemination primarily focused on the Han cultural sphere influenced by Confucianism, culture, and language. From the Ming and Qing dynasties onwards, the translation, publication, and introduction of TCM literature and clinical works by Western missionaries and scholars in China formed part of the "Westernization of Chinese Studies," greatly promoting the overseas dissemination of TCM and the cultural exchange between Chinese and Western medicine. After more than 300 years of accumulated experience and practice, TCM translation has finally established a unique and distinctive development path. However, the difficulty lies in conveying the Chinese language, medicine, and culture to the West. To date, the translation and dissemination of TCM classics, which are indispensable for introducing TCM theories, practices, and culture, remain the weakest link in the translation and dissemination of traditional Chinese culture abroad. Overall, there is still a lack of a systematic and characteristic chain and system for introducing TCM to foreign readers in a planned and comprehensive manner, particularly in terms of content that enters the field of TCM understanding and becomes an important object of Western medical cognition. These challenges highlight the importance and urgency of research on the translation and dissemination of TCM classics. It is crucial to accurately grasp its historical origins, clarify its connotations, and approach its development from different levels, including theoretical concepts, basic paths, and objectives.

3.Approaches

Internationalization Path: The translation and dissemination of TCM classics should not only uphold national values and highlight the core ideas of traditional culture but also consider both Chinese and Western perspectives and promote mutual understanding. From a translation perspective, internationalized classic translation should not only construct linguistic forms but also ensure the transmission of meaning, capturing the essence effectively. Textual meaning construction includes the construction of textual meaning that facilitates information transmission and cultural interaction, as well as the scientific meaning construction. From a communication perspective, it is crucial to develop reasonable macro strategies that are widely accepted internationally, expand diverse forms of international communication channels, and seek collaborative efforts from multiple parties. For example, constructing medical or cultural products with aesthetic and cultural attributes that facilitate the internationalization of TCM, such as releasing translated texts or creating popular educational materials and brochures, can establish convenient interpretation and dissemination pathways. Moreover, the cultivation of translation and dissemination professionals with an international background in TCM classics is urgently needed. Confronting the issues and challenges of international dissemination of TCM under the globalization trend, establishing long-term goals for translation talent development based on industry and cultural strategies is vital to effectively promote the dissemination and diversified development of TCM. Currently, the cultivation of internationalized translation professionals in TCM is key

===Evaluation===

1 Conclusion of recent research

This literature review provides an analysis of the research on the translation history of TCM, emphasizing the significance of translation theory and metaphorical perspectives in effective cross-cultural dissemination. The synthesis of the reviewed literature highlights that TCM, with its medical essence and profound cultural connotations, holds great importance in international communication and collaboration.
Translation theory, specifically functional translation theory, offers valuable guidance for TCM translation. According to functional translation theory, translation serves specific functions beyond mere language conversion. In the context of TCM translation, these functions encompass accurate conveyance of medical knowledge, cultural exchange, and academic cooperation. Translators, therefore, need to comprehend the needs and backgrounds of the target readership, employing flexible translation strategies to ensure the fulfillment of these functional aspects in the translated texts.

Metaphorical perspectives play a crucial role in TCM translation. Metaphors are widely employed in the language of TCM, spanning the realms of nature, politics, and philosophy. Through the use of metaphors, TCM theories and concepts are communicated in a vivid and evocative manner to the target audience. Metaphors act as bridges in cross-cultural communication, facilitating the understanding and acceptance of TCM knowledge while fostering the development of new patterns of thinking and concepts.

The significance of studying the translation history of TCM lies in gaining a deeper understanding of its dissemination and drawing valuable lessons from it. By examining the historical processes of TCM translation, we can explore the strategies and modes of dissemination employed in different periods, identifying successful experiences and lessons learned. This research serves as a valuable reference and guide for current and future TCM translation endeavors, facilitating the international dissemination and promotion of TCM.

In conclusion, translation theory and metaphorical perspectives are instrumental in effectively disseminating TCM internationally. The exploration of TCM translation history offers valuable insights and lessons. Further research and practice in TCM translation are essential to promote the global outreach of TCM, ensuring the inheritance and development of TCM culture on the international stage.

2. Future Research Outlook

In the field of Chinese medicine translation, there are challenges and opportunities for improvement. Understanding the current state of Chinese medicine translation and proposing effective strategies for improvement is crucial for advancing the field. Future research can focus on the following areas:

Quality and Accuracy: Chinese medicine translation requires a high level of accuracy and fidelity to ensure the correct understanding and application of Chinese medicine theory and practice. Future research should emphasize the development of standard guidelines and criteria for Chinese medicine translation, including terminology consistency, cultural relevance, and maintaining the integrity of Chinese medicine concepts. Implementing quality control measures and promoting collaboration between Chinese medicine experts and translators can enhance the accuracy and reliability of Chinese medicine translation.

Bridging Language and Culture: Chinese medical texts often contain complex concepts and cultural nuances that can pose challenges in accurate communication across different languages. Future research should explore effective strategies for bridging the language and cultural gaps in Chinese medicine translation. This can include the development of vocabulary lists, reference materials, and translation resources to assist translators in capturing the essence of Chinese medicine concepts and ensuring their proper interpretation in different cultural contexts.

Collaboration and Knowledge Exchange: Collaboration between Chinese medicine practitioners, translators, researchers, and language professionals is crucial for driving the development of Chinese medicine translation. Future research should encourage interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange platforms to promote a deeper understanding of Chinese medicine theory, terminology, and cultural significance. This collaboration can help establish shared knowledge repositories and facilitate ongoing improvements in Chinese medicine translation practices.

Integration of Technology: The integration of technology such as machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and Chinese medicine databases can greatly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of Chinese medicine translation. Future research should explore the potential of these technologies in supporting the Chinese medicine translation process while addressing the unique challenges posed by Chinese medicine terminology and cultural nuances. Developing specialized tools and resources that harness these technologies can assist translators in making informed decisions and innovations when dealing with Chinese medicine translation.

By incorporating both metaphor translation and functional theory into future research, Chinese medicine translation can be further improved in terms of accuracy, cultural adaptation, and effective communication of the intended functions. These advancements will contribute to the wider dissemination and understanding of Chinese medicine theories and practices beyond national boundaries.

My view on TCM translation is that it should embrace a holistic approach that combines metaphor translation, functional theory, and localization. Building upon the previous research findings, I believe that effective TCM translation goes beyond linguistic accuracy and involves cultural adaptation to ensure the proper understanding and acceptance of TCM theories and practices in the target language and culture.
Firstly, metaphor translation plays a crucial role in capturing the essence of TCM concepts and conveying them in a culturally meaningful way. TCM language is rich in metaphors that reflect the interconnectedness of the human body, nature, and the universe. Translators should strive to identify and preserve these metaphors while ensuring their intelligibility and relevance in the target culture. This requires a deep understanding of both TCM theory and the target language's cultural context.
Secondly, functional theory provides a valuable framework for guiding TCM translation practices. Translators should consider the purpose and intended functions of the translated text, taking into account the needs and expectations of the target audience. Adhering to the principles of functional equivalence and communicative effectiveness, TCM translation should aim to convey the intended effects and benefits of TCM practices in a way that resonates with the target audience. This may involve adapting terminology, adjusting rhetorical styles, and selecting appropriate cultural references.
Furthermore, localization is essential in TCM translation to ensure the seamless integration of TCM concepts and practices into the target culture. This involves adapting not only the language but also the cultural and social aspects of TCM to make it relevant and accessible to the target audience. Localization may include adapting TCM diagnostic methods and treatment approaches to align with the target culture's healthcare system, incorporating local case studies and testimonials, and considering the preferences and beliefs of the target audience.

In the era of globalization, TCM translation should prioritize global reach. It is crucial to accurately convey the essence of TCM to a worldwide audience. This requires overcoming the challenge of translating TCM's rich cultural and medical knowledge into different languages. TCM translation must go beyond linguistic conversion and focus on cultural adaptation and sensitivity. By embracing modern translation theories and methodologies, TCM can be effectively communicated to a global audience while maintaining its authenticity. Additionally, leveraging technology and digital platforms can enhance the accessibility and dissemination of TCM worldwide. Training talented translators with an international background is essential for promoting TCM's internationalization. In summary, TCM translation needs to adapt to globalization, ensuring accurate communication and promoting the global integration of TCM.

===Reference===
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=202270081680 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi 英语笔译(English translation)=
==The Translation and Dissenmination of Shi Jing in the English World==
===Abstract===
More than two centuries has witnessed the translation and spreading of Shi Jing in the English world. Various translations have emerged, providing a feasible way for the spreading and research of its English translation. In this paper, the author adpots the method of historical analysis to investigate and examine the English translation history of Shi Jing, and tries to depict the historial evolution of its English translation, which is divided into three periods: the indirect translation and slective translation period, the full translation period and the new period. Each period has the representative translators at home or abroad. Furthermore, the author summerizes the characteristics of each period in general. Based on meticulous investigations, this paper shows how Shi Jing has influenced the world and how it does a great deal for the Chinese literature coming towards the world.
===Key Words===
Shijing; English translation; three periods
==诗经在英语世界的翻译与传播==
===摘要===
两个多世纪以来，《诗经》英译本不断涌现，在英语世界广泛传播。繁多的译本为《诗经》的英译传播和研究提供了可行的途径。本文运用历史分析方法梳理、考辩《诗经》的英译历史，尝试描绘出《诗经》英译的历史演进并将其分为转译及摘译期、全译期和新时期，每一时期均简要评述了代表性翻译家及译作。最后，作者分别总结了上述三个阶段英译活动的特征。通过详实考察，本文展现了《诗经》对世界的影响，以及对中国文学走向世界的巨大推动作用。
===关键词===
诗经;英译;三个时期
===Introduction===
''Shi Jing'', also named ''Book of Poetry'' or ''Book of Songs'', is the first collection of poems in China. It consists of 305 poems that vividly show ancient Chinese people’s life from the early Western Zhou Dynasty (the 11th century BC) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period (the 6th century BC). There are three parts in the book: ''Feng'' (160 poems), ''Ya'' (74 poems in Xiao Ya and 31 poems in Da Ya), and ''Song'' (40 poems). Poems in ''Feng'' are mainly folk poems about people’s stories or emotions. ''Xiao Ya'' contains some folk poems and nobles’ works, and its most notable works are about fcasts and wars. Most of the poems in ''Da Ya'' are produced by imperial nobles. Poems in ''Song'' are mainly the song and poetry about the imperial family’s sacrifice to ancestors.

The language of ''Shi Jing'' conveys the beauty of music, with a sentence structure mainly composed of four words, but also flexible and varied. The four sentences independently form a poetic chapter, occasionally mixed with sentence structures of two, three, five, seven, or eight words. Reduplicated chapters, sentences, and characters are common expressive techniques in ''Shi Jing'', and rhythm between spaced sentences, between neighbouring sentences, cross rhyming, and rhyming through the same initial consonants and Chinese vowels are the basic methods in ''Shi Jing'' for metric. ''Shi Jing'' has unique characteristics in terms of meaning and rhetoric. Commonly used rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, contrast, and duality can be found in this classic. Its creative techniques have had a huge impact on the genre structure, language art, and other aspects of Chinese literature.

The translation and dissenmination of ''Shi Jing'' to foreign countries can be said to have a long history. The work has attracted many readers and scholars and conscquently been translated into many different languages. According to research, ''Shi Jing'' was first passed down through the Silk Road and initially spread to China’s neighboring countries such as today’s Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and so on. In the 16th century, ''Shi Jing'' began its journey in Europe. The earliest English translation can be traced back to the 18th century. So far, ''Shi Jing'' has been translated into dozens of languages and widely disseminated worldwide. Throughout the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, it generally includes two aspects: the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' and the research of it. In order to comprehensively understand the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', the author consulted a large number of literature, adopted historical analysis methods to examine the history of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', and then summarized the characteristics of English translation activities in different periods. The author hopes that this article can not only help us understand the dissemination of ''Shi Jing'' in the English speaking world, but also provide some reference for future research on related translation.

===1. Three Periods of the English Translation of ''Shi Jing''===

====1.1 The Indirect Translation and Slective Translation Period (1735-1829)====

According to the available materials, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' began with the indirect translation of ''Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' written in French. It was edited by the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde and it has four volumes. In the second volume, he introduced and examined the literariness of Shi Jing, with a collection of eight poems translated by the France Jesuit Joseph Henry de Prémare. The publication of the book in France immediately attracted the attention of the UK publishers. In 1736 and 1738, the Britain Richard Brooks, the London publisher Edward Cave and the translators he organized translated and published the English version of the book the respectively. It was the first time that some of poems of ''Shi Jing'' was translated into English.

In 1761, several excerpts from ''Shi Jing'' were contained in the final appendix of the novel ''Hau Kiou Choaan'' or ''The Pleasing History'' compiled by Thomas Percy. Knowing little about Chinese, Percy translated all those poems indirectly based on the reference to others’ translations. According to Yang Zhiyi (2005, 33), there are seven excerpts respectively translated indirectly from the version in Latin translation of ''Confucius Sinarum philosophus'' by Philippe Couplet and others, and cited from the version in the Latin work ''Musaem Sinicum'' by German Bayer and ''the Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' by Du Halde.

The earliest translation of ''Shi Jing'' with the original poems in Chinese as a reference was William Jones’s version. He initially translated the ''Qi Ao'' in ''Wei Feng'' in Latin and included the translation in the ''Poeseos Asiaticæ Commentatorium''. In 1785, Jones took most of pages to discuss ''Shi Jing'' in his paper “On the Second Classical Book of the Chinese”, where he also translated each section of poems ''Qi Ao'', ''Tao Yao'', and ''Jie’nan Shan'' with methods of both literal translation and free translation in poetic style. His literal translation in prose style is generally faithful to original poems in terms of meaning and numbers of sentences, while his free translation in poetic translation, on the other hand, is considered as “imitation” (Fan Cunzhong 1991, 79), a recreation inspired by the original text. Jones not only added poetic lines in his transaltion, but also generalized the rich cultural imagery of China, adopting the rhyme style of British folk songs.

In 1829, the famous British sinologist Sir John F. Davis published the second complete English translation of ''The Fortunate Union'', which embraces some poems extracted from ''Shi Jing''. He also included these selectiive translations in his article “On the Poetry of the Chinese”, which takes examples of ''Shi Jing'' and folk songs from Pre Qin Dynasty to Six Dynasties to elaborate on the rhythmic characteristics of Chinese classical poetry. He referred to the Chinese original text when translating the poems in The Fortune Union, and also introduced them in a Chinese English comparison in “On the Poetry of the Chinese”. In this way, he pioneered the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' by comparing with Chinese original poems.

====1.2 The Full Translation Period (1871-1976)====

In the 1870s, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' entered a prosperous stage, which was characterized by the emergence of a large number of full versions. The most influential ones are the translations of James Legge, William Waley, Bernhard Karlgren and others.

James Legge has translated ''Shi Jing'' three times in his life. With the help of Wang Tao, Legge completed the first complete English translation ''The She King or The Book of Poetry'', which was published in Hong Kong in 1871 as the fourth volume of The Chinese Classic. This translation became a milestone in the dissemination of ''Shi Jing'' in the Western world. In the preface, the author expressed his expectation that "the Work which he now offers will be deemed by competent scholars a reliable translation of the original poems". The translation was written in a non-rhymed prose style and reflects Legge’s pursuit of reproducing the literal meaning of the original poem, with “significant academic research characteristics”(Li Yuliang 2007, 43). In 1876, Legge retranslated and published the rhymed version ''The She King or The Book of Ancient Poetry''. This is the second complete English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Compared to the 1871 version, this version emphasizes rhythm, strives for accuracy, and pays more attention to aesthetic appeal. The portrayal of characters in the poem is more vivid with smoother expressions. He deleted the original Chinese poems, reduced annotations, and only retained the theme without Chinese characters in the annotations. In addition, the style and arrangement of the translation also undergone significant changes. In 1879, Legge compiled more than 100 ritualistic verses from ''Shi Jing'' into a single volume, which was included in the third volume of ''The Sacred Books of China: Texts of Confucianism'', edited by Max Müller. In this translation, the translator placed more emphasis on interpretation. The main feature of this selective translation is to highlight religious connotations, and the content unrelated to religion was removed out of the original preface to be independently composed as the preface to ''Song''. Each poem in this translation is annotated to elucidate its religious significance. Among the above three translations, the first version, which is considered as academic translation, has the profounded influence and a certain impact on many subsequent English translations.

In 1891, the complete rhymed translation ''The Shi King'' by British sinologist William Jennings was published in London, marking the advent of the third complete English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Jennings mainly referred to the annotations of Legge's translation published in 1871. Jennings’s translation includes a lengthy preface, and there are annotations on the theme and some word explanations after each translated poems. Jennings advocated for translating poetry in a poetic way and for the translation being as close to the original text in both content and form as possible. When translating, he strived to maintain the external form of the Chinese original poems, adopting a folk style form with interlaced rhymes.

In the same year, the fourth complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'', ''The Book of Chinese Poetry: The Shi Ching or Classic of Poetry'' wasbrought to the world by Clement F. R. Allen, who took the appreciation of the British into consideration. The most significant feature of this translation is that the translator greatly rewrote the poetry to live up with Western poetic concepts and acceptance habits of British readers. He adopted rhyme style when translating and employed extreme domestication translation techniques, attempting to achieve a transformation from Chinese poetry to English poetry from content to form.

After the 20th century, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' reached its peak, with various complete and selective translations emerging one after another. In 1905, British sinologist Launcelot Granmer-Byng published the selective translation ''The Classics of Confucius: Book of Odes''. The translation was written rhymed, emphasizing the poetic appeal. In 1913, Helen Waddell, an Irish poet and translator, published the selective translation Lyrics from the Chinese. She knew little about Chinese, so she abridged a lot in her translation, and added plenty of personal creations. But her translation was quite popular at that time. In 1915, Ezra Pound, the leader of the American New Poetry Movement, an image originator and an outstanding translator, published ''Cathay'', a collection of Chinese poems translated from Japanese annotations by Ernest Fenollosa, an American orientalist at the end of the 19th century, including ''Cai Wei'' of ''Xiao Ya''. This translation is not faithful to the original text, and the translator recreated to a great extent.

In 1937, the complete translation ''The Book of Songs'', translated from the Chinese by Arthur Waley was published in the UK. Waley made a bold attempt in terms of translation methods. He believed that the use of rhyme would resulted in the loss of meaning due to sounds, therefore Waley adopted free form in poem translation rather than rhymed form, without strict restrictions on the number of words per line. He was skilled in employing appropriate word selection, ventral rhyme, alliteration, repetition, and stressed syllables to reproduce the rhythm and artistry of the original poem. He also broke the order in the original work and rearranged it according to his own understanding of the content. There are many annotations in his translation, and there are also appendices at the end of the translation. Waley’s translation is known for its fluency and the pursuit of the reflection of the original poetic characteristics in form.

In 1950, Swedish sinologist and linguist Bernhard Karlgren published another complete English translation, ''The Book of Odes''. He conducted systematic research on the pronunciation, exegesis, and rhyme of ''Shi Jing''. From 1942 to 1948, he published specialized research annotations on difficult words and phrases in ''Shi Jing'' in the Swedish Far East Museum, totaling over 1300 articles. His translation has four main characteristics: (1) Citation of the original text of the Psalm; (2) Annotation to the original ''pinyin''; (3) No lining up, no end rhyme between lines, and no neat foot or obvious rhythm within the line; (4) Annotations between most of lines (Li Yuliang, Sun Lixin, 2011:98). Generally speaking, his translation is a poetry translation aimed at comparing the sound and writing of English and Chinese languages.

In the second half of the 20th century, the center of the translation of ''Shi Jing'' shifted from Europe to the United States. In 1954, Pound’s full translation ''Shih-Ching: The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius'' was published. Compared with the poetry translation in ''Cathay'', the translated poems in this version features higher concise, more strict rhythm, and stronger poetic meanings, but they still retain the consistent style as before. Pound’s translation mainly has the following characteristics: (1) There are very few annotations in the translation; no Chinese original poems, only the main text of the translated poems; (2) Many translated poems are rhymed, some of which are relatively neat, while others not. And the rhymes vary from one poem to another on account of different contents; (3) There are significant changes in the theme and meaning of the translated poem. Thus it is difficult to identify the source of the translation without comparing with the original one; (4) In terms of structural form, the translator deleted lots of lines, and there are also a few examples of amplification; (5) Almost all poems were summarized when being translated, based on which the translator rewrote them into new poems according to his own understanding. Pound’s English translation of ''Shi Jing'' has gotten a mixed review in the academic community, both criticized for dramatic changes to the original text and hailed as a model of creative translation.

In 1971, William McNaughton’s work ''The Book of Songs'' which focuses on the studies of ''Shi Jing'' was published in New York. This book is a collection of McNaughton’s research findings on ''Shi Jing''. The book consists of two parts: “Theme” and “Style”, up to sixteen special topics. The book lists many poems from ''Shi Jing'' to support his pertinent research. Most of poems were translated by Pound and only a few by McNaughton himself. McNaughton mainly translated his poetry into rhymed verse, with lines corresPounding to the original poem, highlighting overlapping sounds and ending rhymes. The translation has no original reference or annotations.

The British sinologist John Turner extracted and translated several poems from ''Shi Jing'' in his collection of ancient Chinese poetry published in 1976: ''A Golden Treasury of Chinese Poetry''. In order to preserve the musicality of Chinese poetry, he translated in the traditional form of English poetry, and translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses. In the same year, the English translation of the collection of ancient Chinese poetry, ''Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres'' written by the famous Chinese-American poet and translator Wai-lim Yip’s, was published by the University of California Press. The book has a contrastive layout between English and Chinese, first to present translation word by word, with each Chinese character corresponding to an English word and corresponding part of speech; then, a full translation to be attached line by line. Wai-lim Yip regarded poetry translation as the practical basis for comparative poetics research, highlighting the differences in language between Chinese and English poetry.

Compared with the prosperity of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' in European countries and America, there were relatively few local translations in China during this period. During late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, poet Su Manshu translated 61 pieces extracted from ''Shi Jing''. The content was arranged in the form of Chinese-English comparison. Su valued the metric, rhythm, and artistic conception of poetry. In 1954, Hong Kong Construction Press published ''Poems from China'' written by Huang Wen. This book is a selective version with English-Chinese comparison of six poems from ''Shi Jing''. However, few publishers have stored it and it’s not highly praised.

====1.3 The New Period (1983- )====

After the 1980s, a number of Chinese translators also joined the ranks of translating ''Shi Jing'', making foreign translation of ''Shi Jing'' unprecedented active in China. The most outstanding contributions are made by Xu Yuanchong and Wang Rongpei.

In 1983, the selective version ''Selections from the “Book of Songs”'', jointly translated by renowned Chinese translator Yang Xianyi and his British wife Gladys Yang, was published by Foreign Language Publishing House. The couple translated 45 poems. The translated poems in this selective translation are blank verses for reason that the translator adopted the strategy of foreignization to achieve the goal of spreading classical Chinese culture and faithfully conveying the historical content and culture of the poems. However, due to the excessive pursuit of “faithfulness to the original text”, the meaning and aesthetics contained in the poem itself cannot be effectively conveyed to the target language readers, resulting in a vast reduction in the readability of the translated poems. This is also one of the reasons why this version is very popular in China but has little influence abroad.

Xu Yuanchong, a translator known as the “the only expert in the world who can translate Chinese poetry into English and French”, finished his works ''The First Branch Blooming on Earth-The Book of Lyrics'' and ''The First Branch Blooming on Earth-The Book of Odes and Hymns'' in 1992. The uniqueness of these two translations lies in the fact that it contains the original poems, with Chinese ''pinyin'' annotated line by line. Some phrases or sentences difficult to understand are annotated to explain the meaning of the very poem. The book also includes a comparison table of initial consonants and Chinese vowels of Chinese ''pinyin'', and the English International Phonetic Alphabet. In 1993, Hunan Publishing House published ''The Book of Poetry''. This is the first complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'' completed by a Chinese translator, and also the seventh complete translation of it. In 1994, the Chinese Literature Publishing House published the translation ''An Unexpected Translation of Book of Songs''. In his works, Xu Yuanchong followed the principle of “three beauties”, and his translation has unique features in terms of translation techniques and aesthetic communication.

In 1995, Wang Rongpei and Ren Xiuhua jointly translated ''The Book of Poetry'', which was published by Liaoning Education Press. This is the second complete English translation of ''Shi Jing'' completed by Chinese translators. This translation takes a Chinese-English comparison form, and the original Chinese poetry is marked with modern Chinese pinyin. The translation emphasizes the ending rhyme, and each poem is accompanied by a brief explanation of the theme. In 2008, Wang Rongpei’s English translation ''The Book of Poetry'' was published by Hunan People’s Publishing House. On the basis of summarizing the gains and losses of previous translators, Wang Rongpei integrated his own understanding of the original work and its contemporary culture. His flexible and ingenious translation art reveals the translator’s unique artistic craftsmanship in the reconstruction of images, the transmission of the sense of beauty, and the elucidation of interest in the translated poetry.

Wang Fanglu published ''Exploration of Vernacular and English Translation of Ya and Song'' and ''Exploration of Vernacular and English Translation of Feng'' respectively in 2009 and 2013. The translation is arranged in order of the original poem, Chinese vernacular poem, English poem, annotations, and explanations. In 2010, Jia Fuxiang’s translation work ''“Airs of the States” from the Shi Jing: A New Trilingual Translation of the World’s Oldest Collection of Lyric Poetry'' was published, which is one of the few specialized English translations of ''the Book of Songs''. In 2016, Professor Zhao Yanchun briefly introduced the basic situation, artistic value, analysis of other English translations of ''Shi Jing'', and the translator’s translation perspectives in the English preface of his fully translated version ''She King''. Zhao followed the principles of translating poetry in a poetic way and classics in a classical way. The translated text corresPounds to the original text line by line, with great emphasis on word count and rhyme.

===2. The Characteristics of English Translation in Different Periods===
From 1735 to 1829 underwent the indirect and selective translation period of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'',whose the most conspicuous feature is that it mainly focused on the indirect translation. At this stage, most translators did not understand or were not proficient in Chinese. Hence they mainly relyed on the interlanguage translation, which will inevitably lead to the translations imprinted with the language and culture in interlanguage, as well as translator’s style. Also, in terms of language, culture, and style, they failed to be faithful to the original text, and problems such as mistranslation, addition, and omission would occur frequently. At this stage, there was no complete English translation yet, nor a specialized selective translation of ''Shi Jing''. The number of excerpts is small, and most of them only selected a few poems or some chapters of the poems. Moreover, the selective translations of ''Shi Jing'' only served as auxiliary functions in the original book, rather than being used for specialized translation and introduction of ''Shi Jing''. Small though the number of English translations of ''Shi Jing'' during this stage was small, they initiated the dissemination of English translations of Shi Jing, marking the embryonic stage of its English translation.

From the 1870s to the 1980s, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' was in its heyday. In the past 100 years, there were not only several selected versions, most of which appeared in special collections of English translations of Chinese poetry, but also a number of full English versions of ''Shi Jing'', such as James Legge’s porse version and rhymed version, Waley’s version, Pound’s version, etc. At this stage, the identities of translators are more diverse, including missionaries, diplomats, sinologists, poets, translators, etc. Most of them are proficient in Chinese and have in-depth research on Chinese language and Chinese culture. Therefore, there is a decrease in translation at this stage, and most of them translated directly. From the perspective of the ethnics of the translators, there are English and American translators, Swedish translators, Irish translators, Chinese American translators, and cooperative translation between English and American translators and Chinese scholars at this stage. In terms of translation style, there are translators for rhyme and against rhyme, and translators attempting to translate. At this stage, Western translators took the English translation and research of ''Shi Jing'' to a new platform, both in terms of breadth and depth, which greatly promotes its dissemination in the English world.

Since the 1980s, a group of excellent local Chinese translators have joined the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', promoting the gradual expansion of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Over the past twenty years, multiple complete translations came to the world. Most of these translators are both translators and translation theorists. The translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' and the formation of translation theory mutually reinforced. Translation strategies presented a coexistence of domestication and foreignization. Many Chinese translators have begun to continuously try to promote the internationalization of Chinese classical culture, forming a new era of English translation of ''Shi Jing''.

===Conclusion===

This article is mainly based on the English translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, attempting to outline the historical development trajectory of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. The turn of the 18th and 19th centuries was the indirect translation period of ''Shi Jing'', and the 1870s to 1980s were the complete translation period of ''Shi Jing''. The 1980s have been the new era of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. In addition, the author summarizes the characteristics of English translation of ''Shi Jing'' in different periods. In short, during the more than 200 year historical process of translating ''Shi Jing'' into English, with the tireless efforts of overseas sinologists and local Chinese scholars, there have been numerous English translations of ''Shi Jing'', including excerpts, selective translations, and complete translations. These translations with different styles have laid the foundation for the study of the translation of ''Shi Jing'', and have made great contributions to the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures, Chinese literature, and the internationalization of Chinese culture.

===References===

Cannon, Garland. (1992). The Collected Works of Sir William Jones [威廉·琼斯爵士作品集]. New York: New York University Press.

Chen Manhua陈满华. (2008). 威廉·琼斯学汉语的经历及其对中国经典的解读 [William Jones’ Experience of Learning Chinese and His Interpretation of Chinese Classics]. 世界汉语教学Chinese Teaching in The World (03) 87-89.

Cranmer-Byng Launcelot. (1908). The Classics of Confucius: Book of Odes [儒家经典: 诗经]. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.

FanCunzhong 范存忠. (1991). 中国文化在启蒙时期的英国[Chinese Culture in England during the Enlightenment]. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press 外语教育出版社.

Karlgren Klas Bernhard Johannes. (1950). The Book of Odes: Chinese text, transcription and translation [诗经: 汉语文本、转写与翻译]. Stockholm: The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.

Legge James. (1876). The She King, or the Book of Ancient Poetry, Translated in English verses with Essays and Notes[韵体版诗经]. London: Trubner & Co.

Li Yuliang李玉良. (2007). 《诗经》英译研究 [The Studies of English Translation Shi Jing]. Jinan: Shandong Qilu Press齐鲁书社.

Li Yuliang & Sun Lixin李玉良孙立新. (2011) 高本汉《诗经》翻译研究 [A Study on the Translation of Shi Jing by Cranmer-Byng]. 山东外语教学 Shandong Foreign Language Teaching (06) 64-72.

McNaughton William. (1971) The Book of Songs [诗经]. Boston: Twayne Publishers.

Qin Fangfang 覃芳芳. (2023). 《诗经》英译史考辨 [The Examination of the History of English Translation of Shi Jing]. 社会科学论坛 Tribune of Social Sciences (03) 171-184.

Wang Hong王宏. (2012). 《诗经》及其英译 [Shi Jing and Its English Translation].东方翻译 East Journal of Translation (06) 122-124.

Xu Yuanchong 许渊冲. (2003). 文学与翻译 [Literature and Translation]. Beijing: Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.

Yang Zhiyi 杨治宜. (2005). 多边文化研究：《诗经》在 18 世纪的英国——文本考据与个案研究 [Multilateral Cultural Studies: The Book of Songs in 18th Century England: Textual Research and Case Studies]. Beijing: Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.

Zheng Zhongqiu 郑中求. (2013). 马礼逊《华英字典》与《诗经》的早期英译 [Early English Translation of Morrison’s English and Chinese Pronouncing Condensed Dictionary and Shi Jing]. 华北理工大学学报(社会科学版) Journal of North China University of Technology (Social Sciences Edition) (06) 282-283.

Report CN EN 07

2023-06-01T02:48:00Z

Liang Xinlu: /* 卷三：1.目录 */

Please translate from Chinese to English and use the [[Report_CN_EN#List_of_Common_Terms]]. Also, you can jump back to the course homepage here: [[Chinese_Classics_Translation_Spring_2023]]

=Contents=
1. Translator 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi《岭南万户皆春色》[[Lingnan Englisch]] Proofreader: 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi (translated until here: https://bou.de/u/wiki/Lingnan_Englisch#.E6.9D.8E.E6.A2.93.E7.8E.89_Li_Ziyu), rest: 76000 characters

2. Translator: 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi《金银潭抗疫纪事》[[Goldbank Englisch]] Proofreader: 李心田 Li Xintian (currently being translated by professionals), 120000 characters

3. Translator: 李心田 Li Xintian [[Report_CN_EN_01]] Proofreader: 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia (currently being translated by professionals), 120000 characters

4. Translator: 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia [[Report_CN_EN_02]] Proofreader: 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu 《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

5. Translator: 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu [[Report_CN_EN_03]] Proofreader: 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan 《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

6. Translator: 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan [[Report_CN_EN_04]] Proofreader: 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

7. Translator: 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan [[Report_CN_EN_05]] Proofreader: 陈婧 Chen Jing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

8. Translator: 陈婧 Chen Jing [[Report_CN_EN_06]] Proofreader: 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

9. Translator: 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu [[Report_CN_EN_07]] Proofreader: 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

10. Translator: 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi [[Report_CN_EN_08]] Proofreader: 付静 Fu Jing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

11. Translator: 付静 Fu Jing [[Report_CN_EN_09]] Proofreader: 夏玲珑 Xia Linglong《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

12. Translator: 夏玲珑 Xia Linglong [[Report_CN_EN_10]] Proofreader: 李彦 Li Yan《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

13. Translator: 李彦 Li Yan [[Report_CN_EN_11]] Proofreader: 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

14. Translator: 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing [[Report_CN_EN_12]] Proofreader: 王芳玲 Wang Fanglin《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

15. Translator: 王芳玲 Wang Fanglin [[Report_CN_EN_13]] Proofreader: 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

=Liang Xinlu=
==卷三：1.目录==

卷ー

序李炳银/001

哥德巴赫猜想徐迟/001

船长柯岩/021

痴情理由/040

中国姑娘鲁光/ 086

三门李逸闻乔迈Z 138

胡杨泪孟晓云/ 150

原野在呼唤王兆军/ 163

热血男儿李士非/ 183

卷二

中国农民大趋势（节选）李延国/219

理论狂人陈祖芬/261

神圣忧思录张敏/283

强国梦（节选）赵瑜/315

伐木者,醒来!（节选）徐刚Z358

步鑫生现象的反思周嘉俊Z397

昆山之路杨守松/ 425

飞向太空港（节选）李鸣生/465

东方风来满眼春陈锡添/526

好梦将圆时江永红/539

智慧风暴（节选）王宏甲/573

卷四

4万:400万的牵挂张雅文/ 625

香港回归祖国10周年回眸长江/ 670

木棉花开李春雷/695

休息的革命（缩写本）王宏甲刘建/716

闪着泪光的事业蒋巍/758

让百姓做主朱晓军李英/ 777

难回故里郭冬Z 817

卷五

国家何建明/855

蛟龙探海（节选）许晨/ 915

袁隆平的世界（节选）陈启文/950

“神舟”天路兰宁远/ 1011

智慧之翼李青松/ 1044

附录改革开放四十年优秀报告文学存目Z 1060

目录

Contents

卷一

Volume One

序李炳银/001

Preface by Li Bingyin/001

哥德巴赫猜想徐迟/001

Goldbach’s Conjecture by Xu Chi/001

船长柯岩/021

Master by Ke Yan/021

痴情理由/040

Obsession by Li You/040

中国姑娘鲁光/ 086

Chinese Girls by Lu Guang/086

三门李逸闻乔迈/ 138

Sanmen Li Anecdotes by Qiao Mai/138

胡杨泪孟晓云/ 150

Tears of Populus Euphratica by Meng Xiaoyun/150

原野在呼唤王兆军/ 163

The Fields Were Calling by Wang Zhaojun/163

热血男儿李士非/ 183

Hot-blooded Man by Li Shifei/183

卷二

Volume Two

中国农民大趋势（节选）李延国/219

General Trend for Chinese Farmers (Excerpt) by Li Yanguo/219

理论狂人陈祖芬/261

Theory Fanatic by Chen Zufen/261

神圣忧思录张敏/283

A Deliberation on the Divine by Zhang Min/283

强国梦（节选）赵瑜/315

The Dream of Great Power (Excerpt) by Zhao Yu/315

伐木者,醒来!（节选）徐刚/358

Wake up, Loggers! (Excerpt) by Xu Gang/358

步鑫生现象的反思周嘉俊/397

Reflection on the Bu Xinsheng Phenomenon by Zhou Jiajun/397

卷三

Volume Three

昆山之路杨守松/ 425

The Kunshan Path by Yang Shousong/425

飞向太空港（节选）李鸣生/465

Flying to the Spaceport (Excerpt) by Li Mingsheng/465

东方风来满眼春陈锡添/526

Vigor of Spring Greets the Eyes as the Warm Wind Comes by Chen Xitian/526

好梦将圆时江永红/539

When Good Dreams Come True by Jiang Yonghong/539

智慧风暴（节选）王宏甲/573

The Storm of Wisdom (Excerpt) by Wang Hongjia/573

卷四

Volume Four

4万:400万的牵挂张雅文/ 625

Zhang Yawen/625

香港回归祖国10周年回眸长江/ 670

A Look Back at the 10th Anniversary of Hong Kong's Return to China by Chang Jiang/670

木棉花开李春雷/695

Kapok in Bloom by Li Chunlei/695

休息的革命（缩写本）王宏甲刘建/716

Revolution of Rest(Abridged version) by Wang Hongjia, Liu Jian/716

闪着泪光的事业蒋巍/758

The Career with Tears by Jiang Wei/758

让百姓做主朱晓军李英/ 777

Let Common People Decide by Zhu Xiaojun, Li Ying/777

难回故里郭冬/817

Guo Dong/817

卷五

Volume Five

国家何建明/855

The Country by He Jianming/855

蛟龙探海（节选）许晨/ 915

Xu Chen/915

袁隆平的世界（节选）陈启文/950

Yuan Longping's World (Excerpt) by Chen Qiwen/950

“神舟”天路兰宁远/ 1011

The Long Journey of“Shenzhou”to Space by Lan Ningyuan/1011

智慧之翼李青松/ 1044

Intelligent Wing by Li Qingsong/1044

附录改革开放四十年优秀报告文学存目/ 1060

==卷三：2.昆山之路==

昆山之路

The Kunshan Path

杨守松

Yang Shousong

开头（之一）

Beginning ( Part one )

中国是ー个梦。

China is a dream.

十月革命一声炮响,马列主义顺势而入,从此中国便做起了社会主义的梦。30 多年以后,有500年历史的故都北京在一夜之间,所有的城门钥匙都换了主人,共和国国旗在28响礼炮声中冉冉升起。

With the October Revolution, Marxism-Leninism followed the trend, and China has been dreaming of socialism ever since.
More than 30 years later, in Beijing, the ancient capital with a history of 500 years, all the city gate keys changed owners overnight, and the national flag of the Republic was raised gradually amidst the sound of 28 gun salutes.

又过了 40年,东欧局势如雪山崩塌,中国梦也变得沉重,变得空前地艰难……

After another 40 years, the situation in Eastern Europe collapsed like a snow mountain, and the Chinese dream became heavy and unprecedentedly difficult.

开头（之ニ）

Beginning (Part two)

1968年最后一天,ー辆破旧的三轮车把我从火车站拉进了破旧的小城。低矮的屋檐,窄窄的街道,随处可见歪斜的马桶刷子和飘零的裤裆片;冬日的太阳只是象征性地画了半个圆便匆匆归去了一ー6点不到,小城便寂寞地进入了梦乡。

第二天,我就到城东的西河村“接受贫下中农再教育” 〇

城边上也有不少草屋。全县有好几万户。

这就是“天堂”。这也叫“天堂”？

“穷山恶水血吸虫”,一位县委书记对苏州的昆山做了这个形象的概括。

忽然间这一切都飘逝了、消失了。老城焕然一新,新区拔地而起。西河的草棚变成了瓦屋,变成了楼房,又变成了厂房和办公楼。56米宽的马路横穿腹部,几十家企业变魔术一般相继出现。冰箱、彩电已进入寻常百姓家,录像机也正在悄然潜入农户家中……城乡处处欢声笑语,车水马龙;一年四季商贾云集,游人如织……

过去说,“小昆山”“小六子”,现在改了,叫“小上海”“小蛇口不是天堂,但可与天堂媲美。

On the last day of 1968, a dilapidated tricycle took me from the train station to a small, run-down county.
The low eaves, narrow streets, crooked toilet brushes and coarse cloth briefs are everywhere; the winter sun only symbolically drew a half circle before hurrying back - before six o’clock, the small county had quietly entered into a dreamland.
The next day, I went to Xihe Village in the east of the town to "re-educate the poor and lower-middle peasants".
There are also many thatched cottages on the edge of town.
The whole county1111 has several tens of thousands of households.
This is "paradise".
Can this also be called ‘heaven’?
"Schistosomes in poor mountains and bad waters", a county party secretary made this vivid summary of Kunshan in Suzhou.
Suddenly all of this has drifted away and disappeared.
The old city is new, and the new area is rising up.
The thatched huts in Xihe turned into tile houses, then into buildings, and then into factories and office buildings.
The 56-meter wide road crosses the midsection, and dozens of enterprises appear one after another magically.
Refrigerators and color TVs have become commonplace in ordinary households, while video recorders are quietly making their way into rural homes. Laughter and joy can be heard everywhere in both urban and rural areas, with bustling traffic and crowds of tourists all year round. Merchants gather from all over, and visitors come in droves.
In the past, we used to call it "Xiaokunshan" or "Xiaoluzi", but now this place is known as "Xiaoshanghai" or "Xiaoshekou".
Not paradise, but comparable to paradise.

开头（之三）

我和他的驾驶员周一起喝酒。假如他也在,我一定会敬他ー杯。尽管我知道他是滴酒不沾的。事实上,我也不会喝酒……我曾经做过他的秘书,只是连我自己也无法相信的是,近1〇年来,我和他说话的时间通通加起来也不到1分钟。我是跑跑写写而不会说说笑笑的那一类秘书。关于他,我从来没想到要说点什么或写点什么。但此时此刻,我却急于想见到他,并且想到应该说点什么也写点什么。这种强烈的欲望全是因为他的“退”而触发的。我忽然想到他的可贵,他的了不起。我甚至妄想和他讨论一下“社会主义”这个大题目一凭直觉,他是有自己的见解的。他一直在做,做的人最有发言权。

借着酒劲,我找到了他的家。因为坦诚,只几分钟,我们便各自理解了对方。

Beginning (Part three)

I had a drink with his driver, Zhou.

If he had been there, I would have toasted him.

Even though I know he doesn't drink at all.

In fact, I don't drink either. I was his secretary, but even I can't believe that in the past 10 years, I've spoken to him for less than a minute all together.

I'm the kind of secretary who runs and writes and doesn't talk and laugh.

I've never thought of anything to say or write about him.

But at this moment, I am anxious to see him and think of something to say or write.

This strong desire was triggered by his " withdrawal".

I suddenly thought of his preciousness and his greatness.

I even thought about discussing with him the big topic of "socialism" - intuitively, he has his own opinion.

He's been doing it, and those who do it have the most to say.

Under the influence of alcohol, I found his home.

Because of the honesty, it only took a few minutes for us to understand each other.

第一章借东风催开花千树

Chapter 1 Borrowing the East Wind to Hasten the Blossoming of Thousands of Trees

ー、1+! 乂2

1. "1 + 1 ≠ 2"

大上海旁边有个小昆山。昆山虽小,每年却能卖几亿斤商品粮。“田多劳少, 产量不高,贡献不小,分配蛮好。”这是在全县流传的顺ロ溜。自给自足也自满自足。小昆山小乐胃也见出明显的小家子气。

"Next to the great city of Shanghai lies a small Kunshan. Although Kunshan is small, it sells billions of pounds of goods each year. 'Many fields and few laborers, low yield but not insignificant contribution, and the distribution is quite fair' is a common rhyme passed down throughout the county. Self-sufficient, but also self-satisfied. Even the small happiness of Kunshan shows a distinct parochialism."

忽然有一天,小昆山发现周围的世界大热闹也大变样了。江阴、无锡的乡镇企业突飞猛进。张家港、常熟也急起直追。唯独昆山自得其乐,稳坐钓鱼台……

One day, Kunshan suddenly discovered that the world around it had become very lively and changed a lot. The townships and enterprises in Jiangyin and Wuxi had made rapid progress. Zhangjiagang and Changshu were also catching up quickly. Only Kunshan was content to enjoy its own pleasures and remained complacent, sitting idly by.

1984年,姗姗来迟的春风例行公事一般给昆山抹了些许绿意,与往昔不同的倒是给年过半百的吴克铃捎来ー顶“县长”的乌纱帽。

In 1984, the belated spring breeze brought a touch of green to Kunshan as usual, but what was different this time was that it also brought Wu Kequan, who was over fifty years old, a "county head" cap.

这是ー个不寻常的年代。改革开放唤醒了沉睡5000余年的土地,蕴藏在10 亿人血液里的一切善和恶,一切积极因素和消极因素都释放出来了。国土热火朝天,国人眼花缭乱,国家日新月异……

This was an unusual era. The reform and opening up awakened the land that had been sleeping for more than 5,000 years, releasing all the good and evil, positive and negative factors hidden in the blood of 1 billion people. The country was thriving, people were dazzled, and the nation was changing rapidly...

无论如何,历史前进了,昆山也前进了,只是一个严峻的现实是:昆山比人家慢了一步。

In any case, history moved forward, and so did Kunshan, but the harsh reality was that Kunshan was one step behind others.

ー步落后,步步脱节。无锡、江阴靠的是下放工人的机遇,张家港、常熟靠的是插队青年的机遇,而且他们都曾享受过税收上的优惠一这一切,昆山都没有!

Falling behind by one step led to being out of sync with others. Wuxi and Jiangyin relied on the opportunities brought by workers who were sent down to the countryside, while Zhangjiagang and Changshu relied on the opportunities of the educated youth sent to the countryside, and they all enjoyed tax incentives – none of these were available in Kunshan!

然而,吴克铃却要上。昆山是顾炎武的家乡,“天下兴亡,匹夫有责”,这有气节也有气势的名句,昆山无人不知,昆山人更不会自甘落后……

However, Wu Kequan was determined to push forward. Kunshan was the hometown of Gu Yanwu, and the famous saying, "Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world," was well known to everyone in Kunshan, and the people of Kunshan would not accept falling behind...

可是昆山缺资金、缺技术、缺设备、缺人才、缺管理经验。

“缺”是事实,“上”只是ー个美丽的梦。

吴克铃从梦境中醒来面对现实,去找老书记,去找本地的工业行家,还去找满天飞的采购员

But Kunshan lacked funds, technology, equipment, talent, and management experience.

"Lacking" was the reality, while "rising" was just a beautiful dream.

Wu Kequan woke up from his dream to face reality, seeking advice from the old secretary, local industry experts, and numerous purchasing agents...

渐渐地,他脑子里浮出ー个思路:昆山缺的,东面的邻居上海都有。能不能借ー下“东风”,能不能和上海攀个亲?当然不是白借,也不是两手空空地巴结。昆山也有自己的优势:地理位置好,交通方便;土地多、水面多,农副产品开发潜カ大; 劳动カ多,而且廉价。这三个“优”正好是上海的三个“缺”。不是讲“优化组合” 吗?昆山和上海“组合”一下可不可以?

Gradually, an idea emerged in his mind: what Kunshan lacked, its eastern neighbor Shanghai had. Could they borrow the "east wind" and establish a connection with Shanghai? Of course, it wouldn't be a free ride, nor would it be simply trying to curry favor with empty hands. Kunshan had its own advantages: good geographical location, convenient transportation, abundant land and water resources, great potential for agricultural and sideline product development, and a large, cheap labor force. These three "advantages" were exactly the three "shortcomings" of Shanghai. Isn't it about "optimizing the combination"? Could Kunshan and Shanghai "combine" in some way?

这里有个很容易被忽略的常识。生活本身就是加减乘除,就看你怎么做或者怎么“组合”。1+1,可能是2,可能是。,也可能是3或4或其他。“加”得好,可以有“乘”的效益,反之,则可能是“减”或“除”的结果。

Here is a common sense that is easily overlooked: life itself is addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, depending on how you do it or how you "combine." 1 + 1 might be 2, 0, 3, 4, or something else. If the "addition" is done well, it can have the benefits of "multiplication"; otherwise, it might lead to the results of "subtraction" or "division."

所以,吴克铃反复宣传1+1尹2的道理,作为借“东风”、横向联合的“理论依据”。早在!983年,他做副县长时,就给县经济发展总公司出点子,在水泥厂搞补偿贸易,从上海市协作办公室引进了 500万元资金,使水泥厂的生产能力从4万吨提升到io万吨;同时,又竭カ促成了昆山印刷厂和上海少儿出版社联营建成了全国第一家儿童印刷厂。当时,他还开玩笑地对分管工业的副县长说:“我把你的权夺过来了。”

Therefore, Wu Kequan repeatedly promoted the idea that 1 + 1 ≠ 2, as the "theoretical basis" for borrowing the "east wind" and forming horizontal cooperation. As early as 1983, when he was the deputy county head, he provided ideas for the county's economic development company, engaged in countertrade at the cement factory, and introduced 5 million yuan in funds from the Shanghai Cooperation Office, raising the production capacity of the cement factory from 40,000 tons to 100,000 tons. At the same time, he also facilitated the establishment of the country's first children's printing factory through a joint venture between Kunshan Printing Factory and Juvenile and Children Publishing House, Shanghai. At that time, he jokingly told the deputy county head in charge of industry, "I've taken your power away."

毕竟是副县长,他还不能完全放开手脚。

现在可以了,他要按照自己的思路借“东风”来设计昆山的经济了。

After all, being only a deputy county head, he couldn't fully unleash his potential.
Now it’s possible, he can design Kunshan’s economy according to his own ideas by borrowing the “east wind”.

二、不准“自由恋爱”

2. No "free love" allowed

万事开头难。诸葛亮借东风,靠的是“天意”。吴克铃借“东风”,却只能靠人为。

Everything is difficult at the beginning. When Zhuge Liang borrowed the east wind, he relied on "heaven's will." When Wu Kequan borrowed the "east wind," he could only rely on human effort.

纺织厂的联营ー开始便是有意识的选择。

The joint venture of the textile factory was a conscious choice from the beginning.

纺织厂是1958年“大跃进”的产物,可惜的是,20多年以后,它仍然破败不已。有人说它最要好的朋友是税务官,因为它是靠免税オ勉强维持生计的。纺工部ー个部长看过后说:“没有想到,国内还有这样落后的エ厂。希望抓紧技术改造,但最好能保留一块,作为纺织エ业的ー个文物……”

The textile factory was a product of the "Great Leap Forward" in 1958, but unfortunately, 20 years later, it was still in a state of disrepair. Some people said its best friend was the tax officer because it barely survived by avoiding taxes. A minister of the Textile Ministry visited the factory and said, "I didn't expect that there are still such backward factories in the country. I hope to speed up technological transformation, but it's best to preserve a part of it as a relic of the textile industry..."

为了使这个“文物”进入现代文明,吴克铃想到了钱一平。这时他在上海担任经济协作办公室副主任。吴克铃毫无保留地介绍了纺织厂的情况,提出了合作的
意向。钱一平对吴克铃的想法十分欣赏,两个人越谈越投机,后来吴问:“龚兆源, 龚老,你熟悉不?”钱一平点点头说:“对了,他是你们昆山的地下党党员,他更应该为建设家乡出力!”

In order to bring this "relic" into modern civilization, Wu Kequan thought of Qian Yiping, who was then serving as the Deputy Director of the Economic Cooperation Office in Shanghai. Wu Kequan introduced the situation of the textile factory without reservation and proposed the intention of cooperation. Qian Yiping appreciated Wu Kequan's ideas, and the two of them got along well during their conversation. Later, Wu asked, “Do you know Mr. Gong Zhaoyuan?” Qian Yiping nodded and said, "Yes, he is an underground Communist Party member from Kunshan where you stay. He should contribute more to the construction of his hometown."

乌鲁木齐路,上海市经委顾问龚兆源家中来了两位不速之客。他是个热心人, 离休后在家也没ー天真的清闲过,常有家乡的人来找他办这办那。他看到自己和妻子杜淑珍还有许多共产党人冒着生命危险为之奋斗的故乡至今没有什么大的变化,心里总不是滋味;但他又十分清楚,解决点紧缺物资什么的,只能救急而不能救穷,现在家乡的人来找他,一杯茶喝出了味道!这一回,家乡可以“上路” 了 !

Two unexpected guests arrived at the home of Gong Zhaoyuan, a consultant of the Shanghai Municipal Economic Commission on Urumqi Road. He was a warm-hearted person, and even after retirement, he never really had a day of leisure. Many people from his hometown came to him for help. He saw that his hometown, where he, his wife Du Shuzhen, and many other Communists had risked their lives for, had not changed much, and it always left a bad taste in his mouth. But he was well aware that solving problems such as scarce materials could only be a temporary solution, not a way to alleviate poverty. Now, when those two people from his hometown came to him, he could sense the change. This time, his hometown could finally "get on the road."

与此同时,县エ业局的局长也和上海二纺机的厂长严永生联系上了。

At the same time, the director of the County Industrial Bureau also got in touch with Yan Yongsheng, the factory director of Shanghai Second Hand Textile Machine Co., Ltd.

严是个有知识有眼光的企业家,但同时他也清楚现实环境。从一般人的想法来说,上海和昆山风马牛不相及,双方怎么可能共同去搞ー个企业的?所以他既感到昆山人能提出这个意向是个大胆的创造,但又怕条条框框紧箍着,即便开了花也不能结果。所以开头的接触是艰难的。

Yan was a knowledgeable and visionary entrepreneur, but he was also well aware of the current environment. From a common perspective, Shanghai and Kunshan were worlds apart, so how could they possibly work together to build an enterprise? Therefore, he felt that it was a bold creation for the people of Kunshan to propose this intention, but he was also afraid that rigid rules would bind them, and even if they succeeded, they might not bear fruit. Therefore, the initial contact was difficult.

吴克铃心中清楚:这个世界高喊改革,但改革究竟是怎么回事心中都没底。于是无数改革者只好摸着石头过河。谁也不能保证自己不喝一口水就轻松地到达彼岸,第一个吃螃蟹的人总是要付出代价的。他说,不管怎么样,还要谈……

Wu Kequan knew that the world was calling for reform, but no one really knew what reform entailed. So countless reformers had to grope their way across the river by feeling the stones. "No one could guarantee reaching the other side without paying a small price." Daredevil always had to pay a price. He said that no matter what, they still had to negotiate...

再说龚兆源,他和钱一平一起,亲自出马,跑到金山石油化工总厂,请他们提供切片。石化厂和昆山初次签约时,同意给300吨材料。后来吴克铃把钱一平请到金山来看。钱一平对这一行熟悉,他说:“老吴,300吨肯定不赚钱!”吴克铃心想, 就是要你说这句话,就问:“那你看怎么办?”钱一平快人快语:“这事你别说,我去找他们!”

Speaking of Gong Zhaoyuan, he and Qian Yiping went together to the Shanghai Jinshan petrochemical complex to ask for supplies. When the petrochemical plant first signed a contract with Kunshan, they agreed to provide 300 tons of components. Later, Wu Kequan invited Qian Yiping to Jinshan for a visit. Qian Yiping was familiar with this line of business, and he said, "Mr. Wu, you definitely won't make money with just 300 tons!" Wu Kexing thought, that's exactly what I wanted you to say, and asked, "What do you think should be done then?" Qian Yiping quickly responded, "Leave this to me, I'll go talk to them."

果然,钱一平去找厂长,批评说:“这样搞,怎么能赢利?”对方知道瞒不了他, 就说:“300吨只能’开伙’罢了。”钱一平说:“再给300吨备用设备好不好?”对方笑了:“钱主任的话,我敢不听?”吴克铃又抓住这个机会提出,再搞300吨零部件 ……就这样,一下子搞了近1000吨！

Indeed, Qian Yiping went to the factory director and criticized, "How can you make a profit like this?" The factory director knew they couldn't hide it from him and said, "300 tons can only cover the basic needs." Qian Yiping suggested, "How about adding another 300 tons of components for replacement ?" The factory director laughed, "How can I not listen to Director Qian's advice?" Wu Kequan seized this opportunity and proposed an additional 300 tons of components... And just like that, they managed to secure nearly 1000 tons.

耐人寻味的是,在这个过程中,龚兆源几度“重操旧业”,做起了秘密的“地下工作”,所不同的是,过去是为了政治上的解放,现在是为了经济上的开放;过去的斗争对象是腐朽的国民党反动派,现在的“对象”则是我们自己政策中某些保守僵化的条文。

What's interesting is that, during this process, Gong Zhaoyuan had several times "picked up his old trade" and engaged in secret "underground work." The difference was that in the past, it was for political liberation, while now, it was for economic opening-up. The previous opponents were the corrupt Kuomintang reactionaries, whereas the current "targets" were certain conservative and rigid provisions within their own policies.

终于,由吴克铃和龚兆源在龚老家中秘密磋商、逐字推敲修改的协议,被拿到谈判桌上半公开地进行讨论了。

Eventually, the agreement secretly negotiated and revised by Wu Kequan and Gong Zhaoyuan in Gong's hometown was brought to the negotiation table for semi-public discussion.

1981年12月21日,上海二纺机厂、上海石油化工总厂涤纶ー厂和昆山工业二局正式草签了一份叫作《关于协作建设纺丝机实验エ场的协议》。

On December 21, 1981, Shanghai Second Hand Textile Machine Co., Ltd., Shanghai Jinshan Petrochemical Complex Polyester Plant 1, and Kunshan Industrial Second Bureau formally drafted an agreement called "Cooperation in Building a Spinning Machine Experimental Workshop."

不知读者有没有注意到,这里面的字眼是极为考究的。首先是“协作”,ー个宽泛的、笼统的概念,谁都可以接受;接着,是“实验エ场”,是“实验”,不仅是原则性的,而且冠冕堂皇;又曰“エ场”,不是エ厂,是小工场小作坊,一点也不引人注目；最后,是“协议”,谦虚且得体,够谨慎的!

I don't know if the readers have noticed, but the wording here is very particular. First is "cooperation," a broad and vague concept that everyone can accept; then, "experimental workshop," which is not only principled but also dignified; furthermore, it's called a "workshop," not a factory – it's a small workshop or a small artisan shop, not something that attracts attention; lastly, "agreement" is humble and appropriate, cautious enough!

然而,就是这样ー份至今仍被人细心保存着的协议,在当时还是关关受阻,寸步难行

However, such a carefully preserved agreement even now was met with obstacles and difficulties at that time.

跑到苏州,苏州回答:上海是省级市,我批昆山县的企业可以,上海一方,我哪有权批?

When they went to Suzhou, Suzhou replied: Shanghai is a provincial-level city, I can approve the enterprise in Kunshan County, but how can I approve the one in Shanghai?

到南京,南京答复:江苏还没有跨省市协作办エ厂（工场就是エ厂,这个“阴谋”被戳穿了）的先例,你和上海一起搞,那你就到上海去批吧!

In Nanjing, they replied: "Jiangsu has no precedent for interprovincial and municipal cooperation in establishing factories (workshops are factories, this "conspiracy" was exposed), so you should go to Shanghai for approval."

到上海,上海答复:好哇,上海人不为上海办事,你跑到江苏去办什么“工场”？还有,我上海怎么好批你江苏的企业呢?即便批了,我也拿不到（部里的）计划。

In Shanghai, they replied: "Well, as a person from Shanghai, why are you working for Jiangsu instead of your own city when setting up a 'workshop'? Also, how can I approve your Jiangsu enterprise? Even if I approved it, I wouldn't get the (department's) plan."

这就像是自由恋爱,各自看中了,却没有地方领“结婚证” 〇

当时有句话说:“不准东张西望。”

It was like a love affair where both parties were interested, but there was nowhere to obtain a "marriage certificate."

Back then, there was a saying: "No looking around."

吴克铃是个经济型人才,搞经济不可能离开市场,所以不可能不“东张西望” 〇小小一个昆山,无论如何不可能孤立地存在和前进。

他说,上海不行,南京不行,我们跑跑北京好不好?于是他们多次北上,到纺织工业部找处长、找司长、找部长

现在说来有些不可想象:从签订协议到批准项目,经过了整整两年的时间!

Wu Kequan was an economic talent, and dealing with the economy was impossible without considering the market, so he couldn't help but "look around." A small Kunshan could never exist and advance in isolation.

He said that if Shanghai and Nanjing didn't work, they should try Beijing. So they went to Beijing multiple times to meet with the director, secretary, and minister of the Textile Industry Department...

It's somewhat unimaginable now: it took a full two years from signing the agreement to approving the project!

就在这个项目开始实施的时候,吴克铃担任了县长。也正是纺织厂,还有儿童印刷厂、水泥厂的实践,使他逐步形成了一个概念,找到了一种依托,寻思出来一条符合昆山实际的发展经济的路子。于是,他规划了一个梦一般的蓝图一

Just as the project began to be implemented, Wu Kequan took up the position of county head. It was precisely the experience of the textile factory, as well as the children's printing factory and the cement factory, that gradually helped him form a concept, find a foundation, and devise a path for economic development that suited Kunshan's actual situation. As a result, he planned a dream-like blueprint:

昆山要上14个500万元以上的重点项目,总投资1.5亿元。

国务院批准了 !4个沿海经济开发区,昆山不是开发区,但要上14个重点项目。

这是真的吗?

真的。

Kunshan aimed to launch 14 key projects with investments of over 5 million yuan each, totaling 1.5 billion yuan in investments.

The State Council approved 14 coastal economic development zones, and although Kunshan was not one of these zones, it still aimed to launch 14 key projects.

Is this true?

Yes, it is.

三、“吃大亏者”言

2 The Paradox of "Suffering Losses"

我们的人民从来不拒绝改革,但对改革又往往存有一种矛盾的心理。中国是ー个农业大国,农业人口多。聪明和愚昧、勤劳和懒散、伟大和渺小……这些都相伴相生着。把握住这一点是ー门艺术。只看一面,非左即右,或太快或太慢。其实中国的事情是不可不急,不可太急,不可不改革,也不能“ 一步到位”,一口吃出个胖子来。

Our people have never rejected reform, but often hold a contradictory mentality towards it. China is a major agricultural country with a large agricultural population. Intelligence and ignorance, diligence and laziness, greatness and insignificance coexist. Grasping this is an art. If one only sees one side, they may lean left or right, move too fast or too slow. In reality, China's affairs require both urgency and patience, meaning that reforms are necessary, but cannot be achieved in one step.

昆山人也是矛盾的,既羡慕大上海的繁华,又嫉妒他们的“阔绰”一“高工资”的上海“阿拉”到昆山喜欢到市场“抢购”,有时会不问价钱只说一句“我全要了!”

Kunshan residents share this contradiction, admiring Shanghai's prosperity while being envious of their "extravagance." High-wage "Shanghainese" like to visit Kunshan markets and buy without asking the price, sometimes saying, "I'll take them all!"

现在吴克铃却要依托上海的优势来发展昆山的经济ーー和“阿拉”结为好友, 把“阿拉”们ー批ー批地请到昆山来待为座上宾!

Now, Wu Kequan plans to develop Kunshan's economy by relying on Shanghai's advantages, inviting batches of "Shanghainese" to be guests in Kunshan.

于是有些人就表现出ー种情绪,说上海人太精,和他们打交道要吃亏。

Some people feel that dealing with the clever Shanghainese will result in losses.

吴克铃说,吃亏不吃亏,就如怕上海人来了会抬高物价ー样,这笔账,看你怎么算。

Wu Kequan believes that whether there's a loss depends on how it is calculated.

其实,首先感到“吃亏”的不是昆山而是上海。

In fact, it's Shanghai that initially feels the "loss."

说ー个很有一些传奇色彩的小故事。

一次,吴克铃到北京去,拜访国务院副秘书长顾明。顾明是昆山人,一来二去就熟悉了。顾明很看重吴克铃清醒独特的经济思路和务实精神,那一回还亲自送他到飞机场。就在机场候机室,顾明提到,上海金星电视机厂引进设备他出了不少カ。言者无意,听者有心。吴克铃马上接过话说:“秘书长能不能写个便条,我去上海找他们认识ー下,有可能的话,在我们昆山办个分厂。”顾明热心,当即就在北京飞机场的候机室里写了封信让吴克铃带着去找金星电视机厂的一个柯厂长。

A legendary story tells of Wu Kequan's visit to Beijing, where he met with Gu Ming, the deputy secretary-general of the State Council, who was also from Kunshan. Gu Ming appreciated Wu's clear economic thinking and pragmatism, even personally taking him to the airport. During their conversation, Gu mentioned helping Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory import equipment. Wu seized the opportunity and asked Gu to write a note so he could meet with the factory's director in Shanghai and potentially open a branch factory in Kunshan. Gu Ming, being enthusiastic, immediately wrote a letter in the waiting room of Beijing airport, asking Wu Kequan to take it and meet with Factory Director Ke from the Jin Xing Television Factory.

好事多磨。厂长态度很积极,却有人认为大厂和小县联营是降低身份,要吃大亏。但他们又碍于顾明的面子,不好明确拒绝。吴克铃并不灰心,ー连跑了四五趟上海,反反复复,后来オ勉强有了个协议。好在柯厂长看得远,他认为扩大生产势在必行,而昆山最具建分厂的条件,他力排众议,不改初衷。

Good things don't come easy. Although Factory Director Ke had a positive attitude, some people thought that partnering a large factory with a small county would lower their status and result in significant losses. However, out of respect for Gu Ming, they didn't outright refuse. After several trips to Shanghai and overcoming doubts from both sides, they finally reached an agreement.

Wu openly declared that investors should make money. It's a simple truth: without benefits, why would Shanghai come to Kunshan? All horizontal joint ventures and domestic and foreign investors seek profit. Fortunately, Factory Director Ke had a long-term vision. He believed that expanding production was imperative, and Kunshan had the best conditions for building a branch factory. He overcame the objections and stuck to his original intention.

最后一次,吴克铃在他的小会议室里为协议的草签一直商量到夜里11点多钟。

上海方面理顺了,昆山自己又感到“吃亏”了。

吴克铃却开宗明义,公开宣称:就是要让投资者赚钱!

ー个简单得不能再简单的道理,没有好处,上海跑到你昆山来干什么?

推而广之,一切横向的联营,所有国内外的投资者,都是冲着有钱可赚、有利可图来的。

During the last meeting, Wu Kequan negotiated the draft agreement in his small conference room until 11 p.m.

With the Shanghai side settled, Kunshan felt as if they were at a disadvantage.

Wu Kequan, however, openly declared that the goal was to make money for the investors!

A simple truth: if there were no benefits, why would Shanghai come to Kunshan?

In essence, all horizontal partnerships and investors, domestic and international, are attracted by profit and favorable conditions.

只想自己赚,只考虑自己的好处;对方只可“奉献”,只有“义务”,ー看人家有赚头或赚多一点就眼红,就咬紧牙关憋足了劲死不肯签约,表面上看这是“精”,是
“聪明”,是“原则性强”,实质上,这倒是最狭隘、最可怜、最没出息的小家子气,说到底,也是真正的吃亏者。

Only thinking about making money for themselves and considering their own interests, they expect the other party to only "contribute" and have "obligations." When they see others making a profit or a little more, they become envious and stubbornly refuse to sign contracts. On the surface, this behavior might seem "shrewd," intelligent, and strong in principles. In reality, however, it reflects the most narrow-minded, pitiful, and unambitious pettiness. Ultimately, they are the ones who truly suffer losses.

这个重点项目差一点就泡汤,成为ー个梦。

This crucial project almost fell through and became a mere dream.

建分厂,要给上海一次性技术转让费15万元,每生产1台黑白电视机再给商标费15元。

To establish a branch factory, 150,000 yuan was required as a one-time technology transfer fee to Shanghai, and an additional 15 yuan per black-and-white television produced as a trademark fee.

有些人就喊“吃亏”,说这是“不平等条约”。

Some people cried out about the unfairness, claiming it was an unequal agreement.

吴克铃说,技术就是金钱,人家的技术凭什么要无偿送给你昆山?昆山自己生产的电视机用自己的商标拿出去卖,人家买你昆山牌的还是买上海金星牌的?就是多花50块100块也还是要买金星的……这就是竞争。金星的牌子打出来了,名牌本身就是金钱!

Wu Kequan argued that technology is money. Why should someone else's technology be given to Kunshan for free? If Kunshan produced TVs with its own brand, would people buy the Kunshan brand or the Shanghai Jinxing brand? Even if it cost 50 or 100 yuan more, people would still choose Jinxing. This is competition. Once Jinxing's brand becomes well-known, the brand itself is worth money.

竞争是平等的。之所以感到不平等,是因为还不知道什么叫作竞争。

Competition is equal. The reason some people feel it is unequal is that they don't understand what competition is.

从本质上说,只有竞争オ有平等。有多少竞争就有多少平等,没有竞争就没有平等。

Essentially, only competition can bring equality. The more competition there is, the more equality there will be; without competition, there is no equality.

自然界如此,社会上也ー样。

This is true in nature and in society.

商品（产品）的竞争是血淋淋的。这里没有温情,没有谦让,也不讲“主义”,它只有一句话:优胜劣汰,不叫你死我活,至少也可以说是你上我下。

The competition among products is brutal. There is no warmth, no concession, and no ideology. The only rule is the survival of the fittest: not a matter of life and death, but at least a matter of rising and falling.

什么叫作吃亏?跳出谈判双方,看全局,看大局,生产发展了,经济上去了,全社会都有好处,谈不上谁吃亏。

What does it mean to be at a disadvantage? If we look beyond the negotiation table and consider the big picture, if production develops and the economy grows, everyone in society benefits, so there is no real disadvantage.

有时候,在某个特定的情况下,“不平等条约”体现的倒是真平等、大平等!

Sometimes, in specific situations, an unequal agreement may actually reflect true equality and great fairness.

干大事业者不仅能吃小亏,还要敢于吃大亏!

就是说,要在“不平等”里看到平等,要在“吃亏”里面看到便宜。

不然,怎么可能做到起步晚而起点高?

吴克铃的胆识、眼力、干大事业的大将风度,ー开始就咄咄逼人,并且始终表现出ー种不同凡响的既超前又实在的意识。

Those who undertake great undertakings not only can afford to take small losses but must also dare to take big ones.

That is to say, one must see equality in inequality and find advantages in disadvantages.

Otherwise, how can it be possible to start late but reach a high starting point?

From the beginning, Wu Kequan demonstrated his courage, insight, and the demeanor of a great leader capable of undertaking great tasks, always showing a remarkable, forward-thinking, and practical awareness.

四、孤独的父母官

4 Lonely Parental Official

14个重点项目在全县城乡铺开了,那声音、那阵势、那气氛、那劲头,真有些像南泥湾大生产,又有些像20世纪50年代的“合作化”。

14 key projects have been launched in both urban and rural areas throughout the county. The atmosphere, momentum, and vigor are reminiscent of both the great production in Nan Ni Wan and the "collectivization” movement of the 1950s.

这是一片波滚浪翻、喧腾咆哮的土地,几天之前,还是沟渠纵横、青黄相间的田野,现在它已经成为金星电视机厂昆山分厂的基建工地。

This is a land of rolling waves and roaring tumult. Just a few days ago, it was a field crisscrossed by ditches and interwoven with green and yellow. Now, it has become the construction site for the Kunshan branch of the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory.

吴克铃站在这片新旧交替的土地上,脸上露出ー种创造者的笑容。然而,总是有人不高兴,总是有人不理解,当改革开放后第一次宏观控制的旋风刮下来的时候,金星电视机厂昆山分厂的筹建工作很快陷入困境,于是矛盾的焦点又一次集中到吴克铃身上。

Wu Kequan stands on this land where the old and the new intersect, with a smile on his face that reflects the pride of a creator. However, there are always people who are unhappy and who don't understand. When the first macroeconomic control measures were implemented after the reform and opening up, the preparatory work for the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory's Kunshan branch quickly fell into difficulty. As a result, the focus of the conflict once again centered on Wu Kequan.

一下子铺那么多摊子,是不是好大喜功?是不是头脑发热?

Trying to do too many things all at once, isn't that overly ambitious? Is it a case of getting carried away?

好社会主义之“大”,喜改革开放之“功”,这一点,他不否认。他始终觉得,作为ー个共产党员,他欠人民的太多太多,只要有机会,他就要为人民建功立业,做出最大的奉献。从这个意义上说,好大喜功的人不是多了而是少了,太少了。

He does not deny that his ambition stems from the "greatness" of socialism and the "achievement" of embracing reform and opening up. He always felt that, as a member of the Communist Party, he owed too much to the people, and as long as he had the opportunity, he had to build a career for the people and make the greatest dedication. In this sense, there are not too many overambitious people; in fact, there are too few of them.

头脑发热?他觉得有些好笑。1947年他15岁就到银行做练习生,共和国成立后始终在经济战线上南征北战,从无锡到上海,从广州到武汉,从国家计委到河西走廊再到五七干校的窑厂……正面的反面的、酸的甜的、苦的辣的,一切的一切都告诉他:无论如何都不能再搞政治运动,无论如何都不能再用搞政治运动的那ー套来搞经济建设。正是在把握这个基本点的前提下,他苦苦地寻觅出“东张西望”、横向联合的路子,在充分调查论证的基础上オ确定了 14个重点建设项目。

Getting carried away? He finds this somewhat amusing. In 1947, when he was 15 years old, he started as an apprentice in a bank. After the founding of the People's Republic, he fought on the economic front, from Wuxi to Shanghai, from Guangzhou to Wuhan, from the State Planning Commission to the Hexi Corridor, and finally to the kiln factory at the May 7 Cadre School. Both the positive and negative experiences, sweet and sour, bitter and spicy, everything told him: under no circumstances should political movements be pursued again, and under no circumstances should the methods of political movements be used for economic construction. It is precisely on the premise of grasping this fundamental point that he painstakingly explored the approach of "looking in all directions" and forming horizontal alliances. Based on thorough investigation and research, he identified 14 key construction projects.

他是县长是父母官,然而他也是ー个人,他不可能没有自己的想法、自己的顾虑,也不可能没有他的苦闷、他的孤独与彷徨!

He is the county chief and the Parental officer, but he is also an individual. He cannot possibly not have his own thoughts and concerns, and it is also impossible for him not to have his own frustrations, loneliness, and confusion!

白夜。黑昼。世界的迷离混沌和颠倒反差无情地扰乱了他的思绪。他居然找不到ー个说话的地方,当然只是ー个很短暂的过程。他生出来ー种少有的孤独感。这使他在家里不开心,影响了妻子的情绪,在外面也不开心,有时竟会莫名其妙地激动得脸红脖子粗。好在家里的、外面的,做官的、做老百姓的,一般也了解他的为人,理解他的艰难处境,所以谁也不会计较他。越是这样,他越是感到忧心如焚,苦闷无比。他真想飞到北京去,和中南海的决策者们做一番理论。

White night. Black day. The world's disorienting chaos and upside-down contrasts relentlessly disrupt his thoughts. He couldn't find a place to talk, but of course it was only a short process. He felt a sense of loneliness that he had rarely felt before. This made him unhappy at home, affecting his wife's mood. He was also unhappy outside, sometimes even inexplicably becoming agitated, with his face turning red and his neck swollen. The good thing is that the family and the outside, the officials and the people, generally understand his person, understand his difficult situation, so no one will take him seriously. The more this happens, the more he feels worried and miserable. He really wants to fly to Beijing and have a discussion with the decision-makers at Zhongnanhai.

唉!也只能是想想,中国的改革开放还没有到ー个七品芝麻官可以随时和总书记直接对话的地步。

It's just a thought, as China's reform and opening up haven't reached the point where a low-ranking official can directly communicate with the General Secretary at any time.

那么,和最基层的厂长书记们对话总可以吧?

So, it should be possible to have a dialogue with the most grassroots factory directors and secretaries, right?

阳澄湖畔的巴城镇,古镇旁边正在崛起一个新厂。这是全县14个重点项目之ー。厂长名叫陆大荣,曾经因为2000元的“经济问题”吃过官司。党委书记和镇长跑到人事局找方局长,又跑到组织部找沈部长,在分析了陆大荣的历史后提出:此人可不可转干?可不可当厂长?可以。又问:可以当一个投资1400万元的大厂的厂长吗?也可以。像这样的人还可以入党吗?根据你说的,当然可以。

Beside Yangcheng Lake's Bacheng Town, a new factory is emerging. This is one of the 14 key projects in the county. The factory director, named Lu Darong, once faced a lawsuit due to an "economic issue" involving 2,000 yuan. The Party Secretary and the town mayor ran to the Personnel Bureau to find Director Fang, and then went to the Organization Department to find Director Shen. After analyzing Lu Darong's history, they raised the question: can this person be transferred to a different position? Can he become the factory director? The answer was yes. They further asked: can he be the director of a large factory with an investment of 14 million yuan? The answer was also yes. Can someone like this join the Communist Party? Based on what you've said, of course he can.

就是这个陆大荣,用拼命三郎的精神创造了“巴城速度”：十天一层楼;工程保质保量保速度了,每上一层楼他就扛了一头杀好的猪送到工地犒赏“三军”！

It is this very Lu Darong who, with the spirit of a tireless worker, created the "Bacheng Speed": constructing one floor every ten days. He ensured the quality, quantity, and speed of the project. For every floor completed, he carried a slaughtered pig to the construction site to reward the "three armies" (workers).

吴克铃来到工地上,明显地感受到了一种气氛,ー种从群众内心深处诱发出来的巨大的积极性。

Wu Kequan arrived at the construction site and clearly felt an atmosphere, a tremendous enthusiasm that was evoked from deep within the hearts of the people.

我们的人民永远是可爱的。

Our people are always lovely.

人民迫切希望改变现状,他们欢迎并无条件地参加一切改革,只要这个改革能够给他们希望,给他们带来好处。

The people are eager to change the status quo, they welcome and unconditionally participate in all reforms, as long as this reform can give them hope and bring them benefits.

吴克铃问陆大荣:“你这速度是不是’太快’了?”

Wu Kequan asked Lu Darong, "Isn't your construction 'too fast'?”

答:“要不是下雨,还可再快一点〇”

Lu Darong replied, "If it weren't for the rain, we could have been even faster."

又问:“还有没有什么困难?”

Wu Kequan further asked, "Are there any other difficulties?”

答:“困难是有的,但同县里的比,就算不上什么了一我们别的不能做什么, 千方百计把这个项目建成,尽快见效就算是对县委县政府的ー种支持……”

Lu Darong replied, "There are difficulties, but compared to those in the county, they are not significant. We can't do much else, so we will do everything we can to complete this project and see results as soon as possible. That would be our way of supporting the county committee and the county government.”

吴克铃紧握住陆大荣的手,说:“谢谢!”

Wu Kequan firmly shook Lu Darong's hand and said, "Thank you!”

谢谢全县50万人民,谢谢全县上千名厂长、书记……

He would like to express gratitude to the 500,000 people in the county and the thousands of factory directors and Party secretaries throughout the county.

五、“老吴要高速度”

5 Old Wu Demands High Speed

不思量,自难忘,平生坎坷多少事,总把真情相向!

Even without dwelling on it, it's still hard to forget. Through all the ups and downs in life, always face each other with sincerity!

吴克铃从内心里感谢并永远记住那些在困难时候给予自己理解和支持的所有的人。

Wu Kequan sincerely thanks and will always remember all the people who provided understanding and support during difficult times.

14个重点项目,他ー个ー个跑过来,听汇报,看工程,和基层的厂长书记座谈。他看到的是ー批实实在在的奋斗者的足迹,感觉到的是ー种抓住了机会就拼命改变现状的热烈气氛。人民不是用语言而是用行动来称赞改革的。

He went to each of the 14 key projects, listened to the reports, inspected the construction progress, and had discussions with the grassroots factory directors and Party secretaries. He saw the footprints of a group of real fighters, and felt the fervent atmosphere of seizing opportunities and striving to change the current situation. The people praised the reform not with words but with actions.

人民拥护改革,改革属于人民。

The people support the reform, and the reform belongs to the people.

还有两个人,他要深深地感谢他们。

There are two other people to whom he is deeply grateful.

苏州市委书记戴心思来了,他也是听到ー些风声后跑来的。

Secretary of Suzhou Municipality. Dai Xinsi came after hearing some rumors.

平时都很忙,开会了,书记又要照应到各个县市,不可能只听你ー个昆山的县长说。

Normally, he was very busy, attending meetings and taking care of various counties and cities. It was not possible for him to only listen to the county mayor of Kunshan.

现在可以了。

Now it is possible.

先看,先问,边看边问,然后,在第一招待所,他听吴克铃的汇报。

He first looked and asked questions, and then at the first reception hall, he listened to Wu Kequan's report.

吴克铃还是第一次比较系统地向市委领导汇报自己的经济思路。

It was the first time that Wu Kequan had systematically reported his economic ideas to Secretary of Municipal Party Committee.

戴心思听得极为认真。在大的原则问题上,他是从来不轻易表态的,但这ー次,他却十分明确地说:“看起来,照你这个路子走下去,昆山有希望。”

Dai Xinshi listened extremely carefully. He never easily expressed his opinions on major issues of principle, but this time he was very clear and said: "It seems that if we continue down this path, Kunshan has hope.

市委书记一句话,使吴克铃挺直了腰杆。

The words of the Municipal Party Committee Secretary straightened Wu Kequan's back.

然而,由于宏观控制的影响,原定由上海金星厂投资的钱拿不出来了。

However, due to the impact of macro-control, the original investment by Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory factory money could not be obtained.

这个联营厂就这么半途而废了?

Would this joint venture factory be abandoned halfway?

多情总被无情恼。多少心血与汗水,到头来全付于一江春水东流去?吴克铃不相信,也不甘心。

Love is always troubled by the heartless. How much effort and sweat, only to be ultimately carried away by the eastward flowing spring river? Wu Kequan didn't believe it and couldn't accept it.

没有钱不可以借吗?你不好借,我们出面借行不行?

If there's no money, can't we get a loan? If it's difficult for them, how about we step in and secure the loan on their behalf?

吴克铃立刻赶到上海,说明来意:“婚姻”大事,不敢儿戏!联营厂总要办成办好,资金问题,上海一方的由昆山出面以上海的名义借。

Wu Kequan rushed to Shanghai immediately, explaining the purpose: The "marriage" is a significant matter, not to be taken lightly! The joint venture factory must be established and run well. As for the funding issue, the money that was supposed to be provided by Shanghai will be borrowed in Shanghai's name by Kunshan.

古今中外,不知有没有过这种先例。双方恋爱结婚,甲方应出的钱拿不出了, 就由乙方以甲方的名义去借……

In ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, no one knows if there has ever been such a precedent. In a love and marriage relationship between two parties, when Party A cannot provide the required funds, Party B borrows on behalf of Party A...

改革是ー个万花筒。改革时期人民的智慧和创造要比平时大大提升。

The reform is a kaleidoscope. During the reform era, people's wisdom and creativity are greatly enhanced compared to ordinary times.

心诚则灵,志坚则成。金星电视机厂昆山分厂就这样在一片风雨中建成投产了!

With a sincere heart and a determined will, anything can be achieved. In this way, amidst trials and tribulations, Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory's Kunshan branch was built and put into operation!

14个重点项目在克服难以想象的困难中又以难以想象的速度筹建、生产、发展。

The 14 key projects were planned, produced, and developed at an unimaginable speed amidst unimaginable difficulties.

14个重点项目是吴克铃的14个心思,14个心思编织着ー个彩色的梦:在适度风险中创造适宜的速度,让昆山的经济尽快起飞,使昆山的老百姓得到更多的好处

The 14 key projects were Wu Kequan's 14 concerns, and these concerns wove together a colorful dream: creating a suitable speed within moderate risks, allowing Kunshan's economy to take off as soon as possible, and bringing more benefits to the people of Kunshan.

然而我们的生活中总是有太多的“然而”,要是少一点,少到不至于让人遗恨终生,更不至于让民族后悔的地步就好了ーー然而,还是有人对他的路子表示“不理解”,并且有意无意地制造着ー种舆论、ー种压カ……

However, there are always too many "howevers" in our lives. If only there were fewer, to the point where they would not cause lifelong regrets or even make the nation regretful. Despite this, some people still expressed their "misunderstanding" of his approach, intentionally or unintentionally creating public opinion and pressure...

市委书记不是明确表示肯定了吗?

Didn't the Municipal Party Committee Secretary clearly express affirmation?

省委省政府不也给予关心和支持了吗?

Didn't the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government also provide care and support?

但这还不够,或者说还不足以说明问题。

But this is not enough, or not enough to explain the problem.

“大气候”或日大政策是压缩,是控制。

The "macro environment" or the popular policy is about compression and control.

昆山的“高速度”不是和中央唱“对台戏”吗?

Isn't Kunshan's "high speed" going against the central government's policy?

有一阵子,昆山是苏州市乃至更大范围内议论的重要话题。

For a while, Kunshan became an important topic of discussion in Suzhou and even in a larger scope.

薛暮桥到苏州来了,似乎他对这个话题也感兴趣。

Xue Muqiao came to Suzhou, and it seemed that he was also interested in this topic.

他是提出要实行宏观控制的经济学家之一。

He was one of the economists who proposed the implementation of macroeconomic control.

可是昆山却似乎不受这个“控制”的约束。

However, Kunshan seemed to be unaffected by this "control.”

昆山依然保持“高速度”！

Kunshan still maintained its "high speed"!

这是怎么回事?

What was going on?

他要问个究竟。

He wanted to get to the bottom of it.

吴克铃开始是谨慎的,他小心翼翼的,甚至不敢把昆山经济发展速度的百分比说出来。但他很快就发觉,这种顾虑是多余的,因为他感到,和经济学家谈经济,也许更加有利于阐明他的观点和思路。他条理清晰,如数家珍,从头至尾汇报了昆山的经济现状,14个重点项目的确立和筹建过程,还提出横向联合的依据,等等。

At first, Wu Kequan was cautious; he was very careful, and he even dared not to mention the percentage of Kunshan's economic growth rate. But he soon realized that such concerns were unnecessary because he felt that discussing economics with an economist might be even more beneficial in clarifying his views and thoughts. He presented his points in a clear and organized manner, recounting the current economic situation in Kunshan, the establishment and planning process of the 14 key projects, the rationale for horizontal alliances, and so on.

薛暮桥听了大为惊讶。他没想到ー个县长居然会独立思考创建适合本地情况的独特路子,也没想到在国家实行宏观控制的情况下这个县仍然能够稳中求快,迅速地改变着原先的经济面貌。他越听越觉得有滋有味,忍不住频频点头,说:“昆山搞得不错嘛!”

Xue Muqiao listened with great surprise. He hadn't expected a county mayor to independently think and create a unique path suited to local conditions, nor had he imagined that under the country's macroeconomic control, this county could still pursue steady progress and rapidly change its original economic landscape. The more he listened, the more fascinated he became, and he couldn't help but nod repeatedly, saying, "Kunshan is doing quite well!”

吴克铃接过话来:“现在中央批超高速度,我们完全拥护,宏观失控了,就得从宏观上去控制;但我也感到,再好的方针政策,都不能搞一刀切,不能仅仅从表面上去理解,也不能简单地生搬硬套,这样做,好像是’坚决照办’,实际上是偷懒,是教条,也是ー种对中央政策不尊重的表现……薛老,我的话可能说重了……”

Wu Kequan continued, "Now that the central government has approved the ultra-high speed. We fully support it. When macroeconomic control is lost, it needs to be controlled at the macro level. However, I also feel that no matter how good the policies and guidelines are, they cannot be applied uniformly. We cannot simply understand them superficially or mechanically apply them. Doing so may seem like 'resolutely following orders,' but in reality, it's laziness, dogmatism, and a lack of respect for central policies... Mr. Xue, My words might have been too harsh....”

薛暮桥连忙摆摆手。显然,身居高位的他是很难听到ー个七品芝麻官对他说真心话的,现在有人向他敞开了心扉,显然是对他的极大信任,他感到高兴,也觉得欣慰,忙说:“老吴,你说下去!”

Xue Muqiao hurriedly waved his hand. Apparently, it was rare for him, as a high-ranking official, to hear a junior official speak his mind to him. Now that someone had opened up to him, he felt happy and reassured by the great trust, and hurriedly said, "Mr, Wu, please continue!”

“举个简单的例子,我们昆山的ー些项目,已经投入了,厂也建成了,投入了而不产出,实际是ー种浪费,所以我们就克服困难让它产出。有人就说,这是超高速……”

"Let me give you a simple example. Some of our projects in Kunshan have already been invested in, and the factories have been built. To invest without producing is actually a waste, so we overcome difficulties to make them produce. Some people say that this is ultra-high speed Some people say, "This is ultra-high speed...”

批“超高速”,是薛暮桥的一贯主张,听到这么说,他不由得想了好一会,这オ说:“我不是笼统讲的,我是说’固定资产投入不能超高速’,而且,这是就全局就国家的宏观ー头来说的,像你们这样,从实际出发,走自己的路子,已经投入了,那就应该尽快见效嘛!”

Criticizing "ultra-high speed" has always been Xue Muqiao's consistent stance. Upon hearing this, he couldn't help but think for a while before saying, "I'm not talking about it in general terms. I mean 'fixed asset investment should not be ultra-high speed.' Moreover, this is from the perspective of the overall situation and the country's macroeconomics. In cases like yours, where you start from reality and take your own path, since you have already invested, you should see results as soon as possible!”

吴克铃心中一热,他感到两个人的心已经相通了。

Wu Kequan felt warmth in his heart, as if the two had reached a mutual understanding.

仿佛意犹未尽,薛暮桥又加重语气说:“老吴,要高速度。”

Seemingly not satisfied, Xue Muqiao added with emphasis, "Mr, Wu, you should aim for high speed.”

好痛快、好潇洒的薛暮桥!

What a forthright and unrestrained Xue Muqiao is!

吴克铃吃了 “定心丸”,薛暮桥也觉得不虚此行,两个人越谈越投机,越投机越想深谈,可惜薛暮桥不能逗留太久,吴克铃就请他题词留念,薛老略加思索,便提笔直书——

以上海为依托,发展横向经济联系,促使经济高速度发展。

Wu Kequan felt reassured, and Xue Muqiao also felt that his trip was worthwhile. The two found their conversation increasingly engaging and wanted to delve deeper into their discussion. Unfortunately, Xue Muqiao couldn't stay for too long, so Wu Kequan asked him to write an inscription as a memento. After some thought, Xue wrote the following:

毕竟是著名的经济学家,也毕竟是经过了太多的风风雨雨的人,薛暮桥绝没有因为自己批判宏观上的“超高速”就不加分析地一概否认微观上的“高速度”;相反,他实事求是地肯定了昆山的经验,并且用十分明确而又凝练的语言,把这个经验概括得恰到好处。

Rely on Shanghai, develop horizontal economic connections, and promote high-speed economic growth.

无论你是什么“家”,也无论你是什么权威,都得具备这种胆识,都得具有这种气量、这等胸怀オ行,否则,人民就不会尊重你,你这个“家”也就脆弱无比,ー碰即碎

After all, Xue Muqiao is a renowned economist and a person who has experienced many ups and downs. He never blindly denied the "high speed" at the micro-level just because he criticized the "ultra-high speed" at the macro-level. On the contrary, he pragmatically affirmed Kunshan's experience and summarized it aptly with clear and concise language.

社会主义不是也绝不可能只是ー个刻板的模式,社会主义是千百万人的永无止境的创造,你想用一把刀“切”出个社会主义,就如要一口吃成个胖子ー样,那オ是真正的虚幻真正的乌托邦。

No matter what kind of "expert" or authority one is, one must possess this courage, magnanimity, and broad-mindedness. Otherwise, the people will not respect them, and their position as an "expert" will be fragile, easily shattered upon impact.

第二章静静地孕育着辉疊

Chapter II Quietly Breeding Brilliance

依托上海,借“东风”,摸索出一条横向联合的路子,这是吴克铃艰苦思索冒险实践的重要贡献之一。但生活绝不可能也永远不会如作家笔下所描述的那么简单、那么平淡。昆山的路,究竟是怎么走过来的,我能够采访能够知道的也仅仅是一部分。创造者的痛苦又无形中转移到了创作者身上。ー个人要得到理解是多么艰难。人与人有许多共通之处,但人与人又绝对不ー样。天下父母官多如牛毛,如焦裕禄者几人?如吴克铃者又有几人?昆山走出了一条自己的路,走出特色,也走出了成效。社会主义不是乌托邦,就因为千百万人在那里默默地实践和创造。创造就意味着奉献,能够奉献的人是快乐的。于是吴克铃只字未提他曾经遭受到的压カ,实在避免不了时就轻描淡写一句带过,他只是平静地思路清晰地回忆着过去的岁月

Relying on Shanghai, taking advantage of the "east wind," and exploring a path of horizontal collaboration is one of the significant contributions from Wu Kequan's painstaking thinking and adventurous practice. However, life can never and will never be as simple and plain as described by the writer. But life can never be and will never be as simple and uneventful as described by the writer. The path of Kunshan, how it came to be, and what I can learn from interviews and knowledge is only a part of the story. The pain of the creator is invisibly transferred to the creator's shoulders. How difficult it is for a person to be understood. People have many commonalities, but they are also absolutely unique. There are countless parental officials in the world, but how many are like Jiao Yulu? How many are like Wu Kequan? Kunshan has taken its path, showing its uniqueness and achieving results. Socialism is not utopian, precisely because millions of people are silently practicing and creating. Creating means dedication, and those who can dedicate themselves are happy. Thus, Wu Kequan never mentioned the pressures he had faced, and only briefly touched upon them when it was unavoidable. He calmly and clearly recalled the past years.

六、并非异想天开

6 Not a Wild Fantasy

就在实行横向联合的同时,吴克铃开始构思另ー篇大文章,做起了自费开发经济技术开发区的梦。

While implementing horizontal collaboration, Wu Kequan began to conceive another grand plan: to establish a self-funded economic and technological development zone.

这在当时,一般人连想都不敢想。

At that time, it was something most people wouldn't even dare to think about.

他不仅想了,而且要做!

Yet, not only did he think about it, but he also took action!

金星电视机昆山分厂既是他形成开发区思路的契机,又是他最早的也是成功的ー个实践。

The establishment of the Kunshan branch of the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory was both the catalyst for his development zone idea and his first successful attempt.

批准了的开发区,是国家投资的,政策也是特别优惠的。你要我开发吗?那么,拿钱来给我用。于是,成千上万甚至是几个亿的人民币如雪花飘飘可以用车载船装堆成一座小山似的过来了 !

The approved development zones were funded by the state and had special preferential policies. Are you asking me to develop it? Then, give me the money to use. As a result, millions and even billions of RMB, like fluttering snowflakes, could be transported in trucks and boats and piled up like a small hill!

昆山自己搞开发区,初步匡算,基础设施要几千万元。县里财政少得可怜,吴克铃是两手空空一身“轻”的七品官,至于国家财政,你不在册,那一分钱也不能
给,优惠政策一条也不能有!

To establish a development zone in Kunshan, a preliminary estimate showed that tens of millions of yuan would be needed for infrastructure. The county's finances were pitifully scarce, and Wu Kequan, a low-ranking official with nothing to his name, had no access to national funding since the project was not officially listed. Consequently, not a single cent could be given, and no preferential policies could be applied!

这还不是主要的。

This is not the main issue.

要紧的是风险,这里有经济上的,更有政治上的。建设开发区,好大的口气,好大的胆子!你的“高速度”已经和中央唱“对台戏”了,难道还要别出心裁自作主张搞什么开发区吗?

What matters are the risks, which include not only economic ones but also political ones. Establishing a development zone required considerable ambition and courage. Wu Kequan's "high-speed" approach had already contradicted the central government's policies, so would he dare to go against the grain again by establishing a development zone?

当然,他已经找到了横向联合这条路子,但这还不够。作为昆山经济这个总的 “盘子”,方方面面都是联系在ー起的。你要“横联”,你就得具备横联的条件;你要 “外向”,你就得具备吸引外商外资的动人之处。所以开发区绝不是他突发奇想, 更不是心血来潮,一切都是事物本身发展的规律让人产生灵感产生欲望的。这里的关键就在于你能不能及时抓住这个契机,敢不敢超前ー步做出决策。

Of course, he had already found the path of horizontal collaboration, but that alone was not enough. As a comprehensive part of Kunshan's economy, all aspects were interconnected. To achieve horizontal collaboration, one must possess the necessary conditions; to be outward-oriented, one must have attractive features to draw in foreign investors and capital. Therefore, the idea of a development zone was not a whim, nor was it a sudden impulse. It was the inherent laws of development that inspired and motivated people. The key was whether one could seize the opportunity in time and dare to make a decision that was one step ahead of others.

这是需要胆识的。

This requires courage and insight.

钱从哪里来?不可能等,不可能要,也休想靠什么人的施舍,唯一的也是最可靠、最踏实的办法是自力更生

Where does the money come from? It's impossible to wait, ask for, or rely on anyone's charity; the only reliable and practical approach is self-reliance.

建设社会主义只能靠自力更生。建设社会主义不可能靠恩赐,也不可能依赖谁的支援。输血只能救急,而不可能创造ー个活生生的生命,只有依靠本身的机制增强造血功能才会有新鲜活泼的生命！

Building socialism can only be achieved through self-reliance. It's impossible to build socialism through someone's grace or by relying on support from others. Blood transfusion can only provide temporary relief, but it cannot create a vibrant life. Only by relying on one's own mechanisms to enhance hematopoietic functions can a fresh and lively life be achieved!

搞开发区,即便是国务院批准的,国家也只能给予少量投资。归根齿结底要靠自力更生,何况,昆山是自己的积极性、自己的要求呢?

Developing an economic zone, even if approved by the State Council, can only receive limited investment from the state. Ultimately, self-reliance is essential, not to mention that it is Kunshan's own initiative and demands.

他相信,过去有不少东西搞错了,但也有很多东西搞对了,不能因为错过就把对的也否定了。自力更生难道也不对?自力更生符合中国国情,搞社会主义也离不开自力更生！自力更生永远不会“过时”,自力更生必须也一定要延伸到现在延伸到将来。

He believes that in the past, many things were done wrong, but there were also many things done right. One should not negate the correct things just because some mistakes were made. Is self-reliance wrong? Self-reliance is in line with China's national conditions, and building socialism cannot be separated from self-reliance! Self-reliance will never be "outdated"; it must and will extend from the present into the future.

只有自力更生才能给昆山的开发区带来希望。

Only self-reliance can bring hope to Kunshan's development zone.

在县长办公会议上,他系统地谈了自己的设想和打算,又拿到县委常委会上去讨论。吴克铃的主张得到了一致认可。

At the county mayor's office meeting, he systematically discussed his ideas and plans, and then took them to County Party Standing Committee for further discussion. Wu Kequan's proposal received unanimous approval.

消息传开,有人反对,有人怀疑,风声雨声ー阵紧过ー阵,他呢,也有自己的主意:你说你的,我做我的。

News spread, some opposed, some doubted, and rumors came one after another. As for him, he had his own convictions: let others say what they want, and he would do what he believed in.

于是他开始选址,开始做多方面的调查和考察。

So, he began to choose the location and conduct various investigations and surveys.

昆山的还有外地的经验和教训给了他很多启示。首先在选址上,他果断地否定了在远离城区的地方,也否定了在老城区基础上的方案。远了,基础设施没有可以利用的条件,开发费用必然大大增加;近了,在老城区,也不行。老城区4平方公里,人口早已突破5万,按规定,人均100平方米,这个标准已经是超过了,怎么可能在旧址上再建造ー个新的开发区?

The experiences and lessons from Kunshan and other places provided him with many insights. First of all, in terms of site selection, he decisively rejected the idea of choosing a location far from the urban area, as well as the plan based on the old urban area. If it's too far, there would be no available infrastructure to utilize, and the development costs would inevitably increase significantly. If it's too close, in the old city, that wouldn't work either. The old city area covers 4 square kilometers, and the population has already exceeded 50,000. According to the regulations, the standard is 100 square meters per person. This standard has already been surpassed. How could it be possible to build a new development zone on the old site?

于是选择县城东边的一片土地。这里紧靠苏沪公路,交通极发达,又和老城区紧紧相连,有不少事可以借助现有的力量。再说,这里已经有了几个不大的工厂, 要发展,也算有一定的基础……

So, a piece of land on the east side of the county town was chosen. This location is close to the Su-Hu Expressway, which has highly developed transportation, and is closely connected to the old city area, allowing for many things to be accomplished with the help of existing resources. Moreover, there are already several small factories here, providing a certain foundation for development...

他把上海的、苏州的和南京的规划专家请了来,一遍遍地考察,一次次地论证。省里还在昆山召开规划论证会给予支持……

He invited planning experts from Shanghai, Suzhou, and Nanjing to conduct numerous field investigations and evaluations. The provincial government also held planning conferences in Kunshan to provide support...

七、沉重的搬迁

7 The Heavy Relocation

规划只是ー个梦、ー张纸上的蓝图,实施却是ー种艰苦卓绝的战斗一苦就苦在既要开发,而又不可能向上面要一分钱,苦就苦在既要与方方面面打交道争取他们的支持,而在事实上又只能偷偷摸摸地进行!

Planning is just a dream, a blueprint; implementation, however, is a bitter and arduous battle. The struggle lies in the need for development without expecting any funding from higher authorities. It is also difficult to secure support from various parties while in reality, everything has to be carried out covertly.

吴克铃担任了新区的总指挥。接着他调兵遣将,把城建局裴局长和陈副局长推到了第一线,后来王接任局长也被派到了新区。有的事做得很辛苦,但起点不高,他看了就不客气地批评,也正是伴随着各种议论和怨言,开发区一天天地在改变面貌。1988年,开发区从“地下”转到“地上”，6月4日,他又派县委副书记石泉忠担任常务副总指挥。

Wu Kequan took charge as the commander-in-chief of the development zone.  He then made personnel arrangements, assigning the director and deputy director of the Urban Construction Bureau, Pei and Chen, to key positions in the new development zone. Later, Wang, who succeeded as the director, was also assigned to the new development zone. Some tasks were very challenging, and if the results were not up to his expectations, he would not hesitate to criticize candidly. As various discussions and complaints accompanied the process, the development zone gradually transformed day by day. In 1988, the development zone shifted from "underground" to "above ground." On June 4th, he appointed Shi Quan Zhong, the deputy secretary of the county committee, as the executive deputy commander-in-chief.

新区指挥部就设在娄江河边。只有几间平房,简陋得不如农民的灶屋。斜对面是金星电视机分厂,与那高大整齐的厂房、办公楼相比,它就显得更加寒酸。

The new development zone's headquarters were set up by the Loujiang River. It consisted of only a few simple single-story houses, even more rudimentary than the farmers' kitchen huts. Diagonally across was the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory Kunshan branch, and compared to the tall and neatly arranged factory buildings and office buildings, it appeared even more humble.

这使我想起了延安的窑洞和“干打垒”。

This reminded me of the cave dwellings and "dry brick building" in Yan'an.

就在这里,吴克铃把ー张地图挂到了墙上,图上的线条如蛛网密布,每ー根线都意味着ー场耗人心血的苦斗。

It was here that Wu Kequan hung a map on the wall, with lines densely covering it like a spider web. Each line represented a painstaking battle that consumed a great deal of effort.

搬迁难,难于上青天!你说要开发エ业区,他不相信,以为是哄小孩,骗他们。封建和封闭是季生的ー对。对黄土地的眷恋和对新生活的怀疑使他们宁可选择过去也要抵制未来。以前因为规定一个范围内不准造房,农民结伙起哄,把大队办公室的桌子都掀翻过几次。

Relocation is difficult, as hard as ascending to the heavens! When people hear about the plan to develop an industrial zone, they don't believe it, thinking it's just a trick to deceive them like telling stories to children. Feudalism and isolation are twin constraints. Their attachment to the loess land and their doubts about a new life make them prefer to choose the past and resist the future. In the past, due to regulations prohibiting construction within a certain area, the farmers would band together, creating a commotion and overturning the tables in the collective's office several times.

搬迁,新区开发工作的一个不大的组成部分。但就是这,也不知要耗费多少精力!

Relocation is just a small part of the new development zone's work. However, it is not known how much effort will be expended on this!

最紧张、最困难的是朝阳路的拓宽改造,它牵涉到18个单位,拆除房屋面积达 6894平方米,绝大多数又是无偿拆除。为了保证工程的顺利进展,吴克铃亲自做了动员,又和石泉忠研究了具体的方案。这条路正好在苏沪交通要道上,每天7000 至8000辆的车流量！又不能断路,只好边通车边施工。下雨天,车的钢铁、路的泥泞,还有人的焦躁组合成一个现代的古战场。争吵摩擦、骂天骂地、拔拳相向也并非绝无仅有,但无论多么纷繁复杂,无论多么恨之入骨,到后来,说明了情由取得了谅解,双方一个“罢了”的眼神,ー支和解的香烟,还有握别时潇洒的一挥手,都见出来ー种“改革了”,大家都要忙自己的了。所以“请多关照”的务实精神,也正是这种精神,使得拓宽筑路始终没出ー个大的事故,这在专业部门看来,也是极为难能可贵的

The most tense and difficult task is the widening and renovation of Chaoyang Road, which involves 18 units and the demolition of 6,894 square meters of housing, the vast majority of which is non-compensated demolition. To ensure the smooth progress of the project, Wu Kequan personally carried out mobilization work and together with Shiquan Zhong, studied specific plans. This road is strategically located between Suzhou and Shanghai, with a daily traffic volume of 7,000 to 8,000 vehicles. Construction must proceed without disrupting traffic, so vehicles and construction coexist side by side. On rainy days, the combination of car steel, muddy roads, and people's irritability creates a modern version of an ancient battlefield. Arguments, curses, and even physical confrontations are not uncommon. However, no matter how chaotic or intense the conflict is, once the reasons are explained and forgiveness is granted, both parties exchange a "let it be" glance, share a reconciliatory cigarette, and wave goodbye with nonchalance. It demonstrates an understanding of the need for "reform," and that everyone has their own responsibilities to attend to. The practical spirit behind the Chinese saying "请多关照" (please take care of each other) is also what has kept the road expansion project accident-free, which is considered a valuable achievement by professional departments.

在“偷偷摸摸”的心境下埋头苦干,在得到认可之后便轰轰烈烈地建设。规划是富丽的,实施却是勤俭的、踏实的。只要隔个十天半月,新区就会给人ー种新鲜感。脚下的路,每时每刻都在延伸……

Under the mindset of working diligently and discreetly, construction proceeds with great enthusiasm once approval is granted. Planning is grand and luxurious, while implementation is frugal and down-to-earth. Every couple of weeks, the new zone brings a sense of freshness to people. The road beneath their feet is constantly extending...

新区并不是一座“孤岛”,它和老城区是ー个完整的构思。新区是在ー张白纸上画图,老区却要在画好的图纸上进行修改。从某种意义上说,老区的改造比新区的建设还要难。

The new development zone is not an "isolated island"; it is a part of a complete concept with the old urban area. The new development zone is designed on a blank canvas, while the old district needs modifications on an existing blueprint. In a sense, the transformation of the old district is even more challenging than the construction of the new one.

无论是新区还是老区,最基础、最关键的都是ー个字:路。

Regardless of whether it is a new or old district, the most fundamental and crucial element is one word: road.

路是线条路,是骨架路,是蓝图的筋络,甚至还可以说路就是规划本身。

Roads are lines, skeletons, the framework of a blueprint, and one could even say that roads are the planning itself.

在我的记忆中,老城多为“裤裆巷”。裤裆巷没有故事也没有风流,有的只是马桶刷子和“龙须沟”。不过,小城的人也习惯了,“文革” 1〇年,照样闹得天翻地覆;噩梦过去,也仍然一天一天地沾沾自喜着,活得自在、活得舒服、活得坦然。只是到了 !984年的元宵节,小城的平静オ被打破,于是小城也有了故事。

In my memory, the old town was filled with "crotch alleys.” These alleys had no stories or romantic charm, only toilet brushes and "dragon beard ditches.” However, the people of the small town were accustomed to it; they lived through the tumultuous ten years of the Cultural Revolution, and after the nightmare passed, they continued to live comfortably and contentedly day by day. It wasn't until the Lantern Festival in 1984 that the tranquility of the small town was disrupted, and thus the town began to have its stories.

元宵灯会,不算什么大的事,昆山的父母官们却专门开会,还成立了一个指挥部。县委书记蔡长林和吴克铃都是谨慎的,他们担心看灯的人太多而道路太窄,结果观灯的人数还是远远超过了事先的估计。倾城而出,一下子就把街道胀得饱嗝连天,老态龙钟的小城颤颤巍巍地发出了既快乐又痛苦的呻吟。现场指挥是副县长徐崇嘉,他提着报话机,站在粮管所的楼上喊得喉咙嘶哑也无济于事。拥挤不堪的观灯群众潮水一般在一瞬间就把整个小城的主要街道淹没了。据事后“清场” 的人说,被挤掉的鞋子收拢来能够装满ー辆小板车……

The Lantern Festival was not a significant event, yet the local parental officials in Kunshan held a special meeting and established a command center. The county party secretary, Cai Changlin, and Wu Kequan were both cautious, worrying that the large crowds coming to see the lanterns would overwhelm the narrow roads. In the end, the number of people who came to see the lanterns far exceeded their initial estimates. People swarmed the streets, quickly filling them to capacity, making the old town resonate with a mixture of joy and pain. The on-site commander, Deputy County Mayor Xu Chongjia, stood on the roof of the Grain Management Office with his megaphone, shouting until his throat was hoarse, but it was of no avail. The overwhelming crowd of lantern viewers flooded the main streets of the small town in an instant. According to those who cleared the scene afterward, the shoes that had been squeezed off could fill a small flatbed truck...

老城区非改造不可!

The old urban area had to be transformed!

吴克铃当副县长时,就做了两件事,第一件事是改造农民的草房,第二件事就是拓宽人民路。在县委和老县长孙福贵的支持下,他下决心在1〇米基础上翻ー番,扩到20米。虽然很难,有些人想不通,又有些人到上面告状,但吴克铃认为,昆山要起步,必须甩掉包袱,大拆大建一

东西向三条马路,南北向一条主要干道,再加上环城公路,“三横ー竖ー转圈”,这就是全城人都知道的道路改建规划。

When Wu Kequan was the Deputy County Mayor, he took on two tasks: the first was to renovate the farmers' thatched houses, and the second was to widen People's Road. With the support of the County Party Committee and the former county magistrate, Sun Fugui, he was determined to double the road's width from 10 meters to 20 meters. Although it was difficult and some people couldn't understand, and some even complained to higher authorities, Wu Kequan believed that for Kunshan to take off, it was necessary to shed its burdens and engage in large-scale demolition and construction. Three east-west roads, one main north-south artery, and a ring road formed the "three horizontal, one vertical, and one circular" pattern, which was the well-known road reconstruction plan for the entire city.

也许你很难相信县长会做“乞丐”,但我们所有的县长都做过“乞丐”。城建三年包干经费是600万元,实际支出是!480万元。还有880万元从哪里来?其中一条重要来源就是县长做“乞丐”讨来的!

You might find it hard to believe that a county mayor would act as a "beggar," but all of our county mayors have played the role of "beggar.” The three-year budget for urban construction was 6 million yuan, but the actual expenditure was 14.8 million yuan. Where would the remaining 8.8 million yuan come from? One important source was the county chiefs acting as "beggars" and soliciting funds!

吴克铃是第一个“乞丐”。

Wu Kequan was the first "beggar.”

他说,我既做“叫花子”,又做“强叫花子”。那意思很清楚:他晓得你底细,知道财政包干任务不重,你有钱,要是不给,那就不客气地摊你底牌,做“强叫花子”。所以,他讨钱,不敢不给。

He said that he played both the role of a "beggar" and a "demanding beggar.” The meaning was clear: he was aware of the financial situations of various parties, and if he knew they had money and didn't contribute, he wouldn't hesitate to expose their financial secrets and play the "demanding beggar.” As a result, when he asked for money, people dared not refuse. However, when it was Xu Chongjia's turn to solicit funds, it became more difficult.

轮到徐崇嘉讨钱时就难了。他只好反反复复苦巴巴地求情,说事情多么多么重要,而办事的人又多么多么可怜,所以希望局长行长厂长经理兄弟哥儿们,发发慈悲行行好给个三万五万也好把路铺下去……就这么说着他动了感情,当着那么多中层干部的面竟也忍不住流下泪来……

When it was Xu Chongjia's turn to solicit funds, it became more difficult. He had no choice but to repeatedly plead, explaining how important the matter was and how pitiful the people who were working on it were. He hoped that the bureau chiefs, bank chiefs, factory directors, and managers would show some compassion and contribute thirty or fifty thousand yuan to help pave the road. As he spoke, he became emotional and, in front of many middle-level cadres, he couldn't help but shed tears.

哦,县长哭了 !县长不为自己哭,他是为干事业哭,为人民谋幸福哭,ー个不想干事业不想为人民谋幸福的人,怎么肯去做“乞丐”?又怎么可能在这种场合流眼泪呢?

Oh, the county mayor cried! He didn't cry for himself; he cried for the cause, for the happiness of the people. A person who doesn't want to work for the cause or seek happiness for the people wouldn't be willing to become a "beggar" and wouldn't possibly shed tears in such a situation.

当然,资金也不全靠乞讨,必要时,就得看“吴老板”在资金上能不能给予支持。

Of course, funding didn't solely rely on begging; when necessary, they had to rely on the support of "Boss Wu" in terms of funding.

浦江路计划铺柏油路,后改为水泥路,这就要增加100万元。吴克铃一再强调,主要干道不能搞“裤裆巷”,不能三年两年破开了肠子再缝起来。这就要“一步到位” 〇徐的想法正合他意,他便说:“好,再给你!00万元。”

The plan for Pujiang Road was initially to pave it with asphalt, but it was later changed to concrete, which required an additional 1 million yuan. Wu Kequan repeatedly emphasized that the main roads should not be like "narrow alleys," and they couldn't be torn open and sewn back together every two or three years. This required getting it right in "one step." Xu's idea was in line with his thinking, so he said, "Alright, I'll give you another 100,000 yuan.”

这期间,玉山城建办公室两个副镇长全力以赴,ー个是周,技术型的实干家;另ー个就是潘,主要搞拆迁,3年动迁近千户人家,差不多平均ー天一户,那个烦,那个难,常人无法想象。好在两个人搭档,文戏武戏都唱得来。他们还有个后台“老板”一镇党委书记俞寿金,俞对他们说:“大胆放手去做,得罪人也不要怕,党委支持你们。”

During this period, two deputy town chiefs from the Yushan Urban Construction Office went all out. During this period, two deputy town mayors from the Yushan Urban Construction Office went all out. In three years, nearly a thousand households were relocated, averaging almost one household per day. The difficulties and challenges they faced were beyond the imagination of ordinary people. Fortunately, the two deputies formed a great partnership and were able to handle both civil and martial tasks effectively. They also had the support of their "boss" behind the scenes, the town party committee secretary, Yu Shoujin. Yu told them, "Go ahead and do your job boldly, don't be afraid of offending people, the party committee supports you.”

说是这么说,告状的人总是有,告潘也告周,告俞也告徐。徐的“后台老板”吴克铃知道了,他能够体会到ー个人在背后遭到暗算时的心情,就对徐说:“这没有什么,要告,叫他们来告我!”

Though that was the case, there were always people who would file complaints, against Pan, Zhou, Yu, and even Xu. When Xu's "boss" Wu Kequan found out, he was able to empathize with the feeling of being secretly targeted. He told Xu, "Don't worry about it; if they want to complain, let them come and complain to me!”

ハ、路的延伸

8 The Road Extension

新区和老区比翼齐飞,而从这里构思和铺开了头的道路也逐步朝乡区辐射,向 921平方公里的河湖港汉中延伸。

The new and old zones are thriving together, and the roads that originate and expand from here gradually radiate towards Chaoyang district, extending into the 921 square kilometers of rivers, lakes, and ports within the region.

昆山多水多桥,曲里拐弯的河、星罗棋布的湖以及成百上千的大小桥梁,把全县勾画成一幅旖旎无比的图画。在这里,田园便是公园,整个县城便是ー个园林式的“威尼斯”。美则美矣,但从发展经济的角度、从古老的封闭文明向现代的开放
文明过渡的需要来看,就有些美中不足,就生生地少了一个字:路。

Kunshan is rich in water and bridges, with winding rivers, a dense network of lakes, and hundreds of large and small bridges, drawing the entire county into an incomparably beautiful picture. Here, the countryside is a park, and the whole county is like a garden-style "Venice". It is indeed beautiful, but from the perspective of economic development and the need to transition from an ancient closed civilization to a modern open civilization, it is somewhat inadequate. One crucial word is missing: roads.

提起路,昆山无人不知老县长孙福贵走的乡路最多。他在当县长的几年中,带着秘书跑遍了全县每ー个大队（村）,无论刮风下雨,无论冰天雪地,也无论酷暑当头,他的办公室永远在田头路边。现在他已是县人大常委会主任。因为他走的路最多,体会特深,所以他对吴克铃关于路的规划也特别支持。在ー次人大常委会讨论这个问题时他突然中风,经过抢救好不容易オ脱离危险,但他仍然念念不忘农村公路的建设,还是抱病听汇报,ー起修订规划。他还和徐崇嘉一起带上秘书小陈, 多次下乡察看线路。有一次夏日如火,跑了 20多里后到ー个镇上停下来,秘书浑身乏力得不想进一粒米,病中的孙福贵累到什么地步更是可想而知。

When it comes to roads, everyone in Kunshan knows that the former county mayor Sun Fugui walked on the country roads the most.” During his years as county mayor, he traveled to every brigade(village) in the county with his secretary, regardless of wind, rain, ice, snow, or scorching heat. His office was always on the side of a field road. Now he is the director of the Standing Committee of the County People's Congress. Because he has walked the most roads and has a deep understanding, he strongly supports Wu Kequan's road planning. During the discussion of this issue at the next Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, he suddenly had a stroke. After a difficult rescue, he was finally out of danger, but he still couldn't forget the construction of rural highways and insisted on listening to reports and revising the plan even while ill. He also accompanied Xu Chongjia, along with his secretary Xiao Chen, on several trips to inspect the rural roads. Once, on a scorching summer day, they traveled more than 20 miles to a town and stopped. The secretary was so exhausted that he didn't want to eat anything, and one can only imagine how tired Sun Fugui, who was ill, must have been.

吴克铃深感路对于发展经济的重要性。他接任县长的第三年,就实现了乡乡通公路。交通局的两任局长陆宗敏和钱长明付出了艰苦的努力。到去年,总通车里程延长到186公里,其间修建、改造的大中小桥梁就有264座。

Wu Kequan deeply understood the importance of roads for economic development. In the third year after he took office as the county head, he managed to connect all the townships with highways. The two successive directors of the Transportation Bureau, Lu Zongmin and Qian Changming, put in tremendous efforts. By last year, the total highway distance reached 186 kilometers, with 264 large, medium, and small bridges built or renovated during this time.

多水多桥使昆山的公路要比别处多投入几倍甚至十几倍的资金。1公里柏油路要20万元,水泥混凝土路则要40万至45万元。路是用“大团结”ー张ー张地铺起来的!

Due to the numerous rivers and bridges in Kunshan, the investment required for building highways there is several times, or even more than ten times, higher than in other places. One kilometer of asphalt road costs 200,000 yuan, while a cement concrete road requires 400,000 to 450,000 yuan. The roads were built piece by piece through "great unity"!

钱不会从天上掉下来。国家只有一个口袋,你能“掏”多少?吴克铃来了一个 “四拼盘”:国家投入一点,地方负担一点,企业支持一点,交通部门挤出一点。人、财、物,全从这个“拼盘”里出。说得通俗一点,还是那句老话:自力更生。

Money doesn't fall from the sky. The state has only one pocket, so how much can you "take out"? Wu Kequan came up with a "four-part plan": the state invests a little, the local government bears some costs, enterprises provide support, and the transportation department contributes as well. Human resources, finances, and materials all come from this "four-part plan.” To put it simply, it's about self-reliance.

社会主义建设不搞自力更生只能是乌托邦,或者就必须换ー个称呼不叫社会主义而叫另外的一个什么“主义”。

In the construction of socialism, without self-reliance, it would only be a utopia, or we would have to change the name to something other than socialism.

偏僻的金家庄一条路筑通后,受益的农民取党委书记潘的谐音喊他“潘大人”,那么全县乡乡通公路,71%的村通公路并且是泥石路向黑色化（柏油路面）和灰色化（水泥混凝土路面）改造,对此,老百姓又该怎么称赞吴克铃呢?

When a remote road in Jinjiazhuang was built, benefiting the local farmers, they nicknamed the party committee secretary Pan as "Pan Daren," a name derived from the homophonic sound of his name. With highways connected in every township across the county and 71% of the villages connected by roads that were transformed from dirt to black asphalt or gray cement concrete surfaces, how should the people express their gratitude to Wu Kequan?

吴克铃的思路当然不仅仅是字面上所说的一条“路”,实际上,公路在向城区周围延伸的同时,政治、经济、观念和文化也由县城延伸和辐射到乡镇、村落。

Wu Kequan's approach is not limited to the literal meaning of a "road." In fact, as the highways extend towards the urban areas, politics, economy, ideas, and culture also spread and radiate from the county seat to the townships and villages.

经济开发区,无论上面知道不知道、承认不承认,也无论外面怎么议论、怎么评头论足,它的实际作用已经发挥出来,并且很快被其他乡镇领导所接受和效仿。路在延伸,其更深ー层意义上的效益在这里被聪明的昆山人做出了更为精彩的文章。

The economic development zone, regardless of whether it is recognized or acknowledged by the authorities or debated and evaluated by outsiders, has already demonstrated its practical impact and has been quickly accepted and emulated by other township leaders. As the roads extend, the deeper benefits are brilliantly demonstrated by the clever people of Kunshan.

全县20个乡镇,建起了 15个各具特色的自费经济开发区、220家企业,1989 年的产值有1〇亿多,占全县エ业总产值的25% 〇

In the 20 townships across the county, 15 self-funded economic development zones with unique features have been established, along with 220 enterprises. In 1989, their output value exceeded 10 billion yuan, accounting for 25% of the county's total industrial output value.

现在我们回过头来,看看由吴克铃直接管理的自费经济开发区的路是怎么走过来的。

Now, let's take a look back at how the self-funded economic development zones, which were directly managed by Wu Kequan, came about.

由于是“偷偷摸摸”,所以开发区一直在使暗劲,它默默地、悄悄地孕育着自己的辉煌。

Due to their "clandestine" nature, the development zones had been working discreetly, quietly nurturing their own brilliance.

然而,也正因为是自立、自建、自费开发,没有得到上面的认可,更谈不上批准在册,所以在没有得到权威性的肯定之前,吴克铃的心总是悬着的。

However, it was precisely this self-reliance, self-construction, and self-funding that left the development zone without official recognition or approval. As a result, Wu Kequan's mind was always filled with apprehension, awaiting authoritative affirmation.

不过,ー个开发区,ー个牵涉方方面面的经济区域,怎么可能始终保密,一点风声也不透出去呢?

But how could it be possible for an entire development zone, an economic area with intricate connections and multiple facets, to remain completely hidden without even a whisper of information getting out?

1986年秋,省委书记韩培信到了昆山。这可使蔡长林和吴克铃犯了难:开发区的事要不要向他汇报呢?那一片虽然就在县城东侧,但至今还小心翼翼地对外保密的地方要不要让他看ー看呢?

In the autumn of 1986, Han Peixin, the provincial Party Secretary, paid a visit to Kunshan. This visit placed Cai Changlin and Wu Kequan in a difficult position: should they reveal the existence of the development zone to Han Peixin? Should they allow him to take a glimpse of the area they had been meticulously keeping secret, situated just to the east of the county town?

再三犹豫,还是没敢汇报。

After much hesitation and deliberation, they ultimately decided against reporting the development zone.

但是陪同的市委副书记林瑞章说:“不要紧!去看看吧……”

However, Lin Ruizhang, the accompanying Deputy Party Secretary of the city, reassured them, saying, "Don't worry! Let's go take a look...”

吴克铃和蔡长林被“逼上梁山”,只好让“丑媳妇”去见“公婆”。

Feeling cornered, Wu Kequan and Cai Changlin had no choice but to reluctantly reveal their "ugly bride" - the secret development zone - to the "in-laws," the higher authorities.

韩培信边看边听汇报边思考,然后,回到招待所,对吴克铃说:“搞得不错嘛! 你把开发区的总体构思说说看。”

As Han Peixin toured the area, listened to reports, and contemplated the situation, he seemed impressed. After returning to the guesthouse, he told Wu Kequan, "You've done quite well! Tell me about the overall concept of the development zone.”

吴克铃已经感觉出来,韩培信丝毫没有要批评责备的意思,倒表现出了浓厚的兴趣,所以连数据都要反复问清楚。吴克铃有了这个小小的但是非常了不得的 “底”,说话就放开了,他如数家珍,从头至今,娓娓道来……

Wu Kequan could sense that Han Peixin had no intention of criticizing or blaming them. Instead, he displayed a strong interest, even inquiring about the details and data. With this small but incredibly significant "trump card," Wu Kequan became more confident in discussing the project. He recounted the entire story, from its inception until now, in great detail.

可以说,这次韩培信昆山之行是整个经济开发区从“地下”走向“公开”的转折点。

It could be said that Han Peixin's visit to Kunshan marked a turning point for the development zone, transitioning from being "underground" to becoming "public.”

回到南京,韩培信在省委常委会上讲了昆山自费搞开发区的事,建议有可能的话都到那里去看看……

After returning to Nanjing, Han Peixin discussed Kunshan's self-funded development zone at a provincial Party standing committee meeting, suggesting that others should visit the area if possible.

没过多久,省委副书记沈达人、省长顾秀莲、副书记孙家正先后到了昆山,县里的乡镇的开发区都看了,很高兴,很肯定。在当年的省人代会上,顾秀莲在省政府工作报告中还专门提到了昆山的经济技术开发区。

Before long, Deputy Party Secretary Shen Daren, Governor Gu Xiulian, and Deputy Secretary Sun Jiazheng visited Kunshan one after another. They toured the development zones in the county and townships, expressing satisfaction and affirmation. At that year's provincial People's Congress, Gu Xiulian even mentioned Kunshan's economic and technological development zone in the provincial government's work report.

吴克铃从此放开手脚了。他紧紧抓住这个好机会,立即打报告到市里、省里, 征用了土地,并且在原有开发3.75平方公里的基础上又向南区延扩,开发区的规划确定为6.18平方公里。

From then on, Wu Kequan seized the opportunity and proceeded without restraint. He quickly submitted reports to the city and provincial governments, requisitioned land, and expanded the original 3.75 square kilometers of development southward. The final plan for the development zone was set at 6.18 square kilometers.

也就在这年冬天,中央和上海的党政领导来到昆山,在县委书记毛阳青和县长吴克铃的陪同下参观了开发区,给予了充分的肯定和赞扬。

It was during that winter when the central and Shanghai party and government leaders visited Kunshan. Accompanied by County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing and County Mayor Wu Kequan, they toured the development zone and gave their full affirmation and praise.

开发区一炮打响,但开发区的设计者吴克铃的儿子却生病住进了医院。

The development zone made a great start, but Wu Kequan, its designer, faced a personal challenge as his son fell ill and was hospitalized.

九、“爸爸,快救救我”

9 "Dad, please save me”

横向联合的势头正旺,吴克铃紧张地穿梭于上海、苏州、南京、北京和“三线” 厂之间,洽谈接待的日程安排得满满的。偏偏这时候妻子又生病在上海住院,他照应不了妻子也顾不了儿子,儿子要考电大复习功课自然也顾不了爸爸,父子俩谁也顾不上谁。有时候很晚了,爸爸回家,看一眼神色疲惫的儿子就不忍心再打搅他, 而是自己动手下ー碗面条便休息。

Amidst the thriving momentum of horizontal collaboration, Wu Kequan was busy traveling between Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanjing, Beijing, and the "third tier" factories, with a packed schedule of negotiations and receptions. Just at this juncture, his wife fell seriously ill and had to be hospitalized in Shanghai. Amidst this crisis, he found himself unable to attend to his wife or his son. Meanwhile, his son, engrossed in his preparation for the university entrance exams, with a specific aim at Kunshan Radio & Television University, naturally found himself unable to care for his father. In these trying times, both father and son found themselves unable to look out for each other. Sometimes, when Wu Kequa n came home late at night, he would see his exhausted son and couldn't bring himself to disturb him. Instead, he would quietly make a bowl of noodles for himself and then rest.

这天,他接待了金星电视机厂的客人,因为双方的发展意向完全一致,所以大家都很开心,他不会喝酒,便用饮料表示自己的一片诚意。本来晚上他还要到陈墓镇去,不知是谁提醒他:明天还要做报告,是不是稍微早一点休息,是不是就别再下乡了?或许是冥冥之中有什么安排吧!按往常惯例他不会同意的,但这一次他居然点了下头,他让办公室主任沈到陈墓去,自己就回家了。

One day, he received guests from Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory. As both parties had completely aligned development intentions, everyone was very happy. Wu Kequan didn't drink, so he used a beverage to express his sincerity. Originally, he was supposed to visit Chenmu Town that evening. However, someone reminded him that he had a presentation the next day, suggesting that he should rest a bit earlier and perhaps skip the visit to the countryside. Maybe it was fate that intervened! Normally, he wouldn't have agreed, but this time he surprisingly nodded in agreement. He asked his office director, Shen, to go to Chenmu instead while he returned home.

家在三楼,不算很高,但他爬得很吃カ。工作时再累也会聚精会神,一旦想到休息要放松一下,全身就像散了架似的一股脑儿往下瘫,他好不容易オ摸出钥匙开门。

His home was on the third floor, not too high, but he found going up the stairs especially tiring that day. When working, no matter how tired he was, he would always focus intently. But as soon as he thought of resting and relaxing, his entire body would feel like it was collapsing, as if all his energy was draining away. He barely managed to find his keys and unlock the door.

门开了,灯亮着,却没有声音。此时此刻,连日劳累的他多么需要有人端上来一杯茶,体贴地送上来ー个亲切温暖的微笑啊!但妻子在上海住院,病人更需要有人陪伴,他没有尽到这个义务,又怎么能奢望其他?

Upon opening the door, he found the lights on, but there was no sound. At this very moment, after days of exhaustion, he longed for someone to offer him a cup of tea and a warm, caring smile. However, with his wife hospitalized in Shanghai and needing even more companionship, he couldn't fulfill that responsibility, so how could he expect anything in return?

然而,儿子小江是在家的呀,往日回来了他总要招呼一声的,今天怎么不见人, 也没有声音?

Nevertheless, his son Xiaojiang was supposed to be home. Usually, when he returned, his son would greet him. But today, there was no sign of him and no sound.

他轻轻推开儿子的房门,不在。正诧异,隐约听得卫生间有微弱的呻吟声。他的心骤然ー紧,赶快过去ー看,只见小江脸色惨白地蜷曲在地上。小江看见爸爸, 泪水潸然直下,艰难而又急迫地哀求道:“爸爸,快救救我……”

He gently pushed open his son's bedroom door, but he wasn't there. Just as he was growing puzzled, he faintly heard weak groaning coming from the bathroom. His mind suddenly tightened, and he rushed over to see Xiaojiang curled up on the floor, his face deathly pale. Upon seeing his father, Xiaojiang's tears flowed freely, and he pleaded with difficulty and urgency, "Dad, please save me..."

秘书的门被县长敲开了 :“快,帮帮忙……”

The secretary's door was knocked open by the county chief, "Quick, please help...”

县人民医院急诊室,县长心急如焚地守候在已经痛得没有力气喊痛的儿子身边。只查出白细胞高,却不知是什么病;只晓得满肚满肠子的绞痛,却又吃不准到底痛在哪ー个部位。

In the emergency room of the county hospital, the county mayor anxiously waited by the side of his son, who was in so much pain that he had no strength left to cry out. The tests revealed elevated white blood cell levels, but the exact cause of the illness remained unknown. All they knew was that there was a severe pain throughout his stomach and intestines, but they couldn't pinpoint the exact location of the pain.

怎么办?他束手无策,只能用企盼和恳求的眼光望着医生,那神色分明在说: “求你们,救救我儿子……”

Feeling helpless, he could only look at the doctors with pleading eyes, as if saying, "Please, save my son...”

医生只好来个“急办法”，“中间开刀”,开出来再找病因,救人要紧,救命要紧啊!

The doctors, realizing the urgency of the situation, decided to perform an exploratory surgery to find the cause of the problem.

吴克铃也顾不上许多就急急地签了字。

Knowing that saving his son's life was the top priority, Wu Kequan hurriedly signed the consent form.

儿子被推进了手术室。

他的心他的一切也都被带进那个生死未卜的白色世界里去了。

His son was wheeled into the operating room, and Wu Kequan's heart and soul went with him into that uncertain world.

见惯了各种疑难险重病人的医生,这次却表现出惊愕与困惑:开刀后,见到的全是脓!血与脓、脓与肉一片模糊!

The experienced doctors, who had seen countless challenging cases, were astonished and baffled by what they found during the surgery: pus and blood everywhere!

县长的儿子病了怎么拖到这种可怕的地步オ来开刀?

How could the son of the county mayor have let his illness progress to such a terrifying state before seeking treatment?

阑尾穿孔成了严重的腹膜炎,要是再晚ー个小时来医院,就是华佗转世、扁鹊再生恐怕也无能为カ了。

The boy's appendix had ruptured, leading to severe peritonitis. If they had arrived at the hospital even an hour later, it might have been too late for even the most skilled doctors, such as Hua Tuo or Bian Que, to save him.

假如,吴克铃晚上到陈墓镇去了呢?

What would have happened if Wu Kequan had gone to Chenmu Town that night instead?

这一夜,他没有也不可能合眼,尽管他知道自己没有方法减轻儿子的痛苦,但他仍然要静静地守候在儿子的病床前,他觉得唯有如此,才能略微补偿ー下心中的愧疚。

That night, Wu Kequan couldn't and wouldn't close his eyes. Although he knew he couldn't alleviate his son's pain, he still chose to quietly stand by his bedside, hoping to slightly make up for the guilt he felt in his heart.

第二天一早,儿子在发高烧,昏迷中喊着“爸爸”和“妈妈”。妈妈在上海,也在住院,爸爸就在病床前,可是爸爸又不得不支撑着站起来一他还要去做报告〇

The next morning, his son was running a high fever, calling out for his father and mother in his delirium. His mother was in the hospital in Shanghai, and his father was right by his bedside. However, Wu Kequan had no choice but to stand up and continue with his responsibilities – he had to give a presentation.

他丢下病中的儿子,然后强制着平复了一下自己的心绪,就到电影院去做报告了。报告的内容不是别的,就是关于昆山的经济开发区一现在他不再担心什么了,再也用不着偷偷摸摸地搞了。他伸直了腰,理直气壮地宣讲建设开发区的必要性和可能性,讲开发区已经取得的成就、各方面的评价和今后的打算……

He left his sick son behind and forced himself to compose his emotions before heading to the theater to deliver his presentation. The content of the presentation was none other than the economic development zone in Kunshan. . At that moment, he no longer needed to worry or act covertly. He stood tall and confidently spoke about the necessity and possibilities of building the development zone, the achievements it had already made, the various evaluations, and future plans.

听得有滋有味、听得全身发热、听得忍不住要为昆山大声呼喊“哦,你真了不起”的听众们,你们是否知道,为开发区倾注了全部心血的吴克铃县长,此时此刻, 他的内心深处正在为两个病中的亲人流着血……

The captivated audience, who listened with great interest, felt their bodies heat up with excitement, and couldn't help but want to loudly exclaim, "Oh, Wu Kequan, you're truly amazing!" - were they aware that at that very moment, the county chief who had devoted his whole heart and soul to the development zone was silently bleeding inside for his two sick loved ones?

第三章昆山有玉玉在其人

Chapter 3 The Jade of Kunshan Lies in Its People

十、大学生多多益善

10. The More College Graduates, The Better

中国必须发展经济。经济上去了,什么话都好说,什么事都好办。离开这个 “中心”去奢谈其他,一切行动、一切思想都可能是“乌托邦” 〇

China must develop its economy. With a strong economy, it becomes easier to discuss issues and tackle problems. Talking about anything else without focusing on this "core" may lead to unrealistic utopian ideas.

发展经济需要奉献。不能一说改革就不讲奉献了。吴克铃的所得也许还不如ー个驾驶员或ー个乡镇企业的看门老大爷,但他做出了最大的奉献。奉献是ー种精神一人活在世上,总还是要有一点精神的。

Economic development requires dedication. We cannot stop talking about dedication when it comes to reform. Wu Kequan's income may be less than that of a driver or a gatekeeper in a township enterprise, but he has made the greatest dedication. Dedication is a spirit – people need to have some spirit to live in this world.

发展经济需要人オ。吴克铃当县长时,全县包括助理工程师在内的技术人员只有!50人,人才如此奇缺,要使昆山经济多快好省地发展是根本不可能的。吴克铃把人事局方长林、王桢禄找来,下硬任务:一年300个（引进200,分配100）,只许多不许少!

Economic development requires human resources. When Wu Kequan was the county mayor, there were only 150 technical personnel in the county, including assistant engineers. With such a shortage of talent, it was impossible to develop Kunshan's economy quickly and efficiently. Wu Kequan called in the head of the Personnel Bureau, Lin Fangzhang, and Wang Zhenlu, and gave them a tough assignment: within a year, they must bring in 300 talents (200 through recruitment and 100 through allocation), they were allowed to exceed the target but not fall short!

过去,外地人上门来求人事局想调昆山也调不进,现在,人事局到外地去觅宝

似的招聘人才,想方设法把你“挖”过来〇

In the past, people from other places who wanted to transfer to Kunshan couldn't get in through the Personnel Bureau. Now, the bureau is actively searching for talent outside the city, like treasure hunting, and trying various ways to "dig" you over to Kunshan.

读者也许还记得最早的联营企业“纺丝机实验エ场”,这个企业需要一个懂行的领导,开始,卢厂长通过上海方面关系三次去某化纤厂,把工程师张昌华借了来。这个北京化纤学院毕业的大学生,专业知识比较丰富,还翻译过《合成纤维加工手册》,与人合编过《日英汉纺织エ业词汇》。借用了几个月,便舍不得放了,想调过来,但张昌华在那边有自己的事业,ー时拿不定主意。吴克铃爱オ如命,他下决心要把张昌华“挖”过来〇留住人,更要留住心,考虑到张昌华在上海有老母,需要人照应,妻子出生在上海,到外地工作也不习惯,就采取了果断措施,把她调来昆山, 并且作为昆山常驻上海办事处的工作人员,又通过闸北区政府为其安排了两套房子,ー套作为办公用,ー套作为住宅用。他又亲自找张谈,诚心希望他能来昆山エ作。县长考虑得如此周到,他怎么好再推托?没多久,他办好手续调到了昆山……

Readers might recall the first joint venture, the "Spinning Machine Experimental Base," which needed an experienced leader. Initially, Factory Director Lu visited a particular synthetic fiber factory in Shanghai on three occasions, using his connections, Factory Director Lu managed to recruit Engineer Zhang Changhua. He is a college graduate from Beijing Institute of Synthetic Fibers had extensive professional knowledge. He had translated the "Synthetic Fiber Processing Handbook" and co-edited the "Japanese-English-Chinese Textile Industry Vocabulary" with others. After benefiting from his expertise for a few months, they were hesitant to part ways with him and hoped to bring him on board permanently. However, Zhang Changhua had his own career at his original company and was uncertain about staying for a while. Wu Kequan was determined to have Zhang Changhua join his team. In order to win his heart and keep him in Kunshan, he took decisive measures. Considering that Zhang had an elderly mother in Shanghai who needed care and that his wife was born in Shanghai and might not be comfortable working elsewhere, Wu arranged for her to be transferred to Kunshan and work as a staff member at Kunshan's permanent office in Shanghai. Through the Shanghai Zhabei District government, he also managed to secure two housing units for them, one for office use and the other as a residence. He personally approached Zhang once more, sincerely hoping that he would come to work in Kunshan. Given the thoughtfulness of the county mayor, how could Zhang decline? Before long, he had completed the necessary paperwork and transferred to Kunshan.

一旦转变了观念,人事工作就搞得有声有色。最多的一年引进了 300人。在吴克铃任县长的6年中,先后引进1300多人,加上分配的有3000多人。

Once the mindset was changed, the personnel work was conducted efficiently and effectively. In the busiest year, they recruited 300 people. During Wu Kequan's six-year tenure as the county mayor, more than 1,300 people were introduced, along with over 3,000 assigned personnel.

三千精兵,十万子弟,昆山的经济,就是这么起飞的。

With these elite members, Kunshan's economy took off.

这里还有个小小的插曲,有些人爱嚼舌头,听说外地调来个姓吴的,就说是吴克铃的亲戚,调来个姓张的,就说是他爱人张德森的亲戚。事实上,ー个也不是。在ー次会上,他说:“如果说是,也不错;只要能为昆山建设出力,所有引进的人才都是我的’亲戚’。”

Here was a small anecdote; some people loved gossiping. When they heard that someone with the last name Wu was transferred from another region, they claimed it was Wu Kequan's relative. If someone with the last name Zhang was transferred, they would say it was the relative of his spouse, Zhang Desen.

倒是真有一个亲戚,他的妻弟,想要调来昆山,但是他没有同意。

Interestingly, there was actually a relative who wanted to transfer to Kunshan – his brother-in-law. However, he did not approve of the transfer.

人才也有嫌多的时候,多的时候更能显出ー个领导者的水平。

There can be times when there are too many talents, and it's during these times that the capabilities of a leader truly stand out.

1989年,大学生分配成了一个难题,以前是“抢”,现在是“推”。吴克铃把王桢禄找去,说:“不能只考虑眼前,急功近利,从昆山经济发展的总体规划来看,眼前用不着的,将来可能要用,到时候,一下子也急不出来。平常我们和大城市争人才,争不过他们;现在人家不要,正是ー个机遇。”王和陆就到省人事局要了个名单,全是国家重点大学的毕业生,居然没人要!吴克铃说:“他们不要,我们要。”于是在计划外又要了 139个大学生! 1989年,昆山接受和分配的大学毕业生600多人,是历年来分得最多也是落实单位最快的！

In 1989, job placement for university graduates became a challenging issue. Previously, it was about competing for talents, but now it had become more about pushing them away. Wu Kequan spoke to Wang Zhenlu, saying, "We cannot only focus on the immediate needs and be shortsighted. Considering the overall plan for Kunshan's economic development, talents that may not be needed now could be necessary in the future. At that time, we won't be able to get them all at once.” Wang and Lu went to the provincial personnel bureau and requested a list of graduates from national key universities, who surprisingly were not in demand! Wu Kequan said, "If they don't want them, we will take them." As a result, they recruited an additional 139 university graduates outside of their original plan! In 1989, Kunshan accepted and assigned jobs to more than 600 university graduates, marking the highest number and fastest implementation in their history!

省人事局看到昆山有这种不俗的眼光和非凡的气魄,就到昆山开会,把全省的人事干部请了来,吴克铃两次到会上发言,他说:“大学生是个宝,人才是个宝,我们搞经济,建设社会主义,什么都缺,但最缺的还是人才,从很大的程度上说,有了人ォ就有了一切,所以我们欢迎大学生到昆山来工作……”

Upon seeing Kunshan's impressive vision and extraordinary boldness, the provincial personnel bureau held a meeting in Kunshan and invited personnel officials from across the province. Wu Kequan spoke twice at the meeting, saying, "University graduates are treasures, and talents are treasures. In developing our economy and building socialism, we lack many things, but what we lack most is talent. To a large extent, having talent means having everything. Therefore, we welcome university graduates to come and work in Kunshan...”

十ー、走出“误区”

10. Breaking out of the "Misconception”

靠分配和引进并不是吴克铃人才观的全部。他ー开始就把教育和培养自己的人才纳入“昆山之路”的总体构思。

Relying solely on allocation and recruitment was not the entirety of Wu Kequan's talent philosophy. From the beginning, he incorporated education and cultivating local talent into his overall plan for the "Kunshan Path.”

我请宣传部部长陈伯荣谈,他以前是文教局局长,这本账他最清楚。

I asked Minister Chen Borong from the Publicity Department to talk about it, as he was previously the director of the Bureau of Culture and Education and was most familiar with the situation.

昆山原先的基础很差,被称作“苏南的苏北”。吴克铃当县长后,和县委书记蔡长林一起,花了很大力气,使全县的教育总体水平赶上（有的还超过）了苏州发达地区,这在全省教育系统是一致认可的。

Kunshan had a poor foundation initially and was referred to as the "Northern Jiangsu of Southern Jiangsu.” After Wu Kequan became the county mayor, he and the county party secretary, Cai Changlin, made great efforts to raise the overall educational level of the entire county, catching up with (and even surpassing) the developed areas of Suzhou. This achievement was unanimously recognized within the province's education system.

如同经济上的突破ー样,在教育上,要没有独立的思考和独特的措施,怎么可能在几年中就有大的改观?

Just like the economic breakthrough, it would have been impossible to see significant improvements in education within a few years without independent thinking and unique measures.

1983年,昆山开始筹建职业中学,为了省钱,就和经委职校建在ー起,地址就选在昆山中学后面,共1〇亩地,已经在城建的规划图上圈好。对此,不少人都很满意,因为毕竟昆山也有了自己的职中,吴克铃却不满意。他和徐崇嘉、陈伯荣ー起到了现场,经过一番考察,他果断地说,昆中是县里“最高学府”,将来肯定要发展, 这里的土地,一寸也不能动;职业中学不是搞这一所,也不是就搞这么个小的,何况还有个经委职校,ー共10亩地,无论如何都不够。徐、陈巴不得他说这句话,搬到别处去,经费势必增加,吴克铃当然考虑到这个,他别的方面“精”得很,昆山人称 “ー支笔”,但对教育,他却是少见的充满大气魄的“大老板” !

In 1983, Kunshan began planning to establish a vocational high school. To save money, they decided to build it together with the Economic Commission vocational school, choosing a location behind Kunshan High School, with an allocated area of 10 acres already marked on the urban planning map. Many people were satisfied with this, as Kunshan finally had its own vocational high school. However, Wu Kequan was not content with it. Together with Xu Chongjia and Chen Borong, Wu Kequan visited the site. After a thorough investigation, he decisively stated that Kunshan Vocational High School was the county's "highest institution" and would definitely need to expand in the future. Therefore, not even an inch of its land should be touched. As for the vocational high school, it wasn't about establishing just one small school, especially since there was also an Economic Commission vocational school planned. The combined 10-acre area would not be enough, no matter how they looked at it. Xu and Chen were eager for him to say this, as moving to another location would inevitably increase expenses. Wu Kequan, of course, had considered this. In other aspects, he was known for being meticulous, and the people of Kunshan referred to him as "a single pen." However, when it came to education, he was a rarely seen, big-hearted "boss"!

两个职校都搬了,第一职中在朝阳新村,征地28亩,至今已投资了 200多万元;经委职校则另外划地50亩,和电大一起,已投入400多万元。

Both vocational schools were relocated. The first vocational high school was in Chaoyang New Village, with 28 acres of land requisitioned, and more than 2 million yuan invested to date. The Economic Commission vocational school was given another 50 acres of land, together with the radio and Kunshan Radio & Television University, and over 40 million yuan has been invested.

“教育方面像模像样地花钱,是在吴克铃当县长之后。”陈伯荣这样说,“比如, 全县校舍32万平方米,其中22万平方米主要是1984年以后新建改建的。光!989 年,校舍和教学设备的投资就有1038万元!”

"Significant spending on education began after Wu Kequan became the county mayor," said Chen Borong. "For example, the county's school buildings cover a total area of 320,000 square meters, with 220,000 square meters primarily built or renovated after 1984. In 1989 alone, the investment in school buildings and teaching equipment amounted to 10.38 million yuan!”

教师住房,是一大难题,吴克铃下令,每年解决100套! 1985-1987年,真的造了 300套。但矛盾仍然突出,吴克铃又调度资金,重点投入,1988—1989年两年就造了 300套。这不仅在昆山历史上从未有过,在整个苏州地区也是罕见的。

Housing for teachers was a significant challenge. Wu Kequan ordered the resolution of 100 housing units per year! From 1985 to 1987, 300 units were indeed built. However, the problem remained prominent, so Wu Kequan allocated more funds, prioritizing investment. In just two years, from 1988 to 1989, another 300 units were built. This accomplishment was not only unprecedented in Kunshan's history, but also rare in the entire Suzhou.

公办教师的各项补贴,全部纳入县里财政解决,每人每年600元上下,全县近 4000人,一年就是200多万元一这ー点,苏州各县市包括市区在内,做到的也只有昆山一家!

All subsidies for public school teachers were fully covered by the county's finances, amounting to around 600 yuan per person per year. With nearly 4,000 teachers in the county, this amounted to more than 2 million yuan per year. Among all the counties and cities in Suzhou, including the urban area, Kunshan was the only one to achieve this feat!

民办教师历来“低人一等”,但昆山从!988年开始,对民办教师经济上各项补贴（副食品补贴除外,因为民办教师都有菜地）和公办教师ー样对待,并且ー样实行结构エ资制,ー样发给岗位责任奖金……仅这一条,民办教师每人每年收入就提高500元左右。

Private school teachers had always been considered "inferior" to others. However, starting in 1988, Kunshan began treating private school teachers on par with public school teachers in terms of various economic subsidies (excluding food subsidies, as private school teachers had their own vegetable plots). They implemented the same salary structure system and awarded the same performance bonuses. With this policy alone, the annual income of private school teachers increased by around 500 yuan per person.

公费医疗,实行财政包干后,每人60元,有些人超过了的,个别乡镇就不肯报, 把发票压在口袋里。吴克铃听说后,就明确规定:教师医疗费的改革和机关同步进行,在目前情况下,超过的部分不能由学校承担,更不应由教师本人承担,而一律由乡财政解决,确有困难的,再向县财政申请补助。后来,在ー次乡镇党委书记会议上,吴克铃说:“如果以后再有教师看病的发票没地方报,就叫他们到财政局去报销,报过后县财政再向乡财政去要「'这ー项措施,也只有昆山实行,别的县市都没有实行。

For public healthcare, after implementing a fiscal contracting system from the government, each person was allocated 60 yuan. Some people exceeded this amount, and certain townships were unwilling to report it, keeping the invoices hidden in their pockets. Upon hearing about this, Wu Kequan clearly stipulated that the reform of teachers' medical expenses should be carried out in sync with that of government institutions. Under the current circumstances, the exceeded portion should not be borne by the schools, nor should it be the responsibility of the teachers themselves. Instead, the township finances should take it, and if there are difficulties, they should apply for subsidies from the county finances. Later, at a township party committee secretary meeting, Wu Kequan said, "If teachers can't reimburse medical bills, let them go to the County finance will claim the funds from the township Finance Bureau. After reimbursement, the county finance will claim the funds from the township finance. This is only done in Kunshan, not in other counties or cities.”

十二、请“老虎”下山

12 Inviting the "Tiger" Down the Mountain

昆山的教育正在走出“误区”,人才的观念超前,这オ使全县的文化素质有了明显的提高,也オ使吴克铃不是永久的孤独者,不是“鹤立鸡群”而仅仅是众多的人才的一个代表。也正因为此,在这里オ形成了一种氛围,ー种你追我赶争先恐后创新创优的氛围。从县委、县政府、人大和政协的领导到工厂企业、乡镇干部,平时都有一种紧迫感,思想的机器总在不停地转动,认为已有的成绩不是终点而是起点,独创的经验不会终结,而是在实践中不断完善、不断丰富……

Kunshan's education is moving out of the "misguided zone," and its advanced talent concept has significantly improved the overall cultural quality of the county. This has also ensured that Wu Kequan is not a permanent loner, not a "crane standing among chickens" (meaning standing out from the crowd), but merely a representative of the numerous talents. Precisely because of this, an atmosphere has formed here – a competitive environment where everyone strives to innovate and excel, pushing each other to new heights. From the leaders of the county Party committee, county government, People's Congress, and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference to the factory enterprises and township officials, there is always a sense of urgency. Their minds are constantly working, considering that their current achievements are not the endpoint but the starting point. The unique experiences will not end but will be continuously improved and enriched in practice.

于是横向联合的路子,新区开发的路子,苏州第一家中外合资企业所提供的路子……条条大路通罗马,条条大路都在吴克铃的构思中发出越来越明丽的亮色。

As a result, various approaches emerge: horizontal collaboration, the development of new districts, and the path provided by Suzhou's first Sino-foreign joint venture. Like the saying "all roads lead to Rome," each of these paths shines brighter and more vividly in Wu Kequan's vision and strategy.

昆山有个寒山牌冰箱厂,开头还不错,到后来,冰箱行业名牌迭出,寒山就逐渐显得“寒酸” 了。ー个副厂长到上海出差,住在旅馆里谈起这件事,旁边有人说: “你们不可以和贵州风华冰箱厂谈谈吗?他们是航天部的,技术、设备的力量都很雄厚。”那人还告诉他,风华厂的厂长这几天正在上海探亲,可以去找找他……副厂长立刻赶回昆山向许厂长汇报,许ー听,马上飞车东去,找到了风华厂的吴明展厂长,对他说:“我们想请你到昆山去看看。”吴明展望着这个不速之客,两手ー摊,抱歉地说:“我昆山无亲无友,去做啥?”许厂长说:“我们小县小厂,请您去指导指导。”终于把吴明展拉到了昆山。

Kunshan has a refrigerator factory called Hanshan, which started off quite well. However, as more and more well-known brands emerged in the refrigerator industry, Hanshan gradually began to appear less competitive and somewhat outdated. A deputy factory director went on a business trip to Shanghai and discussed this issue while staying at a hotel. Someone nearby suggested, "Why don't you talk to the Guizhou Fenghua Refrigerator Factory? They are affiliated with the Ministry of Aerospace and have great technical and equipment capabilities." That person also told him that the director of Fenghua Factory was visiting relatives in Shanghai these days and could be contacted. The deputy director immediately returned to Kunshan to report to Director Xu. Upon hearing the news, Xu hurriedly traveled east, found Director Wu Mingzhan of Fenghua Factory, and said, "We would like to invite you to visit Kunshan.” Wu Mingzhan looked at this unexpected guest, spreading his hands apologetically, and said, "I have no relatives or friends in Kunshan, why should I go?" Director Xu replied, "We are a small factory in a small county, and we'd like to invite you to provide some guidance.” In the end, Wu Mingzhan was persuaded to visit Kunshan.

不看则已,ー看还真来劲。原来上海旁边还有这么ー个好地方!昆山的冰箱厂就在新区,有一定基础,发展前途很广,要是把贵州那边的技术和设备拉过来,这厂不用花多少钱就可以跃上一个新的档次。

Once he arrived and had a look around, he became genuinely interested and engaged. It turned out that there was such a great place right next to Shanghai! The refrigerator factory in Kunshan was located in the new district and had a solid foundation with a broad prospect for development. If the technology and equipment from Guizhou could be brought over, the factory could leap to a new level without spending much money.

吴克铃得到消息,立刻和吴明展见面。他全面介绍了昆山经济发展的路子,明确提出要和风华厂联营……

Upon hearing the news, Wu Kequan immediately met with Wu Mingzhan. He comprehensively introduced the path of Kunshan's economic development and explicitly proposed the idea of a joint venture with Fenghua Factory.

这时吴明展心中已经有了意向,他却开玩笑说:“早知你们有这个’阴谋’,我就不到昆山了!”

At this point, Wu Mingzhan already had intentions of cooperation, but he jokingly said, "If I had known you guys had this 'plot,' I wouldn't have come to Kunshan!”

不多久,副县长郑慧珍和皇甫等人ー起到贵州风华厂,向全厂的领导介绍了昆山的情况,引起对方极大兴趣,联营的事很快进入了洽谈具体项目阶段……

It wasn't long before Deputy County Governor Zheng Huijin and Huangfu and others went to Guizhou Fenghua Machinery Factory together. They introduced the situation in Kunshan to the factory's leadership, which aroused great interest on their part. The joint venture discussions quickly moved into the stage of negotiating specific projects.

大“三线”大有文章可做!吴克铃准确及时地抓住“三线”扩散的时机,一方面亲自出马,到贵州等地去宣传昆山的优势和横向联营的诚意,同时,在全县号召大家“把眼光看得远ー些”，“把手伸得长一点”,只要有线索有路子,就千方百计去争取。

There is much to be done with the "Third Tier" strategy! Wu Kequan accurately and promptly seized the opportunity of "Third Line" diffusion. On the one hand, he personally went to places like Guizhou to promote Kunshan's advantages and the sincerity of horizontal collaboration. At the same time, he called on everyone in the county to "look farther" and "reach out further." As long as there were clues and approaches, they would do everything possible to strive for them.

于是就引出又一个故事。

This led to another story

重庆汽车厂党委书记陈世生,昆山人,他到上海一带考察汽车销售情况,打算开辟ー个窗口,顺道回家探亲,也拜访了他的老师金达。

Chen Shisheng, the party secretary of Chongqing Automobile Factory and a native of Kunshan, went to Shanghai and its surrounding areas to investigate the automobile sales. He planned to open a new sales channel and took the opportunity to visit his hometown and his former teacher, Jin Da.

退休了的金达也知道昆山出了个横向联合的经验,看到自己的学生是大企业的领导,灵机ー动,就去告诉吴克铃,吴克铃叫协作办公室的王顺保去找陈世生,邀请他去看看几个厂。吴克铃说:“你看看昆山有没有可以为你们厂服务（配套）的地方?”陈世生觉得这是不可能的,他印象中的故乡エ业基础太薄弱,与重汽不可同日而语。但他看了几个厂以后,这种想法改变了。于是在中午吃饭时吴克铃就介绍了昆山的投资环境,透露了想联营的意向。陈世生说:“我回去商量一下,就给你答复。”

Jin Da, who was retired, knew about Kunshan's successful experience in horizontal collaboration. Seeing that his former student was a leader in a large enterprise, he was inspired and went to inform Wu Kequan. Wu Kequan then asked Wang Shunbao from the collaborative office to find Chen Shisheng and invite him to visit several factories in the area. Wu Kequan asked, "Can you see if there are any places in Kunshan that can provide services or support for your factory?" Chen Shisheng felt that this was impossible, as his impression of his hometown's industrial foundation was too weak and could not be compared to that of Chongqing Automobile Factory. However, after visiting several factories in Kunshan, his perspective changed. During lunch, Wu Kequan introduced the investment environment in Kunshan and revealed his intention to seek collaboration. Chen Shisheng replied, "I'll go back and discuss it with my colleagues, and then I'll tell you.”

没多久,电报来了,陈世生请昆山派人去谈联营的事。郑慧珍和金达ー起赶去,到了红岩汽车厂。原来这个厂在荒无人烟的山沟里,军エ改民用,产品生产了很多,但都积压在仓库里,销售上有许多难处,比如他们的汽车就进不了上海市区。郑慧珍说:“我们可以做工作,争取上海放宽政策,为重汽打开方便之门。”重汽的人将信将疑,心想,我重汽是国家一级企业,实カ和声誉不可谓不小,但努力了多少年也没能进入上海,你小小的昆山一个县就有这么大能耐?郑慧珍笑笑,没有把话说满,但说一定尽最大努力……

Not long after, a telegram arrived. Chen Shisheng invited Kunshan representatives to discuss the collaboration. Zheng Huijin and Jin Da went together and arrived at the Hongyan Automobile Factory. It turned out that this factory was located in a desolate mountain valley. It had transitioned from military to civilian use, and produced many products, but they were all stuck in the warehouse due to various sales difficulties. For example, their vehicles were not allowed to enter Shanghai. Zheng Huizhen said, "We can work hard to persuade Shanghai to relax its policies, opening a convenient path for Chongqing Automobile Factory.” People from the Chongqing Automobile Factory were skeptical, thinking that their factory was a national first-class enterprise with a considerable scale and reputation. Despite their efforts for many years, they still couldn't enter Shanghai. Could a small county like Kunshan really have such great capabilities? Zheng Hui Zhen just smiled, not making any promises, but assuring them that she would do her best.

回到昆山,郑慧珍向吴克铃汇报,吴说:“我们ー起做工作。”

Back in Kunshan, Zheng Huizhen reported to Wu Kequan, who said, "Let's work together on this.”

信不信由你,重汽的车进上海市区,这路就是昆山人打通的!

Believe it or not, it was the people of Kunshan who paved the way for Chongqing Automobile Factory to enter Shanghai's city center.

车子能进上海,不等于就有人要买你的车。这时候,昆山的农机二厂已濒临倒闭,双方谈妥,就在这个厂的基础上办联营厂。8月签约,9月就在昆山以联营厂名义开订货会。郑慧珍当场保证订货会销5辆。陈世生一听,瞪大了吃惊的眼睛,怀疑自己是不是听错了,然后就找个机会,偷偷地对她说:“你的口气是不是太大啊? 只要你能销2辆,我这个家乡人脸上就有了面子。”郑慧珍笑笑说:“陈书记您放心, 我不会给您丢脸的,到时候要销不了 5辆,我昆山也要把它吃下来!”
ー个月后,订货会开始了。这时的联营厂还没有成型,还没有牌子,就匆匆忙忙做了个木牌子,挂在农机二厂的大门口。重汽的人看了,不觉心灰意冷,对订货会根本就不抱多大希望。因为就在这个订货会前,他们在峨眉山也开过订货会,总共没有订出去三四辆,现在到昆山,在这么简陋可怜的ー个厂里开订货会,能有人要吗?

But just because the vehicles could enter Shanghai didn't mean people would buy them. At this time, Kunshan's Agricultural Machinery Factory No. 2 was on the verge of closing down. After negotiations between both parties, they decided to establish a joint venture factory based on the existing foundation of this factory. After signing the contract in August, a purchasing fair was held in September under the name of a joint venture factory. Zheng Huizhen promised on the spot to sell 5 cars at the fair. Chen Shisheng was very surprised when he heard this and began to doubt whether he had misheard. He quietly said to her, "Are you being too ambitious? As long as you can sell 2 cars, it will be a face-saving achievement for me as a local.” Zheng Huizhen smiled and said, "Secretary Chen, don't worry, I won't embarrass you. If I can't sell 5 cars, I'll bear the consequences myself." One month later, the purchasing fair began. At that time, the joint venture factory was not yet established and did not have a brand name. They hastily made a wooden sign and hung it at the entrance of the Kunshan's Agricultural Machinery Factory No. 2. The people from Chongqing Automobile Factory looked at the situation and felt disheartened, with little hope for the fair. This was because they had recently held a fair at Mount Emei, where only three or four vehicles were ordered. Now they were in Kunshan, holding another fair in a shabby and poor factory, and they wondered if anyone would even be interested in buying their trucks.

但是奇迹出现了:昆山的订货会签售60多辆,当年兑现的就有10多辆!

However, a miracle happened: the fair in Kunshan resulted in over 60 vehicles being sold, and over 10 of them were delivered that year!

“小昆山”ー鸣惊人!双方的“恋爱”以闪电式的速度结婚了,并且很快有了 “结晶”:双方各投资50%,由重汽提供汽车底盘,在昆山进行改装,1987年到!989 年,3年改装230辆之多;上海宝钢一期工程全是进ロ的“日野”,二期工程则全部采用昆山的改装汽车……

"Little Kunshan" - a marvel that resounds far and wide! The whirlwind romance between the two parties culminated in a lightning-fast marriage, and soon, a precious "crystallization" was born. Both parties invested 50% each, with Chongqing Automobile Factory providing the vehicle chassis, and modifications took place in Kunshan. From 1987 to 1989, an impressive 230 vehicles were modified over three years. While the first phase of the Shanghai Baosteel project exclusively used imported "Hino" vehicles, the second phase entirely adopted Kunshan's modified vehicles...

十三、昆山的“秘密武器”

13 Kunshan's "Secret Weapon”

横向联合的思路在吴克铃手里是ー篇得心应手永远也作不完的大文章。

The concept of horizontal collaboration effortlessly flourishes in the hands of Wu Kequan, like an endless masterpiece.

当昆山和上海联营的经验在外地推广以后,人们统统把“目标”集中到了上海,这时,吴克铃又把联合的思路延伸到了“三线”军エ企业,扩散到了全国各地; 而有些人在浅尝辄止小有所得就沾沾自喜的时候,吴克铃又把ー厂一品联合上升到全行业的联营,并在这个基础上又进ー步建立了纺织品出口基地。

After the successful joint venture between Kunshan and Shanghai was promoted in other regions, people's attention turned to Shanghai. At this point, Wu Kequan extended the idea of collaboration to "third-tier" military enterprises and spread it across the country. While some were content with their limited achievements after only having a small portion of success, Wu Kequan raised the collaboration from a single factory to an entire industry, and on this foundation, he took it a step further by establishing a textile export base.

这里先要说一下花桥镇新浦村的杨秋林。开始他带几个人到上海龙桥乡,在鸭棚里开出来一片整烫衬衫的工场。不久工场搬回新浦,一次农忙,有3万件美国童装急需整烫,他借了一台拖拉机,来回运货。一天一夜ー万件,三天三夜全部完成!后来周贵积担任上海衬衫总厂厂长,他看准大势,意欲扩大加工面。杨秋林听说,和乡长贝聿综ー起,主动提出,在花桥建联营厂。周贵积说:“要搞,就大刀阔斧,像模像样地干!”

First, we must mention Yang Qiulin from Xinpu Village, Huaqiao Town. Initially, he led a few people to Longqiao Township in Shanghai, where they set up a workshop for ironing shirts in a duck shed. Soon, the workshop was moved back to Xinpu. During a busy farming season, there was an urgent need to iron 30,000 American children's garments. He borrowed a tractor and transported the goods. In one day and one night, they finished 10,000 pieces, and in three days and three nights, they completed all of them! Later, when Zhou Guiji became the director of the Shanghai Shirt Factory, he saw the bigger picture and wanted to expand the processing scope. Upon hearing this, Yang Qiulin, along with the village head Bei Yuzong, took the initiative to propose building a joint venture factory in Huaqiao. Zhou Guiji said, "If you want to do it, do it boldly and make it decent!”

机不可失。回来后,他们先后征地30.5亩,同时到县里去贷款。黄继忠、郑慧珍两个副县长还有县政府办公室曾勇、经委宣炳龙、计委戴修良等,拧成一股劲,全カ以赴跑上海,疏通关节,筹集资金,忙得不亦乐乎。当年9月,就草签协议,双方各投资100万元,联营办厂生产出口衬衫。

Not wanting to miss the opportunity, they returned and successively requisitioned 30.5 acres of land, while also applying for loans from the county. Deputy county chiefs Huang Jizhong and Zheng Huizhen, along with Zeng Yong from the county government office, Xuan Binglong from the Economic Commission, and Dai Xiuliang from the Planning Commission, joined forces and went all out to visit Shanghai. They cleared obstacles, raised funds, and busied themselves with great enthusiasm. In September of that year, a preliminary agreement was signed, with both parties investing one million yuan each to establish a joint venture factory producing shirts for exportation.

年底,周贵积厂长带了一批人到昆山来专门看望吴克铃,表示衷心的感谢。他说:“我在上海要搞这么个分厂,别的不说,光图章就要盖72个,72个圆图章至少要跑3年。”这就是说,在上海3年办不成的事,昆山3个月就办成了。

By the end of the year, Factory Director Zhou Guiji brought a group of people to Kunshan to visit Wu Kequan personally, expressing their heartfelt gratitude. He said, "If I were to set up such a branch factory in Shanghai, I would have to get 72 official seals at least, and it would take at least three years.” This means that what couldn't be accomplished in Shanghai in three years was achieved in Kunshan in just three months.

吴克铃想的却是另一面,他真诚地说:“要我们自己搞,3年也达不到出口水平;在你们的帮助下,3个月就全部出口了,所以应该是我们感谢你们

This means that what couldn't be accomplished in Shanghai in three years was achieved in Kunshan in just three months. Wu Kequan, however, saw another aspect of the situation. He sincerely said, "If we were to do it ourselves, it would take us three years to meet the export standards; with your help, we've managed to do it within three months. Therefore, it should be us who are grateful to you.”

真心实意,又是互惠互利,衬衫厂的前途越发光明了。吴克铃抓住这个契机, 几次奔走于上海和昆山之间,力主把衬衫厂办成上海的分厂。上海方面也感到和昆山打交道可信可靠,便让衬衫厂!985年7月15日正式挂牌:上海衬衫厂分厂。

With sincerity and mutual benefit, the future of the shirt factory became even brighter. Wu Kequan seized this opportunity and traveled several times between Shanghai and Kunshan, advocating for the shirt factory to become a branch of the Shanghai factory. The Shanghai side also felt that dealing with Kunshan was trustworthy and reliable, so on July 15, 1985, the shirt factory was officially designated as the Shanghai Shirt Factory Branch.

吴克铃请上海派人来当厂长。

Wu Kequan invited someone from Shanghai to serve as the factory director.

有人不理解:一个杨秋林就够了 ,为什么还要请个上海人?

Some people didn't understand, arguing that Yang Qiulin was enough, so why bring in someone from Shanghai?

吴克铃说:“上海的管理水平高,再说,人总是要面子的。来了厂长,就会更加用心出力,联营就会更牢靠,分厂就会办得更好……”

Wu Kequan explained, "Shanghai has a high level of management, and besides, people always care about their reputation. With the arrival of the new factory director, they will be more dedicated and make greater efforts, the joint venture will be more stable, and the branch factory will operate even better..."

事实证明,他的观点是正确的。这一年,新上两条流水线,生产衬衫54万件, 产值540万元,创利50万元,创汇125万美元;截至1989年已经有8条流水线,产值1540万元,创利270万元,创汇850万美元,均为全市村办企业之冠。

The facts proved that his viewpoint was correct. In that year, two new assembly lines were set up, producing 540,000 shirts with a production value of 5.4 million yuan, generating a profit of 500,000 yuan, and earning 1.25 million US dollars in foreign exchange. By 1989, there were already eight assembly lines, with a production value of 15.4 million yuan, generating a profit of 2.7 million yuan, and earning 8.5 million US dollars in foreign exchange, ranking first among all village-run enterprises in the city.

吴克铃明确宣布:“所有的联营厂,凡是条件具备的,都请上海（或其他省市）人当厂长。”

Wu Kequan explicitly announced, "For all joint venture factories that meet the conditions, we will invite people from Shanghai (or other provinces and cities) to serve as factory directors.”

苏州市有个领导说:“这是昆山的’秘密武器’厂’

A leader from Suzhou commented, "This is Kunshan's 'secret weapon.'”

为什么昆山的联营厂一般不是貌合神离而是貌联神合?为什么都说上海人很 “精”不好打交道,而昆山和上海的联营却越来越广泛、越来越紧密?

Why is it that Kunshan's joint venture factories are generally united in spirit, rather than only in appearance? Why is it that despite people saying that Shanghai people are cunning and difficult to deal with, the collaboration between Kunshan and Shanghai is becoming more extensive and closer?

因为吴克铃不俗,所以昆山人不俗。

It's because Wu Kequan is extraordinary, and so are the people of Kunshan.

俗,可能精明,但不可能高明;不俗,可能不精明,但可能高明。

Ordinary people might be smart, but not necessarily brilliant; extraordinary people might not be cunning, but they can be brilliant.

高人不多。

There are not many brilliant people.

高人在,能人幸;高人无,能人再多也无用。

When a brilliant person is present, capable people are fortunate; without a brilliant person, even a large number of capable people will be of no use.

ー县如此,一市一省一国也如此。

The same applies to a county, a city, a province, or even a nation.

昆山人不俗,吴克铃不俗,上海人也不俗,梅寿椿、王金林也不俗,所以有了一个衬衫分厂,接着又有了五个纺织行业的联营厂。

The people of Kunshan are extraordinary, as are Wu Kequan, the people of Shanghai, Mei Shouchun, and Wang Jinlin. Thus, a shirt factory was established, followed by five joint-venture textile factories.

六个厂,虽然少得可怜,但作为ー种努力方向,上海和昆山的纺织行业实行了全行业的联营。

Despite being only six factories, a humble number, they marked a new direction in the joint efforts of Shanghai and Kunshan's textile industries, which pursued collaboration across the entire sector.

当然,吴克铃想的是下ー步。

Naturally, Wu Kequan was thinking about the next step.

1986年4月,昆山县人民政府与上海市纺织エ业局开始商谈建立纺织出口基地的事。

In April 1986, the Kunshan County People's Government and the Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau began discussions on establishing a textile export base.

3月15日,吴克铃和王金林专程去南京,向省长顾秀莲汇报了这个打算。顾秀莲给予充分的肯定,她说:“昆山与上海联合,起步迟,起点高,效果好,对国家、对上海、对昆山都有好处,路子是对的。”

On March 15th, Wu Kequan and Wang Jinlin made a special trip to Nanjing to report their plans to Gu Xiulian, Governor of Jiangsu province. Gu Xiulian gave her full affirmation, saying: "The collaboration between Kunshan and Shanghai, though late in its start, has a high starting point and has yielded excellent results. It benefits the nation, Shanghai, and Kunshan. This is the right path."

顾秀莲又及时向省委书记韩培信汇报。韩培信明确表示支持,并指示省里有关部门主动配合,不要“打坝”。

Gu Xiulian also promptly reported to the Provincial Party Secretary Han Peixin. Han Peixin expressed his clear support and instructed the relevant departments in the province to actively cooperate and not to "block" the initiative.

在这期间,纺织エ业部何副部长也积极做工作,促成昆山和上海的联营升级。

During this period, Deputy Director He of the Textile Industry Department also worked actively to promote the upgrade of the joint venture between Kunshan and Shanghai.

4月3日到4日,上海市纺织エ业局局长梅寿椿、副局长王金林,昆山县委书记毛阳青,县长吴克铃,副县长汪国兴、郑慧珍,还有上海市经委顾问龚兆源,ー起在昆山进行了为期两天的会谈。作为这个会谈的结果,签订了在昆山建立“上海纺织品出口联合生产基地”的协议。

On April 3rd and 4th, Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau Director Mei Shouchun, Deputy Director Wang Jinlin, Kunshan County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing, County Mayor Wu Kequan, Deputy County Mayors Wang Guoxing and Zheng Huizhen, as well as Shanghai Economic Commission consultant Gong Zhaoyuan, all gathered in Kunshan for a two-day conference. As a result of this meeting, an agreement was signed to establish the "Shanghai Textile Products Export Joint Production Base" in Kunshan.

联营的作用,合作的威力,ー个正确的思路所能够释放出来的能量是没有止境的。正是依靠这条路子以及这条路子所积累的实カ和思想,1987年,在全县14个重点项目全部完成并投产见效的基础上,吴克铃又组织了第二个大的“战役”一再上29个重点建设项目。除极个别外,已陆续竣工投产……

The impact of joint ventures, the power of cooperation, and the energy that can be unleashed by a correct approach are boundless. It is precisely by relying on this path and the practical experience and ideas it has accumulated that in 1987, Wu Kequan organized the second major "campaign" – launching 29 core projects – on the basis of completing and achieving results for all 14 key projects across the county. With only a few exceptions, these projects have been successively completed and put into operation...

十四、费孝通说“很好”

14 Fei Xiaotong Says "Very Good”

去年10月,吴克铃在苏州向费孝通先生汇报他的经济思路,在讲到“三线”エ业时说:“过去那些地方我们不能看,保密厂,谁敢去?中央提出搞活国有企业, ’三线‘的军エ厂要扩散,我们就主动去看了。有些厂的设备封存20年了,从来没人动过,人呢,也ー样,等于封存。我说,我们拿产品来生产,行不行?他们不积极; 到我们这里来做,他们愿意了。我们环境好,位置优越,所以他们有积极性。我认为,国家应该支持他们出来。”

In October last year, Wu Kequan reported his economic ideas to Mr. Fei Xiaotong in Suzhou. Speaking about the "Third Tier" industries, he said: "In the past, we could not visit those places, as they were confidential factories; who would dare to go? When the central government proposed revitalizing state-owned enterprises, the 'Third Tier' military factories were to be dispersed, and we took the initiative to visit them. Some factory equipment had been sealed for 20 years, never touched by anyone. The same applies to the people, who were virtually in storage as well.” I asked, 'Can we use these products for production, is it feasible?' They were not enthusiastic; but when we invited them to work with us, they were willing. Our environment is good, and our location is advantageous, so they were motivated. I believe our country should support their integration into the broader economy.”

费孝通点点头,赞同他的意见。

Fei Xiaotong nodded his head, agreeing with Wu Kequan's opinion.

吴克铃进ー步阐述自己的想法:“开始我们也担心,与’三线‘军エ企业合资办企业,会不会动摇’三线’大本营军心?实践证明,搞了联营,非但没有动摇军心, 反而更稳定了。比如,我们与航天部风华机器厂联营办了风华冰箱厂昆山分厂,开始贵州有些担心,实际上,这个厂有不少技术人员是南方人,比如上海人,在贵州好多年,一直想回来,但调动很困难,有的工作也不安心。现在办了分厂,一些工程技术人员可以来昆山安家落户,到上海也很近,可以早晨来昆山上班,傍晚回到家里休息,这样大家都很满意。而且,国家一旦需要,这些人还可以回到大本营。”

Wu Kequan further elaborated on his thoughts: "At the beginning, we were also worried that establishing joint ventures with 'Third Tier' military enterprises might shake the foundation of the 'Third Tier' military spirit. However, practice has shown that forming joint ventures not only didn't undermine the military spirit but, in fact, made it more stable.” For instance, we established a joint venture with the Aerospace Department's Fenghua Machinery Factory to create the Fenghua Refrigerator Factory's Kunshan branch. Initially, there was some concern from Guizhou, but in reality, many of the factory's technical staff were from the south, such as Shanghai natives. They had been in Guizhou for many years and had always wanted to return but found it difficult to relocate, which affected their focus on work. Now that the branch factory has been established, some of the engineering and technical personnel can settle down in Kunshan. It's also close to Shanghai, so they can commute to Kunshan for work in the morning and return home to rest in the evening. This arrangement has left everyone satisfied. Moreover, if our country needs them, these people can return to their original posts."

费孝通高兴地说:“你支持了我的’三线’军エ企业扩散论!”

Fei Xiaotong happily responded, "You have supported my theory of the dispersion of 'Third Tier' military enterprises!”

第二天,费孝通就到了昆山。临行前,他就说:“可以让新华社发个消息,说我到昆山实地调查,开发区的情况很好。”

The next day, Fei Xiaotong arrived in Kunshan. Before leaving, he said, "You can let Xinhua News Agency release a news item, saying that I have come to Kunshan for an on-site investigation, and the situation in the development zone is very good.”

考察的结果是十分满意的。昆山的实践、吴克铃的思路,与费孝通长期研究所形成的理论框架不谋而合。昆山之路就是强国之路。要强国,就必须把经济搞上去,而发展经济只能靠自力更生。昆山之路之所以可贵,就在于不是你要我发展经济搞开发区,而是我自己要改革开放要搞开发区,所以オ不是眼睛向上伸手要钱, 而是眼睛向下动手苦干!不在编、不正名、不给政策也干,只要对国家有利、于人民有益、符合改革开放的大势就坚决地干。缺人才、缺资金、缺技术就“横向”联营, 把东西南北风都借来。没有条件自己创造条件,创造出ー个实实在在生机勃勃的开发区,然后让你大吃ー惊,不得不佩服,也不得不承认:昆山之路是成功之路,也是强国之路……

The inspection results were highly satisfactory. The practice in Kunshan and Wu Kequan's ideas coincided with the theoretical framework formed by Fei Xiaotong's long-term research. The path of Kunshan is the path to a strong country. To strengthen the nation, it is essential to boost the economy, which can only be achieved through self-reliance. The value of the Kunshan path lies in the fact that it is not about others urging us to develop the economy and create development zones; instead, it is about our own desire for reform and opening up and our commitment to establishing development zones. As a result, we do not look up and ask for money, but instead, look down and work hard! We will persevere in our efforts, even without official approval, formal recognition, or policy support, as long as they are beneficial to the country, the people, and in line with the general trend of reform and opening up. When facing a lack of talent, funds, or technology, we resort to "horizontal" joint ventures, borrowing resources from all directions. Without existing conditions, we create our own and establish a thriving development zone. Then, we surprise everyone, making them admire and acknowledge that the Kunshan path is a path to success and a path to a strong country...

在考察中,费老还发现,昆山不但有吴克铃这样经验丰富、思路明晰的决策者和身体カ行的领导,还有一批能量都极其充沛的人。昆山虽小,却不可等闲视之; 昆山起步虽迟,但是一旦觉醒,就疾步起飞,因为在这里有一群不凡不俗、锐意进取的能人志士。

During the investigation, Mr. Fei also discovered that not only did Kunshan have experienced and clear-minded decision-makers like Wu Kequan and hands-on leaders, but also a group of people with immense energy. Although Kunshan is small, it should not be taken lightly. Though Kunshan's start was late, once awakened, it quickly takes off, as there is a group of extraordinary, ambitious, and enterprising talents here.

费老高龄,难得有机会到昆山一回,吴克铃诚恳地请他题词留念。一向不喜欢多题字的费孝通先生,这次却毫不吝惜地写下了八个字:

昆山有玉玉在其人

Because of his advanced age, Mr. Fei rarely had the opportunity to visit Kunshan. Wu Kequan sincerely asked him to write an inscription as a memento. Mr. Fei Xiaotong, who usually didn't like to write many inscriptions, generously wrote eight characters this time: 昆山有玉玉在其人 (Kunshan has talents, and they are the true treasures)

十五、“借鸡生蛋”的风波

15 The "Borrowing to Create Wealth" Philosophy

1985年1月,王金华担任城北乡党委书记。他遇到的第一个问题就是学校老师纷纷要求调动。学校条件太差了,中学建造在泥潭之中,下雨上班自行车没法推,只好扛在肩上……这当然是由来已久的问题,他却感到有愧,为此想到要为老百姓办点事。

In January 1985, Wang Jinhua took office as the Party Secretary of the northern part of the county Township. The first problem he encountered was that schoolteachers were requesting transfers in large numbers. The school's conditions were too poor, with the middle school built in a muddy area where it was impossible to walk their bicycles when it rained, leaving teachers no choice but to carry them on their shoulders. This longstanding problem weighed on him, and he wanted to do something for the people.

但是城北没有钱,穷。过去说“白手起家”,而真正的“白手”是根本不可能起家的。无米之炊,无鸡生蛋,岂不是天方夜谭?

However, the northern part of the county was financially struggling and had no money to spare. In the past, people talked about "starting from scratch," but in reality, it was nearly impossible to achieve anything with truly empty hands. How could one cook without rice or lay eggs without chickens? Wasn't it just a pipe dream?

这时候,吴克铃也面临着同样ー个问题:昆山要发展,开发区要实施,没有钱, 只好唱“空城计”。在综合分析和冷静思考的基础上,他提出借钱办企业,办好企业再还债,边借债、边生产、边还债。他明确倡导的横向联合,其动因或说是目的之一,就是通过横联引进资金。借鸡生蛋,有了蛋就可以孵小鸡,鸡可还鸡,也可以再生蛋。深奥的经济学原理被他用浅显的比喻说得让很多人开了窍。从此“借鸡生蛋”伴随着横向联合的构思,成为昆山发展经济的又一个公开的秘密。

At that time, Wu Kequan faced a similar problem: Kunshan needed development, and the development zone had to be implemented. Without money, the only option was to rely on a "bluffing strategy.” Based on comprehensive analysis and calm consideration, he proposed borrowing money to run enterprises, repaying debts after the enterprises were well-established, and continuously borrowing, producing, and repaying debts. He explicitly advocated for horizontal collaboration, and one of the driving forces or objectives was to introduce capital. Borrowing chickens to lay eggs allowed one to hatch chicks from the eggs, repay the borrowed chickens, and even produce more eggs. He explained the profound economic principles with a simple analogy, enlightening many people. From then on, "borrowing chickens to lay eggs" accompanied the concept of horizontal collaboration, becoming another public secret in Kunshan's economic development.

王金华就是照这个思路去做的,只是他做得比别人更大胆、更彻底,也更富有创造性。

Wang Jinhua followed this train of thought, but he was bolder, more thorough, and more creative than others.

党委九个人,六个搞经济。他们用艰苦拼命的精神、用诚恳专ー的信誉、用使人信服的效益东进上海,北去京都,四面八方,筹借资金。别人摸不着的门槛,他们
熟门熟路;别人不敢进的单位,他们被待若上宾;别人连想都不敢想的资金,他们照样能借得来……

Out of the nine members of the party committee, six were engaged in economic work. With their relentless determination, sincere dedication, and convincing achievements, Wu Kequan and their team managed to expand their influence in various directions, from Shanghai in the east to Beijing in the north, raising funds from all sides. They were familiar with thresholds others couldn't touch, welcomed as esteemed guests in places others dared not enter, and able to borrow funds others couldn't even imagine.

有了钱就办企业,办好企业赚了钱就好还债,也好发展生产为当地老百姓做实事。

With money in hand, they established businesses. By running successful businesses, they repaid their debts and contributed to local development, benefiting the common people.

原先,这里沟沟坎坎、坑坑洼洼,只有几家零散的小企业和几个不成型的村落, 如今,这里已经是个名副其实的“昆山大世界” 了。

What was once a place filled with ditches, potholes, a few scattered small enterprises, and underdeveloped villages, has now become a thriving "Kunshan World" in its true sense.

苏州市委副书记周治华在城北调查后,总结出这么几句:教育为本,科技兴乡, 文化搭台,经济唱戏。

After investigating the northern part of Suzhou, the Deputy Secretary of Suzhou Municipality Zhou Zhihua summarized the key elements of their success: "Education as the foundation, technology for rural prosperity, culture as the stage, and economy as the performance.”

然而,就是这么ー个乡,就是在短短几年中使城北发生了几乎是不可思议的变化的王金华,却遭到了强烈的非议。

However, despite the almost unbelievable transformation of the area in just a few years, Wang Jinhua, who played a crucial role in the development, has faced strong criticism.

非议和责难的焦点集中在借债上。

The focus of the criticism and blame centers on the debt.

吴克铃再清楚不过,发难的由头在城北,而真正的矛头还在县委县政府,在于他这个领头人。

Wu Kequan is well aware that the real issue lies not only in the northern part of the city but also in the county party committee and the county government, as well as in their own leadership, himself.

再说,基层的干部辛辛苦苦拼命工作遭到不公正的议论和责难时,作为上ー级的党委和政府,如漠不关心听之任之的话,其后果必将挫伤积极性,再要继续实现昆山经济的稳步高速发展就不可能了一谁还愿做出头椽子,谁还肯拼命卖カ呢?

Furthermore, when grassroots officials who have worked tirelessly face unfair criticism and blame, if the higher-level party committee and government remain indifferent and unresponsive, the consequences will inevitably dampen enthusiasm. In such a situation, it would be impossible to continue realizing the steady and rapid economic development of Kunshan, as no one would be willing to take the lead or put in their utmost effort.

这当然不是一般性的工作方法上的分歧。

This is certainly not just a general disagreement in work methods.

1988年11月,吴克铃带了顾厚德,“不带任何框框”,到城北实地调查。他们先听汇报,然后要王金华和乡长余增荣把几张报表拿出来,当然是正规的统计报表。而且,在昆山谁都知道,吴克铃是经济上的行家、通オ,无论怎么样也是无法瞒过他的眼睛的。他这次来,就是要掌握第一手资料,就是要看ー看,他构思中的ー个必要环节一“借鸡生蛋”到底效果如何,值不值得推广?

In November 1988, Wu Kequan, accompanied by Gu Houde, conducted a field investigation in the northern part of the city without any preconceptions. They first listened to a report and then asked Wang Jinhua and Township Mayor Yu Zengrong to present several statistical reports, which were, of course, official and standardized. In Kunshan, everyone knew that Wu Kequan was an expert in economics and had a keen eye; it would be impossible to deceive him. His purpose for this visit was to obtain firsthand information and to assess the effectiveness of a crucial element in his plan – "borrowing to create wealth." He wanted to determine whether this approach was worth promoting.

看了报表,不看企业。吴克铃心中有底了。

After reviewing the reports, Wu Kequan didn't even need to visit the enterprises, as he already had a clear understanding.

外面说欠几个亿,实际上当时只有几千万。

Contrary to the rumors of owing billions, the actual debt at that time was only tens of millions.

还有生的“蛋”呢?

What about the "wealth" created?

还有城北乡的老百姓得到的实惠和好处呢?

What about the tangible benefits and advantages enjoyed by the local people in the northern part?

还有企业的后劲、企业的未来、企业的经济效益呢?

What about the enterprises' potential, future, and economic returns?

如果不借债,如果不联营,城北绝不可能有今天,更不可能有将来!

Without borrowing and forming partnerships, the northern part of the city would not have been able to achieve what it has today, let alone have a future.

吴克铃从城北的经验中进ー步确认和丰富了自己的路子,他和顾ー起草拟了提纲,吴克铃的观点、思路、对城北的肯定和支持,全都由顾写成了一篇长稿。

Wu Kequan's experiences in the northern part of the county further confirmed and enriched his approach. He and Gu drafted an outline, and Gu wrote a detailed report reflecting Wu Kequan's viewpoints, thoughts, and affirmation and support for the northern part of the county.

县委常委就这事做了专门讨论后,决定在城北召开ー个现场会,把全县的乡镇长和党委书记,还有县机关部委办局的头头们都召集到城北,到那里看企业,听介绍,各自发表意见,进行开放式的讨论。然后,县委书记毛阳青根据吴克铃的调查代表县委县政府做了总结报告。

After a special discussion among the members of the County Party Committee, it was decided to hold a field meeting in the northern part of the county. Township mayors, party committee secretaries from the entire county, as well as leaders from county-level departments, bureaus, and offices were all invited. There, they would visit the enterprises, listen to introductions, express their opinions, and engage in open discussions. Subsequently, County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing made a summary report on behalf of the county party committee and the county government, based on Wu Kequan's investigation.

明朗而坚决的态度给王金华撑了腰,给全县基层干部鼓了劲,也给了吴克铃本人ー种启示:作为领导,无论在什么情况下,总要站在实干的同志一边,要理解他们、支持他们、保护他们、提拔他们……

The clear and resolute attitude bolstered Wang Jinhua, motivated grassroots officials throughout the county, and also provided Wu Kequan with personal inspiration: As a leader, under any circumstances, they must always stand by those who are dedicated to their work, understanding, supporting, protecting, and promoting them.

于是昆山把城北作为ー个典型报到苏州市委,市委书记高德正到城北调查之后,又把城北作为苏州市的典型加以推广……

As a result, Kunshan presented the northern part of the county as a model to the Suzhou Municipal Party Committee. After the Suzhou Municipal Party Secretary Gao Dezheng visited the northern part of the city for an investigation, the city also promoted it as a model for Suzhou.

今年春,吴克铃在谈到这件事时,仍然记忆犹新。高德正说,借债问题,其实是从小农经济向社会主义集体化生产转变的ー个观念问题。中国农民祖祖辈辈梦想的只是ー头老牛一方田,自给自足,一旦负债,就要卖儿卖女,每到年关,就提心吊胆。共和国成立后,互助组合作化,后来“共产风”走极端,翻来覆去,总没把社会主义这个题目说清楚,也没有从西方的发展中吸取有益成分,所以ー听说借债,就怕得不得了,几十万、几百万哪!哪年哪月还得清? 一个包袱压得直不起腰抬不起头。其实,不在于借不借债,也不在于借多借少,关键是项目有没有吃准,吃准了, 再多再大的债也应该借!

This spring, Wu Kequan still vividly remembers the incident when talking about it. Gao Dezheng said that the issue of borrowing is actually a conceptual problem in the transition from a small-scale peasant economy to socialist collective production. For generations, Chinese farmers have dreamed of having just an ox and a piece of land, being self-sufficient. Once in debt, they would have to sell their children, and they would be anxious every year-end. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, mutual aid groups were formed, and then extreme "communist winds" blew. Through it all, the issue of socialism was never clarified, and useful elements from Western development were not absorbed. Therefore, when people heard about borrowing, they became extremely fearful. How could they ever repay hundreds of thousands or millions of debt? It would weigh heavily on them, preventing them from standing tall and raising their heads. In fact, the issue is not about whether to borrow or not, nor is it about the amount of borrowing. The key is whether the projects are accurately assessed. If they are, then even large debts should be borrowed!

高德正又说到,小农经济思想是改革的一大阻カ,昆山也是农业县,现在要改革开放,从某种意义上来说,就是要跳出昆山这个小圈子、小天地,不跳出这个小圈子、小天地,就永远是小生产、小经济、小家子气,也永远不可能把昆山这个小地方建设好。

Gao Dezheng also mentioned that the small-scale peasant economy mindset is a significant obstacle to reform. As an agricultural county, Kunshan needs to break free from this narrow perspective as it undergoes reform and opening up. Without transcending this limited mindset, Kunshan will always be characterized by small-scale production, a modest economy, and narrow-mindedness, making it impossible to fully develop and prosper.

高德正还说到和吴克铃说过的大同小异的ー些观点:改革也是政治,改革需要思想,改革不可能只是单纯的经济;没有思想,不懂政治的人,不可能搞好改革,不可能搞好经济,相反还会影响经济的发展,阻碍改革的前进。

Gao Dezheng also mentioned some similar views to those expressed by Wu Kequan: Reform is political, it requires thought, and it cannot be purely economic. Without ideas and understanding of politics, one cannot carry out successful reforms or manage the economy well. On the contrary, it would hinder economic development and obstruct reform progress.

用小农经济的思想来参加改革、建设社会主义,恐怕这オ是中国最大的悲哀, 也是最大的误区。

Participating in reform and building socialism with a small-scale peasant economy mindset is perhaps China's greatest tragedy and the biggest misconception.

为什么ー些人把社会主义称作，，乌托邦，，？

Why do some people refer to socialism as a "utopia"?

因为中国选择了社会主义而社会主义给中国的好处来得太慢也太少。

It's because China chose socialism, and the benefits it brought to China have been slow and scarce.

要告别乌托邦赶走乌托邦这个令人丧气的乌鸦,那就必须告别小生产的观念, 首先把封建封闭和保守愚昧这个恶魔赶走!

To move away from the utopian ideal and eliminate the discouraging aspect of utopia, we must first abandon the concept of small-scale production, and drive away the demons of feudalism, closed-mindedness, and conservative ignorance!

好在从中央到地方（比如昆山）已经有越来越多的人想到了这一点,并且正在用顽强的毅カ和坚忍不拔的意志朝着既定的方向跋涉攀缘。

Fortunately, the increasing awareness, from both central and local governments (such as Kunshan), is encouraging, and with persistence and resilience, they are moving forward in the right direction.

吴克铃的思路或者说昆山之路,正是与这个基本点吻合,否则,他就不会花那
么大的精力和财カ办教育,也不会不惜一切引进人才、培养人才,更不会在风雨浪头上挺身而出,关怀和保护每ー个为社会主义增添光色的人才。

Wu Kequan's approach, or the "Kunshan Path," aligns with this fundamental point. Otherwise, he would not have invested so much energy and resources in education, nor would he have spared no effort to introduce and cultivate talent. Moreover, he would not have stood up in the face of adversity to care for and protect every individual who contributes to the vibrancy of socialism.

第四章拥有了千万个笑容

Chapter 4 A Million Smiles

十六、第一个吃螃蟹的人

16 The First One to Taste the Crab

岁月是ー张网,人总是在ー张网的世界里生活。大网如天,恢宏无比,你要冲破这张网犹如揪住自己的头发离开地球ー样地不可能,而且网眼到处都是,漏洞随时可见,于是乎青春和爱情包括机会和机遇,都在默默地不知不觉中漏掉了、失落了……

Time is like a net, and people always live in a world woven by this net. Time is like a net, and people always live in a world woven by this net. The vast net is as expansive as the sky, and breaking through it is as impossible as lifting oneself off the earth by pulling one's hair. The net's openings are everywhere, with flaws visible at any time. As a result, youth, love, opportunities, and chances slip away unnoticed and are lost...

1984年秋,一位患过小儿麻痹症的中年人在昆山城区东侧的泥路上踽踽行走。他永远随身携带着他的公文包,也总有一副近视眼镜伴随着他。他站定,用ー条健康的腿支撑着他的身体,又用ー只结实的手在半空中虚画了一个圆圈,嘴里不由得念念有词

In the autumn of 1984, a middle-aged man who had suffered from polio walked alone on a muddy road in the eastern Kunshan. He always carried his briefcase with him and was always accompanied by a pair of nearsighted glasses. He stood still, supporting his body with one healthy leg, and with a strong hand, he drew an imaginary circle in the air while murmuring to himself.

他是日本苏旺你有限公司的老板三好先生。

He was Mr. Miyoshi, the owner of the Japanese Suwang Co., Ltd.

他怎么到昆山来的?

How did he end up in Kunshan?

这又是ー个偶然而又必然的结果。

This was a result of both chance and inevitability.

那天,吴克铃接到ー个电话,是计委汤帆打来的,汤帆说他和银行何副行长到苏州去,偶然听说苏州中国银行的人说昆山有手套厂,日本人搞合资联合生产手套,怎么到XX县而不到昆山?这个信息立刻使吴克铃想到了经济开发区的未来, 第二天,他就跑苏州,到轻エ局,然后到计委找主任陈辉。陈辉也是第一次和外国人谈项目,就说,昆山和XX竞争,谁条件好就给谁。

One day, Wu Kequan received a phone call from Tang Fan of the Planning Commission. Tang Fan said that he and Vice President He from the bank went to Suzhou, and they accidentally heard from the Bank of China in Suzhou that there was a glove factory in Kunshan. A Japanese company was involved in a joint venture for glove production, but why did they go to XX County instead of Kunshan? This information immediately made Wu Kequan think of the future of the Economic Development Zone. The next day, he went to Suzhou, visited the Light Industry Bureau, and then went to the Planning Commission to find Director Chen Hui. It was also the first time that Chen Hui had discussed a project with foreigners, and he said that Kunshan and XX County were competing, and the project would go to whoever had better conditions.

吴克铃的高明之处就在于,一旦看准了,就死抓住不放。

Wu Kequan's brilliance was that once he set his sights on something, he would hold on to it relentlessly.

他ー连跑了七趟苏州!

He made seven trips to Suzhou!

正式谈判开始了。副县长李锦舫、郑慧珍、夏梁鑫先后出场。谈得很艰苦,有一次,好动感情的三好先生竟然激动得哭了起来〇

The formal negotiations began. Vice county mayors Li Jinfang, Zheng Huijin, and Xia Liangxin took turns participating in the discussions. The negotiations were tough. At one point, the emotional Mr. Miyoshi was even moved to tears.

最后,吴克铃出面拍板,很快达成了协议,于是双方设宴庆祝,三好在和吴克铃碰杯时,突然激动得放声大哭!

In the end, Wu Kequan stepped in and quickly reached an agreement. The two parties held a celebratory banquet, and Mr. Miyoshi burst into tears again when he toasted with Wu Kequan.

吴克铃是个绝对经济型人才,但他又绝对不是个纯经济学家。在中国,除了搞专门研究的理论家和学者教授外,你要做个“纯粹”的经济领导或企业家是根本不可能的。政治是经济的集中表现,经济是政治的物质基础。搞经济不可能完全脱离政治,没有思想没有政治头脑是不可能搞好经济的。改革开放,是政治还是经济?既有政治也有经济。如果ー个人的目光仅仅囿于ー个厂ー个县的小范围,那归根结底也只能是小生产小农经济,又怎么可能和社会主义大生产大经济搭得上边?所以吴克铃着眼在经济,而又清楚大政策的导向;着眼在昆山,又把握着大经济的趋势。也正因此,他能够抓住契机,办成了这个合资企业。

Wu Kequan was an exceptional economic talent, but he was not a pure economist. In China, apart from specialized theorists and scholars, it is virtually impossible to be a "pure" economic leader or entrepreneur. Politics is the concentrated expression of economics, and economics is the material basis of politics. Economics cannot be completely separated from politics, and it is impossible to manage the economy well without ideas and political acumen. Is reform and opening up primarily political or economic? In fact, it encompasses aspects of both politics and economics. If one's vision is limited to the small scope of a single factory or county, then ultimately, it can only be small-scale production and a peasant economy. How can that possibly be compatible with the large-scale production and economy of socialism? Therefore, Wu Kequan focused on economics while clearly understanding the direction of major policies; he concentrated on Kunshan while keeping an eye on the broader economic trends. It was precisely for this reason that he was able to seize the opportunity and establish this joint venture.

是的,三好接触过不少中方官员和企业界人士,但他很难遇到像吴克铃这样的人一既懂经济,人又厚道;既不会让你无代价地占便宜,又要让你得到好处……

Indeed, Mr. Miyoshi had encountered many Chinese officials and business people, but it was difficult for him to find someone like Wu Kequan – someone who understood economics and was also a person of integrity; someone who would not let you take advantage without giving something in return but would still ensure you benefited from the cooperation.

跟这样的官员打交道,他有一种安全感。

Dealing with such an official, Mr. Miyoshi felt a sense of security.

他说:“吴先生,我很高兴能结识你……”

He said, "Mr. Wu, I am delighted to have met you...”

吴克铃说:“祝我们合作愉快,让我们双方都能赚大钱!”

Wu Kequan replied, "I wish us a pleasant cooperation and may both sides make a lot of money!”

1985年3月,苏州市也是江苏省县级第一家中外合资企业“中国苏旺你有限公司”正式开エ投产了。

In March 1985, Suzhou's and Jiangsu Province's first county-level Sino-foreign joint venture, "China Suwangyou Co., Ltd.," officially began production.

现在,我们似乎可以对“昆山之路”或吴克铃的思路做一个简单明确的表述

Now, we can seemingly provide a clear and concise description of the "Kunshan Path" or Wu Kequan's approach:

东依上海,西托“三线”。内联乡村,面向全国,走向世界。

Relying on Shanghai to the east and the "Third Tier" to the west. Connecting rural areas internally, facing the whole country, and moving towards the world.

因为在实践中逐步形成了这样ー个比较完整的思路,所以吴克铃“敢为天下先”。“先”不是出格,“先”是在总体上把握住国情国策和改革开放的大势,因而 “先”得不俗、“先”得不凡、“先”得有板有眼、“先”得有声有色。也正因为此,别人不敢想的他想了,别人不敢做的他做了,等到别人也想到也做到的时候,他又把文章做活了、做深了、做得更加丰富多彩得心应手了……

As Wu Kequan's relatively complete approach gradually took shape through practice, he earned praise for being a bold pioneer. "Being the first" is not about being unconventional; it's about having a comprehensive grasp of national conditions, policies, and the overall trend of reform and opening up. As a result, Wu Kequan's pioneering efforts were remarkable, outstanding, well-structured, and vibrant. Indeed, it was due to this that he dared to envision what others didn't dare to envision, and he dared to undertake what others didn't dare to undertake. By the time others caught up, daring to envision and undertake the same, he had already infused life into his career, diving deeper and making it more vibrant and fulfilling, thus mastering it effortlessly...

紧接着,吴克铃又率先搞了土地有偿出让和企业兼并……

Following this, Wu Kequan also took the lead in implementing compensated land transfers and corporate mergers.

至1990年初,全市已有40多家企业被外地大企业或本地优势企业兼并,效益普遍看好。

By early 1990, more than 40 enterprises in the city had been merged by large enterprises from other regions or by local dominant enterprises, with generally promising results.

跟着感觉走

Follow your intuition,

紧抓住梦的手

Hold on tightly to the hand of your dreams,

脚步越来越轻越来越快活

Your steps become lighter and more lively,

尽情挥洒自己的笑容

Freely spread your own smiles everywhere.

当ー个人的思路、ー个人的オ干趋于成熟的时候,犹如一个成熟而又具有自己个性的作家,做起文章来就不会打疙瘩,就会“尽情挥洒自己的笑容”,就会敢于出奇兵,用大笔横书,做无人敢做的文章。土地转让,企业兼并,就如开头的横向联合、自费经济开发区ー样,无不出人意料,细想却又在情理之中……

When a person's ideas and approach become mature, like a seasoned writer with their own unique style, they can write without hesitation, freely spread their smiles, and dare to employ surprise tactics and bold strokes, creating works that no one else dares to do. Land transfer and enterprise mergers, just like the initial horizontal collaboration and self-financed economic development zones, are all unexpected, yet upon closer thought, they make perfect sense.

十七、“昆山之路”

17 "The Kunshan Path”

写到这里,我们可以对“昆山之路”做ー个数字上的表述了。

At this point, we can provide a numerical description of the "Kunshan Path.”

1978年,昆山的工业产值只有2.2亿元。

In 1978, Kunshan's industrial output value was only 220 million yuan.

1983年,增加到5.7亿元,5年翻了一番多。

By 1983, it had increased to 570 million yuan, more than doubling in five years.

1984年,吴克铃担任县长,从此昆山的经济发展纳入了他的思路之中。

In 1984, Wu Kequan became the county mayor, and from then on, Kunshan's economic development was incorporated into his vision.

1989年,エ业产值4〇. 34亿元,比1983年增长6倍;外贸收购额4. 092亿元, 比1983年增长近20倍;财政收入1.23亿元,比!983年增长!21% ;人均生产总值 3256 元,增长 290%。

In 1989, the industrial output value reached 4.034 billion yuan, a six-fold increase from 1983; foreign trade procurement reached 4.092 billion yuan, an increase of nearly 20 times compared to 1983; fiscal revenue reached 123 million yuan, a 121% increase from 1983; and per capita GDP reached 3,256 yuan, a 290% increase.

全市工业固定资产总额1〇个亿,1。亿富翁,是1978年的!3倍。

The total fixed assets of the Kunshan's industries reached 10 billion yuan, making Kunshan a "billionaire" city, which is 13 times that of 1978.

还要特别提一下的是,6年粮食总产262万吨,比前6年总产增1.09%,成为全国交售粮食先进县（市）；多种经营产值7.37亿元,增长152.4%。1989年农民人均收入1233元,比1983年增长40〇. 6元。

It is worth mentioning that the total grain output in six years was 2.62 million tons, an increase of 1.09% compared to the previous six years, making Kunshan a national advanced county (county-level city) for grain sales; the output value of diversified operations reached 737 million yuan, an increase of 152.4%. In 1989, the per capita income of farmers was 1,233 yuan, an increase of 400.6 yuan compared to 1983.

经济的发展尤其是工业生产的发展,并没有以牺牲农业为代价,相反,昆山的农业在稳定中有了新的发展。

The economic development, especially the development of industrial production, did not come at the expense of agriculture. On the contrary, Kunshan's agriculture achieved new development in stability.

市财政局局长严文奎说,这是难能可贵的,是ー个十分了不起的贡献。

Yan Wenkui, the director of the Municipal Finance Bureau, said that this is very commendable and an extraordinary contribution.

这也恰恰是作为科学的“昆山之路”的又一个有力的佐证。

This is also another strong evidence of the scientific "Kunshan Path.”

六年,一台有声有色的戏!

In six years, a vivid and colorful play unfolded!

六年,ー场多姿多彩的梦!

In six years, a diverse and colorful dream was realized!

六年,走出了一条“昆山之路”,为建设具有中国特色的社会主义做出了一篇独立思考的好文章!

In six years, the "Kunshan Path" was forged, contributing a well-thought-out article to the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics!

六年,还是那山那水那些人,但昆山人自己都不认识自己了一ー无论是衣着、风度、言谈举止,也无论是思想观念、文明程度,都有了明显变化,跃上了一个更高的层次……

In six years, the same mountains, waters, and people remained, but the people of Kunshan hardly recognized themselves – their clothing, demeanor, conversation, and behavior, as well as their thoughts, concepts, and level of civilization, all underwent significant changes, leaping to a higher level...

这一切,都是和自费经济技术开发区紧紧地联系在ー起的。

All of these changes are closely linked to the self-funded economic and technological development zone.

商业局罗局长说得好:“不是开发区沾了昆山人的光,而是昆山人沾了开发区的光。”

Director Luo of the Commerce Bureau put it well: "It's not that the development zone has benefited from the people of Kunshan, but rather the people of Kunshan have benefited from the development zone.”

开发区是吴克铃的也是全昆山人民的骄傲。

The development zone is the pride of Wu Kequan and all the people of Kunshan.

开发区属于昆山也属于江苏省属于全中国,甚至还可以说她属于整个社会

It belongs not only to Kunshan and Jiangsu Province, but also to the whole of China, and even to the entire society.

大聪明者既非庸碌的俗物又不是出世的神仙。大聪明者总是实事求是的。中国有11亿人,中国“封建”了几千年,这是中国的最基本的国情。在这里,愤世嫉俗、杞人忧天都无济于事,关键还是要把经济搞上去。只有发展经济才能埋葬封建主义,也只有发展经济才能建成社会主义。吴克铃懂得这个国情,所以他的思路很实在,他的思路始终围绕着发展经济这个中心,而且实实在在地使昆山的经济前进了一大步。

Wise individuals are neither mediocre nor detached from the world. They are always pragmatic. China has a population of 1.1 billion and has experienced thousands of years of "feudalism." This is China's most basic national condition. In this context, cynicism and groundless worries are of no use; the key is to boost the economy. Only through economic development can feudalism be eradicated, and only through economic development can socialism be built. Wu Kequan understands this national condition, so his approach is very pragmatic. His thinking always revolves around the central task of economic development, and it has indeed helped Kunshan's economy take a big step forward.

有人对我说:“外面的文章你写了不少,不能为昆山宣传宣传吗?”

Someone once said to me, "You've written quite a few articles about other places. Can't you promote Kunshan as well?”

然而本地的文章不好写。“不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。”越是接触得多,越是难以把握。更难的是,文章有文章的规律,写人写事都得从文章的构思出发,而且写ー个人的ー些事不等于肯定他的一切,更不等于就否定或贬低他人…… 总之,文章就是文章,而有人却偏会把文章误解成为是组织的决定或是按官方的表彰名单论功行赏……

However, writing about Kunshan is not easy. As the saying goes, "One cannot see the true face of Mount Lu because one is in the mountain itself." The more you are exposed to something, the harder it is to grasp. What's more challenging is that there are certain rules and principles to writing. When writing about people or events, one must start from the conception of the article. Moreover, writing about a person's achievements does not mean approving of everything they've done, nor does it mean denying or belittling others. In short, an article is just an article, but some people tend to misinterpret it as an organizational decision or as recognition and rewards according to an official list.

正是从这一顾虑出发,加上其他ー些原因,我没有贸然动笔,而是把新华社和《人民日报》的记者请了来,让他们从“旁观者”的角度进行采访。这两个记者都是大手笔,看到我提供的资料后就一心要做篇大文章。果然,1988年7月,《人民日报》头版登出来了,是专写自费开发区的,还特别地配了一篇评论,题目就叫作《“昆山之路”三评》。

It is precisely because of this concern, coupled with other reasons, that I didn't rush to write. Instead, I invited reporters from Xinhua News Agency and People's Daily to conduct interviews from an "outsider's" perspective. Both of these reporters were skilled writers, and after seeing the materials I provided, they were determined to write a significant piece. As expected, in July 1988, People's Daily published a front-page article specifically about the self-funded development zone, along with a special commentary titled "Three Comments on the Kunshan Path.”

昆山立刻名声大噪。

Kunshan immediately gained widespread attention.

1988年冬天,国务院经济技术开发区在天津召开理论讨论会,一年以后,又在烟台召开同一专题的政策研究会,有资格参加会议的当然只是国务院批准的14个开发区,但昆山作为唯一的ー个“特邀代表”,两次都出席了会议。

In the winter of 1988, the State Council's Economic and Technological Development Zones held a theoretical discussion in Tianjin. A year later, a policy research meeting on the same topic was held in Yantai. Naturally, only the 14 development zones approved by the State Council were eligible to attend the meetings. However, Kunshan, as the only "specially invited representative," attended both meetings.

吴克铃走不开,他让办公室的顾厚德去参加,他自己则有个书面发言。

Wu Kequan could not attend the meetings himself, so he sent Gu Houde from his office to participate, while he prepared a written speech.

让我们看看下ー个意味深长的比较一

Let's take a look at the following meaningful comparison:

全国14个开发区,第一期工程40平方公里,已花41亿元,每平方公里1亿多;昆山第一期开发3.75平方公里,到去年年底,花了 4700万元,基础设施已达到七通一平（通路、电、水、讯、排水、煤气、蒸气,道路平整）,每平方公里1200万元,相当于国批开发区的12%。

Among the 14 national development zones, the first phase of the project covers 40 square kilometers and has cost 4.1 billion yuan, which is more than 100 million yuan per square kilometer. In contrast, the first phase of Kunshan's development covers 3.75 square kilometers, and by the end of last year, it had spent 47 million yuan. The infrastructure has reached the level of "seven connections and one leveling" (roads, electricity, water, communication, drainage, gas, and steam, with leveled roads), costing 12 million yuan per square kilometer, which is equivalent to 12% of the cost for the nationally approved development zones.

见效之快也令人瞩目。昆山开发区已有30个企业,其中有外商投资的11家, 国内联营的16家,1985年到1989年,完成工业产值!5. 39亿元,出口创汇4079万美元,累计利润4541万元,上缴税金5383万元,税利合计1.1亿元!其中,1989年产值5亿多,超过1983年全县エ业产值的总和。倘再把全国14个国批开发区的产值排列个名次,那么,昆山这个不在编的自费开发区名列第三,仅次于广州和上海! 1989年,江苏两个国批开发区上缴国家税金,ー个是200万元,ー个是300万元,而昆山这个自费开发区却上缴了 800万元!

The quick effectiveness of Kunshan's approach is also eye-catching. Kunshan Development Zone has 30 enterprises, including 11 with foreign investment and 16 with domestic joint ventures. From 1985 to 1989, the zone completed an industrial output value of 1.539 billion yuan, exported goods worth 40.79 million US dollars, accumulated profits of 45.41 million yuan, and paid taxes of 53.83 million yuan, with a total tax and profit of 110 million yuan! In 1989 alone, the output value exceeded 500 million yuan, surpassing the total industrial output value of the entire county in 1983. If we were to rank the industrial output values of the 14 nationally approved development zones, Kunshan, an unofficial self-funded development zone, would rank third, only behind Guangzhou and Shanghai! In 1989, the two nationally approved development zones in Jiangsu province contributed tax payments to the state, one with 2 million yuan and the other with 3 million yuan, while Kunshan's self-funded development zone contributed 8 million yuan!

“昆山之路”在会议期间引起了极大的震动,1988年那一次,11期会议简报5 期提到并热烈称赞昆山的路子:“他们的经验主要是自力更生,量カ而行,勤俭开发,先主后辅,先生产后生活,先向外后向内……”

During the conference, the "Kunshan Path" caused a great sensation. In the 1988 conference, the 11th issue of the conference newsletter mentioned and enthusiastically praised Kunshan's approach in five issues: "Their experience is mainly self-reliance, acting according to their capabilities, developing diligently and thriftily, prioritizing production over supporting functions, prioritizing external development over internal development, and so on...”

南开大学国际经济研究所陈荫方教授说:“国家没有投资,也没有给一条优惠政策,昆山能够取得这么好的成绩,的确令人振奋……”

Professor Chen Yinfang from the International Economics Research Institute of Nankai University said: "The country did not invest nor provided any preferential policies, but Kunshan has achieved such good results, which is indeed inspiring...”

还有一些专家和教授则从纯理论的海洋中跳出来大声疾呼:，，必须重视，昆山之路’,让我们的开发区尽快走出误区!”

Some experts and professors also jumped out of the purely theoretical ocean and loudly called for attention to the "Kunshan Path" and urged the development zones to get out of the misunderstanding as soon as possible.

需要走出误区的也许不仅仅是ー个经济技术开发区,“昆山之路”不正是对强国之路的ー个重要启迪吗?！

Perhaps it is not only the economic and technological development zones that need to get out of the misunderstanding. Isn't the "Kunshan Path" an important enlightenment for the path to a strong country?

十八、给我ー点空闲

18 Give Me a Moment of Respite

ー辆普通的深蓝色皇冠轿车平稳地朝上海开去,平稳中又隐含着些许焦虑。驾驶员十分清楚,这趟车早该开了,可是一直拖着,ー拖就是3年,6年一啊,不, 是9年

A deep blue, ordinary Crown sedan glided smoothly towards Shanghai, with a hint of anxiety hidden within its steady progress. The driver knew very well that this journey should have begun much earlier, but it had been delayed – first for three years, then six, and ultimately, nine years.

3年副县长、6年县长,ー共9年。

Three years as a deputy county mayor, six years as a county mayor, totaling nine years.

现在他是市长。

Now, he is the mayor.

1989年9月28日,昆山撤县建市。作为昆山历史上的第一任市长,他在100 面彩旗、1〇万盆鲜花和50多万张笑脸的簇拥中显得异常地平静。他感到幸福,为昆山;他觉得慰藉,为自己。他深深感谢改革开放的政策,感谢全市人民的艰苦奋斗,感谢各个部门和单位的理解和支持,感谢上海的、北京的、南京的、苏州的、三线的、国内国外的领导和朋友们的关心帮助和友好合作……

On September 28, 1989, Kunshan was transformed from a county to a county-level city. As the first Mayor of a county-level city in Kunshan's history, he appeared exceptionally calm amidst the embrace of 100 colorful flags, 100,000 pots of fresh flowers, and over 500,000 smiling faces. He felt happiness for Kunshan and solace for himself. He deeply appreciated the reform and opening-up policy, the arduous efforts of the entire city's people, the understanding and support from various departments and units, as well as the care, assistance, and friendly cooperation from leaders and friends in Shanghai, Beijing, Nanjing, Suzhou, third-tier cities, and both domestic and international circles.

我终于让千百个企业纳入了我的思路。

Finally, he had managed to incorporate thousands of enterprises into his vision.

我终于拥有了千千万万个真诚热烈的笑容。

Ultimately, he had gained countless sincere and enthusiastic smiles.

啊！往事如梦如烟,往事苦乐酸甜,往事又有太多的失落和遗憾,人道是世事总难全！

Ah! The past is like a dream, filled with bitterness, joy, sourness, and sweetness. There are also too many losses and regrets in the past – it is said that perfection is hard to achieve in life!

给我ー点空闲,让我想一想遗憾。

Give me a moment of respite, let me think about the regrets.

经济技术开发区,至今还在另册,在国批14个开发区之外。

The economic and technological development zone is still listed separately, outside of the 14 national development zones.

1989年、1990年费孝通先生两次考察昆山的经济发展,他说,昆山的开发区要 “正名”，“已经成功了,要给予承认,承认昆山开发区应该享有的权利……”

In 1989 and 1990, Mr. Fei Xiaotong inspected Kunshan's economic development twice. He said that the development zone in Kunshan should be "recognized" and "since it has already succeeded, it should be acknowledged and granted the rights it deserves...”

1988年1月13日,江苏省委、省政府向党中央、国务院报送了《关于加快发展
外向型经济若干政策问题的请示报告》（苏政发〔!988〕1号文件）,要求批准昆山经济技术开发区享受沿海开放城市经济技术开发区的同等待遇。

On January 13, 1988, the Jiangsu Provincial Committee and Provincial Government submitted the "Report on Issues Related to Accelerating the Development of an Export-Oriented Economy" (Document No. 1 [1988] of the Jiangsu Government) to the Central Committee and the State Council, requesting that the Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone be granted equal treatment as the open coastal city economic and technological development zones.

1990年2月7日,江苏省政府再次向国务院报送了《关于要求批准昆山经济技术开发区的请示》（苏政发〔1990〕16号文件）……

On February 7, 1990, the Jiangsu Provincial Government submitted another request to the State Council, "Regarding the Request for Approval of the Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone" (Document No. 16 [1990] of the Jiangsu Government)...

什么时候昆山的开发区才能编入“正册”呢?

When will the development zone in Kunshan finally be included in the "official list"?

他多么希望这一天能够尽快地到来。（天遂人愿。就在这篇稿子准备发出的 6月20日前后,省长陈焕友、副省长高德正,率领全省11个市的市长和省政府各个职能部门的主要领导,参观和视察了开发区,听取了昆山市委书记吴克铃和市长周振华、副市长王金华的汇报,并且正式宣布:省委、省政府决定,把昆山列为江苏省重点经济技术开发区,加快改革开放的步伐……）

He longs for the day to come as soon as possible. As fate would have it, around June 20th, when this article was being prepared for publication, Governor Chen Huanyou and Deputy Governor Gao Dezhen led mayors from 11 cities across the province and key leaders from various functional departments of the provincial government to visit and inspect the development zone. They listened to the reports from Kunshan Party Secretary Wu Kequan, Mayor Zhou Zhenhua, and Deputy Mayor Wang Jinhua, and officially announced: the Provincial Committee and Provincial Government have decided to list Kunshan as a key economic and technological development zone in Jiangsu Province, accelerating the pace of reform and opening up...

吴克铃露出了从未有过的欣慰笑容。

Wu Kequan revealed a satisfied smile he had never shown before.

昆山的经济技术开发区得到了省委、省政府和党中央、国务院有关领导的高度评价,吴克铃的思路在更加广泛更加深入的意义上得到了延伸和发展,他的梦他的追求带上了更加绚丽多姿也更加辉煌的色彩……

The Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone received high praise from the Provincial Committee, Provincial Government, and relevant leaders from the Central Committee and State Council. Wu Kequan's vision was extended and developed in a broader and deeper sense, and his dreams and pursuits took on even more splendid and glorious colors...

倘说梦,还有很多很多遗憾,还有很多很多没有成为现实一

If we talk about dreams, there are still many regrets and many things that have not yet become reality.

外向型经济,1985年的政府工作报告,就放到了第一条的重要位置,但是想到了而没有做好,至今创汇还很少……

Export-oriented economy: In the 1985 government work report, it was placed in the first and most important position. However, the implementation has not been well-executed, and foreign exchange earnings remain minimal to this day...

企业集团,像点样子的只有一个。还有几家可以做到的,但还没有重视还没有成型

Corporate groups: There is only one that is truly impressive. There are a few more that have the potential but have not yet been given enough attention or taken shape.

还有,昆山虽可,也并非尽如人意,以权谋私、送礼行贿、滥吃滥喝、贪污腐败……那些人那些事那些丑恶的现象,还没有彻底查处,也不可能很快就从根本上加以杜绝

Furthermore, although Kunshan has made progress, not everything is perfect. Abuse of power for personal gain, gift-giving and bribery, excessive eating and drinking, corruption... Those people, those events, and those ugly phenomena have not been thoroughly investigated and dealt with, nor can they be eradicated at their roots anytime soon.

别忘了,还有他自己。人非完人,他也是留下了很多遗憾的。为了工作,他顶撞过也得罪过一些人,有时说话让人接受不了,叫人不愉快;在ー些问题上,他会使人觉得固执

Let's not forget about himself as well. No one is perfect, and he too has left behind many regrets. For the sake of work, he has clashed with and offended some people. Sometimes his words were hard for others to accept, causing displeasure. On certain issues, he could come across as stubborn.

啊,过去了,全过去了,“ー阵风,吹落了恩恩怨怨”,无论谁对谁错,都不必要记着什么,计较什么了……

Ah, it's all in the past now. "A gust of wind has blown away all the grievances." Regardless of who was right or wrong, there is no need to dwell on or dispute anything...

人的政治生命是短暂的,只有事业永存。

A person's political life is short, but their career lasts forever.

腰又生疼,他艰难地挪动了一下,可惜没带三合板。他外出开会,总要带三合板。南京的昆山办事处,就有一块木板。他去省里开会,就得把那块显然是削窄了ー些的木板拿到住处去。席梦思他没福享受,腰身下垫块木板才能睡。沙发也不行,坐硬靠背椅反而好一点。烟也不抽,酒也不沾,回到家里,除了面最好是ー碗白粥

His waist ached again, and he struggled to shift his position. Unfortunately, he did not bring his folding board. Whenever he went out for meetings, he always brought his folding board with him. In the Kunshan office in Nanjing, there is a wooden board. When he goes to the provincial capital for meetings, he has to bring that slightly narrowed wooden board to his lodging. He cannot enjoy the comfort of a mattress, and needs to sleep with a wooden board under his waist. Sofas don't work either; sitting on a hard-backed chair is actually better for him. He doesn't smoke or drink, and when he returns home, he prefers a simple bowl of rice porridge to anything else.

吴克铃,你到底图什么?

Wu Kequan, what exactly are you after?

他不答。他默默地但是执着地追求,为社会主义添砖加瓦,为人生旅途充实内容。他想他做到了这一点,所以回首往事,他觉得有一种问心无愧的慰藉。

He does not answer. He silently but persistently pursues his goals, contributing to socialism and enriching the content of his life's journey. He believes he has achieved this, so when he looks back on the past, he feels a sense of comfort without any regrets.

于是他想到了家,想到了自己的病,他提出了退下来的请求。省委、市委原意都是让他接任即将空缺的昆山市委书记,而他则建议由年轻的同志“组阁”。终于得到了理解,于是他带着这个小小的秘密对妻子张德森说:“我可以松一ロ气了,我要到上海去检查身体了。”

So he thinks about his family and his own illness, and he proposes stepping down. The Provincial and Municipal Committees initially intended for him to take up the soon-to-be vacant position of Kunshan Party Secretary, but he suggested that a younger comrade should "form the cabinet" instead. Finally, he was understood, and with this small secret, he told his wife Zhang Desen, "I can finally relax a bit, I'm going to Shanghai for a medical check-up.”

张德森快人快语,这时却很少说话。对于昆山所取得的成绩,她由衷地高兴, 这里总有她丈夫的ー份心血啊!然而平心而论,她又觉得跟他结婚真是吃了一辈子的苦:结婚时半间草屋六块钱（ー块钱结婚证、五块钱喜糖）,她生两个孩子时都没吃到过ー只整鸡。丈夫当县长后她就更苦了,一次结肠发炎,没人照应,只好自己拎了痰盂到玉山医院去。挂盐水没人陪,同病房的妇女说:“县长家属看病连我们农民都不如呀!”她是20世纪50年代的大专生,当时就是培养对象,因为跟了他从广州到武汉到北京到甘肃河西走廊……多年漂泊天涯,人到中年オ稍有安定之所,偏偏他又当了县长,ー头扎进他的“思路”之中。如今,她虽然拿到了财务工作 30年的荣誉证书,但除此之外一无所有,只有太多的遗憾……

Usually quick-witted and talkative, Zhang Desen speaks very little this time. She is genuinely happy for the achievements Kunshan has made, as her husband has put in so much effort here. However, to be fair, she feels that marrying him has brought her a lifetime of hardships: when they got married, they had a half-room grass hut and six yuan (one yuan for the marriage certificate, five yuan for wedding candies). She didn't even get to eat a whole chicken when she gave birth to their two children. Her life became even harder after her husband became the county mayor. Once, she had an inflamed intestine and there was no one to take care of her. She had no choice but to carry her own spittoon and go to the Yushan Hospital. There was no one to accompany her while receiving an IV drip, and a woman in the same ward said, "Even we farmers are treated better than the county mayor's family when we are hospitalized!" She was a college student in the 1950s and was considered a talent to be nurtured at the time. She followed him from Guangzhou to Wuhan, Beijing, and the Hexi Corridor in Gansu... After many years of wandering, she finally had a somewhat stable life in her middle age, but he became the county mayor and immersed himself in his "vision.” Now, although she has received an honorary certificate for her 30 years of work in finance, she has nothing else, only too many regrets...

有时候,两个人ー起说心里话,她就忍不住要发牢骚,要说说心中的委屈:“老吴啊,你对得起党,对得起人民,但是你对不起我,对不起儿女,也对不起你自己……”

Sometimes, when the two of them had heart-to-heart conversations, she couldn't help but complain and express her grievances: "Old Wu, you have been loyal to the Party and the people, but you have not been fair to me, to our children, and even to yourself...”

他理解妻子的话,体谅她的苦衷,他低头无语,惭愧难言。

He understood his wife's words and empathized with her difficulties. He lowered his head in silence, feeling ashamed and at a loss for words.

现在好了,他退下来了,他就想要补回对妻子儿女包括对他自己欠下的情分一先看病,然后尽一点做丈夫做父亲的义务。因为天伦之乐对于ー个党员干部来说同样是不可或缺,缺了就该补上的啊!

Now that he had stepped down, he wanted to make up for the emotional debts he owed to his wife, children, and even himself. First, he would seek medical treatment, and then fulfill his duties as a husband and father. After all, family happiness is indispensable for a Party member and an official, and it should be made up for if lacking!

于是他到上海去检查身体。

So he went to Shanghai for a health check-up.

结果使全家人都感到震惊:腰椎炎,肩椎炎,心脏病,萎缩性胃炎,早期肝硬化!

The results shocked the entire family: lumbar spondylitis, shoulder spondylitis, heart disease, atrophic gastritis, and early-stage liver cirrhosis!

更加使他震惊的还在后面:从上海回来后没几天,上级派人找他谈话,要他接任市委书记,过渡一下,然后再说……

What shocked him even more was what followed: just a few days after returning from Shanghai, his superiors sent someone to talk to him, asking him to take the position of Municipal Party Secretary, as a transitional arrangement, and then they would see...

没能退,反而进了一步。

He couldn't step down; instead, he moved up a step.

那么,他的家他的身体呢?他什么时候才能对得起妻子儿女,也对得起他自己呢?

So, what about his family and his health? When could he finally be fair to his wife, children, and himself?

结尾（之一）

Ending (Part One)

南方的冬比北方的冬还要冷。

The winter in the south is even colder than that in the north.

摊开稿纸手就发抖,心也发抖,笔尖就在纸上打滑。

As soon as I unfolded the paper, my hands began to tremble, and so did my heart, causing the pen to skid across the page.

找到第一招待所,想借个有暖气的房间,偏偏客满了。小吴所长只好把办公室旁边尘封的仓库打开。这里依然像ー个冰屋。好不容易挤出了一个有太阳的房间,于是我喜不自禁一气呵成。晚上,在家里誉抄。半天一夜,近7000字的稿子第二天就送走了。

I tried to find a room with heating at the first guesthouse, but it was fully booked.  Left with no choice, Director Wu opened the dusty storeroom next to his office. The place still felt like an icehouse. Finally, we managed to squeeze into a sunlit room, and I was overjoyed to finish everything in one go. In the evening, I continued my work at home. After half a day and a night, I completed nearly 7,000 words, and the manuscript was sent out the next day.

不到ー个月,《人民日报》打样拼上了版面。

Within a month, it was featured in People's Daily.

想了一下,还是和他打个招呼,就写了个字条告诉他这件事。

I thought about it and decided to give him a heads-up, so I wrote a note informing him about the matter.

电话打来:“我是吴克铃。《人民日报》的稿子不要发。”

The phone rang: "This is Wu Kequan. Don't send the manuscript to People's Daily.”

我不能理解,我想说服他。

I couldn't understand and wanted to persuade him.

不行。说了一个多小时,最后当场拿起电话要北京的记者。记者有些不悦。《人民日报》上篇报告文学并不是那么容易的。但……

No luck. After talking for more than an hour, I finally picked up the phone to call a journalist in Beijing. The journalist was somewhat displeased. It wasn't easy to get a piece of reportage literature published in People's Daily. However...

我让他和记者直接通话。

I let him speak directly with the journalist.

最后,稿子还是撤了下来。

In the end, the manuscript was withdrawn.

结尾（之ニ）

Ending (Part Two)

以前昆山人外出,总觉得低人一等,哪方面都硬不起来,只好缩在角落里。

In the past, when people from Kunshan went out, they always felt inferior, unable to hold their heads high, and had no choice but to hide in a corner.

现在不同了。讲经济有开发区,有横向联合;讲文化有“大世界”,在全国也有有影响力的代表人物……昆山人终于也有了自己的神气,也有了自己的骄傲。“朋友,请到昆山看ー看——不是说建设有中国特色的社会主义吗?昆山可以给你启发。”

Now, things are different. Talking about the economy, there are development zones and horizontal collaboration; in terms of culture, there's the "Big World" and influential figures nationwide. Finally, people from Kunshan have their own confidence and pride. "Friends, please come to Kunshan for a visit – isn't it about building socialism with Chinese characteristics? Kunshan can inspire you.”

什么时候,中国人在外国也能这样实在、这样神气就好了。

It would be great if Chinese people could be this genuine and confident abroad as well.

这就是我的“中国梦”。

This is my "Chinese Dream.”

结尾（之三）

Ending (Part Three)

回到本文开头。

Back to the beginning of this text:

东欧局势的变化,显然是一次撼动全球、震惊数十亿人心灵的历史大事件。社
会主义从一国实践到多国实践,又从一国失败到多国失败,悲壮还是悲哀?伟大还是可怜?是滑铁卢还是奥斯特里茨?凄凄切切的挽歌还是振奋人心的进行曲?是 “始兴终亡”的验证还是优胜劣汰的规律?

The changes in the situation in Eastern Europe are undoubtedly a major historical event that has shaken the world and stunned billions of people. Socialism has gone from practice in one country to many, and from failure in one country to failure in many. Is it tragic or sorrowful? Great or pitiful? A Waterloo or Austerlitz? A mournful elegy or an uplifting march? Is it a verification of "rising and falling" or a law of the survival of the fittest?

马翁如何回答?列宁做何感想?毛泽东还会用他那如椽大笔再次挥洒雄文, 在宇宙的天幕中亮出一句“只有社会主义才能救中国”吗?我问三位市（县）长。

How would Marx respond? What would Lenin think? Would Mao Zedong, with his bold brush, once again write the powerful statement "Only socialism can save China" across the universe? I asked the three mayors (county mayors).

吴克铃之前的县长孙福贵为官一任,两袖清风。吴当县长后他做人大常委会主任,不久前因年事已高全退了,在宣布这件事的时候,全国劳模竟动了感情,差点哭出来……

Before Wu Kequan, the former county mayor Sun Fugui served with integrity and an unblemished reputation. After Wu became the county mayor, Sun Fugui served as the director of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress. Not long ago, he fully retired due to old age. When this news was announced, the national model worker was so moved that he almost burst into tears.

但孙福贵还是退了。不会很久,吴克铃也要退。

However, Sun Fugui still retired. Before long, Wu Kequan will also retire.

他们走了,

They departed, heading into the depths of the resplendent sunset...

走向辉煌的タ阳深处……

They departed, heading into the depths of the resplendent sunset...

现在的市长是周振华。

The current mayor is Zhou Zhenhua.

我和三位市（县）长讨论:社会主义是不是乌托邦?

I discussed with three county-level city mayors whether socialism is a utopia or not.

他们的看法综合整理如下。

Their views are summarized as follows:

无论是中国选择了社会主义还是社会主义选择了中国,这都无关紧要,要紧的是,只有社会主义才能救中国。在中国,其他任何“主义”都不能代替社会主义,任何政党都不能代替共产党,因为其他任何“主义”、任何政党都不能把中国11亿人凝聚到ー起。

Whether China chooses socialism or socialism chooses China is not important. What matters is that only socialism can save China. In China, no other "ism" can replace socialism, and no political party can replace the Communist Party, because no other "ism" or any other political party can unite 1.1 billion people in China.

社会主义不比别的任何“主义”差,问题是社会主义的优越性没有充分发挥。 1985年,吴克铃到日本厚木市去,ー了解,30年前,厚木市还不如当时的昆山,但现在有17万人口,很发达。他就想,同样的基础搞发展,你搞资本主义,我搞社会主义,我肯定用不了 30年就可以超过你的水平。所以说,要是没有那些翻来覆去的折腾,中国的建设不会比西方慢。

Socialism is not inferior to any other "ism," but the problem is that its superiority has not been fully utilized. In 1985, Wu Kequan went to Atsugi City, Japan, to learn that 30 years ago, Atsugi City was not as developed as Kunshan at that time, but now it has a population of 170,000 and is beyond developed. He thought, with the same foundation for development, if you go for capitalism and I go for socialism, I will definitely surpass you in less than 30 years. Therefore, if there were no repeated turmoil, China's development would not be slower than the West's.

ー些年轻人只说外国好,中国一无是处,干部腐败,没ー个好人。一次过年时, 吴克铃请合资企业的日方经理吃饭,家里地方太小就拆拆空,腾出地方,连台子都是临时向招待所借的。尽管这样,日方经理还是大为惊讶:县长家就这么点地方、这么点东西?后来他对人说:“我知道中国的政府官员是什么样子的了!”当然,人家说我们好,不等于我们没有问题。不管怎么说,搞社会主义得有社会主义思想, 不能一改革就不讲奉献精神了,用封建主义、资本主义思想来搞社会主义是不行的。

Some young people only praise foreign countries and criticize China, claiming that there is nothing good in China, that officials are corrupt, and that there are no good people. During a Chinese New Year, Wu Kequan invited the Japanese manager of the joint venture to dinner. Because his house was too small, he had to move things around and borrow a table from a hotel for the occasion. Despite this, the Japanese manager was still greatly surprised, "This is how small the house of a county chief is? And this is all they have?” Later, he told others, "Now I know what Chinese government officials are like!" Of course, just because someone says we're good doesn't mean we don't have problems. Regardless of the approach, socialism requires socialist ideology. We cannot abandon the spirit of dedication during the reform and implement socialism with feudal or capitalist ideology.

建设社会主义不能教条,更不能一刀切。一刀切就乱了,就完了。“昆山之路”也只有在昆山这块土地上オ产生得出来。昆山有昆山的特点,苏州有苏州的特点,各市县都有各市县的特点。但这里有个基本点,就是实事求是,自力更生也要实事求是。世界是多元的,世界上没有也不可能只有或只允许ー个“主义”。就是在ー个“主义”中,也有不同的模式。世上的路并非只有一条,条条大路通罗马。不管白猫黑猫,只要能使全社会富裕并且和平就是好猫。

Building socialism cannot be dogmatic, nor can it be one-size-fits-all. One-size-fits-all will only result in chaos and failure. The "Kunshan Path" can only be achieved on the land of Kunshan. Kunshan has its own unique features, as does Suzhou, and each city and county has its own distinctive characteristics. However, the basic principle is to seek truth from facts and be self-reliant. The world is diverse, and there is no single or exclusive "ism" in the world. Even within a single "ism," there are different models. There is no single path in the world, and all roads lead to Rome. Regardless of whether it is a white cat or a black cat, as long as it can make the whole society prosperous and peaceful, it is a good cat.

社会主义是不是乌托邦?能做到两条就不是:ー要把经济搞上去,经济上去了,什么都会改变,否则,一切都是“乌托邦”;二是党要管好自己。管好自己的关键就是要摆正公仆和主人的位置,就是公仆要为人民服务。吴语中有句民谚:“一代鲜鲜一代烟,代代鲜鲜碰着天。”社会主义要一代一代搞下去オ行。

Is socialism a utopia? It is not if two conditions are met: first, the economy must be improved, and once the economy is improved, everything will change; otherwise, everything will be a utopia. Second, the party must manage itself well. The key to managing oneself well is to establish the correct relationship between serving as a public servant and a master. There is a saying in Wu dialect: "A new generation of freshness replaces the old, and every generation is fresh and encounters the sky.” Socialism must be promoted from generation to generation.

大江东流去,几度タ阳红。问苍山黄土,说千古兴亡。我忽然莫名其妙地想到了一句话:江山不会生癌。又莫名其妙地想到了自己写的一首诗一

The great river flows eastward, and the sun rises several times. Ask the Yellow Earth and the Grey Mountains, and they will say the rise and fall of nations will last forever. Out of the blue, a strange thought crossed my mind: "The land will never suffer from cancer." Just as inexplicably, I remembered a poem that I had written.

在你手中

有一块金子

这块金子永远属于你

不管海枯石烂

也不管天崩地裂

你千万千万

不要把它抛弃

中国梦

永远属于你

In your hands

There is a piece of gold

This gold will always belong to you

No matter how the sea dries up

Or the rocks crumble

You must never

Never abandon it

The Chinese Dream

Will always belong to you

（原载《雨花》1990年第10期）

(Originally published in the October 1990 issue of "Yuhua" magazine)

==卷四：5.休息的革命==

休息的革命（缩写本）

Revolution of Rest (Abridged Version)

王宏甲刘建

Wang Hongjia Liu Jan

序言

Preface

人类经历了远古的“农业革命”、近代的“エ业革命”、当代的“高技术革命”,到了今天,因高技术支持的生产カ空前发达,人类オ第一次有可能,并需要经历“休息的革命”,为今天和未来的生活质量开辟新路。但是,非常难,因近代以来资本与技术结盟的经济发展模式依然统治着世界。巨大的困难,并不在经济领域,而在精神领域。所以,这是文学关心的命题。

Humanity has experienced the ancient ‘Agricultural Revolution’ the modern ‘Industrial Revolution’, and the contemporary ‘High-tech Revolution’. Today, with the unprecedented development of production supported by high technology, humanity for the first time has the opportunity and the need to experience a ‘Revolution of Rest’ to open up new paths for today and future quality of life. However, it is very difficult because the economic development model that has been dominated by the alliance of capital and technology since modern times still rules the world. The great difficulty lies not in the economic field, but in the spiritual field. So, this is the topic that literature cares about.

“休息”在中国古代文化中意为“休养生息”。从剧烈的秦统ー战争结束再到秦朝覆灭,西汉采取“与民休息”政策,使经济复苏、社会发展,并使中华多民族国家的统ー在汉朝得到巩固。这“休息”所蕴含的社会和人生智慧,至今仍可探寻。

In ancient Chinese culture, “休息” means “rest and recuperate”. From the end of the fierce Qin-Tang war to the fall of the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty adopted a policy of “resting with the people”, which promoted economic recovery and social development, and consolidated the unity of the multi-ethnic country of China under the Han Dynasty. The social and life wisdom contained in the word ‘rest’ can still be explored today.

当今所称的国际金融危机,其实并非孤立地发生在金融领域,几乎所有生产领域的困境都不是由于生产能力不足,而是过剩。科技的迅猛发展及其在生产中的广泛应用,已使人类不需很多人员挤在工业生产中进行相互耗损性竞争,但这场危机却使人们陷入更激烈的竞争。

The so-called international financial crisis today is not isolated to the financial sector. Almost all production sectors are facing difficulties not because of insufficient production capacity, but rather due to overcapacity. The rapid development of technology and its widespread application in production has eliminated the need for many people to compete with each other in industrial production, but this crisis has plunged people into even more intense competition.

难道别无道路?审视三大产业结构,当发达国家的农业人口缩小到5%左右时,中国有80%的农业人口 ;当发达国家工业人口缩小到10%以下时,中国工业人ロ接近50%。今天,第三产业正在发达国家成为容纳最多就业人员的产业,中国第三产业则是薄弱环节。倘能看清形势向第三产业转移,也不失为ー种理性选择。

Does this imply that there are no other options? If we examine the three major industrial sectors, we can see that while the agricultural population in developed countries has decreased to around 5%, in China, around 80% of the population is still engaged in agriculture. Similarly, while the industrial workforce in developed countries has shrunk to less than 10%, in China, the industrial workforce still accounts for close to 50% of the population. Today, the tertiary sector has become the industry employing the most people in developed countries, while in China, the tertiary sector is a weak link. If we can see clearly the trend of shifting to the tertiary industry, it is also a rational choice.

旅游业是第三产业的龙头,是典型的消费型经济。文化产业亦然,而旅游业与文化产业的“联姻”正在创造出前所未有的绚丽奇景。今天和未来,“休息的革命” 可首先在第三产业开拓的“休闲经济”里获得一种启蒙,这是值得全社会关注的。

The tourism industry is the leading industry of the tertiary sector and is a typical consumer-oriented economy. The cultural industry is the same, and the ‘marriage’ between the tourism industry and the cultural industry is creating unprecedented and magnificent scenery. Today and in the future, the ‘resting revolution’ can first be enlightened in the ‘leisure economy’ developed in the tertiary industry, which is worthy of attention from the whole society.

“休息的革命”当然不是不干活。本书以旅游业为主要描述对象,可以从中看到最为典型的实践。30年前中国发展旅游业,正是从“走出去,玩ー玩”的“休息” 中发展出一片很大的天地。

“Revolution of Rest” certainly does not mean not working. This book primarily describes the tourism industry, from which we can see the most typical practices. Thirty years ago, China developed its tourism industry, which created a huge new market through the “go out and play” mentality of “resting”.

由于我们长期重视科技、经济、教育等等,很多人对旅游这个“吃喝玩乐”的行业究竟有多大作为不大关注。迄今很少人知道,中国旅游业正以年均约12%的速度增长,高于同期国内生产总值的平均增长率,已是国民经济重要支柱产业。而且,贡献远远不只体现在经济效益方面。

Due to our long-standing focus on technology, economy, education, and so on, many people have not paid much attention to the potential of the tourism industry, which is often seen as a sector for “eating, drinking, and having fun.” To this day, few people know that China's tourism industry is growing at an average annual rate of around 12%, higher than the average growth rate of the gross domestic product during the same period, and has become an important pillar of the national economy. Moreover, the contribution of the tourism industry is not only reflected in economic benefits.

遍布中国的古迹,多是旅游行业挖空心思地ー个个修复或再造,然后就像“王婆卖瓜”那样不遗余力地吆喝那“瓜”有多么好!因他们的吆喝,过去被批判为“腐朽的封建主义”的东西,变成恢宏的数千年中华文明,温情地回到了我们的山山水水,成为我们精神中辉煌的民族记忆。

The numerous historical relics scattered across China are tirelessly restored or recreated by the tourism industry, and then they enthusiastically promote these “melons” like “Wang Po selling melons”, touting how great they are! Because of their promotion, what was once criticized as the “decaying feudalism” has been transformed into the grand representation of thousands of years of Chinese civilization, warmly embraced in our landscapes, becoming the brilliant national memory in our hearts.

旅游盘活的也远不只是古迹。单看艺术与旅游业“嫁接”,传统音乐、舞蹈以及56个民族色彩斑斓的文化在旅游中复苏与创新,书画家的作品价格飙升,凡此种种,对增强ー个国家的文化カ,是沛然化雨渗透到万万民众之中的。各省市“旅游大篷车”还吆喝到国外,对中华风景与悠久文明的“推销”,规模和影响都是空前的。直到这时,旅游业的重大作用仍未被足够认识。很少人知道,旅游业每增加1 人就业,可促进相关产业增加5人就业。世界上还没有一个产业,像旅游业这样与各国人们广泛接触,与民生休戚相关,与百业相连。岂止是经济支柱?更养育精神,承载如此宽广的社会担当,可谓ー业九鼎重千秋。

The revitalization brought about by tourism is not limited to ancient relics. Looking just at the combination of art and tourism, traditional music, dance, and the colorful cultures of the 56 ethnic groups have been revived and innovated in the tourism industry. The works of painters and calligraphers have also skyrocketed in price. All of these initiatives have contributed to enhancing the cultural confidence of a nation and have penetrated into the hearts of millions of people. Provinces and cities have even taken their “tourism caravans” abroad to promote China's landscapes and rich history, resulting in unprecedented scale and influence. Even at this point, the significant role of the tourism industry has not been fully recognized. Few people are aware that for every additional person employed in the tourism industry, it has the potential to stimulate employment for five individuals in related sectors. There is no industry in the world that has such extensive interaction with people from different countries, such close ties to people's livelihoods, and such deep connections to various sectors as the tourism industry. It is not just an economic pillar, but it also nurtures the spirit and carries such a broad social responsibility. It can be described as an industry of great significance and enduring importance.

今天回头看看,中国旅游业30年来以“马超龙雀”的发展速度营造出的巨大消费市场,已然是拯救金融危机时期经济困境的ー支宏伟力量。联合国世界旅游组织预测中国到2015年将成为世界最大的旅游目的地国家。中国旅游业方兴未艾, 可谓“九万里风鹏正举” 〇本书的完成并非给中国旅游业过去的30年画个句号,而是为促进当今和未来社会各业的和谐运转,提供ー个新的起点、新的观念。换句话说,这是一本为今天和明天写的书。

Upon reflection, the Chinese tourism industry's remarkable growth over the past 30 years has generated a massive consumer market, akin to a magnificent force capable of alleviating economic distress during periods of financial crises. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, it is predicted that by 2015, China will emerge as the world's largest tourist destination country. The Chinese tourism industry is still thriving, as one could describe it as “a phoenix soaring over a distance of nine thousand miles” (meaning it is in a period of rapid and impressive development). The completion of this book does not signify the end of the past 30 years for China's tourism industry, but rather a new start and a new perspective aimed at promoting the harmonious functioning of various sectors in today's society and the future. In other words, this book is written for today and tomorrow.

“休息的革命”,不只是对眼前的全球性经济困境而言。

The “Revolution of Rest” goes beyond the current global economic challenges.

从欧洲国家开发殖民地以来,到现代科技迅猛发展,“优胜劣汰”“以强汰弱” 的意识影响到世界各地。由此形成的快速发展、争先发展的意识和行为,促使工业时代对资源的掠夺性开采把地球刨挖凿钻得百孔千疮,到20世纪人类的生存环境发生了全面危机。为了不被别人灭掉,仍然要绞尽脑汁争强夺胜,奋カ竞争。这是个无休无止没有宁日的人生消耗战。许多好时光都折腾进去了,各种压カ无孔不入地摧残着人的健康。人类到底在被什么驱赶?生活本身的乐趣在哪儿?生命的
尊严、美好在哪儿?

Since European countries began expanding their colonial influence and with the rapid advancement of modern technology, the awareness of survival of the fittest and strong prevail over the weak has influenced regions worldwide. As a result, there has been a prevailing mindset and behavior of rapid development and striving for advancement, which has led to exploitative resource extraction and inflicted extensive damage upon the Earth, culminating in a comprehensive crisis in the human living environment in the 20th century. To avoid being wiped out by others, one must still rack their brains and strive to win, fiercely competing. It is an endless, relentless battle of life with no respite or peaceful days. Many good times are consumed, and various pressures infiltrate, relentlessly affecting people's health. What exactly drives humanity? Where is the joy of life? Where is the dignity and beauty of life?

人类并不是生产的奴隶。人类需要从疯狂地追逐发展速度中觉醒,从疯狂的相互耗损性竞争中觉醒,以新的生活方式和精神,给自己疲惫的生活、受伤的心灵放假。

Human beings are not slaves of production. Humanity needs to awaken from the relentless pursuit of rapid development, from the frantic and depleting competition, and find new ways of living and nourishing the spirit, granting respite to their weary lives and wounded souls.

今天人们寻求“可持续发展”,在我看来,更智慧的意识该是中国古典智慧中重视的“和谐运转”。当生产能力过剩,运转失衡,重要的就不是哪个行业如何发展,而是整个社会如何和谐运转,不能和谐运转就有危机。过去的30年,中国重视发展贫困地区的旅游业,这里就有强弱结合,资源互补,并不是“以强汰弱”,而是重视相互依存。这渊源联系着中国古老的智慧,君不见中国远古就有阴阳和谐观吗?和谐运转不仅包括解决产业结构的失衡,还包括如何解决贫富差距等问题。

In today's world, there is a growing pursuit of sustainable development. From my perspective, a deeper understanding rooted in Chinese classical wisdom places emphasis on the concept of “harmonious coexistence”. When there is overcapacity and imbalance in production, the crucial focus shifts from the development of specific industries to how the entire society can achieve harmonious functioning. In the past 30 years, China has placed emphasis on developing the tourism industry in impoverished regions. This approach fosters a combination of strengths, resource complementarity, and values interdependence, rather than a “survival of the fittest” mentality. This connection is rooted in ancient Chinese wisdom. Have you not heard of the ancient Chinese concept of Yin and Yang and their harmonious coexistence? The notion of harmonious functioning encompasses not only addressing imbalances in industrial structure but also addressing issues such as wealth disparity.

所谓“休养生息”,就是在激烈的争锋中,在人类付出的惨痛代价中,要冷静地寻找有利于人类生息相存的生活智慧来拯救自己。在科技发达、生产能力也空前发达的当代世界,人类需要发展休闲经济来革新发展经济的方式。

The concept of “rest and recuperation” refers to the need to calmly seek life wisdom that benefits the coexistence of humanity amidst fierce competition and the painful cost paid by human beings. In the contemporary world, characterized by advanced technology and unprecedented productive capacity, humanity needs to develop the leisure economy to revolutionize the way economic development is pursued.

在人类通过一次次“生产革命” “技术革命”来营建生活的历史进程中,倘能觉悟到可以通过发展休闲经济来促进社会各业趋向平衡,这是更高层面的可持续发展,并可望普遍地提升人类的生活质量。这无论从思想认识、精神境界和经济形式上都是深具革命性的。在这个世界性的背景上来审视“休息的革命”,将发现这是个庄严的命题,具有值得我们去深究的丰富内涵。

Throughout the historical progression of human civilization, marked by various “industrial revolutions” and “technological revolutions,” there is an opportunity for us to realize that the development of the leisure economy can contribute to a more balanced and sustainable society. This is deeply revolutionary in terms of ideological understanding, spiritual realm, and economic form. By examining the concept of the “Revolution of Rest” within the global context, we recognize its profound significance and rich implications, deserving further in-depth exploration.

“休息的革命”无疑需要人们以清醒的头脑智慧地参与,这需要认识它为人生带来的好处。仍以人类以往走向旅游的经历为例,可以看到游历对于人生的全面发展有多么重要。

Undoubtedly, the “revolution of rest” requires active and wise participation from individuals, which necessitates recognizing the benefits it brings to one's life. Taking the past experiences of humanity's inclination towards travel as an example, we can see how important exploring the world is for comprehensive personal development.

人生之旅,就得去“履”。ー个人在ー个地方待久了,生活环境会对自己造成封闭。人们还可能把习惯当真理,这就需要走出去。所谓“履历”,不应限于读书工作的经历,这“履”是穿着鞋天南海北去游历。世界因此而广阔,人间因此而亲近。没有旅游的经历怎有履历?

Life is a journey that requires us to “step” forward. When we stay in one place for too long, the environment can create a sense of enclosure within ourselves. People may also mistake their habits for truths, and that's when we need to venture out. The concept of “resume” goes beyond academic and professional experiences; it encompasses the act of venturing out and exploring far and wide, immersing oneself in diverse places and cultures. The world becomes vast as a result, and humanity becomes more connected. How can one have a well-rounded resume without the experience of travel?

“博览群书”（未必要读万卷书）与“行万里路”同等重要。闭门读书会读成书呆子。鞋里存储的记忆,比在学校读十几年书更牢靠、立体、开阔而有用。

The act of “broadening one's knowledge through reading” (not necessarily reading thousands of books) is equally important as “traveling thousands of miles.” Merely confining oneself to reading books in seclusion can lead to a narrow-minded approach. The memories stored in the “shoes”, are more reliable, vivid, expansive, and useful than many years of schooling.

孔子周游列国,丰富了识见。司马迁游踪达半个神州,オ有生动翔实的《史记》。李白年纪轻轻仗剑去国,辞亲远游。“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。” 他的诗歌自由如云,得益于山川造化。和尚云游四海,弘扬了佛教文化。《西游记》取材于玄奘取经,而玄奘游记显然不只是传播了佛经。

Confucius enriched his knowledge through his travels across different states, which expanded his insights and understanding. Sima Qian traveled extensively across half of ancient China, resulting in the creation of the vivid and detailed “Records of the Grand Historian.”

Li Bai, at a young age, embarked on a journey with his sword, bidding farewell to his family and traveling afar. “Like a cascading waterfall descending three thousand feet, it appears as if the Milky Way has fallen from the heavens.” His poetry was as free-flowing as the clouds, greatly influenced by the natural wonders of mountains and rivers. Similarly, Buddhist monks traveling across the four seas spread and promoted Buddhist culture. “The Journey to the West” draws inspiration from Xuanzang's pilgrimage to obtain Buddhist scriptures, but Xuanzang's travelogue clearly encompassed more than just the dissemination of Buddhist texts.

曹孟德观沧海,陈子昂登幽州台,王勃过滕王阁,很多人生识见在行旅中领悟得到。湖光塔影,海浪江涛,能引起诗人的遐想,也能启迪书法家的胸怀。王羲之将郊游视为“游目骋怀”，“仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛”,オ留下不朽的《兰亭集序》。

Cao Mengde (Cao Cao) gazed upon the boundless sea, Chen Ziang ascended the tower in Youzhou, and Wang Bo passed by the Terrace of Tengwang. Many individuals have gained profound insights and understanding of life through their experiences and journeys. The shimmering reflections on the lake, the crashing waves of the sea, not only evoke poetic reverie but also inspire calligraphers’ hearts. Wang Xizhi regarded outings as a way to “broaden the gaze and expand the mind,” as he wrote in his immortal “Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection.”

宋代游记名篇辈出。王安石《游褒禅山记》,范仲淹《岳阳楼记》,欧阳修《醉翁亭记》,都是极好的散文名篇。苏东坡在逆境中也是开开心心的,登山临水,写字画画,喝酒吃肉,吟诗赏月。“一点浩然气,千里快哉风。”举手投足间洋溢着超凡而不脱俗的大度,支撑他的是心中广博的中华文化。

The Song Dynasty witnessed the emergence of numerous outstanding travelogues and famous works. Wang Anshi's “Record of the Visit to the Mount Baochan,” Fan Zhongyan's “Record of the Yueyang Tower,” and Ouyang Xiu's “Record of the Pavilion of the Drunken Old Man” are all excellent masterpieces of prose. Su Dongpo remained cheerful even in adversity, climbing mountains, enjoying the waters, writing and painting, indulging in food and drink, and composing poems while appreciating the moon. “With a trace of vast righteousness, I am as swift as the wind, traveling a thousand miles.” With every gesture and movement, he exuded extraordinary and yet unassuming magnanimity, supported by his profound knowledge of Chinese culture.

徐霞客22岁开始步行远游,成为伟大的地理学家。郑和七下西洋,更是令世界震撼的壮游!“天下兴亡,匹夫有责。”这是顾炎武的名言。顾炎武一年中有一半时间在旅店里住宿,每到一处,把实地考察与书本上的记载对照研究,《京东考古录》《昌平山水记》等书,就是他旅游治学的成果。孙中山游历美国,萌生了他的新思想。蔡元培游历欧洲,回国出任北大校长。周恩来游学法国,那“难酬蹈海亦英雄”的豪情,是容纳中外也是承前启后的。

Xu Xiake, starting at the age of 22, embarked on extensive journeys on foot, ultimately becoming a great geographer. Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Seas were an awe-inspiring feat that shook the world. “The rise and fall of nations concerns every individual,” is a famous quote by Gu Yanwu. He spent half of the year staying in inns, comparing firsthand observations with recorded accounts from books in every place he visited. His works, such as “Records of Archaeological Exploration in Jingdong” and “Scenic Memoirs of Changping,” were the fruits of his scholarly travels. Sun Yat-sen’s journey to the United States sparked his new ideology. Cai Yuanpei traveled to Europe and returned to China to assume the presidency of Peking University. Zhou Enlai studied in France, and his heroic spirit of “Unfulfilled, I’d brave the sea, as heroes did with bravery.” encompasses both embracing the world and carrying on the past to inspire the future.

因远行而打开识见,提升的不仅是个人。四大文明古国中没有希腊,但古希腊人被称为“全然的旅行者”,正是旅游使他们走到了发达的两河流域和古埃及,吸收他人文明而使希腊成为欧洲文明的发祥地。

By embarking on distant journeys, one not only broadens their horizons but also experiences personal growth. Among the four ancient civilizations, Greece was not included, but the ancient Greeks were known as “complete travelers”. It was through travel that they were able to reach the prosperous regions of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, absorbing the culture of others and making Greece the birthplace of European civilization.

中国历史岁月中的旅游,其实多么悠久绚丽。中国话“观光”,语出《易经》。谓“观国之光”,意为观览国之光辉。3000年前周穆王巡游非只游山玩水。一国之主,不游历国土,不知国情与民情,何以治国?周穆王远游波斯（今伊朗）,最早踏出中国通往西域的道路。秦修大道,车同轨,沟通天下,与其说为秦始皇出游带来方便,莫如说为中国的统ー开辟了大道。汉武帝七登泰山,六出萧关,出游打破诸侯封闭,九州热土,千秋归汉。隋炀帝扬帆出游,促进了大运河开发。游历会大大开阔君王眼界,以及当代领导者的智识和胸怀,从而影响ー个民族或ー个企业。

The history of tourism in China is also remarkably extensive and splendid. The Chinese term for “sightseeing” originates from the Book of Changes (Yi Jing). It refers to “observing the light of a nation” and signifies the admiration of a nation's brilliance. Three thousand years ago, King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty's royal tour was not merely for leisurely pursuits like enjoying mountains and rivers. The ruler of a nation who does not travel across the land and remains unaware of the state of the country and its people, how can they effectively govern? King Mu of Zhou embarked on a distant journey to Persia (modern-day Iran), thus pioneering the earliest route from China to the Western Regions. The construction of the Great Wall by the Qin Dynasty, with its standardized roads and unified carriages, facilitated communication throughout the empire. It can be said that it not only brought convenience to Emperor Qin Shi Huang's travels but also opened up a grand pathway for the unification of China. Emperor Wu of Han ascended Mount Tai seven times, ventured beyond the Xiao Pass six times, and through his travels, broke the seclusion of the feudal lords. His actions stirred up the entire land of the nine provinces, leading to a period where all regions ultimately acknowledged the Han rule. Emperor Yang of Sui set sail on his travels, promoting the development of the Grand Canal. Traveling can greatly broaden the horizons of kings, as well as the wisdom and vision of contemporary leaders, thereby affecting a nation or a corporation.

古典时代先人走向旅游,或许有“天人合一”的更多默契。那里的“天”,包括自然也包括社会。到现代,我们可能以“革命加拼命”的方式覆盖了先人丰富生命质量的智慧。游历对于人生与社会的全面发展是深具意义的。可以肯定地说:不读书不能治愚,不远行难有出息。为人父母要有意识地带孩子去远行。如果你依然埋头于读书或工作,尚未意识到旅游对于人生举足轻重的塑造功能,其实是ー种损失。一旦体会到,你也将会从这种“休息”中感受到ー种“革命”的心灵震动。

In the classical era, our ancestors embarked on journeys, perhaps with a deeper understanding of the harmony between heaven and man. The “heavens” there, encompass both nature and society. In the modern era, we may have overlaid the wisdom of our ancestors on enriching the quality of life with a “revolution plus hard work” approach. Travel is deeply meaningful for the holistic development of life and society. It can be affirmed that without reading, ignorance cannot be cured, and without traveling far, it is hard to achieve anything significant. As parents, we need to consciously take our children on long journeys. If you are still immersed in reading or work and have not realized the significant shaping function of travel on life, it is actually a kind of loss. Once you experience it, you will also feel a kind of “revolutionary” spiritual shock from this kind of “rest”.

ー、开放之门

Chapter 1 Opening the Gate

国门在哪儿?在天上? 1978年,中国民航飞机的日利用时间オ1.9个小时。国门刚开一条缝,西方人就来了。住宿难惊动中南海!开放国家“禁苑”迎游客, 调军用飞机把旅客送往天津住宿,这事反映国情也反映人情。紧张状况延续到 1982年,空军部队还派出1800多架次飞机协助空运游客,此种情景举世无双。

Where is the national gate? In the sky? In 1978, the daily utilization time of Chinese civil aircraft was 1.9 hours. As soon as the national gate opened a crack, Westerners came. Difficulty in accommodation shocked Zhongnanhai! Opening the national “forbidden city” to welcome tourists, and arranging military aircraft to send tourists to Tianjin for accommodation, this situation reflected both national conditions and human nature. The tense situation continued until 1982 when the Air Force dispatched more than 1,800 flights to assist in the air transport of tourists, a scenario unique in the world.

1.国门开启一条缝

1. A Sliver Opens in the Nation's Gate

2.关于改革,人们常说是从小岗村实行承包制开始的。很少人想过,开放,是从旅游业打开国门拉开序幕的。

About reform, people often say it started with the contract system implemented in Xiaogang Village. Few people have thought that opening up began with the tourism industry opening the national gate.

1978年3月5日,中共中央下发红头文件,增加对外开放城市,成立旅游机构, 发展旅游业。当时人们并未感到有多大动静,这却是件历史性的大事。这意味着对外开放,意味着封闭多年的国门由此打开。外电评价:这是“红色中国”第一次公开允许外国人以旅游者身份进入中国。

On March 5, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a official document, expanding the number of cities open to the world, establishing tourism agencies, and developing the tourism industry. At the time, people didn't feel much of a stir, but this was a historical event. This implied opening up to the outside world, signifying the opening of the nation's gate that had been closed for many years. Foreign media commentary: This is the first time that “Red China” has openly allowed foreigners to enter China as tourists.

此时,中共中央十一届三中全会尚未召开,安徽凤阳小岗村18户农民也尚未召开那个按手印的“大包干”秘密会议。

At that time, the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had not yet been held, and the 18 farmers of Xiaogang Village in Fengyang, Anhui, had not yet held that secret “contract responsibility system” meeting with handprints.

今天人们常说,改革开放,国门大开。

Today, people often say, with reform and opening up, the country's doors are wide open.

其实,1978年,国门只是刚刚开启一条缝。

Actually, in 1978, the national door was just slightly ajar.

那时候,还不是你想来就能来的,有名额限制和一套内控条例。在签证时,对入境的外国人卡得很严格,记者就不让进。那时候,西方称苏联是“铁幕”,称中国是“竹幕”。

At that time, it was not the case that you could come if you wanted to, there were quota restrictions and a set of internal control regulations. During the visa application, the scrutiny for foreigners entering the country was very strict, journalists were not allowed in. At that time, the West referred to the Soviet Union as the “Iron Curtain”, and China was called the “Bamboo Curtain”.

对世界来说,中国还是个巨大的谜。这大门里生活着1〇多亿人呢!所以,国门初开一条缝,国外的捷足先登者挤进来了,还有更多的外国人挤在这条缝外,进不来。

To the world, China was a vast mystery. Over a billion people live behind this big door! Therefore, when the national door was just slightly open, foreign early adopters squeezed in, and many more foreigners were squeezed outside this gap, unable to come.

虽然,国务院已经下发了发展旅游、挣取外汇的文件,但在对外开放的问题上, 当时某些高层领导还有种种疑虑:

Although the State Council had already issued documents on developing tourism and earning foreign exchange, there were still various doubts among some senior leaders at the time regarding the issue of opening up:

“是不是开放得太早了?”

“Did we open up too early?”

“会不会把特务放进来,窃取了情报怎么办?”

“What if spies are let in and steal our intelligence?”

“国外资产阶级生活方式会不会腐蚀我们的干部?”

“Will the bourgeois lifestyle from abroad corrupt our officials?”

“会不会把我们的干部带出去?”

“Will they take our officials away?”

“我们落后的地方,不能给外人看。”

“We can't let foreigners see our underdeveloped aspects.”

在十一届三中全会召开之前,1978年10月9日,邓小平会见美国泛美航空公司董事长西威尔,就对陪同会见的国家旅游局和民航总局的负责人说:“民航、旅游这两个行业很值得搞。”

Before the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee was convened, on October 9, 1978, Deng Xiaoping met with the Chairman of Pan American World Airways, Seawell, and said to the heads of the China National Tourism Administration and the Civil Aviation Administration who accompanied the meeting: “The civil aviation and tourism industries are very worth developing.”

小平还说:“ー个旅行者花费1000美元,一年接待1000万旅行者,就可以赚 100亿美元。就算接待一半,也可以赚50亿美元。要力争本世纪末达到这个创汇目标。”

Xiaoping also said, “If one traveler spends 1000 dollars, receiving 10 million travelers a year would earn us 10 billion dollars. Even if we receive only half, we can still earn 5 billion dollars. We should strive to achieve this foreign exchange goal by the end of this century.”

1979年1月到7月,邓小平又连续发表了《旅游业要变成综合性的行业》《旅游事业大有文章可做》《发展旅游事业,增加国家收入》《把黄山的牌子打出去》等四篇讲话。他毫不犹豫地说:“旅游事业大有文章可做,要突出地搞,加快地搞。旅游赚钱多,来得快,没有还不起外债的问题,为什么不能大搞呢「’

From January to July in 1979, Deng Xiaoping successively gave four speeches: “The Tourism Industry Should Become a Comprehensive Industry”, “There is Much Potential in the Tourism Industry”, “Develop the Tourism Industry to Increase National Income”, and “Promote Huangshan to the World”. He confidently stated, “There is much potential in the tourism industry, and it should be promoted and accelerated. Tourism is profitable and quick to yield returns, it doesn't create unpayable foreign debts. Why can't we promote it more aggressively?”

于是,门缝拉大了。

Thus, the gap in the door widened.

中国向世界旅游者打开了一扇门。

China opened a door to tourists from around the world.

“到中国去!”这是近百年来第一次出现的国际时髦声音。

“Visit China!” This became a trendy international call for the first time in nearly a century.

不同国家、不同种族的四海宾朋蜂拥而来。一种世界性的冲动,开放的大戏, 在中国旅游领域拉开了序幕。

Guests of different nationalities and races from all over the world came in droves. A global urge, the grand spectacle of openness, has commenced in China's tourism sector.

当五洲四海语言不同、肤色各异的朋友三五成群频频出现在长安街时,相当多人还不明白是怎么回事,念叨着:这不是“文革”中要打倒的“帝国主义”吗?怎么跑到长安街来了?还有人说,八国联军的后代,怎么成了 “义和团”后代的“座上宾”?我们还坚持社会主义吗?

When friends from all around the world, speaking different languages and having different skin colors, began to appear frequently in groups on Chang’an Street, many people didn’t understand what was happening. They wondered: Aren't these the “imperialists” we were supposed to overthrow during the “Cultural Revolution”? How did they end up on Chang’an Street? Others said, how did the descendants of the Eight-Nation Alliance become honored guests of the descendants of the “Boxers”? Are we still upholding socialism?

但中国毕竟有礼仪之邦的悠久传统,大多数国人具有与生俱来的好客古风,所以也有很多人向外宾送去友好的微笑。

However, China, after all, has a long tradition of being a country of etiquette. Most Chinese people have an inherent hospitality, so many people also greeted the foreign guests with friendly smiles.

从接待来说,“内紧外松”,接待者的心情也很复杂。因为内部还绷着“阶级斗争”之弦,中国国际旅行社的导游每次陪团都得花几小时写出“情况报告”。导游小心翼翼,如履薄冰,不能有任何疏忽和闪失。

From a reception perspective, it was a situation of “tight on the inside, relaxed on the outside”, and the feelings of the hosts were complex. Since the “class struggle” was still a tense issue domestically, tour guides from China International Travel Service(CITS) had to spend several hours writing “situation reports” each time they accompanied a group. The tour guides were very cautious, like walking on thin ice, with no room for negligence or mistakes.

ー对台湾老夫妻跟随香港旅行团入了境。公安局担心他们是“特务”,嘱告导游“不要给他们单独活动的机会”。实际上,这对时隔30年オ返乡的老夫妻也在思忖:“共产党会不会对我们怎么样?”

An elderly couple from Taiwan entered the country with a Hong Kong tour group. The Public Security Bureau, worried they might be spies, instructed the tour guide to “not give them opportunities for independent activities.” In reality, this couple, who were returning home after 30 years, were also pondering, “Will the Communist Party do something to us?”

1979年了,我们的国门是打开了,但我们的意识还很不开放。我们开放的步伐,还没有迈开大步。

It was 1979, our national doors were open, but our mind was not very open yet. Our steps toward openness had not yet been taken in strides.

“当时外国人要进来不容易,首先要取得国旅的指标,而国旅指标是有控制的,
像发粮票ー样,年初分配名额给法国、英国、美国等各国的旅行商。旅行商为争取到更多的名额,经常与国旅争得面红耳赤。”王尔康说。

“At that time, it was not easy for foreigners to enter. Firstly, they needed to obtain a quota from the CITS, which was controlled like ration coupons, with quotas being allocated to travel agents from countries like France, Britain, and the United States at the beginning of the year. Travel agents often argued fiercely with the CITS to secure more quotas,” said Wang Erkang.

王尔康原是个外交官,一身文气,早年担任国旅总经理,是中国旅游业的“活档案”。他清瘦挺直的身材,敏锐的眼睛,让人过目难忘。他说国外旅行商常抱怨说: “我们是拼命发展旅游,你们是限制旅游。”

Wang Erkang, a former diplomat with a scholarly demeanor, served as the general manager of the CITS in his early years and is considered a “living archive” of the Chinese tourism industry. His slim and upright figure, and keen eyes, are unforgettable. He said that foreign travel agents often complained, “We are desperately developing tourism, but you are restricting it.”

1979年,美国有17万人申请来华旅游,只有2万人获准。在日本年轻人中,4 个人就有3个想到中国旅游,报名到西安的就有120万人。各国要求来华旅游的人数都远远超过国旅定额。海外华侨来华,归中国旅行社负责统筹,也有名额限制。有些华侨登记排队好多年了,还没有获得签证。五洲四海的声音都在问:“你们不是也想挣外汇吗?为什么有钱不赚?”

In 1979, 170,000 Americans applied to travel to China, but only 20,000 were approved. Among young people in Japan, three out of four wanted to travel to China, with 1.2 million signing up for trips to Xi'an. The number of people from various countries who requested to travel to China far exceeded the quota set by the CITS. Overseas Chinese coming to China were managed by CITS, and they also had quota restrictions. Some overseas Chinese had been on the waiting list for many years and still had not received a visa. People from all over the world were asking, “Don't you also want to earn foreign exchange? Why are you not taking the money?”

在当年还相当简陋的会议室、办公室里,国家旅游总局组织学习小平讲话精神的春夏秋冬,大家都还记忆犹新。这记忆告诉我们,封闭久了,打开我们的观念之门,并不比下个文件打开国门容易。

In the rather rudimentary meeting rooms and offices of that year, the memory of studying Deng Xiaoping's speeches during the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter under the organization of the China National Tourism Administration(CNTA) is still fresh in everyone's mind. This memory tells us that after being closed for a long time, opening the doors of our mindset is not any easier than issuing a document to open the national doors.

春夏秋冬,我们像大扫除那样,一次次地清除旅游工作就是“吃喝玩乐”“洋奴思想”“为资产阶级服务”等“文革”遗留的影响。大扫除后,我们的会议室、办公室里也布置出新的景观。新景观能形象地说明,我们已经认识到,旅游业是“无烟エ业”,是“无形贸易”,是投资少、见效快、多创外汇的综合性经济事业。我们还记住了陈云同志的话:“旅游收入实际上是'风景出口 ’,比外贸出口收入来得快。”

Throughout the seasons, we, like conducting a major cleanup, repeatedly eliminated the influence left by the “Cultural Revolution” that suggested tourism work was merely about “indulgence”, “subservience to foreigners”, and “serving the bourgeoisie”. After the major cleanup, our meeting rooms and offices also took on a new look. The new scenery vividly shows that we have recognized that the tourism industry is a “smokeless industry”, an “invisible trade”, and a comprehensive economic venture that requires little investment, yields quick results, and generates much foreign exchange. We also remember Comrade Chen Yun's words: "Tourism income is essentially ‘scenery export’, which generates income faster than traditional exports.”

那时,很多人还不了解外汇,但开始对有外汇的人刮目相看。搞旅游工作的则开始懂得,外汇储备是ー个国家在国际经济活动中实カ的象征。国家持有的外汇储备可以保障国家进口重要战略物资、关键技术,还能保障金融体系的安全。万一发生战争、灾害,或者国际经济形势突然变化,国家银行可以用充足的外汇储备来应对突发的金融风险。

At that time, many people still didn't understand foreign exchange, but they started to look up to those who had foreign exchange. Those involved in the tourism industry began to understand that foreign exchange reserves are a real symbol of a country's participation in international economic activities. The foreign exchange reserves held by a country can ensure the import of important strategic materials and key technologies, as well as safeguard the security of the financial system. In case of war, disaster, or sudden changes in the international economic situation, the national bank can use ample foreign exchange reserves to cope with sudden financial risks.

旅游外汇换汇率比出口物资换汇率高。按1978年计算,出口的物资,平均约二元七八角人民币的东西换回一美元。有些轻エ业产品由于花色品种不适应国际市场的需要,卖不出好价格,往往要用四五元人民币的东西才能换回一美元外汇, 而旅游外汇,只需要一元五角多人民币就可以换回一美元。

The exchange rate for tourism foreign exchange is higher than that for exported goods. Based on calculations from 1978, on average, goods worth about 2.7-2.8 RMB could be exchanged for one US dollar in exports. Some light industry products, due to their designs and varieties not meeting the needs of the international market, couldn't be sold at a good price, often needing goods worth four or five RMB to exchange for one US dollar in foreign exchange. However, for tourism foreign exchange, only a bit over 1.5 RMB was needed to exchange for one US dollar.

中国地域辽阔,山水风光、文物古迹、民俗风情等旅游资源丰富,是世界旅游资源大国,发展旅游有独特的优势。国务院成立了以主管副总理为首的旅游工作领导小组,各地政府也相继成立领导小组。不管怎么说,旅游业开始从“贴钱”转向挣钱。这个进步很重要。

China, with its vast territory, rich natural landscapes, cultural relics, folk customs, and other tourism resources, is a major tourism resource country in the world, with unique advantages in developing tourism. The State Council established a tourism work leadership group headed by the deputy prime minister in charge, and local governments also successively established leadership groups. No matter how you look at it, the tourism industry has started to transition from losing money to making money. This progress is very significant.

“莫畏途难时日远,鸡鸣林角现晨曦。”ー个旅游业的新的早晨苏醒了。但就像夏日的北京仿佛没有早晨似的,大街上很快就车水马龙。这时,“旅游业工作者”都感到自身压カ重重了,而且很快就感到“压得喘不过气来”

“Do not fear the long and difficult journey, as the crowing of the rooster signals the break of dawn.” A new morning for the tourism industry has awakened. But like summer mornings in Beijing, which seem non-existent, the streets quickly become bustling. At this time, “tourism workers” all felt a heavy burden on themselves, and soon felt "so pressured they could hardly breathe".

2. 今夜宿何方

Where to Stay Tonight?

有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?当四海旅游者蜂拥而至时,我们却乱了方寸,慌了手脚。我们还没有建起与此相适应的旅游市场秩序,面临的突出困难一下子就推到了我们鼻子跟前:条件简陋、住房奇缺、交通困阻。

Isn't it joyful to have friends coming from afar? When tourists from all over the world flocked in, we were thrown into confusion and panic. We hadn't yet established a tourism market order that was commensurate with this influx, and the outstanding difficulties were suddenly pushed right in front of us: basic conditions, severe shortage of accommodation, and transportation difficulties.

旅游工作者们竭尽全力,想让外宾住好吃好,可是1978年的北京,只有7家涉外饭店,能拿得出手的床位充其量还不上2000张。从全国来说,也只有137家有点样子的饭店。

Tourism workers tried their best to provide good accommodations and food for foreign guests, but in 1978, Beijing only had 7 hotels that catered to foreigners, with no more than 2000 decent beds. Nationally, there were only 137 somewhat decent hotels.

北京国旅、中旅捉襟见肘,天天愁的就是客房。饭店走廊全都住满,标准间中间加铺,会议室打起通铺,还有客人等待在大堂。饭店里再也没地方可塞床位了, 大厅乱哄哄的,客人翘首盼等,怎么办?

Beijing CITS were stretched to their limits, with their daily concern being the shortage of guest rooms. Corridors of hotels were all filled with people, extra beds were added to standard rooms, conference rooms were made into shared accommodations, and there were still guests waiting in the lobby. There was no longer any space to squeeze in extra beds in the hotels, the lobby was chaotic, and guests were eagerly waiting. What could be done?

有的把客人拉到北京“上海西餐厅”,把吃西餐的小桌子拼起来当大床;或拉到“莫斯科餐厅”打地铺,男女屏风挡隔,权且将就。当时来华观光的旅游者,有很多是腰缠万贯的富翁,叫人住在这种条件的地方,也真觉得丢了国家的面子。

Some would take guests to Beijing's “Shanghai Western Restaurant”, where small dining tables were put together to serve as a big bed, or they would go to the “Moscow Restaurant” for makeshift sleeping arrangements, with screens separating men and women. At that time, many tourists visiting China were wealthy tycoons, and having them stay in such conditions really made us feel as if we were losing face for our country.

还有个办法是用“缓兵之计”。这批外宾下了飞机,前批宾客还没退房。于是先把客人连行李ー起拉到故宫、颐和园去游览,这边紧张地腾房间。那时外宾旅游也真够累的,你想想,乘了 20多个小时飞机,到达北京后,时差还没有倒过来,就要拖着疲惫的身子去参观。到晚上,等上一批客人走了,才能入住宾馆。

Another strategy was to use a “delaying tactic”. When one group of foreign guests landed, the previous group of guests had not yet checked out. So, the new guests and their luggage were taken straight to sightseeing spots like the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, while hotel rooms were urgently being vacated on the other end. At that time, foreign tourists were indeed tired. Just imagine, after a 20-hour flight, they arrived in Beijing and before they could even adjust to the time difference, they had to go sightseeing while exhausted. It wasn't until the evening, when the previous group of guests had left, that they could check into the hotel.

像这样当晚能入住的旅游团,还算是幸运的。

Tourist groups that were able to check into a hotel on the same day they arrived were actually considered lucky.

有一次,青旅接了一个美国团,北京实在无处下榻了,打电话向时任团中央书记的李瑞环汇报。李瑞环也没法子,硬着头皮给小平打电话。小平打电话给空军, 动用军用飞机连夜把外宾运送到天津去过夜,第二天又用飞机运回北京来观光。

Once, China Youth Travel Service(CYTS) received a group from the United States, but there were simply no accommodations available in Beijing. They reported this to Li Ruihuan, who was then the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Li Ruihuan had no solution, and had to call Deng Xiaoping directly. Deng Xiaoping contacted the Air Force to arrange military aircraft to fly the guests overnight to Tianjin, where they could spend the night. The next day, they were flown back to Beijing for sightseeing.

坐飞机易地投宿,现在来说是不可思议的事。而那时,为解决住宿问题,通过国务院李先念、陈慕华等副总理调军用飞机把客人送往天津等地住宿,是常有的事,最远的送到南京。

This kind of extraordinary arrangement - flying guests to a different city for overnight accommodation - is simply unimaginable today. Back then, to solve the accommodation problem, it was common for Vice Premiers like Li Xianian and Chen Muhua to arrange for guests to be flown to places like Tianjin and even as far as Nanjing using military aircraft.

1978年,全国旅游入境人数超过!80万人次,比以往20年宾客总和还要多。到1979年,客人成倍增加,而宾馆不能像孙悟空拔根毫毛那样呼之即出,住宿矛盾更加突显。外国游客在大厅里打地铺已不奇怪,戏称在东方野营;在机场里围着毛毯候飞机,犹如战后在某个边境机场等待联军来接难民。

In 1978, the total number of inbound tourists in China exceeded 1.8 million, which was more than the total number of guests in the previous 20 years. By 1979, the number of guests had multiplied, and the contradiction between the growing demand and the limited hotel supply became even more prominent. Unlike Sun Wukong (the Monkey King) who could summon something out of thin air by plucking a single hair, we couldn't magically produce hotels. It was no longer surprising to see foreign tourists sleeping on the floor in the lobby, jokingly calling it "camping in the East"; or wrapping themselves in blankets at the airport, waiting for flights like refugees waiting for Allied forces at a border airport after a war.

京城缺旅社,今夜宿何家?这个问号,就是深深的记忆。

Where would they stay in Beijing, a city lacking hotels? This question is a deep memory.

北京东长安街6号,当年是国家旅游局和国旅总社所在地,经常有蓝眼睛、高鼻梁的洋人坐在门口的台阶上,等住所,等机票。这样的风景,在当时大国中,恐怕绝无仅有。

No. 6 East Chang’an Street in Beijing, where the CNTA and CITS were located, often saw blue-eyed, high-nosed foreigners sitting on the steps at the entrance, waiting for accommodation, waiting for plane tickets. Such a sight, in a big country like China at that time, was probably unprecedented.

早在美国总统尼克松访华前タ,北京饭店新建了一座23层的大厦,现在远远安排不下蜂拥而至的宾客。北京饭店总经理手头只有7间住房的机动权,其他房子的钥匙掌控在国务院谷牧、陈慕华、余秋里、王震4位副总理的手里。先给谁得副总理协调发话,ー时成为天下奇闻。

Before President Nixon's visit to China, a 23-story building was constructed at the Beijing Hotel. But now, it's far from enough to accommodate the influx of guests. The General Manager of Beijing Hotel only had the flexibility to allocate 7 rooms, and the keys to the rest of the rooms were in the hands of the four Deputy Prime Ministers, Gu Mu, Chen Muhua, Yu Qiuli, and Wang Zhen. Deciding who should receive the rooms upon the coordination of the Deputy Prime Ministers was a curious issue at the time.

ー些客人久仰北京饭店的大名,宁肯在大堂静等,也不愿去别处投宿。有一次全部客人都安顿好了,还剩一个没着落,怎么办?结果他在同行者卫生间的浴缸里,蜷曲着过了一夜。

Some guests, having heard of the great reputation of the Beijing Hotel, preferred to wait patiently in the lobby rather than seek accommodations elsewhere. Once, when all guests were accommodated, one person was left without a place to stay. What to do? In the end, he curled up in the bathtub of his fellow travelers' bathroom and spent the night there.

不仅住宿难,而且条件差。

Not only was it difficult to find accommodation, but the conditions were also poor.

中国旅游协会副会长兼秘书长李玉莺,说起她当年带一批美国客人去招待所住宿,她说美国人ー看,缩了回来,不肯入住,认为条件比美国监狱还差,当即给美国使馆打电话,使馆人员叫他们先去使馆。李玉莺苦口婆心劝阻。天又下起了雨, 她就把这批客人拉到北京饭店大堂,每人发个毯子,在沙发上过夜。她也陪着外宾在椅子上度过漫长的夜晚。

Li Yuying, Vice President and Secretary-General of the China Tourism Association, spoke about the time she brought a group of American guests to stay in a guesthouse. Upon seeing the conditions, the Americans recoiled, refusing to stay. They believed that the conditions were worse than those in American prisons, and immediately called the U.S. embassy, which suggested they go to the embassy instead. Li Yuying tried her best to persuade them otherwise. It started raining also, so she took this group of guests to the lobby of the Beijing Hotel, handed each person a blanket, and let them spend the night on the sofas. She also accompanied the guests, spending the long night on a chair.

这是发生在20世纪80年代初的事。不能怪美国人挑剔,与国外饭店相比,我们的条件确实差太多。那时的招待所是个什么状况?几乎所有招待所的房间都没有卫生间,ー个楼层两大排客房,走廊尽头有个公用厕所,散发出的异味弥漫整个走廊。洗澡间大多设在厕所隔壁,你脱掉衣服洗澡的时候,感觉隔壁的臭气直接侵袭你的全身,让你感觉全身都有洗不掉的臭味。而且,每天只供应两小时热水,你进去洗澡的时候也许已经供水1个小时50分钟,但你并不知道,你脱光衣服擦上香皂,突然热水没了,你只好光着身子干着急。餐厅实行8小时工作制,过时恕不恭候。

This happened in the early 1980s. One can't blame the Americans for being picky. Compared to hotels abroad, our conditions were indeed far behind. What was the condition of the guesthouses at that time? Almost all guesthouse rooms didn't have a bathroom. On each floor, there were two large rows of guest rooms, with a shared toilet at the end of the hallway. The smell from the toilet filled the entire corridor. Most of the bathing areas were next to the toilet. When you undressed to take a bath, you could feel the unpleasant smell from the next door directly invading your body, leaving you with a feeling of an unremovable stench. Moreover, hot water was only available for two hours every day. You might go in to take a bath after hot water had already been supplied for 1 hour and 50 minutes, but you wouldn't know it. Once you had taken off your clothes and applied soap, the hot water might suddenly run out, leaving you naked and in a bind. The restaurant adhered to an 8-hour operation policy, and latecomers were not accommodated.

条件略好的涉外宾馆,也存在许多问题。耗子夜袭旅客,外宾彻夜辗转。宾客带的食品常被老鼠啃得乱七八糟,连照相机的皮背带也被咬断。有时半尺长的大老鼠突然从空飞降,“啪”的一下正落在宾客的床上,于是有外宾称中国饭店为“老鼠饭店”。

This happened in the early 1980s. One can't blame the Americans for being picky. Compared to hotels abroad, our conditions were indeed far behind. What was the condition of the guesthouses at that time? Almost all guesthouse rooms didn't have a bathroom. On each floor, there were two large rows of guest rooms, with a shared toilet at the end of the hallway. The smell from the toilet filled the entire corridor. Most of the bathing areas were next to the toilet. When you undressed to take a bath, you could feel the unpleasant smell from the next door directly invading your body, leaving you with a feeling of an unremovable stench. Moreover, hot water was only available for two hours every day. You might go in to take a bath after hot water had already been supplied for 1 hour and 50 minutes, but you wouldn't know it. Once you had taken off your clothes and applied soap, the hot water might suddenly run out, leaving you naked and in a bind. The restaurant adhered to an 8-hour operation policy, and latecomers were not accommodated.

一位外宾就绘声绘色地讲述:“晚上我看见老鼠在我眼前跳舞。”他随身带着老鼠咬过留有牙痕的巧克カ,拿出来作为介绍“老鼠饭店”的证据。

One guest vividly described: “At night, I saw rats dancing right in front of my eyes.” He carried with him a piece of chocolate that bore the teeth marks of a rat, which he presented as evidence of the “Rat Hotel”.

靳羽西来了,这位海外名人也被老鼠闹得夜不安宁。住的房间没有天花板,老
鼠在房梁上东蹿西跳,灰尘洒落。一开灯,老鼠逃走,ー关灯又出来了。几只老鼠还从她的床上爬过,吓得她一夜都不敢入睡。

When the famous overseas celebrity, Jin Yuxi, came, she too was disturbed by the rats at night. She lived in a room without a ceiling, mice scampered back and forth on the rafters, scattering dust. As soon as she turned on the light, the mice fled, but when the light was off, they returned. ome mice even crawled across her bed, frightening her to the point where she dared not sleep all night.

武汉某饭店,浴室遍地是水,每个旅客都在为马桶漏水发愁。桂林旅馆水泥屋顶竖着蓄水塔,只见水头不见水,所有客人又都为断水而抱怨。成都某涉外宾馆房间壁橱里灰尘厚积,地毯又黑又硬,床单、被子、枕套都脏兮兮的,令人恶心。卫生间墙上镜子破成两块,一条发黑的胶布刺眼地粘在上面,败陋状况令客人感觉好像来到战后的城市。

In a certain hotel in Wuhan, the bathroom was flooded with water, every guest was worried about the leaking toilet. In Guilin, the motel had cement roofs with water tanks perched on top, water could be seen but not used, causing all guests to complain about the water outage. In a certain foreign-related hotel in Chengdu, the closet in the room was thick with dust, the carpet was black and hard, and the sheets, quilts, and pillowcases were all filthy, making one feel nauseated. The mirror in the bathroom was broken into two pieces, with a piece of blackened tape glaringly sticking to it, the decrepit condition made guests feel like they had arrived in a post-war city.

ー个美国旅行团的领队柯娜・梅・邱夫人,致函中国国际旅行社,尖锐批评饭店卫生不佳现象,其中写道:

Mrs. Kona Mei Qiu, the leader of an American tour group, wrote a sharp critique to the CITS criticizing the poor hygiene in the hotels. She wrote:

“客房的蟬螂钻进我的行李包从北京运到兰州。在乌鲁木齐,蟬螂更严重,竟爬到床上来。对此,我只能置之一笑。卫生间不起作用,马桶在漏水。不干净的设施和爬虫之害,可以直接影响旅行者对中国的特殊好感。”

“Cockroaches from the guest room crawled into my suitcase and were transported from Beijing to Lanzhou. In Urumqi, the cockroach situation was even worse, they actually crawled onto the bed. To this, I can only laugh it off. The bathroom facilities are not working, particularly the toilet, which is leaking. Dirty facilities and pest problems can directly affect travelers' special fondness for China.”

今夜不知何处宿,不只是在北京。

“I don't know where to stay tonight,” wasn't just a problem in Beijing.

热点旅游城市,饭店都人满为患,床位紧缺。

In popular tourist cities, hotels were overcrowded, and there was a shortage of beds.

在桂林,海外侨胞和港澳台同胞有的被安排在大礼堂的舞台上,男男女女都打地铺。有一首打油诗流传很广:“桂林山水甲天下,我到桂林住地下……”

In Guilin, some overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were arranged to sleep on the stage of the auditorium, with men and women alike sleeping on the floor. A popular ditty was widely circulated: “Guilin's landscape tops those elsewhere, here in Guilin, I sleep on the floor...”

在上海,当时虽有锦江、和平等7家上档次的饭店,但有时几千名外宾同一天要在上海过夜,急得上海市旅游局茫然无措。安置不下的宾朋,常常临时拉到杭州、苏州去过夜。忙得顾不上吃饭的导游姑娘,跳上跳下地解释着,经常急得泪汪汪的。

In Shanghai, despite having high-end hotels like Jinjiang and Peace Hotel among seven others, there were times when thousands of foreign guests needed to spend the night in Shanghai on the same day, which often left the Shanghai Tourism Bureau at a loss. Guests who couldn't be accommodated were often hastily relocated to Hangzhou or Suzhou to spend the night. The tour guide girls, too busy to even eat, would hop up and down explaining the situation, often to the brink of tears.

3.票!票!票!

Tickets! Tickets! Tickets!

1979年春,桂林机场。浓雾迷天。

Spring of 1979, Guilin Airport. The sky was filled with dense fog.

一天,两天,桂林的雾,依旧那么浓。10多个航班延误了,宾客焦急的情绪,也像雾一般在候机室内外弥漫,机场一片混乱。

One day, two days, the fog in Guilin remained as dense as ever. More than 10 flights were delayed, and the anxiety of the guests, like the fog, filled the waiting room and the airport was in chaos.

外宾是有日程的,签证到期该回国了,回国机票也早买了,可是卡在桂林出不来,怎么不焦急上火? 3天后,天空终于开雾了。几天滞留下来的旅客黑压压ー片,机场乱哄哄的。每个团都想先走。协调、安慰,增调航班,喧闹数天的游客最后总算都散了出去。

Foreign guests had schedules to keep, their visas were expiring and they needed to return to their home countries. They had bought their return tickets long ago, but they were stuck in Guilin and couldn't leave, how could they not be anxious and upset? Three days later, the sky finally cleared up. The travelers who had been stranded for several days were a mass of dark figures, the airport was in an uproar. Every group wanted to leave first. Through coordination, consolation, and adding additional flights, the noisy tourists who had been there for several days eventually all dispersed.

中国民航从1979年4月1日起,在国内对外开放的城市中相继开辟了 8条新航线,每周共安排了 545个航班。外宾最集中的北京、上海两地,班机由原来每周

的15班增加到24班。

Starting from April 1, 1979, the Civil Aviation Administration of China successively opened eight new routes in cities open to foreigners domestically, scheduling a total of 545 flights per week. The number of flights in Beijing and Shanghai, where most foreign guests were concentrated, increased from the original 15 flights per week to 24.

桂林是最热门的景区,要求去桂林游览的外宾越来越多。民航广州管理局已把从广州到桂林的航班,由原来每周!5班增加到24班。北京、上海、杭州、贵阳、天津、重庆、成都、武汉、长沙等地,每周都有班机进出桂林。

Guilin was the most popular tourist area, and the number of foreign guests requesting to visit Guilin increased. The Civil Aviation Administration of Guangzhou had increased the number of flights from Guangzhou to Guilin from the original 15 flights per week to 24. Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guiyang, Tianjin, Chongqing, Chengdu, Wuhan, Changsha, and other cities all had flights to and from Guilin every week.

在当时情况下,民航已竭尽全力,但还是无法满足旅游班机需求。1978年底, 中国民航只有162条航线,飞机的日利用时间オ1.9个小时,民航的运输总周转量世界排名第33位。飞机性能差,30年前乘坐过中国民航飞机的人,对当年那颠簸的飞机和轰鸣的噪音记忆犹新。

Given the circumstances at the time, the Civil Aviation Administration had done its utmost, but it still could not meet the demand for tourist flights. By the end of 1978, China's Civil Aviation Administration only had 162 routes, the daily usage time of aircraft was 1.9 hours, and the total turnover of civil aviation ranked 33rd in the world. The aircraft's performance was poor, and those who had flown on China's civil aviation aircraft 30 years ago still had vivid memories of the bumpy aircraft and roaring noise.

票!票!票!机票、火车票,两票难求。外宾进得来,出不去,成为主要矛盾。外国、侨胞旅行团因购不到机票而被打乱行程,滞留、改线现象经常发生。

Tickets! Tickets! Tickets! Both flight tickets and train tickets were hard to come by. Foreign guests could get in, but they couldn't get out, which became a major problem. Tour groups from foreign countries and overseas Chinese often had their schedules disrupted because they couldn't buy flight tickets, and incidents of delay or route changes happened frequently.

有一次在桂林,ー个美国团班机延误,眼见签证即将到期却走不了,客人闹了起来了,挥舞拳头抗议。全陪导游老黄想,打电话向国旅总部反映,时间都来不及了。急中生智,他直接把电话打到分管旅游工作的陈慕华副总理办公室。陈慕华连夜向空军司令张廷发求助,临时调军用飞机救急,オ平息ー场风波。

Once in Guilin, a flight delay for an American group led to a scene where the guests, seeing their visas about to expire but unable to leave, started to protest. The accompanying guide, Old Huang, thought to call the headquarters of the CITS, but there wasn't enough time. Thinking quickly, he directly called the office of Deputy Premier Chen Muhua, who was in charge of tourism work. Chen Muhua sought help from Air Force Commander Zhang Tingfa overnight and arranged for a military plane to be used in an emergency, which quelled the unrest.

当时缓解航班紧缺的办法,只有通过国务院、中央军委高层领导找空军司令张廷发特批空军包机。紧张状况一直延续到1982年。空军部队1982年共派出1800 多架次飞机,协助旅游部门空运游客近6万人次。1985年,空军正式成立旅游包机公司,飞机短缺的状况稍有缓解。

At that time, the only way to alleviate the shortage of flights was to seek special permission from Air Force Commander Zhang Tingfa through the State Council and the senior leadership of the Central Military Commission. he tense situation continued until 1982. In 1982, the Air Force dispatched more than 1,800 flights, assisting the tourism department in transporting nearly 60,000 tourists by air. In 1985, the Air Force formally established a charter company for tourism, which somewhat alleviated the shortage of aircraft.

火车票同样紧缺,卧铺票更是难求。常常是ー个团只能分到几张卧铺票,而旅游团中年龄偏大者居多,ー个团下飞机,多数是白发老人,被称为“银发族”。导游陪同常为拿不出足够的卧铺票而内疚。

Train tickets were also in short supply, and sleeper tickets were even harder to find. Often, a group could only get a few sleeper tickets, and the majority of those in the tour groups were older, most of them were elderly with white hair, referred to as the “silver-haired tribe”. The accompanying guides often felt guilty for not being able to provide enough sleeper tickets.

法国飞行78团凭票到火车站上车,车站告知走不了,要改乘凌晨2时的火车。等到凌晨2时,铁路方面又通知说这班车次取消了,要9时オ有火车。旅客通宵未眠,遇上这种情况,怎能不生气！

The French Flying 78 Group arrived at the train station with tickets only to be told by the station that they couldn't leave and had to take the train at 2 am. When it got to 2 am, the railway informed them that this train was cancelled and they had to wait until 9 am for the next train. The tourists had been up all night. Under such circumstances, how could they not get angry!

有一次火车途经昔日丝绸之路走过的名城,有个法国旅游团上车。因没有软卧,客人和陪同发生争执,团队中有80多岁的老太太。列车长也很为难。正在无可奈何之际,甘肃省委一行人知道情况后,带队的领导对列车长说:“这样吧,我们 12人的软卧全部让给旅游外宾。”说着就招呼人从软卧车厢把东西拿了出来。

Once, a train was passing through a famous city on the old Silk Road, and a French tour group got on. Because there were no soft sleepers available, a dispute arose between the guests and the accompanying staff, with an elderly lady in her 80s in the group. The train conductor was also in a difficult position. Just when they were at a loss, the Gansu Provincial Party Committee members who were on the train learnt about the situation. The leader of the group said to the train conductor, “Let's do this, we will give all our 12 soft sleepers to the foreign guests.” Then, they called their people to take their belongings out of the soft sleeper carriage.

法国客人进入软卧车厢后,迷惑不解地问:“他们怎么愿意把软卧让出来?”当得知为他们让出卧铺的是省级领导,顿时感动不已。

When the French guests entered the soft sleeper carriage, they asked in confusion, “Why are they willing to give up their soft sleepers?” When they learned that the people who gave up their berths for them were provincial leaders, they were deeply moved.

“在有限的条件下,解决宾客交通困难,我们尽心尽力。”王尔康给我们讲了个

导航轮的故事。

“We did our best to solve the guests’ transportation difficulties under limited conditions.” Wang Erkang told us a story about a navigation wheel. The story took place in the early 1980s.

故事发生在20世纪80年代初。这天王尔康刚上班,总经理室的电话就响起来了。空军机场告知,原定明晨6时起飞的一架图ー154包机导航轮要更换。图ー 154是苏联产的飞机,早已从苏联采购、用火车托运的ー批导航轮,却因东北嫩江发大水,失去了联系,火车皮现不知道在哪儿。如果不更换导航轮,飞机就不能起飞。王尔康一听急了,飞机延误就要打乱客人下ー站的旅行计划,这150多人的旅游团,ー处乱就一路乱,怎么办?

This happened in the early 1980s. One day, as soon as Wang Erkang arrived at work, the phone in the general manager's office rang. The Air Force airport informed them that the navigation wheel of a Tu-154 charter plane, which was scheduled to take off at 6 am the next morning, needed to be replaced. The Tu-154 is a Soviet-made aircraft. A batch of navigation wheels had already been purchased from the Soviet Union and shipped by train, but due to severe flooding in the Nen River in Northeast China, they had lost contact, and they didn't know where the train carriage was now. If the navigation wheel wasn't replaced, the plane wouldn't be able to take off. Upon hearing this, Wang Erkang was alarmed. If the flight was delayed, it would disrupt the travel plans of the next stop for the guests. For this tour group of more than 150 people, if one place was chaotic, the chaos would follow them the whole way. What should he do?

空军也在想办法。全国发电报寻找,终于在空军所属的乌鲁木齐机场找到ー个备用导航轮,但是得有专人去拿。王尔康一看飞乌鲁木齐航班还赶得上,马上派人出发赶飞机。如同一场争分夺秒的“战斗”,终于在当晚!2点前把导航轮送到空军机场,机械师连夜装换。第二天黎明,一声轰鸣,飞机按时冲上蓝天。王尔康与在场的国旅总社人员一直悬着的心,总算平静下来,脸上有了欣慰的微笑。

The Air Force was also trying to find a solution. They sent telegrams nationwide to find a spare navigation wheel and finally located one at their Urumqi Airport. However, they needed someone to pick it up. Seeing that there was still time to catch a flight to Urumqi, Wang Erkang immediately dispatched someone to rush to the airport. Like a race against time, the navigation wheel was finally delivered to the Air Force airport before midnight, and the mechanics worked overnight to replace it. At dawn the next day, with a loud roar, the plane took off on time. The hearts of Wang Erkang and the other staff from the China International Travel Service, which had been hanging in the balance, finally calmed down, and a relieved smile appeared on their faces.

1978年到20世纪80年代初,中国民航、铁路都极其薄弱,交通与住宿,同时成为发展旅游的主要瓶颈,外宾对此啧有烦言。抗议呀,叫喊呀,但由于条件限制,都难以较快改善。当这些外宾回国后,形成的舆论却相当可怕,给中国的国际声誉造成的不良影响,还不容易改变。

From 1978 to the early 1980s, both air and rail transportation in China were extremely weak, and transportation and accommodation became major bottlenecks for the development of tourism. Foreign visitors often complained about these issues. Despite protests and complaints, rapid improvements were difficult to achieve due to various constraints. After these foreign visitors returned to their home countries, the public opinion formed was rather negative, creating an unfavorable impact on China's international reputation, which was not easy to change.

20世纪80年代初,连续5批130多个美国客人在中国住不好,吃不好,特别是又因机票受困走不了,问题从民间反映到官方。不久,美国官方公开发布消息,说美国人到中国出不来,没地方住,对中国之旅亮出红灯。随即美国旅客骤减。美国旅行商说:“等到你们条件改善,我们再来。”

In the early 1980s, over 130 American visitors in five consecutive groups had unpleasant experiences in China, facing poor accommodations and food. Particularly troubling was the difficulty they experienced in obtaining flight tickets, which led to their being stranded. These issues escalated from the public domain to official levels. Soon after, the U.S. government publicly announced that Americans were having difficulty leaving China, and that there were inadequate accommodations. This warning signaled a red light for trips to China, leading to a significant decrease in American tourists. merican travel agencies said, "We will return when your conditions have improved."

中国旅游业,是在种种尴尬的情况下起步。

The tourism industry in China started amid various awkward circumstances.

4. 意想不到的尴尬

4. Unexpected Embarrassments

“民以食为天。”中国美食天下扬,正宗的有鲁菜、徽菜、浙菜、苏菜、闽菜、粤菜、川菜、湘菜等八大菜系,还有满、蒙、回、朝鲜等民族的特色口味,如烧、烤、涮。高档的有燕窝、鱼翅;中档的有甲鱼、螃蟹;北京烤鸭,杭州宋嫂鱼,四川太白鸭…… 任君享用,更不消说还有天南海北形形色色的风味小吃。说到吃,在中国总没问题了吧?

“People regard food as their primary need.” Chinese cuisine is famous worldwide. The authentic Chinese cuisine includes eight major culinary traditions: Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, and Hunan, as well as the special tastes of ethnic groups such as the Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Korean, which include techniques like roasting, grilling, and hotpot. There are high-end delicacies like bird's nest and shark fin; mid-range options like turtle and crab; Beijing roast duck, Hangzhou Song Sao Fish, Sichuan Taibai duck... The choice is yours. Not to mention, there are a variety of local snacks from all over the country. When it comes to eating, there should be no problem in China, right?

“你们想错了。”程文栋先生说,“当时在餐桌上出现过不少尴尬。”程文栋曾任国家旅游局副局长,担任过中国驻意大利大使,获过意大利“大十字骑士勋章”。他身材高大,声音洪亮而浑厚。他向我们讲述当年陪美国内务部次长一行人游桂林的事。

“You're mistaken,” said Mr. Cheng Wendong. “There were quite a few embarrassing incidents at the dining table.” Cheng Wendong served as the Deputy Director of the National Tourism Administration, was China's ambassador to Italy, and was awarded the “Knight Grand Cross” by Italy. With a tall stature and a deep, resonant voice, he shared with us his experience of accompanying a delegation led by the US Deputy Secretary of the Interior on a tour of Guilin.

美国客人到餐厅坐下,提出要喝啤酒。

When the American guests sat down at the restaurant, they asked for beer.

“对不起,没有了。”

“Sorry, we're out of beer.”

“那就来点冰激凌。”

“Well, bring some ice cream then.”

冰激凌是什么?服务员还是第一次听说,去问餐厅经理。经理脸红了,知道是知道,但餐厅目前还不会做。最后,客人说:“那就来杯冰水吧!”

What is ice cream? It was the first time the waiter had heard of it, so he asked the restaurant manager. The manager blushed, he knew what ice cream was, but the restaurant was not currently equipped to make it. In the end, the guests said, “Well, bring a glass of ice water then!”

经理派人出去跑,打电话到处联系,就是找不到冰水。

The manager dispatched someone to go out and make phone calls to various contacts, but they simply couldn't find any ice water.

美国宾客耸耸肩,疑惑地瞪大眼睛问程先生:“冰水也没有?”

The American guests shrugged and widened their eyes in confusion, asking Mr. Cheng: “You don't have ice water either?”

程文栋说起话来中气十足,说到这里,仰面哈哈大笑起来:“你看现在,要什么饮料没有?那时候连啤酒都没有呀!青岛啤酒,年初就拿钱去预定的,按计划供应。需求上报了,但只批下极少量。”

Cheng Wendong spoke with great vigour, and when he got to this part, he threw his head back and laughed heartily: “Just look at the present times, is there any drink that we don't have? Back then, even beer was scarce! For Tsingtao Beer, we had to place an advance payment at the beginning of the year and it was supplied as per plan. The demand was reported, but only a very small quantity was approved.”

1979年,14个省市54个涉外饭店有个统计,每年短缺啤酒2778吨,而且多数啤酒质量很差,外国旅游者对喝不到啤酒很有意见。美国人晚餐想喝鸡尾酒,更让我们的餐厅经理傻了眼。那时只有少数涉外宾馆オ有调配鸡尾酒的人才。

In 1979, a statistic from 54 foreign-related hotels in 14 provinces and cities revealed a shortage of 2778 tons of beer annually. Moreover, the quality of most beers was very poor, which displeased foreign tourists who couldn't get their hands on any. If American guests wanted to drink a cocktail for dinner, it would leave our restaurant managers completely flabbergasted. At that time, only a few foreign-related hotels had staff who could mix cocktails.

还有香槟酒问题。香槟酒是礼仪用酒,国外宴会大开香槟酒助兴,以显示宴会的隆重。可是,我们的餐厅香槟酒也奇缺,喝都不够,更别说是弄得“香槟喷溅宾朋乐”。

There was also the issue of champagne. Champagne is a ceremonial drink. At foreign banquets, it's customary to open champagne for toasting, signifying the grandeur of the event. However, our restaurants were severely short of champagne. There was barely enough for consumption, let alone to create a “champagne-spraying, guest-delighting” scene.

除了物资紧俏,由于对外国饮食忌讳不了解,也闹出ー些不愉快的事。比如泰国游客忌吃牛肉,事先已通过陪同向餐厅打了招呼。数分钟后,服务员忙中出错, 偏偏把ー盘牛肉端上桌。

Besides the scarcity of supplies, some unpleasant incidents arose due to a lack of understanding of foreign food taboos. For example, Thai tourists avoid eating beef, and this had been communicated in advance to the restaurant through accompanying staff. A few minutes later, a server made a mistake during a busy period and mistakenly served a plate of beef.

“哎,我们不是说了吗,不吃牛肉。”ー桌人都火了,因为这被视为对客人信仰的侮辱！

“Hey, didn't we say that we don't eat beef?” Everyone at the table was angry, as this was viewed as an insult to the guests' beliefs!

港澳游客忌讳“炒觥鱼”,因为在他们那里炒觥鱼”是失业的代名词。但餐厅服务员对炒觥鱼这道菜叫惯了,上菜就大声唱道:“炒觥鱼了！”

Tourists from Hong Kong and Macao have a taboo against “fried goby”, because in their culture, “fried goby” is synonymous with unemployment. But restaurant servers were accustomed to calling out this dish loudly: “Fried goby!”

海员忌讳“翻”。某餐厅服务员帮忙,把下半边未吃的鱼翻了个身,谁知外国海员无法容忍,把筷子ー摔离席而去。

Seamen have a taboo against “flipping”. A restaurant server wanted to help and flipped a half-eaten fish, but a foreign sailor couldn't tolerate it and slammed his chopsticks down, leaving the table.

在饮食习惯上,国内外存在很大差异。外宾喜欢分餐制,中国餐厅总是老规矩,10人ー桌,合而食之,有时不足10人还不上菜,客人面面相觑,饥腹以待。

There were significant differences in dietary habits between domestic and foreign guests. Foreign guests prefer separate dining, but Chinese restaurants usually adhere to the old rule of serving 10 people per table, serving food when the table is full. Sometimes if there are less than 10 people, they don't serve food at all, leaving the guests to glance at each other and wait with hunger.

大多数外宾早上爱吃西餐,而许多餐厅还做不了西餐。早餐通常是稀饭、冷菜、点心,西方宾客很不适应。

Most foreign guests prefer Western breakfast, but many restaurants couldn't make Western food at that time. Breakfast was usually porridge, cold dishes, and dim sum, which Western guests found hard to adjust to.

还有一个让外国游客不满的是餐厅定时开饭,过时不候。早上得早起赶吃饭, 晚上又没有专供客人喝酒聊天的酒吧间。

Another dissatisfaction among foreign tourists was the restaurant's set meal times. If you missed the time, you would not be served. They had to get up early in the morning to catch breakfast and there was no bar available in the evening for guests to have a drink and chat.

中国有“食在广州”ー说,天上飞的,地上爬的,水里游的,经过煎炒烹炸、蒸煮
炖煨,无不成了席上的佳肴。然而,那些精心烹饪的名菜端上来,外国游客问,这是什么?当得知这是某些飞禽走兽时,他们不吃了。餐厅说,你点的,我们做了,你怎么能不要?客人说,你写的不是这个东西。人家说得没错,我们写的“龙凤呈祥”，外国游客能知道那是什么?矛盾的焦点则是:有些“洋客人”反对屠杀动物。

In China, there's a saying “Food is in Guangzhou”, which means everything that flies in the sky, crawls on the ground, and swims in the water can be transformed into delicious dishes on the table through various cooking methods like frying, boiling, steaming, and braising. However, when those meticulously prepared dishes were served, foreign tourists would ask, “What is this?” Upon learning that it was some kind of animal, they would refuse to eat. The restaurant would respond, “You ordered it, we made it, how can you reject it?” The guests would reply, “What you wrote is not this.” They’re right. If we wrote “dragon and phoenix bring auspiciousness,” how could foreign tourists know what it is? The focus of the conflict was that some "foreign guests" opposed the killing of animals.

许多餐厅还没有菜单,更没有英文菜单。每次吃中餐,外宾好奇地询问各种菜名。我们的传统菜名写在小竹签上,高高ー排悬于墙,外国宾客不知那是什么。菜单可以充分展示一个餐厅的优势和特色,可惜那时我们还不知道利用。

Many restaurants didn't even have menus, let alone English menus. Each time they had Chinese meals, foreign guests would curiously inquire about the names of various dishes. Every time they had Chinese meals, foreign guests would curiously ask about the names of various dishes. Our traditional dish names were written on small bamboo sticks and hung high on the wall, leaving foreign guests in confusion about what they were. Menus can fully showcase the advantages and features of a restaurant, but unfortunately, we didn't know how to utilize that at the time.

有些问题ー经外宾指出,改起来并不难。很快,印有中英文的精美菜单出现在各宾馆的餐桌上;也有了夜间小吃部,备有各种名酒、饮料、点心、冷菜、热菜。就餐时间不再限定。街头相继出现酒吧间,并迅速增加。

Some of the issues were easy to address once foreign guests pointed them out. Soon, beautifully printed menus with both Chinese and English started appearing on the dining tables in various hotels; there were also night snack sections that provided a variety of famous wines, beverages, pastries, cold dishes, and hot dishes. Meal times were no longer restricted. Bars started to appear on the streets and rapidly increased in number.

在旅游点进餐,更大的问题是卫生差。某些餐馆苍蝇就像轰炸机ー样向饭菜袭来,外宾见了头皮发麻。有些餐馆厨房与餐厅只隔ー矮墙,客人可以看到师傅打赤膊在大锅台上烫面条,食欲大减。

The bigger problem with dining at tourist spots was poor hygiene. In some restaurants, flies swooped down on the food like bombers, making foreign guests shudder. Some restaurants had a low wall separating the kitchen from the dining area, and guests could see the chefs shirtless, blanching noodles on the large stoves, which greatly reduced their appetite.

别小看“吃”,一日三餐谁能少?没有好的餐饮企业,就没有好的旅游环境。ー个城市餐饮市场的成熟程度,反映了它的旅游接待カ和综合实カ。

Don't underestimate the importance of eating. Who can skip a meal three times a day? Without good catering enterprises, there won't be a good tourism environment. The maturity of a city's catering market reflects its tourism reception capability and overall strength.

为了让旅游外宾吃饱吃好,我们的餐厅师傅费尽了心思。常言道:“众口难调。”何况这“众口”来自不同国家和地区。甚至同一个团队,由于年龄、体质、职业、宗教信仰等不同,对饮食也有不同的要求,要细心地做到“看客做菜” 〇

In order to ensure foreign tourists are well-fed, our restaurant chefs put in a lot of effort. As the saying goes, “It's hard to please all tastes,” especially when these "tastes" come from different countries and regions. Even within the same group, due to differences in age, physique, occupation, and religious beliefs, there are different requirements for food, requiring careful attention to “tailor the dishes to the guest.”

师傅们很快了解到西欧人口味清淡,东欧人口味比较浓厚;非洲人以咸辣味为主,爱吃咖哩;法国客人吃点心,喜咸不喜甜;美国人饭前要喝饮料,日本人喜欢海鲜鱼虾;而尼泊尔等ー些内陆国家对海味和水产品都不太适应;朝鲜人则喜欢蒜味辣味,对花椒八角等香料不喜欢;川菜,酸、甜、苦、辣、麻,五味俱全,外宾就消受不了,得改进。连炒个鸡蛋也讲究,有的要荤烧,有的要素做。这鸡蛋本来就是荤的, 怎么个素做?荤的又分煎炒,素的还讲老嫩。

Chefs quickly understood that Western Europeans prefer light flavors, Eastern Europeans prefer stronger flavors; Africans prefer salty and spicy food, and love curry; French guests prefer savory pastries, not sweet; Americans like to drink beverages before meals, Japanese love seafood; while people from inland countries like Nepal are not quite adapted to seafood and aquatic products; Koreans love garlic and spicy flavors, and do not like spices like Sichuan pepper and star anise; Sichuan cuisine, with its sour, sweet, bitter, spicy, and numbing flavors, is too overwhelming for foreign guests, so adjustments need to be made. Even the frying of an egg requires particular attention, some require meat, some need to be made vegetarian. Eggs are inherently non-vegetarian, so how can they be made vegetarian? And for non-vegetarian ones, there are differences in frying, and for vegetarian ones, the tenderness is important.

北京饭店等许多涉外饭店让宾客吃得最为满意。餐厅中西餐齐备、品种俱全, 任君自选。中餐花样繁多,别具风格。山珍海味经高级名厨的妙手高技,做出色香味绝佳令人见而增欲的美味佳肴。包括茅台酒在内的多种饮料,任凭客人吃喝。咖啡、冰糕等冷饮都能及时送到。上菜、送酒、端饭,讲究礼貌,有条不紊。外宾们认为,在这里用餐是ー种美的享受。交口称赞:“中国菜是世界第一流的。”

Many hotels catering to foreign guests, such as the Beijing Hotel, have made their guests very satisfied. heir restaurants offer a wide range of Chinese and Western dishes, with a variety of options for guests to choose from. Chinese cuisine is diverse and unique in style. Mountain and sea delicacies, prepared by skilled chefs, create flavorful dishes that increase people's appetite upon seeing them. A variety of beverages, including Maotai liquor, are available for guests to enjoy. Coffee, ice cream and other cold drinks can be delivered promptly. Serving dishes, pouring wine, and serving meals are all done with manners and order. Foreign guests believe that dining here is a beautiful enjoyment. They unanimously praise, “Chinese food is world-class.”

但是,那时没有太多的地方能像北京饭店那样。

However, at that time, not too many places could match the standard of the Beijing Hotel.

5.情动中南海

Emotion Moves Zhongnanhai

那时的中国旅行游览事业管理局,频于应付各种难题,像救火的消防队。北京和各地持续的住宿难的呼声,惊动了中南海。党中央、国务院领导清楚地认识到: 住宿问题已严重制约、影响了旅游业的发展,乃至经济发展,得下决心解决住房“卡脖子”状况。临时建房来不及,原有的内部宾馆则是可利用的资源。1979年,国务院一声令下,决定将北京和全国各地的内部高级饭店对外开放,划归旅游局实行企业化经营,挣外汇。

The China Administration for Travel and Tourism at that time, was constantly dealing with various difficulties, much like a firefighting team. The continuous calls regarding accommodation difficulties in Beijing and other regions alarmed Zhongnanhai. The leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the State Council clearly realized that the accommodation issue had severely constrained and affected the development of the tourism industry, and even economic development, and it was determined to resolve the “bottleneck” condition of housing. There was no time to build temporary houses, and the existing internal guest houses were available resources. In 1979, the State Council issued a command to decide to open up high-level hotels for internal use in Beijing and all over the country to foreign visitors. These hotels were transferred to the management of the tourism bureau to operate as enterprises and earn foreign exchange.

于是,中共中央、国务院、总参内部使用的北戴河疗养区别墅院舍、钓鱼台国宾馆其中两幢楼,率先对外开放,接待自费旅游者。

Consequently, the Beidaihe Sanatorium villas and two buildings of the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, which were used internally by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the General Staff Department, were the first to be opened to the public, accommodating self-funded tourists.

北戴河疗养区一开放,日、美、英、法、瑞士、加拿大等国的外宾ー批批来到了北戴河,喜笑颜开地游山海关,在海滨沐浴阳光,划船游泳〇

When the Beidaihe Sanatorium was opened, visitors from Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Canada, and other countries came to Beidaihe in batches. They were overjoyed to tour Shanhaiguan, bask in the sunshine on the beach, and go boating and swimming.

北京钓鱼台宾馆是名闻中外的国宾馆。800多年前,金王朝迁都燕京后,金章宗皇帝常到大水池边钓鱼,流传下“钓鱼台”的名称。清朝,这里是皇帝行宫。中华人民共和国成立后,这里接待过许多元首级外宾。住房在湖水岸旁绿树丛中,环境幽静,高贵典雅。卧室宽敞、整洁,电冰箱、电视机等现代化的实用设备,ー应俱全。!979年8月1日,国宾馆首批接待了菲律宾首航旅行团,包括菲使馆人员共 70人。接着又连续接待了日本、美国的旅游客人。宾馆还向每位入住客人赠送绣有“钓鱼台迎宾馆”字样的桌布、檀香扇。外宾为能入住原来只有国家元首下榻的国宾馆而感到兴奋和荣耀。

The Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing is a state guesthouse known both domestically and abroad. More than 800 years ago, after the Jin Dynasty moved the capital to Yanjing, Emperor Zhangzong of Jin often went fishing by the large pool, which gave the name “Diaoyutai”. During the Qing Dynasty, this place was an imperial palace. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has received many foreign guests at the head-of-state level. The guest rooms are nestled among green trees by the lakeside, providing a quiet and elegant environment. The bedrooms are spacious and clean, equipped with modern practical equipment such as refrigerators and televisions, and are fully equipped. On August 1, 1979, the State Guesthouse received its first group of guests from the inaugural Philippine tour group, including 70 people from the Philippine Embassy. Subsequently, it continuously received tourists from Japan and the United States. The guesthouse also presented each guest with a tablecloth embroidered with the words “Diaoyutai State Guesthouse” and a sandalwood fan. Foreign guests were excited and honored to be able to stay in the state guesthouse where only national leaders had stayed before.

国务院开放国家“禁苑”,各省市争相仿效。

Following the State Council's decision to open up the national “forbidden gardens”, provinces and cities across the country began to follow suit.

行动最快的是山东,把当地最好的济南南郊宾馆、济南饭店拨出。随后河北、四川、云南、天津、黑龙江、吉林等1〇多个省市都将本地“禁苑”开放,拨给旅游部门管理使用,自己要开会时就住一般饭店和招待所。

Shandong was the fastest to act, allocating the best local hotels, Jinan South Suburb Guesthouse and Jinan Hotel. Subsequently, over 10 provinces and cities including Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, and Jilin opened up their local “forbidden gardens”, allocating them to the tourism department for management and use. When they needed to hold meetings, they would stay in ordinary hotels and guesthouses.

广东把白云宾馆和南湖宾馆拨给省旅游局管理使用,湖南省委将当地的“国宾馆”蓉园改为蓉园宾馆,接待旅游者。

Guangdong allocated Baiyun Guesthouse and Nanhu Guesthouse to the Provincial Tourism Bureau for management and use. The Hunan Provincial Committee turned the local "State Guesthouse", Rongyuan, into Rongyuan Guesthouse to accommodate tourists.

浙江省委规定,省委开会一律不准占用接待外宾的饭店和宾馆。同时,让省机关事务管理局所属的新新和大华两个饭店,按照先外后内的原则安排用房。

The Zhejiang Provincial Committee stipulated that meetings of the Provincial Committee should not occupy hotels and guesthouses that cater to foreign guests. At the same time, it allowed the Xin Xin and Dahua hotels, which belong to the Provincial Bureau of Government Offices Administration, to arrange rooms according to the principle of prioritizing foreign guests first, then local guests.

广西南宁的西园饭店,人称“南宁国宾馆”;湖南蓉园宾馆,重庆市渝州宾馆, 都是当地接待来华访问高级官员和中央首长的高级饭店,这些内部宾馆如无接待任务,都是常年空锁着。开放后,为国家挣到大笔外汇,结束了年年向财政部门要补贴的历史。

The Xiyuan Hotel in Nanning, Guangxi, also known as Nanning State Guesthouse; the Rongyuan Guesthouse in Hunan; and the Yuzhou Guesthouse in Chongqing city were all high-end hotels used locally to receive senior officials visiting China and central leaders. These internal guesthouses were usually left vacant and locked when they weren't being used for hosting tasks. Once these locations opened to the public, they earned a significant amount of foreign exchange for the country, ending the history of needing annual subsidies from the finance department.

上海先后开放兴国宾馆、西郊宾馆和锦江中楼。

Shanghai subsequently opened Xingguo Guesthouse, West Suburb Guesthouse, and Jinjiang Middle Building to the public.

兴国宾馆又名丁香花园,相传是清末李鸿章宠妾丁香居住的地方。园内有三

幢别墅式的建筑,内有苏州式的庭园,小桥流水,曲径幽回,假山亭榭,错落有致
西郊宾馆是上海最大的内部宾馆,“十里洋场”少有的幽静处所。

Xingguo Guesthouse, also known as Lilac Garden, is rumored to have been the residence of Li Hongzhang's favorite consort, Dingxiang, during the late Qing dynasty. Within the garden, there are three villa-style buildings, a Suzhou-style courtyard, small bridges over flowing water, winding paths, and well-arranged rockeries and pavilions. The West Suburb Guesthouse was the largest internal guesthouse in Shanghai, a rare quiet place in the ten-mile foreign concessions.

高级套房, 豪华的客厅和新颖别致的酒吧、茶座,此外还有百亩诱人水面,可供住客划船、垂钓。

These advanced guest rooms, luxurious living rooms and unique bars and tea houses, in addition to a hundred acres of attractive water surface for guests to boat and fish, have greatly added to the appeal.

锦江中楼原来是接待国家元首用的专用楼,使用率极低;遇有重要国宾,则不光是中楼,连整个饭店都要提前控制床位,其他外宾不接或少接;任务过后,中楼还要休整两天搞卫生,清规戒律很多,没有接待任务只准空着,亏损由国家财政补贴。

The Jinjiang Central Building was originally a dedicated building for hosting national leaders, and its usage rate was extremely low. When important foreign guests arrived, not only the Central Building, but the entire hotel had to control the number of beds in advance, accepting fewer or no other foreign guests. After the task was completed, the Central Building would still need to be cleaned for two days. There were many rules and regulations, and it was only allowed to be vacant when there was no reception task. The losses were subsidized by the state finance.

各地高级宾馆原有的规章,在1979年被彻底打破了。

In 1979, the original regulations of high-end hotels across the country were completely broken.

这些举措给旅游业发展吹来ー缕春风,从一定程度上缓解了外宾食宿困难的矛盾。更为国家挣得许多外汇,可谓ー举多得。

These measures brought a breath of spring to the development of the tourism industry and alleviated the difficulties of foreign guests in eating and accommodation to a certain extent. Earning more foreign exchange for the country, it can be said that the move was beneficial in multiple ways.

开放“禁苑”挣外汇,表明中国旅游开始从“外事接待型”向“积累外汇型”转轨,表明了中国高层领导支持搞旅游的决心。

Opening up the “forbidden gardens” to earn foreign exchange indicated that Chinese tourism began to transition from a “foreign affairs reception type” to a “foreign exchange accumulation type”, which demonstrated the determination of China's top leaders to support tourism.

除了开放全国各地“禁苑”外,国家旅游总局号召旅游部门紧急行动起来,改造原有招待所,解决住宿“卡脖子”问题。

In addition to opening up “forbidden gardens” across the country, the CNTA called on the tourism departments to take urgent action to transform the existing guest houses and solve the problem of accommodation bottlenecks.

当时提出的口号是:时间就是外汇,速度就是金钱。早一天改建成,为国家早一天收入外汇。

The slogan put forward at that time was: time is foreign exchange, speed is money. The earlier the transformation is completed, the earlier the country earns foreign exchange.

北京及全国各地都开始把老式的招待所住房,改造成带卫生间的套房。安装锅炉,整理床位,添置设备,疏通道路,组建车队,新建餐厅、礼堂、俱乐部……任务非常紧迫。

Beijing and other places across the country began to transform old guest houses into suites with bathrooms. Installing boilers, arranging beds, adding equipment, clearing roads, forming car fleets, building new restaurants, auditoriums, clubs... The task was very urgent.

上海提出“修好一间,布置ー间,安排ー间”的口号,大挖住房潜力。在短期内改造、扩建旅游标准床位3000多个。

Shanghai proposed the slogan, "repair one room, decorate one room, and use one room," greatly tapping into the housing potential. More than 3000 tourist standard beds were remodeled and expanded in a short time.

杭州马不停蹄,改造扩建2000多间标准接待用房。

Hangzhou worked non-stop, remodeling and expanding more than 2000 standard reception rooms.

有的地方“临时抱佛脚”,像救火ー样抢时间。江苏有4个团百余客人将到达, 住宿安排不下。如果临时打退堂鼓,既损坏信誉,又影响外汇收入。怎么办?省委听了汇报后指示:“接,决不能退!”马上组织人员装修双门楼宾馆三、四层。

Some places were seeking Buddha's help at the last moment, scrambling for time like firefighters. There were four groups of over a hundred guests arriving in Jiangsu, and the accommodation couldn't accommodate them all. If they backed down at the last minute, it would damage their reputation and affect foreign exchange income. So what to do? After hearing the report, the provincial committee instructed: “Accept, we cannot retreat!” Personnel were immediately organized to renovate the third and fourth floors of the Shuangmenlou Guesthouse.

这时,离接团的时间只有一周。楼体虽已建起,但还是个水泥框架,室内工程尚未动エ。那时人干起活来有股子冲劲,不分昼夜,不讲报酬。南京一建公司多エ种工人同时作业,安灯通水、油漆门窗、粘贴墙纸、为地板打蜡。无锡家具厂赶制的弹簧床、沙发,水运太慢,市城建部门抽出20多辆大卡车连夜送达。苏州提供灯具,镇江赶制拖鞋,扬州运来大浴巾,女工连夜缝被子。没服务员怎么办?调江苏旅游学校30名即将毕业的学员,提前上岗实习。

At that time, there was only one week left until the arrival of the groups. Although the building structure had been erected, it was still a concrete frame, and the interior work had not yet begun. But back then, when people worked, they had a spirit of urgency, working day and night without discussing remuneration. Numerous workers from a construction company in Nanjing worked simultaneously, installing lights and water, painting doors and windows, pasting wallpaper, and waxing floors. Spring beds and sofas rushed from a furniture factory in Wuxi were too slow to be transported by water, so the city's urban construction department dispatched over 20 large trucks to deliver them overnight. Suzhou provided lights, Zhenjiang rushed to make slippers, Yangzhou transported large bath towels, and female workers sewed quilts overnight. What to do without waitstaff? Thirty soon-to-graduate students from Jiangsu Tourism School were called up for early on-the-job training.

一周后,港沪119团等4个团如期到达,外宾们高兴地住进新楼。他们不知
大记录

—中国改革开放四十年报告文学选

道,为此许多人连日忙得顾不上吃饭,一周就瘦了一圈,有的工人累得晕倒在施工现场。

A week later, four groups including the Hong Kong-Shanghai 119 group arrived as scheduled, and the foreign guests happily moved into the new building. The guests were unaware that many people had been working non-stop for this, skipping meals and losing weight within a week, with some workers even fainting at the construction site due to exhaustion.

重庆是刚开放的城市,接待条件底子差。市委下决心拨出200余万元重新装修宾馆。加班加点,为每个房间装电话机,铺地毯,安装空调,装淋浴设备。每栋楼添置了制冰机和电冰箱,还在宾馆内设立了邮政、电信、兑换外币的服务点和小卖部等。

Chongqing, a newly opened city, initially had poor hospitality conditions. Determined to make a change, the city committee decided to allocate more than 20 million yuan to refurbish the hotels. Working tirelessly, each room was equipped with a telephone, carpet, air conditioning, and shower facilities. Each building was enhanced with ice makers and refrigerators. Additionally, service points for postal services, telecommunications, foreign currency exchange, and convenience stores were established within the hotel.

还有个办法,像打仗ー样争分夺秒投入“抢房间”战斗。

Another tactic was to wage a “room-grabbing” war, in a battle against time as if in a real combat situation.

什么叫“抢房间”？

What is “room-grabbing”?

比如上海锦江饭店,有一批南斯拉夫100多位外宾早上6时刚离店,紧接着澳大利亚“珊瑚公主号”游船外宾!00多人上午8时要入住,前后只有2小时空隙。 10多个服务员争分夺秒,打扫房间,重新换上被套、枕套、毛巾、浴巾,在客人到来前已把一切都整理得井井有条。这办法,后来就叫“提高住房周转率”。

This term refers to the intense competition to secure hotel rooms, particularly during peak travel periods or when hosting special events. Due to high demand and limited supply, acquiring hotel rooms can become quite a competitive endeavor, hence the term “room-grabbing”. This strategy later became known as “improving room turnover rate”.

这样的紧张战斗,实际上不只是“抢出了房间”,多赚了外汇。我们从前许多跟国际通用的经营管理方式不接轨的观念,在这些从省级领导到普通服务员合力的“战斗”中,被扫除了,更新了。旅游业,其实是最早努力跟国际接轨的行业。

This intense struggle was not just about “grabbing rooms” and earning more foreign exchange. Many of our previous notions that were not aligned with internationally accepted management methods were swept away and updated during this “battle” involving everyone from provincial leaders to ordinary service staff. The tourism industry, in fact, was one of the earliest sectors striving to align with international standards.

二、开放初年的阳光

Chapter 2. The Dawn of Early Years of Opening Up

20世纪的国际旅游业,在二次大战后开始重建。西班牙宣称:“向世界出售太阳和海滩。”新西兰的旅游业已成为本国最大的产业之一……这是ー个从旅游业开始恢复国际交往,进而重新结构各国实カ的时代。中国旅游业严重落后,但我们毕竟有了新的开始。虽然刚走出“文革”,改革开放初年,那时的人心和品德,仍有多少纯朴动人的美景,值得抚今追昔。记忆告诉我们,那时“硬件”很差,但爱国之情、纯朴善良之心等蕴蓄民间的“软实カ”却可以感动天地。

The international tourism industry of the 20th century began to rebuild after the Second World War. Spain proclaimed: “Selling the sun and beaches to the world.” The tourism industry in New Zealand has become one of the country's largest industries... This was an era when international interactions began to recover through tourism, and subsequently, the real structures of various countries were restructured. China's tourism industry was seriously lagging, but we had a new beginning after all. Although we had just come out of the Cultural Revolution and were in the early years of the reform and opening up, there were still some simple and moving scenes in people's hearts and morals that are worth remembering. Memory tells us that while the “hardware” was poor at that time, the “soft power” hidden among the people, such as patriotic sentiments and simple goodness, could move heaven and earth.

1.梦醒时分

1. The Moment of Awakening

在改革开放前的30年,中国人并非不努力。中国人自力更生、勒紧腰带苦干了 30年。但我们认识上出了偏差,我们对经济的认识严重不够,对旅游的认识就更加不到位,我们也还不懂得如何有效利用世界上的种种资源。

During the thirty years before the era of reform and opening up, the people of China were not without effort. They had striven to be self-reliant and had endured hardship and hard work for those three decades. However, we had some misconceptions in our understanding; we had a severe lack of understanding of the economy and an even more inadequate grasp of tourism. We also didn't know how to effectively use the various resources in the world.

世界旅游组织于!975年正式成立,总部设在西班牙的马德里,到1979年已有 101个成员国。同年,联合国报告说,旅游业现在是比钢铁与军备更大的企业。

The World Tourism Organization was officially established in 1975 with its headquarters in Madrid, Spain. By 1979, it had 101 member countries. In the same year, a United Nations report stated that tourism is now a bigger industry than steel and armaments.

改革开放之前的30年,我国旅游业几近于零,仅是为了扩大政治影响,搞些外交礼节性的接待,仅象征性收费。说白了,是贴钱的买卖。“文革”结束后,中国旅游业迈出了历史性的步伐。

In the 30 years before the reforms and opening up, China's tourism industry was virtually non-existent. During this time, we primarily expanded our political influence through ceremonial diplomatic receptions, and the fees collected were largely symbolic. To put it bluntly, it was a loss-making business. Following the end of the Cultural Revolution, China's tourism industry took a significant step forward.

外国旅游者第一次来中国,一下飞机,接触的第一个中国人就是导游。导游的ー举ー动、一言一行代表着中国人的形象。

As foreign tourists first set foot in China, the initial local they encounter is often a tour guide. Every action and word of these guides is representative of the image of Chinese people.

一位意大利的旅游者对导游说:“马可・波罗向我们介绍了古代的中国,你带领我们游了当代中国。”

One Italian tourist remarked to a guide, “Marco Polo introduced us to ancient China, and now you're leading us through modern China.”

导游被称作“民间大使”,当个好导游是个不简单的事。有人羡慕导游,但不知导游艰辛,以为导游整天坐飞机、游天下,吃风味,工作就是游玩,优哉,游哉。有人看不起导游,“不就是个带路拎包的吗?”把导游看作是“伺候洋人”的差使。

Tour guides are often referred to as ambassadors of the people, and being a good one is no simple task. While some may envy the life of a tour guide, imagining it as a constant whirl of travel, flavorful meals, and enjoyment, they are often unaware of the challenges and hard work that go into this profession. Some people underestimate tour guides, considering them merely as helpers who show the way and carry luggage, and view their role as simply serving foreigners.

导游有自己的自豪,最牛的语言当推这句:“在外宾面前,我是中国。在内宾面前,我是首都。”

However, tour guides have their own pride. As one guide famously declared, “In front of foreign guests, I represent China. In front of domestic guests, I represent the capital.”

王连义先生是河北人,大学毕业后一直在国旅从事导游、翻译工作,说话风趣幽默,是历届旅游大赛的裁判长。现在虽退休了,还在为培养旅游人オ奔忙,写了不少导游方面的文章,是中国著名导游翻译专家。他说,导游是ー项崇高的职业, 导游的好坏,关系到祖国的声誉和尊严。

Mr. Wang Lianyi, a native of Hebei, has been involved in guiding and interpreting work at the CITS since graduating from university. He is known for his witty and humorous speech and has been the chief judge of various tourism competitions. Even though he has retired now, he is still busy contributing to the training of travel industry professionals and has written many articles on guiding. He is recognized as a leading expert in tour guide translation and interpreting in China. He said, being a tour guide is a noble profession. The quality of a tour guide reflects the reputation and dignity of our homeland.

王连义还说,那时导游奇缺,特别是懂外语的导游更缺。在机场刚送走ー个团,不用回来,下一个团马上就飞到了。名单早已在怀里装着,得掏出来熟悉熟悉。一年365日,多是车马船上行。未婚的导游没机会与恋人见面,已婚的导游常常要听爱人的怨声。十天半月不着家,这家还像家吗?中年导游,上有父母下有小,更有一本难念的经。

Wang Lianyi also mentioned that at that time, there was a severe shortage of tour guides, especially those who were fluent in foreign languages. After sending off one group at the airport, there was no need to return, as the next group would immediately fly in. The list of names was already in hand, ready to be reviewed. Out of 365 days in a year, most were spent traveling by car, boat, or on foot. Unmarried guides had no opportunity to meet with their lovers, while married ones often had to listen to complaints from their spouses. Being away from home for days or even weeks, did home still feel like home? For middle-aged guides with elderly parents and young children, life was particularly challenging.

国旅总社有位日语女翻译,一年有200多天都在跑,年幼的孩子送“全托”,见到小孩时,孩子认不出妈。还有一对双职エ,常年在外带团,丈夫回家妻离家,妻子回家夫出发。两人只好靠纸条传递思念之情。有的导游一年中登了 300次长城, 跑细了腰,磨破了嘴,倒地而宿。但能让来华的旅游者带着好印象依依回归,一年到头累是累,却也是充实的。

There was a female Japanese translator at the CITS who spent more than 200 days on the road each year. Her young child was placed in full-time care, and when she came home, her child could not recognize her. There was also a couple both working as tour guides, constantly leading groups away from home. When the husband returned home, the wife left, and vice versa. The two could only express their longing for each other through notes. Some tour guides would climb the Great Wall 300 times a year, wearing thin their waists and wearing out their voices, falling asleep right on the spot. Yet they were able to leave a good impression on tourists visiting China, and despite the year-round exhaustion, they also felt a sense of fulfillment.

李维瑜大姐是中国旅游协会副秘书长,还是国家旅游局タ阳红舞蹈团的团长。 30年前,李瑞环动员她转入旅游行业工作,从此改变了她的后半生。多年从事旅游宣传工作的她,十分健谈,她讲了这样ー个故事:

Li Weiyu is the deputy secretary-general of the CNTA, as well as the leader of the "Yangyang Red" dance troupe of the National Tourism Administration. Thirty years ago, Li Ruihuan encouraged her to switch to the tourism industry, which changed the rest of her life. Having worked in tourism promotion for many years, she is very talkative and shared this story:

有个美国老太太步履蹒跚,拎着两个大包,特别大。那时候,美国人认为中国物资贫乏,什么都带,大包装有衣物、成打的一次性袜子,巧克力、饼干等各种零食, 各种药品,包括卫生纸,应有尽有。这个老太太的女儿也在这个团里,美国人的儿女是不大帮助父母提行李的,或许美国的老年人也喜欢自立。导游小张主动帮助老太太拎包,一路对她也特别关照,扶上扶下。

There was an elderly American lady who was shuffling along, carrying two large bags, which were exceptionally big. At that time, Americans believed that China was lacking in resources, so they brought everything: the large bags were packed with clothes, bulk disposable socks, chocolates, cookies and all sorts of snacks, various medicines, and even toilet paper – you name it. The old lady's daughter was also in this tour group. In America, children don't often help their parents with luggage, perhaps because older Americans like to be independent. Tour guide Zhang took the initiative to help the old lady with her bags, providing her with special care along the way.

1〇多天后,分别的时候到了。在首都机场安检处,这位80多岁的美国老太太, 动了真情,紧紧握住导游姑娘的手说:“你能不能够跟我去美国?我收你为女儿。我有好多个儿女,他们从来不管我。我有!0多处房产,可以送ー处给你。”

Ten or so days later, the time came for them to part. At the security checkpoint at the capital airport, this 80-year-old American lady, moved to tears, tightly held the hand of the tour guide and asked, "Could you come with me to America? I would take you in as my daughter.” “I have many children, but they never take care of me. I have over ten properties, I can give you one.” the old lady proposed.

姑娘回答说:“我们国家的旅游业现在需要我,我的父母也需要我照顾。”最后她俯在老人耳边说,“将来,有机会我会去美国看您,您多保重!”

The young lady replied, “Our country's tourism industry needs me now, and my parents need me to take care of them.” In the end, she leaned over to the old lady's ear and said, “In the future, if I get the chance, I will come to America to see you. Please take care of yourself!”

青旅接的100多人的华侨团,一路上住也住不好,吃也吃不好,汽车又颠簸,华侨很不满意。两个女导游急得不知怎么办オ好。忽然,她俩站起来说:“对不起大家,我们给你们唱支歌吧!”

There was a group of over 100 overseas Chinese being catered to by the China Youth Travel Service. They were not satisfied with the accommodations, the food, or the bumpy car ride. The two female tour guides were so worried that they didn't know what to do. Suddenly, they both stood up and said, “We're sorry, everyone. Let us sing a song for you.”

她俩ー起唱起了《我爱你中国》,ー边唱着歌,ー边流眼泪。华侨们被深深地感动了。最后导游说:“请你们喜欢我们唱的这支歌,我们的条件一定会好起来,欢迎你们再来。”全团人员热烈鼓掌,有人也掉下了泪水。

They began to sing “I Love You, China” together, and as they sang, they were moved to tears. The overseas Chinese were deeply moved. In the end, the tour guides said, “Please love the song we sang. Our conditions will surely improve, and we welcome you to come again.” Everyone in the group applauded enthusiastically, and some were moved to tears.

有一次,北京飞西安的飞机发生故障,机身晃动,飞机上乘客是个美国团,机舱顿时出现骚动。两位导游是从北京第二外国语学院借来的大三女学生小李和小燕,她们很镇静,在高空中微笑着应对突发事件。

Once, a flight from Beijing to Xi'an had a malfunction and the aircraft shook. The passengers on board were an American group, and there was immediate unrest in the cabin. Two guides, Li and Yan, who were third-year students borrowed from Beijing Foreign Studies University, remained calm and responded to the sudden event with a smile in the sky.

小李大声说:“有亲人的请举手「’

Li loudly asked, “Anyone who has loved ones, please raise your hand.”

一下子,大家举起了手臂。

Immediately, everyone raised their hands.

小李和小燕也举起了手。

Li and Yan also raised theirs.

小李举着手说:“我也有父母,还有一个小女儿。我不希望父母失去孩子,也不希望孩子失去父母。请你们相信,中国的航空是最安全的,中华人民共和国成立以来还没有掉过飞机呢!”

Li, with her hand raised, said, “I too have parents and a little daughter. I don't want my parents to lose a child, nor do I want a child to lose her parents. Please believe that China's aviation is the safest, and since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, no plane has ever crashed!”

经她这么ー说,大家的情绪安定下来。事后,人家问她们为什么那么镇定,两人都不慌神,配合挺好。她们也说不出为什么,但她们经历了有生以来最勇敢的时刻。

With her words, everyone’s emotions were settled down. Afterwards, when asked why they were so calm, both of them were not flustered and coordinated well. They couldn't explain why, but they had experienced the bravest moment of their lives.

这时,空姐出来告诉大家,飞机将降落在太原整修。在太原等待的时间,为调节情绪,导游小燕开口说:“我给你们说说我插队的故事吧!”她开始讲述怎样去北大荒,怎么学会干农活,怎么学会开拖拉机,怎么又考上了“二外” 〇

At this moment, the flight attendant came out and told everyone that the plane would land in Taiyuan for repair. While waiting in Taiyuan, to lighten the mood, the tour guide Xiao Yan began to speak: “Let me tell you about my story of joining a production team in the countryside!” She started to recount her journey to the Northern Wilderness, how she learned to do farm work, how she learned to drive a tractor, and how she eventually got accepted to the Second Foreign Languages Institute.

“有什么不理解,你们可以提问。”

“If there's anything you don't understand, feel free to ask.”

客人很感兴趣,气氛立刻活跃起来。有人问起了“文革”这个敏感话题。“文

革,,与，，改革”,一字之差,有着天壤之别。

The guests were very interested and the atmosphere immediately livened up. Someone brought up the sensitive topic of the Cultural Revolution. “Cultural Revolution” and “Reform” - a slight change in terminology, but the meanings are worlds apart.

两位插过队的导游,对“文革”灾难有自己的理解,并没被难住,做了理智的答复。

The two tour guides who had experienced life in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution had their own understanding of this disaster and weren't flustered, they provided rational responses.
有一老者感动地站起来说:“我们原来不敢问这些事,怕伤害你们。相信你们的国家,一定会一年年好起来〇”两小时后,飞机重新起飞。

An older gentleman stood up, moved, and said: “We were afraid to ask about these things before, for fear of hurting you. I believe your country will get better year after year.” Two hours later, the plane took off again.

“我现在连她们叫什么名字都记不起了。”坐在我们对面的李维瑜大姐,回忆起这段往事时,感情充沛,眼角眨出泪花。

“I can't even remember their names now.” said Mrs. Li Weiyu, who was sitting opposite us, her eyes moist as she recalled this past event.

2.穷得有志气

2. Poor But Spirited

英国有个旅行商曾经带队到过100多个国家,深有感触地说:“只有在中国,不用付小费,也不必担心自己的行李。”

An English tour operator who had led groups to more than 100 countries once remarked thoughtfully: “Only in China do you not have to tip, nor worry about your luggage.”

TIP（小费）是英语To Insure Promptness（为了保证迅速）的缩写词。在国外,凡想得到快捷、舒适的服务,就得额外付给小费。这渐渐成为国外旅游业中的惯例。国外服务员都渴望得到小费,而且小费收入往往超过エ资。

TIP, an abbreviation for “To Insure Promptness”, is customary in many cultures. In foreign countries, to ensure prompt and comfortable service, one often needs to provide additional tips. This has gradually become a norm in the global tourism industry. Foreign service staff always desire tips, and their tip income often exceeds their wages.

中国人不收小费,在当代是同“爱国主义、民族气节、外事纪律”糅合在ー起的。在旅游行业形成的共识是:为宾客服务是应该的,不能收受额外的小费,也不应接受旅客馈赠的礼物。刚开始,外宾对中国导游、翻译,包括行李员、清洁エ在内的饭店服务员一律不收小费,很不理解。

Chinese people not accepting tips is a contemporary practice that is intertwined with “patriotism, national pride, and diplomatic discipline”. A consensus has formed in the tourism industry: serving guests is expected, and one should not accept additional tips or gifts from guests. At first, foreign guests did not understand why Chinese guides, interpreters, including luggage carriers, cleaners, and other hotel staff uniformly refused to accept tips.

小刘是北京小天鹅酒家年轻的厕所保洁员,每当外宾塞给她小费时,她总是婉言谢绝。有位瘫痪的外国老太太,小刘小心地搀扶着老人上完厕所,帮老人穿好衣服,又把老人推回餐厅。老太太要给她小费,她坚决不要。老太太要回国时,不顾陪同的劝说,偏要专程到酒家卫生间再去看望一下“那个善良的姑娘”。

Liu, a young restroom cleaner at Beijing's Little Swan Hotel, always politely declines when foreign guests offer her tips. Once, she carefully helped an elderly foreign woman who was paralyzed to use the restroom, assisted her in dressing, and then wheeled her back to the dining room. The elderly woman wanted to give her a tip, but she firmly refused. When the old woman was about to return home, despite the persuasion of her companions, she insisted on making a special trip to the restroom at the restaurant to visit the “kind girl” again.

1979年6月的一天,国旅翻译小王全程陪同比利时华兹旅行团游长城、十三陵,十分劳累,正准备休息,一外宾请他到团长房间里去一下。小王心想还有什么事没办好,匆匆跑去。ー进团长房间,发现已有6位外宾坐在床边等他。团长拿出ー个大信封说:

“我们这次来中国旅行太愉快了。你对我们非常友好,十几天来一直陪我们参观,很辛苦。为了我们,你离开了你的妻子和孩子,我们很感动。这是大家拼凑的两千元钱,表示我们的一点心意。”

One day in June 1979, Wang, an interpreter from CITS, accompanied the Belgian Huaz Travel Group to visit the Great Wall and the Thirteen Tombs. He was very tired and was about to rest when a foreign guest asked him to come to the group leader's room. Wang wondered what else needed to be done and hurried over. Upon entering the group leader's room, he found that there were already six foreign tourists sitting by the bed waiting for him. The group leader took out a large envelope and said, “We've had a wonderful time traveling in China. You've been very kind to us. You've been accompanying us on our visits for the past few days and it must have been very hard. Because of us, you left your wife and child behind, and we are deeply touched. This is 2000 yuan collected by everyone, just a token of our gratitude.”

小王慌了,连忙摇头摆手谢绝:“钱我不能收,绝对不能收。你们的心意我领了。”他的回答使外宾们既惊讶又不安。

Wang was flustered and immediately shook his head and hands in refusal, saying, “I can't accept the money, absolutely not. I appreciate your kind intentions.” His response surprised and unsettled the foreign tourists. His response surprised and unsettled the foreign tourists.

国旅沈阳分社翻译小张陪ー个美国旅行团,该团领队几次要给她小费,小张都笑着谢绝了。在该团出境时,领队竟发了“火”,丢下装有美元的信封上了飞机。小张无奈,只好先收下,按规定上交给社里。

Zhang, an interpreter from the Shenyang Branch of the China National Tourist Office, was accompanying an American tour group. The tour leader tried to tip her several times, but Xiao Zhang always refused with a smile. When the group was leaving the country, the leader, seemingly frustrated, dropped an envelope filled with US dollars and boarded the plane. Zhang, left with no choice, had to accept it and turn it over to the agency as per the rules.

老干部们都说,当时导游都不收小费的,就是收ー支笔也上交。这是导游的天职。

The senior cadre all said that at that time, tour guides did not accept tips, even a pen received as a gift would be turned in. This was the innate duty of a tour guide.

“选择了导游这个职业,就等于选择了奉献。我们是中国人,要表现出有国格, 有人格。”那时,这话很普遍。

“Choosing the profession of a tour guide is akin to choosing dedication. We are Chinese and must display national character and personal integrity,” they said. At that time, this sentiment was widespread.

还有太多拾金不昧的故事。

There were also too many stories about honest actions.

香港同胞张送和夫妇到八达岭游长城,忙于拍照,过后发觉自己携带的黑色小皮包丢失了,里面有护照和全部随带钱物。午餐时,桌上气氛沉闷,同伴都在为他俩发愁。忽然,门帘拉起一角,八达岭交通警察彬彬有礼地探头询问:“你们这里有叫张送和的客人吗?”

Hong Kong compatriots Mr. and Mrs. Zhang Songhe went to visit the Great Wall at Badaling and, busy taking photos, they realized they had lost their small black bag containing their passports and all their cash. The atmosphere at the lunch table was gloomy, as everyone was worried for them. Suddenly, a corner of the door curtain was pulled up, and a courteous Badaling traffic policeman asked, “Is there a guest named Zhang Songhe here?”

张先生惊愣地站了起来:“我就是。”

Mr. Zhang stood up in shock, saying, “That's me.”

“您的皮包被解放军同志捡到了,请您清点一下吧!”

“Your bag was found by a comrade from the People's Liberation Army. Please check it!”

一句话顿时打破了室内沉闷许久的气氛,全队客人不约而同地站起来鼓掌,热烈地鼓掌。皮包内有万元港币、支票和有关证件,无ー缺少。张先生热泪夺眶,激动地紧紧握住交通警察的手说:“奇迹,奇迹,简直不可想象啊,太感谢解放军了 !”

This sentence immediately broke the long-standing gloomy atmosphere in the room. All the guests stood up and applauded enthusiastically. The bag contained more than ten thousand Hong Kong dollars, checks, and related documents, with nothing missing. Tears filled Mr. Zhang's eyes as he excitedly clasped the traffic policeman's hand and said, “It's a miracle, a miracle. It's unimaginable, thank you so much to the People's Liberation Army!”

对外友协参观团一位外宾,不知怎么把夫人结婚时赠予他的金手表丢了。他说这块金表的价值并不重要,重要的是他爱情的信物。正躺在床上郁闷时,帮助寻找的陪同翻译回来了,笑眯眯地向他伸出右手。天哪,他的“思念之物”居然在导游掌心上闪闪发光。外宾高兴得像孩子般从床上跳起来〇

In a visiting group organized by the Foreign Friendship Association, one of the guests somehow lost the gold watch his wife gave him when they got married. He said the value of the watch was not important; what was important was that it symbolized their love. As he was lying in bed feeling down, the accompanying interpreter who had helped him search for the watch returned, smiling broadly as he extended his right hand. My goodness, his item of affection was actually sparkling in the palm of the guide. The foreign visitor was so happy that he jumped up from the bed like a child.

“在哪里找到的?”他问。

“Where did you find it?” He asked.

“是两位重庆工人在大街上捡到的。”

“It was found by two workers from Chongqing on the street.”

“大街上?”

“On the street?”

“对呀!他们捡到,看这东西不像是当地人的,就马上送到这住外宾的宾馆里来了。”

“Yes! When they found it, they thought it didn't look like it belonged to a local person, so they immediately brought it to this hotel where foreign visitors stay.”

“上帝啊,中国人不可思议!”

“My God, Chinese people are unbelievable!”

法国全球旅行团卢尔丹勒夫妇走出王府井书店。

The Lueldanle couple from the French Global Tour Group walked out of the Wangfujing Bookstore.

闹市中,卢尔丹勒夫人忽然惊叫皮包不见了。只见有个中年人穿越人群快步朝他们跑来,手上挥动着她熟悉的法式小包。来人气喘吁吁地说:“刚オ,你们在我身边买磁带走后,我发现这个包,是你们的吗?”

In the bustling city, Mrs. Lueldanle suddenly screamed that her bag was missing. They saw a middle-aged man crossing through the crowd, running towards them quickly while waving her familiar French-style small bag. The man, panting heavily, said, “Just now, after you walked past me while buying cassettes, I found this bag. Is it yours?”

卢尔丹勒夫人连声说:“是,是。谢谢,谢谢!”

Mrs. Lueldanle kept saying, “Yes, it is. Thank you, thank you!”

陪同的翻译请他留下姓名和工作单位,他微微一笑:“我是北京小学老师。”说罢,颇有礼貌地用手势告别。

The accompanying interpreter asked him to leave his name and workplace, he smiled slightly and said, “I am a primary school teacher in Beijing.” After saying this, he politely bid farewell with a gesture.

卢尔丹勒先生说,西方这种事情已经很少见了,而偷窃在西方国家猖獗,使旅游者生畏。“中国人的美德,同你们的万里长城一样,太棒了!”

Mr. Lueldanle said that such incidents are now rare in the West, and theft is rampant in Western countries, making travelers apprehensive. “The virtues of the Chinese people, like your Great Wall, are just amazing!”

停泊在大连港的日中九州友好之船,晚上9点要起航出境。傍晚,一位老年团员神情紧张地对陪同老赵说:“我有40万日币忘在宾馆房间的床下面了,怎么好?”

The Japan-China Kyushu Friendship Ship was moored at Dalian Port and was to set sail for departure at 9 o'clock in the evening. In the evening, an elderly group member nervously told the accompanying Old Zhao, “I left 400,000 yen under the bed in the hotel room, what should I do?”

老赵很自信地说:“别焦急,只要您没有记错,就一定能找回来。”老赵当即把此事转告辽宁大厦保安部,大厦保安立刻到客人所住的305房间床底下寻来找去, 没找到。最后是在枕头套里找到了一叠日元,清点后不是40万,而是57万日元。国旅沈阳分社马上派专车将钱送上船,这时离开船还有一个多小时。

Old Zhao confidently said, “Don't panic, as long as you haven't remembered it wrong, you will definitely be able to find it.” Old Zhao immediately reported the matter to the security department of Liaoning Mansion. The mansion security immediately went to the guest's room 305 and searched under the bed, but they couldn't find it. In the end, they found a stack of yen in the pillowcase. After counting, it was not 400,000, but 570,000 yen. The Shenyang branch of China Travel Service immediately sent a special car to deliver the money to the ship. There was still more than an hour before the ship left.

失款复得的日本老人含泪鞠躬:“真是听说千遍,不如ー见。中国人的道德是世界上最高尚的。”他抽出一大叠日币,酬谢前去送钱的翻译。

The Japanese elder who had lost and then recovered his money bowed tearfully, “It's better to see once than hear a thousand times. The morals of the Chinese people are the most noble in the world.” He pulled out a large stack of yen to thank the interpretor who had delivered the money.

“这是我们的职责,您拿钱感谢是不合适的。”翻译说。

“It's our duty, and it's not appropriate for you to thank us with money,” said the interpretor.

“对不起,对不起!请原谅,我失礼了。”日本客人再次鞠躬,热泪滴在甲板上。

“I'm sorry, I'm sorry! Please forgive me, I was impolite.” The Japanese guest bowed again, his hot tears dropping onto the deck.

说起来宾客们也太粗心了。虽然陪同人员经常提醒客人妥善保管好随身物件,叮嘱客人不要将贵重物品和钱币随便乱放,但旅游途中遗忘钱物时有发生。有的把瑞士表留在洗手间,有的把珠宝掉在沙发缝中,有的把钱包丢在柜台,有的把装巨款的手提箱忘在餐厅……

Speaking of which, the guests were really careless. Even though the accompanying staff frequently remind guests to take good care of their personal belongings and not to leave valuable items and money around carelessly, there are still cases of lost money and items during travel. Some left Swiss watches in the bathroom, some dropped jewelry in the sofa crevices, some left wallets on the counter, some forgot suitcases with huge amounts of money in the restaurant...

北京饭店、民族饭店、友谊宾馆、和平宾馆等涉外宾馆,1979年来就有1500多起拾金不昧的事。多的ー个皮包就有数万美金,除了现金、旅行支票外,还有照相机、摄像机、录音机、手提箱、手表、金银珠宝等等。

Since 1979, more than 1500 instances of finding and returning lost items have occurred at foreign-related hotels such as the Beijing Hotel, Minzu Hotel, Friendship Guesthouse, and Peace Hotel. In addition to cash and traveler's checks, there were cameras, video cameras, tape recorders, suitcases, watches, gold and silver jewelry, and so on.

许多失主情真意切地拿出金钱财物表示感谢,但没有一人肯接受。一位饭店服务员,面对外宾3000元酬谢,淡淡地说了句“弯腰之劳不用谢”,继续埋头擦餐桌。

Many owners who had lost their belongings were sincere in offering money or valuables as a token of thanks, but no one accepted. One hotel waiter, faced with a 3,000 yuan reward from a foreign guest, simply said, “No need for thanks, it’s just a small favor,” and continued to wipe the tables.

那时,我们刚刚走出“文革”的岁月,大家都不富裕,但穷得有志气。这种“贫贱不移”,令外宾敬佩不已。

At that time, we had just emerged from the years of the Cultural Revolution. Everyone was not well-off, but their poverty was filled with dignity. This unyielding spirit in the face of poverty deeply impressed foreign visitors.

这些拾金不昧者都是些普通百姓,有领班、出租车司机、空姐、清洁エ、餐厅服务员,还有工人、农民、售货员。改革开放初期的人心人情中,有那么多的阳光。外国人听说中国有个雷锋,赞扬说“中国遍地雷锋”,这并不过分。尽管“文革”也给西方人留下复杂的记忆,但改革开放初期,许许多多的外国旅游者,就从遍布中国各地普普通通的拾金不昧者中,认识到真实的中国人,他们用不同的语言说出ー个共同的声音:“中国人,了不起!”

These individuals who found and returned lost property were ordinary citizens: leaders, taxi drivers, flight attendants, cleaning staff, restaurant servers, as well as workers, farmers, and sales clerks. In the early days of reform and opening up, there was so much warmth and goodwill in people's hearts. The foreigners heard that China had a person named Lei Feng, and they praised saying “China is full of Lei Fengs”, which wasn't an overstatement. Despite the Cultural Revolution leaving complex memories for Westerners, in the early days of the reform and opening up, countless foreign tourists recognized the real Chinese people from the ordinary people who were honest in all parts of China. They used different languages to voice a common sentiment: “Chinese people are incredible!”

3.世界需要热心肠

The World Needs Warmth and Kindness.

这里所述的故事,有些是救人性命的大事,更多还是生活中鸡毛蒜皮的小事,

The stories described here include some significant incidents of saving lives, and more often, they're about minor things in life.

无论大小,都在讲述:世界需要热心肠。

No matter how big or small, they all tell the same story: the world needs warmth and kindness.

70岁高龄的美国史密斯先生在攀登到长城第四座烽火台时,突然软瘫晕倒在地,脸色苍白,头冒冷汗。正在长城上执勤的某部警卫连指导员带领几名战士,把史密斯先生背到长城脚下休息室,又请八达岭特区医务室大夫赶来抢救。经诊断, 是高血压病突发,幸亏及时抢救,使史密斯先生病情缓和,转危为安,事后未收分文诊费。史密斯先生感动地说:“在美国,一点小病求医都是要付出昂贵医药费的,中国不可思议。”

Seventy-year-old Mr. Smith from the United States suddenly collapsed while climbing to the fourth beacon tower of the Great Wall. His face was pale and his forehead was covered in cold sweat. The instructor of a security company on duty on the Great Wall, along with several soldiers, carried Mr. Smith down to a rest room at the base of the Great Wall, and called a doctor from the Badaling Special Zone Medical Center for help. Upon diagnosis, it was found that Mr. Smith had a sudden onset of high blood pressure. Fortunately, the timely rescue eased Mr. Smith's condition, turning danger into safety, and no medical fees were charged afterwards. Moved, Mr. Smith said, "In the United States, even minor illnesses require paying expensive medical fees. China is incredible.”

有一年冬天,在西安旅游的日本游客高田先生,晚餐多喝了点酒,带着几分醉意,ー个人抱着刚买的“三彩马”走到宾馆湖边时不慎一脚踩空,连人带物跌入宾馆内的湖中。立刻有三个宾馆工作人员跳了下去,费了好大劲,オ把冻得发抖的高田先生救上来。当知道他买的“三彩马”还在湖中时,正在看电影的渔エ老雷赶来打捞。老雷在冰冷的湖水中,东摸西找,好一会オ找到。

One winter, Mr. Takada, a Japanese tourist traveling in Xi'an, had a bit too much to drink at dinner. Somewhat tipsy, he was carrying the "Tri-colored Horse" he had just purchased. As he walked alone to the lake beside the hotel, he carelessly stepped into thin air, falling into the hotel's lake, man and object together. Immediately, three hotel staff members jumped in. After much effort, they managed to rescue Mr. Takada, who was shivering from the cold. When they learned that the Tri-colored Horse he bought was still in the lake, Old Lei, a fisherman who was watching a movie, rushed over to help retrieve it. In the icy lake water, he fumbled around until he finally found it after a while.

“救人还救马”的故事传开后,团长杉木宽先生带领全团人员对全馆工作人员表示衷心感谢。高田先生激动地拉着救命恩人的手说:“中国伟大,中国人民伟大。”

After the story of "saving both man and horse" spread, Mr. Sugimoku Hiroshi, the tour leader, led the entire group in expressing their heartfelt gratitude to the hotel staff. Mr. Takada, moved, held the hands of his rescuers and said, “China is great, the Chinese people are great.”

希腊专家维内察努是个幽默的老太太,乘“伏波号”游船游漓江。午后天气骤然转寒,阵阵呼啸的江风掠过,维内察努上衣单薄,下身穿条绸裙子,全身冻得直打哆嗦。她躲进船舱,在胸前画着十字,闭着眼睛喃喃祈祷:“上帝呀,给你儿女ー盆火吧!”

Greek expert Vinenitsanou is a humorous old lady, who took a cruise on the “Fubo” to tour the Li River. In the afternoon, the weather suddenly turned cold, and gusts of howling river winds swept through. Vinenitsanou, in a thin upper garment and a silk skirt, was shivering all over from the cold. She hid in the cabin, making the sign of the cross in front of her chest, closing her eyes, and praying softly, “God, grant your daughter a basin of fire!”

没想到她的祈祷还真灵验,过一会儿,ー盆暖融融的炭火变魔术般地出现在她的面前。老人高兴得蹦起来,飞身旋转跳起希腊舞。原来是航运公司干部老周见她冻得不行,生了这盆火。

Unexpectedly, her prayer really worked, and after a while, a warm basin of charcoal fire magically appeared in front of her. The old lady was so happy that she sprang up and danced the Greek dance. It turned out that Old Zhou, an official from the shipping company, saw her freezing and started the fire.

日本CITC26-217团的翻译小吴下午在昆明西山游览时,突然发现该团成员安田正士先生走丢了,他是位73岁高龄的老人。小吴焦急地向国旅昆明分社报告。

In the afternoon, while touring Xishan in Kunming, Wu, the interpretor for the Japanese CITC26-217 group, suddenly realized that Mr. Yasuda Masashi, a member of the group, had gotten lost. He is a 73-year-old man. Wu anxiously reported to the Kunming branch of the CITS.

客人失踪这事非同小可。大家奔赴现场寻找,几个小时都没找到。正急得要向公安局报案时,出人意料,安田先生比寻找他的人先回到了昆明饭店。原来是ー位采草药的青年山农护送他回到饭店。分手时,安田先生把钱包里所有的钱倒出来,要送给他。青年人坚决推辞,连垫付的船、车、电话费也不收。

The disappearance of a guest was no small matter. Everyone rushed to the scene to search, but they didn't find him after several hours. Just as they were about to report the matter to the police, unexpectedly, Mr. Yasuda returned to the Kunming Hotel before those who were looking for him. It turned out that a young mountain farmer who was gathering herbs had escorted him back to the hotel. At parting, Mr. Yasuda emptied all the money from his wallet and wanted to give it to him. The young man firmly declined, even refusing to accept reimbursement for the boat, car, and phone expenses.

年轻人说:“你迷路了,人生地不熟,送你回来是应该的,不要感谢我,每个中国人都会这么做的。”

The young man said, “You were lost, in a place where you don't know anyone. It's only right that I bring you back. Don't thank me, every Chinese person would do the same.”

安田先生感到遗憾的是,他忘了问这个青年的姓名〇

What Mr. Yasuda regretted was that he forgot to ask the young man's name.

西欧旅游团正在无锡第一缥丝厂参观,兴致正浓时,大家发现ー个上了年纪叫瑞特的外宾不知上哪了。ー找,原来瑞特先生因为手术留下的后遗症,不方便蹲坑,大便拉在裤子里,困在厕所出不来了。陪同的是个大姑娘,急得团团转。

The Western European tour group was visiting the No.1 Silk Factory in Wuxi. Just as they were enjoying their visit, they noticed that an elderly guest named Reiter had disappeared. Upon searching, they found out that Mr. Reiter, due to the sequelae from a surgery, had trouble squatting and had defecated in his pants, leaving him trapped in the restroom. The accompanying guide, a young woman, was in a state of distress.

ー个工人师傅说了句:“交给我吧。”

A worker stepped forward and said, “Leave it to me.”

这位工人师傅带他去洗澡,又给他找来裤子换上,叫车送他回饭店休息。瑞特先生感激地说:“在无锡,我不仅游览了江南水乡美丽的风光,还领受了中国人的美好心灵。”

This worker helped him to take a shower, found him a pair of pants to change into, and then called a car to send him back to the hotel to rest. Mr. Reiter gratefully said, “In Wuxi, not only have I enjoyed the beautiful scenery of the southern water towns, but I have also experienced the beautiful soul of the Chinese people.”

4.百闻不如ー见

4. Seeing is Believing

北京全聚德宴会厅,青旅正宴请回国观光的香港同胞,酒过三巡,席间气氛达到高潮。

In the banquet hall of Quanjude in Beijing, the CYTS was hosting a banquet for visiting compatriots from Hong Kong. After a few rounds of drinks, the atmosphere at the banquet reached a climax.

ー个20多岁的年轻人,悄悄地把当时主管接待的董衡拉到ー边,说:“你猜我是哪来的?”

A young man in his twenties quietly pulled Dong Heng, who was in charge of the reception at the time, aside and said, “Guess where I'm from?”

董衡说:“你不是从香港来的?”

Dong Heng said, “Aren't you from Hong Kong?”

他神秘一笑:“不,我是从台湾来的。”

He gave a mysterious smile and said, “No, I'm from Taiwan.”

董衡当时是团中央青年旅行部部长,听了一愣,但马上反应过来:“那更要欢迎了!来了,有什么感受?”

At that time, Dong Heng was the Minister of the Youth Travel Department of the Central Committee. He was taken aback when he heard this but quickly responded, “That's even more welcome! How do you feel now that you're here?”

“我在台湾听说共产党都是青面獐牙的,很凶,六亲不认的。老百姓生活很苦, 现在我亲眼看到的,和以前听到的,完全是两回事。”

“I heard in Taiwan that all Communists have fierce faces and show no mercy, even to their own family. The common people live very hard lives. Now that I've seen it with my own eyes, it's completely different from what I heard before.”

数十年的封闭,造成世界不了解中国,中国也不了解世界。

Decades of isolation have resulted in the world not understanding China, and China not understanding the world.

1976年1月,邓小平的头像首次出现在美国《时代》周刊的封面上。封面左下角注明“周恩来的继承人:邓小平”,右上角的醒目标题则是:“中国:朋友还是敌人?”这种说法明白地在告诉世界:对于红色中国,他们还摸不透。

In January 1976, Deng Xiaoping's portrait appeared for the first time on the cover of “Time” magazine in the United States. The lower-left corner of the cover read “Zhou Enlai's successor: Deng Xiaoping,” while the eye-catching title in the upper-right corner asked, "China: Friend or Foe?" This clearly indicated to the world that they still didn't have a firm grasp of the situation in Red China.

很久了,西方人对中国一直有一种“神秘感”,对中国的认识还停留在几十年前甚至百年前的清末,不少国家的不少人,以为中国人穿着长袍马褂,瓜皮帽的后边还拖着一条长长的发辫。我们对外界也不了解。1972年“乒乓外交”之后,我们ォ改变“美帝纸老虎”的说法。

For a long time, Westerners have maintained a sense of mystery towards China, with their understanding of China still stuck in the situation decades, or even hundreds of years ago, during the late Qing Dynasty. Many people in many countries think that Chinese people still wear long gowns and skullcaps, with a long braid trailing from the back of their hats. We also didn't understand the outside world. After the Ping Pong Diplomacy in 1972, we changed our belief about “American imperialism being a paper tiger.”

因为封闭太久,在刚开放的ー些内地城市,金发碧眼的女郎,高鼻子白皮肤的外国人ー出现,常常有人围观看热闹。胆大的小孩,蹲在地上去摸外国人腿上长长的黄毛。

Due to our long isolation, when some mainland cities began to open up and blond-haired, blue-eyed girls or high-nosed, white-skinned foreigners started to appear, people would often gather around to watch the spectacle. Bold children would even squat down and touch the long blonde leg hair of these foreigners.

1982年,法国可尼旅行社一行26人来华旅游。该团大部分成员都是首次来华,带着对中国的种种猜疑而来,甚至有人认为中国还处于“文革”动乱之中,年轻人还戴着红袖章。

In 1982, a group of 26 people from the French travel agency Conny came to China for a tour. Most members of the group were visiting China for the first time, bringing with them various suspicions about China. Some even thought that China was still in the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, with young people still wearing red armbands.

十几天内,他们参观了エ厂,在农村用餐,漫步街道,同中国百姓交谈接触,他们的看法变了,惊叹不已。他们感受到中国人民是勤奋向上的,中国不简单,要保证十亿人民吃饭穿衣,维护着社会安定,这几乎是ー种奇迹。

Within a span of ten days or so, they visited factories, had meals in rural areas, strolled the streets, and interacted with the common Chinese people. Their perceptions were changed and they were astonished. They realized that the Chinese people are hardworking and always striving to improve, and that China is far more complex than they had imagined. The fact that it can ensure over a billion people have food to eat and clothes to wear, while maintaining social stability, seemed almost miraculous to them.

研究中国问题的学者,十分关心中国的人权问题、用人制度问题。改革开放后中国干部政策也有了变革,取消了用人看阶级成分的做法。上大学、分配工作、婚姻、考核等许多方面,阶级成分不再是考虑的因素。过去因所谓“出身不好”而受歧视,使之终生不与别人平等的现象已经得到纠正。这是改革开放以来政策上ー项最大的改革。这些情况让外宾们听了看了耳目一新。

Scholars studying issues related to China are very concerned about human rights and the employment system in China. After the reform and opening up, there have been changes in the cadre policy in China, and the practice of classifying people based on their class background has been abolished. n many aspects such as university enrollment, job allocation, marriage, and assessments, the consideration of one's class background is no longer a determining factor. The discrimination based on the so-called bad background in the past, which resulted in lifelong inequality, has been corrected. This is the most significant reform in policy since the beginning of the reform and opening up. These developments have greatly impressed the foreign visitors.

前西德旅游者古斯塔夫・穆里瑞说:“中国之行使人满意,作为一个从遥远的欧洲来到你们国家的旅游者,我看到了中国的希望。”

Gustav Müller, a former tourist from West Germany, remarked, “My trip to China has been satisfying. As a tourist coming from distant Europe to your country, I have seen the hope of China.”

有个由教授、医生31人组成的美国旅游团,带着各种偏见到中国来旅游。埃德先生是康斯坦丁大学教授,他一直认为中国人思想和行动都不自由,工作艰难, 生活困苦。其情形也有点像我们以为他们那儿的人民“生活在水深火热之中” 〇

There was a tourist group from the United States consisting of 31 members, including professors and doctors, who came to China with various biases. Mr. Ed, a professor from the University of Konstantin, had always believed that Chinese people lacked freedom in their thoughts and actions, and that they faced challenging work and a difficult life. It seemed that his perception was somewhat similar to our assumption that the people there were living in dire circumstances.

埃德先生为了证实自己的观点,带了 10打彩色胶卷,准备拍摄“证据”,以便回去说服不同意他观点的人。到北京的第一天,他起了个大早,自己一人从前门饭店走到虎坊路口,只见人行道上的行人和大街上的骑车人,都衣着整齐,精神愉快,有的还微笑着用英语友好地向他问候:“早晨好!”

To validate his viewpoint, Mr. Ed brought along 10 rolls of color film, prepared to capture evidence that would help convince those who disagreed with him. On his first day in Beijing, he got up early and walked alone from the Qianmen Hotel to the Hufang intersection. He found pedestrians on the sidewalks and cyclists on the streets, all neatly dressed and in high spirits. Some even greeted him warmly in English with a smile: “Good morning!”

埃德先生迷惑了。

This puzzled Mr. Ed.

最后,他说:“看来,过去听说的不是事实。”

In the end, he said, “It seems that what I've heard in the past is not true.”

这个团的狄先生是美国有名的医学博士,到上海患了感冒。陪同劝他去医院治病,狄先生摇摇头说:“中国还没有给我看病的设备。”

In the same group was Mr. Di, a renowned medical doctor from the United States who caught a cold when they arrived in Shanghai. When his companions suggested that he should go to the hospital, Mr. Di shook his head and said, “China doesn't have the equipment to treat me.”

陪同拿出自备的中药板蓝根,用开水冲开后对他说:“你试试,这种药与咖啡味道差不多,能解暑降温呢!”

One of the companions presented a self-prepared traditional Chinese medicine, Ban Lan Gen, and after dissolving it in hot water, he suggested, “You should try this. It has a taste similar to coffee and can help relieve heat and reduce fever.”

博士半信半疑地喝下去,没想到第二天一早就不打喷嚏了。狄先生夫妇笑着找到陪同又要了几包。事后狄先生说:“太神奇了！简直不可思议!”临别时,狄先生一下子买了 200包板蓝根带回国。

With a blend of skepticism and curiosity, the doctor drank the concoction. To his surprise, by the next morning, his sneezing had stopped. Mr. Di and his wife, amused and intrigued, approached the companion and asked for a few more. Reflecting on the incident later, Mr. Di said, “That's miraculous! Absolutely inconceivable!” When it was time to leave, Mr. Di bought 200 packets of Ban Lan Gen to take back to his home country.

这个团有个精神病老专家利奥奈德,在去云冈石窟的路上,洪水从公路漫过, 汽车过不去。正当游客们站在水边发愣时,有个过路农民微笑着走到利奥奈德先生身边,边说边打手势。

There was also a mental health expert named Leonard in the group. On their way to the Yungang Grottoes, a flood had covered the road, making it impassable for their vehicle. As the tourists stood by the water, bewildered, a passing farmer approached Leonard with a smile, speaking and gesturing to him.

老专家想想,掏出了钱包。

After some thought, Leonard reached for his wallet.

农民急得直摇头。

The farmer, however, responded with an urgent shake of his head.

陪同翻译赶忙解释:“他是说水不深,他可以背你过去。”

老专家为自己的误解感到内疚。

Quickly stepping in, the interpreter clarified, “He's saying the water isn't deep. He can carry you across.” Embarrassed by his misinterpretation, Leonard conceded.

农民背起利奥奈德先生涉水往前走,其他外宾纷纷脱鞋挽裤,兴奋地跟在后面,顺利地到了对岸。过后,利奥奈德先生告诉陪同,他的两个身强体壮的儿子也在这个团,但只是站在他的身边袖手旁观。

With that, the farmer hoisted Leonard onto his back and started wading through the water. The rest of the group, caught up in the excitement, followed suit by rolling up their pants, removing their shoes, and making their way across to the other side. Later, Leonard revealed to the interpreter that his two robust sons were also part of the group, but they had merely stood by, watching the events unfold without offering assistance.

百闻不如一见。这个团在中国经过短暂的17天行程,离境时他们坦率地承认,事实让他们改变了对中国的看法。

It was a profound lesson in the power of firsthand experience. After a brief 17-day journey through China, the group left the country with candid admissions that their experiences had fundamentally changed their perceptions of China. The truth they witnessed was far more compelling than any secondhand account.

美国哈佛大学5位美国大学生回国后给国旅总部寄来感谢信,信中说:“我们在美国听到的中国,同我们在北京亲眼看到的中国,完全不一样,中国人民十分友好厂’类似这样的海外来信,每个月能收到一大摞。

After returning to the United States, five students from Harvard University sent a letter of gratitude to the headquarters of the CITS. The letter read, “The China we heard about in the U.S. is completely different from the China we personally experienced in Beijing. The Chinese people are incredibly friendly.” Piles of similar letters from overseas pour in every month.

40多年前曾在北京生活过的泰国徐安纳女士故地重游,兴奋地说:“北京变得认不出了,比想象中还好。”

More than 40 years ago, Thai citizen Ms. Xu Anna lived in Beijing. Upon revisiting the city, she excitedly exclaimed, “Beijing has changed so much that it's unrecognizable, and it's even better than I imagined.”

世界已经看到ー个日益开放的中国。

The world is witnessing a China that is increasingly open.

5.公鸡太太汤

5. Mr. Rooster's Wife

当年,有许多友好人士对我国新兴的旅游业导游短缺、航班延误、火车晚点、服务欠缺等种种问题,提出过很多批评。

Back in the day, many well-wishers raised concerns about the emerging tourism industry in our country, citing a shortage of tour guides, flight delays, train lateness, and a lack of services. These issues have invited a great deal of criticism.

八达岭火车站没有候车亭,只有一块站牌,旅客上下火车非常不便。等候乘车的旅客,只能在空旷的野地里站着。烈日暴晒,下雨挨淋,外宾对此反映强烈。于是旅客候车亭相继出现,车站、码头、街口醒目的指示牌多了起来。

Badaling train station had no waiting area, just a signboard, which made getting on and off the train very inconvenient. Waiting passengers had no choice but to stand in the open field. The intense sunlight in the summer and the heavy rain at times brought strong complaints from foreign visitors. Consequently, waiting areas for passengers began to appear, and more noticeable signs were installed at stations, docks, and intersections.

飞机行李舱的门打开,舱里的行李哗啦啦都掉到接运卡车箱里。外宾看到这种“快速卸货法”,惊讶得张大了嘴巴。有人对这种野蛮方法提出批评,机场很快就改进了。

When the doors of the airplane cargo hold were opened, all the luggage inside would clatter down into the receiving cart. Foreign visitors would gape in surprise at this “fast unloading method.” Criticisms of such rough handling were raised, and the airport soon made improvements.

广州宾馆小卖部只收港币,美国、墨西哥外宾要喝可口可乐没港币便买不到。能否通融一下,用美元或人民币呢?服务员说:“上面规定,没办法。”反映到经理那里,死规定变活了,宾馆有了外币兑换窗口。

The convenience store at the Guangzhou Hotel only accepted Hong Kong dollars. Foreign visitors from the United States and Mexico, lacking the local currency, found themselves unable to buy a Coca-Cola. “Could we possibly use US dollars or yuan instead?” inquired a guest. The waiter replied, “The regulations dictate otherwise. I'm sorry, there's nothing I can do.” When these issues were brought to the manager's attention, the rigid rules became more flexible, and the hotel soon introduced a foreign currency exchange counter.

韩素音女士曾激动地问,为什么饭店服务员不帮助游客搬行李?起初,我们确实还没有这种观念,有人提出,也很快改进。

Ms. Han Suyin once passionately asked why hotel staff didn't assist guests with their luggage. Initially, we indeed lacked such a concept, but once it was suggested, improvements were quickly made.

有些服务员认为自己一天到晚伺候洋人,低人一等,这样的心理感觉也是存在的。如此,哪能有笑脸?干活也没劲。宾馆开展了“微笑服务”活动,我们开始懂得,如果出了差错,微笑能代表道歉。微笑是快乐的精灵,ー个微笑能使人快乐ー天。

Some staff felt that serving foreigners all day was demeaning, a sentiment that did exist. Under such a mindset, how could they serve with a smile? Their work would naturally lack enthusiasm. The hotel then initiated a "smile service" campaign. We began to understand that if a mistake occurs, a smile can serve as an apology. A smile is a sprite of joy, a single smile can bring happiness to someone for an entire day.

国外酒店同行热心地向我们介绍国际酒店十条标准:笑容、礼仪、整洁、责任、守时、忠诚、尊敬、服从、效率、勤勉。我们组织员工学习,开始认识到在客人眼中, “我就是酒店,酒店就是我”的道理。

Our international hotel counterparts kindly introduced us to the ten international hotel standards: a smile, courtesy, cleanliness, responsibility, punctuality, loyalty, respect, obedience, efficiency, and diligence. We organized staff training and began to realize the principle that in the eyes of the guest, “I am the hotel, and the hotel is me.”

刚从招待所转成外宾接待的,服务员带有招待所的老传统,把被子叠得方方正正,外宾一眼看去像到了军营。经指点也学会宾馆的做法,平铺于床,为客人掀好ー个角,这有如道一句“晚安”,使人安然入梦乡。

Those who had just transitioned from working in guest houses carried over old traditions, such as folding the blankets perfectly square, which to foreign guests resembled a military barracks. With some guidance, they learned the practices of the hotel, spreading the blanket flat on the bed, and folding back one corner for the guest. This gesture is akin to saying “Goodnight,” setting the stage for a peaceful night's sleep.

英语指示牌常出错,“游客止步”的地方挂着“自由出入”,甚至男女厕所英语的使用也不正确,使人哭笑不得。ー经提出,及时更换。

Errors often occurred with English signs. In places marked "No Entry for Visitors" hung signs reading “Free Entry” and even the English usage for men's and women's restrooms was incorrect, which was both amusing and frustrating. Once these issues were identified, they were promptly addressed.

问题总还是有很多。桂林一些宾馆水泵压カ不够,导致房间缺水,服务员就一桶桶提上楼去。但是,导游,特别是服务员外语水平差,一时却难以改变。

But, inevitably, problems still arose. Some hotels in Guilin had inadequate water pressure, causing a shortage of water in the rooms. Waitstaff had to carry buckets of water up the stairs. But their poor proficiency in foreign languages, especially among the waitstaff and tour guides, proved difficult to improve in the short term.

在外宾下榻的宾馆里,翻译不可能处处相陪,吃饭点菜、问讯、洗衣、打电话、拍电报、兑换外币、修理物件等,都找服务员。由于语言不通,只有靠比画、猜想办事, 闹过不少笑话。

In hotels where foreign guests were staying, it was not possible for interpretors to be present everywhere. For dining, inquiries, laundry, phone calls, telegrams, currency exchange, and repairs, guests had to rely on the waitstaff. Due to language barriers, communication often had to be done through gestures and guesses, which led to some amusing misunderstandings.

外宾想吃荔枝,端来了辣椒;想上洗手间,端来了一盆水。有位刚洗完澡的客人,向服务员要一个接线板,服务员却请来ー个医生。一位美国老太太怕冷,说要加一床毛毯,而领班听成白兰地,于是送去ー瓶酒,老太太掩嘴而笑。ー个日本游客反映暖气管漏水,服务员赶忙送来两壶开水,游客着急地说:“我不是要水!”

Guests who wanted to eat lychee were served chili peppers instead; a request to use the restroom resulted in a basin of water being brought. Once, a guest who had just finished taking a shower asked a staff member for a power strip. The staff member misunderstood and brought a doctor instead. An American elderly lady, feeling cold, requested an additional blanket. However, the manager misheard ‘blanket’ as 'brandy' and delivered a bottle of liquor to her room, causing the lady to cover her mouth in laughter. A Japanese guest reported a leak in his heating pipe, and a hotel staff quickly brought two pots of boiling water. The guest exclaimed in frustration, “I don't need water!”

在ー次宴会上,端上来ー盆“人参母鸡汤” 〇

During a banquet, a pot of “Ginseng Chicken Soup” was served.

日本客人问:“这是什么?”

A Japanese guest asked, “What is this?”

翻译忘了“母鸡”这个词日语该怎么说。灵机ー动,指着盆里的母鸡,笑着对客人介绍:“这是公鸡太太和人参做成的汤。”

The interpretor forgot how to say 'hen' in Japanese. Thinking on his feet, he pointed to the chicken in the pot and humorously introduced it to the guests as, “This is a soup made of Mr. Rooster's wife and ginseng.”

客人们听后全都捧腹大笑。

Everyone at the table burst into laughter upon hearing this.

有些不懂外语的服务员,见了外宾能躲就躲,能避就避,溜之大吉。不敢主动和外宾接触,怕外宾提问题自己听不懂,出洋相,外宾ー按电铃就发怵。有的宾馆为应急,把仅有的几个会外语的服务员调来借去,非常被动。

Some service staff, not understanding foreign languages, would avoid foreign guests whenever possible, dodging out of sight. They were reluctant to initiate contact with foreign guests for fear of not understanding their questions, and making a fool of themselves; they would be filled with dread at the sound of a doorbell. Some hotels, in a desperate response, shuffled around the few multilingual staff members they had, leaving them in a very passive situation.

国旅杭州分社想出救急办法,编写了 56句短小的日常用语,用英文、中文和汉语拼音分别印在56张状如扑克牌的卡纸上。当双方因语言障碍陷入窘境时,就可找出卡片中表达其意的那ー张,解决问题。

The Hangzhou branch of CITS came up with an emergency solution. They compiled 56 common phrases, each printed in English, Chinese, and Pinyin on playing card-sized paper. When a language barrier led to an awkward situation, they could find the card that expressed their meaning and solve the problem.

更好的办法是突击学外语。许多宾馆掀起了学外语高潮,服务员虽然文化水平都不高,但学习相当刻苦。利用一切空余时间,练ロ语,听外语广播。有个服务员已是两个孩子的母亲,东方刚放亮就起身学习,晚上躺在床上也念念不忘背单词。

But a better solution was to learn foreign languages intensively. Many hotels kicked off a fervor for learning languages. Although the educational background of the service staff was not good, they studied quite diligently. They took advantage of every spare moment to practice languages and listen to foreign language broadcasts. One of the service staff, a mother of two, would get up to study as soon as the day broke, and she would not forget to memorize words even when lying in bed at night.

冬季是旅游淡季,全国旅游行业掀起了冬季练兵热潮,餐厅服务员练端盘子基本功,客房服务员练清理房间卫生的速度,晚上又上夜校学外语。

Winter is the off-season for tourism, and a fervor for training swept across the tourism industry nationwide. Restaurant servers practiced their skills in carrying trays, room attendants honed their speed in cleaning rooms, and in the evenings they attended night school to learn foreign languages.

三、破冰之旅

Chapter 3 The Ice-Breaking Journey

ー个变革的时代,各种观念可以来自四面八方,但富有成效的行动,总是出自那些颠沛跋涉的实践者。谁曾想到,旅游业在开放初会如此艰难地为突破旧观念、旧体制,充当着开路先锋的角色……过去的年代,问题恐怕不在于观念陈旧,多少人应有的独立思考功能受损,就无法创造性开展工作。旅游业的破冰之旅不唯发展了旅游,在改变社会营造新风诸方面,可以用一句著名的诗来表述:“沉舟侧畔千帆过,病树前头万木春。”

In an era of transformation, various ideas can come from all directions, but effective actions always come from those who have journeyed through hardships. Who would have thought that the tourism industry, at the beginning of its opening up, would play the role of a pioneer in breaking through old concepts and systems... In days past, the problem was not so much that ideas were archaic, but that the capacity for independent thinking in many people had been subtly eroded, leaving them unable to bring creativity to their work. The ice-breaking journey of the tourism industry not only developed tourism but also changed society and created a new atmosphere. This can be expressed with a famous line of poetry: While the sunk boat lies submerged, thousands of sails pass by; at the sick tree's front, ten thousand trees spring.

1.传奇局长卢绪章

1. Legendary Director Lu Xuzhang

卢绪章这个名字你也许不熟悉,但提起电影《与魔鬼打交道的人》,许多人会想起影片中的男一号张公甫。张公甫的形象,就是依据卢绪章的传奇经历塑造的。

The name Lu Xuzhang might not ring a bell for you, but mention the film “The Man Who Dealt with the Devil”, and many will recall the leading male character, Zhang Gongfu. Zhang Gongfu's character was sculpted based on Lu Xuzhang's legendary journey.

卢绪章曾经长期从事共产党的地下秘密联络工作,公开身份是大老板。他与国民党上层人物陈果夫、陈立夫等打得火热,并取得了国民党少将参议的头衔,通过孙科等头面人物与苏联做生意,为共产党挣取了数十万港币的活动经费,国民党高官蒙在鼓里,中共也只有周恩来等极少数人知道他是“红色资本家” 〇中华人民共和国成立后,卢绪章出任中国第一任进出口公司经理,后担任外经贸部常务副部长,人们敬佩卢绪章,常在他面前拿电影《与魔鬼打交道的人》说事。他自己并不喜欢这个称呼,一切都已过去,他再也不是“与魔鬼打交道的人” 〇

For a long time, Lu Xuzhang was engaged in the secret underground liaison work of the Communist Party, publicly appearing as a prominent businessman. He was on excellent terms with senior figures of the Kuomintang like Chen Guofu and Chen Lifu, earning himself the title of Major General of the Kuomintang. He conducted business with the Soviet Union through leading figures like Sun Ke, raising hundreds of thousands of Hong Kong dollars in operational funds for the Communist Party. While high-ranking officials of the Kuomintang were kept in the dark, only a very few, like Zhou Enlai, knew that he was a "Red Capitalist". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Lu Xuzhang became the first manager of the China Import and Export Company and later served as the Executive Deputy Minister of Foreign Economic Trade. People admired Lu Xuzhang, often referring to the film “The Man Who Dealt with the Devil” in his presence. He didn't like this moniker, everything was already in the past, and he was no longer "the man who dealt with the devil.”

1978年10月17日,卢绪章走马上任。这时旅游面临的困难重重,他可说是 “受命于艰难之际” 〇贯彻对外开放、对内搞活的政策,搞好旅游业,是他的重任。我国有发展旅游业的丰富资源,首先要搞好铁路、机场、码头、电讯等基础设施,还要动员各方面力量来办旅游,大胆利用外资、侨资来办旅游。

On October 17, 1978, Lu Xuzhang assumed his new position. At this time, the tourism industry was facing numerous difficulties, and he could be said to have been "appointed at a time of hardship." His major responsibility was to implement the policy of opening up to the outside world and invigorating the domestic economy, and to do a good job in the tourism industry. China has abundant resources to develop the tourism industry. The first step is to improve basic facilities such as railways, airports, docks, and telecommunications, and also to mobilize all forces to run tourism, boldly utilizing foreign and overseas Chinese investments to manage tourism.

为加快引进外资步伐,小平授意国务院成立“利用侨资、外资建设旅游饭店领导小组” 〇由国务院副总理谷牧任组长,陈慕华、廖承志等人具体分管,办公室设在国家旅游总局内。

To accelerate the pace of introducing foreign investment, Deng Xiaoping instructed the State Council to establish a "Leadership Group for Building Tourist Hotels Using Overseas Chinese and Foreign Investment." The group was headed by Deputy Prime Minister Gu Mu, with Chen Muhua and Liao Chengzhi in charge of specific tasks. The office was located within the CNTA.

“小组”于1978年11月成立。名为“小组”,实为国家部级的机构。小组成员有国家计委、国家建委、外交部、轻工部、商业部、外贸部、铁道部、交通部、民航总局、财政部、中国人民银行等有关部门的负责人。可外商不理解,经常问:“你这个小组是什么级的?”为此还得费一番口舌。

The “group” was established in November 1978. Despite being called a “group”, it was actually a state department-level institution. The members of the group included the heads of relevant departments such as the National Development and Reform Commission, the National Construction Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Light Industry, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Transportation, the Civil Aviation Administration, the Ministry of Finance, and the People's Bank of China. However, foreign businessmen did not understand this and often asked: “What level is your group?” This question often required some explanation.

小组下设办公室,简称“侨外资办”,卢绪章兼任办公室主任。卢绪章熟谙市场经济经营之道,举止沉稳,丝毫没有“大干部”的派头。上任伊始,卢绪章动用自己的“老关系”,以国家旅游总局的名义,邀请ー批实业家、旅游专家组成海外旅游考察团到中国考察,目的就是请他们了解中国改革开放的好机遇,吸引他们前来中国投资,对中国旅游设施的改进提建议。考察团成员有美国波士顿财务公司、凯悦国际酒店集团等机构的负责人,夏威夷大学的校长和旅游学院的院长,还有世界著名的美籍华裔建筑师贝聿铭,香港企业家杨元龙、车家骐、朱民康、杨敏德及旅馆、酒店专业人士。

The “group” had an office, commonly referred to as the “Office of Overseas Chinese and Foreign Investment”, and Lu Xuzhang concurrently served as the director of the office. Lu Xuzhang, who was well-versed in the operation of the market economy, was calm and composed without any airs of a “senior official”. At the beginning of his tenure, Lu Xuzhang used his “old connections” and, in the name of the CNTA, invited a group of industrialists and tourism experts to form an overseas tourism inspection team to visit China. The purpose was to have them understand the great opportunities of China's reform and opening up, to attract them to invest in China, and to provide suggestions for the improvement of China's tourism facilities. The members of the inspection team included the heads of institutions such as Boston Financial Company and Hyatt Hotels Corporation, the president of the University of Hawaii and the dean of the School of Tourism, as well as the world-renowned Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei, Hong Kong entrepreneurs Yang Yuanlong, Che Jiaqi, Zhu Minkang, Yang Minde and other professionals from the hotel industry.

广州、上海、南京、扬州、无锡、苏州,夏威夷旅游学院院长朱卓任每到ー地,都向旅游同行们介绍世界旅游业的发展情况。朱民康先生从凯悦国际酒店集团选来了 !8套有关旅游接待、酒店管理和旅游从业人员训练等方面的影片,沿途放映,使各地的旅游业人员大开眼界。

In Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Wuxi, and Suzhou, the Dean of the University of Hawaii School of Tourism, Zhu Zhuoren, would introduce the development of the world tourism industry to his colleagues at every location. Mr. Zhu Minkang selected 18 sets of films related to tourism reception, hotel management, and tourism staff training from Hyatt International Hotel Group. These were screened along the way, greatly enlightening the local tourism industry personnel.

经卢绪章牵线和实地考察,国旅总社和香港侨美旅游事业有限公司于1978年 11月!3日签订了投资协议书。主要内容是在北京、上海、广州、杭州、南京、苏州、无锡、扬州等地分两期合作建造五万间房间的旅馆,全部利用外资,待旅馆建成后以部分房租逐年偿还。

Through Lu Xuzhang's facilitation and on-site inspection, the CITS and Overseas American Tourism Corporation Ltd. in Hong Kong signed an investment agreement on November 13, 1978. The main content of the agreement was to jointly build hotels with 50,000 rooms in two phases in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, and Yangzhou. The project would be entirely funded with foreign capital, and the room rent would be used to repay the investment annually after the hotels were built.

“老去又逢新岁月,春来更有好花枝”,这是多好的开端,卢绪章兴奋得睡不好觉,恨不得马上付诸行动。

“Facing new times as one ages, and encountering beautiful flowers when spring comes,” was a great start. Lu Xuzhang was so excited that he couldn't sleep well, wishing to put this into action immediately.

可是这时党的十一届三中全会还没召开,投资软环境还没形成。姓“社”姓 “资”还是个敏感的话题。什么能干,什么不能干,大家心中都没底。这ー协议在北京实施时就遇到阻碍,包括征集土地、税收标准、拆迁政策等等,当时都是一片空白。国家旅游总局碰到了难题,ー时无法进ー步商谈。

However, at that time, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party had not yet been convened, and the soft environment for investment had not been formed. Whether to follow a socialist or capitalist model was still a sensitive topic. What could be done and what couldn't be done, no one was really sure. The agreement encountered obstacles when implemented in Beijing, including land acquisition, tax standards, relocation policies, etc., all of which were then a blank slate. The CNTA encountered difficulties and was unable to proceed with further discussions for a time.

外宾来了,不是来上“五七干校”的。得让人家住好、吃好、玩好,他们オ愿意来。这就需要搞活旅游业,需要把旅游业作为ー种重要的产业来抓。

Foreign guests weren't coming to enroll in "May 7th Cadre Schools." We had to ensure they had good accommodations, food, and entertainment so they would want to come. This required revitalizing the tourism industry and treating it as an important industry to focus on.

为了争取时间,卢绪章当机立断,干不了大的干小的,建不了新的改旧的。马上促成侨美公司和北京市第一服务局合作,签订了北京香山、西苑两饭店的建设和民族饭店的加建、改造工程的合同。民族饭店率先请香港的名设计师改造装修了两间富有民族风味的样板房,供参观仿效,同时开始兴建燕京饭店。

In order to save time, Lu Xuzhang made a decisive move: if he couldn't work on large projects, he would focus on smaller ones; if he couldn't build new ones, he would renovate old ones. He immediately facilitated a cooperation between the Overseas Chinese American Company and Beijing's First Service Bureau, signing contracts for the construction of the Xiangshan and Xiyuan hotels in Beijing and the expansion and renovation project of the Minzu Hotel. The Minzu Hotel was the first to invite a famous designer from Hong Kong to remodel and decorate two sample rooms with ethnic flavor for observation and emulation, and at the same time began to build the Yanjing Hotel.

广东珠海最先展示出“大手笔”。自1979年以来,珠海先后引进ー亿五千多万港元的资金,以合作或合资、独资的形式兴建宾馆、酒店、游乐场、度假村等。1980 年1〇月最早建成的珠海石景山旅游中心,是国内第一家外资独资的饭店。

Zhuhai, Guangdong, was the first to display a big move. Since 1979, Zhuhai has introduced over 150 million Hong Kong dollars in funds, and built hotels, amusement parks, and resorts in the form of cooperation, joint ventures, or sole proprietorships. In October 1980, the earliest completed Zhuhai Shijing Mountain Tourist Center became the first wholly foreign-owned hotel in China.

1978年底,船王包玉刚先生提出要来观光。
当年参与接待的袁宗堂先生,如今已是76岁的古稀老人,先后担任过国家旅游局企业管理司、资源司司长兼北京兆龙饭店第一任总经理。如今他已是中外酒店业内的知名人士,如同“酒店活神仙”〇 2007年获得了 “中国酒店业终身成就奖”,中国获此殊荣的只有两人,另一位是侯锡九先生。

At the end of 1978, shipping tycoon Pao Yue-kong proposed to come for sightseeing. Yuan Zongtang, who participated in the reception that year, is now a 76-year-old elderly man who has served as the Director of the Enterprise Management Division and the Resource Division of the CNTA and the first general manager of the Beijing Zhaolong Hotel. He is now a well-known figure in the hotel industry at home and abroad, like a “hotel living god”. In 2007, he was awarded the "Lifetime Achievement Award of China's Hotel Industry". Only two people in China have received this honor, the other being Mr. Hou Xijiu.

袁宗堂回忆当年,说包玉刚要来的三天前,卢绪章就叫他去北京饭店要住房, 要不到,袁宗堂就坐在那儿等,还是没有。到晚上只好打电话向国务院反映,经过国务院同意,好不容易调整出ー间单人房。结果与包玉刚同来的妹夫李伯忠只能在他的房内打了个地铺。

Yuan Zongtang recalled that three days before Pao Yue-kong's arrival, Lu Xuzhang asked him to go to the Beijing Hotel for a room, but he couldn't get it. Yuan Zongtang had to sit there and wait, but still couldn't get a room. By evening, he had no choice but to report to the State Council. After the State Council's approval, a single room was finally arranged. As a result, Li Bozhong, Pao Yue-kong's brother-in-law who came with him, could only make a makeshift bed in his room.

包玉刚是世界船王包兆龙的接班掌门人,与卢绪章是姑舅亲,又都是宁波老乡,两人私交甚深。这对30多年未见面的亲戚加老乡见面时,没有“泪汪汪”。包玉刚直言不讳:“你这个旅游局长是怎么当的?连我来,房间还要加塞,如果传出去,岂不是天大笑话?”

Pao Yue-kong is the successor to the world shipping king Pao Shao-long and is a close relative and fellow Ningbo native of Lu Xuzhang, so they had a deep private relationship. There were no tears when these relatives and old friends, who hadn't seen each other for more than 30 years, met. Pao Yue-kong was blunt, "How are you being the director of this tourism bureau? Even when I come, the room has to be crowded. If this gets out, isn't it a big joke?"

卢绪章为人忠厚朴实,不善辞令。他充满歉意。

Lu Xuzhang is a man of integrity and simplicity, not good at eloquence. He was full of apology.

几天后,包玉刚了解到当时国内旅游宾馆出奇地困难,国家旅游总局办公场所也特别小,几十个人挤在ー起,两个人才ー张办公桌。两个副局长共一个办公室, 来个人谈事,另ー个还得主动回避一下。包玉刚表示,我出1000万美金,800万盖个饭店,200万给你们盖楼。此行他还捐资给上海交通大学建图书馆。
应该说这是“天上掉馅饼”的好事,但还是有人反对。

A few days later, Pao Yue-kong learned about the surprisingly difficult situation with the domestic tourist hotels at the time. The office space of the CNTA was also exceptionally small. Dozens of people were squeezed together, with two people sharing one desk. The two deputy directors shared one office. When someone came to talk about things, the other had to actively avoid it. Pao Yue-kong said, “I will give 10 million US dollars, 8 million to build a hotel, and 2 million for you to build a building.” During this trip, he also donated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University to build a library. One might consider this as a windfall, yet some still voiced opposition.

因为包玉刚提出,饭店的名字要用“兆龙饭店”。兆龙是包玉刚父亲的名字。反对者说:“这不是为资本家树碑立传吗?”

This was because Pao Yue-kong proposed to name the hotel “Zhao Long Hotel”. Zhao Long is the name of Pao Yue-kong’s father. The opponents said, “Isn't this erecting a monument and writing a biography for the capitalist?”

包兆龙为包拯第28代嫡孙,也是个爱国华侨,曾屡捐巨资赞助祖国建设。对那些反对者,我们今天能说什么呢?只能说,为什么总有些人的思想如此僵化、不开窍?

Pao Zhao Long, the 28th direct descendant of Bao Zheng, was also a patriotic overseas Chinese who had repeatedly donated huge sums of money to support the construction of the motherland. To those who opposed, what can we say today? Only that, why are some people's thinking so rigid and inflexible?

卢绪章很高兴,他说包玉刚的爱国不是挂在口头上,而是实实在在表现在行动上。他是继承中国传统美德的国际企业家。卢绪章直接想办法把消息报告给邓小平。邓小平明确表示支持,并说,人家要表示孝心,用父亲的名字,有什么不好?后来小平不仅会见了包玉刚,还亲自为“兆龙饭店”题写店名,亲自参加了 “兆龙饭店”开业庆典,此为后话。

Lu Xuzhang was very pleased. He said that Pao Yue-kong's patriotism was not just lip service, but was truly manifested in action. He is an international businessman who inherits Chinese traditional virtues. Lu Xuzhang directly found a way to report the news to Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping clearly expressed his support, saying, what's wrong with someone wanting to express filial piety by using their father's name. Later, Deng Xiaoping not only met with Pao Yue-kong, but also personally inscribed the name of the “Zhaolong Hotel”, and personally attended the opening ceremony of the "Zhaolong Hotel", but that's another story.

2.第一批旅游饭店

2. The First Batch of Tourist Hotels

李玉莺曾陪同宋庆龄访问苏联,见过斯大林。她还担任过郭沫若的外事秘书, 曾是国家旅游局的ー支“笔杆子”,人称才女,改革开放初期许多文件出自其手。她参与了建国饭店、长城饭店、金陵饭店、白天鹅饭店等涉外饭店的谈判,对中国引进外资建设的进程,可说是了如指掌。

Li Yuying, who once accompanied Song Qingling on a visit to the Soviet Union and met Stalin, also served as Guo Moruo's foreign affairs secretary. She was once one of the “penholders” of the CNTA, known as a talented woman, and many documents in the early stage of reform and opening up were written by her. She participated in the negotiation of foreign-related hotels such as the Jianguo Hotel, the Great Wall Hotel, the Jinling Hotel, and the White Swan Hotel, and can be said to have a thorough understanding of the process of China's introduction of foreign investment for construction.

2008年她78岁了,两鬓如霜,依然オ思敏捷。李玉莺大姐向我们敞开记忆之门,讲起了 30年前引进外资建饭店的艰辛故事。

In 2008, she is 78 years old, with frosty temples, but her mind was still sharp. Li Yuying opened the door to her memories and talked about the difficult story of introducing foreign investment to build hotels 30 years ago.

“第一个引进外资建造旅游饭店的意向书,是在北京饭店签订的。时间是 1978年10月8日。”李玉莺说。

“The first letter of intent to introduce foreign capital to build a tourist hotel was signed at the Beijing Hotel. The date was October 8, 1978,” said Li Yuying.

外方谈判代表是泛美航空所属的洲际饭店公司董事长保罗・希莱恩。小平同志对这次谈判非常关注,外方到达的第二天上午就亲自会见了泛美航空公司董事长西威尔和洲际饭店公司一行客人。

The foreign negotiation representative was Paul H. Schlein, the chairman of the Intercontinental Hotel Company, which belonged to Pan American World Airways. Comrade Xiaoping was very concerned about this negotiation. On the second morning after the arrival of the foreign party, he personally met with the chairman of Pan American World Airways, Mr. Westwil, and a delegation from the Intercontinental Hotel Company.

西威尔提出拟建5000个房间的饭店。

Mr. Westwil proposed to build a hotel with 5,000 rooms.

小平说:“我们要积极努力创造更多的条件,建5000个房间的旅馆是可以商量的,也可以再多一点。先建5000间,还要看建在什么地方。”

Xiaoping said, “We must actively strive to create more conditions. It is negotiable to build a hotel with 5,000 rooms, and it can be a bit more. First, build 5,000 rooms, but it also depends on where to build.”

小平还说:“这里边有些具体问题,建房条件要研究。”

Xiaoping also mentioned, “There are some specific problems in this that need to be studied regarding building conditions.”

但小平同志亲自过问的这个项目,却因种种原因再无进展。此后,最先谈成, 又经国务院批准的中外合资项目是北京建国饭店,接着有北京长城饭店和中日航空食品公司,这三个合资项目都是旅游企业。

However, this project that Comrade Xiaoping personally cared about had no further progress due to various reasons. Afterward, the first joint venture project to be negotiated and approved by the State Council was the Jianguo Hotel Beijing, followed by the Great Wall Hotel Beijing and the Sino-Japanese Aviation Food Company. These three joint ventures were all tourism enterprises.

李玉莺大姐说:“我说说建国饭店从审批到施工建成的过程,你们就会知道,开始引进外资的时候,有多么艰难。”

Li Yuying said, “If I talk about the process from the approval to the completion of the construction of the Jianguo Hotel, you will know how difficult it was to start introducing foreign investment.”

建国饭店外资方是美籍华人陈宣远,他是廖承志的远房表亲。廖承志举贤不避亲,动员他来中国投资。陈先生是个爱国的建筑师,在美国经营ー个建筑事务所,在美国加州旧金山拥有帕萨迪娜等四家假日饭店。他对投资中国充满信心, 1979年2月就到北京考察,有关建国饭店的谈判进展相对顺利。陈宣远真心诚意想为国家做点贡献,许多条款都做了让步。他甚至表态:饭店经营1〇年后,把他的股权以1美元价格,卖给中方。

The foreign investor of the Jianguo Hotel was Chen XuanYuan, an American Chinese who was a distant relative of Liao Chengzhi. Liao Chengzhi didn't avoid relatives when promoting virtuous people, so he mobilized him to invest in China. Mr. Chen was a patriotic architect who ran an architectural firm in the United States. He owned four Holiday Inns in places like Pasadena, San Francisco, California. Chen XuanYuan was full of confidence in investing in China. He came to Beijing for inspection in February 1979, and the negotiations concerning the Jianguo Hotel proceeded relatively smoothly. Chen XuanYuan sincerely wanted to make some contributions to the country and made many concessions in the terms. He even stated that after the hotel had been operated for ten years, he would sell his shares to the Chinese side at a price of one US dollar.

既然只卖1美元,那为什么不干脆白送呢?

If it's only sold for one dollar, why not just give it away?

陈宣远说,不能白送。按照美国的法律,在国外投资白送就是违法。但可以卖,至于卖多少钱由业主说了算。

Chen XuanYuan said that it couldn't be given away. According to US law, giving away overseas investments is illegal. But it can be sold, and the owner decides how much it is sold for.

如此说来,外方的条件是相当优惠了。可是,当时许多人,包括有些国家部委办的领导都不理解,对建国饭店建与不建的问题各持己见。国家某部委负责人说: “合资饭店都是亏本赔钱的,怎么能借钱干赔本的买卖?”

So it seems that the terms from the foreign side were quite favorable. However, at that time, many people, including some leaders from national ministries and commissions, did not understand and held their own opinions on whether to build the Jianguo Hotel. A person in charge of a certain national ministry said: “Joint venture hotels are all loss-making, how can we borrow money to engage in loss-making business?”

有人还拿出“可行性分析”,认为建国饭店经营22年后,要还清借贷的本息,还差2万美金。

Some people also brought out a feasibility analysis, suggesting that after 22 years of operation of the Jianguo Hotel, there would still be a deficit of 20,000 US dollars to clear the principal and interest of the loan.

这个“可行性分析”被作为ー种“科学论据”,有人据此反对上马

This feasibility analysis was used as a kind of "scientific argument", and some people opposed the project based on this.

反对呼声强烈!

The opposition was strong!

小平同志还是在关于同意建造建国饭店合资酒店的批文上签了字。今天我们仍能看到,在这份批文上,有国务院总理、14位副总理和全国人大常委会副委员长廖承志等共16位国家领导人的批字或圈阅,对建造ー个饭店如此慎重,是很少见的。

Still, Deng Xiaoping personally signed the approval for the construction of the Jianguo Hotel joint venture. Today, we can still see the approval from 16 national leaders, including the Prime Minister of the State Council, 14 deputy prime ministers, and Liao Chengzhi, the vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The unusual level of caution shown for the construction of a hotel is rare to see.

李玉莺大姐清楚地记得,审批的时间是!979年6月12日。批语中还强调: “这是我国与外资合作建造和经营的第一个旅游饭店,可以作为试点,创造点经验, 请各有关部门积极给予支持配合,争取尽快动エ建成。”

Li Yuying clearly remembers that the approval was given on June 12, 1979. The approval emphasized: “This is the first tourist hotel in our country to be constructed and operated in cooperation with foreign capital. It can be used as a pilot project to create some experience. Please actively support and cooperate with all relevant departments to strive for starting and completing the construction as soon as possible.”

有了“尚方宝剑”,事情看来可以一帆风顺地进展下去,哪知道阻カ依然很大。在设计、选址、拆迁、贷款、施工等过程中,依然困难重重,几乎每走ー步,都遇到阻カ。

With this “imperial sword,” it seemed that things could progress smoothly, but there were still substantial obstacles. During the process of design, site selection, demolition, loans, construction, etc., there were still numerous difficulties. Almost every step encountered resistance.

陈宣远本人就是建筑师,由他设计是顺理成章的事。反对意见来了 :“中国的饭店,为什么要外人来设计?”

Chen Xuan Yuan was himself an architect, so his design was a natural choice. Yet, opposition came: “Why should a Chinese hotel be designed by foreigners?”

庄炎林是归侨,时任国家旅游总局副局长,又是“侨外资办”常务副主任,许多具体事务得跑上跑下,忙前忙后,常常到下半夜オ进家门。多干事者多受气,种种飞短流长向他袭来:

“请客的钱加起来,就可以盖一座大楼了!”

Zhuang Yanlin, a returning overseas Chinese, was the Deputy Director of the CNTA at the time and also the Executive Deputy Director of the “Overseas Capital Office”. He had to run around handling many specific affairs, often not arriving home until midnight. Those who do more often face more criticisms, and all kinds of rumors came at him: “The money spent on treating guests could have built a tower by now!”

“建合资饭店是与外国资本家联盟,ー起赚中国人民的钱。”

“Building joint venture hotels is forming an alliance with foreign capitalists to make money off the Chinese people.”

“咱们卫星都能上天,还怕盖不成饭店?”

“We can send satellites into space, so why can't we build a hotel?”

“这点事,要去求洋人,岂不是丢中国人的脸吗！”

“Isn't it humiliating for us Chinese to seek help from foreigners for such a matter?”

还有人写匿名信,用语从“崇洋媚外”到“卖国主义”,还有“丧失阶级立场” “丧失民族气节”等等,引进外资建饭店,简直就是罪大恶极了。

Some people even sent anonymous letters, with phrases ranging from “worshipping foreigners and fawning over foreign things” to “traitorism”, as well as “losing class standing” and “losing national integrity”, etc. To them, bringing in foreign capital to build hotels was simply an egregious crime.

李大姐说,现在看来十分明白的道理,在那年月却是说不清。引进外资建饭店,面对四面八方的反对意见,有些声音可以置之不理,有些意见你还一定得去解释。

As Li said, what now seems so clear was so hard to explain back then. In the face of opposition from all directions to the introduction of foreign capital for hotel construction, some voices could be ignored, but some opinions had to be explained.

1980年9月五届人大三次会议期间,建国饭店已经开エ了,一些全国人大代表就引资建饭店提出质疑。庄炎林只得带着李玉莺等人去向人大代表作解释,就饭店的合作方式、建筑设计、材料装修、偿还能力等问题ーー作说明,并强调旅游住宿如何困难,争取人大代表的理解与同情。

During the Third Session of the Fifth National People's Congress in September 1980, the Jianguo Hotel had already started construction, and some National People's Congress delegates raised doubts about the hotel project funded by foreign capital. Zhuang Yanlin had no choice but to take Li Yuying and others to explain to the NPC delegates about the hotel's cooperation method, architectural design, material decoration, repayment ability, and other issues. They also stressed the difficulty of accommodation in tourism to gain the understanding and sympathy of the NPC delegates.

建设建国饭店的批文!979年6月就批了,到!980年6月20日オ正式破土动工。我们整整失去了一年宝贵时间。

The approval for the construction of Jianguo Hotel was issued in June 1979, but construction did not officially begin until June 20, 1980. We lost a full year of valuable time.

谷牧副总理当时分管旅游工作,他曾在国家旅游局情况汇报中批示:“我很同情旅游业,现在谁也没有否决权。”

Vice Premier Gu Mu, who was in charge of tourism work at the time, once commented during a report on the status of the CNTA, “I sympathize greatly with the tourism industry; at present, no one has the right to veto.”

施工期间又遭人为阻挠。原来建国饭店后面是国务院某部的宿舍楼,他们怕建成后会遮挡阳光,不让建。

During the construction period, there was deliberate obstruction. The dormitory building of a certain department of the State Council was behind the site of the Jianguo Hotel. They feared that once the hotel was built, it would block their sunlight, so they opposed the construction.

其实,原定方案已做了修改,在后面有宿舍的一方只建四层半楼房,以保证阳光能照到ー楼窗户。但有些人白天公然到工地吵闹,晚上把笨重的搅拌机掀翻,拆毁施工围墙。施工受阻,“侨外资办”只好向国务院求助。

In reality, the original plan had already been modified. On the side where there were dormitories, only four and a half floors of buildings were to be constructed to ensure that sunlight could reach the first floor windows. However, some people caused disturbances on the construction site during the day, and at night they overturned heavy mixers and destroyed the construction fences. When the construction was hindered, the Overseas Capital Office had to seek help from the State Council.

邓小平在百忙中批示:“有理也不能闹,何况无理ド’

In the midst of his busy schedule, Deng Xiaoping instructed, “One should not make trouble even when they're in the right, let alone when they're in the wrong.”

这オ平息事端。

This resolved the dispute.

与此同期,另一合资项目长城饭店,经过5次艰苦的谈判オ算成功。从立项到开エ建设,共有8位副总理先后做出重要指示或批示,最后是谷牧副总理批示:“我主张继续干。”

During the same period, another joint venture project, the Great Wall Hotel, was successful after five tough negotiations. From the initiation of the project to the start of construction, a total of 8 vice premiers successively gave important instructions or instructions, and finally Vice Premier Gu Mu instructed: “I advocate continuing.”

长城饭店的施工时间也延误了一年之久。

The construction time of the Great Wall Hotel was also delayed for a year.

北京丽都饭店是与新加坡侨商罗新权合作的项目。对方按照协议在国外设计和订购材料,花了不少美元,我方因此想告吹。罗新权没办法,写信给邓小平求助, 诉说情况。小平接信后立即批示:必须守信。当时有许多行将夭折的项目在小平的亲自关怀和支持下救活了。

Beijing Lido Hotel is a project in cooperation with Singaporean overseas Chinese businessman Luo Xinquan. The other party spent a lot of US dollars on design and material orders abroad according to the agreement, which made our side want to back out. Luo Xinquan had no choice but to write a letter to Deng Xiaoping for help, explaining the situation. Upon receiving the letter, Xiaoping immediately instructed that promises must be kept. At that time, many projects on the verge of failure were revived with Xiaoping's personal care and support.

李玉莺大姐说,建国饭店后来的事实,让反对者鸦雀无声,更重要的是为后来引进外资树起了榜样。饭店1982年4月开业,当年开业当年受益,全店员工人均创汇超过2万美元。此后,利润一年年往上翻。仅仅用了 4年时间,就连本带息全部还清了汇丰银行2000万美元贷款。10年所创的税利等于7.6个建国饭店的投资。

Li Yuying said that the subsequent facts of the Jianguo Hotel silenced the opposition, and more importantly, it set an example for the introduction of foreign capital later. The hotel opened in April 1982, and it made a profit in the year it opened. The per capita exchange rate for the entire hotel staff exceeded 20,000 US dollars. After that, the profit increased year by year. It took only 4 years to repay all the principal and interest of the 20 million US dollar loan from HSBC. The taxes and profits created in 10 years are equivalent to the investment in 7.6 Jianguo Hotels.

当初的改革开放基本是两个大思路:一个是农村家庭联产承包责任制,还有一个就是开始引进外资。“京字第一号”的建国饭店,其意义不仅是建了个饭店,而是开启了新时期中外合资的先河,为全国各行各业引进外资树起一个鲜明的标杆。

The initial reform and opening up were basically two major ideas: one was the rural family joint production contract responsibility system, and the other was the start of introducing foreign capital. The significance of the “Jianguo Hotel”, the first of its kind in Beijing, is not just a hotel, but the pioneering of Sino-foreign joint ventures in the new era, setting a distinct benchmark for various industries across the country to introduce foreign capital.

之后,北京长城饭店、兆龙饭店,广州白天鹅宾馆,南京金陵饭店,各地引进外资新建饭店如雨后春笋拔地而起。

After that, hotels newly built with foreign investment sprouted up like bamboo shoots after a rain, including the Great Wall Hotel and Zhaolong Hotel in Beijing, the White Swan Hotel in Guangzhou, the Jinling Hotel in Nanjing, and others across the country.

1988年3月,陈宣远在美国寓所渍然病逝。

In March 1988, Chen Xuanyuan passed away from illness at his residence in the United States.

国家旅游局发了唁电。大家没有忘记这位海外赤子。是他不惧风险,开拓了中国引进外资之路。人生一世,草木一秋。我们不知道他是否早有生命的预感,在 1979年的谈判桌上就提出“10年”这个限期,以“ 1美元”的价格把饭店股权卖给祖国。在这个圆满的句号画上后,他オ放心地离开人世,而他为中国旅游业发展所做的贡献,永载青史。

The CNTA sent a telegram of condolences. Let us not forget this devoted son of China from overseas. Fearless of risks, he paved the way for China to welcome foreign investment. A human life is as ephemeral as a season of growing grass or falling leaves. We can’t be sure whether he had some premonition of his life's timeline, when he proposed a ten-year limit in the negotiations of 1979, selling his hotel's equity back to his homeland for a symbolic ‘one dollar’. With this graceful conclusion, he peacefully departed from this world, his contributions to the development of China’s tourism industry forever etched in history.

往事已成历史,但大量的记忆令我们深思:为什么当初那么多饭店的建设都需要邓小平亲自过问、亲自批示,要总理和副总理,还有全国人大常委会副委员长批示、画圈,才能做成?国家领导人以下的不少干部,也是职权不小的领导干部,而且应该是具体担当职责的干部,为什么不敢担当,有的人还积极地成为阻碍者呢?仅仅用“当时人们思想观念不解放”来描述,是否真实?

The past has become history, but a wealth of memories provoke deep reflection. Why was it that the construction of so many hotels required the personal involvement and approval of Deng Xiaoping? Why did it require the signatures and approval of the Prime Minister and Vice Prime Minister, and even the Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to get things done? There were numerous officials below the national leaders, many of whom held significant powers and duties - why did they hesitate to take responsibility? Why did some even actively hinder progress? Is it truly accurate to describe this merely as ‘people’s mindset at the time was not liberalized enough’?

问题恐怕不在观念陈旧,也不是不聪明,而是作为ー个人、ー个领导者,在过去的年代中,应有的独立思考功能受损,无法创造性开展工作。

The issue likely isn't about being stuck in old ways of thinking or lacking intelligence. Instead, as individuals and leaders in those years, their capacity for independent thinking had been compromised, hindering their ability to work creatively.

邓小平为什么那么明智、高瞻远瞩?有一个重要因素是他能够独立思考。ー个民族,需要许许多多富有责任感且能够独立思考的人,オ可能大踏步地开展创造性工作,オ会复兴。

Why was Deng Xiaoping so wise and far-sighted? One key factor is his ability to think independently. A nation needs a multitude of responsible individuals capable of independent thought. Only then can they stride confidently in creative endeavors, leading to a renaissance.

3.韩克华走马上任

3. Han Kehua Took Office

1981年春,原任外交部副部长的韩克华调任国家旅游局局长兼党组书记,面对的首要问题是“局社分家”,这是在开放实践中悟出的必要变革。此前,从国家旅游局局领导到各司司长,经常担任“消防队”的角色,被住宿、机票等问题搞得焦头烂额,接待任务也主要在北京,因此被戏称为“管天子脚下” 〇

In the spring of 1981, Han Kehua, previously the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed as the Director and Party Group Secretary of the CNTA. His primary challenge was the separation of administrative and business operations within the Bureau, a crucial reform conceived from experiences with openness and reform. Before this, from the leaders of the CNTA to each department head, they often had to play the role of a “fire brigade”, constantly putting out fires caused by issues with accommodations, air tickets, and the like. They were so swamped that they had little time for anything else. Most reception tasks were mainly in Beijing, thus they were jokingly referred to as those “managing the land under the emperor’s feet”.

局社分家后,国旅总社统ー经营外国旅游者来华旅游业务,实行企业化管理; 国家旅游局作为管理全国旅游事业的行政机构,不再直接经营组团和接待任务,统ー管理全国旅游工作,就被称为“管天下” 了。

After the separation of administrative and business operations, the CITS took over the business of managing inbound tourism for foreign travelers, implementing a corporate management style. The CNTA, as the administrative body managing national tourism, no longer directly operated group tours and reception tasks. Its role transformed into overseeing national tourism affairs, which was colloquially referred to as “managing the world”.

这是ー项难度颇大的重要改革。经一年努力,1982年7月,国家旅游总局与国旅总社分开办公,各司其职,结束了自1964年以来长达18年的局社合一格局。8 月,中国旅行游览事业管理总局更名为中华人民共和国国家旅游局,由外交部代管局升格为国务院直属局。

This marked a significant reform that was challenging to implement. After a year of hard work, in July 1982, the office of the CNTA and CITS, each taking on its respective duties. This ended the 18-year-long model of unified management since 1964. In August, the General Administration of China Travel and Tourism was renamed the National Tourism Administration of the People's Republic of China, upgrading from being under the purview of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to being directly subordinate to the State Council.

从“管脚下”到“管天下”,标志着中国旅游业新的飞跃。韩克华感到肩上的担子重了。“天下”那么多问题,从何入手?如何才能运筹帷幄,决胜千里?

The shift from “managing the land under the emperor’s feet” to “managing the world” symbolized a new leap for China’s tourism industry. Han Kehua felt the weight of the responsibility on his shoulders. With so many issues in the entire tourism sector, where should he begin? How could he strategize and achieve success on such a grand scale?

国务院提出,今后一个时期发展旅游事业的方针是:“积极发展,量カ而行,稳步前进。”要做的事情很多,但韩克华没有料到,有一个亟待解决的问题是厕所问题。

The State Council proposed that the future policy for tourism development should be: “To actively develop, proceed according to capacity, and advance steadily.” There were numerous tasks to handle, but what Han Kehua hadn't anticipated was that a pressing issue needing resolution was the condition of public toilets.

今天有人说,旅游业在开放中抓了最难的两头建设,ー是冲击头脑的保守观念,二是管了最脏的厕所卫生。当年国外媒体则批评:“中国人只讲究进口（餐饮）,不讲究出口（厕所卫生）。”厕所的脏臭不改善,不仅直接影响旅游业发展,更直接损害礼仪之邦的文明形象。

Today, some say that in its evolution, the tourism industry tackled the two most challenging areas: shattering conservative mindsets, and managing the cleanliness of the most unsanitary places - public toilets. Foreign media at the time criticized, “Chinese people only care about importing (catering), but not exporting (toilet hygiene).” Without improving the unclean and smelly toilets, it would not only directly affect the development of the tourism industry, but also damage the civilized image of our nation, once known as a land of etiquette.

厕所非小事。修建公厕,成为当务之急,重中之重!

Public toilets were no trivial matter. Constructing public restrooms became a priority of priorities!

当年的旅游厕所,是个什么状况?

But what was the situation with public toilets in tourism back then?

旱厕居多,异味明显,无人看管。许多景区厕所年久失修。有的屋顶渗漏,蛛网盘结;有的厕门损坏,内墙剥离;有的地流黄水,难以插足。有些卫生状况好些的,又全是蹲坑,老年外宾很不习惯,特别是胖老太太,根本蹲不下去。

The majority of toilets were pit latrines, emitting a strong stench, with no one to maintain them. Many public restrooms at tourist sites had been neglected for years. Some had leaky roofs and were filled with cobwebs, others had broken doors and peeling inner walls, while others had dirty yellow water flowing across the floor, making them practically unusable. Even the relatively clean ones were all squat toilets, which were uncomfortable for elderly foreign tourists, particularly overweight older women who found it impossible to squat.

某些景区没有厕所,只是简陋至极的小“茅坑”,脏得简直无处踏脚,臭气冲鼻,坑下蛆虫蠕动,硬着头皮进去方便一下,能叫你恶心半天。京旅211团菲律宾籍的官女士在某风景点上厕所,刚进去就跳了出来,没走多远,在树下直吐。她的丈夫气得挥舞双臂说:“再也不能来这里了。”

Certain scenic spots didn't have proper restrooms, only rudimentary pit latrines that were so filthy it was hard to find a place to step. The overwhelming smell, the sight of maggots writhing at the bottom of the pit, and the mere thought of having to use these facilities were enough to turn one's stomach. A Filipino lady from the Beijing Tour 211 group had a particularly unpleasant experience. After using a restroom at a tourist site, she rushed out and didn’t get far before she started vomiting under a tree. Her husband, furious, waved his arms around and declared, “We can never come here again.”

在浙江某些区域,当地厕所都是“敞篷式”的,甚至建在街旁的厕所,无门无遮挡,ー览无余,外宾望而生“羞”〇当地彼此熟悉的男女上厕所时,还挺自然地互相说话,传递手纸。

In certain regions of Zhejiang, local toilets were of an “open-air” design, even those built beside the streets, completely exposed without doors or any form of screening. Foreign tourists blushed at the sight of such openness, while locals, familiar with one another, naturally chatted and passed toilet paper among themselves while using the facilities.

当时有个广为流传的笑话,说ー个外国游客,好不容易凭嗅觉找到了公厕。ー进门,只见坑槽污迹斑斑,气味刺鼻,赶紧跑出来“打的”往下榻的五星级宾馆,以解内急。许多地方都出现不同版本、内容相似的笑谈。报刊时而冒出“公厕臭名远扬”“如厕难于上青天”的批评文章。

A widely circulated joke at the time told of a foreign tourist who, after much difficulty, managed to locate a public toilet by its smell. Upon entering, he was greeted by a filthy pit and an overpowering stench. He hastily fled and hailed a taxi to return to his five-star hotel to relieve himself. Similar anecdotes abounded, with different versions popping up in many places. Criticisms such as “public toilets with a stinky reputation” and “going to the toilet is harder than ascending to the sky” occasionally appeared in newspapers.

再ー个问题是公厕严重不足。这种情况在热门风景名胜区和全国重点旅游城市尤为突出。厕所门口排队等候是许多风景区一道令人尴尬的“风景”。排队上厕所的窘况,比排别的队难堪。

Another issue was the serious shortage of public toilets. This was especially prominent in popular scenic spots and major tourist cities nationwide. Queuing up to use the toilet became an embarrassing “sight” at many tourist sites. Queuing for the toilet was more embarrassing than queuing for anything else.

上海冒出个新行当一“导厕”,因为在上海繁华街市找不到厕所的问题尤其突出,游客内急找不到厕所,没有人“导”,这事不得了。七转ハ弯,带到了游客的 “向往之地”,看到的是一列长队,还得等!这时刻游客往往满头大汗,女士化的妆也被汗水冲得容颜复杂,等啊等……经过万般着急难堪的等待,当你大气长舒走出厕门时,方觉天下什么是幸福。

A new profession even emerged in Shanghai called a “toilet guide”, as it was especially difficult for tourists to find public restrooms in Shanghai's bustling streets. When tourists urgently needed to find a toilet and no one was there to guide them, the situation was dire. After winding their way through seven turns and eight bends, they were led to their “desired destination,” only to be met by a long queue, and they had to wait! At these moments, tourists were often sweating profusely, with ladies' makeup smeared by the sweat, forming complex patterns on their faces as they waited... After enduring all this anxiety and embarrassment, the sense of relief when you finally walked out of the restroom made you realize what true happiness felt like.

韩克华下决心要解决厕所问题。

Han Kehua was determined to solve the toilet issue.

厕所问题并非难登大雅的话题。

Toilet issues were not an unseemly topic.

古有欧阳修构想文章来自“马上、枕上、厕上”之说,想其厕所必是洁净如居。康有为在《大同书》中就大谈理想之厕:“以机激水,淘荡秽气,花露喷射,花香扑鼻,有图画神仙之迹,令人超观思玄;有音乐微妙之音,令人和平清静。”

Ouyang Xiu, a famous Chinese literati of the Song Dynasty, once said that his essays originated from three places: horseback, pillow, and toilet. It’s clear that his toilet must have been as clean as his living space. Kang Youwei, in his book “The Book of Great Harmony”, described his ideal toilet: “With mechanisms triggering water, eliminating foul air, flower dew spraying, and floral fragrance striking the nose, the sight is like the footprint of an immortal, leading people to contemplate the profound; the sound of subtle music brings peace and tranquility.”

清末苏州人外出旅行,都要带便桶。因苏州人不习惯上厕所蹲坑,客栈又无马桶。讲究的人还带夜壶箱,四四方方像ー只小书箱,上面刻有诗句:“诗清只为饮茶多。”这诗句中的“诗”和“尿”,在吴方言里是同音。

In the late Qing Dynasty, people from Suzhou would carry portable toilets with them when they traveled. People from Suzhou were not accustomed to squatting in the toilet, and there were no chamber pots in the inns. Some refined individuals would even bring along a portable chamber pot box, square like a small book box, with a poem inscribed on it: “The clear poetry comes from drinking lots of tea.” In the Suzhou dialect, poetry and urine are homonyms.

厕所是人类日常生活的必备设施,也是人类社会文明进步的标志之一。法国设有电脑厕所,发行厕所报纸。日本有“厕所节”,每年举办一次“全国公厕日”,届时议员要亲临公厕现场办公。美国、新加坡等国定期评选“名厕”。

Toilets are an essential facility in human daily life and are also one of the signs of human societal progress. In France, there are computerized toilets and newspapers are distributed in toilets. Japan has a Toilet Festival, and there’s an annual “National Public Toilet Day”, during which lawmakers go to work in public toilets. In the United States, Singapore and other countries, there are regular competitions to elect the best toilets.

过去厕所常被说成“茅房”“茅坑”。开放后,我们也习惯称厕所为“洗手间”

In the past, toilets were often referred to as “straw huts” or “straw pits.” After opening up, we also got used to calling toilets “washrooms" or "bathrooms.”

“卫生间” 〇国内姑娘们早就把上厕所称为“上一号”“上高楼” 〇

Girls in China have long been referring to using the toilet as “going up to No.1” or “going up to the high-rise.”

国外对上厕所的说法更为艺术化。

Foreign expressions for using the toilet are even more artistic.

在人民大会堂宴会间,一位绅士派头十足的英国人走到导游跟前,俯下身子耳语:“May I answer the call of the nature?"（我能去响应一下大自然的召唤吗?）

During a banquet at the Great Hall of the People, a British man full of gentlemanly charm walked up to the tour guide, leaned down and whispered, “May I answer the call of the nature?”

一位澳大利亚人问:“Where is the hap-py-room?”（快乐的房间在哪里?）

An Australian asked, “Where is the hap-py-room?”

你要能听懂,就会忍不住快乐地笑出声来。

If you understand these euphemisms, you can't help but laugh with joy.

港澳同胞习惯把如厕称为“唱歌”,他们把这种说法传进国内,现在大部分导游带团时常说:“下车有唱歌的地方,唱完歌我带你们到更美的地方去游览。”

Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macau are accustomed to referring to going to the toilet as “singing.” They brought this expression to the mainland, and now most tour guides often say when leading groups, “There is a place to ‘sing’ when you get off the bus, and after you 'finish singing', I'll take you to more beautiful places to visit.”

当年兴致勃勃而来的中外游客,常因内急而兴致全无,内急心如焚,哪还有心情观美景?不少游客摇头说:“中国公厕不改善,我们再也不敢来了。”

Back in the day, tourists who came full of excitement often had their enthusiasm completely extinguished by the urgency of needing a restroom. In such distress, who would be in the mood to enjoy the beautiful scenery? Many tourists shook their heads and said, “If public toilets in China do not improve, we dare not come again.”

ー个外宾在批评信中尖刻地说:“你们中国可能有最好的大炮,但你们的厕所像这样,你们还是得不到世界的尊重。”

One foreign visitor pointedly said in a critique letter, “You Chinese may have the best artillery, but with toilets like this, you still won't get the world's respect.”

国家旅游局前所未有地郑重召开全国“涉外厕所会议” 〇随即分两批拨款458 万元,在长城、泰山、黄山、苏州园林等主要景区修建167座符合卫生标准的旅游地厕所,使厕所紧缺问题有所缓解。

The CNTA solemnly convened the unprecedented nationwide “Foreign-Related Toilet Conference”. Subsequently, it allocated 4.58 million yuan in two batches to build 167 tourist toilets in major scenic spots such as the Great Wall, Mount Tai, Huangshan, and Suzhou Gardens that meet hygiene standards, alleviating the problem of toilet shortage.

北京颐和园、天坛、碧云寺等处新建成一批卫生厕所。新建厕所有专人管理、合乎卫生标准,厕所内设有抽水马桶、单人小便池、洗手池、梳妆镜、挂衣钩,还提供卫生纸、香皂等,并有冬季供暖设备。

A batch of new sanitary toilets have been built in places such as Beijing's Summer Palace, Temple of Heaven, and Biyun Temple. The newly built toilets are managed by dedicated personnel and meet hygiene standards. The toilets are equipped with flush toilets, single urinals, sinks, makeup mirrors, coat hooks, and provide toilet paper, soap, etc., and have heating equipment for the winter.

颐和园是北京热点景区之一,日游客量多达数万人次,园内26个厕所,每天游客流量少的上千人次,多的达几千人次。保洁员已经有了一个崭新的意识:管理厕所要像管理客房那样精心。

The Summer Palace is one of the hotspots in Beijing, with a daily tourist volume of tens of thousands of people. There are 26 toilets in the park, with a daily passenger flow of a few thousand at the least, and several thousand at most. The cleaning staff have developed a brand new understanding: managing toilets should be as meticulous as managing guest rooms.

此后,国家旅游局采取出部分资金、地方财政配套的方式,促使各地旅游区都开始大抓厕所建设与改造。

Afterwards, the CNTA adopted the method of allocating some funds and matching local finance to prompt tourist areas across the country to pay great attention to the construction and renovation of toilets.

今天回头看30年前,我们确实还不知旅游业中有个多么大的世界。不懂要学,我们毕竟已经有很大的改善。1983年1月,全国旅游系统先进集体先进工作者表彰大会隆重开幕,这是国家旅游局召开的第一次群英会。时值隆冬,出席大会的304名代表心里都暖乎乎的,他们来自29个省、市、自治区和5个直属单位。

Looking back 30 years ago today, we really didn't know how big the world of the tourism industry was. We need to learn what we don't understand, but we have indeed made a lot of improvements. In January 1983, the grand opening of the commendation meeting for advanced collectives and advanced workers in the national tourism system took place. This was the first gathering of talents convened by the CNTA. In the midst of a severe winter, the 304 representatives attending the conference from 29 provinces, cities, autonomous regions, and 5 directly affiliated units felt warm inside.

广东深圳西沥水库度假村、苏州市旅游汽车公司、杭州饭店、国旅无锡支社等单位受到表彰。在受表彰的226名先进工作者中,有翻译导游人员、服务员、厨师、汽车驾驶员和后勤人员等。

Units such as Guangdong Shenzhen Xili Reservoir Resort, Suzhou City Tourism Automobile Company, Hangzhou Hotel, and CITS Wuxi Branch were commended. Among the 226 commended advanced workers were interpretors, tour guides, waiters, chefs, car drivers, and logistical personnel.

同年2月,国家旅游局首次在北京举办了中国国际旅游会议。大会将使用中、英、日、德、法、西班牙六种语言,需要安装国际电传、电话以及同声传译等设备,大家常常忙得连吃饭的时间都没有,几个烧饼就算是午餐。这是中国旅游界与世界旅游界首次在中国握手。

In February of the same year, the CNTA held the China International Tourism Conference in Beijing for the first time. The conference used six languages: Chinese, English, Japanese, German, French, and Spanish. International telegraphy, telephones, and simultaneous interpretation equipment needed to be installed. Everyone was often so busy that they didn't have time for meals, and a few baked buns were considered lunch. This was the first handshake between the Chinese tourism industry and the world tourism industry in China.

来自45个国家和地区的700多名代表中,有各国旅游部长、旅游局长、民航局长和其他高级官员,还有各国旅游协会和旅行社的负责人以及旅游记者。世界旅游组织秘书长罗伯特・洛纳蒂参加了大会,国内有关部门和各省、市、自治区有关方面的负责人和代表200多人也出席了会议,与会总人数超过千人。

Among the more than 700 representatives from 45 countries and regions, there were ministers of tourism, heads of tourism bureaus, heads of civil aviation bureaus, and other high-ranking officials from various countries, as well as the heads of various national tourism associations and travel agencies, and tourism journalists. Robert Lonati, Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization, attended the conference. More than 200 representatives and officials from domestic departments and provinces, cities, and autonomous regions also attended the meeting, and the total number of participants exceeded a thousand.

中国与世界的交往从此更加频繁。驻外办事机构从无到有,先后开设了东京、纽约、洛杉矶、伦敦、巴黎、法兰克福、悉尼7处。至今,增加到17处。

Contact between China and the world has become more frequent since then. Foreign offices were established from scratch, successively setting up in Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles, London, Paris, Frankfurt, and Sydney, totaling seven. Now, the number has increased to seventeen.

1986年1月,经国务院批准成立“中国旅游协会”,这是第一个全国综合性旅游全行业组织,其英文名称为China Tourism Association( СТА) 〇

In January 1986, the China Tourism Association was established with the approval of the State Council. This was the first comprehensive national tourism industry organization, its English name being the China Tourism Association (CTA).

但在发展过程中,旅游业出现了一些陆续冒出来的新问题,如收取回扣、索要小费、套汇倒汇等现象开始出现。国家旅游局开始抓旅游行业的道德规范教育。在体制改革方面,还存在许多运行不畅、管理不善的问题。要把中国旅游业搞得红红火火,还有许多难题。

However, in the process of development, the tourism industry encountered some emerging problems, such as receiving kickbacks, demanding tips, and phenomena like foreign currency manipulation began to appear. The CNTA began to focus on moral education within the tourism industry. However, in terms of systemic reforms, there were still many problems with inefficient operations and poor management. There were still many challenges in making China's tourism industry prosperous.

四、马超龙雀

Chapter 4. Ma Chao Long Que

“马超龙雀”是中国旅游业的图形标志。原形取自甘肃武威出土的东汉青铜马。昂首扬尾,四蹄腾空,自由奔放,马的速度超过天上的龙雀。此马也是个性的象征。旅游业由原来只有国家涉足,变为国家、地方、部门、集体、个人“五个ー起上” 〇最关键是开放了对“个人”的限制,纠正了对“个人”长达30年的偏见,这是思想观念开放的伟大变革。《周易》说:“挠万物者,莫疾乎风。”开放之风多又从旅游业刮起,推动、带动相关行业风起云涌。

"Ma Chao Long Que" is the graphic symbol of China's tourism industry. The original design is based on a bronze horse unearthed from Wuwei, Gansu during the Eastern Han Dynasty. With its head raised and tail pointed upwards, its four hooves galloping in the air, it is free and unrestrained. The horse's speed surpasses the dragon sparrow in the sky. This horse is also a symbol of individuality. Tourism has transitioned from being only state-involved to “five working together”: the state, localities, departments, collectives, and individuals. The most critical change is the opening of restrictions on "individuals", correcting the prejudice against “individuals” that had lasted for 30 years. This represents a great shift in open-mindedness. The “Book of Changes” says: “Among all things that stir, none is more swift than the wind.” The wind of opening up often blows from the tourism industry, pushing and driving related industries to surge forward.

1.花龙盘盘上紫云

1. A Purple Cloud with Winding Dragon

1986年,“七五计划”把旅游业列在第三十七章之内,这是旅游业第一次在国家计划中出现,旅游的产业地位首次得到确认,这是旅游产业发展的ー个重要标志。

In 1986, the Seventh Five-Year Plan included the tourism industry in Chapter 37, marking the first appearance of the tourism industry in a national plan. The status of tourism as an industry was recognized for the first time, which was an important milestone for the development of the tourism industry.

邓小平南方讲话,引发中国第二轮改革。中共中央、国务院《关于加快发展第三产业的决定》进ー步明确旅游业是第三产业的重点,旅游业的产业地位进ー步提升。

Deng Xiaoping's speeches in southern China sparked the second round of reform. The “Decision on Accelerating the Development of the Tertiary Industry” by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council further specified that tourism is a key sector within the tertiary industry, thus further raising the industry's status within the economy.

回首新时期30年对各产业的认识,变化最大的恐怕是旅游业。早先没人知道,旅游业每增加1人就业,可促进相关产业增加5人就业;接待一位外国游客的创汇,相当于出口 4台电视机;且是永远的朝阳产业,是最优秀的出口产业。旅游业不断超乎人们预料的发展,促使国家有关部门把它从接待型机构变成企业,又从确定为旅游产业到定位为支柱产业。

Looking back at the understanding of various industries over the past 30 years in the new era, the tourism industry might have undergone the most significant changes. It was initially unknown that every new job created in the tourism industry could lead to the addition of five jobs in related industries; and that the foreign exchange income from hosting a foreign tourist was equivalent to exporting four televisions. Moreover, tourism is an ever-growing sunrise industry and an outstanding export industry. The development of the tourism industry, which constantly exceeds expectations, has prompted the relevant national departments to transition it from a reception-oriented institution to an enterprise, and to position it from merely a tourism industry to a pillar industry.

下面这些数字有些枯燥,显示的快速发展却也一目了然。

The following numbers might seem dry, but they clearly illustrate rapid development.

1978年全国的“入境旅游”人数180万,2007年这一数据为1.3亿人次, 是1978年的73.3倍,中国成为全球第四大入境旅游接待国。

In 1978, the number of inbound tourists nationwide was 1.8 million; this figure rose to 130 million in 2007, which was 73.3 times that of 1978. China has become the fourth largest inbound tourist receiving country globally.

1978年中国旅游外汇收入2.62亿美元，1996年外汇收入超过100亿美元,2007年旅游外汇收入达419亿美元,是1978年的159倍。

In 1978, China's tourism foreign exchange income was 262 million US dollars; by 1996, the foreign exchange income exceeded 10 billion US dollars; and by 2007, the tourism foreign exchange income reached 41.9 billion US dollars, which was 159 times that of 1978.

中国旅游业在世界上的排名一路飙升。1978年中国旅游外汇收入在全世界排名第41位,2000年跃居世界第5位,2001年加入WTO后一直保持在世界第4位。

China's tourism industry has been soaring in the world rankings. In 1978, China's tourism foreign exchange income ranked 41st in the world, leaped to the 5th place in 2000, and has maintained the 4th place globally since joining the WTO in 2001.

2007年全国旅游业总收入出现历史性超越,突破1万亿元。这个“脚下的事业”,在国民经济收入中的确已占有举足轻重的地位。

In 2007, the total revenue of the national tourism industry achieved a historic breakthrough, exceeding 1 trillion yuan. This "footwork business" indeed holds a significant position in national economic income.

中国人出境游的发展速度,有人夸张地比喻为“像过山车”动人心魄。这“动人心魄”是不算夸张的。改革开放初,中国出国的人寥寥无几。1950年至1978 年,中国出国总人次30万。2005年一年中,中国出境人次达到3100万,是开放前 28年出境人数总和的100倍。2007年中国公民出境旅游人数已达4095万,成为亚洲最大的出境旅游客源国,出境人数跃至世界排名第3位。这是中国综合国力、居民生活水平提高,社会开放的直接、生动的证据。仅旅游ー项,就让世界看到中国改革开放的成就的确不小。

The development speed of Chinese outbound tourism has been exaggeratedly described as “like a roller coaster” - thrilling and exciting. The phrase “thrilling and exciting” is not an exaggeration. At the beginning of the reform and opening-up, very few Chinese citizens traveled abroad. From 1950 to 1978, the total number of outbound travelers from China was only 300,000. However, in 2005 alone, the number of outbound Chinese travelers reached 31 million, which is 100 times the total number of outbound travelers in the 28 years before the opening-up. By 2007, the number of Chinese citizens traveling abroad had reached 40.95 million, making China the largest source country of outbound tourists in Asia and ranking third globally in terms of outbound travelers. This serves as direct and vivid evidence of China's overall national strength, improved living standards of its residents, and the country's growing openness. Just for tourism alone, the world can see that China's achievements in reform and opening up are indeed not small.

中国出境旅游市场的发展壮大,日益增加了中国在国际社会的影响カ。“出境旅游”成为“官方外交”的一部分,签署旅游目的地（ADS ）仪式成为ー份“国礼”,也是谈判桌上一个有分量的筹码,为国家的外交战略、区域化合作和两岸和平统一事业做出了重要贡献。

The development and growth of China's outbound tourism market have increasingly increased China's influence in the international community. Outbound tourism has become a part of official diplomacy. The signing of the Approved Destination Status (ADS) agreement has become a kind of "state ceremony" and also a significant bargaining chip at the negotiation table. It has made important contributions to the country's foreign policy strategy, regional cooperation, and the cause of peaceful reunification across the strait.

中国在联合国世界旅游组织的影响迅速提高。2007年,中文正式成为世界旅游组织官方语言。中国被推举为世界旅游组织执委会成员国。

China's influence in the United Nations World Tourism Organization has rapidly increased. In 2007, Chinese officially became the official language of the World Tourism Organization. China was elected as a member country of the World Tourism Organization's Executive Council.

2008年6月17日,中国公民赴美旅游首发团250人从北京、上海、广东三地启程,飞往美国。这标志着中国公民赴美团队旅游正式启动。7月4日,中国大陆居民直接赴台湾省旅游首发团启程,首批游客760余人分别从北京、上海、南京、厦门、广州五地出发,搭乘两岸周末包机赴台。这是1949年以后,中国大陆居民首次从大陆直接飞抵台湾省,被称为“世纪首航”“世纪圆梦之旅”,它跨越了近60年的隔阻。

On June 17, 2008, the first group of 250 Chinese citizens departed from Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong, heading to the United States for tourism. This marked the official launch of Chinese citizens' group tourism to the United States. On July 4, the first group of Chinese‘s mainland residents directly traveled to Taiwan Province for tourism. Over 760 tourists from Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xiamen, and Guangzhou departed, taking chartered flights between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait for a weekend trip to Taiwan. This is the first time since 1949 that mainland Chinese residents have directly flown to Taiwan Province, and it is called the “Century's First Flight” or the "Dream Trip of the Century," overcoming nearly 60 years of separation.

30年间,中国旅游业的总收入正以年均约12%的速度增长,高于同期国内生产总值的平均增长率,也大大高于世界旅游业平均涨幅的速度。国外旅游同行对中国“从俯视到仰视”。全国旅游业展现出的新景象,可以借用一句古诗来形容: “飞香走红满天春,花龙盘盘上紫云。”

During the past 30 years, the total revenue of China's tourism industry has been growing at an average annual rate of about 12%, higher than the average growth rate of the domestic gross domestic product during the same period and significantly higher than the average growth rate of the global tourism industry. Foreign counterparts in the tourism industry regard China with admiration and respect. The new landscape presented by the national tourism industry can be described using a line from an ancient poem: “Fragrance soars, redness fills the sky in spring, like a purple cloud with winding dragon.”

2. ー业九鼎重千秋

2. Tourism's Enduring Significance

直到今天,即使我们不再把旅游看作“享乐主义”,但旅游在ー个民族的发展进步中,在每位“个人”的人生中,究竟占有多大的地位,仍未被充分认识。今天, 当我们获得“煮酒话当年”的良辰,还该看到旅游业的贡献远远不仅体现在经济效益上。

Even today, even if we no longer see tourism solely as hedonism, the true significance of tourism in the development and progress of a nation and in the life of each individual is still not fully recognized. Today, as we reminisce about the past with a glass of wine, we should recognize that the contributions of the tourism industry go far beyond economic benefits.

由于传统观念的影响,30年前,即使奉命搞旅游的人,自己也有点心虚气短。但是,自开放以来,确实是这个让人“在休闲中玩ー玩”的行当最早引进外资,最早中外合资,也最早经历打破“铁饭碗”,最早尝试改制……加入WT。后,旅游业对外开放幅度更大。旅游业一路走来,一路担当着开路先锋的风险,其艰辛与业绩, 大多鲜为人知。

Due to traditional beliefs, even those tasked with promoting tourism felt somewhat uncertain and hesitant thirty years ago. However, since the opening up, it was indeed this industry that first introduced foreign investment, engaged in Sino-foreign joint ventures, and experienced the breaking of “iron rice bowls” and attempted restructuring. It also joined the World Tourism Organization. Subsequently, the tourism industry has opened up to a greater extent. Throughout its journey, the tourism industry has shouldered the risks of being a pioneer, with its hardships and achievements largely unknown to many.

你可想过,新时期城市面貌的改变,多从建旅游饭店大厦开始。北京长城饭店初建如“鹤立鸡群”,上海静安希尔顿、广州白天鹅……天津、西安、桂林、杭州等ー批旅游城市都是从建涉外旅游饭店开始改观。直到今天,我们住过不少星级宾馆了,但不一定清楚是他们冲破各种束缚,把中国大大小小的招待所变成星级宾馆, ォ使我们的城市像一座现代城市。

Have you ever considered that the transformation of urban landscapes in the new era often starts with the construction of tourist hotels and high-rise buildings? The Great Wall Hotel in Beijing stood out like a "crane among chickens," while the Hilton in Jing'an, Shanghai, and the White Swan in Guangzhou were notable landmarks. Many other tourist cities, such as Tianjin, Xi'an, Guilin, and Hangzhou, underwent transformations starting with the establishment of foreign-related tourist hotels. Even today, we have stayed in numerous star-rated hotels, but we may not always realize that it was their efforts that broke various constraints and transformed small guesthouses throughout China into star-rated hotels, making our cities resemble modern metropolises.

有了星级宾馆,仍然不够。城市的活力从哪里来?我们不能生活在钢筋水泥的丛林中。缺少绿树、芳草、鲜花,就没有蝶飞鸟鸣。缺少上下几千年的文化风采, 也会缺少来自五洲四海的欣赏目光。国家旅游局启动创建优秀旅游城市工程,各大城市党政主要领导亲自挂帅,“创优”工作纳入城市经济和社会发展总体格局, 许多与旅游不搭界的部门通过创优捆到ー起,“横向到边,纵向到底”,创优热潮波及中小城市,强劲推动全国城市建设,ー个个城市神话改变着国家形象。

However, having star-rated hotels alone is not enough. Where does the vitality of a city come from? We cannot live in a concrete jungle. Without green trees, fragrant grass, and blooming flowers, there would be no butterflies fluttering or birds singing. Without the cultural splendor spanning thousands of years, we would also lack the appreciation from people all over the world. The CNTA initiated the project to create excellent tourist cities, with the top leaders of major cities personally taking charge. The "excellence" efforts were integrated into the overall framework of urban economic and social development. Many departments that were previously unrelated to tourism were brought together through this initiative, creating a cross-sector collaboration that reached all levels. This excellence trend extended to small and medium-sized cities, driving the overall construction of cities nationwide and transforming each city into a symbol of national pride.

秦砖汉瓦,唐诗宋词。在中国,每ー块热土都有过波澜壮阔的历史乐章,每ー种文化都有精神的故乡。遍布中国的古迹,多是旅游行业挖空心思地ー个个修复或再造,过去被批判为“腐朽的封建主义”的东西,变成恢宏的数千年中华文明,温情地回到了我们的山山水水,成为我们精神中辉煌的民族记忆。

From the Qin Dynasty's bricks and Han Dynasty's tiles to the poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties, in China, every inch of land has witnessed grand historical chapters, and every culture has its spiritual homeland. The ancient sites scattered throughout China have been meticulously restored or recreated by the tourism industry, transforming what was once criticized as "decaying feudalism" into the magnificent thousands of years of Chinese civilization. They have warmly returned to our mountains, rivers, and become the glorious national memories in our hearts.

旅游盘活的也远不只是古迹。单看艺术与旅游业“嫁接”,传统音乐、舞蹈,以及56个民族色彩斑斓的文化在旅游中复苏与创新。凡此种种,对增强ー个国家的文化软实カ,是沛然化雨渗透到亿万民众之中的。

The revitalization brought about by tourism is not limited to ancient relics. When we consider the fusion of art and the tourism industry, traditional music, dance, and the diverse cultures of the 56 ethnic groups experience revival and innovation within the realm of tourism. All of these endeavors enhance a country's cultural soft power, permeating through millions of people like nourishing rain.

中国加入WTO,机遇与挑战犹如阳光和风雨同时降临。美、日、德、英、法、澳等国的世界前十大旅游集团挺进中国,中国成为旅游企业全球化程度最高的地区之一。改制、资产整合、企业重组、上市融资……促进中国旅游企业集团应时而出, 并促使旅游业从“各踞一方”到“连线成片”,典型如泰山、华山、恒山、嵩山、衡山, 成立“五岳联盟”。中国旅游产业集群开始走出国门。

China's accession to the WTO brought both opportunities and challenges, much like the simultaneous arrival of sunshine and rain. The world's top ten tourism conglomerates from countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Australia entered China, making it one of the regions with the highest degree of globalization in the tourism industry. Restructuring, asset integration, corporate reorganization, and listing financing facilitated the emergence of Chinese tourism enterprise groups, leading the tourism industry from being fragmented to interconnected. An example of this is the establishment of the “Five Great Mountains Alliance” consisting of Mount Tai, Mount Hua, Mount Heng, Mount Song, and Mount Heng, which paved the way for Chinese tourism clusters to expand globally.

各省市“旅游大篷车”吆喝到国外。中国大型旅游促销团赴美,在美国行程四千多公里,沿途举行“中国之夜”演出推介会,不仅“营销”中国风情,还宣扬中国文化。“魅力四川”倾倒巴黎,自贡市彩灯点亮多伦多,峨眉山全球卖风景,开中国景区在外设旅游机构之先河。

Various provinces and cities in China are promoting tourism overseas like a “tourism caravan.” Large-scale tourism promotion groups from China travel to the United States, covering over 4,000 kilometers during their itinerary. Along the way, they hold "China Nights" showcasing performances and presentations, not only marketing the Chinese charm but also promoting Chinese culture. "Charming Sichuan" captivates Paris, Zigong City illuminates Toronto with colorful lanterns, and Mount Emei sells its scenery to the world, pioneering the establishment of Chinese scenic areas with tourism agencies abroad.

“捧出古国的盛情,迎接你走进东方的锦绣,体会ー个真情的中国。不要说世界太大,其实我们的心相距很近;不要说天涯太远,有意我们即刻就能相逢。”这是唱响世界许多著名城市的歌。

"Offering the hospitality of an ancient country, welcoming you to experience the splendid beauty of the East, and feel the genuine affection of China. Don't say the world is too vast; in reality, our hearts are close. Don't say the end of the world is too far; with intention, we can meet instantly.” This is the song that echoes in many famous cities around the world.

美国迈阿密市长号召市民:“请把到中国旅游立刻写在你的日程表上吧,这是ー个人一生中一定要完成的一件事!”

The mayor of Miami, USA, called on citizens, saying, "Please immediately put traveling to China on your agenda. It is something that you must do in your lifetime!”

2004年中国被评为全球最佳旅游目的地。中国已拥有世界文化遗产37处,中国已从ー个旅游资源大国发展为世界旅游大国。

In 2004, China was recognized as the best global tourist destination. With 37 World Heritage Sites, China has evolved from a major tourism resource country to a world tourism powerhouse.

把“旅馆”办到列车上,タ发朝至,节省时间和费用去旅游,火车提速促进中国高速度发展。丰盛的“吃”,令外国游客叹息胃太小。旅游“六字真言”促进行、游、住、食、购、娱六大经济文化领域全面发展。

Bringing "hotels" onto trains has saved time and costs for travel, and high-speed train development has facilitated China's rapid development. The abundant culinary offerings leave foreign tourists marveling at their small stomachs. The six-word mantra of tourism—travel, accommodation, dining, shopping, entertainment, and leisure—has promoted comprehensive development in the economic and cultural sectors.

鼠标点击新旅游,网络在颠覆传统营销模式的同时,成为大众获取话语权的重要途径。中国第一批互联网旅游企业诞生,如何通过资源共享,抑制过去的“竞争”方式?如何通过“透明”营造信息时代的文明?诸多陌生经历在旅游界多有 “先行ー步”的体验,旅游界在为建设世界旅游强国,也为民族进步,探索新路。

With just a click of a mouse, new tourism opportunities emerge. The internet, while disrupting traditional marketing models, has become a crucial platform for the public to express their opinions and access information. The first batch of internet tourism enterprises emerged in China, focusing on resource sharing and suppressing the previous "competitive" approach. They aim to create a transparent environment in the information age. The tourism industry has often been at the forefront of new experiences, exploring new paths for building China into a global tourism powerhouse and contributing to national progress.

世界上还没有一个产业,像旅游业这样与各国人们广泛接触,与民生休戚相关,与百业相连,岂止是经济支柱,更养育精神,承载如此宽广的社会担当,可谓一业九鼎重千秋。

There is no other industry in the world that has such extensive interactions with people from various countries, closely intertwined with people's livelihoods and connected to numerous sectors. It is not only an economic pillar but also nurtures the spirit and carries such a broad social responsibility. It can be said that tourism holds a significant position for ages to come.

21世纪的书记、市长若不懂旅游,就不是合格的领导者一这已是新理念。

In the 21st century, if a secretary or mayor does not understand tourism, they are not qualified leaders. This has become a new concept and requirement.

结语:最重要的开放是思想的开放。

In Conclusion: The Most Important Openness is that of the Mind

今天看来,30年前处于十字路口的中国,正是有了开放国门的胆识和决心,才复苏了旅游业,更迎来整个民族的新生。中国旅游业,一直是在开放中改革,在开放中发展,在开放中创新。中国旅游业发生的巨变,是中国30年改革开放史的一个缩影。

Looking back today, China at the crossroads 30 years ago was able to revive the tourism industry and experience a national rebirth because of the courage and determination to open its doors to the world. The Chinese tourism industry has consistently reformed, developed, and innovated through openness. The tremendous changes in the Chinese tourism industry are a microcosm of the 30-year history of reform and opening up in China.

它贯穿着一条清晰主线,就是不断地解放思想,不断地赋予思想解放以新的内容。因而最重要的开放是思想的开放,是人的解放和素质的提升。旅游业30年开放发展史,实际上是一部波澜壮阔的思想解放史。

It follows a clear main theme, which is the continuous liberation of thought and the constant infusion of new content into the liberation of thought. Therefore, the most important form of openness is the openness of thought, the liberation of individuals, and the enhancement of their quality. The 30-year history of openness and development in the tourism industry is, in fact, a magnificent history of intellectual liberation.

今天,面对国际金融危机和日益严峻的经济困境,国务院部署十大措施,以扩大内需促经济平稳较快增长。我们还将不断听到“拉动消费”“促进消费”的声音。人们可能认为,要是经济危机到来,大家将有过“紧日子”的思想意识,还怎么促进消费?贫困群体又拿什么去消费?这里需要分清,“消费”和“发展消费型经济”是两个概念。

Today, faced with the international financial crisis and increasingly severe economic challenges, the State Council has deployed ten measures to expand domestic demand and promote stable and rapid economic growth. We will continue to hear calls for boosting consumption and promoting consumerism. Some may think that during an economic crisis, people will have a mindset of tightening their belts, so how can consumption be promoted? And what will the impoverished groups have to consume? It is important to differentiate between "consumption" and "developing a consumer-driven economy."

由于旅游业是第三产业的龙头,是典型的消费型经济、休闲经济,我们在撰写本文中日益意识到:中国旅游业30年来以“马超龙雀”的发展速度营造出的巨大消费市场,已然是拯救眼前经济困境的ー支宏伟力量。

As the leading sector of the tertiary industry and a typical consumer-driven and leisure economy, the tourism industry has played a crucial role in creating a vast consumer market with its rapid development over the past 30 years. We increasingly realize that this market is a magnificent force that can help overcome the current economic challenges.

在开放的信息化时代,面对全球经济困境的挑战,中国旅游业正在谋求实现这样的转型一从观光产业走向休闲产业。

In the open and information-driven era, facing the challenges of the global economic crisis, the Chinese tourism industry is seeking to achieve a transformation: moving from being a sightseeing industry to a leisure industry.

就是说,从以往的参观游览型,转向生活休闲型。

This means shifting from the previous focus on visitation and sightseeing to a focus on enhancing the quality of life and leisure experiences.

从产业发展走向目的地提升。就是说,以往我们注重把旅游地搞起来,吸引人来参观,今后不能满足于此,而要注重让人们身心度假,而不是跑得更累。

It also entails a shift from industry development to destination enhancement. In other words, it is not enough to simply develop tourist sites and attract visitors; the emphasis should be on providing people with opportunities for relaxation and rejuvenation, rather than exhausting them further.

从规模时代走向质量时代。就是说,要让人在真正的“休养生息”中使人生质量得到提升。旅游业也不只是“朝阳产业”,它对自然与人的生态保护,还是ー个可以找回蓝天的产业。

Additionally, there is a transition from the era of scale to the era of quality. Instead of solely focusing on the quantity of tourists, there is an increasing emphasis on providing high-quality experiences and services to ensure visitor satisfaction and promote sustainable tourism development The tourism industry is not just a sunrise industry; it plays a crucial role in the protection of nature and the ecology of both the environment and people. It is an industry that can help restore the clear blue skies.

不能忽视这样的转型。在人类通过一次次“生产革命”“技术革命”营建生活的历史上,人类觉悟到可以通过发展“休闲经济”来促进社会各业趋向平衡,这是更高层面的可持续发展,并可望普遍地提升人类的生活质量。这无论从思想认识、精神境界和经济形式上都是深具革命性的。

We cannot overlook this transformation. Throughout human history, marked by multiple industrial revolutions and technological advancements, humans have realized that promoting a balanced society can be achieved through the development of the leisure economy. This represents a higher level of sustainable development and holds the potential to universally improve the quality of human life. This transformation is revolutionary in terms of ideology, spiritual state, and economic form. This is deeply revolutionary in terms of ideological understanding, spiritual realm, and economic form.

因此,“休息的革命”是个庄严的命题。它不只是对眼前全球性的经济困境而言,它对自然与人文环境的良性塑造、对给每个普通人带来的深刻影响而言,都有我们还想象不到的海阔天空。

Therefore, the “revolution of relaxation” is a solemn proposition. It goes beyond the current global economic challenges and holds immense potential for positively shaping the natural and cultural environment and making a profound impact on the lives of ordinary people that we can't even fully imagine.

联合国世界旅游组织最新预测,中国到2015年将成为世界最大的旅游目的地国家。中国旅游业至今方兴未艾,可谓“九万里风鹏正举”。

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, it is predicted that by 2015, China will emerge as the world’s largest tourist destination country.

（原载《北京文学》2009年第3期）

(Originally published in “Beijing Literature”, Issue 3, 2009)

Report CN EN 07

2023-06-01T02:46:12Z

Liang Xinlu: /* 卷三：2.昆山之路 */

Please translate from Chinese to English and use the [[Report_CN_EN#List_of_Common_Terms]]. Also, you can jump back to the course homepage here: [[Chinese_Classics_Translation_Spring_2023]]

=Contents=
1. Translator 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi《岭南万户皆春色》[[Lingnan Englisch]] Proofreader: 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi (translated until here: https://bou.de/u/wiki/Lingnan_Englisch#.E6.9D.8E.E6.A2.93.E7.8E.89_Li_Ziyu), rest: 76000 characters

2. Translator: 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi《金银潭抗疫纪事》[[Goldbank Englisch]] Proofreader: 李心田 Li Xintian (currently being translated by professionals), 120000 characters

3. Translator: 李心田 Li Xintian [[Report_CN_EN_01]] Proofreader: 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia (currently being translated by professionals), 120000 characters

4. Translator: 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia [[Report_CN_EN_02]] Proofreader: 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu 《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

5. Translator: 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu [[Report_CN_EN_03]] Proofreader: 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan 《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

6. Translator: 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan [[Report_CN_EN_04]] Proofreader: 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

7. Translator: 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan [[Report_CN_EN_05]] Proofreader: 陈婧 Chen Jing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

8. Translator: 陈婧 Chen Jing [[Report_CN_EN_06]] Proofreader: 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

9. Translator: 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu [[Report_CN_EN_07]] Proofreader: 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

10. Translator: 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi [[Report_CN_EN_08]] Proofreader: 付静 Fu Jing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

11. Translator: 付静 Fu Jing [[Report_CN_EN_09]] Proofreader: 夏玲珑 Xia Linglong《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

12. Translator: 夏玲珑 Xia Linglong [[Report_CN_EN_10]] Proofreader: 李彦 Li Yan《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

13. Translator: 李彦 Li Yan [[Report_CN_EN_11]] Proofreader: 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

14. Translator: 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing [[Report_CN_EN_12]] Proofreader: 王芳玲 Wang Fanglin《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

15. Translator: 王芳玲 Wang Fanglin [[Report_CN_EN_13]] Proofreader: 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

=Liang Xinlu=
==卷三：1.目录==

卷ー

序李炳银/001

哥德巴赫猜想徐迟/001

船长柯岩/021

痴情理由/040

中国姑娘鲁光/ 086

三门李逸闻乔迈Z 138

胡杨泪孟晓云/ 150

原野在呼唤王兆军/ 163

热血男儿李士非/ 183

卷二

中国农民大趋势（节选）李延国/219

理论狂人陈祖芬/261

神圣忧思录张敏/283

强国梦（节选）赵瑜/315

伐木者,醒来!（节选）徐刚Z358

步鑫生现象的反思周嘉俊Z397

昆山之路杨守松/ 425

飞向太空港（节选）李鸣生/465

东方风来满眼春陈锡添/526

好梦将圆时江永红/539

智慧风暴（节选）王宏甲/573

卷四

4万:400万的牵挂张雅文/ 625

香港回归祖国10周年回眸长江/ 670

木棉花开李春雷/695

休息的革命（缩写本）王宏甲刘建/716

闪着泪光的事业蒋巍/758

让百姓做主朱晓军李英/ 777

难回故里郭冬Z 817

卷五

国家何建明/855

蛟龙探海（节选）许晨/ 915

袁隆平的世界（节选）陈启文/950

“神舟”天路兰宁远/ 1011

智慧之翼李青松/ 1044

附录改革开放四十年优秀报告文学存目Z 1060

==卷三：2.昆山之路==

昆山之路

The Kunshan Path

杨守松

Yang Shousong

开头（之一）

Beginning ( Part one )

中国是ー个梦。

China is a dream.

十月革命一声炮响,马列主义顺势而入,从此中国便做起了社会主义的梦。30 多年以后,有500年历史的故都北京在一夜之间,所有的城门钥匙都换了主人,共和国国旗在28响礼炮声中冉冉升起。

With the October Revolution, Marxism-Leninism followed the trend, and China has been dreaming of socialism ever since.
More than 30 years later, in Beijing, the ancient capital with a history of 500 years, all the city gate keys changed owners overnight, and the national flag of the Republic was raised gradually amidst the sound of 28 gun salutes.

又过了 40年,东欧局势如雪山崩塌,中国梦也变得沉重,变得空前地艰难……

After another 40 years, the situation in Eastern Europe collapsed like a snow mountain, and the Chinese dream became heavy and unprecedentedly difficult.

开头（之ニ）

Beginning (Part two)

1968年最后一天,ー辆破旧的三轮车把我从火车站拉进了破旧的小城。低矮的屋檐,窄窄的街道,随处可见歪斜的马桶刷子和飘零的裤裆片;冬日的太阳只是象征性地画了半个圆便匆匆归去了一ー6点不到,小城便寂寞地进入了梦乡。

第二天,我就到城东的西河村“接受贫下中农再教育” 〇

城边上也有不少草屋。全县有好几万户。

这就是“天堂”。这也叫“天堂”？

“穷山恶水血吸虫”,一位县委书记对苏州的昆山做了这个形象的概括。

忽然间这一切都飘逝了、消失了。老城焕然一新,新区拔地而起。西河的草棚变成了瓦屋,变成了楼房,又变成了厂房和办公楼。56米宽的马路横穿腹部,几十家企业变魔术一般相继出现。冰箱、彩电已进入寻常百姓家,录像机也正在悄然潜入农户家中……城乡处处欢声笑语,车水马龙;一年四季商贾云集,游人如织……

过去说,“小昆山”“小六子”,现在改了,叫“小上海”“小蛇口不是天堂,但可与天堂媲美。

On the last day of 1968, a dilapidated tricycle took me from the train station to a small, run-down county.
The low eaves, narrow streets, crooked toilet brushes and coarse cloth briefs are everywhere; the winter sun only symbolically drew a half circle before hurrying back - before six o’clock, the small county had quietly entered into a dreamland.
The next day, I went to Xihe Village in the east of the town to "re-educate the poor and lower-middle peasants".
There are also many thatched cottages on the edge of town.
The whole county1111 has several tens of thousands of households.
This is "paradise".
Can this also be called ‘heaven’?
"Schistosomes in poor mountains and bad waters", a county party secretary made this vivid summary of Kunshan in Suzhou.
Suddenly all of this has drifted away and disappeared.
The old city is new, and the new area is rising up.
The thatched huts in Xihe turned into tile houses, then into buildings, and then into factories and office buildings.
The 56-meter wide road crosses the midsection, and dozens of enterprises appear one after another magically.
Refrigerators and color TVs have become commonplace in ordinary households, while video recorders are quietly making their way into rural homes. Laughter and joy can be heard everywhere in both urban and rural areas, with bustling traffic and crowds of tourists all year round. Merchants gather from all over, and visitors come in droves.
In the past, we used to call it "Xiaokunshan" or "Xiaoluzi", but now this place is known as "Xiaoshanghai" or "Xiaoshekou".
Not paradise, but comparable to paradise.

开头（之三）

我和他的驾驶员周一起喝酒。假如他也在,我一定会敬他ー杯。尽管我知道他是滴酒不沾的。事实上,我也不会喝酒……我曾经做过他的秘书,只是连我自己也无法相信的是,近1〇年来,我和他说话的时间通通加起来也不到1分钟。我是跑跑写写而不会说说笑笑的那一类秘书。关于他,我从来没想到要说点什么或写点什么。但此时此刻,我却急于想见到他,并且想到应该说点什么也写点什么。这种强烈的欲望全是因为他的“退”而触发的。我忽然想到他的可贵,他的了不起。我甚至妄想和他讨论一下“社会主义”这个大题目一凭直觉,他是有自己的见解的。他一直在做,做的人最有发言权。

借着酒劲,我找到了他的家。因为坦诚,只几分钟,我们便各自理解了对方。

Beginning (Part three)

I had a drink with his driver, Zhou.

If he had been there, I would have toasted him.

Even though I know he doesn't drink at all.

In fact, I don't drink either. I was his secretary, but even I can't believe that in the past 10 years, I've spoken to him for less than a minute all together.

I'm the kind of secretary who runs and writes and doesn't talk and laugh.

I've never thought of anything to say or write about him.

But at this moment, I am anxious to see him and think of something to say or write.

This strong desire was triggered by his " withdrawal".

I suddenly thought of his preciousness and his greatness.

I even thought about discussing with him the big topic of "socialism" - intuitively, he has his own opinion.

He's been doing it, and those who do it have the most to say.

Under the influence of alcohol, I found his home.

Because of the honesty, it only took a few minutes for us to understand each other.

第一章借东风催开花千树

Chapter 1 Borrowing the East Wind to Hasten the Blossoming of Thousands of Trees

ー、1+! 乂2

1. "1 + 1 ≠ 2"

大上海旁边有个小昆山。昆山虽小,每年却能卖几亿斤商品粮。“田多劳少, 产量不高,贡献不小,分配蛮好。”这是在全县流传的顺ロ溜。自给自足也自满自足。小昆山小乐胃也见出明显的小家子气。

"Next to the great city of Shanghai lies a small Kunshan. Although Kunshan is small, it sells billions of pounds of goods each year. 'Many fields and few laborers, low yield but not insignificant contribution, and the distribution is quite fair' is a common rhyme passed down throughout the county. Self-sufficient, but also self-satisfied. Even the small happiness of Kunshan shows a distinct parochialism."

忽然有一天,小昆山发现周围的世界大热闹也大变样了。江阴、无锡的乡镇企业突飞猛进。张家港、常熟也急起直追。唯独昆山自得其乐,稳坐钓鱼台……

One day, Kunshan suddenly discovered that the world around it had become very lively and changed a lot. The townships and enterprises in Jiangyin and Wuxi had made rapid progress. Zhangjiagang and Changshu were also catching up quickly. Only Kunshan was content to enjoy its own pleasures and remained complacent, sitting idly by.

1984年,姗姗来迟的春风例行公事一般给昆山抹了些许绿意,与往昔不同的倒是给年过半百的吴克铃捎来ー顶“县长”的乌纱帽。

In 1984, the belated spring breeze brought a touch of green to Kunshan as usual, but what was different this time was that it also brought Wu Kequan, who was over fifty years old, a "county head" cap.

这是ー个不寻常的年代。改革开放唤醒了沉睡5000余年的土地,蕴藏在10 亿人血液里的一切善和恶,一切积极因素和消极因素都释放出来了。国土热火朝天,国人眼花缭乱,国家日新月异……

This was an unusual era. The reform and opening up awakened the land that had been sleeping for more than 5,000 years, releasing all the good and evil, positive and negative factors hidden in the blood of 1 billion people. The country was thriving, people were dazzled, and the nation was changing rapidly...

无论如何,历史前进了,昆山也前进了,只是一个严峻的现实是:昆山比人家慢了一步。

In any case, history moved forward, and so did Kunshan, but the harsh reality was that Kunshan was one step behind others.

ー步落后,步步脱节。无锡、江阴靠的是下放工人的机遇,张家港、常熟靠的是插队青年的机遇,而且他们都曾享受过税收上的优惠一这一切,昆山都没有!

Falling behind by one step led to being out of sync with others. Wuxi and Jiangyin relied on the opportunities brought by workers who were sent down to the countryside, while Zhangjiagang and Changshu relied on the opportunities of the educated youth sent to the countryside, and they all enjoyed tax incentives – none of these were available in Kunshan!

然而,吴克铃却要上。昆山是顾炎武的家乡,“天下兴亡,匹夫有责”,这有气节也有气势的名句,昆山无人不知,昆山人更不会自甘落后……

However, Wu Kequan was determined to push forward. Kunshan was the hometown of Gu Yanwu, and the famous saying, "Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world," was well known to everyone in Kunshan, and the people of Kunshan would not accept falling behind...

可是昆山缺资金、缺技术、缺设备、缺人才、缺管理经验。

“缺”是事实,“上”只是ー个美丽的梦。

吴克铃从梦境中醒来面对现实,去找老书记,去找本地的工业行家,还去找满天飞的采购员

But Kunshan lacked funds, technology, equipment, talent, and management experience.

"Lacking" was the reality, while "rising" was just a beautiful dream.

Wu Kequan woke up from his dream to face reality, seeking advice from the old secretary, local industry experts, and numerous purchasing agents...

渐渐地,他脑子里浮出ー个思路:昆山缺的,东面的邻居上海都有。能不能借ー下“东风”,能不能和上海攀个亲?当然不是白借,也不是两手空空地巴结。昆山也有自己的优势:地理位置好,交通方便;土地多、水面多,农副产品开发潜カ大; 劳动カ多,而且廉价。这三个“优”正好是上海的三个“缺”。不是讲“优化组合” 吗?昆山和上海“组合”一下可不可以?

Gradually, an idea emerged in his mind: what Kunshan lacked, its eastern neighbor Shanghai had. Could they borrow the "east wind" and establish a connection with Shanghai? Of course, it wouldn't be a free ride, nor would it be simply trying to curry favor with empty hands. Kunshan had its own advantages: good geographical location, convenient transportation, abundant land and water resources, great potential for agricultural and sideline product development, and a large, cheap labor force. These three "advantages" were exactly the three "shortcomings" of Shanghai. Isn't it about "optimizing the combination"? Could Kunshan and Shanghai "combine" in some way?

这里有个很容易被忽略的常识。生活本身就是加减乘除,就看你怎么做或者怎么“组合”。1+1,可能是2,可能是。,也可能是3或4或其他。“加”得好,可以有“乘”的效益,反之,则可能是“减”或“除”的结果。

Here is a common sense that is easily overlooked: life itself is addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, depending on how you do it or how you "combine." 1 + 1 might be 2, 0, 3, 4, or something else. If the "addition" is done well, it can have the benefits of "multiplication"; otherwise, it might lead to the results of "subtraction" or "division."

所以,吴克铃反复宣传1+1尹2的道理,作为借“东风”、横向联合的“理论依据”。早在!983年,他做副县长时,就给县经济发展总公司出点子,在水泥厂搞补偿贸易,从上海市协作办公室引进了 500万元资金,使水泥厂的生产能力从4万吨提升到io万吨;同时,又竭カ促成了昆山印刷厂和上海少儿出版社联营建成了全国第一家儿童印刷厂。当时,他还开玩笑地对分管工业的副县长说:“我把你的权夺过来了。”

Therefore, Wu Kequan repeatedly promoted the idea that 1 + 1 ≠ 2, as the "theoretical basis" for borrowing the "east wind" and forming horizontal cooperation. As early as 1983, when he was the deputy county head, he provided ideas for the county's economic development company, engaged in countertrade at the cement factory, and introduced 5 million yuan in funds from the Shanghai Cooperation Office, raising the production capacity of the cement factory from 40,000 tons to 100,000 tons. At the same time, he also facilitated the establishment of the country's first children's printing factory through a joint venture between Kunshan Printing Factory and Juvenile and Children Publishing House, Shanghai. At that time, he jokingly told the deputy county head in charge of industry, "I've taken your power away."

毕竟是副县长,他还不能完全放开手脚。

现在可以了,他要按照自己的思路借“东风”来设计昆山的经济了。

After all, being only a deputy county head, he couldn't fully unleash his potential.
Now it’s possible, he can design Kunshan’s economy according to his own ideas by borrowing the “east wind”.

二、不准“自由恋爱”

2. No "free love" allowed

万事开头难。诸葛亮借东风,靠的是“天意”。吴克铃借“东风”,却只能靠人为。

Everything is difficult at the beginning. When Zhuge Liang borrowed the east wind, he relied on "heaven's will." When Wu Kequan borrowed the "east wind," he could only rely on human effort.

纺织厂的联营ー开始便是有意识的选择。

The joint venture of the textile factory was a conscious choice from the beginning.

纺织厂是1958年“大跃进”的产物,可惜的是,20多年以后,它仍然破败不已。有人说它最要好的朋友是税务官,因为它是靠免税オ勉强维持生计的。纺工部ー个部长看过后说:“没有想到,国内还有这样落后的エ厂。希望抓紧技术改造,但最好能保留一块,作为纺织エ业的ー个文物……”

The textile factory was a product of the "Great Leap Forward" in 1958, but unfortunately, 20 years later, it was still in a state of disrepair. Some people said its best friend was the tax officer because it barely survived by avoiding taxes. A minister of the Textile Ministry visited the factory and said, "I didn't expect that there are still such backward factories in the country. I hope to speed up technological transformation, but it's best to preserve a part of it as a relic of the textile industry..."

为了使这个“文物”进入现代文明,吴克铃想到了钱一平。这时他在上海担任经济协作办公室副主任。吴克铃毫无保留地介绍了纺织厂的情况,提出了合作的
意向。钱一平对吴克铃的想法十分欣赏,两个人越谈越投机,后来吴问:“龚兆源, 龚老,你熟悉不?”钱一平点点头说:“对了,他是你们昆山的地下党党员,他更应该为建设家乡出力!”

In order to bring this "relic" into modern civilization, Wu Kequan thought of Qian Yiping, who was then serving as the Deputy Director of the Economic Cooperation Office in Shanghai. Wu Kequan introduced the situation of the textile factory without reservation and proposed the intention of cooperation. Qian Yiping appreciated Wu Kequan's ideas, and the two of them got along well during their conversation. Later, Wu asked, “Do you know Mr. Gong Zhaoyuan?” Qian Yiping nodded and said, "Yes, he is an underground Communist Party member from Kunshan where you stay. He should contribute more to the construction of his hometown."

乌鲁木齐路,上海市经委顾问龚兆源家中来了两位不速之客。他是个热心人, 离休后在家也没ー天真的清闲过,常有家乡的人来找他办这办那。他看到自己和妻子杜淑珍还有许多共产党人冒着生命危险为之奋斗的故乡至今没有什么大的变化,心里总不是滋味;但他又十分清楚,解决点紧缺物资什么的,只能救急而不能救穷,现在家乡的人来找他,一杯茶喝出了味道!这一回,家乡可以“上路” 了 !

Two unexpected guests arrived at the home of Gong Zhaoyuan, a consultant of the Shanghai Municipal Economic Commission on Urumqi Road. He was a warm-hearted person, and even after retirement, he never really had a day of leisure. Many people from his hometown came to him for help. He saw that his hometown, where he, his wife Du Shuzhen, and many other Communists had risked their lives for, had not changed much, and it always left a bad taste in his mouth. But he was well aware that solving problems such as scarce materials could only be a temporary solution, not a way to alleviate poverty. Now, when those two people from his hometown came to him, he could sense the change. This time, his hometown could finally "get on the road."

与此同时,县エ业局的局长也和上海二纺机的厂长严永生联系上了。

At the same time, the director of the County Industrial Bureau also got in touch with Yan Yongsheng, the factory director of Shanghai Second Hand Textile Machine Co., Ltd.

严是个有知识有眼光的企业家,但同时他也清楚现实环境。从一般人的想法来说,上海和昆山风马牛不相及,双方怎么可能共同去搞ー个企业的?所以他既感到昆山人能提出这个意向是个大胆的创造,但又怕条条框框紧箍着,即便开了花也不能结果。所以开头的接触是艰难的。

Yan was a knowledgeable and visionary entrepreneur, but he was also well aware of the current environment. From a common perspective, Shanghai and Kunshan were worlds apart, so how could they possibly work together to build an enterprise? Therefore, he felt that it was a bold creation for the people of Kunshan to propose this intention, but he was also afraid that rigid rules would bind them, and even if they succeeded, they might not bear fruit. Therefore, the initial contact was difficult.

吴克铃心中清楚:这个世界高喊改革,但改革究竟是怎么回事心中都没底。于是无数改革者只好摸着石头过河。谁也不能保证自己不喝一口水就轻松地到达彼岸,第一个吃螃蟹的人总是要付出代价的。他说,不管怎么样,还要谈……

Wu Kequan knew that the world was calling for reform, but no one really knew what reform entailed. So countless reformers had to grope their way across the river by feeling the stones. "No one could guarantee reaching the other side without paying a small price." Daredevil always had to pay a price. He said that no matter what, they still had to negotiate...

再说龚兆源,他和钱一平一起,亲自出马,跑到金山石油化工总厂,请他们提供切片。石化厂和昆山初次签约时,同意给300吨材料。后来吴克铃把钱一平请到金山来看。钱一平对这一行熟悉,他说:“老吴,300吨肯定不赚钱!”吴克铃心想, 就是要你说这句话,就问:“那你看怎么办?”钱一平快人快语:“这事你别说,我去找他们!”

Speaking of Gong Zhaoyuan, he and Qian Yiping went together to the Shanghai Jinshan petrochemical complex to ask for supplies. When the petrochemical plant first signed a contract with Kunshan, they agreed to provide 300 tons of components. Later, Wu Kequan invited Qian Yiping to Jinshan for a visit. Qian Yiping was familiar with this line of business, and he said, "Mr. Wu, you definitely won't make money with just 300 tons!" Wu Kexing thought, that's exactly what I wanted you to say, and asked, "What do you think should be done then?" Qian Yiping quickly responded, "Leave this to me, I'll go talk to them."

果然,钱一平去找厂长,批评说:“这样搞,怎么能赢利?”对方知道瞒不了他, 就说:“300吨只能’开伙’罢了。”钱一平说:“再给300吨备用设备好不好?”对方笑了:“钱主任的话,我敢不听?”吴克铃又抓住这个机会提出,再搞300吨零部件 ……就这样,一下子搞了近1000吨！

Indeed, Qian Yiping went to the factory director and criticized, "How can you make a profit like this?" The factory director knew they couldn't hide it from him and said, "300 tons can only cover the basic needs." Qian Yiping suggested, "How about adding another 300 tons of components for replacement ?" The factory director laughed, "How can I not listen to Director Qian's advice?" Wu Kequan seized this opportunity and proposed an additional 300 tons of components... And just like that, they managed to secure nearly 1000 tons.

耐人寻味的是,在这个过程中,龚兆源几度“重操旧业”,做起了秘密的“地下工作”,所不同的是,过去是为了政治上的解放,现在是为了经济上的开放;过去的斗争对象是腐朽的国民党反动派,现在的“对象”则是我们自己政策中某些保守僵化的条文。

What's interesting is that, during this process, Gong Zhaoyuan had several times "picked up his old trade" and engaged in secret "underground work." The difference was that in the past, it was for political liberation, while now, it was for economic opening-up. The previous opponents were the corrupt Kuomintang reactionaries, whereas the current "targets" were certain conservative and rigid provisions within their own policies.

终于,由吴克铃和龚兆源在龚老家中秘密磋商、逐字推敲修改的协议,被拿到谈判桌上半公开地进行讨论了。

Eventually, the agreement secretly negotiated and revised by Wu Kequan and Gong Zhaoyuan in Gong's hometown was brought to the negotiation table for semi-public discussion.

1981年12月21日,上海二纺机厂、上海石油化工总厂涤纶ー厂和昆山工业二局正式草签了一份叫作《关于协作建设纺丝机实验エ场的协议》。

On December 21, 1981, Shanghai Second Hand Textile Machine Co., Ltd., Shanghai Jinshan Petrochemical Complex Polyester Plant 1, and Kunshan Industrial Second Bureau formally drafted an agreement called "Cooperation in Building a Spinning Machine Experimental Workshop."

不知读者有没有注意到,这里面的字眼是极为考究的。首先是“协作”,ー个宽泛的、笼统的概念,谁都可以接受;接着,是“实验エ场”,是“实验”,不仅是原则性的,而且冠冕堂皇;又曰“エ场”,不是エ厂,是小工场小作坊,一点也不引人注目；最后,是“协议”,谦虚且得体,够谨慎的!

I don't know if the readers have noticed, but the wording here is very particular. First is "cooperation," a broad and vague concept that everyone can accept; then, "experimental workshop," which is not only principled but also dignified; furthermore, it's called a "workshop," not a factory – it's a small workshop or a small artisan shop, not something that attracts attention; lastly, "agreement" is humble and appropriate, cautious enough!

然而,就是这样ー份至今仍被人细心保存着的协议,在当时还是关关受阻,寸步难行

However, such a carefully preserved agreement even now was met with obstacles and difficulties at that time.

跑到苏州,苏州回答:上海是省级市,我批昆山县的企业可以,上海一方,我哪有权批?

When they went to Suzhou, Suzhou replied: Shanghai is a provincial-level city, I can approve the enterprise in Kunshan County, but how can I approve the one in Shanghai?

到南京,南京答复:江苏还没有跨省市协作办エ厂（工场就是エ厂,这个“阴谋”被戳穿了）的先例,你和上海一起搞,那你就到上海去批吧!

In Nanjing, they replied: "Jiangsu has no precedent for interprovincial and municipal cooperation in establishing factories (workshops are factories, this "conspiracy" was exposed), so you should go to Shanghai for approval."

到上海,上海答复:好哇,上海人不为上海办事,你跑到江苏去办什么“工场”？还有,我上海怎么好批你江苏的企业呢?即便批了,我也拿不到（部里的）计划。

In Shanghai, they replied: "Well, as a person from Shanghai, why are you working for Jiangsu instead of your own city when setting up a 'workshop'? Also, how can I approve your Jiangsu enterprise? Even if I approved it, I wouldn't get the (department's) plan."

这就像是自由恋爱,各自看中了,却没有地方领“结婚证” 〇

当时有句话说:“不准东张西望。”

It was like a love affair where both parties were interested, but there was nowhere to obtain a "marriage certificate."

Back then, there was a saying: "No looking around."

吴克铃是个经济型人才,搞经济不可能离开市场,所以不可能不“东张西望” 〇小小一个昆山,无论如何不可能孤立地存在和前进。

他说,上海不行,南京不行,我们跑跑北京好不好?于是他们多次北上,到纺织工业部找处长、找司长、找部长

现在说来有些不可想象:从签订协议到批准项目,经过了整整两年的时间!

Wu Kequan was an economic talent, and dealing with the economy was impossible without considering the market, so he couldn't help but "look around." A small Kunshan could never exist and advance in isolation.

He said that if Shanghai and Nanjing didn't work, they should try Beijing. So they went to Beijing multiple times to meet with the director, secretary, and minister of the Textile Industry Department...

It's somewhat unimaginable now: it took a full two years from signing the agreement to approving the project!

就在这个项目开始实施的时候,吴克铃担任了县长。也正是纺织厂,还有儿童印刷厂、水泥厂的实践,使他逐步形成了一个概念,找到了一种依托,寻思出来一条符合昆山实际的发展经济的路子。于是,他规划了一个梦一般的蓝图一

Just as the project began to be implemented, Wu Kequan took up the position of county head. It was precisely the experience of the textile factory, as well as the children's printing factory and the cement factory, that gradually helped him form a concept, find a foundation, and devise a path for economic development that suited Kunshan's actual situation. As a result, he planned a dream-like blueprint:

昆山要上14个500万元以上的重点项目,总投资1.5亿元。

国务院批准了 !4个沿海经济开发区,昆山不是开发区,但要上14个重点项目。

这是真的吗?

真的。

Kunshan aimed to launch 14 key projects with investments of over 5 million yuan each, totaling 1.5 billion yuan in investments.

The State Council approved 14 coastal economic development zones, and although Kunshan was not one of these zones, it still aimed to launch 14 key projects.

Is this true?

Yes, it is.

三、“吃大亏者”言

2 The Paradox of "Suffering Losses"

我们的人民从来不拒绝改革,但对改革又往往存有一种矛盾的心理。中国是ー个农业大国,农业人口多。聪明和愚昧、勤劳和懒散、伟大和渺小……这些都相伴相生着。把握住这一点是ー门艺术。只看一面,非左即右,或太快或太慢。其实中国的事情是不可不急,不可太急,不可不改革,也不能“ 一步到位”,一口吃出个胖子来。

Our people have never rejected reform, but often hold a contradictory mentality towards it. China is a major agricultural country with a large agricultural population. Intelligence and ignorance, diligence and laziness, greatness and insignificance coexist. Grasping this is an art. If one only sees one side, they may lean left or right, move too fast or too slow. In reality, China's affairs require both urgency and patience, meaning that reforms are necessary, but cannot be achieved in one step.

昆山人也是矛盾的,既羡慕大上海的繁华,又嫉妒他们的“阔绰”一“高工资”的上海“阿拉”到昆山喜欢到市场“抢购”,有时会不问价钱只说一句“我全要了!”

Kunshan residents share this contradiction, admiring Shanghai's prosperity while being envious of their "extravagance." High-wage "Shanghainese" like to visit Kunshan markets and buy without asking the price, sometimes saying, "I'll take them all!"

现在吴克铃却要依托上海的优势来发展昆山的经济ーー和“阿拉”结为好友, 把“阿拉”们ー批ー批地请到昆山来待为座上宾!

Now, Wu Kequan plans to develop Kunshan's economy by relying on Shanghai's advantages, inviting batches of "Shanghainese" to be guests in Kunshan.

于是有些人就表现出ー种情绪,说上海人太精,和他们打交道要吃亏。

Some people feel that dealing with the clever Shanghainese will result in losses.

吴克铃说,吃亏不吃亏,就如怕上海人来了会抬高物价ー样,这笔账,看你怎么算。

Wu Kequan believes that whether there's a loss depends on how it is calculated.

其实,首先感到“吃亏”的不是昆山而是上海。

In fact, it's Shanghai that initially feels the "loss."

说ー个很有一些传奇色彩的小故事。

一次,吴克铃到北京去,拜访国务院副秘书长顾明。顾明是昆山人,一来二去就熟悉了。顾明很看重吴克铃清醒独特的经济思路和务实精神,那一回还亲自送他到飞机场。就在机场候机室,顾明提到,上海金星电视机厂引进设备他出了不少カ。言者无意,听者有心。吴克铃马上接过话说:“秘书长能不能写个便条,我去上海找他们认识ー下,有可能的话,在我们昆山办个分厂。”顾明热心,当即就在北京飞机场的候机室里写了封信让吴克铃带着去找金星电视机厂的一个柯厂长。

A legendary story tells of Wu Kequan's visit to Beijing, where he met with Gu Ming, the deputy secretary-general of the State Council, who was also from Kunshan. Gu Ming appreciated Wu's clear economic thinking and pragmatism, even personally taking him to the airport. During their conversation, Gu mentioned helping Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory import equipment. Wu seized the opportunity and asked Gu to write a note so he could meet with the factory's director in Shanghai and potentially open a branch factory in Kunshan. Gu Ming, being enthusiastic, immediately wrote a letter in the waiting room of Beijing airport, asking Wu Kequan to take it and meet with Factory Director Ke from the Jin Xing Television Factory.

好事多磨。厂长态度很积极,却有人认为大厂和小县联营是降低身份,要吃大亏。但他们又碍于顾明的面子,不好明确拒绝。吴克铃并不灰心,ー连跑了四五趟上海,反反复复,后来オ勉强有了个协议。好在柯厂长看得远,他认为扩大生产势在必行,而昆山最具建分厂的条件,他力排众议,不改初衷。

Good things don't come easy. Although Factory Director Ke had a positive attitude, some people thought that partnering a large factory with a small county would lower their status and result in significant losses. However, out of respect for Gu Ming, they didn't outright refuse. After several trips to Shanghai and overcoming doubts from both sides, they finally reached an agreement.

Wu openly declared that investors should make money. It's a simple truth: without benefits, why would Shanghai come to Kunshan? All horizontal joint ventures and domestic and foreign investors seek profit. Fortunately, Factory Director Ke had a long-term vision. He believed that expanding production was imperative, and Kunshan had the best conditions for building a branch factory. He overcame the objections and stuck to his original intention.

最后一次,吴克铃在他的小会议室里为协议的草签一直商量到夜里11点多钟。

上海方面理顺了,昆山自己又感到“吃亏”了。

吴克铃却开宗明义,公开宣称:就是要让投资者赚钱!

ー个简单得不能再简单的道理,没有好处,上海跑到你昆山来干什么?

推而广之,一切横向的联营,所有国内外的投资者,都是冲着有钱可赚、有利可图来的。

During the last meeting, Wu Kequan negotiated the draft agreement in his small conference room until 11 p.m.

With the Shanghai side settled, Kunshan felt as if they were at a disadvantage.

Wu Kequan, however, openly declared that the goal was to make money for the investors!

A simple truth: if there were no benefits, why would Shanghai come to Kunshan?

In essence, all horizontal partnerships and investors, domestic and international, are attracted by profit and favorable conditions.

只想自己赚,只考虑自己的好处;对方只可“奉献”,只有“义务”,ー看人家有赚头或赚多一点就眼红,就咬紧牙关憋足了劲死不肯签约,表面上看这是“精”,是
“聪明”,是“原则性强”,实质上,这倒是最狭隘、最可怜、最没出息的小家子气,说到底,也是真正的吃亏者。

Only thinking about making money for themselves and considering their own interests, they expect the other party to only "contribute" and have "obligations." When they see others making a profit or a little more, they become envious and stubbornly refuse to sign contracts. On the surface, this behavior might seem "shrewd," intelligent, and strong in principles. In reality, however, it reflects the most narrow-minded, pitiful, and unambitious pettiness. Ultimately, they are the ones who truly suffer losses.

这个重点项目差一点就泡汤,成为ー个梦。

This crucial project almost fell through and became a mere dream.

建分厂,要给上海一次性技术转让费15万元,每生产1台黑白电视机再给商标费15元。

To establish a branch factory, 150,000 yuan was required as a one-time technology transfer fee to Shanghai, and an additional 15 yuan per black-and-white television produced as a trademark fee.

有些人就喊“吃亏”,说这是“不平等条约”。

Some people cried out about the unfairness, claiming it was an unequal agreement.

吴克铃说,技术就是金钱,人家的技术凭什么要无偿送给你昆山?昆山自己生产的电视机用自己的商标拿出去卖,人家买你昆山牌的还是买上海金星牌的?就是多花50块100块也还是要买金星的……这就是竞争。金星的牌子打出来了,名牌本身就是金钱!

Wu Kequan argued that technology is money. Why should someone else's technology be given to Kunshan for free? If Kunshan produced TVs with its own brand, would people buy the Kunshan brand or the Shanghai Jinxing brand? Even if it cost 50 or 100 yuan more, people would still choose Jinxing. This is competition. Once Jinxing's brand becomes well-known, the brand itself is worth money.

竞争是平等的。之所以感到不平等,是因为还不知道什么叫作竞争。

Competition is equal. The reason some people feel it is unequal is that they don't understand what competition is.

从本质上说,只有竞争オ有平等。有多少竞争就有多少平等,没有竞争就没有平等。

Essentially, only competition can bring equality. The more competition there is, the more equality there will be; without competition, there is no equality.

自然界如此,社会上也ー样。

This is true in nature and in society.

商品（产品）的竞争是血淋淋的。这里没有温情,没有谦让,也不讲“主义”,它只有一句话:优胜劣汰,不叫你死我活,至少也可以说是你上我下。

The competition among products is brutal. There is no warmth, no concession, and no ideology. The only rule is the survival of the fittest: not a matter of life and death, but at least a matter of rising and falling.

什么叫作吃亏?跳出谈判双方,看全局,看大局,生产发展了,经济上去了,全社会都有好处,谈不上谁吃亏。

What does it mean to be at a disadvantage? If we look beyond the negotiation table and consider the big picture, if production develops and the economy grows, everyone in society benefits, so there is no real disadvantage.

有时候,在某个特定的情况下,“不平等条约”体现的倒是真平等、大平等!

Sometimes, in specific situations, an unequal agreement may actually reflect true equality and great fairness.

干大事业者不仅能吃小亏,还要敢于吃大亏!

就是说,要在“不平等”里看到平等,要在“吃亏”里面看到便宜。

不然,怎么可能做到起步晚而起点高?

吴克铃的胆识、眼力、干大事业的大将风度,ー开始就咄咄逼人,并且始终表现出ー种不同凡响的既超前又实在的意识。

Those who undertake great undertakings not only can afford to take small losses but must also dare to take big ones.

That is to say, one must see equality in inequality and find advantages in disadvantages.

Otherwise, how can it be possible to start late but reach a high starting point?

From the beginning, Wu Kequan demonstrated his courage, insight, and the demeanor of a great leader capable of undertaking great tasks, always showing a remarkable, forward-thinking, and practical awareness.

四、孤独的父母官

4 Lonely Parental Official

14个重点项目在全县城乡铺开了,那声音、那阵势、那气氛、那劲头,真有些像南泥湾大生产,又有些像20世纪50年代的“合作化”。

14 key projects have been launched in both urban and rural areas throughout the county. The atmosphere, momentum, and vigor are reminiscent of both the great production in Nan Ni Wan and the "collectivization” movement of the 1950s.

这是一片波滚浪翻、喧腾咆哮的土地,几天之前,还是沟渠纵横、青黄相间的田野,现在它已经成为金星电视机厂昆山分厂的基建工地。

This is a land of rolling waves and roaring tumult. Just a few days ago, it was a field crisscrossed by ditches and interwoven with green and yellow. Now, it has become the construction site for the Kunshan branch of the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory.

吴克铃站在这片新旧交替的土地上,脸上露出ー种创造者的笑容。然而,总是有人不高兴,总是有人不理解,当改革开放后第一次宏观控制的旋风刮下来的时候,金星电视机厂昆山分厂的筹建工作很快陷入困境,于是矛盾的焦点又一次集中到吴克铃身上。

Wu Kequan stands on this land where the old and the new intersect, with a smile on his face that reflects the pride of a creator. However, there are always people who are unhappy and who don't understand. When the first macroeconomic control measures were implemented after the reform and opening up, the preparatory work for the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory's Kunshan branch quickly fell into difficulty. As a result, the focus of the conflict once again centered on Wu Kequan.

一下子铺那么多摊子,是不是好大喜功?是不是头脑发热?

Trying to do too many things all at once, isn't that overly ambitious? Is it a case of getting carried away?

好社会主义之“大”,喜改革开放之“功”,这一点,他不否认。他始终觉得,作为ー个共产党员,他欠人民的太多太多,只要有机会,他就要为人民建功立业,做出最大的奉献。从这个意义上说,好大喜功的人不是多了而是少了,太少了。

He does not deny that his ambition stems from the "greatness" of socialism and the "achievement" of embracing reform and opening up. He always felt that, as a member of the Communist Party, he owed too much to the people, and as long as he had the opportunity, he had to build a career for the people and make the greatest dedication. In this sense, there are not too many overambitious people; in fact, there are too few of them.

头脑发热?他觉得有些好笑。1947年他15岁就到银行做练习生,共和国成立后始终在经济战线上南征北战,从无锡到上海,从广州到武汉,从国家计委到河西走廊再到五七干校的窑厂……正面的反面的、酸的甜的、苦的辣的,一切的一切都告诉他:无论如何都不能再搞政治运动,无论如何都不能再用搞政治运动的那ー套来搞经济建设。正是在把握这个基本点的前提下,他苦苦地寻觅出“东张西望”、横向联合的路子,在充分调查论证的基础上オ确定了 14个重点建设项目。

Getting carried away? He finds this somewhat amusing. In 1947, when he was 15 years old, he started as an apprentice in a bank. After the founding of the People's Republic, he fought on the economic front, from Wuxi to Shanghai, from Guangzhou to Wuhan, from the State Planning Commission to the Hexi Corridor, and finally to the kiln factory at the May 7 Cadre School. Both the positive and negative experiences, sweet and sour, bitter and spicy, everything told him: under no circumstances should political movements be pursued again, and under no circumstances should the methods of political movements be used for economic construction. It is precisely on the premise of grasping this fundamental point that he painstakingly explored the approach of "looking in all directions" and forming horizontal alliances. Based on thorough investigation and research, he identified 14 key construction projects.

他是县长是父母官,然而他也是ー个人,他不可能没有自己的想法、自己的顾虑,也不可能没有他的苦闷、他的孤独与彷徨!

He is the county chief and the Parental officer, but he is also an individual. He cannot possibly not have his own thoughts and concerns, and it is also impossible for him not to have his own frustrations, loneliness, and confusion!

白夜。黑昼。世界的迷离混沌和颠倒反差无情地扰乱了他的思绪。他居然找不到ー个说话的地方,当然只是ー个很短暂的过程。他生出来ー种少有的孤独感。这使他在家里不开心,影响了妻子的情绪,在外面也不开心,有时竟会莫名其妙地激动得脸红脖子粗。好在家里的、外面的,做官的、做老百姓的,一般也了解他的为人,理解他的艰难处境,所以谁也不会计较他。越是这样,他越是感到忧心如焚,苦闷无比。他真想飞到北京去,和中南海的决策者们做一番理论。

White night. Black day. The world's disorienting chaos and upside-down contrasts relentlessly disrupt his thoughts. He couldn't find a place to talk, but of course it was only a short process. He felt a sense of loneliness that he had rarely felt before. This made him unhappy at home, affecting his wife's mood. He was also unhappy outside, sometimes even inexplicably becoming agitated, with his face turning red and his neck swollen. The good thing is that the family and the outside, the officials and the people, generally understand his person, understand his difficult situation, so no one will take him seriously. The more this happens, the more he feels worried and miserable. He really wants to fly to Beijing and have a discussion with the decision-makers at Zhongnanhai.

唉!也只能是想想,中国的改革开放还没有到ー个七品芝麻官可以随时和总书记直接对话的地步。

It's just a thought, as China's reform and opening up haven't reached the point where a low-ranking official can directly communicate with the General Secretary at any time.

那么,和最基层的厂长书记们对话总可以吧?

So, it should be possible to have a dialogue with the most grassroots factory directors and secretaries, right?

阳澄湖畔的巴城镇,古镇旁边正在崛起一个新厂。这是全县14个重点项目之ー。厂长名叫陆大荣,曾经因为2000元的“经济问题”吃过官司。党委书记和镇长跑到人事局找方局长,又跑到组织部找沈部长,在分析了陆大荣的历史后提出:此人可不可转干?可不可当厂长?可以。又问:可以当一个投资1400万元的大厂的厂长吗?也可以。像这样的人还可以入党吗?根据你说的,当然可以。

Beside Yangcheng Lake's Bacheng Town, a new factory is emerging. This is one of the 14 key projects in the county. The factory director, named Lu Darong, once faced a lawsuit due to an "economic issue" involving 2,000 yuan. The Party Secretary and the town mayor ran to the Personnel Bureau to find Director Fang, and then went to the Organization Department to find Director Shen. After analyzing Lu Darong's history, they raised the question: can this person be transferred to a different position? Can he become the factory director? The answer was yes. They further asked: can he be the director of a large factory with an investment of 14 million yuan? The answer was also yes. Can someone like this join the Communist Party? Based on what you've said, of course he can.

就是这个陆大荣,用拼命三郎的精神创造了“巴城速度”：十天一层楼;工程保质保量保速度了,每上一层楼他就扛了一头杀好的猪送到工地犒赏“三军”！

It is this very Lu Darong who, with the spirit of a tireless worker, created the "Bacheng Speed": constructing one floor every ten days. He ensured the quality, quantity, and speed of the project. For every floor completed, he carried a slaughtered pig to the construction site to reward the "three armies" (workers).

吴克铃来到工地上,明显地感受到了一种气氛,ー种从群众内心深处诱发出来的巨大的积极性。

Wu Kequan arrived at the construction site and clearly felt an atmosphere, a tremendous enthusiasm that was evoked from deep within the hearts of the people.

我们的人民永远是可爱的。

Our people are always lovely.

人民迫切希望改变现状,他们欢迎并无条件地参加一切改革,只要这个改革能够给他们希望,给他们带来好处。

The people are eager to change the status quo, they welcome and unconditionally participate in all reforms, as long as this reform can give them hope and bring them benefits.

吴克铃问陆大荣:“你这速度是不是’太快’了?”

Wu Kequan asked Lu Darong, "Isn't your construction 'too fast'?”

答:“要不是下雨,还可再快一点〇”

Lu Darong replied, "If it weren't for the rain, we could have been even faster."

又问:“还有没有什么困难?”

Wu Kequan further asked, "Are there any other difficulties?”

答:“困难是有的,但同县里的比,就算不上什么了一我们别的不能做什么, 千方百计把这个项目建成,尽快见效就算是对县委县政府的ー种支持……”

Lu Darong replied, "There are difficulties, but compared to those in the county, they are not significant. We can't do much else, so we will do everything we can to complete this project and see results as soon as possible. That would be our way of supporting the county committee and the county government.”

吴克铃紧握住陆大荣的手,说:“谢谢!”

Wu Kequan firmly shook Lu Darong's hand and said, "Thank you!”

谢谢全县50万人民,谢谢全县上千名厂长、书记……

He would like to express gratitude to the 500,000 people in the county and the thousands of factory directors and Party secretaries throughout the county.

五、“老吴要高速度”

5 Old Wu Demands High Speed

不思量,自难忘,平生坎坷多少事,总把真情相向!

Even without dwelling on it, it's still hard to forget. Through all the ups and downs in life, always face each other with sincerity!

吴克铃从内心里感谢并永远记住那些在困难时候给予自己理解和支持的所有的人。

Wu Kequan sincerely thanks and will always remember all the people who provided understanding and support during difficult times.

14个重点项目,他ー个ー个跑过来,听汇报,看工程,和基层的厂长书记座谈。他看到的是ー批实实在在的奋斗者的足迹,感觉到的是ー种抓住了机会就拼命改变现状的热烈气氛。人民不是用语言而是用行动来称赞改革的。

He went to each of the 14 key projects, listened to the reports, inspected the construction progress, and had discussions with the grassroots factory directors and Party secretaries. He saw the footprints of a group of real fighters, and felt the fervent atmosphere of seizing opportunities and striving to change the current situation. The people praised the reform not with words but with actions.

人民拥护改革,改革属于人民。

The people support the reform, and the reform belongs to the people.

还有两个人,他要深深地感谢他们。

There are two other people to whom he is deeply grateful.

苏州市委书记戴心思来了,他也是听到ー些风声后跑来的。

Secretary of Suzhou Municipality. Dai Xinsi came after hearing some rumors.

平时都很忙,开会了,书记又要照应到各个县市,不可能只听你ー个昆山的县长说。

Normally, he was very busy, attending meetings and taking care of various counties and cities. It was not possible for him to only listen to the county mayor of Kunshan.

现在可以了。

Now it is possible.

先看,先问,边看边问,然后,在第一招待所,他听吴克铃的汇报。

He first looked and asked questions, and then at the first reception hall, he listened to Wu Kequan's report.

吴克铃还是第一次比较系统地向市委领导汇报自己的经济思路。

It was the first time that Wu Kequan had systematically reported his economic ideas to Secretary of Municipal Party Committee.

戴心思听得极为认真。在大的原则问题上,他是从来不轻易表态的,但这ー次,他却十分明确地说:“看起来,照你这个路子走下去,昆山有希望。”

Dai Xinshi listened extremely carefully. He never easily expressed his opinions on major issues of principle, but this time he was very clear and said: "It seems that if we continue down this path, Kunshan has hope.

市委书记一句话,使吴克铃挺直了腰杆。

The words of the Municipal Party Committee Secretary straightened Wu Kequan's back.

然而,由于宏观控制的影响,原定由上海金星厂投资的钱拿不出来了。

However, due to the impact of macro-control, the original investment by Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory factory money could not be obtained.

这个联营厂就这么半途而废了?

Would this joint venture factory be abandoned halfway?

多情总被无情恼。多少心血与汗水,到头来全付于一江春水东流去?吴克铃不相信,也不甘心。

Love is always troubled by the heartless. How much effort and sweat, only to be ultimately carried away by the eastward flowing spring river? Wu Kequan didn't believe it and couldn't accept it.

没有钱不可以借吗?你不好借,我们出面借行不行?

If there's no money, can't we get a loan? If it's difficult for them, how about we step in and secure the loan on their behalf?

吴克铃立刻赶到上海,说明来意:“婚姻”大事,不敢儿戏!联营厂总要办成办好,资金问题,上海一方的由昆山出面以上海的名义借。

Wu Kequan rushed to Shanghai immediately, explaining the purpose: The "marriage" is a significant matter, not to be taken lightly! The joint venture factory must be established and run well. As for the funding issue, the money that was supposed to be provided by Shanghai will be borrowed in Shanghai's name by Kunshan.

古今中外,不知有没有过这种先例。双方恋爱结婚,甲方应出的钱拿不出了, 就由乙方以甲方的名义去借……

In ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, no one knows if there has ever been such a precedent. In a love and marriage relationship between two parties, when Party A cannot provide the required funds, Party B borrows on behalf of Party A...

改革是ー个万花筒。改革时期人民的智慧和创造要比平时大大提升。

The reform is a kaleidoscope. During the reform era, people's wisdom and creativity are greatly enhanced compared to ordinary times.

心诚则灵,志坚则成。金星电视机厂昆山分厂就这样在一片风雨中建成投产了!

With a sincere heart and a determined will, anything can be achieved. In this way, amidst trials and tribulations, Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory's Kunshan branch was built and put into operation!

14个重点项目在克服难以想象的困难中又以难以想象的速度筹建、生产、发展。

The 14 key projects were planned, produced, and developed at an unimaginable speed amidst unimaginable difficulties.

14个重点项目是吴克铃的14个心思,14个心思编织着ー个彩色的梦:在适度风险中创造适宜的速度,让昆山的经济尽快起飞,使昆山的老百姓得到更多的好处

The 14 key projects were Wu Kequan's 14 concerns, and these concerns wove together a colorful dream: creating a suitable speed within moderate risks, allowing Kunshan's economy to take off as soon as possible, and bringing more benefits to the people of Kunshan.

然而我们的生活中总是有太多的“然而”,要是少一点,少到不至于让人遗恨终生,更不至于让民族后悔的地步就好了ーー然而,还是有人对他的路子表示“不理解”,并且有意无意地制造着ー种舆论、ー种压カ……

However, there are always too many "howevers" in our lives. If only there were fewer, to the point where they would not cause lifelong regrets or even make the nation regretful. Despite this, some people still expressed their "misunderstanding" of his approach, intentionally or unintentionally creating public opinion and pressure...

市委书记不是明确表示肯定了吗?

Didn't the Municipal Party Committee Secretary clearly express affirmation?

省委省政府不也给予关心和支持了吗?

Didn't the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government also provide care and support?

但这还不够,或者说还不足以说明问题。

But this is not enough, or not enough to explain the problem.

“大气候”或日大政策是压缩,是控制。

The "macro environment" or the popular policy is about compression and control.

昆山的“高速度”不是和中央唱“对台戏”吗?

Isn't Kunshan's "high speed" going against the central government's policy?

有一阵子,昆山是苏州市乃至更大范围内议论的重要话题。

For a while, Kunshan became an important topic of discussion in Suzhou and even in a larger scope.

薛暮桥到苏州来了,似乎他对这个话题也感兴趣。

Xue Muqiao came to Suzhou, and it seemed that he was also interested in this topic.

他是提出要实行宏观控制的经济学家之一。

He was one of the economists who proposed the implementation of macroeconomic control.

可是昆山却似乎不受这个“控制”的约束。

However, Kunshan seemed to be unaffected by this "control.”

昆山依然保持“高速度”！

Kunshan still maintained its "high speed"!

这是怎么回事?

What was going on?

他要问个究竟。

He wanted to get to the bottom of it.

吴克铃开始是谨慎的,他小心翼翼的,甚至不敢把昆山经济发展速度的百分比说出来。但他很快就发觉,这种顾虑是多余的,因为他感到,和经济学家谈经济,也许更加有利于阐明他的观点和思路。他条理清晰,如数家珍,从头至尾汇报了昆山的经济现状,14个重点项目的确立和筹建过程,还提出横向联合的依据,等等。

At first, Wu Kequan was cautious; he was very careful, and he even dared not to mention the percentage of Kunshan's economic growth rate. But he soon realized that such concerns were unnecessary because he felt that discussing economics with an economist might be even more beneficial in clarifying his views and thoughts. He presented his points in a clear and organized manner, recounting the current economic situation in Kunshan, the establishment and planning process of the 14 key projects, the rationale for horizontal alliances, and so on.

薛暮桥听了大为惊讶。他没想到ー个县长居然会独立思考创建适合本地情况的独特路子,也没想到在国家实行宏观控制的情况下这个县仍然能够稳中求快,迅速地改变着原先的经济面貌。他越听越觉得有滋有味,忍不住频频点头,说:“昆山搞得不错嘛!”

Xue Muqiao listened with great surprise. He hadn't expected a county mayor to independently think and create a unique path suited to local conditions, nor had he imagined that under the country's macroeconomic control, this county could still pursue steady progress and rapidly change its original economic landscape. The more he listened, the more fascinated he became, and he couldn't help but nod repeatedly, saying, "Kunshan is doing quite well!”

吴克铃接过话来:“现在中央批超高速度,我们完全拥护,宏观失控了,就得从宏观上去控制;但我也感到,再好的方针政策,都不能搞一刀切,不能仅仅从表面上去理解,也不能简单地生搬硬套,这样做,好像是’坚决照办’,实际上是偷懒,是教条,也是ー种对中央政策不尊重的表现……薛老,我的话可能说重了……”

Wu Kequan continued, "Now that the central government has approved the ultra-high speed. We fully support it. When macroeconomic control is lost, it needs to be controlled at the macro level. However, I also feel that no matter how good the policies and guidelines are, they cannot be applied uniformly. We cannot simply understand them superficially or mechanically apply them. Doing so may seem like 'resolutely following orders,' but in reality, it's laziness, dogmatism, and a lack of respect for central policies... Mr. Xue, My words might have been too harsh....”

薛暮桥连忙摆摆手。显然,身居高位的他是很难听到ー个七品芝麻官对他说真心话的,现在有人向他敞开了心扉,显然是对他的极大信任,他感到高兴,也觉得欣慰,忙说:“老吴,你说下去!”

Xue Muqiao hurriedly waved his hand. Apparently, it was rare for him, as a high-ranking official, to hear a junior official speak his mind to him. Now that someone had opened up to him, he felt happy and reassured by the great trust, and hurriedly said, "Mr, Wu, please continue!”

“举个简单的例子,我们昆山的ー些项目,已经投入了,厂也建成了,投入了而不产出,实际是ー种浪费,所以我们就克服困难让它产出。有人就说,这是超高速……”

"Let me give you a simple example. Some of our projects in Kunshan have already been invested in, and the factories have been built. To invest without producing is actually a waste, so we overcome difficulties to make them produce. Some people say that this is ultra-high speed Some people say, "This is ultra-high speed...”

批“超高速”,是薛暮桥的一贯主张,听到这么说,他不由得想了好一会,这オ说:“我不是笼统讲的,我是说’固定资产投入不能超高速’,而且,这是就全局就国家的宏观ー头来说的,像你们这样,从实际出发,走自己的路子,已经投入了,那就应该尽快见效嘛!”

Criticizing "ultra-high speed" has always been Xue Muqiao's consistent stance. Upon hearing this, he couldn't help but think for a while before saying, "I'm not talking about it in general terms. I mean 'fixed asset investment should not be ultra-high speed.' Moreover, this is from the perspective of the overall situation and the country's macroeconomics. In cases like yours, where you start from reality and take your own path, since you have already invested, you should see results as soon as possible!”

吴克铃心中一热,他感到两个人的心已经相通了。

Wu Kequan felt warmth in his heart, as if the two had reached a mutual understanding.

仿佛意犹未尽,薛暮桥又加重语气说:“老吴,要高速度。”

Seemingly not satisfied, Xue Muqiao added with emphasis, "Mr, Wu, you should aim for high speed.”

好痛快、好潇洒的薛暮桥!

What a forthright and unrestrained Xue Muqiao is!

吴克铃吃了 “定心丸”,薛暮桥也觉得不虚此行,两个人越谈越投机,越投机越想深谈,可惜薛暮桥不能逗留太久,吴克铃就请他题词留念,薛老略加思索,便提笔直书——

以上海为依托,发展横向经济联系,促使经济高速度发展。

Wu Kequan felt reassured, and Xue Muqiao also felt that his trip was worthwhile. The two found their conversation increasingly engaging and wanted to delve deeper into their discussion. Unfortunately, Xue Muqiao couldn't stay for too long, so Wu Kequan asked him to write an inscription as a memento. After some thought, Xue wrote the following:

毕竟是著名的经济学家,也毕竟是经过了太多的风风雨雨的人,薛暮桥绝没有因为自己批判宏观上的“超高速”就不加分析地一概否认微观上的“高速度”;相反,他实事求是地肯定了昆山的经验,并且用十分明确而又凝练的语言,把这个经验概括得恰到好处。

Rely on Shanghai, develop horizontal economic connections, and promote high-speed economic growth.

无论你是什么“家”,也无论你是什么权威,都得具备这种胆识,都得具有这种气量、这等胸怀オ行,否则,人民就不会尊重你,你这个“家”也就脆弱无比,ー碰即碎

After all, Xue Muqiao is a renowned economist and a person who has experienced many ups and downs. He never blindly denied the "high speed" at the micro-level just because he criticized the "ultra-high speed" at the macro-level. On the contrary, he pragmatically affirmed Kunshan's experience and summarized it aptly with clear and concise language.

社会主义不是也绝不可能只是ー个刻板的模式,社会主义是千百万人的永无止境的创造,你想用一把刀“切”出个社会主义,就如要一口吃成个胖子ー样,那オ是真正的虚幻真正的乌托邦。

No matter what kind of "expert" or authority one is, one must possess this courage, magnanimity, and broad-mindedness. Otherwise, the people will not respect them, and their position as an "expert" will be fragile, easily shattered upon impact.

第二章静静地孕育着辉疊

Chapter II Quietly Breeding Brilliance

依托上海,借“东风”,摸索出一条横向联合的路子,这是吴克铃艰苦思索冒险实践的重要贡献之一。但生活绝不可能也永远不会如作家笔下所描述的那么简单、那么平淡。昆山的路,究竟是怎么走过来的,我能够采访能够知道的也仅仅是一部分。创造者的痛苦又无形中转移到了创作者身上。ー个人要得到理解是多么艰难。人与人有许多共通之处,但人与人又绝对不ー样。天下父母官多如牛毛,如焦裕禄者几人?如吴克铃者又有几人?昆山走出了一条自己的路,走出特色,也走出了成效。社会主义不是乌托邦,就因为千百万人在那里默默地实践和创造。创造就意味着奉献,能够奉献的人是快乐的。于是吴克铃只字未提他曾经遭受到的压カ,实在避免不了时就轻描淡写一句带过,他只是平静地思路清晰地回忆着过去的岁月

Relying on Shanghai, taking advantage of the "east wind," and exploring a path of horizontal collaboration is one of the significant contributions from Wu Kequan's painstaking thinking and adventurous practice. However, life can never and will never be as simple and plain as described by the writer. But life can never be and will never be as simple and uneventful as described by the writer. The path of Kunshan, how it came to be, and what I can learn from interviews and knowledge is only a part of the story. The pain of the creator is invisibly transferred to the creator's shoulders. How difficult it is for a person to be understood. People have many commonalities, but they are also absolutely unique. There are countless parental officials in the world, but how many are like Jiao Yulu? How many are like Wu Kequan? Kunshan has taken its path, showing its uniqueness and achieving results. Socialism is not utopian, precisely because millions of people are silently practicing and creating. Creating means dedication, and those who can dedicate themselves are happy. Thus, Wu Kequan never mentioned the pressures he had faced, and only briefly touched upon them when it was unavoidable. He calmly and clearly recalled the past years.

六、并非异想天开

6 Not a Wild Fantasy

就在实行横向联合的同时,吴克铃开始构思另ー篇大文章,做起了自费开发经济技术开发区的梦。

While implementing horizontal collaboration, Wu Kequan began to conceive another grand plan: to establish a self-funded economic and technological development zone.

这在当时,一般人连想都不敢想。

At that time, it was something most people wouldn't even dare to think about.

他不仅想了,而且要做!

Yet, not only did he think about it, but he also took action!

金星电视机昆山分厂既是他形成开发区思路的契机,又是他最早的也是成功的ー个实践。

The establishment of the Kunshan branch of the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory was both the catalyst for his development zone idea and his first successful attempt.

批准了的开发区,是国家投资的,政策也是特别优惠的。你要我开发吗?那么,拿钱来给我用。于是,成千上万甚至是几个亿的人民币如雪花飘飘可以用车载船装堆成一座小山似的过来了 !

The approved development zones were funded by the state and had special preferential policies. Are you asking me to develop it? Then, give me the money to use. As a result, millions and even billions of RMB, like fluttering snowflakes, could be transported in trucks and boats and piled up like a small hill!

昆山自己搞开发区,初步匡算,基础设施要几千万元。县里财政少得可怜,吴克铃是两手空空一身“轻”的七品官,至于国家财政,你不在册,那一分钱也不能
给,优惠政策一条也不能有!

To establish a development zone in Kunshan, a preliminary estimate showed that tens of millions of yuan would be needed for infrastructure. The county's finances were pitifully scarce, and Wu Kequan, a low-ranking official with nothing to his name, had no access to national funding since the project was not officially listed. Consequently, not a single cent could be given, and no preferential policies could be applied!

这还不是主要的。

This is not the main issue.

要紧的是风险,这里有经济上的,更有政治上的。建设开发区,好大的口气,好大的胆子!你的“高速度”已经和中央唱“对台戏”了,难道还要别出心裁自作主张搞什么开发区吗?

What matters are the risks, which include not only economic ones but also political ones. Establishing a development zone required considerable ambition and courage. Wu Kequan's "high-speed" approach had already contradicted the central government's policies, so would he dare to go against the grain again by establishing a development zone?

当然,他已经找到了横向联合这条路子,但这还不够。作为昆山经济这个总的 “盘子”,方方面面都是联系在ー起的。你要“横联”,你就得具备横联的条件;你要 “外向”,你就得具备吸引外商外资的动人之处。所以开发区绝不是他突发奇想, 更不是心血来潮,一切都是事物本身发展的规律让人产生灵感产生欲望的。这里的关键就在于你能不能及时抓住这个契机,敢不敢超前ー步做出决策。

Of course, he had already found the path of horizontal collaboration, but that alone was not enough. As a comprehensive part of Kunshan's economy, all aspects were interconnected. To achieve horizontal collaboration, one must possess the necessary conditions; to be outward-oriented, one must have attractive features to draw in foreign investors and capital. Therefore, the idea of a development zone was not a whim, nor was it a sudden impulse. It was the inherent laws of development that inspired and motivated people. The key was whether one could seize the opportunity in time and dare to make a decision that was one step ahead of others.

这是需要胆识的。

This requires courage and insight.

钱从哪里来?不可能等,不可能要,也休想靠什么人的施舍,唯一的也是最可靠、最踏实的办法是自力更生

Where does the money come from? It's impossible to wait, ask for, or rely on anyone's charity; the only reliable and practical approach is self-reliance.

建设社会主义只能靠自力更生。建设社会主义不可能靠恩赐,也不可能依赖谁的支援。输血只能救急,而不可能创造ー个活生生的生命,只有依靠本身的机制增强造血功能才会有新鲜活泼的生命！

Building socialism can only be achieved through self-reliance. It's impossible to build socialism through someone's grace or by relying on support from others. Blood transfusion can only provide temporary relief, but it cannot create a vibrant life. Only by relying on one's own mechanisms to enhance hematopoietic functions can a fresh and lively life be achieved!

搞开发区,即便是国务院批准的,国家也只能给予少量投资。归根齿结底要靠自力更生,何况,昆山是自己的积极性、自己的要求呢?

Developing an economic zone, even if approved by the State Council, can only receive limited investment from the state. Ultimately, self-reliance is essential, not to mention that it is Kunshan's own initiative and demands.

他相信,过去有不少东西搞错了,但也有很多东西搞对了,不能因为错过就把对的也否定了。自力更生难道也不对?自力更生符合中国国情,搞社会主义也离不开自力更生！自力更生永远不会“过时”,自力更生必须也一定要延伸到现在延伸到将来。

He believes that in the past, many things were done wrong, but there were also many things done right. One should not negate the correct things just because some mistakes were made. Is self-reliance wrong? Self-reliance is in line with China's national conditions, and building socialism cannot be separated from self-reliance! Self-reliance will never be "outdated"; it must and will extend from the present into the future.

只有自力更生才能给昆山的开发区带来希望。

Only self-reliance can bring hope to Kunshan's development zone.

在县长办公会议上,他系统地谈了自己的设想和打算,又拿到县委常委会上去讨论。吴克铃的主张得到了一致认可。

At the county mayor's office meeting, he systematically discussed his ideas and plans, and then took them to County Party Standing Committee for further discussion. Wu Kequan's proposal received unanimous approval.

消息传开,有人反对,有人怀疑,风声雨声ー阵紧过ー阵,他呢,也有自己的主意:你说你的,我做我的。

News spread, some opposed, some doubted, and rumors came one after another. As for him, he had his own convictions: let others say what they want, and he would do what he believed in.

于是他开始选址,开始做多方面的调查和考察。

So, he began to choose the location and conduct various investigations and surveys.

昆山的还有外地的经验和教训给了他很多启示。首先在选址上,他果断地否定了在远离城区的地方,也否定了在老城区基础上的方案。远了,基础设施没有可以利用的条件,开发费用必然大大增加;近了,在老城区,也不行。老城区4平方公里,人口早已突破5万,按规定,人均100平方米,这个标准已经是超过了,怎么可能在旧址上再建造ー个新的开发区?

The experiences and lessons from Kunshan and other places provided him with many insights. First of all, in terms of site selection, he decisively rejected the idea of choosing a location far from the urban area, as well as the plan based on the old urban area. If it's too far, there would be no available infrastructure to utilize, and the development costs would inevitably increase significantly. If it's too close, in the old city, that wouldn't work either. The old city area covers 4 square kilometers, and the population has already exceeded 50,000. According to the regulations, the standard is 100 square meters per person. This standard has already been surpassed. How could it be possible to build a new development zone on the old site?

于是选择县城东边的一片土地。这里紧靠苏沪公路,交通极发达,又和老城区紧紧相连,有不少事可以借助现有的力量。再说,这里已经有了几个不大的工厂, 要发展,也算有一定的基础……

So, a piece of land on the east side of the county town was chosen. This location is close to the Su-Hu Expressway, which has highly developed transportation, and is closely connected to the old city area, allowing for many things to be accomplished with the help of existing resources. Moreover, there are already several small factories here, providing a certain foundation for development...

他把上海的、苏州的和南京的规划专家请了来,一遍遍地考察,一次次地论证。省里还在昆山召开规划论证会给予支持……

He invited planning experts from Shanghai, Suzhou, and Nanjing to conduct numerous field investigations and evaluations. The provincial government also held planning conferences in Kunshan to provide support...

七、沉重的搬迁

7 The Heavy Relocation

规划只是ー个梦、ー张纸上的蓝图,实施却是ー种艰苦卓绝的战斗一苦就苦在既要开发,而又不可能向上面要一分钱,苦就苦在既要与方方面面打交道争取他们的支持,而在事实上又只能偷偷摸摸地进行!

Planning is just a dream, a blueprint; implementation, however, is a bitter and arduous battle. The struggle lies in the need for development without expecting any funding from higher authorities. It is also difficult to secure support from various parties while in reality, everything has to be carried out covertly.

吴克铃担任了新区的总指挥。接着他调兵遣将,把城建局裴局长和陈副局长推到了第一线,后来王接任局长也被派到了新区。有的事做得很辛苦,但起点不高,他看了就不客气地批评,也正是伴随着各种议论和怨言,开发区一天天地在改变面貌。1988年,开发区从“地下”转到“地上”，6月4日,他又派县委副书记石泉忠担任常务副总指挥。

Wu Kequan took charge as the commander-in-chief of the development zone.  He then made personnel arrangements, assigning the director and deputy director of the Urban Construction Bureau, Pei and Chen, to key positions in the new development zone. Later, Wang, who succeeded as the director, was also assigned to the new development zone. Some tasks were very challenging, and if the results were not up to his expectations, he would not hesitate to criticize candidly. As various discussions and complaints accompanied the process, the development zone gradually transformed day by day. In 1988, the development zone shifted from "underground" to "above ground." On June 4th, he appointed Shi Quan Zhong, the deputy secretary of the county committee, as the executive deputy commander-in-chief.

新区指挥部就设在娄江河边。只有几间平房,简陋得不如农民的灶屋。斜对面是金星电视机分厂,与那高大整齐的厂房、办公楼相比,它就显得更加寒酸。

The new development zone's headquarters were set up by the Loujiang River. It consisted of only a few simple single-story houses, even more rudimentary than the farmers' kitchen huts. Diagonally across was the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory Kunshan branch, and compared to the tall and neatly arranged factory buildings and office buildings, it appeared even more humble.

这使我想起了延安的窑洞和“干打垒”。

This reminded me of the cave dwellings and "dry brick building" in Yan'an.

就在这里,吴克铃把ー张地图挂到了墙上,图上的线条如蛛网密布,每ー根线都意味着ー场耗人心血的苦斗。

It was here that Wu Kequan hung a map on the wall, with lines densely covering it like a spider web. Each line represented a painstaking battle that consumed a great deal of effort.

搬迁难,难于上青天!你说要开发エ业区,他不相信,以为是哄小孩,骗他们。封建和封闭是季生的ー对。对黄土地的眷恋和对新生活的怀疑使他们宁可选择过去也要抵制未来。以前因为规定一个范围内不准造房,农民结伙起哄,把大队办公室的桌子都掀翻过几次。

Relocation is difficult, as hard as ascending to the heavens! When people hear about the plan to develop an industrial zone, they don't believe it, thinking it's just a trick to deceive them like telling stories to children. Feudalism and isolation are twin constraints. Their attachment to the loess land and their doubts about a new life make them prefer to choose the past and resist the future. In the past, due to regulations prohibiting construction within a certain area, the farmers would band together, creating a commotion and overturning the tables in the collective's office several times.

搬迁,新区开发工作的一个不大的组成部分。但就是这,也不知要耗费多少精力!

Relocation is just a small part of the new development zone's work. However, it is not known how much effort will be expended on this!

最紧张、最困难的是朝阳路的拓宽改造,它牵涉到18个单位,拆除房屋面积达 6894平方米,绝大多数又是无偿拆除。为了保证工程的顺利进展,吴克铃亲自做了动员,又和石泉忠研究了具体的方案。这条路正好在苏沪交通要道上,每天7000 至8000辆的车流量！又不能断路,只好边通车边施工。下雨天,车的钢铁、路的泥泞,还有人的焦躁组合成一个现代的古战场。争吵摩擦、骂天骂地、拔拳相向也并非绝无仅有,但无论多么纷繁复杂,无论多么恨之入骨,到后来,说明了情由取得了谅解,双方一个“罢了”的眼神,ー支和解的香烟,还有握别时潇洒的一挥手,都见出来ー种“改革了”,大家都要忙自己的了。所以“请多关照”的务实精神,也正是这种精神,使得拓宽筑路始终没出ー个大的事故,这在专业部门看来,也是极为难能可贵的

The most tense and difficult task is the widening and renovation of Chaoyang Road, which involves 18 units and the demolition of 6,894 square meters of housing, the vast majority of which is non-compensated demolition. To ensure the smooth progress of the project, Wu Kequan personally carried out mobilization work and together with Shiquan Zhong, studied specific plans. This road is strategically located between Suzhou and Shanghai, with a daily traffic volume of 7,000 to 8,000 vehicles. Construction must proceed without disrupting traffic, so vehicles and construction coexist side by side. On rainy days, the combination of car steel, muddy roads, and people's irritability creates a modern version of an ancient battlefield. Arguments, curses, and even physical confrontations are not uncommon. However, no matter how chaotic or intense the conflict is, once the reasons are explained and forgiveness is granted, both parties exchange a "let it be" glance, share a reconciliatory cigarette, and wave goodbye with nonchalance. It demonstrates an understanding of the need for "reform," and that everyone has their own responsibilities to attend to. The practical spirit behind the Chinese saying "请多关照" (please take care of each other) is also what has kept the road expansion project accident-free, which is considered a valuable achievement by professional departments.

在“偷偷摸摸”的心境下埋头苦干,在得到认可之后便轰轰烈烈地建设。规划是富丽的,实施却是勤俭的、踏实的。只要隔个十天半月,新区就会给人ー种新鲜感。脚下的路,每时每刻都在延伸……

Under the mindset of working diligently and discreetly, construction proceeds with great enthusiasm once approval is granted. Planning is grand and luxurious, while implementation is frugal and down-to-earth. Every couple of weeks, the new zone brings a sense of freshness to people. The road beneath their feet is constantly extending...

新区并不是一座“孤岛”,它和老城区是ー个完整的构思。新区是在ー张白纸上画图,老区却要在画好的图纸上进行修改。从某种意义上说,老区的改造比新区的建设还要难。

The new development zone is not an "isolated island"; it is a part of a complete concept with the old urban area. The new development zone is designed on a blank canvas, while the old district needs modifications on an existing blueprint. In a sense, the transformation of the old district is even more challenging than the construction of the new one.

无论是新区还是老区,最基础、最关键的都是ー个字:路。

Regardless of whether it is a new or old district, the most fundamental and crucial element is one word: road.

路是线条路,是骨架路,是蓝图的筋络,甚至还可以说路就是规划本身。

Roads are lines, skeletons, the framework of a blueprint, and one could even say that roads are the planning itself.

在我的记忆中,老城多为“裤裆巷”。裤裆巷没有故事也没有风流,有的只是马桶刷子和“龙须沟”。不过,小城的人也习惯了,“文革” 1〇年,照样闹得天翻地覆;噩梦过去,也仍然一天一天地沾沾自喜着,活得自在、活得舒服、活得坦然。只是到了 !984年的元宵节,小城的平静オ被打破,于是小城也有了故事。

In my memory, the old town was filled with "crotch alleys.” These alleys had no stories or romantic charm, only toilet brushes and "dragon beard ditches.” However, the people of the small town were accustomed to it; they lived through the tumultuous ten years of the Cultural Revolution, and after the nightmare passed, they continued to live comfortably and contentedly day by day. It wasn't until the Lantern Festival in 1984 that the tranquility of the small town was disrupted, and thus the town began to have its stories.

元宵灯会,不算什么大的事,昆山的父母官们却专门开会,还成立了一个指挥部。县委书记蔡长林和吴克铃都是谨慎的,他们担心看灯的人太多而道路太窄,结果观灯的人数还是远远超过了事先的估计。倾城而出,一下子就把街道胀得饱嗝连天,老态龙钟的小城颤颤巍巍地发出了既快乐又痛苦的呻吟。现场指挥是副县长徐崇嘉,他提着报话机,站在粮管所的楼上喊得喉咙嘶哑也无济于事。拥挤不堪的观灯群众潮水一般在一瞬间就把整个小城的主要街道淹没了。据事后“清场” 的人说,被挤掉的鞋子收拢来能够装满ー辆小板车……

The Lantern Festival was not a significant event, yet the local parental officials in Kunshan held a special meeting and established a command center. The county party secretary, Cai Changlin, and Wu Kequan were both cautious, worrying that the large crowds coming to see the lanterns would overwhelm the narrow roads. In the end, the number of people who came to see the lanterns far exceeded their initial estimates. People swarmed the streets, quickly filling them to capacity, making the old town resonate with a mixture of joy and pain. The on-site commander, Deputy County Mayor Xu Chongjia, stood on the roof of the Grain Management Office with his megaphone, shouting until his throat was hoarse, but it was of no avail. The overwhelming crowd of lantern viewers flooded the main streets of the small town in an instant. According to those who cleared the scene afterward, the shoes that had been squeezed off could fill a small flatbed truck...

老城区非改造不可!

The old urban area had to be transformed!

吴克铃当副县长时,就做了两件事,第一件事是改造农民的草房,第二件事就是拓宽人民路。在县委和老县长孙福贵的支持下,他下决心在1〇米基础上翻ー番,扩到20米。虽然很难,有些人想不通,又有些人到上面告状,但吴克铃认为,昆山要起步,必须甩掉包袱,大拆大建一

东西向三条马路,南北向一条主要干道,再加上环城公路,“三横ー竖ー转圈”,这就是全城人都知道的道路改建规划。

When Wu Kequan was the Deputy County Mayor, he took on two tasks: the first was to renovate the farmers' thatched houses, and the second was to widen People's Road. With the support of the County Party Committee and the former county magistrate, Sun Fugui, he was determined to double the road's width from 10 meters to 20 meters. Although it was difficult and some people couldn't understand, and some even complained to higher authorities, Wu Kequan believed that for Kunshan to take off, it was necessary to shed its burdens and engage in large-scale demolition and construction. Three east-west roads, one main north-south artery, and a ring road formed the "three horizontal, one vertical, and one circular" pattern, which was the well-known road reconstruction plan for the entire city.

也许你很难相信县长会做“乞丐”,但我们所有的县长都做过“乞丐”。城建三年包干经费是600万元,实际支出是!480万元。还有880万元从哪里来?其中一条重要来源就是县长做“乞丐”讨来的!

You might find it hard to believe that a county mayor would act as a "beggar," but all of our county mayors have played the role of "beggar.” The three-year budget for urban construction was 6 million yuan, but the actual expenditure was 14.8 million yuan. Where would the remaining 8.8 million yuan come from? One important source was the county chiefs acting as "beggars" and soliciting funds!

吴克铃是第一个“乞丐”。

Wu Kequan was the first "beggar.”

他说,我既做“叫花子”,又做“强叫花子”。那意思很清楚:他晓得你底细,知道财政包干任务不重,你有钱,要是不给,那就不客气地摊你底牌,做“强叫花子”。所以,他讨钱,不敢不给。

He said that he played both the role of a "beggar" and a "demanding beggar.” The meaning was clear: he was aware of the financial situations of various parties, and if he knew they had money and didn't contribute, he wouldn't hesitate to expose their financial secrets and play the "demanding beggar.” As a result, when he asked for money, people dared not refuse. However, when it was Xu Chongjia's turn to solicit funds, it became more difficult.

轮到徐崇嘉讨钱时就难了。他只好反反复复苦巴巴地求情,说事情多么多么重要,而办事的人又多么多么可怜,所以希望局长行长厂长经理兄弟哥儿们,发发慈悲行行好给个三万五万也好把路铺下去……就这么说着他动了感情,当着那么多中层干部的面竟也忍不住流下泪来……

When it was Xu Chongjia's turn to solicit funds, it became more difficult. He had no choice but to repeatedly plead, explaining how important the matter was and how pitiful the people who were working on it were. He hoped that the bureau chiefs, bank chiefs, factory directors, and managers would show some compassion and contribute thirty or fifty thousand yuan to help pave the road. As he spoke, he became emotional and, in front of many middle-level cadres, he couldn't help but shed tears.

哦,县长哭了 !县长不为自己哭,他是为干事业哭,为人民谋幸福哭,ー个不想干事业不想为人民谋幸福的人,怎么肯去做“乞丐”?又怎么可能在这种场合流眼泪呢?

Oh, the county mayor cried! He didn't cry for himself; he cried for the cause, for the happiness of the people. A person who doesn't want to work for the cause or seek happiness for the people wouldn't be willing to become a "beggar" and wouldn't possibly shed tears in such a situation.

当然,资金也不全靠乞讨,必要时,就得看“吴老板”在资金上能不能给予支持。

Of course, funding didn't solely rely on begging; when necessary, they had to rely on the support of "Boss Wu" in terms of funding.

浦江路计划铺柏油路,后改为水泥路,这就要增加100万元。吴克铃一再强调,主要干道不能搞“裤裆巷”,不能三年两年破开了肠子再缝起来。这就要“一步到位” 〇徐的想法正合他意,他便说:“好,再给你!00万元。”

The plan for Pujiang Road was initially to pave it with asphalt, but it was later changed to concrete, which required an additional 1 million yuan. Wu Kequan repeatedly emphasized that the main roads should not be like "narrow alleys," and they couldn't be torn open and sewn back together every two or three years. This required getting it right in "one step." Xu's idea was in line with his thinking, so he said, "Alright, I'll give you another 100,000 yuan.”

这期间,玉山城建办公室两个副镇长全力以赴,ー个是周,技术型的实干家;另ー个就是潘,主要搞拆迁,3年动迁近千户人家,差不多平均ー天一户,那个烦,那个难,常人无法想象。好在两个人搭档,文戏武戏都唱得来。他们还有个后台“老板”一镇党委书记俞寿金,俞对他们说:“大胆放手去做,得罪人也不要怕,党委支持你们。”

During this period, two deputy town chiefs from the Yushan Urban Construction Office went all out. During this period, two deputy town mayors from the Yushan Urban Construction Office went all out. In three years, nearly a thousand households were relocated, averaging almost one household per day. The difficulties and challenges they faced were beyond the imagination of ordinary people. Fortunately, the two deputies formed a great partnership and were able to handle both civil and martial tasks effectively. They also had the support of their "boss" behind the scenes, the town party committee secretary, Yu Shoujin. Yu told them, "Go ahead and do your job boldly, don't be afraid of offending people, the party committee supports you.”

说是这么说,告状的人总是有,告潘也告周,告俞也告徐。徐的“后台老板”吴克铃知道了,他能够体会到ー个人在背后遭到暗算时的心情,就对徐说:“这没有什么,要告,叫他们来告我!”

Though that was the case, there were always people who would file complaints, against Pan, Zhou, Yu, and even Xu. When Xu's "boss" Wu Kequan found out, he was able to empathize with the feeling of being secretly targeted. He told Xu, "Don't worry about it; if they want to complain, let them come and complain to me!”

ハ、路的延伸

8 The Road Extension

新区和老区比翼齐飞,而从这里构思和铺开了头的道路也逐步朝乡区辐射,向 921平方公里的河湖港汉中延伸。

The new and old zones are thriving together, and the roads that originate and expand from here gradually radiate towards Chaoyang district, extending into the 921 square kilometers of rivers, lakes, and ports within the region.

昆山多水多桥,曲里拐弯的河、星罗棋布的湖以及成百上千的大小桥梁,把全县勾画成一幅旖旎无比的图画。在这里,田园便是公园,整个县城便是ー个园林式的“威尼斯”。美则美矣,但从发展经济的角度、从古老的封闭文明向现代的开放
文明过渡的需要来看,就有些美中不足,就生生地少了一个字:路。

Kunshan is rich in water and bridges, with winding rivers, a dense network of lakes, and hundreds of large and small bridges, drawing the entire county into an incomparably beautiful picture. Here, the countryside is a park, and the whole county is like a garden-style "Venice". It is indeed beautiful, but from the perspective of economic development and the need to transition from an ancient closed civilization to a modern open civilization, it is somewhat inadequate. One crucial word is missing: roads.

提起路,昆山无人不知老县长孙福贵走的乡路最多。他在当县长的几年中,带着秘书跑遍了全县每ー个大队（村）,无论刮风下雨,无论冰天雪地,也无论酷暑当头,他的办公室永远在田头路边。现在他已是县人大常委会主任。因为他走的路最多,体会特深,所以他对吴克铃关于路的规划也特别支持。在ー次人大常委会讨论这个问题时他突然中风,经过抢救好不容易オ脱离危险,但他仍然念念不忘农村公路的建设,还是抱病听汇报,ー起修订规划。他还和徐崇嘉一起带上秘书小陈, 多次下乡察看线路。有一次夏日如火,跑了 20多里后到ー个镇上停下来,秘书浑身乏力得不想进一粒米,病中的孙福贵累到什么地步更是可想而知。

When it comes to roads, everyone in Kunshan knows that the former county mayor Sun Fugui walked on the country roads the most.” During his years as county mayor, he traveled to every brigade(village) in the county with his secretary, regardless of wind, rain, ice, snow, or scorching heat. His office was always on the side of a field road. Now he is the director of the Standing Committee of the County People's Congress. Because he has walked the most roads and has a deep understanding, he strongly supports Wu Kequan's road planning. During the discussion of this issue at the next Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, he suddenly had a stroke. After a difficult rescue, he was finally out of danger, but he still couldn't forget the construction of rural highways and insisted on listening to reports and revising the plan even while ill. He also accompanied Xu Chongjia, along with his secretary Xiao Chen, on several trips to inspect the rural roads. Once, on a scorching summer day, they traveled more than 20 miles to a town and stopped. The secretary was so exhausted that he didn't want to eat anything, and one can only imagine how tired Sun Fugui, who was ill, must have been.

吴克铃深感路对于发展经济的重要性。他接任县长的第三年,就实现了乡乡通公路。交通局的两任局长陆宗敏和钱长明付出了艰苦的努力。到去年,总通车里程延长到186公里,其间修建、改造的大中小桥梁就有264座。

Wu Kequan deeply understood the importance of roads for economic development. In the third year after he took office as the county head, he managed to connect all the townships with highways. The two successive directors of the Transportation Bureau, Lu Zongmin and Qian Changming, put in tremendous efforts. By last year, the total highway distance reached 186 kilometers, with 264 large, medium, and small bridges built or renovated during this time.

多水多桥使昆山的公路要比别处多投入几倍甚至十几倍的资金。1公里柏油路要20万元,水泥混凝土路则要40万至45万元。路是用“大团结”ー张ー张地铺起来的!

Due to the numerous rivers and bridges in Kunshan, the investment required for building highways there is several times, or even more than ten times, higher than in other places. One kilometer of asphalt road costs 200,000 yuan, while a cement concrete road requires 400,000 to 450,000 yuan. The roads were built piece by piece through "great unity"!

钱不会从天上掉下来。国家只有一个口袋,你能“掏”多少?吴克铃来了一个 “四拼盘”:国家投入一点,地方负担一点,企业支持一点,交通部门挤出一点。人、财、物,全从这个“拼盘”里出。说得通俗一点,还是那句老话:自力更生。

Money doesn't fall from the sky. The state has only one pocket, so how much can you "take out"? Wu Kequan came up with a "four-part plan": the state invests a little, the local government bears some costs, enterprises provide support, and the transportation department contributes as well. Human resources, finances, and materials all come from this "four-part plan.” To put it simply, it's about self-reliance.

社会主义建设不搞自力更生只能是乌托邦,或者就必须换ー个称呼不叫社会主义而叫另外的一个什么“主义”。

In the construction of socialism, without self-reliance, it would only be a utopia, or we would have to change the name to something other than socialism.

偏僻的金家庄一条路筑通后,受益的农民取党委书记潘的谐音喊他“潘大人”,那么全县乡乡通公路,71%的村通公路并且是泥石路向黑色化（柏油路面）和灰色化（水泥混凝土路面）改造,对此,老百姓又该怎么称赞吴克铃呢?

When a remote road in Jinjiazhuang was built, benefiting the local farmers, they nicknamed the party committee secretary Pan as "Pan Daren," a name derived from the homophonic sound of his name. With highways connected in every township across the county and 71% of the villages connected by roads that were transformed from dirt to black asphalt or gray cement concrete surfaces, how should the people express their gratitude to Wu Kequan?

吴克铃的思路当然不仅仅是字面上所说的一条“路”,实际上,公路在向城区周围延伸的同时,政治、经济、观念和文化也由县城延伸和辐射到乡镇、村落。

Wu Kequan's approach is not limited to the literal meaning of a "road." In fact, as the highways extend towards the urban areas, politics, economy, ideas, and culture also spread and radiate from the county seat to the townships and villages.

经济开发区,无论上面知道不知道、承认不承认,也无论外面怎么议论、怎么评头论足,它的实际作用已经发挥出来,并且很快被其他乡镇领导所接受和效仿。路在延伸,其更深ー层意义上的效益在这里被聪明的昆山人做出了更为精彩的文章。

The economic development zone, regardless of whether it is recognized or acknowledged by the authorities or debated and evaluated by outsiders, has already demonstrated its practical impact and has been quickly accepted and emulated by other township leaders. As the roads extend, the deeper benefits are brilliantly demonstrated by the clever people of Kunshan.

全县20个乡镇,建起了 15个各具特色的自费经济开发区、220家企业,1989 年的产值有1〇亿多,占全县エ业总产值的25% 〇

In the 20 townships across the county, 15 self-funded economic development zones with unique features have been established, along with 220 enterprises. In 1989, their output value exceeded 10 billion yuan, accounting for 25% of the county's total industrial output value.

现在我们回过头来,看看由吴克铃直接管理的自费经济开发区的路是怎么走过来的。

Now, let's take a look back at how the self-funded economic development zones, which were directly managed by Wu Kequan, came about.

由于是“偷偷摸摸”,所以开发区一直在使暗劲,它默默地、悄悄地孕育着自己的辉煌。

Due to their "clandestine" nature, the development zones had been working discreetly, quietly nurturing their own brilliance.

然而,也正因为是自立、自建、自费开发,没有得到上面的认可,更谈不上批准在册,所以在没有得到权威性的肯定之前,吴克铃的心总是悬着的。

However, it was precisely this self-reliance, self-construction, and self-funding that left the development zone without official recognition or approval. As a result, Wu Kequan's mind was always filled with apprehension, awaiting authoritative affirmation.

不过,ー个开发区,ー个牵涉方方面面的经济区域,怎么可能始终保密,一点风声也不透出去呢?

But how could it be possible for an entire development zone, an economic area with intricate connections and multiple facets, to remain completely hidden without even a whisper of information getting out?

1986年秋,省委书记韩培信到了昆山。这可使蔡长林和吴克铃犯了难:开发区的事要不要向他汇报呢?那一片虽然就在县城东侧,但至今还小心翼翼地对外保密的地方要不要让他看ー看呢?

In the autumn of 1986, Han Peixin, the provincial Party Secretary, paid a visit to Kunshan. This visit placed Cai Changlin and Wu Kequan in a difficult position: should they reveal the existence of the development zone to Han Peixin? Should they allow him to take a glimpse of the area they had been meticulously keeping secret, situated just to the east of the county town?

再三犹豫,还是没敢汇报。

After much hesitation and deliberation, they ultimately decided against reporting the development zone.

但是陪同的市委副书记林瑞章说:“不要紧!去看看吧……”

However, Lin Ruizhang, the accompanying Deputy Party Secretary of the city, reassured them, saying, "Don't worry! Let's go take a look...”

吴克铃和蔡长林被“逼上梁山”,只好让“丑媳妇”去见“公婆”。

Feeling cornered, Wu Kequan and Cai Changlin had no choice but to reluctantly reveal their "ugly bride" - the secret development zone - to the "in-laws," the higher authorities.

韩培信边看边听汇报边思考,然后,回到招待所,对吴克铃说:“搞得不错嘛! 你把开发区的总体构思说说看。”

As Han Peixin toured the area, listened to reports, and contemplated the situation, he seemed impressed. After returning to the guesthouse, he told Wu Kequan, "You've done quite well! Tell me about the overall concept of the development zone.”

吴克铃已经感觉出来,韩培信丝毫没有要批评责备的意思,倒表现出了浓厚的兴趣,所以连数据都要反复问清楚。吴克铃有了这个小小的但是非常了不得的 “底”,说话就放开了,他如数家珍,从头至今,娓娓道来……

Wu Kequan could sense that Han Peixin had no intention of criticizing or blaming them. Instead, he displayed a strong interest, even inquiring about the details and data. With this small but incredibly significant "trump card," Wu Kequan became more confident in discussing the project. He recounted the entire story, from its inception until now, in great detail.

可以说,这次韩培信昆山之行是整个经济开发区从“地下”走向“公开”的转折点。

It could be said that Han Peixin's visit to Kunshan marked a turning point for the development zone, transitioning from being "underground" to becoming "public.”

回到南京,韩培信在省委常委会上讲了昆山自费搞开发区的事,建议有可能的话都到那里去看看……

After returning to Nanjing, Han Peixin discussed Kunshan's self-funded development zone at a provincial Party standing committee meeting, suggesting that others should visit the area if possible.

没过多久,省委副书记沈达人、省长顾秀莲、副书记孙家正先后到了昆山,县里的乡镇的开发区都看了,很高兴,很肯定。在当年的省人代会上,顾秀莲在省政府工作报告中还专门提到了昆山的经济技术开发区。

Before long, Deputy Party Secretary Shen Daren, Governor Gu Xiulian, and Deputy Secretary Sun Jiazheng visited Kunshan one after another. They toured the development zones in the county and townships, expressing satisfaction and affirmation. At that year's provincial People's Congress, Gu Xiulian even mentioned Kunshan's economic and technological development zone in the provincial government's work report.

吴克铃从此放开手脚了。他紧紧抓住这个好机会,立即打报告到市里、省里, 征用了土地,并且在原有开发3.75平方公里的基础上又向南区延扩,开发区的规划确定为6.18平方公里。

From then on, Wu Kequan seized the opportunity and proceeded without restraint. He quickly submitted reports to the city and provincial governments, requisitioned land, and expanded the original 3.75 square kilometers of development southward. The final plan for the development zone was set at 6.18 square kilometers.

也就在这年冬天,中央和上海的党政领导来到昆山,在县委书记毛阳青和县长吴克铃的陪同下参观了开发区,给予了充分的肯定和赞扬。

It was during that winter when the central and Shanghai party and government leaders visited Kunshan. Accompanied by County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing and County Mayor Wu Kequan, they toured the development zone and gave their full affirmation and praise.

开发区一炮打响,但开发区的设计者吴克铃的儿子却生病住进了医院。

The development zone made a great start, but Wu Kequan, its designer, faced a personal challenge as his son fell ill and was hospitalized.

九、“爸爸,快救救我”

9 "Dad, please save me”

横向联合的势头正旺,吴克铃紧张地穿梭于上海、苏州、南京、北京和“三线” 厂之间,洽谈接待的日程安排得满满的。偏偏这时候妻子又生病在上海住院,他照应不了妻子也顾不了儿子,儿子要考电大复习功课自然也顾不了爸爸,父子俩谁也顾不上谁。有时候很晚了,爸爸回家,看一眼神色疲惫的儿子就不忍心再打搅他, 而是自己动手下ー碗面条便休息。

Amidst the thriving momentum of horizontal collaboration, Wu Kequan was busy traveling between Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanjing, Beijing, and the "third tier" factories, with a packed schedule of negotiations and receptions. Just at this juncture, his wife fell seriously ill and had to be hospitalized in Shanghai. Amidst this crisis, he found himself unable to attend to his wife or his son. Meanwhile, his son, engrossed in his preparation for the university entrance exams, with a specific aim at Kunshan Radio & Television University, naturally found himself unable to care for his father. In these trying times, both father and son found themselves unable to look out for each other. Sometimes, when Wu Kequa n came home late at night, he would see his exhausted son and couldn't bring himself to disturb him. Instead, he would quietly make a bowl of noodles for himself and then rest.

这天,他接待了金星电视机厂的客人,因为双方的发展意向完全一致,所以大家都很开心,他不会喝酒,便用饮料表示自己的一片诚意。本来晚上他还要到陈墓镇去,不知是谁提醒他:明天还要做报告,是不是稍微早一点休息,是不是就别再下乡了?或许是冥冥之中有什么安排吧!按往常惯例他不会同意的,但这一次他居然点了下头,他让办公室主任沈到陈墓去,自己就回家了。

One day, he received guests from Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory. As both parties had completely aligned development intentions, everyone was very happy. Wu Kequan didn't drink, so he used a beverage to express his sincerity. Originally, he was supposed to visit Chenmu Town that evening. However, someone reminded him that he had a presentation the next day, suggesting that he should rest a bit earlier and perhaps skip the visit to the countryside. Maybe it was fate that intervened! Normally, he wouldn't have agreed, but this time he surprisingly nodded in agreement. He asked his office director, Shen, to go to Chenmu instead while he returned home.

家在三楼,不算很高,但他爬得很吃カ。工作时再累也会聚精会神,一旦想到休息要放松一下,全身就像散了架似的一股脑儿往下瘫,他好不容易オ摸出钥匙开门。

His home was on the third floor, not too high, but he found going up the stairs especially tiring that day. When working, no matter how tired he was, he would always focus intently. But as soon as he thought of resting and relaxing, his entire body would feel like it was collapsing, as if all his energy was draining away. He barely managed to find his keys and unlock the door.

门开了,灯亮着,却没有声音。此时此刻,连日劳累的他多么需要有人端上来一杯茶,体贴地送上来ー个亲切温暖的微笑啊!但妻子在上海住院,病人更需要有人陪伴,他没有尽到这个义务,又怎么能奢望其他?

Upon opening the door, he found the lights on, but there was no sound. At this very moment, after days of exhaustion, he longed for someone to offer him a cup of tea and a warm, caring smile. However, with his wife hospitalized in Shanghai and needing even more companionship, he couldn't fulfill that responsibility, so how could he expect anything in return?

然而,儿子小江是在家的呀,往日回来了他总要招呼一声的,今天怎么不见人, 也没有声音?

Nevertheless, his son Xiaojiang was supposed to be home. Usually, when he returned, his son would greet him. But today, there was no sign of him and no sound.

他轻轻推开儿子的房门,不在。正诧异,隐约听得卫生间有微弱的呻吟声。他的心骤然ー紧,赶快过去ー看,只见小江脸色惨白地蜷曲在地上。小江看见爸爸, 泪水潸然直下,艰难而又急迫地哀求道:“爸爸,快救救我……”

He gently pushed open his son's bedroom door, but he wasn't there. Just as he was growing puzzled, he faintly heard weak groaning coming from the bathroom. His mind suddenly tightened, and he rushed over to see Xiaojiang curled up on the floor, his face deathly pale. Upon seeing his father, Xiaojiang's tears flowed freely, and he pleaded with difficulty and urgency, "Dad, please save me..."

秘书的门被县长敲开了 :“快,帮帮忙……”

The secretary's door was knocked open by the county chief, "Quick, please help...”

县人民医院急诊室,县长心急如焚地守候在已经痛得没有力气喊痛的儿子身边。只查出白细胞高,却不知是什么病;只晓得满肚满肠子的绞痛,却又吃不准到底痛在哪ー个部位。

In the emergency room of the county hospital, the county mayor anxiously waited by the side of his son, who was in so much pain that he had no strength left to cry out. The tests revealed elevated white blood cell levels, but the exact cause of the illness remained unknown. All they knew was that there was a severe pain throughout his stomach and intestines, but they couldn't pinpoint the exact location of the pain.

怎么办?他束手无策,只能用企盼和恳求的眼光望着医生,那神色分明在说: “求你们,救救我儿子……”

Feeling helpless, he could only look at the doctors with pleading eyes, as if saying, "Please, save my son...”

医生只好来个“急办法”，“中间开刀”,开出来再找病因,救人要紧,救命要紧啊!

The doctors, realizing the urgency of the situation, decided to perform an exploratory surgery to find the cause of the problem.

吴克铃也顾不上许多就急急地签了字。

Knowing that saving his son's life was the top priority, Wu Kequan hurriedly signed the consent form.

儿子被推进了手术室。

他的心他的一切也都被带进那个生死未卜的白色世界里去了。

His son was wheeled into the operating room, and Wu Kequan's heart and soul went with him into that uncertain world.

见惯了各种疑难险重病人的医生,这次却表现出惊愕与困惑:开刀后,见到的全是脓!血与脓、脓与肉一片模糊!

The experienced doctors, who had seen countless challenging cases, were astonished and baffled by what they found during the surgery: pus and blood everywhere!

县长的儿子病了怎么拖到这种可怕的地步オ来开刀?

How could the son of the county mayor have let his illness progress to such a terrifying state before seeking treatment?

阑尾穿孔成了严重的腹膜炎,要是再晚ー个小时来医院,就是华佗转世、扁鹊再生恐怕也无能为カ了。

The boy's appendix had ruptured, leading to severe peritonitis. If they had arrived at the hospital even an hour later, it might have been too late for even the most skilled doctors, such as Hua Tuo or Bian Que, to save him.

假如,吴克铃晚上到陈墓镇去了呢?

What would have happened if Wu Kequan had gone to Chenmu Town that night instead?

这一夜,他没有也不可能合眼,尽管他知道自己没有方法减轻儿子的痛苦,但他仍然要静静地守候在儿子的病床前,他觉得唯有如此,才能略微补偿ー下心中的愧疚。

That night, Wu Kequan couldn't and wouldn't close his eyes. Although he knew he couldn't alleviate his son's pain, he still chose to quietly stand by his bedside, hoping to slightly make up for the guilt he felt in his heart.

第二天一早,儿子在发高烧,昏迷中喊着“爸爸”和“妈妈”。妈妈在上海,也在住院,爸爸就在病床前,可是爸爸又不得不支撑着站起来一他还要去做报告〇

The next morning, his son was running a high fever, calling out for his father and mother in his delirium. His mother was in the hospital in Shanghai, and his father was right by his bedside. However, Wu Kequan had no choice but to stand up and continue with his responsibilities – he had to give a presentation.

他丢下病中的儿子,然后强制着平复了一下自己的心绪,就到电影院去做报告了。报告的内容不是别的,就是关于昆山的经济开发区一现在他不再担心什么了,再也用不着偷偷摸摸地搞了。他伸直了腰,理直气壮地宣讲建设开发区的必要性和可能性,讲开发区已经取得的成就、各方面的评价和今后的打算……

He left his sick son behind and forced himself to compose his emotions before heading to the theater to deliver his presentation. The content of the presentation was none other than the economic development zone in Kunshan. . At that moment, he no longer needed to worry or act covertly. He stood tall and confidently spoke about the necessity and possibilities of building the development zone, the achievements it had already made, the various evaluations, and future plans.

听得有滋有味、听得全身发热、听得忍不住要为昆山大声呼喊“哦,你真了不起”的听众们,你们是否知道,为开发区倾注了全部心血的吴克铃县长,此时此刻, 他的内心深处正在为两个病中的亲人流着血……

The captivated audience, who listened with great interest, felt their bodies heat up with excitement, and couldn't help but want to loudly exclaim, "Oh, Wu Kequan, you're truly amazing!" - were they aware that at that very moment, the county chief who had devoted his whole heart and soul to the development zone was silently bleeding inside for his two sick loved ones?

第三章昆山有玉玉在其人

Chapter 3 The Jade of Kunshan Lies in Its People

十、大学生多多益善

10. The More College Graduates, The Better

中国必须发展经济。经济上去了,什么话都好说,什么事都好办。离开这个 “中心”去奢谈其他,一切行动、一切思想都可能是“乌托邦” 〇

China must develop its economy. With a strong economy, it becomes easier to discuss issues and tackle problems. Talking about anything else without focusing on this "core" may lead to unrealistic utopian ideas.

发展经济需要奉献。不能一说改革就不讲奉献了。吴克铃的所得也许还不如ー个驾驶员或ー个乡镇企业的看门老大爷,但他做出了最大的奉献。奉献是ー种精神一人活在世上,总还是要有一点精神的。

Economic development requires dedication. We cannot stop talking about dedication when it comes to reform. Wu Kequan's income may be less than that of a driver or a gatekeeper in a township enterprise, but he has made the greatest dedication. Dedication is a spirit – people need to have some spirit to live in this world.

发展经济需要人オ。吴克铃当县长时,全县包括助理工程师在内的技术人员只有!50人,人才如此奇缺,要使昆山经济多快好省地发展是根本不可能的。吴克铃把人事局方长林、王桢禄找来,下硬任务:一年300个（引进200,分配100）,只许多不许少!

Economic development requires human resources. When Wu Kequan was the county mayor, there were only 150 technical personnel in the county, including assistant engineers. With such a shortage of talent, it was impossible to develop Kunshan's economy quickly and efficiently. Wu Kequan called in the head of the Personnel Bureau, Lin Fangzhang, and Wang Zhenlu, and gave them a tough assignment: within a year, they must bring in 300 talents (200 through recruitment and 100 through allocation), they were allowed to exceed the target but not fall short!

过去,外地人上门来求人事局想调昆山也调不进,现在,人事局到外地去觅宝

似的招聘人才,想方设法把你“挖”过来〇

In the past, people from other places who wanted to transfer to Kunshan couldn't get in through the Personnel Bureau. Now, the bureau is actively searching for talent outside the city, like treasure hunting, and trying various ways to "dig" you over to Kunshan.

读者也许还记得最早的联营企业“纺丝机实验エ场”,这个企业需要一个懂行的领导,开始,卢厂长通过上海方面关系三次去某化纤厂,把工程师张昌华借了来。这个北京化纤学院毕业的大学生,专业知识比较丰富,还翻译过《合成纤维加工手册》,与人合编过《日英汉纺织エ业词汇》。借用了几个月,便舍不得放了,想调过来,但张昌华在那边有自己的事业,ー时拿不定主意。吴克铃爱オ如命,他下决心要把张昌华“挖”过来〇留住人,更要留住心,考虑到张昌华在上海有老母,需要人照应,妻子出生在上海,到外地工作也不习惯,就采取了果断措施,把她调来昆山, 并且作为昆山常驻上海办事处的工作人员,又通过闸北区政府为其安排了两套房子,ー套作为办公用,ー套作为住宅用。他又亲自找张谈,诚心希望他能来昆山エ作。县长考虑得如此周到,他怎么好再推托?没多久,他办好手续调到了昆山……

Readers might recall the first joint venture, the "Spinning Machine Experimental Base," which needed an experienced leader. Initially, Factory Director Lu visited a particular synthetic fiber factory in Shanghai on three occasions, using his connections, Factory Director Lu managed to recruit Engineer Zhang Changhua. He is a college graduate from Beijing Institute of Synthetic Fibers had extensive professional knowledge. He had translated the "Synthetic Fiber Processing Handbook" and co-edited the "Japanese-English-Chinese Textile Industry Vocabulary" with others. After benefiting from his expertise for a few months, they were hesitant to part ways with him and hoped to bring him on board permanently. However, Zhang Changhua had his own career at his original company and was uncertain about staying for a while. Wu Kequan was determined to have Zhang Changhua join his team. In order to win his heart and keep him in Kunshan, he took decisive measures. Considering that Zhang had an elderly mother in Shanghai who needed care and that his wife was born in Shanghai and might not be comfortable working elsewhere, Wu arranged for her to be transferred to Kunshan and work as a staff member at Kunshan's permanent office in Shanghai. Through the Shanghai Zhabei District government, he also managed to secure two housing units for them, one for office use and the other as a residence. He personally approached Zhang once more, sincerely hoping that he would come to work in Kunshan. Given the thoughtfulness of the county mayor, how could Zhang decline? Before long, he had completed the necessary paperwork and transferred to Kunshan.

一旦转变了观念,人事工作就搞得有声有色。最多的一年引进了 300人。在吴克铃任县长的6年中,先后引进1300多人,加上分配的有3000多人。

Once the mindset was changed, the personnel work was conducted efficiently and effectively. In the busiest year, they recruited 300 people. During Wu Kequan's six-year tenure as the county mayor, more than 1,300 people were introduced, along with over 3,000 assigned personnel.

三千精兵,十万子弟,昆山的经济,就是这么起飞的。

With these elite members, Kunshan's economy took off.

这里还有个小小的插曲,有些人爱嚼舌头,听说外地调来个姓吴的,就说是吴克铃的亲戚,调来个姓张的,就说是他爱人张德森的亲戚。事实上,ー个也不是。在ー次会上,他说:“如果说是,也不错;只要能为昆山建设出力,所有引进的人才都是我的’亲戚’。”

Here was a small anecdote; some people loved gossiping. When they heard that someone with the last name Wu was transferred from another region, they claimed it was Wu Kequan's relative. If someone with the last name Zhang was transferred, they would say it was the relative of his spouse, Zhang Desen.

倒是真有一个亲戚,他的妻弟,想要调来昆山,但是他没有同意。

Interestingly, there was actually a relative who wanted to transfer to Kunshan – his brother-in-law. However, he did not approve of the transfer.

人才也有嫌多的时候,多的时候更能显出ー个领导者的水平。

There can be times when there are too many talents, and it's during these times that the capabilities of a leader truly stand out.

1989年,大学生分配成了一个难题,以前是“抢”,现在是“推”。吴克铃把王桢禄找去,说:“不能只考虑眼前,急功近利,从昆山经济发展的总体规划来看,眼前用不着的,将来可能要用,到时候,一下子也急不出来。平常我们和大城市争人才,争不过他们;现在人家不要,正是ー个机遇。”王和陆就到省人事局要了个名单,全是国家重点大学的毕业生,居然没人要!吴克铃说:“他们不要,我们要。”于是在计划外又要了 139个大学生! 1989年,昆山接受和分配的大学毕业生600多人,是历年来分得最多也是落实单位最快的！

In 1989, job placement for university graduates became a challenging issue. Previously, it was about competing for talents, but now it had become more about pushing them away. Wu Kequan spoke to Wang Zhenlu, saying, "We cannot only focus on the immediate needs and be shortsighted. Considering the overall plan for Kunshan's economic development, talents that may not be needed now could be necessary in the future. At that time, we won't be able to get them all at once.” Wang and Lu went to the provincial personnel bureau and requested a list of graduates from national key universities, who surprisingly were not in demand! Wu Kequan said, "If they don't want them, we will take them." As a result, they recruited an additional 139 university graduates outside of their original plan! In 1989, Kunshan accepted and assigned jobs to more than 600 university graduates, marking the highest number and fastest implementation in their history!

省人事局看到昆山有这种不俗的眼光和非凡的气魄,就到昆山开会,把全省的人事干部请了来,吴克铃两次到会上发言,他说:“大学生是个宝,人才是个宝,我们搞经济,建设社会主义,什么都缺,但最缺的还是人才,从很大的程度上说,有了人ォ就有了一切,所以我们欢迎大学生到昆山来工作……”

Upon seeing Kunshan's impressive vision and extraordinary boldness, the provincial personnel bureau held a meeting in Kunshan and invited personnel officials from across the province. Wu Kequan spoke twice at the meeting, saying, "University graduates are treasures, and talents are treasures. In developing our economy and building socialism, we lack many things, but what we lack most is talent. To a large extent, having talent means having everything. Therefore, we welcome university graduates to come and work in Kunshan...”

十ー、走出“误区”

10. Breaking out of the "Misconception”

靠分配和引进并不是吴克铃人才观的全部。他ー开始就把教育和培养自己的人才纳入“昆山之路”的总体构思。

Relying solely on allocation and recruitment was not the entirety of Wu Kequan's talent philosophy. From the beginning, he incorporated education and cultivating local talent into his overall plan for the "Kunshan Path.”

我请宣传部部长陈伯荣谈,他以前是文教局局长,这本账他最清楚。

I asked Minister Chen Borong from the Publicity Department to talk about it, as he was previously the director of the Bureau of Culture and Education and was most familiar with the situation.

昆山原先的基础很差,被称作“苏南的苏北”。吴克铃当县长后,和县委书记蔡长林一起,花了很大力气,使全县的教育总体水平赶上（有的还超过）了苏州发达地区,这在全省教育系统是一致认可的。

Kunshan had a poor foundation initially and was referred to as the "Northern Jiangsu of Southern Jiangsu.” After Wu Kequan became the county mayor, he and the county party secretary, Cai Changlin, made great efforts to raise the overall educational level of the entire county, catching up with (and even surpassing) the developed areas of Suzhou. This achievement was unanimously recognized within the province's education system.

如同经济上的突破ー样,在教育上,要没有独立的思考和独特的措施,怎么可能在几年中就有大的改观?

Just like the economic breakthrough, it would have been impossible to see significant improvements in education within a few years without independent thinking and unique measures.

1983年,昆山开始筹建职业中学,为了省钱,就和经委职校建在ー起,地址就选在昆山中学后面,共1〇亩地,已经在城建的规划图上圈好。对此,不少人都很满意,因为毕竟昆山也有了自己的职中,吴克铃却不满意。他和徐崇嘉、陈伯荣ー起到了现场,经过一番考察,他果断地说,昆中是县里“最高学府”,将来肯定要发展, 这里的土地,一寸也不能动;职业中学不是搞这一所,也不是就搞这么个小的,何况还有个经委职校,ー共10亩地,无论如何都不够。徐、陈巴不得他说这句话,搬到别处去,经费势必增加,吴克铃当然考虑到这个,他别的方面“精”得很,昆山人称 “ー支笔”,但对教育,他却是少见的充满大气魄的“大老板” !

In 1983, Kunshan began planning to establish a vocational high school. To save money, they decided to build it together with the Economic Commission vocational school, choosing a location behind Kunshan High School, with an allocated area of 10 acres already marked on the urban planning map. Many people were satisfied with this, as Kunshan finally had its own vocational high school. However, Wu Kequan was not content with it. Together with Xu Chongjia and Chen Borong, Wu Kequan visited the site. After a thorough investigation, he decisively stated that Kunshan Vocational High School was the county's "highest institution" and would definitely need to expand in the future. Therefore, not even an inch of its land should be touched. As for the vocational high school, it wasn't about establishing just one small school, especially since there was also an Economic Commission vocational school planned. The combined 10-acre area would not be enough, no matter how they looked at it. Xu and Chen were eager for him to say this, as moving to another location would inevitably increase expenses. Wu Kequan, of course, had considered this. In other aspects, he was known for being meticulous, and the people of Kunshan referred to him as "a single pen." However, when it came to education, he was a rarely seen, big-hearted "boss"!

两个职校都搬了,第一职中在朝阳新村,征地28亩,至今已投资了 200多万元;经委职校则另外划地50亩,和电大一起,已投入400多万元。

Both vocational schools were relocated. The first vocational high school was in Chaoyang New Village, with 28 acres of land requisitioned, and more than 2 million yuan invested to date. The Economic Commission vocational school was given another 50 acres of land, together with the radio and Kunshan Radio & Television University, and over 40 million yuan has been invested.

“教育方面像模像样地花钱,是在吴克铃当县长之后。”陈伯荣这样说,“比如, 全县校舍32万平方米,其中22万平方米主要是1984年以后新建改建的。光!989 年,校舍和教学设备的投资就有1038万元!”

"Significant spending on education began after Wu Kequan became the county mayor," said Chen Borong. "For example, the county's school buildings cover a total area of 320,000 square meters, with 220,000 square meters primarily built or renovated after 1984. In 1989 alone, the investment in school buildings and teaching equipment amounted to 10.38 million yuan!”

教师住房,是一大难题,吴克铃下令,每年解决100套! 1985-1987年,真的造了 300套。但矛盾仍然突出,吴克铃又调度资金,重点投入,1988—1989年两年就造了 300套。这不仅在昆山历史上从未有过,在整个苏州地区也是罕见的。

Housing for teachers was a significant challenge. Wu Kequan ordered the resolution of 100 housing units per year! From 1985 to 1987, 300 units were indeed built. However, the problem remained prominent, so Wu Kequan allocated more funds, prioritizing investment. In just two years, from 1988 to 1989, another 300 units were built. This accomplishment was not only unprecedented in Kunshan's history, but also rare in the entire Suzhou.

公办教师的各项补贴,全部纳入县里财政解决,每人每年600元上下,全县近 4000人,一年就是200多万元一这ー点,苏州各县市包括市区在内,做到的也只有昆山一家!

All subsidies for public school teachers were fully covered by the county's finances, amounting to around 600 yuan per person per year. With nearly 4,000 teachers in the county, this amounted to more than 2 million yuan per year. Among all the counties and cities in Suzhou, including the urban area, Kunshan was the only one to achieve this feat!

民办教师历来“低人一等”,但昆山从!988年开始,对民办教师经济上各项补贴（副食品补贴除外,因为民办教师都有菜地）和公办教师ー样对待,并且ー样实行结构エ资制,ー样发给岗位责任奖金……仅这一条,民办教师每人每年收入就提高500元左右。

Private school teachers had always been considered "inferior" to others. However, starting in 1988, Kunshan began treating private school teachers on par with public school teachers in terms of various economic subsidies (excluding food subsidies, as private school teachers had their own vegetable plots). They implemented the same salary structure system and awarded the same performance bonuses. With this policy alone, the annual income of private school teachers increased by around 500 yuan per person.

公费医疗,实行财政包干后,每人60元,有些人超过了的,个别乡镇就不肯报, 把发票压在口袋里。吴克铃听说后,就明确规定:教师医疗费的改革和机关同步进行,在目前情况下,超过的部分不能由学校承担,更不应由教师本人承担,而一律由乡财政解决,确有困难的,再向县财政申请补助。后来,在ー次乡镇党委书记会议上,吴克铃说:“如果以后再有教师看病的发票没地方报,就叫他们到财政局去报销,报过后县财政再向乡财政去要「'这ー项措施,也只有昆山实行,别的县市都没有实行。

For public healthcare, after implementing a fiscal contracting system from the government, each person was allocated 60 yuan. Some people exceeded this amount, and certain townships were unwilling to report it, keeping the invoices hidden in their pockets. Upon hearing about this, Wu Kequan clearly stipulated that the reform of teachers' medical expenses should be carried out in sync with that of government institutions. Under the current circumstances, the exceeded portion should not be borne by the schools, nor should it be the responsibility of the teachers themselves. Instead, the township finances should take it, and if there are difficulties, they should apply for subsidies from the county finances. Later, at a township party committee secretary meeting, Wu Kequan said, "If teachers can't reimburse medical bills, let them go to the County finance will claim the funds from the township Finance Bureau. After reimbursement, the county finance will claim the funds from the township finance. This is only done in Kunshan, not in other counties or cities.”

十二、请“老虎”下山

12 Inviting the "Tiger" Down the Mountain

昆山的教育正在走出“误区”,人才的观念超前,这オ使全县的文化素质有了明显的提高,也オ使吴克铃不是永久的孤独者,不是“鹤立鸡群”而仅仅是众多的人才的一个代表。也正因为此,在这里オ形成了一种氛围,ー种你追我赶争先恐后创新创优的氛围。从县委、县政府、人大和政协的领导到工厂企业、乡镇干部,平时都有一种紧迫感,思想的机器总在不停地转动,认为已有的成绩不是终点而是起点,独创的经验不会终结,而是在实践中不断完善、不断丰富……

Kunshan's education is moving out of the "misguided zone," and its advanced talent concept has significantly improved the overall cultural quality of the county. This has also ensured that Wu Kequan is not a permanent loner, not a "crane standing among chickens" (meaning standing out from the crowd), but merely a representative of the numerous talents. Precisely because of this, an atmosphere has formed here – a competitive environment where everyone strives to innovate and excel, pushing each other to new heights. From the leaders of the county Party committee, county government, People's Congress, and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference to the factory enterprises and township officials, there is always a sense of urgency. Their minds are constantly working, considering that their current achievements are not the endpoint but the starting point. The unique experiences will not end but will be continuously improved and enriched in practice.

于是横向联合的路子,新区开发的路子,苏州第一家中外合资企业所提供的路子……条条大路通罗马,条条大路都在吴克铃的构思中发出越来越明丽的亮色。

As a result, various approaches emerge: horizontal collaboration, the development of new districts, and the path provided by Suzhou's first Sino-foreign joint venture. Like the saying "all roads lead to Rome," each of these paths shines brighter and more vividly in Wu Kequan's vision and strategy.

昆山有个寒山牌冰箱厂,开头还不错,到后来,冰箱行业名牌迭出,寒山就逐渐显得“寒酸” 了。ー个副厂长到上海出差,住在旅馆里谈起这件事,旁边有人说: “你们不可以和贵州风华冰箱厂谈谈吗?他们是航天部的,技术、设备的力量都很雄厚。”那人还告诉他,风华厂的厂长这几天正在上海探亲,可以去找找他……副厂长立刻赶回昆山向许厂长汇报,许ー听,马上飞车东去,找到了风华厂的吴明展厂长,对他说:“我们想请你到昆山去看看。”吴明展望着这个不速之客,两手ー摊,抱歉地说:“我昆山无亲无友,去做啥?”许厂长说:“我们小县小厂,请您去指导指导。”终于把吴明展拉到了昆山。

Kunshan has a refrigerator factory called Hanshan, which started off quite well. However, as more and more well-known brands emerged in the refrigerator industry, Hanshan gradually began to appear less competitive and somewhat outdated. A deputy factory director went on a business trip to Shanghai and discussed this issue while staying at a hotel. Someone nearby suggested, "Why don't you talk to the Guizhou Fenghua Refrigerator Factory? They are affiliated with the Ministry of Aerospace and have great technical and equipment capabilities." That person also told him that the director of Fenghua Factory was visiting relatives in Shanghai these days and could be contacted. The deputy director immediately returned to Kunshan to report to Director Xu. Upon hearing the news, Xu hurriedly traveled east, found Director Wu Mingzhan of Fenghua Factory, and said, "We would like to invite you to visit Kunshan.” Wu Mingzhan looked at this unexpected guest, spreading his hands apologetically, and said, "I have no relatives or friends in Kunshan, why should I go?" Director Xu replied, "We are a small factory in a small county, and we'd like to invite you to provide some guidance.” In the end, Wu Mingzhan was persuaded to visit Kunshan.

不看则已,ー看还真来劲。原来上海旁边还有这么ー个好地方!昆山的冰箱厂就在新区,有一定基础,发展前途很广,要是把贵州那边的技术和设备拉过来,这厂不用花多少钱就可以跃上一个新的档次。

Once he arrived and had a look around, he became genuinely interested and engaged. It turned out that there was such a great place right next to Shanghai! The refrigerator factory in Kunshan was located in the new district and had a solid foundation with a broad prospect for development. If the technology and equipment from Guizhou could be brought over, the factory could leap to a new level without spending much money.

吴克铃得到消息,立刻和吴明展见面。他全面介绍了昆山经济发展的路子,明确提出要和风华厂联营……

Upon hearing the news, Wu Kequan immediately met with Wu Mingzhan. He comprehensively introduced the path of Kunshan's economic development and explicitly proposed the idea of a joint venture with Fenghua Factory.

这时吴明展心中已经有了意向,他却开玩笑说:“早知你们有这个’阴谋’,我就不到昆山了!”

At this point, Wu Mingzhan already had intentions of cooperation, but he jokingly said, "If I had known you guys had this 'plot,' I wouldn't have come to Kunshan!”

不多久,副县长郑慧珍和皇甫等人ー起到贵州风华厂,向全厂的领导介绍了昆山的情况,引起对方极大兴趣,联营的事很快进入了洽谈具体项目阶段……

It wasn't long before Deputy County Governor Zheng Huijin and Huangfu and others went to Guizhou Fenghua Machinery Factory together. They introduced the situation in Kunshan to the factory's leadership, which aroused great interest on their part. The joint venture discussions quickly moved into the stage of negotiating specific projects.

大“三线”大有文章可做!吴克铃准确及时地抓住“三线”扩散的时机,一方面亲自出马,到贵州等地去宣传昆山的优势和横向联营的诚意,同时,在全县号召大家“把眼光看得远ー些”，“把手伸得长一点”,只要有线索有路子,就千方百计去争取。

There is much to be done with the "Third Tier" strategy! Wu Kequan accurately and promptly seized the opportunity of "Third Line" diffusion. On the one hand, he personally went to places like Guizhou to promote Kunshan's advantages and the sincerity of horizontal collaboration. At the same time, he called on everyone in the county to "look farther" and "reach out further." As long as there were clues and approaches, they would do everything possible to strive for them.

于是就引出又一个故事。

This led to another story

重庆汽车厂党委书记陈世生,昆山人,他到上海一带考察汽车销售情况,打算开辟ー个窗口,顺道回家探亲,也拜访了他的老师金达。

Chen Shisheng, the party secretary of Chongqing Automobile Factory and a native of Kunshan, went to Shanghai and its surrounding areas to investigate the automobile sales. He planned to open a new sales channel and took the opportunity to visit his hometown and his former teacher, Jin Da.

退休了的金达也知道昆山出了个横向联合的经验,看到自己的学生是大企业的领导,灵机ー动,就去告诉吴克铃,吴克铃叫协作办公室的王顺保去找陈世生,邀请他去看看几个厂。吴克铃说:“你看看昆山有没有可以为你们厂服务（配套）的地方?”陈世生觉得这是不可能的,他印象中的故乡エ业基础太薄弱,与重汽不可同日而语。但他看了几个厂以后,这种想法改变了。于是在中午吃饭时吴克铃就介绍了昆山的投资环境,透露了想联营的意向。陈世生说:“我回去商量一下,就给你答复。”

Jin Da, who was retired, knew about Kunshan's successful experience in horizontal collaboration. Seeing that his former student was a leader in a large enterprise, he was inspired and went to inform Wu Kequan. Wu Kequan then asked Wang Shunbao from the collaborative office to find Chen Shisheng and invite him to visit several factories in the area. Wu Kequan asked, "Can you see if there are any places in Kunshan that can provide services or support for your factory?" Chen Shisheng felt that this was impossible, as his impression of his hometown's industrial foundation was too weak and could not be compared to that of Chongqing Automobile Factory. However, after visiting several factories in Kunshan, his perspective changed. During lunch, Wu Kequan introduced the investment environment in Kunshan and revealed his intention to seek collaboration. Chen Shisheng replied, "I'll go back and discuss it with my colleagues, and then I'll tell you.”

没多久,电报来了,陈世生请昆山派人去谈联营的事。郑慧珍和金达ー起赶去,到了红岩汽车厂。原来这个厂在荒无人烟的山沟里,军エ改民用,产品生产了很多,但都积压在仓库里,销售上有许多难处,比如他们的汽车就进不了上海市区。郑慧珍说:“我们可以做工作,争取上海放宽政策,为重汽打开方便之门。”重汽的人将信将疑,心想,我重汽是国家一级企业,实カ和声誉不可谓不小,但努力了多少年也没能进入上海,你小小的昆山一个县就有这么大能耐?郑慧珍笑笑,没有把话说满,但说一定尽最大努力……

Not long after, a telegram arrived. Chen Shisheng invited Kunshan representatives to discuss the collaboration. Zheng Huijin and Jin Da went together and arrived at the Hongyan Automobile Factory. It turned out that this factory was located in a desolate mountain valley. It had transitioned from military to civilian use, and produced many products, but they were all stuck in the warehouse due to various sales difficulties. For example, their vehicles were not allowed to enter Shanghai. Zheng Huizhen said, "We can work hard to persuade Shanghai to relax its policies, opening a convenient path for Chongqing Automobile Factory.” People from the Chongqing Automobile Factory were skeptical, thinking that their factory was a national first-class enterprise with a considerable scale and reputation. Despite their efforts for many years, they still couldn't enter Shanghai. Could a small county like Kunshan really have such great capabilities? Zheng Hui Zhen just smiled, not making any promises, but assuring them that she would do her best.

回到昆山,郑慧珍向吴克铃汇报,吴说:“我们ー起做工作。”

Back in Kunshan, Zheng Huizhen reported to Wu Kequan, who said, "Let's work together on this.”

信不信由你,重汽的车进上海市区,这路就是昆山人打通的!

Believe it or not, it was the people of Kunshan who paved the way for Chongqing Automobile Factory to enter Shanghai's city center.

车子能进上海,不等于就有人要买你的车。这时候,昆山的农机二厂已濒临倒闭,双方谈妥,就在这个厂的基础上办联营厂。8月签约,9月就在昆山以联营厂名义开订货会。郑慧珍当场保证订货会销5辆。陈世生一听,瞪大了吃惊的眼睛,怀疑自己是不是听错了,然后就找个机会,偷偷地对她说:“你的口气是不是太大啊? 只要你能销2辆,我这个家乡人脸上就有了面子。”郑慧珍笑笑说:“陈书记您放心, 我不会给您丢脸的,到时候要销不了 5辆,我昆山也要把它吃下来!”
ー个月后,订货会开始了。这时的联营厂还没有成型,还没有牌子,就匆匆忙忙做了个木牌子,挂在农机二厂的大门口。重汽的人看了,不觉心灰意冷,对订货会根本就不抱多大希望。因为就在这个订货会前,他们在峨眉山也开过订货会,总共没有订出去三四辆,现在到昆山,在这么简陋可怜的ー个厂里开订货会,能有人要吗?

But just because the vehicles could enter Shanghai didn't mean people would buy them. At this time, Kunshan's Agricultural Machinery Factory No. 2 was on the verge of closing down. After negotiations between both parties, they decided to establish a joint venture factory based on the existing foundation of this factory. After signing the contract in August, a purchasing fair was held in September under the name of a joint venture factory. Zheng Huizhen promised on the spot to sell 5 cars at the fair. Chen Shisheng was very surprised when he heard this and began to doubt whether he had misheard. He quietly said to her, "Are you being too ambitious? As long as you can sell 2 cars, it will be a face-saving achievement for me as a local.” Zheng Huizhen smiled and said, "Secretary Chen, don't worry, I won't embarrass you. If I can't sell 5 cars, I'll bear the consequences myself." One month later, the purchasing fair began. At that time, the joint venture factory was not yet established and did not have a brand name. They hastily made a wooden sign and hung it at the entrance of the Kunshan's Agricultural Machinery Factory No. 2. The people from Chongqing Automobile Factory looked at the situation and felt disheartened, with little hope for the fair. This was because they had recently held a fair at Mount Emei, where only three or four vehicles were ordered. Now they were in Kunshan, holding another fair in a shabby and poor factory, and they wondered if anyone would even be interested in buying their trucks.

但是奇迹出现了:昆山的订货会签售60多辆,当年兑现的就有10多辆!

However, a miracle happened: the fair in Kunshan resulted in over 60 vehicles being sold, and over 10 of them were delivered that year!

“小昆山”ー鸣惊人!双方的“恋爱”以闪电式的速度结婚了,并且很快有了 “结晶”:双方各投资50%,由重汽提供汽车底盘,在昆山进行改装,1987年到!989 年,3年改装230辆之多;上海宝钢一期工程全是进ロ的“日野”,二期工程则全部采用昆山的改装汽车……

"Little Kunshan" - a marvel that resounds far and wide! The whirlwind romance between the two parties culminated in a lightning-fast marriage, and soon, a precious "crystallization" was born. Both parties invested 50% each, with Chongqing Automobile Factory providing the vehicle chassis, and modifications took place in Kunshan. From 1987 to 1989, an impressive 230 vehicles were modified over three years. While the first phase of the Shanghai Baosteel project exclusively used imported "Hino" vehicles, the second phase entirely adopted Kunshan's modified vehicles...

十三、昆山的“秘密武器”

13 Kunshan's "Secret Weapon”

横向联合的思路在吴克铃手里是ー篇得心应手永远也作不完的大文章。

The concept of horizontal collaboration effortlessly flourishes in the hands of Wu Kequan, like an endless masterpiece.

当昆山和上海联营的经验在外地推广以后,人们统统把“目标”集中到了上海,这时,吴克铃又把联合的思路延伸到了“三线”军エ企业,扩散到了全国各地; 而有些人在浅尝辄止小有所得就沾沾自喜的时候,吴克铃又把ー厂一品联合上升到全行业的联营,并在这个基础上又进ー步建立了纺织品出口基地。

After the successful joint venture between Kunshan and Shanghai was promoted in other regions, people's attention turned to Shanghai. At this point, Wu Kequan extended the idea of collaboration to "third-tier" military enterprises and spread it across the country. While some were content with their limited achievements after only having a small portion of success, Wu Kequan raised the collaboration from a single factory to an entire industry, and on this foundation, he took it a step further by establishing a textile export base.

这里先要说一下花桥镇新浦村的杨秋林。开始他带几个人到上海龙桥乡,在鸭棚里开出来一片整烫衬衫的工场。不久工场搬回新浦,一次农忙,有3万件美国童装急需整烫,他借了一台拖拉机,来回运货。一天一夜ー万件,三天三夜全部完成!后来周贵积担任上海衬衫总厂厂长,他看准大势,意欲扩大加工面。杨秋林听说,和乡长贝聿综ー起,主动提出,在花桥建联营厂。周贵积说:“要搞,就大刀阔斧,像模像样地干!”

First, we must mention Yang Qiulin from Xinpu Village, Huaqiao Town. Initially, he led a few people to Longqiao Township in Shanghai, where they set up a workshop for ironing shirts in a duck shed. Soon, the workshop was moved back to Xinpu. During a busy farming season, there was an urgent need to iron 30,000 American children's garments. He borrowed a tractor and transported the goods. In one day and one night, they finished 10,000 pieces, and in three days and three nights, they completed all of them! Later, when Zhou Guiji became the director of the Shanghai Shirt Factory, he saw the bigger picture and wanted to expand the processing scope. Upon hearing this, Yang Qiulin, along with the village head Bei Yuzong, took the initiative to propose building a joint venture factory in Huaqiao. Zhou Guiji said, "If you want to do it, do it boldly and make it decent!”

机不可失。回来后,他们先后征地30.5亩,同时到县里去贷款。黄继忠、郑慧珍两个副县长还有县政府办公室曾勇、经委宣炳龙、计委戴修良等,拧成一股劲,全カ以赴跑上海,疏通关节,筹集资金,忙得不亦乐乎。当年9月,就草签协议,双方各投资100万元,联营办厂生产出口衬衫。

Not wanting to miss the opportunity, they returned and successively requisitioned 30.5 acres of land, while also applying for loans from the county. Deputy county chiefs Huang Jizhong and Zheng Huizhen, along with Zeng Yong from the county government office, Xuan Binglong from the Economic Commission, and Dai Xiuliang from the Planning Commission, joined forces and went all out to visit Shanghai. They cleared obstacles, raised funds, and busied themselves with great enthusiasm. In September of that year, a preliminary agreement was signed, with both parties investing one million yuan each to establish a joint venture factory producing shirts for exportation.

年底,周贵积厂长带了一批人到昆山来专门看望吴克铃,表示衷心的感谢。他说:“我在上海要搞这么个分厂,别的不说,光图章就要盖72个,72个圆图章至少要跑3年。”这就是说,在上海3年办不成的事,昆山3个月就办成了。

By the end of the year, Factory Director Zhou Guiji brought a group of people to Kunshan to visit Wu Kequan personally, expressing their heartfelt gratitude. He said, "If I were to set up such a branch factory in Shanghai, I would have to get 72 official seals at least, and it would take at least three years.” This means that what couldn't be accomplished in Shanghai in three years was achieved in Kunshan in just three months.

吴克铃想的却是另一面,他真诚地说:“要我们自己搞,3年也达不到出口水平;在你们的帮助下,3个月就全部出口了,所以应该是我们感谢你们

This means that what couldn't be accomplished in Shanghai in three years was achieved in Kunshan in just three months. Wu Kequan, however, saw another aspect of the situation. He sincerely said, "If we were to do it ourselves, it would take us three years to meet the export standards; with your help, we've managed to do it within three months. Therefore, it should be us who are grateful to you.”

真心实意,又是互惠互利,衬衫厂的前途越发光明了。吴克铃抓住这个契机, 几次奔走于上海和昆山之间,力主把衬衫厂办成上海的分厂。上海方面也感到和昆山打交道可信可靠,便让衬衫厂!985年7月15日正式挂牌:上海衬衫厂分厂。

With sincerity and mutual benefit, the future of the shirt factory became even brighter. Wu Kequan seized this opportunity and traveled several times between Shanghai and Kunshan, advocating for the shirt factory to become a branch of the Shanghai factory. The Shanghai side also felt that dealing with Kunshan was trustworthy and reliable, so on July 15, 1985, the shirt factory was officially designated as the Shanghai Shirt Factory Branch.

吴克铃请上海派人来当厂长。

Wu Kequan invited someone from Shanghai to serve as the factory director.

有人不理解:一个杨秋林就够了 ,为什么还要请个上海人?

Some people didn't understand, arguing that Yang Qiulin was enough, so why bring in someone from Shanghai?

吴克铃说:“上海的管理水平高,再说,人总是要面子的。来了厂长,就会更加用心出力,联营就会更牢靠,分厂就会办得更好……”

Wu Kequan explained, "Shanghai has a high level of management, and besides, people always care about their reputation. With the arrival of the new factory director, they will be more dedicated and make greater efforts, the joint venture will be more stable, and the branch factory will operate even better..."

事实证明,他的观点是正确的。这一年,新上两条流水线,生产衬衫54万件, 产值540万元,创利50万元,创汇125万美元;截至1989年已经有8条流水线,产值1540万元,创利270万元,创汇850万美元,均为全市村办企业之冠。

The facts proved that his viewpoint was correct. In that year, two new assembly lines were set up, producing 540,000 shirts with a production value of 5.4 million yuan, generating a profit of 500,000 yuan, and earning 1.25 million US dollars in foreign exchange. By 1989, there were already eight assembly lines, with a production value of 15.4 million yuan, generating a profit of 2.7 million yuan, and earning 8.5 million US dollars in foreign exchange, ranking first among all village-run enterprises in the city.

吴克铃明确宣布:“所有的联营厂,凡是条件具备的,都请上海（或其他省市）人当厂长。”

Wu Kequan explicitly announced, "For all joint venture factories that meet the conditions, we will invite people from Shanghai (or other provinces and cities) to serve as factory directors.”

苏州市有个领导说:“这是昆山的’秘密武器’厂’

A leader from Suzhou commented, "This is Kunshan's 'secret weapon.'”

为什么昆山的联营厂一般不是貌合神离而是貌联神合?为什么都说上海人很 “精”不好打交道,而昆山和上海的联营却越来越广泛、越来越紧密?

Why is it that Kunshan's joint venture factories are generally united in spirit, rather than only in appearance? Why is it that despite people saying that Shanghai people are cunning and difficult to deal with, the collaboration between Kunshan and Shanghai is becoming more extensive and closer?

因为吴克铃不俗,所以昆山人不俗。

It's because Wu Kequan is extraordinary, and so are the people of Kunshan.

俗,可能精明,但不可能高明;不俗,可能不精明,但可能高明。

Ordinary people might be smart, but not necessarily brilliant; extraordinary people might not be cunning, but they can be brilliant.

高人不多。

There are not many brilliant people.

高人在,能人幸;高人无,能人再多也无用。

When a brilliant person is present, capable people are fortunate; without a brilliant person, even a large number of capable people will be of no use.

ー县如此,一市一省一国也如此。

The same applies to a county, a city, a province, or even a nation.

昆山人不俗,吴克铃不俗,上海人也不俗,梅寿椿、王金林也不俗,所以有了一个衬衫分厂,接着又有了五个纺织行业的联营厂。

The people of Kunshan are extraordinary, as are Wu Kequan, the people of Shanghai, Mei Shouchun, and Wang Jinlin. Thus, a shirt factory was established, followed by five joint-venture textile factories.

六个厂,虽然少得可怜,但作为ー种努力方向,上海和昆山的纺织行业实行了全行业的联营。

Despite being only six factories, a humble number, they marked a new direction in the joint efforts of Shanghai and Kunshan's textile industries, which pursued collaboration across the entire sector.

当然,吴克铃想的是下ー步。

Naturally, Wu Kequan was thinking about the next step.

1986年4月,昆山县人民政府与上海市纺织エ业局开始商谈建立纺织出口基地的事。

In April 1986, the Kunshan County People's Government and the Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau began discussions on establishing a textile export base.

3月15日,吴克铃和王金林专程去南京,向省长顾秀莲汇报了这个打算。顾秀莲给予充分的肯定,她说:“昆山与上海联合,起步迟,起点高,效果好,对国家、对上海、对昆山都有好处,路子是对的。”

On March 15th, Wu Kequan and Wang Jinlin made a special trip to Nanjing to report their plans to Gu Xiulian, Governor of Jiangsu province. Gu Xiulian gave her full affirmation, saying: "The collaboration between Kunshan and Shanghai, though late in its start, has a high starting point and has yielded excellent results. It benefits the nation, Shanghai, and Kunshan. This is the right path."

顾秀莲又及时向省委书记韩培信汇报。韩培信明确表示支持,并指示省里有关部门主动配合,不要“打坝”。

Gu Xiulian also promptly reported to the Provincial Party Secretary Han Peixin. Han Peixin expressed his clear support and instructed the relevant departments in the province to actively cooperate and not to "block" the initiative.

在这期间,纺织エ业部何副部长也积极做工作,促成昆山和上海的联营升级。

During this period, Deputy Director He of the Textile Industry Department also worked actively to promote the upgrade of the joint venture between Kunshan and Shanghai.

4月3日到4日,上海市纺织エ业局局长梅寿椿、副局长王金林,昆山县委书记毛阳青,县长吴克铃,副县长汪国兴、郑慧珍,还有上海市经委顾问龚兆源,ー起在昆山进行了为期两天的会谈。作为这个会谈的结果,签订了在昆山建立“上海纺织品出口联合生产基地”的协议。

On April 3rd and 4th, Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau Director Mei Shouchun, Deputy Director Wang Jinlin, Kunshan County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing, County Mayor Wu Kequan, Deputy County Mayors Wang Guoxing and Zheng Huizhen, as well as Shanghai Economic Commission consultant Gong Zhaoyuan, all gathered in Kunshan for a two-day conference. As a result of this meeting, an agreement was signed to establish the "Shanghai Textile Products Export Joint Production Base" in Kunshan.

联营的作用,合作的威力,ー个正确的思路所能够释放出来的能量是没有止境的。正是依靠这条路子以及这条路子所积累的实カ和思想,1987年,在全县14个重点项目全部完成并投产见效的基础上,吴克铃又组织了第二个大的“战役”一再上29个重点建设项目。除极个别外,已陆续竣工投产……

The impact of joint ventures, the power of cooperation, and the energy that can be unleashed by a correct approach are boundless. It is precisely by relying on this path and the practical experience and ideas it has accumulated that in 1987, Wu Kequan organized the second major "campaign" – launching 29 core projects – on the basis of completing and achieving results for all 14 key projects across the county. With only a few exceptions, these projects have been successively completed and put into operation...

十四、费孝通说“很好”

14 Fei Xiaotong Says "Very Good”

去年10月,吴克铃在苏州向费孝通先生汇报他的经济思路,在讲到“三线”エ业时说:“过去那些地方我们不能看,保密厂,谁敢去?中央提出搞活国有企业, ’三线‘的军エ厂要扩散,我们就主动去看了。有些厂的设备封存20年了,从来没人动过,人呢,也ー样,等于封存。我说,我们拿产品来生产,行不行?他们不积极; 到我们这里来做,他们愿意了。我们环境好,位置优越,所以他们有积极性。我认为,国家应该支持他们出来。”

In October last year, Wu Kequan reported his economic ideas to Mr. Fei Xiaotong in Suzhou. Speaking about the "Third Tier" industries, he said: "In the past, we could not visit those places, as they were confidential factories; who would dare to go? When the central government proposed revitalizing state-owned enterprises, the 'Third Tier' military factories were to be dispersed, and we took the initiative to visit them. Some factory equipment had been sealed for 20 years, never touched by anyone. The same applies to the people, who were virtually in storage as well.” I asked, 'Can we use these products for production, is it feasible?' They were not enthusiastic; but when we invited them to work with us, they were willing. Our environment is good, and our location is advantageous, so they were motivated. I believe our country should support their integration into the broader economy.”

费孝通点点头,赞同他的意见。

Fei Xiaotong nodded his head, agreeing with Wu Kequan's opinion.

吴克铃进ー步阐述自己的想法:“开始我们也担心,与’三线‘军エ企业合资办企业,会不会动摇’三线’大本营军心?实践证明,搞了联营,非但没有动摇军心, 反而更稳定了。比如,我们与航天部风华机器厂联营办了风华冰箱厂昆山分厂,开始贵州有些担心,实际上,这个厂有不少技术人员是南方人,比如上海人,在贵州好多年,一直想回来,但调动很困难,有的工作也不安心。现在办了分厂,一些工程技术人员可以来昆山安家落户,到上海也很近,可以早晨来昆山上班,傍晚回到家里休息,这样大家都很满意。而且,国家一旦需要,这些人还可以回到大本营。”

Wu Kequan further elaborated on his thoughts: "At the beginning, we were also worried that establishing joint ventures with 'Third Tier' military enterprises might shake the foundation of the 'Third Tier' military spirit. However, practice has shown that forming joint ventures not only didn't undermine the military spirit but, in fact, made it more stable.” For instance, we established a joint venture with the Aerospace Department's Fenghua Machinery Factory to create the Fenghua Refrigerator Factory's Kunshan branch. Initially, there was some concern from Guizhou, but in reality, many of the factory's technical staff were from the south, such as Shanghai natives. They had been in Guizhou for many years and had always wanted to return but found it difficult to relocate, which affected their focus on work. Now that the branch factory has been established, some of the engineering and technical personnel can settle down in Kunshan. It's also close to Shanghai, so they can commute to Kunshan for work in the morning and return home to rest in the evening. This arrangement has left everyone satisfied. Moreover, if our country needs them, these people can return to their original posts."

费孝通高兴地说:“你支持了我的’三线’军エ企业扩散论!”

Fei Xiaotong happily responded, "You have supported my theory of the dispersion of 'Third Tier' military enterprises!”

第二天,费孝通就到了昆山。临行前,他就说:“可以让新华社发个消息,说我到昆山实地调查,开发区的情况很好。”

The next day, Fei Xiaotong arrived in Kunshan. Before leaving, he said, "You can let Xinhua News Agency release a news item, saying that I have come to Kunshan for an on-site investigation, and the situation in the development zone is very good.”

考察的结果是十分满意的。昆山的实践、吴克铃的思路,与费孝通长期研究所形成的理论框架不谋而合。昆山之路就是强国之路。要强国,就必须把经济搞上去,而发展经济只能靠自力更生。昆山之路之所以可贵,就在于不是你要我发展经济搞开发区,而是我自己要改革开放要搞开发区,所以オ不是眼睛向上伸手要钱, 而是眼睛向下动手苦干!不在编、不正名、不给政策也干,只要对国家有利、于人民有益、符合改革开放的大势就坚决地干。缺人才、缺资金、缺技术就“横向”联营, 把东西南北风都借来。没有条件自己创造条件,创造出ー个实实在在生机勃勃的开发区,然后让你大吃ー惊,不得不佩服,也不得不承认:昆山之路是成功之路,也是强国之路……

The inspection results were highly satisfactory. The practice in Kunshan and Wu Kequan's ideas coincided with the theoretical framework formed by Fei Xiaotong's long-term research. The path of Kunshan is the path to a strong country. To strengthen the nation, it is essential to boost the economy, which can only be achieved through self-reliance. The value of the Kunshan path lies in the fact that it is not about others urging us to develop the economy and create development zones; instead, it is about our own desire for reform and opening up and our commitment to establishing development zones. As a result, we do not look up and ask for money, but instead, look down and work hard! We will persevere in our efforts, even without official approval, formal recognition, or policy support, as long as they are beneficial to the country, the people, and in line with the general trend of reform and opening up. When facing a lack of talent, funds, or technology, we resort to "horizontal" joint ventures, borrowing resources from all directions. Without existing conditions, we create our own and establish a thriving development zone. Then, we surprise everyone, making them admire and acknowledge that the Kunshan path is a path to success and a path to a strong country...

在考察中,费老还发现,昆山不但有吴克铃这样经验丰富、思路明晰的决策者和身体カ行的领导,还有一批能量都极其充沛的人。昆山虽小,却不可等闲视之; 昆山起步虽迟,但是一旦觉醒,就疾步起飞,因为在这里有一群不凡不俗、锐意进取的能人志士。

During the investigation, Mr. Fei also discovered that not only did Kunshan have experienced and clear-minded decision-makers like Wu Kequan and hands-on leaders, but also a group of people with immense energy. Although Kunshan is small, it should not be taken lightly. Though Kunshan's start was late, once awakened, it quickly takes off, as there is a group of extraordinary, ambitious, and enterprising talents here.

费老高龄,难得有机会到昆山一回,吴克铃诚恳地请他题词留念。一向不喜欢多题字的费孝通先生,这次却毫不吝惜地写下了八个字:

昆山有玉玉在其人

Because of his advanced age, Mr. Fei rarely had the opportunity to visit Kunshan. Wu Kequan sincerely asked him to write an inscription as a memento. Mr. Fei Xiaotong, who usually didn't like to write many inscriptions, generously wrote eight characters this time: 昆山有玉玉在其人 (Kunshan has talents, and they are the true treasures)

十五、“借鸡生蛋”的风波

15 The "Borrowing to Create Wealth" Philosophy

1985年1月,王金华担任城北乡党委书记。他遇到的第一个问题就是学校老师纷纷要求调动。学校条件太差了,中学建造在泥潭之中,下雨上班自行车没法推,只好扛在肩上……这当然是由来已久的问题,他却感到有愧,为此想到要为老百姓办点事。

In January 1985, Wang Jinhua took office as the Party Secretary of the northern part of the county Township. The first problem he encountered was that schoolteachers were requesting transfers in large numbers. The school's conditions were too poor, with the middle school built in a muddy area where it was impossible to walk their bicycles when it rained, leaving teachers no choice but to carry them on their shoulders. This longstanding problem weighed on him, and he wanted to do something for the people.

但是城北没有钱,穷。过去说“白手起家”,而真正的“白手”是根本不可能起家的。无米之炊,无鸡生蛋,岂不是天方夜谭?

However, the northern part of the county was financially struggling and had no money to spare. In the past, people talked about "starting from scratch," but in reality, it was nearly impossible to achieve anything with truly empty hands. How could one cook without rice or lay eggs without chickens? Wasn't it just a pipe dream?

这时候,吴克铃也面临着同样ー个问题:昆山要发展,开发区要实施,没有钱, 只好唱“空城计”。在综合分析和冷静思考的基础上,他提出借钱办企业,办好企业再还债,边借债、边生产、边还债。他明确倡导的横向联合,其动因或说是目的之一,就是通过横联引进资金。借鸡生蛋,有了蛋就可以孵小鸡,鸡可还鸡,也可以再生蛋。深奥的经济学原理被他用浅显的比喻说得让很多人开了窍。从此“借鸡生蛋”伴随着横向联合的构思,成为昆山发展经济的又一个公开的秘密。

At that time, Wu Kequan faced a similar problem: Kunshan needed development, and the development zone had to be implemented. Without money, the only option was to rely on a "bluffing strategy.” Based on comprehensive analysis and calm consideration, he proposed borrowing money to run enterprises, repaying debts after the enterprises were well-established, and continuously borrowing, producing, and repaying debts. He explicitly advocated for horizontal collaboration, and one of the driving forces or objectives was to introduce capital. Borrowing chickens to lay eggs allowed one to hatch chicks from the eggs, repay the borrowed chickens, and even produce more eggs. He explained the profound economic principles with a simple analogy, enlightening many people. From then on, "borrowing chickens to lay eggs" accompanied the concept of horizontal collaboration, becoming another public secret in Kunshan's economic development.

王金华就是照这个思路去做的,只是他做得比别人更大胆、更彻底,也更富有创造性。

Wang Jinhua followed this train of thought, but he was bolder, more thorough, and more creative than others.

党委九个人,六个搞经济。他们用艰苦拼命的精神、用诚恳专ー的信誉、用使人信服的效益东进上海,北去京都,四面八方,筹借资金。别人摸不着的门槛,他们
熟门熟路;别人不敢进的单位,他们被待若上宾;别人连想都不敢想的资金,他们照样能借得来……

Out of the nine members of the party committee, six were engaged in economic work. With their relentless determination, sincere dedication, and convincing achievements, Wu Kequan and their team managed to expand their influence in various directions, from Shanghai in the east to Beijing in the north, raising funds from all sides. They were familiar with thresholds others couldn't touch, welcomed as esteemed guests in places others dared not enter, and able to borrow funds others couldn't even imagine.

有了钱就办企业,办好企业赚了钱就好还债,也好发展生产为当地老百姓做实事。

With money in hand, they established businesses. By running successful businesses, they repaid their debts and contributed to local development, benefiting the common people.

原先,这里沟沟坎坎、坑坑洼洼,只有几家零散的小企业和几个不成型的村落, 如今,这里已经是个名副其实的“昆山大世界” 了。

What was once a place filled with ditches, potholes, a few scattered small enterprises, and underdeveloped villages, has now become a thriving "Kunshan World" in its true sense.

苏州市委副书记周治华在城北调查后,总结出这么几句:教育为本,科技兴乡, 文化搭台,经济唱戏。

After investigating the northern part of Suzhou, the Deputy Secretary of Suzhou Municipality Zhou Zhihua summarized the key elements of their success: "Education as the foundation, technology for rural prosperity, culture as the stage, and economy as the performance.”

然而,就是这么ー个乡,就是在短短几年中使城北发生了几乎是不可思议的变化的王金华,却遭到了强烈的非议。

However, despite the almost unbelievable transformation of the area in just a few years, Wang Jinhua, who played a crucial role in the development, has faced strong criticism.

非议和责难的焦点集中在借债上。

The focus of the criticism and blame centers on the debt.

吴克铃再清楚不过,发难的由头在城北,而真正的矛头还在县委县政府,在于他这个领头人。

Wu Kequan is well aware that the real issue lies not only in the northern part of the city but also in the county party committee and the county government, as well as in their own leadership, himself.

再说,基层的干部辛辛苦苦拼命工作遭到不公正的议论和责难时,作为上ー级的党委和政府,如漠不关心听之任之的话,其后果必将挫伤积极性,再要继续实现昆山经济的稳步高速发展就不可能了一谁还愿做出头椽子,谁还肯拼命卖カ呢?

Furthermore, when grassroots officials who have worked tirelessly face unfair criticism and blame, if the higher-level party committee and government remain indifferent and unresponsive, the consequences will inevitably dampen enthusiasm. In such a situation, it would be impossible to continue realizing the steady and rapid economic development of Kunshan, as no one would be willing to take the lead or put in their utmost effort.

这当然不是一般性的工作方法上的分歧。

This is certainly not just a general disagreement in work methods.

1988年11月,吴克铃带了顾厚德,“不带任何框框”,到城北实地调查。他们先听汇报,然后要王金华和乡长余增荣把几张报表拿出来,当然是正规的统计报表。而且,在昆山谁都知道,吴克铃是经济上的行家、通オ,无论怎么样也是无法瞒过他的眼睛的。他这次来,就是要掌握第一手资料,就是要看ー看,他构思中的ー个必要环节一“借鸡生蛋”到底效果如何,值不值得推广?

In November 1988, Wu Kequan, accompanied by Gu Houde, conducted a field investigation in the northern part of the city without any preconceptions. They first listened to a report and then asked Wang Jinhua and Township Mayor Yu Zengrong to present several statistical reports, which were, of course, official and standardized. In Kunshan, everyone knew that Wu Kequan was an expert in economics and had a keen eye; it would be impossible to deceive him. His purpose for this visit was to obtain firsthand information and to assess the effectiveness of a crucial element in his plan – "borrowing to create wealth." He wanted to determine whether this approach was worth promoting.

看了报表,不看企业。吴克铃心中有底了。

After reviewing the reports, Wu Kequan didn't even need to visit the enterprises, as he already had a clear understanding.

外面说欠几个亿,实际上当时只有几千万。

Contrary to the rumors of owing billions, the actual debt at that time was only tens of millions.

还有生的“蛋”呢?

What about the "wealth" created?

还有城北乡的老百姓得到的实惠和好处呢?

What about the tangible benefits and advantages enjoyed by the local people in the northern part?

还有企业的后劲、企业的未来、企业的经济效益呢?

What about the enterprises' potential, future, and economic returns?

如果不借债,如果不联营,城北绝不可能有今天,更不可能有将来!

Without borrowing and forming partnerships, the northern part of the city would not have been able to achieve what it has today, let alone have a future.

吴克铃从城北的经验中进ー步确认和丰富了自己的路子,他和顾ー起草拟了提纲,吴克铃的观点、思路、对城北的肯定和支持,全都由顾写成了一篇长稿。

Wu Kequan's experiences in the northern part of the county further confirmed and enriched his approach. He and Gu drafted an outline, and Gu wrote a detailed report reflecting Wu Kequan's viewpoints, thoughts, and affirmation and support for the northern part of the county.

县委常委就这事做了专门讨论后,决定在城北召开ー个现场会,把全县的乡镇长和党委书记,还有县机关部委办局的头头们都召集到城北,到那里看企业,听介绍,各自发表意见,进行开放式的讨论。然后,县委书记毛阳青根据吴克铃的调查代表县委县政府做了总结报告。

After a special discussion among the members of the County Party Committee, it was decided to hold a field meeting in the northern part of the county. Township mayors, party committee secretaries from the entire county, as well as leaders from county-level departments, bureaus, and offices were all invited. There, they would visit the enterprises, listen to introductions, express their opinions, and engage in open discussions. Subsequently, County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing made a summary report on behalf of the county party committee and the county government, based on Wu Kequan's investigation.

明朗而坚决的态度给王金华撑了腰,给全县基层干部鼓了劲,也给了吴克铃本人ー种启示:作为领导,无论在什么情况下,总要站在实干的同志一边,要理解他们、支持他们、保护他们、提拔他们……

The clear and resolute attitude bolstered Wang Jinhua, motivated grassroots officials throughout the county, and also provided Wu Kequan with personal inspiration: As a leader, under any circumstances, they must always stand by those who are dedicated to their work, understanding, supporting, protecting, and promoting them.

于是昆山把城北作为ー个典型报到苏州市委,市委书记高德正到城北调查之后,又把城北作为苏州市的典型加以推广……

As a result, Kunshan presented the northern part of the county as a model to the Suzhou Municipal Party Committee. After the Suzhou Municipal Party Secretary Gao Dezheng visited the northern part of the city for an investigation, the city also promoted it as a model for Suzhou.

今年春,吴克铃在谈到这件事时,仍然记忆犹新。高德正说,借债问题,其实是从小农经济向社会主义集体化生产转变的ー个观念问题。中国农民祖祖辈辈梦想的只是ー头老牛一方田,自给自足,一旦负债,就要卖儿卖女,每到年关,就提心吊胆。共和国成立后,互助组合作化,后来“共产风”走极端,翻来覆去,总没把社会主义这个题目说清楚,也没有从西方的发展中吸取有益成分,所以ー听说借债,就怕得不得了,几十万、几百万哪!哪年哪月还得清? 一个包袱压得直不起腰抬不起头。其实,不在于借不借债,也不在于借多借少,关键是项目有没有吃准,吃准了, 再多再大的债也应该借!

This spring, Wu Kequan still vividly remembers the incident when talking about it. Gao Dezheng said that the issue of borrowing is actually a conceptual problem in the transition from a small-scale peasant economy to socialist collective production. For generations, Chinese farmers have dreamed of having just an ox and a piece of land, being self-sufficient. Once in debt, they would have to sell their children, and they would be anxious every year-end. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, mutual aid groups were formed, and then extreme "communist winds" blew. Through it all, the issue of socialism was never clarified, and useful elements from Western development were not absorbed. Therefore, when people heard about borrowing, they became extremely fearful. How could they ever repay hundreds of thousands or millions of debt? It would weigh heavily on them, preventing them from standing tall and raising their heads. In fact, the issue is not about whether to borrow or not, nor is it about the amount of borrowing. The key is whether the projects are accurately assessed. If they are, then even large debts should be borrowed!

高德正又说到,小农经济思想是改革的一大阻カ,昆山也是农业县,现在要改革开放,从某种意义上来说,就是要跳出昆山这个小圈子、小天地,不跳出这个小圈子、小天地,就永远是小生产、小经济、小家子气,也永远不可能把昆山这个小地方建设好。

Gao Dezheng also mentioned that the small-scale peasant economy mindset is a significant obstacle to reform. As an agricultural county, Kunshan needs to break free from this narrow perspective as it undergoes reform and opening up. Without transcending this limited mindset, Kunshan will always be characterized by small-scale production, a modest economy, and narrow-mindedness, making it impossible to fully develop and prosper.

高德正还说到和吴克铃说过的大同小异的ー些观点:改革也是政治,改革需要思想,改革不可能只是单纯的经济;没有思想,不懂政治的人,不可能搞好改革,不可能搞好经济,相反还会影响经济的发展,阻碍改革的前进。

Gao Dezheng also mentioned some similar views to those expressed by Wu Kequan: Reform is political, it requires thought, and it cannot be purely economic. Without ideas and understanding of politics, one cannot carry out successful reforms or manage the economy well. On the contrary, it would hinder economic development and obstruct reform progress.

用小农经济的思想来参加改革、建设社会主义,恐怕这オ是中国最大的悲哀, 也是最大的误区。

Participating in reform and building socialism with a small-scale peasant economy mindset is perhaps China's greatest tragedy and the biggest misconception.

为什么ー些人把社会主义称作，，乌托邦，，？

Why do some people refer to socialism as a "utopia"?

因为中国选择了社会主义而社会主义给中国的好处来得太慢也太少。

It's because China chose socialism, and the benefits it brought to China have been slow and scarce.

要告别乌托邦赶走乌托邦这个令人丧气的乌鸦,那就必须告别小生产的观念, 首先把封建封闭和保守愚昧这个恶魔赶走!

To move away from the utopian ideal and eliminate the discouraging aspect of utopia, we must first abandon the concept of small-scale production, and drive away the demons of feudalism, closed-mindedness, and conservative ignorance!

好在从中央到地方（比如昆山）已经有越来越多的人想到了这一点,并且正在用顽强的毅カ和坚忍不拔的意志朝着既定的方向跋涉攀缘。

Fortunately, the increasing awareness, from both central and local governments (such as Kunshan), is encouraging, and with persistence and resilience, they are moving forward in the right direction.

吴克铃的思路或者说昆山之路,正是与这个基本点吻合,否则,他就不会花那
么大的精力和财カ办教育,也不会不惜一切引进人才、培养人才,更不会在风雨浪头上挺身而出,关怀和保护每ー个为社会主义增添光色的人才。

Wu Kequan's approach, or the "Kunshan Path," aligns with this fundamental point. Otherwise, he would not have invested so much energy and resources in education, nor would he have spared no effort to introduce and cultivate talent. Moreover, he would not have stood up in the face of adversity to care for and protect every individual who contributes to the vibrancy of socialism.

第四章拥有了千万个笑容

Chapter 4 A Million Smiles

十六、第一个吃螃蟹的人

16 The First One to Taste the Crab

岁月是ー张网,人总是在ー张网的世界里生活。大网如天,恢宏无比,你要冲破这张网犹如揪住自己的头发离开地球ー样地不可能,而且网眼到处都是,漏洞随时可见,于是乎青春和爱情包括机会和机遇,都在默默地不知不觉中漏掉了、失落了……

Time is like a net, and people always live in a world woven by this net. Time is like a net, and people always live in a world woven by this net. The vast net is as expansive as the sky, and breaking through it is as impossible as lifting oneself off the earth by pulling one's hair. The net's openings are everywhere, with flaws visible at any time. As a result, youth, love, opportunities, and chances slip away unnoticed and are lost...

1984年秋,一位患过小儿麻痹症的中年人在昆山城区东侧的泥路上踽踽行走。他永远随身携带着他的公文包,也总有一副近视眼镜伴随着他。他站定,用ー条健康的腿支撑着他的身体,又用ー只结实的手在半空中虚画了一个圆圈,嘴里不由得念念有词

In the autumn of 1984, a middle-aged man who had suffered from polio walked alone on a muddy road in the eastern Kunshan. He always carried his briefcase with him and was always accompanied by a pair of nearsighted glasses. He stood still, supporting his body with one healthy leg, and with a strong hand, he drew an imaginary circle in the air while murmuring to himself.

他是日本苏旺你有限公司的老板三好先生。

He was Mr. Miyoshi, the owner of the Japanese Suwang Co., Ltd.

他怎么到昆山来的?

How did he end up in Kunshan?

这又是ー个偶然而又必然的结果。

This was a result of both chance and inevitability.

那天,吴克铃接到ー个电话,是计委汤帆打来的,汤帆说他和银行何副行长到苏州去,偶然听说苏州中国银行的人说昆山有手套厂,日本人搞合资联合生产手套,怎么到XX县而不到昆山?这个信息立刻使吴克铃想到了经济开发区的未来, 第二天,他就跑苏州,到轻エ局,然后到计委找主任陈辉。陈辉也是第一次和外国人谈项目,就说,昆山和XX竞争,谁条件好就给谁。

One day, Wu Kequan received a phone call from Tang Fan of the Planning Commission. Tang Fan said that he and Vice President He from the bank went to Suzhou, and they accidentally heard from the Bank of China in Suzhou that there was a glove factory in Kunshan. A Japanese company was involved in a joint venture for glove production, but why did they go to XX County instead of Kunshan? This information immediately made Wu Kequan think of the future of the Economic Development Zone. The next day, he went to Suzhou, visited the Light Industry Bureau, and then went to the Planning Commission to find Director Chen Hui. It was also the first time that Chen Hui had discussed a project with foreigners, and he said that Kunshan and XX County were competing, and the project would go to whoever had better conditions.

吴克铃的高明之处就在于,一旦看准了,就死抓住不放。

Wu Kequan's brilliance was that once he set his sights on something, he would hold on to it relentlessly.

他ー连跑了七趟苏州!

He made seven trips to Suzhou!

正式谈判开始了。副县长李锦舫、郑慧珍、夏梁鑫先后出场。谈得很艰苦,有一次,好动感情的三好先生竟然激动得哭了起来〇

The formal negotiations began. Vice county mayors Li Jinfang, Zheng Huijin, and Xia Liangxin took turns participating in the discussions. The negotiations were tough. At one point, the emotional Mr. Miyoshi was even moved to tears.

最后,吴克铃出面拍板,很快达成了协议,于是双方设宴庆祝,三好在和吴克铃碰杯时,突然激动得放声大哭!

In the end, Wu Kequan stepped in and quickly reached an agreement. The two parties held a celebratory banquet, and Mr. Miyoshi burst into tears again when he toasted with Wu Kequan.

吴克铃是个绝对经济型人才,但他又绝对不是个纯经济学家。在中国,除了搞专门研究的理论家和学者教授外,你要做个“纯粹”的经济领导或企业家是根本不可能的。政治是经济的集中表现,经济是政治的物质基础。搞经济不可能完全脱离政治,没有思想没有政治头脑是不可能搞好经济的。改革开放,是政治还是经济?既有政治也有经济。如果ー个人的目光仅仅囿于ー个厂ー个县的小范围,那归根结底也只能是小生产小农经济,又怎么可能和社会主义大生产大经济搭得上边?所以吴克铃着眼在经济,而又清楚大政策的导向;着眼在昆山,又把握着大经济的趋势。也正因此,他能够抓住契机,办成了这个合资企业。

Wu Kequan was an exceptional economic talent, but he was not a pure economist. In China, apart from specialized theorists and scholars, it is virtually impossible to be a "pure" economic leader or entrepreneur. Politics is the concentrated expression of economics, and economics is the material basis of politics. Economics cannot be completely separated from politics, and it is impossible to manage the economy well without ideas and political acumen. Is reform and opening up primarily political or economic? In fact, it encompasses aspects of both politics and economics. If one's vision is limited to the small scope of a single factory or county, then ultimately, it can only be small-scale production and a peasant economy. How can that possibly be compatible with the large-scale production and economy of socialism? Therefore, Wu Kequan focused on economics while clearly understanding the direction of major policies; he concentrated on Kunshan while keeping an eye on the broader economic trends. It was precisely for this reason that he was able to seize the opportunity and establish this joint venture.

是的,三好接触过不少中方官员和企业界人士,但他很难遇到像吴克铃这样的人一既懂经济,人又厚道;既不会让你无代价地占便宜,又要让你得到好处……

Indeed, Mr. Miyoshi had encountered many Chinese officials and business people, but it was difficult for him to find someone like Wu Kequan – someone who understood economics and was also a person of integrity; someone who would not let you take advantage without giving something in return but would still ensure you benefited from the cooperation.

跟这样的官员打交道,他有一种安全感。

Dealing with such an official, Mr. Miyoshi felt a sense of security.

他说:“吴先生,我很高兴能结识你……”

He said, "Mr. Wu, I am delighted to have met you...”

吴克铃说:“祝我们合作愉快,让我们双方都能赚大钱!”

Wu Kequan replied, "I wish us a pleasant cooperation and may both sides make a lot of money!”

1985年3月,苏州市也是江苏省县级第一家中外合资企业“中国苏旺你有限公司”正式开エ投产了。

In March 1985, Suzhou's and Jiangsu Province's first county-level Sino-foreign joint venture, "China Suwangyou Co., Ltd.," officially began production.

现在,我们似乎可以对“昆山之路”或吴克铃的思路做一个简单明确的表述

Now, we can seemingly provide a clear and concise description of the "Kunshan Path" or Wu Kequan's approach:

东依上海,西托“三线”。内联乡村,面向全国,走向世界。

Relying on Shanghai to the east and the "Third Tier" to the west. Connecting rural areas internally, facing the whole country, and moving towards the world.

因为在实践中逐步形成了这样ー个比较完整的思路,所以吴克铃“敢为天下先”。“先”不是出格,“先”是在总体上把握住国情国策和改革开放的大势,因而 “先”得不俗、“先”得不凡、“先”得有板有眼、“先”得有声有色。也正因为此,别人不敢想的他想了,别人不敢做的他做了,等到别人也想到也做到的时候,他又把文章做活了、做深了、做得更加丰富多彩得心应手了……

As Wu Kequan's relatively complete approach gradually took shape through practice, he earned praise for being a bold pioneer. "Being the first" is not about being unconventional; it's about having a comprehensive grasp of national conditions, policies, and the overall trend of reform and opening up. As a result, Wu Kequan's pioneering efforts were remarkable, outstanding, well-structured, and vibrant. Indeed, it was due to this that he dared to envision what others didn't dare to envision, and he dared to undertake what others didn't dare to undertake. By the time others caught up, daring to envision and undertake the same, he had already infused life into his career, diving deeper and making it more vibrant and fulfilling, thus mastering it effortlessly...

紧接着,吴克铃又率先搞了土地有偿出让和企业兼并……

Following this, Wu Kequan also took the lead in implementing compensated land transfers and corporate mergers.

至1990年初,全市已有40多家企业被外地大企业或本地优势企业兼并,效益普遍看好。

By early 1990, more than 40 enterprises in the city had been merged by large enterprises from other regions or by local dominant enterprises, with generally promising results.

跟着感觉走

Follow your intuition,

紧抓住梦的手

Hold on tightly to the hand of your dreams,

脚步越来越轻越来越快活

Your steps become lighter and more lively,

尽情挥洒自己的笑容

Freely spread your own smiles everywhere.

当ー个人的思路、ー个人的オ干趋于成熟的时候,犹如一个成熟而又具有自己个性的作家,做起文章来就不会打疙瘩,就会“尽情挥洒自己的笑容”,就会敢于出奇兵,用大笔横书,做无人敢做的文章。土地转让,企业兼并,就如开头的横向联合、自费经济开发区ー样,无不出人意料,细想却又在情理之中……

When a person's ideas and approach become mature, like a seasoned writer with their own unique style, they can write without hesitation, freely spread their smiles, and dare to employ surprise tactics and bold strokes, creating works that no one else dares to do. Land transfer and enterprise mergers, just like the initial horizontal collaboration and self-financed economic development zones, are all unexpected, yet upon closer thought, they make perfect sense.

十七、“昆山之路”

17 "The Kunshan Path”

写到这里,我们可以对“昆山之路”做ー个数字上的表述了。

At this point, we can provide a numerical description of the "Kunshan Path.”

1978年,昆山的工业产值只有2.2亿元。

In 1978, Kunshan's industrial output value was only 220 million yuan.

1983年,增加到5.7亿元,5年翻了一番多。

By 1983, it had increased to 570 million yuan, more than doubling in five years.

1984年,吴克铃担任县长,从此昆山的经济发展纳入了他的思路之中。

In 1984, Wu Kequan became the county mayor, and from then on, Kunshan's economic development was incorporated into his vision.

1989年,エ业产值4〇. 34亿元,比1983年增长6倍;外贸收购额4. 092亿元, 比1983年增长近20倍;财政收入1.23亿元,比!983年增长!21% ;人均生产总值 3256 元,增长 290%。

In 1989, the industrial output value reached 4.034 billion yuan, a six-fold increase from 1983; foreign trade procurement reached 4.092 billion yuan, an increase of nearly 20 times compared to 1983; fiscal revenue reached 123 million yuan, a 121% increase from 1983; and per capita GDP reached 3,256 yuan, a 290% increase.

全市工业固定资产总额1〇个亿,1。亿富翁,是1978年的!3倍。

The total fixed assets of the Kunshan's industries reached 10 billion yuan, making Kunshan a "billionaire" city, which is 13 times that of 1978.

还要特别提一下的是,6年粮食总产262万吨,比前6年总产增1.09%,成为全国交售粮食先进县（市）；多种经营产值7.37亿元,增长152.4%。1989年农民人均收入1233元,比1983年增长40〇. 6元。

It is worth mentioning that the total grain output in six years was 2.62 million tons, an increase of 1.09% compared to the previous six years, making Kunshan a national advanced county (county-level city) for grain sales; the output value of diversified operations reached 737 million yuan, an increase of 152.4%. In 1989, the per capita income of farmers was 1,233 yuan, an increase of 400.6 yuan compared to 1983.

经济的发展尤其是工业生产的发展,并没有以牺牲农业为代价,相反,昆山的农业在稳定中有了新的发展。

The economic development, especially the development of industrial production, did not come at the expense of agriculture. On the contrary, Kunshan's agriculture achieved new development in stability.

市财政局局长严文奎说,这是难能可贵的,是ー个十分了不起的贡献。

Yan Wenkui, the director of the Municipal Finance Bureau, said that this is very commendable and an extraordinary contribution.

这也恰恰是作为科学的“昆山之路”的又一个有力的佐证。

This is also another strong evidence of the scientific "Kunshan Path.”

六年,一台有声有色的戏!

In six years, a vivid and colorful play unfolded!

六年,ー场多姿多彩的梦!

In six years, a diverse and colorful dream was realized!

六年,走出了一条“昆山之路”,为建设具有中国特色的社会主义做出了一篇独立思考的好文章!

In six years, the "Kunshan Path" was forged, contributing a well-thought-out article to the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics!

六年,还是那山那水那些人,但昆山人自己都不认识自己了一ー无论是衣着、风度、言谈举止,也无论是思想观念、文明程度,都有了明显变化,跃上了一个更高的层次……

In six years, the same mountains, waters, and people remained, but the people of Kunshan hardly recognized themselves – their clothing, demeanor, conversation, and behavior, as well as their thoughts, concepts, and level of civilization, all underwent significant changes, leaping to a higher level...

这一切,都是和自费经济技术开发区紧紧地联系在ー起的。

All of these changes are closely linked to the self-funded economic and technological development zone.

商业局罗局长说得好:“不是开发区沾了昆山人的光,而是昆山人沾了开发区的光。”

Director Luo of the Commerce Bureau put it well: "It's not that the development zone has benefited from the people of Kunshan, but rather the people of Kunshan have benefited from the development zone.”

开发区是吴克铃的也是全昆山人民的骄傲。

The development zone is the pride of Wu Kequan and all the people of Kunshan.

开发区属于昆山也属于江苏省属于全中国,甚至还可以说她属于整个社会

It belongs not only to Kunshan and Jiangsu Province, but also to the whole of China, and even to the entire society.

大聪明者既非庸碌的俗物又不是出世的神仙。大聪明者总是实事求是的。中国有11亿人,中国“封建”了几千年,这是中国的最基本的国情。在这里,愤世嫉俗、杞人忧天都无济于事,关键还是要把经济搞上去。只有发展经济才能埋葬封建主义,也只有发展经济才能建成社会主义。吴克铃懂得这个国情,所以他的思路很实在,他的思路始终围绕着发展经济这个中心,而且实实在在地使昆山的经济前进了一大步。

Wise individuals are neither mediocre nor detached from the world. They are always pragmatic. China has a population of 1.1 billion and has experienced thousands of years of "feudalism." This is China's most basic national condition. In this context, cynicism and groundless worries are of no use; the key is to boost the economy. Only through economic development can feudalism be eradicated, and only through economic development can socialism be built. Wu Kequan understands this national condition, so his approach is very pragmatic. His thinking always revolves around the central task of economic development, and it has indeed helped Kunshan's economy take a big step forward.

有人对我说:“外面的文章你写了不少,不能为昆山宣传宣传吗?”

Someone once said to me, "You've written quite a few articles about other places. Can't you promote Kunshan as well?”

然而本地的文章不好写。“不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。”越是接触得多,越是难以把握。更难的是,文章有文章的规律,写人写事都得从文章的构思出发,而且写ー个人的ー些事不等于肯定他的一切,更不等于就否定或贬低他人…… 总之,文章就是文章,而有人却偏会把文章误解成为是组织的决定或是按官方的表彰名单论功行赏……

However, writing about Kunshan is not easy. As the saying goes, "One cannot see the true face of Mount Lu because one is in the mountain itself." The more you are exposed to something, the harder it is to grasp. What's more challenging is that there are certain rules and principles to writing. When writing about people or events, one must start from the conception of the article. Moreover, writing about a person's achievements does not mean approving of everything they've done, nor does it mean denying or belittling others. In short, an article is just an article, but some people tend to misinterpret it as an organizational decision or as recognition and rewards according to an official list.

正是从这一顾虑出发,加上其他ー些原因,我没有贸然动笔,而是把新华社和《人民日报》的记者请了来,让他们从“旁观者”的角度进行采访。这两个记者都是大手笔,看到我提供的资料后就一心要做篇大文章。果然,1988年7月,《人民日报》头版登出来了,是专写自费开发区的,还特别地配了一篇评论,题目就叫作《“昆山之路”三评》。

It is precisely because of this concern, coupled with other reasons, that I didn't rush to write. Instead, I invited reporters from Xinhua News Agency and People's Daily to conduct interviews from an "outsider's" perspective. Both of these reporters were skilled writers, and after seeing the materials I provided, they were determined to write a significant piece. As expected, in July 1988, People's Daily published a front-page article specifically about the self-funded development zone, along with a special commentary titled "Three Comments on the Kunshan Path.”

昆山立刻名声大噪。

Kunshan immediately gained widespread attention.

1988年冬天,国务院经济技术开发区在天津召开理论讨论会,一年以后,又在烟台召开同一专题的政策研究会,有资格参加会议的当然只是国务院批准的14个开发区,但昆山作为唯一的ー个“特邀代表”,两次都出席了会议。

In the winter of 1988, the State Council's Economic and Technological Development Zones held a theoretical discussion in Tianjin. A year later, a policy research meeting on the same topic was held in Yantai. Naturally, only the 14 development zones approved by the State Council were eligible to attend the meetings. However, Kunshan, as the only "specially invited representative," attended both meetings.

吴克铃走不开,他让办公室的顾厚德去参加,他自己则有个书面发言。

Wu Kequan could not attend the meetings himself, so he sent Gu Houde from his office to participate, while he prepared a written speech.

让我们看看下ー个意味深长的比较一

Let's take a look at the following meaningful comparison:

全国14个开发区,第一期工程40平方公里,已花41亿元,每平方公里1亿多;昆山第一期开发3.75平方公里,到去年年底,花了 4700万元,基础设施已达到七通一平（通路、电、水、讯、排水、煤气、蒸气,道路平整）,每平方公里1200万元,相当于国批开发区的12%。

Among the 14 national development zones, the first phase of the project covers 40 square kilometers and has cost 4.1 billion yuan, which is more than 100 million yuan per square kilometer. In contrast, the first phase of Kunshan's development covers 3.75 square kilometers, and by the end of last year, it had spent 47 million yuan. The infrastructure has reached the level of "seven connections and one leveling" (roads, electricity, water, communication, drainage, gas, and steam, with leveled roads), costing 12 million yuan per square kilometer, which is equivalent to 12% of the cost for the nationally approved development zones.

见效之快也令人瞩目。昆山开发区已有30个企业,其中有外商投资的11家, 国内联营的16家,1985年到1989年,完成工业产值!5. 39亿元,出口创汇4079万美元,累计利润4541万元,上缴税金5383万元,税利合计1.1亿元!其中,1989年产值5亿多,超过1983年全县エ业产值的总和。倘再把全国14个国批开发区的产值排列个名次,那么,昆山这个不在编的自费开发区名列第三,仅次于广州和上海! 1989年,江苏两个国批开发区上缴国家税金,ー个是200万元,ー个是300万元,而昆山这个自费开发区却上缴了 800万元!

The quick effectiveness of Kunshan's approach is also eye-catching. Kunshan Development Zone has 30 enterprises, including 11 with foreign investment and 16 with domestic joint ventures. From 1985 to 1989, the zone completed an industrial output value of 1.539 billion yuan, exported goods worth 40.79 million US dollars, accumulated profits of 45.41 million yuan, and paid taxes of 53.83 million yuan, with a total tax and profit of 110 million yuan! In 1989 alone, the output value exceeded 500 million yuan, surpassing the total industrial output value of the entire county in 1983. If we were to rank the industrial output values of the 14 nationally approved development zones, Kunshan, an unofficial self-funded development zone, would rank third, only behind Guangzhou and Shanghai! In 1989, the two nationally approved development zones in Jiangsu province contributed tax payments to the state, one with 2 million yuan and the other with 3 million yuan, while Kunshan's self-funded development zone contributed 8 million yuan!

“昆山之路”在会议期间引起了极大的震动,1988年那一次,11期会议简报5 期提到并热烈称赞昆山的路子:“他们的经验主要是自力更生,量カ而行,勤俭开发,先主后辅,先生产后生活,先向外后向内……”

During the conference, the "Kunshan Path" caused a great sensation. In the 1988 conference, the 11th issue of the conference newsletter mentioned and enthusiastically praised Kunshan's approach in five issues: "Their experience is mainly self-reliance, acting according to their capabilities, developing diligently and thriftily, prioritizing production over supporting functions, prioritizing external development over internal development, and so on...”

南开大学国际经济研究所陈荫方教授说:“国家没有投资,也没有给一条优惠政策,昆山能够取得这么好的成绩,的确令人振奋……”

Professor Chen Yinfang from the International Economics Research Institute of Nankai University said: "The country did not invest nor provided any preferential policies, but Kunshan has achieved such good results, which is indeed inspiring...”

还有一些专家和教授则从纯理论的海洋中跳出来大声疾呼:，，必须重视，昆山之路’,让我们的开发区尽快走出误区!”

Some experts and professors also jumped out of the purely theoretical ocean and loudly called for attention to the "Kunshan Path" and urged the development zones to get out of the misunderstanding as soon as possible.

需要走出误区的也许不仅仅是ー个经济技术开发区,“昆山之路”不正是对强国之路的ー个重要启迪吗?！

Perhaps it is not only the economic and technological development zones that need to get out of the misunderstanding. Isn't the "Kunshan Path" an important enlightenment for the path to a strong country?

十八、给我ー点空闲

18 Give Me a Moment of Respite

ー辆普通的深蓝色皇冠轿车平稳地朝上海开去,平稳中又隐含着些许焦虑。驾驶员十分清楚,这趟车早该开了,可是一直拖着,ー拖就是3年,6年一啊,不, 是9年

A deep blue, ordinary Crown sedan glided smoothly towards Shanghai, with a hint of anxiety hidden within its steady progress. The driver knew very well that this journey should have begun much earlier, but it had been delayed – first for three years, then six, and ultimately, nine years.

3年副县长、6年县长,ー共9年。

Three years as a deputy county mayor, six years as a county mayor, totaling nine years.

现在他是市长。

Now, he is the mayor.

1989年9月28日,昆山撤县建市。作为昆山历史上的第一任市长,他在100 面彩旗、1〇万盆鲜花和50多万张笑脸的簇拥中显得异常地平静。他感到幸福,为昆山;他觉得慰藉,为自己。他深深感谢改革开放的政策,感谢全市人民的艰苦奋斗,感谢各个部门和单位的理解和支持,感谢上海的、北京的、南京的、苏州的、三线的、国内国外的领导和朋友们的关心帮助和友好合作……

On September 28, 1989, Kunshan was transformed from a county to a county-level city. As the first Mayor of a county-level city in Kunshan's history, he appeared exceptionally calm amidst the embrace of 100 colorful flags, 100,000 pots of fresh flowers, and over 500,000 smiling faces. He felt happiness for Kunshan and solace for himself. He deeply appreciated the reform and opening-up policy, the arduous efforts of the entire city's people, the understanding and support from various departments and units, as well as the care, assistance, and friendly cooperation from leaders and friends in Shanghai, Beijing, Nanjing, Suzhou, third-tier cities, and both domestic and international circles.

我终于让千百个企业纳入了我的思路。

Finally, he had managed to incorporate thousands of enterprises into his vision.

我终于拥有了千千万万个真诚热烈的笑容。

Ultimately, he had gained countless sincere and enthusiastic smiles.

啊！往事如梦如烟,往事苦乐酸甜,往事又有太多的失落和遗憾,人道是世事总难全！

Ah! The past is like a dream, filled with bitterness, joy, sourness, and sweetness. There are also too many losses and regrets in the past – it is said that perfection is hard to achieve in life!

给我ー点空闲,让我想一想遗憾。

Give me a moment of respite, let me think about the regrets.

经济技术开发区,至今还在另册,在国批14个开发区之外。

The economic and technological development zone is still listed separately, outside of the 14 national development zones.

1989年、1990年费孝通先生两次考察昆山的经济发展,他说,昆山的开发区要 “正名”，“已经成功了,要给予承认,承认昆山开发区应该享有的权利……”

In 1989 and 1990, Mr. Fei Xiaotong inspected Kunshan's economic development twice. He said that the development zone in Kunshan should be "recognized" and "since it has already succeeded, it should be acknowledged and granted the rights it deserves...”

1988年1月13日,江苏省委、省政府向党中央、国务院报送了《关于加快发展
外向型经济若干政策问题的请示报告》（苏政发〔!988〕1号文件）,要求批准昆山经济技术开发区享受沿海开放城市经济技术开发区的同等待遇。

On January 13, 1988, the Jiangsu Provincial Committee and Provincial Government submitted the "Report on Issues Related to Accelerating the Development of an Export-Oriented Economy" (Document No. 1 [1988] of the Jiangsu Government) to the Central Committee and the State Council, requesting that the Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone be granted equal treatment as the open coastal city economic and technological development zones.

1990年2月7日,江苏省政府再次向国务院报送了《关于要求批准昆山经济技术开发区的请示》（苏政发〔1990〕16号文件）……

On February 7, 1990, the Jiangsu Provincial Government submitted another request to the State Council, "Regarding the Request for Approval of the Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone" (Document No. 16 [1990] of the Jiangsu Government)...

什么时候昆山的开发区才能编入“正册”呢?

When will the development zone in Kunshan finally be included in the "official list"?

他多么希望这一天能够尽快地到来。（天遂人愿。就在这篇稿子准备发出的 6月20日前后,省长陈焕友、副省长高德正,率领全省11个市的市长和省政府各个职能部门的主要领导,参观和视察了开发区,听取了昆山市委书记吴克铃和市长周振华、副市长王金华的汇报,并且正式宣布:省委、省政府决定,把昆山列为江苏省重点经济技术开发区,加快改革开放的步伐……）

He longs for the day to come as soon as possible. As fate would have it, around June 20th, when this article was being prepared for publication, Governor Chen Huanyou and Deputy Governor Gao Dezhen led mayors from 11 cities across the province and key leaders from various functional departments of the provincial government to visit and inspect the development zone. They listened to the reports from Kunshan Party Secretary Wu Kequan, Mayor Zhou Zhenhua, and Deputy Mayor Wang Jinhua, and officially announced: the Provincial Committee and Provincial Government have decided to list Kunshan as a key economic and technological development zone in Jiangsu Province, accelerating the pace of reform and opening up...

吴克铃露出了从未有过的欣慰笑容。

Wu Kequan revealed a satisfied smile he had never shown before.

昆山的经济技术开发区得到了省委、省政府和党中央、国务院有关领导的高度评价,吴克铃的思路在更加广泛更加深入的意义上得到了延伸和发展,他的梦他的追求带上了更加绚丽多姿也更加辉煌的色彩……

The Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone received high praise from the Provincial Committee, Provincial Government, and relevant leaders from the Central Committee and State Council. Wu Kequan's vision was extended and developed in a broader and deeper sense, and his dreams and pursuits took on even more splendid and glorious colors...

倘说梦,还有很多很多遗憾,还有很多很多没有成为现实一

If we talk about dreams, there are still many regrets and many things that have not yet become reality.

外向型经济,1985年的政府工作报告,就放到了第一条的重要位置,但是想到了而没有做好,至今创汇还很少……

Export-oriented economy: In the 1985 government work report, it was placed in the first and most important position. However, the implementation has not been well-executed, and foreign exchange earnings remain minimal to this day...

企业集团,像点样子的只有一个。还有几家可以做到的,但还没有重视还没有成型

Corporate groups: There is only one that is truly impressive. There are a few more that have the potential but have not yet been given enough attention or taken shape.

还有,昆山虽可,也并非尽如人意,以权谋私、送礼行贿、滥吃滥喝、贪污腐败……那些人那些事那些丑恶的现象,还没有彻底查处,也不可能很快就从根本上加以杜绝

Furthermore, although Kunshan has made progress, not everything is perfect. Abuse of power for personal gain, gift-giving and bribery, excessive eating and drinking, corruption... Those people, those events, and those ugly phenomena have not been thoroughly investigated and dealt with, nor can they be eradicated at their roots anytime soon.

别忘了,还有他自己。人非完人,他也是留下了很多遗憾的。为了工作,他顶撞过也得罪过一些人,有时说话让人接受不了,叫人不愉快;在ー些问题上,他会使人觉得固执

Let's not forget about himself as well. No one is perfect, and he too has left behind many regrets. For the sake of work, he has clashed with and offended some people. Sometimes his words were hard for others to accept, causing displeasure. On certain issues, he could come across as stubborn.

啊,过去了,全过去了,“ー阵风,吹落了恩恩怨怨”,无论谁对谁错,都不必要记着什么,计较什么了……

Ah, it's all in the past now. "A gust of wind has blown away all the grievances." Regardless of who was right or wrong, there is no need to dwell on or dispute anything...

人的政治生命是短暂的,只有事业永存。

A person's political life is short, but their career lasts forever.

腰又生疼,他艰难地挪动了一下,可惜没带三合板。他外出开会,总要带三合板。南京的昆山办事处,就有一块木板。他去省里开会,就得把那块显然是削窄了ー些的木板拿到住处去。席梦思他没福享受,腰身下垫块木板才能睡。沙发也不行,坐硬靠背椅反而好一点。烟也不抽,酒也不沾,回到家里,除了面最好是ー碗白粥

His waist ached again, and he struggled to shift his position. Unfortunately, he did not bring his folding board. Whenever he went out for meetings, he always brought his folding board with him. In the Kunshan office in Nanjing, there is a wooden board. When he goes to the provincial capital for meetings, he has to bring that slightly narrowed wooden board to his lodging. He cannot enjoy the comfort of a mattress, and needs to sleep with a wooden board under his waist. Sofas don't work either; sitting on a hard-backed chair is actually better for him. He doesn't smoke or drink, and when he returns home, he prefers a simple bowl of rice porridge to anything else.

吴克铃,你到底图什么?

Wu Kequan, what exactly are you after?

他不答。他默默地但是执着地追求,为社会主义添砖加瓦,为人生旅途充实内容。他想他做到了这一点,所以回首往事,他觉得有一种问心无愧的慰藉。

He does not answer. He silently but persistently pursues his goals, contributing to socialism and enriching the content of his life's journey. He believes he has achieved this, so when he looks back on the past, he feels a sense of comfort without any regrets.

于是他想到了家,想到了自己的病,他提出了退下来的请求。省委、市委原意都是让他接任即将空缺的昆山市委书记,而他则建议由年轻的同志“组阁”。终于得到了理解,于是他带着这个小小的秘密对妻子张德森说:“我可以松一ロ气了,我要到上海去检查身体了。”

So he thinks about his family and his own illness, and he proposes stepping down. The Provincial and Municipal Committees initially intended for him to take up the soon-to-be vacant position of Kunshan Party Secretary, but he suggested that a younger comrade should "form the cabinet" instead. Finally, he was understood, and with this small secret, he told his wife Zhang Desen, "I can finally relax a bit, I'm going to Shanghai for a medical check-up.”

张德森快人快语,这时却很少说话。对于昆山所取得的成绩,她由衷地高兴, 这里总有她丈夫的ー份心血啊!然而平心而论,她又觉得跟他结婚真是吃了一辈子的苦:结婚时半间草屋六块钱（ー块钱结婚证、五块钱喜糖）,她生两个孩子时都没吃到过ー只整鸡。丈夫当县长后她就更苦了,一次结肠发炎,没人照应,只好自己拎了痰盂到玉山医院去。挂盐水没人陪,同病房的妇女说:“县长家属看病连我们农民都不如呀!”她是20世纪50年代的大专生,当时就是培养对象,因为跟了他从广州到武汉到北京到甘肃河西走廊……多年漂泊天涯,人到中年オ稍有安定之所,偏偏他又当了县长,ー头扎进他的“思路”之中。如今,她虽然拿到了财务工作 30年的荣誉证书,但除此之外一无所有,只有太多的遗憾……

Usually quick-witted and talkative, Zhang Desen speaks very little this time. She is genuinely happy for the achievements Kunshan has made, as her husband has put in so much effort here. However, to be fair, she feels that marrying him has brought her a lifetime of hardships: when they got married, they had a half-room grass hut and six yuan (one yuan for the marriage certificate, five yuan for wedding candies). She didn't even get to eat a whole chicken when she gave birth to their two children. Her life became even harder after her husband became the county mayor. Once, she had an inflamed intestine and there was no one to take care of her. She had no choice but to carry her own spittoon and go to the Yushan Hospital. There was no one to accompany her while receiving an IV drip, and a woman in the same ward said, "Even we farmers are treated better than the county mayor's family when we are hospitalized!" She was a college student in the 1950s and was considered a talent to be nurtured at the time. She followed him from Guangzhou to Wuhan, Beijing, and the Hexi Corridor in Gansu... After many years of wandering, she finally had a somewhat stable life in her middle age, but he became the county mayor and immersed himself in his "vision.” Now, although she has received an honorary certificate for her 30 years of work in finance, she has nothing else, only too many regrets...

有时候,两个人ー起说心里话,她就忍不住要发牢骚,要说说心中的委屈:“老吴啊,你对得起党,对得起人民,但是你对不起我,对不起儿女,也对不起你自己……”

Sometimes, when the two of them had heart-to-heart conversations, she couldn't help but complain and express her grievances: "Old Wu, you have been loyal to the Party and the people, but you have not been fair to me, to our children, and even to yourself...”

他理解妻子的话,体谅她的苦衷,他低头无语,惭愧难言。

He understood his wife's words and empathized with her difficulties. He lowered his head in silence, feeling ashamed and at a loss for words.

现在好了,他退下来了,他就想要补回对妻子儿女包括对他自己欠下的情分一先看病,然后尽一点做丈夫做父亲的义务。因为天伦之乐对于ー个党员干部来说同样是不可或缺,缺了就该补上的啊!

Now that he had stepped down, he wanted to make up for the emotional debts he owed to his wife, children, and even himself. First, he would seek medical treatment, and then fulfill his duties as a husband and father. After all, family happiness is indispensable for a Party member and an official, and it should be made up for if lacking!

于是他到上海去检查身体。

So he went to Shanghai for a health check-up.

结果使全家人都感到震惊:腰椎炎,肩椎炎,心脏病,萎缩性胃炎,早期肝硬化!

The results shocked the entire family: lumbar spondylitis, shoulder spondylitis, heart disease, atrophic gastritis, and early-stage liver cirrhosis!

更加使他震惊的还在后面:从上海回来后没几天,上级派人找他谈话,要他接任市委书记,过渡一下,然后再说……

What shocked him even more was what followed: just a few days after returning from Shanghai, his superiors sent someone to talk to him, asking him to take the position of Municipal Party Secretary, as a transitional arrangement, and then they would see...

没能退,反而进了一步。

He couldn't step down; instead, he moved up a step.

那么,他的家他的身体呢?他什么时候才能对得起妻子儿女,也对得起他自己呢?

So, what about his family and his health? When could he finally be fair to his wife, children, and himself?

结尾（之一）

Ending (Part One)

南方的冬比北方的冬还要冷。

The winter in the south is even colder than that in the north.

摊开稿纸手就发抖,心也发抖,笔尖就在纸上打滑。

As soon as I unfolded the paper, my hands began to tremble, and so did my heart, causing the pen to skid across the page.

找到第一招待所,想借个有暖气的房间,偏偏客满了。小吴所长只好把办公室旁边尘封的仓库打开。这里依然像ー个冰屋。好不容易挤出了一个有太阳的房间,于是我喜不自禁一气呵成。晚上,在家里誉抄。半天一夜,近7000字的稿子第二天就送走了。

I tried to find a room with heating at the first guesthouse, but it was fully booked.  Left with no choice, Director Wu opened the dusty storeroom next to his office. The place still felt like an icehouse. Finally, we managed to squeeze into a sunlit room, and I was overjoyed to finish everything in one go. In the evening, I continued my work at home. After half a day and a night, I completed nearly 7,000 words, and the manuscript was sent out the next day.

不到ー个月,《人民日报》打样拼上了版面。

Within a month, it was featured in People's Daily.

想了一下,还是和他打个招呼,就写了个字条告诉他这件事。

I thought about it and decided to give him a heads-up, so I wrote a note informing him about the matter.

电话打来:“我是吴克铃。《人民日报》的稿子不要发。”

The phone rang: "This is Wu Kequan. Don't send the manuscript to People's Daily.”

我不能理解,我想说服他。

I couldn't understand and wanted to persuade him.

不行。说了一个多小时,最后当场拿起电话要北京的记者。记者有些不悦。《人民日报》上篇报告文学并不是那么容易的。但……

No luck. After talking for more than an hour, I finally picked up the phone to call a journalist in Beijing. The journalist was somewhat displeased. It wasn't easy to get a piece of reportage literature published in People's Daily. However...

我让他和记者直接通话。

I let him speak directly with the journalist.

最后,稿子还是撤了下来。

In the end, the manuscript was withdrawn.

结尾（之ニ）

Ending (Part Two)

以前昆山人外出,总觉得低人一等,哪方面都硬不起来,只好缩在角落里。

In the past, when people from Kunshan went out, they always felt inferior, unable to hold their heads high, and had no choice but to hide in a corner.

现在不同了。讲经济有开发区,有横向联合;讲文化有“大世界”,在全国也有有影响力的代表人物……昆山人终于也有了自己的神气,也有了自己的骄傲。“朋友,请到昆山看ー看——不是说建设有中国特色的社会主义吗?昆山可以给你启发。”

Now, things are different. Talking about the economy, there are development zones and horizontal collaboration; in terms of culture, there's the "Big World" and influential figures nationwide. Finally, people from Kunshan have their own confidence and pride. "Friends, please come to Kunshan for a visit – isn't it about building socialism with Chinese characteristics? Kunshan can inspire you.”

什么时候,中国人在外国也能这样实在、这样神气就好了。

It would be great if Chinese people could be this genuine and confident abroad as well.

这就是我的“中国梦”。

This is my "Chinese Dream.”

结尾（之三）

Ending (Part Three)

回到本文开头。

Back to the beginning of this text:

东欧局势的变化,显然是一次撼动全球、震惊数十亿人心灵的历史大事件。社
会主义从一国实践到多国实践,又从一国失败到多国失败,悲壮还是悲哀?伟大还是可怜?是滑铁卢还是奥斯特里茨?凄凄切切的挽歌还是振奋人心的进行曲?是 “始兴终亡”的验证还是优胜劣汰的规律?

The changes in the situation in Eastern Europe are undoubtedly a major historical event that has shaken the world and stunned billions of people. Socialism has gone from practice in one country to many, and from failure in one country to failure in many. Is it tragic or sorrowful? Great or pitiful? A Waterloo or Austerlitz? A mournful elegy or an uplifting march? Is it a verification of "rising and falling" or a law of the survival of the fittest?

马翁如何回答?列宁做何感想?毛泽东还会用他那如椽大笔再次挥洒雄文, 在宇宙的天幕中亮出一句“只有社会主义才能救中国”吗?我问三位市（县）长。

How would Marx respond? What would Lenin think? Would Mao Zedong, with his bold brush, once again write the powerful statement "Only socialism can save China" across the universe? I asked the three mayors (county mayors).

吴克铃之前的县长孙福贵为官一任,两袖清风。吴当县长后他做人大常委会主任,不久前因年事已高全退了,在宣布这件事的时候,全国劳模竟动了感情,差点哭出来……

Before Wu Kequan, the former county mayor Sun Fugui served with integrity and an unblemished reputation. After Wu became the county mayor, Sun Fugui served as the director of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress. Not long ago, he fully retired due to old age. When this news was announced, the national model worker was so moved that he almost burst into tears.

但孙福贵还是退了。不会很久,吴克铃也要退。

However, Sun Fugui still retired. Before long, Wu Kequan will also retire.

他们走了,

They departed, heading into the depths of the resplendent sunset...

走向辉煌的タ阳深处……

They departed, heading into the depths of the resplendent sunset...

现在的市长是周振华。

The current mayor is Zhou Zhenhua.

我和三位市（县）长讨论:社会主义是不是乌托邦?

I discussed with three county-level city mayors whether socialism is a utopia or not.

他们的看法综合整理如下。

Their views are summarized as follows:

无论是中国选择了社会主义还是社会主义选择了中国,这都无关紧要,要紧的是,只有社会主义才能救中国。在中国,其他任何“主义”都不能代替社会主义,任何政党都不能代替共产党,因为其他任何“主义”、任何政党都不能把中国11亿人凝聚到ー起。

Whether China chooses socialism or socialism chooses China is not important. What matters is that only socialism can save China. In China, no other "ism" can replace socialism, and no political party can replace the Communist Party, because no other "ism" or any other political party can unite 1.1 billion people in China.

社会主义不比别的任何“主义”差,问题是社会主义的优越性没有充分发挥。 1985年,吴克铃到日本厚木市去,ー了解,30年前,厚木市还不如当时的昆山,但现在有17万人口,很发达。他就想,同样的基础搞发展,你搞资本主义,我搞社会主义,我肯定用不了 30年就可以超过你的水平。所以说,要是没有那些翻来覆去的折腾,中国的建设不会比西方慢。

Socialism is not inferior to any other "ism," but the problem is that its superiority has not been fully utilized. In 1985, Wu Kequan went to Atsugi City, Japan, to learn that 30 years ago, Atsugi City was not as developed as Kunshan at that time, but now it has a population of 170,000 and is beyond developed. He thought, with the same foundation for development, if you go for capitalism and I go for socialism, I will definitely surpass you in less than 30 years. Therefore, if there were no repeated turmoil, China's development would not be slower than the West's.

ー些年轻人只说外国好,中国一无是处,干部腐败,没ー个好人。一次过年时, 吴克铃请合资企业的日方经理吃饭,家里地方太小就拆拆空,腾出地方,连台子都是临时向招待所借的。尽管这样,日方经理还是大为惊讶:县长家就这么点地方、这么点东西?后来他对人说:“我知道中国的政府官员是什么样子的了!”当然,人家说我们好,不等于我们没有问题。不管怎么说,搞社会主义得有社会主义思想, 不能一改革就不讲奉献精神了,用封建主义、资本主义思想来搞社会主义是不行的。

Some young people only praise foreign countries and criticize China, claiming that there is nothing good in China, that officials are corrupt, and that there are no good people. During a Chinese New Year, Wu Kequan invited the Japanese manager of the joint venture to dinner. Because his house was too small, he had to move things around and borrow a table from a hotel for the occasion. Despite this, the Japanese manager was still greatly surprised, "This is how small the house of a county chief is? And this is all they have?” Later, he told others, "Now I know what Chinese government officials are like!" Of course, just because someone says we're good doesn't mean we don't have problems. Regardless of the approach, socialism requires socialist ideology. We cannot abandon the spirit of dedication during the reform and implement socialism with feudal or capitalist ideology.

建设社会主义不能教条,更不能一刀切。一刀切就乱了,就完了。“昆山之路”也只有在昆山这块土地上オ产生得出来。昆山有昆山的特点,苏州有苏州的特点,各市县都有各市县的特点。但这里有个基本点,就是实事求是,自力更生也要实事求是。世界是多元的,世界上没有也不可能只有或只允许ー个“主义”。就是在ー个“主义”中,也有不同的模式。世上的路并非只有一条,条条大路通罗马。不管白猫黑猫,只要能使全社会富裕并且和平就是好猫。

Building socialism cannot be dogmatic, nor can it be one-size-fits-all. One-size-fits-all will only result in chaos and failure. The "Kunshan Path" can only be achieved on the land of Kunshan. Kunshan has its own unique features, as does Suzhou, and each city and county has its own distinctive characteristics. However, the basic principle is to seek truth from facts and be self-reliant. The world is diverse, and there is no single or exclusive "ism" in the world. Even within a single "ism," there are different models. There is no single path in the world, and all roads lead to Rome. Regardless of whether it is a white cat or a black cat, as long as it can make the whole society prosperous and peaceful, it is a good cat.

社会主义是不是乌托邦?能做到两条就不是:ー要把经济搞上去,经济上去了,什么都会改变,否则,一切都是“乌托邦”;二是党要管好自己。管好自己的关键就是要摆正公仆和主人的位置,就是公仆要为人民服务。吴语中有句民谚:“一代鲜鲜一代烟,代代鲜鲜碰着天。”社会主义要一代一代搞下去オ行。

Is socialism a utopia? It is not if two conditions are met: first, the economy must be improved, and once the economy is improved, everything will change; otherwise, everything will be a utopia. Second, the party must manage itself well. The key to managing oneself well is to establish the correct relationship between serving as a public servant and a master. There is a saying in Wu dialect: "A new generation of freshness replaces the old, and every generation is fresh and encounters the sky.” Socialism must be promoted from generation to generation.

大江东流去,几度タ阳红。问苍山黄土,说千古兴亡。我忽然莫名其妙地想到了一句话:江山不会生癌。又莫名其妙地想到了自己写的一首诗一

The great river flows eastward, and the sun rises several times. Ask the Yellow Earth and the Grey Mountains, and they will say the rise and fall of nations will last forever. Out of the blue, a strange thought crossed my mind: "The land will never suffer from cancer." Just as inexplicably, I remembered a poem that I had written.

在你手中

有一块金子

这块金子永远属于你

不管海枯石烂

也不管天崩地裂

你千万千万

不要把它抛弃

中国梦

永远属于你

In your hands

There is a piece of gold

This gold will always belong to you

No matter how the sea dries up

Or the rocks crumble

You must never

Never abandon it

The Chinese Dream

Will always belong to you

（原载《雨花》1990年第10期）

(Originally published in the October 1990 issue of "Yuhua" magazine)

==卷四：5.休息的革命==

休息的革命（缩写本）

Revolution of Rest (Abridged Version)

王宏甲刘建

Wang Hongjia Liu Jan

序言

Preface

人类经历了远古的“农业革命”、近代的“エ业革命”、当代的“高技术革命”,到了今天,因高技术支持的生产カ空前发达,人类オ第一次有可能,并需要经历“休息的革命”,为今天和未来的生活质量开辟新路。但是,非常难,因近代以来资本与技术结盟的经济发展模式依然统治着世界。巨大的困难,并不在经济领域,而在精神领域。所以,这是文学关心的命题。

Humanity has experienced the ancient ‘Agricultural Revolution’ the modern ‘Industrial Revolution’, and the contemporary ‘High-tech Revolution’. Today, with the unprecedented development of production supported by high technology, humanity for the first time has the opportunity and the need to experience a ‘Revolution of Rest’ to open up new paths for today and future quality of life. However, it is very difficult because the economic development model that has been dominated by the alliance of capital and technology since modern times still rules the world. The great difficulty lies not in the economic field, but in the spiritual field. So, this is the topic that literature cares about.

“休息”在中国古代文化中意为“休养生息”。从剧烈的秦统ー战争结束再到秦朝覆灭,西汉采取“与民休息”政策,使经济复苏、社会发展,并使中华多民族国家的统ー在汉朝得到巩固。这“休息”所蕴含的社会和人生智慧,至今仍可探寻。

In ancient Chinese culture, “休息” means “rest and recuperate”. From the end of the fierce Qin-Tang war to the fall of the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty adopted a policy of “resting with the people”, which promoted economic recovery and social development, and consolidated the unity of the multi-ethnic country of China under the Han Dynasty. The social and life wisdom contained in the word ‘rest’ can still be explored today.

当今所称的国际金融危机,其实并非孤立地发生在金融领域,几乎所有生产领域的困境都不是由于生产能力不足,而是过剩。科技的迅猛发展及其在生产中的广泛应用,已使人类不需很多人员挤在工业生产中进行相互耗损性竞争,但这场危机却使人们陷入更激烈的竞争。

The so-called international financial crisis today is not isolated to the financial sector. Almost all production sectors are facing difficulties not because of insufficient production capacity, but rather due to overcapacity. The rapid development of technology and its widespread application in production has eliminated the need for many people to compete with each other in industrial production, but this crisis has plunged people into even more intense competition.

难道别无道路?审视三大产业结构,当发达国家的农业人口缩小到5%左右时,中国有80%的农业人口 ;当发达国家工业人口缩小到10%以下时,中国工业人ロ接近50%。今天,第三产业正在发达国家成为容纳最多就业人员的产业,中国第三产业则是薄弱环节。倘能看清形势向第三产业转移,也不失为ー种理性选择。

Does this imply that there are no other options? If we examine the three major industrial sectors, we can see that while the agricultural population in developed countries has decreased to around 5%, in China, around 80% of the population is still engaged in agriculture. Similarly, while the industrial workforce in developed countries has shrunk to less than 10%, in China, the industrial workforce still accounts for close to 50% of the population. Today, the tertiary sector has become the industry employing the most people in developed countries, while in China, the tertiary sector is a weak link. If we can see clearly the trend of shifting to the tertiary industry, it is also a rational choice.

旅游业是第三产业的龙头,是典型的消费型经济。文化产业亦然,而旅游业与文化产业的“联姻”正在创造出前所未有的绚丽奇景。今天和未来,“休息的革命” 可首先在第三产业开拓的“休闲经济”里获得一种启蒙,这是值得全社会关注的。

The tourism industry is the leading industry of the tertiary sector and is a typical consumer-oriented economy. The cultural industry is the same, and the ‘marriage’ between the tourism industry and the cultural industry is creating unprecedented and magnificent scenery. Today and in the future, the ‘resting revolution’ can first be enlightened in the ‘leisure economy’ developed in the tertiary industry, which is worthy of attention from the whole society.

“休息的革命”当然不是不干活。本书以旅游业为主要描述对象,可以从中看到最为典型的实践。30年前中国发展旅游业,正是从“走出去,玩ー玩”的“休息” 中发展出一片很大的天地。

“Revolution of Rest” certainly does not mean not working. This book primarily describes the tourism industry, from which we can see the most typical practices. Thirty years ago, China developed its tourism industry, which created a huge new market through the “go out and play” mentality of “resting”.

由于我们长期重视科技、经济、教育等等,很多人对旅游这个“吃喝玩乐”的行业究竟有多大作为不大关注。迄今很少人知道,中国旅游业正以年均约12%的速度增长,高于同期国内生产总值的平均增长率,已是国民经济重要支柱产业。而且,贡献远远不只体现在经济效益方面。

Due to our long-standing focus on technology, economy, education, and so on, many people have not paid much attention to the potential of the tourism industry, which is often seen as a sector for “eating, drinking, and having fun.” To this day, few people know that China's tourism industry is growing at an average annual rate of around 12%, higher than the average growth rate of the gross domestic product during the same period, and has become an important pillar of the national economy. Moreover, the contribution of the tourism industry is not only reflected in economic benefits.

遍布中国的古迹,多是旅游行业挖空心思地ー个个修复或再造,然后就像“王婆卖瓜”那样不遗余力地吆喝那“瓜”有多么好!因他们的吆喝,过去被批判为“腐朽的封建主义”的东西,变成恢宏的数千年中华文明,温情地回到了我们的山山水水,成为我们精神中辉煌的民族记忆。

The numerous historical relics scattered across China are tirelessly restored or recreated by the tourism industry, and then they enthusiastically promote these “melons” like “Wang Po selling melons”, touting how great they are! Because of their promotion, what was once criticized as the “decaying feudalism” has been transformed into the grand representation of thousands of years of Chinese civilization, warmly embraced in our landscapes, becoming the brilliant national memory in our hearts.

旅游盘活的也远不只是古迹。单看艺术与旅游业“嫁接”,传统音乐、舞蹈以及56个民族色彩斑斓的文化在旅游中复苏与创新,书画家的作品价格飙升,凡此种种,对增强ー个国家的文化カ,是沛然化雨渗透到万万民众之中的。各省市“旅游大篷车”还吆喝到国外,对中华风景与悠久文明的“推销”,规模和影响都是空前的。直到这时,旅游业的重大作用仍未被足够认识。很少人知道,旅游业每增加1 人就业,可促进相关产业增加5人就业。世界上还没有一个产业,像旅游业这样与各国人们广泛接触,与民生休戚相关,与百业相连。岂止是经济支柱?更养育精神,承载如此宽广的社会担当,可谓ー业九鼎重千秋。

The revitalization brought about by tourism is not limited to ancient relics. Looking just at the combination of art and tourism, traditional music, dance, and the colorful cultures of the 56 ethnic groups have been revived and innovated in the tourism industry. The works of painters and calligraphers have also skyrocketed in price. All of these initiatives have contributed to enhancing the cultural confidence of a nation and have penetrated into the hearts of millions of people. Provinces and cities have even taken their “tourism caravans” abroad to promote China's landscapes and rich history, resulting in unprecedented scale and influence. Even at this point, the significant role of the tourism industry has not been fully recognized. Few people are aware that for every additional person employed in the tourism industry, it has the potential to stimulate employment for five individuals in related sectors. There is no industry in the world that has such extensive interaction with people from different countries, such close ties to people's livelihoods, and such deep connections to various sectors as the tourism industry. It is not just an economic pillar, but it also nurtures the spirit and carries such a broad social responsibility. It can be described as an industry of great significance and enduring importance.

今天回头看看,中国旅游业30年来以“马超龙雀”的发展速度营造出的巨大消费市场,已然是拯救金融危机时期经济困境的ー支宏伟力量。联合国世界旅游组织预测中国到2015年将成为世界最大的旅游目的地国家。中国旅游业方兴未艾, 可谓“九万里风鹏正举” 〇本书的完成并非给中国旅游业过去的30年画个句号,而是为促进当今和未来社会各业的和谐运转,提供ー个新的起点、新的观念。换句话说,这是一本为今天和明天写的书。

Upon reflection, the Chinese tourism industry's remarkable growth over the past 30 years has generated a massive consumer market, akin to a magnificent force capable of alleviating economic distress during periods of financial crises. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, it is predicted that by 2015, China will emerge as the world's largest tourist destination country. The Chinese tourism industry is still thriving, as one could describe it as “a phoenix soaring over a distance of nine thousand miles” (meaning it is in a period of rapid and impressive development). The completion of this book does not signify the end of the past 30 years for China's tourism industry, but rather a new start and a new perspective aimed at promoting the harmonious functioning of various sectors in today's society and the future. In other words, this book is written for today and tomorrow.

“休息的革命”,不只是对眼前的全球性经济困境而言。

The “Revolution of Rest” goes beyond the current global economic challenges.

从欧洲国家开发殖民地以来,到现代科技迅猛发展,“优胜劣汰”“以强汰弱” 的意识影响到世界各地。由此形成的快速发展、争先发展的意识和行为,促使工业时代对资源的掠夺性开采把地球刨挖凿钻得百孔千疮,到20世纪人类的生存环境发生了全面危机。为了不被别人灭掉,仍然要绞尽脑汁争强夺胜,奋カ竞争。这是个无休无止没有宁日的人生消耗战。许多好时光都折腾进去了,各种压カ无孔不入地摧残着人的健康。人类到底在被什么驱赶?生活本身的乐趣在哪儿?生命的
尊严、美好在哪儿?

Since European countries began expanding their colonial influence and with the rapid advancement of modern technology, the awareness of survival of the fittest and strong prevail over the weak has influenced regions worldwide. As a result, there has been a prevailing mindset and behavior of rapid development and striving for advancement, which has led to exploitative resource extraction and inflicted extensive damage upon the Earth, culminating in a comprehensive crisis in the human living environment in the 20th century. To avoid being wiped out by others, one must still rack their brains and strive to win, fiercely competing. It is an endless, relentless battle of life with no respite or peaceful days. Many good times are consumed, and various pressures infiltrate, relentlessly affecting people's health. What exactly drives humanity? Where is the joy of life? Where is the dignity and beauty of life?

人类并不是生产的奴隶。人类需要从疯狂地追逐发展速度中觉醒,从疯狂的相互耗损性竞争中觉醒,以新的生活方式和精神,给自己疲惫的生活、受伤的心灵放假。

Human beings are not slaves of production. Humanity needs to awaken from the relentless pursuit of rapid development, from the frantic and depleting competition, and find new ways of living and nourishing the spirit, granting respite to their weary lives and wounded souls.

今天人们寻求“可持续发展”,在我看来,更智慧的意识该是中国古典智慧中重视的“和谐运转”。当生产能力过剩,运转失衡,重要的就不是哪个行业如何发展,而是整个社会如何和谐运转,不能和谐运转就有危机。过去的30年,中国重视发展贫困地区的旅游业,这里就有强弱结合,资源互补,并不是“以强汰弱”,而是重视相互依存。这渊源联系着中国古老的智慧,君不见中国远古就有阴阳和谐观吗?和谐运转不仅包括解决产业结构的失衡,还包括如何解决贫富差距等问题。

In today's world, there is a growing pursuit of sustainable development. From my perspective, a deeper understanding rooted in Chinese classical wisdom places emphasis on the concept of “harmonious coexistence”. When there is overcapacity and imbalance in production, the crucial focus shifts from the development of specific industries to how the entire society can achieve harmonious functioning. In the past 30 years, China has placed emphasis on developing the tourism industry in impoverished regions. This approach fosters a combination of strengths, resource complementarity, and values interdependence, rather than a “survival of the fittest” mentality. This connection is rooted in ancient Chinese wisdom. Have you not heard of the ancient Chinese concept of Yin and Yang and their harmonious coexistence? The notion of harmonious functioning encompasses not only addressing imbalances in industrial structure but also addressing issues such as wealth disparity.

所谓“休养生息”,就是在激烈的争锋中,在人类付出的惨痛代价中,要冷静地寻找有利于人类生息相存的生活智慧来拯救自己。在科技发达、生产能力也空前发达的当代世界,人类需要发展休闲经济来革新发展经济的方式。

The concept of “rest and recuperation” refers to the need to calmly seek life wisdom that benefits the coexistence of humanity amidst fierce competition and the painful cost paid by human beings. In the contemporary world, characterized by advanced technology and unprecedented productive capacity, humanity needs to develop the leisure economy to revolutionize the way economic development is pursued.

在人类通过一次次“生产革命” “技术革命”来营建生活的历史进程中,倘能觉悟到可以通过发展休闲经济来促进社会各业趋向平衡,这是更高层面的可持续发展,并可望普遍地提升人类的生活质量。这无论从思想认识、精神境界和经济形式上都是深具革命性的。在这个世界性的背景上来审视“休息的革命”,将发现这是个庄严的命题,具有值得我们去深究的丰富内涵。

Throughout the historical progression of human civilization, marked by various “industrial revolutions” and “technological revolutions,” there is an opportunity for us to realize that the development of the leisure economy can contribute to a more balanced and sustainable society. This is deeply revolutionary in terms of ideological understanding, spiritual realm, and economic form. By examining the concept of the “Revolution of Rest” within the global context, we recognize its profound significance and rich implications, deserving further in-depth exploration.

“休息的革命”无疑需要人们以清醒的头脑智慧地参与,这需要认识它为人生带来的好处。仍以人类以往走向旅游的经历为例,可以看到游历对于人生的全面发展有多么重要。

Undoubtedly, the “revolution of rest” requires active and wise participation from individuals, which necessitates recognizing the benefits it brings to one's life. Taking the past experiences of humanity's inclination towards travel as an example, we can see how important exploring the world is for comprehensive personal development.

人生之旅,就得去“履”。ー个人在ー个地方待久了,生活环境会对自己造成封闭。人们还可能把习惯当真理,这就需要走出去。所谓“履历”,不应限于读书工作的经历,这“履”是穿着鞋天南海北去游历。世界因此而广阔,人间因此而亲近。没有旅游的经历怎有履历?

Life is a journey that requires us to “step” forward. When we stay in one place for too long, the environment can create a sense of enclosure within ourselves. People may also mistake their habits for truths, and that's when we need to venture out. The concept of “resume” goes beyond academic and professional experiences; it encompasses the act of venturing out and exploring far and wide, immersing oneself in diverse places and cultures. The world becomes vast as a result, and humanity becomes more connected. How can one have a well-rounded resume without the experience of travel?

“博览群书”（未必要读万卷书）与“行万里路”同等重要。闭门读书会读成书呆子。鞋里存储的记忆,比在学校读十几年书更牢靠、立体、开阔而有用。

The act of “broadening one's knowledge through reading” (not necessarily reading thousands of books) is equally important as “traveling thousands of miles.” Merely confining oneself to reading books in seclusion can lead to a narrow-minded approach. The memories stored in the “shoes”, are more reliable, vivid, expansive, and useful than many years of schooling.

孔子周游列国,丰富了识见。司马迁游踪达半个神州,オ有生动翔实的《史记》。李白年纪轻轻仗剑去国,辞亲远游。“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。” 他的诗歌自由如云,得益于山川造化。和尚云游四海,弘扬了佛教文化。《西游记》取材于玄奘取经,而玄奘游记显然不只是传播了佛经。

Confucius enriched his knowledge through his travels across different states, which expanded his insights and understanding. Sima Qian traveled extensively across half of ancient China, resulting in the creation of the vivid and detailed “Records of the Grand Historian.”

Li Bai, at a young age, embarked on a journey with his sword, bidding farewell to his family and traveling afar. “Like a cascading waterfall descending three thousand feet, it appears as if the Milky Way has fallen from the heavens.” His poetry was as free-flowing as the clouds, greatly influenced by the natural wonders of mountains and rivers. Similarly, Buddhist monks traveling across the four seas spread and promoted Buddhist culture. “The Journey to the West” draws inspiration from Xuanzang's pilgrimage to obtain Buddhist scriptures, but Xuanzang's travelogue clearly encompassed more than just the dissemination of Buddhist texts.

曹孟德观沧海,陈子昂登幽州台,王勃过滕王阁,很多人生识见在行旅中领悟得到。湖光塔影,海浪江涛,能引起诗人的遐想,也能启迪书法家的胸怀。王羲之将郊游视为“游目骋怀”，“仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛”,オ留下不朽的《兰亭集序》。

Cao Mengde (Cao Cao) gazed upon the boundless sea, Chen Ziang ascended the tower in Youzhou, and Wang Bo passed by the Terrace of Tengwang. Many individuals have gained profound insights and understanding of life through their experiences and journeys. The shimmering reflections on the lake, the crashing waves of the sea, not only evoke poetic reverie but also inspire calligraphers’ hearts. Wang Xizhi regarded outings as a way to “broaden the gaze and expand the mind,” as he wrote in his immortal “Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection.”

宋代游记名篇辈出。王安石《游褒禅山记》,范仲淹《岳阳楼记》,欧阳修《醉翁亭记》,都是极好的散文名篇。苏东坡在逆境中也是开开心心的,登山临水,写字画画,喝酒吃肉,吟诗赏月。“一点浩然气,千里快哉风。”举手投足间洋溢着超凡而不脱俗的大度,支撑他的是心中广博的中华文化。

The Song Dynasty witnessed the emergence of numerous outstanding travelogues and famous works. Wang Anshi's “Record of the Visit to the Mount Baochan,” Fan Zhongyan's “Record of the Yueyang Tower,” and Ouyang Xiu's “Record of the Pavilion of the Drunken Old Man” are all excellent masterpieces of prose. Su Dongpo remained cheerful even in adversity, climbing mountains, enjoying the waters, writing and painting, indulging in food and drink, and composing poems while appreciating the moon. “With a trace of vast righteousness, I am as swift as the wind, traveling a thousand miles.” With every gesture and movement, he exuded extraordinary and yet unassuming magnanimity, supported by his profound knowledge of Chinese culture.

徐霞客22岁开始步行远游,成为伟大的地理学家。郑和七下西洋,更是令世界震撼的壮游!“天下兴亡,匹夫有责。”这是顾炎武的名言。顾炎武一年中有一半时间在旅店里住宿,每到一处,把实地考察与书本上的记载对照研究,《京东考古录》《昌平山水记》等书,就是他旅游治学的成果。孙中山游历美国,萌生了他的新思想。蔡元培游历欧洲,回国出任北大校长。周恩来游学法国,那“难酬蹈海亦英雄”的豪情,是容纳中外也是承前启后的。

Xu Xiake, starting at the age of 22, embarked on extensive journeys on foot, ultimately becoming a great geographer. Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Seas were an awe-inspiring feat that shook the world. “The rise and fall of nations concerns every individual,” is a famous quote by Gu Yanwu. He spent half of the year staying in inns, comparing firsthand observations with recorded accounts from books in every place he visited. His works, such as “Records of Archaeological Exploration in Jingdong” and “Scenic Memoirs of Changping,” were the fruits of his scholarly travels. Sun Yat-sen’s journey to the United States sparked his new ideology. Cai Yuanpei traveled to Europe and returned to China to assume the presidency of Peking University. Zhou Enlai studied in France, and his heroic spirit of “Unfulfilled, I’d brave the sea, as heroes did with bravery.” encompasses both embracing the world and carrying on the past to inspire the future.

因远行而打开识见,提升的不仅是个人。四大文明古国中没有希腊,但古希腊人被称为“全然的旅行者”,正是旅游使他们走到了发达的两河流域和古埃及,吸收他人文明而使希腊成为欧洲文明的发祥地。

By embarking on distant journeys, one not only broadens their horizons but also experiences personal growth. Among the four ancient civilizations, Greece was not included, but the ancient Greeks were known as “complete travelers”. It was through travel that they were able to reach the prosperous regions of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, absorbing the culture of others and making Greece the birthplace of European civilization.

中国历史岁月中的旅游,其实多么悠久绚丽。中国话“观光”,语出《易经》。谓“观国之光”,意为观览国之光辉。3000年前周穆王巡游非只游山玩水。一国之主,不游历国土,不知国情与民情,何以治国?周穆王远游波斯（今伊朗）,最早踏出中国通往西域的道路。秦修大道,车同轨,沟通天下,与其说为秦始皇出游带来方便,莫如说为中国的统ー开辟了大道。汉武帝七登泰山,六出萧关,出游打破诸侯封闭,九州热土,千秋归汉。隋炀帝扬帆出游,促进了大运河开发。游历会大大开阔君王眼界,以及当代领导者的智识和胸怀,从而影响ー个民族或ー个企业。

The history of tourism in China is also remarkably extensive and splendid. The Chinese term for “sightseeing” originates from the Book of Changes (Yi Jing). It refers to “observing the light of a nation” and signifies the admiration of a nation's brilliance. Three thousand years ago, King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty's royal tour was not merely for leisurely pursuits like enjoying mountains and rivers. The ruler of a nation who does not travel across the land and remains unaware of the state of the country and its people, how can they effectively govern? King Mu of Zhou embarked on a distant journey to Persia (modern-day Iran), thus pioneering the earliest route from China to the Western Regions. The construction of the Great Wall by the Qin Dynasty, with its standardized roads and unified carriages, facilitated communication throughout the empire. It can be said that it not only brought convenience to Emperor Qin Shi Huang's travels but also opened up a grand pathway for the unification of China. Emperor Wu of Han ascended Mount Tai seven times, ventured beyond the Xiao Pass six times, and through his travels, broke the seclusion of the feudal lords. His actions stirred up the entire land of the nine provinces, leading to a period where all regions ultimately acknowledged the Han rule. Emperor Yang of Sui set sail on his travels, promoting the development of the Grand Canal. Traveling can greatly broaden the horizons of kings, as well as the wisdom and vision of contemporary leaders, thereby affecting a nation or a corporation.

古典时代先人走向旅游,或许有“天人合一”的更多默契。那里的“天”,包括自然也包括社会。到现代,我们可能以“革命加拼命”的方式覆盖了先人丰富生命质量的智慧。游历对于人生与社会的全面发展是深具意义的。可以肯定地说:不读书不能治愚,不远行难有出息。为人父母要有意识地带孩子去远行。如果你依然埋头于读书或工作,尚未意识到旅游对于人生举足轻重的塑造功能,其实是ー种损失。一旦体会到,你也将会从这种“休息”中感受到ー种“革命”的心灵震动。

In the classical era, our ancestors embarked on journeys, perhaps with a deeper understanding of the harmony between heaven and man. The “heavens” there, encompass both nature and society. In the modern era, we may have overlaid the wisdom of our ancestors on enriching the quality of life with a “revolution plus hard work” approach. Travel is deeply meaningful for the holistic development of life and society. It can be affirmed that without reading, ignorance cannot be cured, and without traveling far, it is hard to achieve anything significant. As parents, we need to consciously take our children on long journeys. If you are still immersed in reading or work and have not realized the significant shaping function of travel on life, it is actually a kind of loss. Once you experience it, you will also feel a kind of “revolutionary” spiritual shock from this kind of “rest”.

ー、开放之门

Chapter 1 Opening the Gate

国门在哪儿?在天上? 1978年,中国民航飞机的日利用时间オ1.9个小时。国门刚开一条缝,西方人就来了。住宿难惊动中南海!开放国家“禁苑”迎游客, 调军用飞机把旅客送往天津住宿,这事反映国情也反映人情。紧张状况延续到 1982年,空军部队还派出1800多架次飞机协助空运游客,此种情景举世无双。

Where is the national gate? In the sky? In 1978, the daily utilization time of Chinese civil aircraft was 1.9 hours. As soon as the national gate opened a crack, Westerners came. Difficulty in accommodation shocked Zhongnanhai! Opening the national “forbidden city” to welcome tourists, and arranging military aircraft to send tourists to Tianjin for accommodation, this situation reflected both national conditions and human nature. The tense situation continued until 1982 when the Air Force dispatched more than 1,800 flights to assist in the air transport of tourists, a scenario unique in the world.

1.国门开启一条缝

1. A Sliver Opens in the Nation's Gate

2.关于改革,人们常说是从小岗村实行承包制开始的。很少人想过,开放,是从旅游业打开国门拉开序幕的。

About reform, people often say it started with the contract system implemented in Xiaogang Village. Few people have thought that opening up began with the tourism industry opening the national gate.

1978年3月5日,中共中央下发红头文件,增加对外开放城市,成立旅游机构, 发展旅游业。当时人们并未感到有多大动静,这却是件历史性的大事。这意味着对外开放,意味着封闭多年的国门由此打开。外电评价:这是“红色中国”第一次公开允许外国人以旅游者身份进入中国。

On March 5, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a official document, expanding the number of cities open to the world, establishing tourism agencies, and developing the tourism industry. At the time, people didn't feel much of a stir, but this was a historical event. This implied opening up to the outside world, signifying the opening of the nation's gate that had been closed for many years. Foreign media commentary: This is the first time that “Red China” has openly allowed foreigners to enter China as tourists.

此时,中共中央十一届三中全会尚未召开,安徽凤阳小岗村18户农民也尚未召开那个按手印的“大包干”秘密会议。

At that time, the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had not yet been held, and the 18 farmers of Xiaogang Village in Fengyang, Anhui, had not yet held that secret “contract responsibility system” meeting with handprints.

今天人们常说,改革开放,国门大开。

Today, people often say, with reform and opening up, the country's doors are wide open.

其实,1978年,国门只是刚刚开启一条缝。

Actually, in 1978, the national door was just slightly ajar.

那时候,还不是你想来就能来的,有名额限制和一套内控条例。在签证时,对入境的外国人卡得很严格,记者就不让进。那时候,西方称苏联是“铁幕”,称中国是“竹幕”。

At that time, it was not the case that you could come if you wanted to, there were quota restrictions and a set of internal control regulations. During the visa application, the scrutiny for foreigners entering the country was very strict, journalists were not allowed in. At that time, the West referred to the Soviet Union as the “Iron Curtain”, and China was called the “Bamboo Curtain”.

对世界来说,中国还是个巨大的谜。这大门里生活着1〇多亿人呢!所以,国门初开一条缝,国外的捷足先登者挤进来了,还有更多的外国人挤在这条缝外,进不来。

To the world, China was a vast mystery. Over a billion people live behind this big door! Therefore, when the national door was just slightly open, foreign early adopters squeezed in, and many more foreigners were squeezed outside this gap, unable to come.

虽然,国务院已经下发了发展旅游、挣取外汇的文件,但在对外开放的问题上, 当时某些高层领导还有种种疑虑:

Although the State Council had already issued documents on developing tourism and earning foreign exchange, there were still various doubts among some senior leaders at the time regarding the issue of opening up:

“是不是开放得太早了?”

“Did we open up too early?”

“会不会把特务放进来,窃取了情报怎么办?”

“What if spies are let in and steal our intelligence?”

“国外资产阶级生活方式会不会腐蚀我们的干部?”

“Will the bourgeois lifestyle from abroad corrupt our officials?”

“会不会把我们的干部带出去?”

“Will they take our officials away?”

“我们落后的地方,不能给外人看。”

“We can't let foreigners see our underdeveloped aspects.”

在十一届三中全会召开之前,1978年10月9日,邓小平会见美国泛美航空公司董事长西威尔,就对陪同会见的国家旅游局和民航总局的负责人说:“民航、旅游这两个行业很值得搞。”

Before the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee was convened, on October 9, 1978, Deng Xiaoping met with the Chairman of Pan American World Airways, Seawell, and said to the heads of the China National Tourism Administration and the Civil Aviation Administration who accompanied the meeting: “The civil aviation and tourism industries are very worth developing.”

小平还说:“ー个旅行者花费1000美元,一年接待1000万旅行者,就可以赚 100亿美元。就算接待一半,也可以赚50亿美元。要力争本世纪末达到这个创汇目标。”

Xiaoping also said, “If one traveler spends 1000 dollars, receiving 10 million travelers a year would earn us 10 billion dollars. Even if we receive only half, we can still earn 5 billion dollars. We should strive to achieve this foreign exchange goal by the end of this century.”

1979年1月到7月,邓小平又连续发表了《旅游业要变成综合性的行业》《旅游事业大有文章可做》《发展旅游事业,增加国家收入》《把黄山的牌子打出去》等四篇讲话。他毫不犹豫地说:“旅游事业大有文章可做,要突出地搞,加快地搞。旅游赚钱多,来得快,没有还不起外债的问题,为什么不能大搞呢「’

From January to July in 1979, Deng Xiaoping successively gave four speeches: “The Tourism Industry Should Become a Comprehensive Industry”, “There is Much Potential in the Tourism Industry”, “Develop the Tourism Industry to Increase National Income”, and “Promote Huangshan to the World”. He confidently stated, “There is much potential in the tourism industry, and it should be promoted and accelerated. Tourism is profitable and quick to yield returns, it doesn't create unpayable foreign debts. Why can't we promote it more aggressively?”

于是,门缝拉大了。

Thus, the gap in the door widened.

中国向世界旅游者打开了一扇门。

China opened a door to tourists from around the world.

“到中国去!”这是近百年来第一次出现的国际时髦声音。

“Visit China!” This became a trendy international call for the first time in nearly a century.

不同国家、不同种族的四海宾朋蜂拥而来。一种世界性的冲动,开放的大戏, 在中国旅游领域拉开了序幕。

Guests of different nationalities and races from all over the world came in droves. A global urge, the grand spectacle of openness, has commenced in China's tourism sector.

当五洲四海语言不同、肤色各异的朋友三五成群频频出现在长安街时,相当多人还不明白是怎么回事,念叨着:这不是“文革”中要打倒的“帝国主义”吗?怎么跑到长安街来了?还有人说,八国联军的后代,怎么成了 “义和团”后代的“座上宾”?我们还坚持社会主义吗?

When friends from all around the world, speaking different languages and having different skin colors, began to appear frequently in groups on Chang’an Street, many people didn’t understand what was happening. They wondered: Aren't these the “imperialists” we were supposed to overthrow during the “Cultural Revolution”? How did they end up on Chang’an Street? Others said, how did the descendants of the Eight-Nation Alliance become honored guests of the descendants of the “Boxers”? Are we still upholding socialism?

但中国毕竟有礼仪之邦的悠久传统,大多数国人具有与生俱来的好客古风,所以也有很多人向外宾送去友好的微笑。

However, China, after all, has a long tradition of being a country of etiquette. Most Chinese people have an inherent hospitality, so many people also greeted the foreign guests with friendly smiles.

从接待来说,“内紧外松”,接待者的心情也很复杂。因为内部还绷着“阶级斗争”之弦,中国国际旅行社的导游每次陪团都得花几小时写出“情况报告”。导游小心翼翼,如履薄冰,不能有任何疏忽和闪失。

From a reception perspective, it was a situation of “tight on the inside, relaxed on the outside”, and the feelings of the hosts were complex. Since the “class struggle” was still a tense issue domestically, tour guides from China International Travel Service(CITS) had to spend several hours writing “situation reports” each time they accompanied a group. The tour guides were very cautious, like walking on thin ice, with no room for negligence or mistakes.

ー对台湾老夫妻跟随香港旅行团入了境。公安局担心他们是“特务”,嘱告导游“不要给他们单独活动的机会”。实际上,这对时隔30年オ返乡的老夫妻也在思忖:“共产党会不会对我们怎么样?”

An elderly couple from Taiwan entered the country with a Hong Kong tour group. The Public Security Bureau, worried they might be spies, instructed the tour guide to “not give them opportunities for independent activities.” In reality, this couple, who were returning home after 30 years, were also pondering, “Will the Communist Party do something to us?”

1979年了,我们的国门是打开了,但我们的意识还很不开放。我们开放的步伐,还没有迈开大步。

It was 1979, our national doors were open, but our mind was not very open yet. Our steps toward openness had not yet been taken in strides.

“当时外国人要进来不容易,首先要取得国旅的指标,而国旅指标是有控制的,
像发粮票ー样,年初分配名额给法国、英国、美国等各国的旅行商。旅行商为争取到更多的名额,经常与国旅争得面红耳赤。”王尔康说。

“At that time, it was not easy for foreigners to enter. Firstly, they needed to obtain a quota from the CITS, which was controlled like ration coupons, with quotas being allocated to travel agents from countries like France, Britain, and the United States at the beginning of the year. Travel agents often argued fiercely with the CITS to secure more quotas,” said Wang Erkang.

王尔康原是个外交官,一身文气,早年担任国旅总经理,是中国旅游业的“活档案”。他清瘦挺直的身材,敏锐的眼睛,让人过目难忘。他说国外旅行商常抱怨说: “我们是拼命发展旅游,你们是限制旅游。”

Wang Erkang, a former diplomat with a scholarly demeanor, served as the general manager of the CITS in his early years and is considered a “living archive” of the Chinese tourism industry. His slim and upright figure, and keen eyes, are unforgettable. He said that foreign travel agents often complained, “We are desperately developing tourism, but you are restricting it.”

1979年,美国有17万人申请来华旅游,只有2万人获准。在日本年轻人中,4 个人就有3个想到中国旅游,报名到西安的就有120万人。各国要求来华旅游的人数都远远超过国旅定额。海外华侨来华,归中国旅行社负责统筹,也有名额限制。有些华侨登记排队好多年了,还没有获得签证。五洲四海的声音都在问:“你们不是也想挣外汇吗?为什么有钱不赚?”

In 1979, 170,000 Americans applied to travel to China, but only 20,000 were approved. Among young people in Japan, three out of four wanted to travel to China, with 1.2 million signing up for trips to Xi'an. The number of people from various countries who requested to travel to China far exceeded the quota set by the CITS. Overseas Chinese coming to China were managed by CITS, and they also had quota restrictions. Some overseas Chinese had been on the waiting list for many years and still had not received a visa. People from all over the world were asking, “Don't you also want to earn foreign exchange? Why are you not taking the money?”

在当年还相当简陋的会议室、办公室里,国家旅游总局组织学习小平讲话精神的春夏秋冬,大家都还记忆犹新。这记忆告诉我们,封闭久了,打开我们的观念之门,并不比下个文件打开国门容易。

In the rather rudimentary meeting rooms and offices of that year, the memory of studying Deng Xiaoping's speeches during the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter under the organization of the China National Tourism Administration(CNTA) is still fresh in everyone's mind. This memory tells us that after being closed for a long time, opening the doors of our mindset is not any easier than issuing a document to open the national doors.

春夏秋冬,我们像大扫除那样,一次次地清除旅游工作就是“吃喝玩乐”“洋奴思想”“为资产阶级服务”等“文革”遗留的影响。大扫除后,我们的会议室、办公室里也布置出新的景观。新景观能形象地说明,我们已经认识到,旅游业是“无烟エ业”,是“无形贸易”,是投资少、见效快、多创外汇的综合性经济事业。我们还记住了陈云同志的话:“旅游收入实际上是'风景出口 ’,比外贸出口收入来得快。”

Throughout the seasons, we, like conducting a major cleanup, repeatedly eliminated the influence left by the “Cultural Revolution” that suggested tourism work was merely about “indulgence”, “subservience to foreigners”, and “serving the bourgeoisie”. After the major cleanup, our meeting rooms and offices also took on a new look. The new scenery vividly shows that we have recognized that the tourism industry is a “smokeless industry”, an “invisible trade”, and a comprehensive economic venture that requires little investment, yields quick results, and generates much foreign exchange. We also remember Comrade Chen Yun's words: "Tourism income is essentially ‘scenery export’, which generates income faster than traditional exports.”

那时,很多人还不了解外汇,但开始对有外汇的人刮目相看。搞旅游工作的则开始懂得,外汇储备是ー个国家在国际经济活动中实カ的象征。国家持有的外汇储备可以保障国家进口重要战略物资、关键技术,还能保障金融体系的安全。万一发生战争、灾害,或者国际经济形势突然变化,国家银行可以用充足的外汇储备来应对突发的金融风险。

At that time, many people still didn't understand foreign exchange, but they started to look up to those who had foreign exchange. Those involved in the tourism industry began to understand that foreign exchange reserves are a real symbol of a country's participation in international economic activities. The foreign exchange reserves held by a country can ensure the import of important strategic materials and key technologies, as well as safeguard the security of the financial system. In case of war, disaster, or sudden changes in the international economic situation, the national bank can use ample foreign exchange reserves to cope with sudden financial risks.

旅游外汇换汇率比出口物资换汇率高。按1978年计算,出口的物资,平均约二元七八角人民币的东西换回一美元。有些轻エ业产品由于花色品种不适应国际市场的需要,卖不出好价格,往往要用四五元人民币的东西才能换回一美元外汇, 而旅游外汇,只需要一元五角多人民币就可以换回一美元。

The exchange rate for tourism foreign exchange is higher than that for exported goods. Based on calculations from 1978, on average, goods worth about 2.7-2.8 RMB could be exchanged for one US dollar in exports. Some light industry products, due to their designs and varieties not meeting the needs of the international market, couldn't be sold at a good price, often needing goods worth four or five RMB to exchange for one US dollar in foreign exchange. However, for tourism foreign exchange, only a bit over 1.5 RMB was needed to exchange for one US dollar.

中国地域辽阔,山水风光、文物古迹、民俗风情等旅游资源丰富,是世界旅游资源大国,发展旅游有独特的优势。国务院成立了以主管副总理为首的旅游工作领导小组,各地政府也相继成立领导小组。不管怎么说,旅游业开始从“贴钱”转向挣钱。这个进步很重要。

China, with its vast territory, rich natural landscapes, cultural relics, folk customs, and other tourism resources, is a major tourism resource country in the world, with unique advantages in developing tourism. The State Council established a tourism work leadership group headed by the deputy prime minister in charge, and local governments also successively established leadership groups. No matter how you look at it, the tourism industry has started to transition from losing money to making money. This progress is very significant.

“莫畏途难时日远,鸡鸣林角现晨曦。”ー个旅游业的新的早晨苏醒了。但就像夏日的北京仿佛没有早晨似的,大街上很快就车水马龙。这时,“旅游业工作者”都感到自身压カ重重了,而且很快就感到“压得喘不过气来”

“Do not fear the long and difficult journey, as the crowing of the rooster signals the break of dawn.” A new morning for the tourism industry has awakened. But like summer mornings in Beijing, which seem non-existent, the streets quickly become bustling. At this time, “tourism workers” all felt a heavy burden on themselves, and soon felt "so pressured they could hardly breathe".

2. 今夜宿何方

Where to Stay Tonight?

有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?当四海旅游者蜂拥而至时,我们却乱了方寸,慌了手脚。我们还没有建起与此相适应的旅游市场秩序,面临的突出困难一下子就推到了我们鼻子跟前:条件简陋、住房奇缺、交通困阻。

Isn't it joyful to have friends coming from afar? When tourists from all over the world flocked in, we were thrown into confusion and panic. We hadn't yet established a tourism market order that was commensurate with this influx, and the outstanding difficulties were suddenly pushed right in front of us: basic conditions, severe shortage of accommodation, and transportation difficulties.

旅游工作者们竭尽全力,想让外宾住好吃好,可是1978年的北京,只有7家涉外饭店,能拿得出手的床位充其量还不上2000张。从全国来说,也只有137家有点样子的饭店。

Tourism workers tried their best to provide good accommodations and food for foreign guests, but in 1978, Beijing only had 7 hotels that catered to foreigners, with no more than 2000 decent beds. Nationally, there were only 137 somewhat decent hotels.

北京国旅、中旅捉襟见肘,天天愁的就是客房。饭店走廊全都住满,标准间中间加铺,会议室打起通铺,还有客人等待在大堂。饭店里再也没地方可塞床位了, 大厅乱哄哄的,客人翘首盼等,怎么办?

Beijing CITS were stretched to their limits, with their daily concern being the shortage of guest rooms. Corridors of hotels were all filled with people, extra beds were added to standard rooms, conference rooms were made into shared accommodations, and there were still guests waiting in the lobby. There was no longer any space to squeeze in extra beds in the hotels, the lobby was chaotic, and guests were eagerly waiting. What could be done?

有的把客人拉到北京“上海西餐厅”,把吃西餐的小桌子拼起来当大床;或拉到“莫斯科餐厅”打地铺,男女屏风挡隔,权且将就。当时来华观光的旅游者,有很多是腰缠万贯的富翁,叫人住在这种条件的地方,也真觉得丢了国家的面子。

Some would take guests to Beijing's “Shanghai Western Restaurant”, where small dining tables were put together to serve as a big bed, or they would go to the “Moscow Restaurant” for makeshift sleeping arrangements, with screens separating men and women. At that time, many tourists visiting China were wealthy tycoons, and having them stay in such conditions really made us feel as if we were losing face for our country.

还有个办法是用“缓兵之计”。这批外宾下了飞机,前批宾客还没退房。于是先把客人连行李ー起拉到故宫、颐和园去游览,这边紧张地腾房间。那时外宾旅游也真够累的,你想想,乘了 20多个小时飞机,到达北京后,时差还没有倒过来,就要拖着疲惫的身子去参观。到晚上,等上一批客人走了,才能入住宾馆。

Another strategy was to use a “delaying tactic”. When one group of foreign guests landed, the previous group of guests had not yet checked out. So, the new guests and their luggage were taken straight to sightseeing spots like the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, while hotel rooms were urgently being vacated on the other end. At that time, foreign tourists were indeed tired. Just imagine, after a 20-hour flight, they arrived in Beijing and before they could even adjust to the time difference, they had to go sightseeing while exhausted. It wasn't until the evening, when the previous group of guests had left, that they could check into the hotel.

像这样当晚能入住的旅游团,还算是幸运的。

Tourist groups that were able to check into a hotel on the same day they arrived were actually considered lucky.

有一次,青旅接了一个美国团,北京实在无处下榻了,打电话向时任团中央书记的李瑞环汇报。李瑞环也没法子,硬着头皮给小平打电话。小平打电话给空军, 动用军用飞机连夜把外宾运送到天津去过夜,第二天又用飞机运回北京来观光。

Once, China Youth Travel Service(CYTS) received a group from the United States, but there were simply no accommodations available in Beijing. They reported this to Li Ruihuan, who was then the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Li Ruihuan had no solution, and had to call Deng Xiaoping directly. Deng Xiaoping contacted the Air Force to arrange military aircraft to fly the guests overnight to Tianjin, where they could spend the night. The next day, they were flown back to Beijing for sightseeing.

坐飞机易地投宿,现在来说是不可思议的事。而那时,为解决住宿问题,通过国务院李先念、陈慕华等副总理调军用飞机把客人送往天津等地住宿,是常有的事,最远的送到南京。

This kind of extraordinary arrangement - flying guests to a different city for overnight accommodation - is simply unimaginable today. Back then, to solve the accommodation problem, it was common for Vice Premiers like Li Xianian and Chen Muhua to arrange for guests to be flown to places like Tianjin and even as far as Nanjing using military aircraft.

1978年,全国旅游入境人数超过!80万人次,比以往20年宾客总和还要多。到1979年,客人成倍增加,而宾馆不能像孙悟空拔根毫毛那样呼之即出,住宿矛盾更加突显。外国游客在大厅里打地铺已不奇怪,戏称在东方野营;在机场里围着毛毯候飞机,犹如战后在某个边境机场等待联军来接难民。

In 1978, the total number of inbound tourists in China exceeded 1.8 million, which was more than the total number of guests in the previous 20 years. By 1979, the number of guests had multiplied, and the contradiction between the growing demand and the limited hotel supply became even more prominent. Unlike Sun Wukong (the Monkey King) who could summon something out of thin air by plucking a single hair, we couldn't magically produce hotels. It was no longer surprising to see foreign tourists sleeping on the floor in the lobby, jokingly calling it "camping in the East"; or wrapping themselves in blankets at the airport, waiting for flights like refugees waiting for Allied forces at a border airport after a war.

京城缺旅社,今夜宿何家?这个问号,就是深深的记忆。

Where would they stay in Beijing, a city lacking hotels? This question is a deep memory.

北京东长安街6号,当年是国家旅游局和国旅总社所在地,经常有蓝眼睛、高鼻梁的洋人坐在门口的台阶上,等住所,等机票。这样的风景,在当时大国中,恐怕绝无仅有。

No. 6 East Chang’an Street in Beijing, where the CNTA and CITS were located, often saw blue-eyed, high-nosed foreigners sitting on the steps at the entrance, waiting for accommodation, waiting for plane tickets. Such a sight, in a big country like China at that time, was probably unprecedented.

早在美国总统尼克松访华前タ,北京饭店新建了一座23层的大厦,现在远远安排不下蜂拥而至的宾客。北京饭店总经理手头只有7间住房的机动权,其他房子的钥匙掌控在国务院谷牧、陈慕华、余秋里、王震4位副总理的手里。先给谁得副总理协调发话,ー时成为天下奇闻。

Before President Nixon's visit to China, a 23-story building was constructed at the Beijing Hotel. But now, it's far from enough to accommodate the influx of guests. The General Manager of Beijing Hotel only had the flexibility to allocate 7 rooms, and the keys to the rest of the rooms were in the hands of the four Deputy Prime Ministers, Gu Mu, Chen Muhua, Yu Qiuli, and Wang Zhen. Deciding who should receive the rooms upon the coordination of the Deputy Prime Ministers was a curious issue at the time.

ー些客人久仰北京饭店的大名,宁肯在大堂静等,也不愿去别处投宿。有一次全部客人都安顿好了,还剩一个没着落,怎么办?结果他在同行者卫生间的浴缸里,蜷曲着过了一夜。

Some guests, having heard of the great reputation of the Beijing Hotel, preferred to wait patiently in the lobby rather than seek accommodations elsewhere. Once, when all guests were accommodated, one person was left without a place to stay. What to do? In the end, he curled up in the bathtub of his fellow travelers' bathroom and spent the night there.

不仅住宿难,而且条件差。

Not only was it difficult to find accommodation, but the conditions were also poor.

中国旅游协会副会长兼秘书长李玉莺,说起她当年带一批美国客人去招待所住宿,她说美国人ー看,缩了回来,不肯入住,认为条件比美国监狱还差,当即给美国使馆打电话,使馆人员叫他们先去使馆。李玉莺苦口婆心劝阻。天又下起了雨, 她就把这批客人拉到北京饭店大堂,每人发个毯子,在沙发上过夜。她也陪着外宾在椅子上度过漫长的夜晚。

Li Yuying, Vice President and Secretary-General of the China Tourism Association, spoke about the time she brought a group of American guests to stay in a guesthouse. Upon seeing the conditions, the Americans recoiled, refusing to stay. They believed that the conditions were worse than those in American prisons, and immediately called the U.S. embassy, which suggested they go to the embassy instead. Li Yuying tried her best to persuade them otherwise. It started raining also, so she took this group of guests to the lobby of the Beijing Hotel, handed each person a blanket, and let them spend the night on the sofas. She also accompanied the guests, spending the long night on a chair.

这是发生在20世纪80年代初的事。不能怪美国人挑剔,与国外饭店相比,我们的条件确实差太多。那时的招待所是个什么状况?几乎所有招待所的房间都没有卫生间,ー个楼层两大排客房,走廊尽头有个公用厕所,散发出的异味弥漫整个走廊。洗澡间大多设在厕所隔壁,你脱掉衣服洗澡的时候,感觉隔壁的臭气直接侵袭你的全身,让你感觉全身都有洗不掉的臭味。而且,每天只供应两小时热水,你进去洗澡的时候也许已经供水1个小时50分钟,但你并不知道,你脱光衣服擦上香皂,突然热水没了,你只好光着身子干着急。餐厅实行8小时工作制,过时恕不恭候。

This happened in the early 1980s. One can't blame the Americans for being picky. Compared to hotels abroad, our conditions were indeed far behind. What was the condition of the guesthouses at that time? Almost all guesthouse rooms didn't have a bathroom. On each floor, there were two large rows of guest rooms, with a shared toilet at the end of the hallway. The smell from the toilet filled the entire corridor. Most of the bathing areas were next to the toilet. When you undressed to take a bath, you could feel the unpleasant smell from the next door directly invading your body, leaving you with a feeling of an unremovable stench. Moreover, hot water was only available for two hours every day. You might go in to take a bath after hot water had already been supplied for 1 hour and 50 minutes, but you wouldn't know it. Once you had taken off your clothes and applied soap, the hot water might suddenly run out, leaving you naked and in a bind. The restaurant adhered to an 8-hour operation policy, and latecomers were not accommodated.

条件略好的涉外宾馆,也存在许多问题。耗子夜袭旅客,外宾彻夜辗转。宾客带的食品常被老鼠啃得乱七八糟,连照相机的皮背带也被咬断。有时半尺长的大老鼠突然从空飞降,“啪”的一下正落在宾客的床上,于是有外宾称中国饭店为“老鼠饭店”。

This happened in the early 1980s. One can't blame the Americans for being picky. Compared to hotels abroad, our conditions were indeed far behind. What was the condition of the guesthouses at that time? Almost all guesthouse rooms didn't have a bathroom. On each floor, there were two large rows of guest rooms, with a shared toilet at the end of the hallway. The smell from the toilet filled the entire corridor. Most of the bathing areas were next to the toilet. When you undressed to take a bath, you could feel the unpleasant smell from the next door directly invading your body, leaving you with a feeling of an unremovable stench. Moreover, hot water was only available for two hours every day. You might go in to take a bath after hot water had already been supplied for 1 hour and 50 minutes, but you wouldn't know it. Once you had taken off your clothes and applied soap, the hot water might suddenly run out, leaving you naked and in a bind. The restaurant adhered to an 8-hour operation policy, and latecomers were not accommodated.

一位外宾就绘声绘色地讲述:“晚上我看见老鼠在我眼前跳舞。”他随身带着老鼠咬过留有牙痕的巧克カ,拿出来作为介绍“老鼠饭店”的证据。

One guest vividly described: “At night, I saw rats dancing right in front of my eyes.” He carried with him a piece of chocolate that bore the teeth marks of a rat, which he presented as evidence of the “Rat Hotel”.

靳羽西来了,这位海外名人也被老鼠闹得夜不安宁。住的房间没有天花板,老
鼠在房梁上东蹿西跳,灰尘洒落。一开灯,老鼠逃走,ー关灯又出来了。几只老鼠还从她的床上爬过,吓得她一夜都不敢入睡。

When the famous overseas celebrity, Jin Yuxi, came, she too was disturbed by the rats at night. She lived in a room without a ceiling, mice scampered back and forth on the rafters, scattering dust. As soon as she turned on the light, the mice fled, but when the light was off, they returned. ome mice even crawled across her bed, frightening her to the point where she dared not sleep all night.

武汉某饭店,浴室遍地是水,每个旅客都在为马桶漏水发愁。桂林旅馆水泥屋顶竖着蓄水塔,只见水头不见水,所有客人又都为断水而抱怨。成都某涉外宾馆房间壁橱里灰尘厚积,地毯又黑又硬,床单、被子、枕套都脏兮兮的,令人恶心。卫生间墙上镜子破成两块,一条发黑的胶布刺眼地粘在上面,败陋状况令客人感觉好像来到战后的城市。

In a certain hotel in Wuhan, the bathroom was flooded with water, every guest was worried about the leaking toilet. In Guilin, the motel had cement roofs with water tanks perched on top, water could be seen but not used, causing all guests to complain about the water outage. In a certain foreign-related hotel in Chengdu, the closet in the room was thick with dust, the carpet was black and hard, and the sheets, quilts, and pillowcases were all filthy, making one feel nauseated. The mirror in the bathroom was broken into two pieces, with a piece of blackened tape glaringly sticking to it, the decrepit condition made guests feel like they had arrived in a post-war city.

ー个美国旅行团的领队柯娜・梅・邱夫人,致函中国国际旅行社,尖锐批评饭店卫生不佳现象,其中写道:

Mrs. Kona Mei Qiu, the leader of an American tour group, wrote a sharp critique to the CITS criticizing the poor hygiene in the hotels. She wrote:

“客房的蟬螂钻进我的行李包从北京运到兰州。在乌鲁木齐,蟬螂更严重,竟爬到床上来。对此,我只能置之一笑。卫生间不起作用,马桶在漏水。不干净的设施和爬虫之害,可以直接影响旅行者对中国的特殊好感。”

“Cockroaches from the guest room crawled into my suitcase and were transported from Beijing to Lanzhou. In Urumqi, the cockroach situation was even worse, they actually crawled onto the bed. To this, I can only laugh it off. The bathroom facilities are not working, particularly the toilet, which is leaking. Dirty facilities and pest problems can directly affect travelers' special fondness for China.”

今夜不知何处宿,不只是在北京。

“I don't know where to stay tonight,” wasn't just a problem in Beijing.

热点旅游城市,饭店都人满为患,床位紧缺。

In popular tourist cities, hotels were overcrowded, and there was a shortage of beds.

在桂林,海外侨胞和港澳台同胞有的被安排在大礼堂的舞台上,男男女女都打地铺。有一首打油诗流传很广:“桂林山水甲天下,我到桂林住地下……”

In Guilin, some overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were arranged to sleep on the stage of the auditorium, with men and women alike sleeping on the floor. A popular ditty was widely circulated: “Guilin's landscape tops those elsewhere, here in Guilin, I sleep on the floor...”

在上海,当时虽有锦江、和平等7家上档次的饭店,但有时几千名外宾同一天要在上海过夜,急得上海市旅游局茫然无措。安置不下的宾朋,常常临时拉到杭州、苏州去过夜。忙得顾不上吃饭的导游姑娘,跳上跳下地解释着,经常急得泪汪汪的。

In Shanghai, despite having high-end hotels like Jinjiang and Peace Hotel among seven others, there were times when thousands of foreign guests needed to spend the night in Shanghai on the same day, which often left the Shanghai Tourism Bureau at a loss. Guests who couldn't be accommodated were often hastily relocated to Hangzhou or Suzhou to spend the night. The tour guide girls, too busy to even eat, would hop up and down explaining the situation, often to the brink of tears.

3.票!票!票!

Tickets! Tickets! Tickets!

1979年春,桂林机场。浓雾迷天。

Spring of 1979, Guilin Airport. The sky was filled with dense fog.

一天,两天,桂林的雾,依旧那么浓。10多个航班延误了,宾客焦急的情绪,也像雾一般在候机室内外弥漫,机场一片混乱。

One day, two days, the fog in Guilin remained as dense as ever. More than 10 flights were delayed, and the anxiety of the guests, like the fog, filled the waiting room and the airport was in chaos.

外宾是有日程的,签证到期该回国了,回国机票也早买了,可是卡在桂林出不来,怎么不焦急上火? 3天后,天空终于开雾了。几天滞留下来的旅客黑压压ー片,机场乱哄哄的。每个团都想先走。协调、安慰,增调航班,喧闹数天的游客最后总算都散了出去。

Foreign guests had schedules to keep, their visas were expiring and they needed to return to their home countries. They had bought their return tickets long ago, but they were stuck in Guilin and couldn't leave, how could they not be anxious and upset? Three days later, the sky finally cleared up. The travelers who had been stranded for several days were a mass of dark figures, the airport was in an uproar. Every group wanted to leave first. Through coordination, consolation, and adding additional flights, the noisy tourists who had been there for several days eventually all dispersed.

中国民航从1979年4月1日起,在国内对外开放的城市中相继开辟了 8条新航线,每周共安排了 545个航班。外宾最集中的北京、上海两地,班机由原来每周

的15班增加到24班。

Starting from April 1, 1979, the Civil Aviation Administration of China successively opened eight new routes in cities open to foreigners domestically, scheduling a total of 545 flights per week. The number of flights in Beijing and Shanghai, where most foreign guests were concentrated, increased from the original 15 flights per week to 24.

桂林是最热门的景区,要求去桂林游览的外宾越来越多。民航广州管理局已把从广州到桂林的航班,由原来每周!5班增加到24班。北京、上海、杭州、贵阳、天津、重庆、成都、武汉、长沙等地,每周都有班机进出桂林。

Guilin was the most popular tourist area, and the number of foreign guests requesting to visit Guilin increased. The Civil Aviation Administration of Guangzhou had increased the number of flights from Guangzhou to Guilin from the original 15 flights per week to 24. Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guiyang, Tianjin, Chongqing, Chengdu, Wuhan, Changsha, and other cities all had flights to and from Guilin every week.

在当时情况下,民航已竭尽全力,但还是无法满足旅游班机需求。1978年底, 中国民航只有162条航线,飞机的日利用时间オ1.9个小时,民航的运输总周转量世界排名第33位。飞机性能差,30年前乘坐过中国民航飞机的人,对当年那颠簸的飞机和轰鸣的噪音记忆犹新。

Given the circumstances at the time, the Civil Aviation Administration had done its utmost, but it still could not meet the demand for tourist flights. By the end of 1978, China's Civil Aviation Administration only had 162 routes, the daily usage time of aircraft was 1.9 hours, and the total turnover of civil aviation ranked 33rd in the world. The aircraft's performance was poor, and those who had flown on China's civil aviation aircraft 30 years ago still had vivid memories of the bumpy aircraft and roaring noise.

票!票!票!机票、火车票,两票难求。外宾进得来,出不去,成为主要矛盾。外国、侨胞旅行团因购不到机票而被打乱行程,滞留、改线现象经常发生。

Tickets! Tickets! Tickets! Both flight tickets and train tickets were hard to come by. Foreign guests could get in, but they couldn't get out, which became a major problem. Tour groups from foreign countries and overseas Chinese often had their schedules disrupted because they couldn't buy flight tickets, and incidents of delay or route changes happened frequently.

有一次在桂林,ー个美国团班机延误,眼见签证即将到期却走不了,客人闹了起来了,挥舞拳头抗议。全陪导游老黄想,打电话向国旅总部反映,时间都来不及了。急中生智,他直接把电话打到分管旅游工作的陈慕华副总理办公室。陈慕华连夜向空军司令张廷发求助,临时调军用飞机救急,オ平息ー场风波。

Once in Guilin, a flight delay for an American group led to a scene where the guests, seeing their visas about to expire but unable to leave, started to protest. The accompanying guide, Old Huang, thought to call the headquarters of the CITS, but there wasn't enough time. Thinking quickly, he directly called the office of Deputy Premier Chen Muhua, who was in charge of tourism work. Chen Muhua sought help from Air Force Commander Zhang Tingfa overnight and arranged for a military plane to be used in an emergency, which quelled the unrest.

当时缓解航班紧缺的办法,只有通过国务院、中央军委高层领导找空军司令张廷发特批空军包机。紧张状况一直延续到1982年。空军部队1982年共派出1800 多架次飞机,协助旅游部门空运游客近6万人次。1985年,空军正式成立旅游包机公司,飞机短缺的状况稍有缓解。

At that time, the only way to alleviate the shortage of flights was to seek special permission from Air Force Commander Zhang Tingfa through the State Council and the senior leadership of the Central Military Commission. he tense situation continued until 1982. In 1982, the Air Force dispatched more than 1,800 flights, assisting the tourism department in transporting nearly 60,000 tourists by air. In 1985, the Air Force formally established a charter company for tourism, which somewhat alleviated the shortage of aircraft.

火车票同样紧缺,卧铺票更是难求。常常是ー个团只能分到几张卧铺票,而旅游团中年龄偏大者居多,ー个团下飞机,多数是白发老人,被称为“银发族”。导游陪同常为拿不出足够的卧铺票而内疚。

Train tickets were also in short supply, and sleeper tickets were even harder to find. Often, a group could only get a few sleeper tickets, and the majority of those in the tour groups were older, most of them were elderly with white hair, referred to as the “silver-haired tribe”. The accompanying guides often felt guilty for not being able to provide enough sleeper tickets.

法国飞行78团凭票到火车站上车,车站告知走不了,要改乘凌晨2时的火车。等到凌晨2时,铁路方面又通知说这班车次取消了,要9时オ有火车。旅客通宵未眠,遇上这种情况,怎能不生气！

The French Flying 78 Group arrived at the train station with tickets only to be told by the station that they couldn't leave and had to take the train at 2 am. When it got to 2 am, the railway informed them that this train was cancelled and they had to wait until 9 am for the next train. The tourists had been up all night. Under such circumstances, how could they not get angry!

有一次火车途经昔日丝绸之路走过的名城,有个法国旅游团上车。因没有软卧,客人和陪同发生争执,团队中有80多岁的老太太。列车长也很为难。正在无可奈何之际,甘肃省委一行人知道情况后,带队的领导对列车长说:“这样吧,我们 12人的软卧全部让给旅游外宾。”说着就招呼人从软卧车厢把东西拿了出来。

Once, a train was passing through a famous city on the old Silk Road, and a French tour group got on. Because there were no soft sleepers available, a dispute arose between the guests and the accompanying staff, with an elderly lady in her 80s in the group. The train conductor was also in a difficult position. Just when they were at a loss, the Gansu Provincial Party Committee members who were on the train learnt about the situation. The leader of the group said to the train conductor, “Let's do this, we will give all our 12 soft sleepers to the foreign guests.” Then, they called their people to take their belongings out of the soft sleeper carriage.

法国客人进入软卧车厢后,迷惑不解地问:“他们怎么愿意把软卧让出来?”当得知为他们让出卧铺的是省级领导,顿时感动不已。

When the French guests entered the soft sleeper carriage, they asked in confusion, “Why are they willing to give up their soft sleepers?” When they learned that the people who gave up their berths for them were provincial leaders, they were deeply moved.

“在有限的条件下,解决宾客交通困难,我们尽心尽力。”王尔康给我们讲了个

导航轮的故事。

“We did our best to solve the guests’ transportation difficulties under limited conditions.” Wang Erkang told us a story about a navigation wheel. The story took place in the early 1980s.

故事发生在20世纪80年代初。这天王尔康刚上班,总经理室的电话就响起来了。空军机场告知,原定明晨6时起飞的一架图ー154包机导航轮要更换。图ー 154是苏联产的飞机,早已从苏联采购、用火车托运的ー批导航轮,却因东北嫩江发大水,失去了联系,火车皮现不知道在哪儿。如果不更换导航轮,飞机就不能起飞。王尔康一听急了,飞机延误就要打乱客人下ー站的旅行计划,这150多人的旅游团,ー处乱就一路乱,怎么办?

This happened in the early 1980s. One day, as soon as Wang Erkang arrived at work, the phone in the general manager's office rang. The Air Force airport informed them that the navigation wheel of a Tu-154 charter plane, which was scheduled to take off at 6 am the next morning, needed to be replaced. The Tu-154 is a Soviet-made aircraft. A batch of navigation wheels had already been purchased from the Soviet Union and shipped by train, but due to severe flooding in the Nen River in Northeast China, they had lost contact, and they didn't know where the train carriage was now. If the navigation wheel wasn't replaced, the plane wouldn't be able to take off. Upon hearing this, Wang Erkang was alarmed. If the flight was delayed, it would disrupt the travel plans of the next stop for the guests. For this tour group of more than 150 people, if one place was chaotic, the chaos would follow them the whole way. What should he do?

空军也在想办法。全国发电报寻找,终于在空军所属的乌鲁木齐机场找到ー个备用导航轮,但是得有专人去拿。王尔康一看飞乌鲁木齐航班还赶得上,马上派人出发赶飞机。如同一场争分夺秒的“战斗”,终于在当晚!2点前把导航轮送到空军机场,机械师连夜装换。第二天黎明,一声轰鸣,飞机按时冲上蓝天。王尔康与在场的国旅总社人员一直悬着的心,总算平静下来,脸上有了欣慰的微笑。

The Air Force was also trying to find a solution. They sent telegrams nationwide to find a spare navigation wheel and finally located one at their Urumqi Airport. However, they needed someone to pick it up. Seeing that there was still time to catch a flight to Urumqi, Wang Erkang immediately dispatched someone to rush to the airport. Like a race against time, the navigation wheel was finally delivered to the Air Force airport before midnight, and the mechanics worked overnight to replace it. At dawn the next day, with a loud roar, the plane took off on time. The hearts of Wang Erkang and the other staff from the China International Travel Service, which had been hanging in the balance, finally calmed down, and a relieved smile appeared on their faces.

1978年到20世纪80年代初,中国民航、铁路都极其薄弱,交通与住宿,同时成为发展旅游的主要瓶颈,外宾对此啧有烦言。抗议呀,叫喊呀,但由于条件限制,都难以较快改善。当这些外宾回国后,形成的舆论却相当可怕,给中国的国际声誉造成的不良影响,还不容易改变。

From 1978 to the early 1980s, both air and rail transportation in China were extremely weak, and transportation and accommodation became major bottlenecks for the development of tourism. Foreign visitors often complained about these issues. Despite protests and complaints, rapid improvements were difficult to achieve due to various constraints. After these foreign visitors returned to their home countries, the public opinion formed was rather negative, creating an unfavorable impact on China's international reputation, which was not easy to change.

20世纪80年代初,连续5批130多个美国客人在中国住不好,吃不好,特别是又因机票受困走不了,问题从民间反映到官方。不久,美国官方公开发布消息,说美国人到中国出不来,没地方住,对中国之旅亮出红灯。随即美国旅客骤减。美国旅行商说:“等到你们条件改善,我们再来。”

In the early 1980s, over 130 American visitors in five consecutive groups had unpleasant experiences in China, facing poor accommodations and food. Particularly troubling was the difficulty they experienced in obtaining flight tickets, which led to their being stranded. These issues escalated from the public domain to official levels. Soon after, the U.S. government publicly announced that Americans were having difficulty leaving China, and that there were inadequate accommodations. This warning signaled a red light for trips to China, leading to a significant decrease in American tourists. merican travel agencies said, "We will return when your conditions have improved."

中国旅游业,是在种种尴尬的情况下起步。

The tourism industry in China started amid various awkward circumstances.

4. 意想不到的尴尬

4. Unexpected Embarrassments

“民以食为天。”中国美食天下扬,正宗的有鲁菜、徽菜、浙菜、苏菜、闽菜、粤菜、川菜、湘菜等八大菜系,还有满、蒙、回、朝鲜等民族的特色口味,如烧、烤、涮。高档的有燕窝、鱼翅;中档的有甲鱼、螃蟹;北京烤鸭,杭州宋嫂鱼,四川太白鸭…… 任君享用,更不消说还有天南海北形形色色的风味小吃。说到吃,在中国总没问题了吧?

“People regard food as their primary need.” Chinese cuisine is famous worldwide. The authentic Chinese cuisine includes eight major culinary traditions: Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, and Hunan, as well as the special tastes of ethnic groups such as the Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Korean, which include techniques like roasting, grilling, and hotpot. There are high-end delicacies like bird's nest and shark fin; mid-range options like turtle and crab; Beijing roast duck, Hangzhou Song Sao Fish, Sichuan Taibai duck... The choice is yours. Not to mention, there are a variety of local snacks from all over the country. When it comes to eating, there should be no problem in China, right?

“你们想错了。”程文栋先生说,“当时在餐桌上出现过不少尴尬。”程文栋曾任国家旅游局副局长,担任过中国驻意大利大使,获过意大利“大十字骑士勋章”。他身材高大,声音洪亮而浑厚。他向我们讲述当年陪美国内务部次长一行人游桂林的事。

“You're mistaken,” said Mr. Cheng Wendong. “There were quite a few embarrassing incidents at the dining table.” Cheng Wendong served as the Deputy Director of the National Tourism Administration, was China's ambassador to Italy, and was awarded the “Knight Grand Cross” by Italy. With a tall stature and a deep, resonant voice, he shared with us his experience of accompanying a delegation led by the US Deputy Secretary of the Interior on a tour of Guilin.

美国客人到餐厅坐下,提出要喝啤酒。

When the American guests sat down at the restaurant, they asked for beer.

“对不起,没有了。”

“Sorry, we're out of beer.”

“那就来点冰激凌。”

“Well, bring some ice cream then.”

冰激凌是什么?服务员还是第一次听说,去问餐厅经理。经理脸红了,知道是知道,但餐厅目前还不会做。最后,客人说:“那就来杯冰水吧!”

What is ice cream? It was the first time the waiter had heard of it, so he asked the restaurant manager. The manager blushed, he knew what ice cream was, but the restaurant was not currently equipped to make it. In the end, the guests said, “Well, bring a glass of ice water then!”

经理派人出去跑,打电话到处联系,就是找不到冰水。

The manager dispatched someone to go out and make phone calls to various contacts, but they simply couldn't find any ice water.

美国宾客耸耸肩,疑惑地瞪大眼睛问程先生:“冰水也没有?”

The American guests shrugged and widened their eyes in confusion, asking Mr. Cheng: “You don't have ice water either?”

程文栋说起话来中气十足,说到这里,仰面哈哈大笑起来:“你看现在,要什么饮料没有?那时候连啤酒都没有呀!青岛啤酒,年初就拿钱去预定的,按计划供应。需求上报了,但只批下极少量。”

Cheng Wendong spoke with great vigour, and when he got to this part, he threw his head back and laughed heartily: “Just look at the present times, is there any drink that we don't have? Back then, even beer was scarce! For Tsingtao Beer, we had to place an advance payment at the beginning of the year and it was supplied as per plan. The demand was reported, but only a very small quantity was approved.”

1979年,14个省市54个涉外饭店有个统计,每年短缺啤酒2778吨,而且多数啤酒质量很差,外国旅游者对喝不到啤酒很有意见。美国人晚餐想喝鸡尾酒,更让我们的餐厅经理傻了眼。那时只有少数涉外宾馆オ有调配鸡尾酒的人才。

In 1979, a statistic from 54 foreign-related hotels in 14 provinces and cities revealed a shortage of 2778 tons of beer annually. Moreover, the quality of most beers was very poor, which displeased foreign tourists who couldn't get their hands on any. If American guests wanted to drink a cocktail for dinner, it would leave our restaurant managers completely flabbergasted. At that time, only a few foreign-related hotels had staff who could mix cocktails.

还有香槟酒问题。香槟酒是礼仪用酒,国外宴会大开香槟酒助兴,以显示宴会的隆重。可是,我们的餐厅香槟酒也奇缺,喝都不够,更别说是弄得“香槟喷溅宾朋乐”。

There was also the issue of champagne. Champagne is a ceremonial drink. At foreign banquets, it's customary to open champagne for toasting, signifying the grandeur of the event. However, our restaurants were severely short of champagne. There was barely enough for consumption, let alone to create a “champagne-spraying, guest-delighting” scene.

除了物资紧俏,由于对外国饮食忌讳不了解,也闹出ー些不愉快的事。比如泰国游客忌吃牛肉,事先已通过陪同向餐厅打了招呼。数分钟后,服务员忙中出错, 偏偏把ー盘牛肉端上桌。

Besides the scarcity of supplies, some unpleasant incidents arose due to a lack of understanding of foreign food taboos. For example, Thai tourists avoid eating beef, and this had been communicated in advance to the restaurant through accompanying staff. A few minutes later, a server made a mistake during a busy period and mistakenly served a plate of beef.

“哎,我们不是说了吗,不吃牛肉。”ー桌人都火了,因为这被视为对客人信仰的侮辱！

“Hey, didn't we say that we don't eat beef?” Everyone at the table was angry, as this was viewed as an insult to the guests' beliefs!

港澳游客忌讳“炒觥鱼”,因为在他们那里炒觥鱼”是失业的代名词。但餐厅服务员对炒觥鱼这道菜叫惯了,上菜就大声唱道:“炒觥鱼了！”

Tourists from Hong Kong and Macao have a taboo against “fried goby”, because in their culture, “fried goby” is synonymous with unemployment. But restaurant servers were accustomed to calling out this dish loudly: “Fried goby!”

海员忌讳“翻”。某餐厅服务员帮忙,把下半边未吃的鱼翻了个身,谁知外国海员无法容忍,把筷子ー摔离席而去。

Seamen have a taboo against “flipping”. A restaurant server wanted to help and flipped a half-eaten fish, but a foreign sailor couldn't tolerate it and slammed his chopsticks down, leaving the table.

在饮食习惯上,国内外存在很大差异。外宾喜欢分餐制,中国餐厅总是老规矩,10人ー桌,合而食之,有时不足10人还不上菜,客人面面相觑,饥腹以待。

There were significant differences in dietary habits between domestic and foreign guests. Foreign guests prefer separate dining, but Chinese restaurants usually adhere to the old rule of serving 10 people per table, serving food when the table is full. Sometimes if there are less than 10 people, they don't serve food at all, leaving the guests to glance at each other and wait with hunger.

大多数外宾早上爱吃西餐,而许多餐厅还做不了西餐。早餐通常是稀饭、冷菜、点心,西方宾客很不适应。

Most foreign guests prefer Western breakfast, but many restaurants couldn't make Western food at that time. Breakfast was usually porridge, cold dishes, and dim sum, which Western guests found hard to adjust to.

还有一个让外国游客不满的是餐厅定时开饭,过时不候。早上得早起赶吃饭, 晚上又没有专供客人喝酒聊天的酒吧间。

Another dissatisfaction among foreign tourists was the restaurant's set meal times. If you missed the time, you would not be served. They had to get up early in the morning to catch breakfast and there was no bar available in the evening for guests to have a drink and chat.

中国有“食在广州”ー说,天上飞的,地上爬的,水里游的,经过煎炒烹炸、蒸煮
炖煨,无不成了席上的佳肴。然而,那些精心烹饪的名菜端上来,外国游客问,这是什么?当得知这是某些飞禽走兽时,他们不吃了。餐厅说,你点的,我们做了,你怎么能不要?客人说,你写的不是这个东西。人家说得没错,我们写的“龙凤呈祥”，外国游客能知道那是什么?矛盾的焦点则是:有些“洋客人”反对屠杀动物。

In China, there's a saying “Food is in Guangzhou”, which means everything that flies in the sky, crawls on the ground, and swims in the water can be transformed into delicious dishes on the table through various cooking methods like frying, boiling, steaming, and braising. However, when those meticulously prepared dishes were served, foreign tourists would ask, “What is this?” Upon learning that it was some kind of animal, they would refuse to eat. The restaurant would respond, “You ordered it, we made it, how can you reject it?” The guests would reply, “What you wrote is not this.” They’re right. If we wrote “dragon and phoenix bring auspiciousness,” how could foreign tourists know what it is? The focus of the conflict was that some "foreign guests" opposed the killing of animals.

许多餐厅还没有菜单,更没有英文菜单。每次吃中餐,外宾好奇地询问各种菜名。我们的传统菜名写在小竹签上,高高ー排悬于墙,外国宾客不知那是什么。菜单可以充分展示一个餐厅的优势和特色,可惜那时我们还不知道利用。

Many restaurants didn't even have menus, let alone English menus. Each time they had Chinese meals, foreign guests would curiously inquire about the names of various dishes. Every time they had Chinese meals, foreign guests would curiously ask about the names of various dishes. Our traditional dish names were written on small bamboo sticks and hung high on the wall, leaving foreign guests in confusion about what they were. Menus can fully showcase the advantages and features of a restaurant, but unfortunately, we didn't know how to utilize that at the time.

有些问题ー经外宾指出,改起来并不难。很快,印有中英文的精美菜单出现在各宾馆的餐桌上;也有了夜间小吃部,备有各种名酒、饮料、点心、冷菜、热菜。就餐时间不再限定。街头相继出现酒吧间,并迅速增加。

Some of the issues were easy to address once foreign guests pointed them out. Soon, beautifully printed menus with both Chinese and English started appearing on the dining tables in various hotels; there were also night snack sections that provided a variety of famous wines, beverages, pastries, cold dishes, and hot dishes. Meal times were no longer restricted. Bars started to appear on the streets and rapidly increased in number.

在旅游点进餐,更大的问题是卫生差。某些餐馆苍蝇就像轰炸机ー样向饭菜袭来,外宾见了头皮发麻。有些餐馆厨房与餐厅只隔ー矮墙,客人可以看到师傅打赤膊在大锅台上烫面条,食欲大减。

The bigger problem with dining at tourist spots was poor hygiene. In some restaurants, flies swooped down on the food like bombers, making foreign guests shudder. Some restaurants had a low wall separating the kitchen from the dining area, and guests could see the chefs shirtless, blanching noodles on the large stoves, which greatly reduced their appetite.

别小看“吃”,一日三餐谁能少?没有好的餐饮企业,就没有好的旅游环境。ー个城市餐饮市场的成熟程度,反映了它的旅游接待カ和综合实カ。

Don't underestimate the importance of eating. Who can skip a meal three times a day? Without good catering enterprises, there won't be a good tourism environment. The maturity of a city's catering market reflects its tourism reception capability and overall strength.

为了让旅游外宾吃饱吃好,我们的餐厅师傅费尽了心思。常言道:“众口难调。”何况这“众口”来自不同国家和地区。甚至同一个团队,由于年龄、体质、职业、宗教信仰等不同,对饮食也有不同的要求,要细心地做到“看客做菜” 〇

In order to ensure foreign tourists are well-fed, our restaurant chefs put in a lot of effort. As the saying goes, “It's hard to please all tastes,” especially when these "tastes" come from different countries and regions. Even within the same group, due to differences in age, physique, occupation, and religious beliefs, there are different requirements for food, requiring careful attention to “tailor the dishes to the guest.”

师傅们很快了解到西欧人口味清淡,东欧人口味比较浓厚;非洲人以咸辣味为主,爱吃咖哩;法国客人吃点心,喜咸不喜甜;美国人饭前要喝饮料,日本人喜欢海鲜鱼虾;而尼泊尔等ー些内陆国家对海味和水产品都不太适应;朝鲜人则喜欢蒜味辣味,对花椒八角等香料不喜欢;川菜,酸、甜、苦、辣、麻,五味俱全,外宾就消受不了,得改进。连炒个鸡蛋也讲究,有的要荤烧,有的要素做。这鸡蛋本来就是荤的, 怎么个素做?荤的又分煎炒,素的还讲老嫩。

Chefs quickly understood that Western Europeans prefer light flavors, Eastern Europeans prefer stronger flavors; Africans prefer salty and spicy food, and love curry; French guests prefer savory pastries, not sweet; Americans like to drink beverages before meals, Japanese love seafood; while people from inland countries like Nepal are not quite adapted to seafood and aquatic products; Koreans love garlic and spicy flavors, and do not like spices like Sichuan pepper and star anise; Sichuan cuisine, with its sour, sweet, bitter, spicy, and numbing flavors, is too overwhelming for foreign guests, so adjustments need to be made. Even the frying of an egg requires particular attention, some require meat, some need to be made vegetarian. Eggs are inherently non-vegetarian, so how can they be made vegetarian? And for non-vegetarian ones, there are differences in frying, and for vegetarian ones, the tenderness is important.

北京饭店等许多涉外饭店让宾客吃得最为满意。餐厅中西餐齐备、品种俱全, 任君自选。中餐花样繁多,别具风格。山珍海味经高级名厨的妙手高技,做出色香味绝佳令人见而增欲的美味佳肴。包括茅台酒在内的多种饮料,任凭客人吃喝。咖啡、冰糕等冷饮都能及时送到。上菜、送酒、端饭,讲究礼貌,有条不紊。外宾们认为,在这里用餐是ー种美的享受。交口称赞:“中国菜是世界第一流的。”

Many hotels catering to foreign guests, such as the Beijing Hotel, have made their guests very satisfied. heir restaurants offer a wide range of Chinese and Western dishes, with a variety of options for guests to choose from. Chinese cuisine is diverse and unique in style. Mountain and sea delicacies, prepared by skilled chefs, create flavorful dishes that increase people's appetite upon seeing them. A variety of beverages, including Maotai liquor, are available for guests to enjoy. Coffee, ice cream and other cold drinks can be delivered promptly. Serving dishes, pouring wine, and serving meals are all done with manners and order. Foreign guests believe that dining here is a beautiful enjoyment. They unanimously praise, “Chinese food is world-class.”

但是,那时没有太多的地方能像北京饭店那样。

However, at that time, not too many places could match the standard of the Beijing Hotel.

5.情动中南海

Emotion Moves Zhongnanhai

那时的中国旅行游览事业管理局,频于应付各种难题,像救火的消防队。北京和各地持续的住宿难的呼声,惊动了中南海。党中央、国务院领导清楚地认识到: 住宿问题已严重制约、影响了旅游业的发展,乃至经济发展,得下决心解决住房“卡脖子”状况。临时建房来不及,原有的内部宾馆则是可利用的资源。1979年,国务院一声令下,决定将北京和全国各地的内部高级饭店对外开放,划归旅游局实行企业化经营,挣外汇。

The China Administration for Travel and Tourism at that time, was constantly dealing with various difficulties, much like a firefighting team. The continuous calls regarding accommodation difficulties in Beijing and other regions alarmed Zhongnanhai. The leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the State Council clearly realized that the accommodation issue had severely constrained and affected the development of the tourism industry, and even economic development, and it was determined to resolve the “bottleneck” condition of housing. There was no time to build temporary houses, and the existing internal guest houses were available resources. In 1979, the State Council issued a command to decide to open up high-level hotels for internal use in Beijing and all over the country to foreign visitors. These hotels were transferred to the management of the tourism bureau to operate as enterprises and earn foreign exchange.

于是,中共中央、国务院、总参内部使用的北戴河疗养区别墅院舍、钓鱼台国宾馆其中两幢楼,率先对外开放,接待自费旅游者。

Consequently, the Beidaihe Sanatorium villas and two buildings of the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, which were used internally by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the General Staff Department, were the first to be opened to the public, accommodating self-funded tourists.

北戴河疗养区一开放,日、美、英、法、瑞士、加拿大等国的外宾ー批批来到了北戴河,喜笑颜开地游山海关,在海滨沐浴阳光,划船游泳〇

When the Beidaihe Sanatorium was opened, visitors from Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Canada, and other countries came to Beidaihe in batches. They were overjoyed to tour Shanhaiguan, bask in the sunshine on the beach, and go boating and swimming.

北京钓鱼台宾馆是名闻中外的国宾馆。800多年前,金王朝迁都燕京后,金章宗皇帝常到大水池边钓鱼,流传下“钓鱼台”的名称。清朝,这里是皇帝行宫。中华人民共和国成立后,这里接待过许多元首级外宾。住房在湖水岸旁绿树丛中,环境幽静,高贵典雅。卧室宽敞、整洁,电冰箱、电视机等现代化的实用设备,ー应俱全。!979年8月1日,国宾馆首批接待了菲律宾首航旅行团,包括菲使馆人员共 70人。接着又连续接待了日本、美国的旅游客人。宾馆还向每位入住客人赠送绣有“钓鱼台迎宾馆”字样的桌布、檀香扇。外宾为能入住原来只有国家元首下榻的国宾馆而感到兴奋和荣耀。

The Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing is a state guesthouse known both domestically and abroad. More than 800 years ago, after the Jin Dynasty moved the capital to Yanjing, Emperor Zhangzong of Jin often went fishing by the large pool, which gave the name “Diaoyutai”. During the Qing Dynasty, this place was an imperial palace. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has received many foreign guests at the head-of-state level. The guest rooms are nestled among green trees by the lakeside, providing a quiet and elegant environment. The bedrooms are spacious and clean, equipped with modern practical equipment such as refrigerators and televisions, and are fully equipped. On August 1, 1979, the State Guesthouse received its first group of guests from the inaugural Philippine tour group, including 70 people from the Philippine Embassy. Subsequently, it continuously received tourists from Japan and the United States. The guesthouse also presented each guest with a tablecloth embroidered with the words “Diaoyutai State Guesthouse” and a sandalwood fan. Foreign guests were excited and honored to be able to stay in the state guesthouse where only national leaders had stayed before.

国务院开放国家“禁苑”,各省市争相仿效。

Following the State Council's decision to open up the national “forbidden gardens”, provinces and cities across the country began to follow suit.

行动最快的是山东,把当地最好的济南南郊宾馆、济南饭店拨出。随后河北、四川、云南、天津、黑龙江、吉林等1〇多个省市都将本地“禁苑”开放,拨给旅游部门管理使用,自己要开会时就住一般饭店和招待所。

Shandong was the fastest to act, allocating the best local hotels, Jinan South Suburb Guesthouse and Jinan Hotel. Subsequently, over 10 provinces and cities including Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, and Jilin opened up their local “forbidden gardens”, allocating them to the tourism department for management and use. When they needed to hold meetings, they would stay in ordinary hotels and guesthouses.

广东把白云宾馆和南湖宾馆拨给省旅游局管理使用,湖南省委将当地的“国宾馆”蓉园改为蓉园宾馆,接待旅游者。

Guangdong allocated Baiyun Guesthouse and Nanhu Guesthouse to the Provincial Tourism Bureau for management and use. The Hunan Provincial Committee turned the local "State Guesthouse", Rongyuan, into Rongyuan Guesthouse to accommodate tourists.

浙江省委规定,省委开会一律不准占用接待外宾的饭店和宾馆。同时,让省机关事务管理局所属的新新和大华两个饭店,按照先外后内的原则安排用房。

The Zhejiang Provincial Committee stipulated that meetings of the Provincial Committee should not occupy hotels and guesthouses that cater to foreign guests. At the same time, it allowed the Xin Xin and Dahua hotels, which belong to the Provincial Bureau of Government Offices Administration, to arrange rooms according to the principle of prioritizing foreign guests first, then local guests.

广西南宁的西园饭店,人称“南宁国宾馆”;湖南蓉园宾馆,重庆市渝州宾馆, 都是当地接待来华访问高级官员和中央首长的高级饭店,这些内部宾馆如无接待任务,都是常年空锁着。开放后,为国家挣到大笔外汇,结束了年年向财政部门要补贴的历史。

The Xiyuan Hotel in Nanning, Guangxi, also known as Nanning State Guesthouse; the Rongyuan Guesthouse in Hunan; and the Yuzhou Guesthouse in Chongqing city were all high-end hotels used locally to receive senior officials visiting China and central leaders. These internal guesthouses were usually left vacant and locked when they weren't being used for hosting tasks. Once these locations opened to the public, they earned a significant amount of foreign exchange for the country, ending the history of needing annual subsidies from the finance department.

上海先后开放兴国宾馆、西郊宾馆和锦江中楼。

Shanghai subsequently opened Xingguo Guesthouse, West Suburb Guesthouse, and Jinjiang Middle Building to the public.

兴国宾馆又名丁香花园,相传是清末李鸿章宠妾丁香居住的地方。园内有三

幢别墅式的建筑,内有苏州式的庭园,小桥流水,曲径幽回,假山亭榭,错落有致
西郊宾馆是上海最大的内部宾馆,“十里洋场”少有的幽静处所。

Xingguo Guesthouse, also known as Lilac Garden, is rumored to have been the residence of Li Hongzhang's favorite consort, Dingxiang, during the late Qing dynasty. Within the garden, there are three villa-style buildings, a Suzhou-style courtyard, small bridges over flowing water, winding paths, and well-arranged rockeries and pavilions. The West Suburb Guesthouse was the largest internal guesthouse in Shanghai, a rare quiet place in the ten-mile foreign concessions.

高级套房, 豪华的客厅和新颖别致的酒吧、茶座,此外还有百亩诱人水面,可供住客划船、垂钓。

These advanced guest rooms, luxurious living rooms and unique bars and tea houses, in addition to a hundred acres of attractive water surface for guests to boat and fish, have greatly added to the appeal.

锦江中楼原来是接待国家元首用的专用楼,使用率极低;遇有重要国宾,则不光是中楼,连整个饭店都要提前控制床位,其他外宾不接或少接;任务过后,中楼还要休整两天搞卫生,清规戒律很多,没有接待任务只准空着,亏损由国家财政补贴。

The Jinjiang Central Building was originally a dedicated building for hosting national leaders, and its usage rate was extremely low. When important foreign guests arrived, not only the Central Building, but the entire hotel had to control the number of beds in advance, accepting fewer or no other foreign guests. After the task was completed, the Central Building would still need to be cleaned for two days. There were many rules and regulations, and it was only allowed to be vacant when there was no reception task. The losses were subsidized by the state finance.

各地高级宾馆原有的规章,在1979年被彻底打破了。

In 1979, the original regulations of high-end hotels across the country were completely broken.

这些举措给旅游业发展吹来ー缕春风,从一定程度上缓解了外宾食宿困难的矛盾。更为国家挣得许多外汇,可谓ー举多得。

These measures brought a breath of spring to the development of the tourism industry and alleviated the difficulties of foreign guests in eating and accommodation to a certain extent. Earning more foreign exchange for the country, it can be said that the move was beneficial in multiple ways.

开放“禁苑”挣外汇,表明中国旅游开始从“外事接待型”向“积累外汇型”转轨,表明了中国高层领导支持搞旅游的决心。

Opening up the “forbidden gardens” to earn foreign exchange indicated that Chinese tourism began to transition from a “foreign affairs reception type” to a “foreign exchange accumulation type”, which demonstrated the determination of China's top leaders to support tourism.

除了开放全国各地“禁苑”外,国家旅游总局号召旅游部门紧急行动起来,改造原有招待所,解决住宿“卡脖子”问题。

In addition to opening up “forbidden gardens” across the country, the CNTA called on the tourism departments to take urgent action to transform the existing guest houses and solve the problem of accommodation bottlenecks.

当时提出的口号是:时间就是外汇,速度就是金钱。早一天改建成,为国家早一天收入外汇。

The slogan put forward at that time was: time is foreign exchange, speed is money. The earlier the transformation is completed, the earlier the country earns foreign exchange.

北京及全国各地都开始把老式的招待所住房,改造成带卫生间的套房。安装锅炉,整理床位,添置设备,疏通道路,组建车队,新建餐厅、礼堂、俱乐部……任务非常紧迫。

Beijing and other places across the country began to transform old guest houses into suites with bathrooms. Installing boilers, arranging beds, adding equipment, clearing roads, forming car fleets, building new restaurants, auditoriums, clubs... The task was very urgent.

上海提出“修好一间,布置ー间,安排ー间”的口号,大挖住房潜力。在短期内改造、扩建旅游标准床位3000多个。

Shanghai proposed the slogan, "repair one room, decorate one room, and use one room," greatly tapping into the housing potential. More than 3000 tourist standard beds were remodeled and expanded in a short time.

杭州马不停蹄,改造扩建2000多间标准接待用房。

Hangzhou worked non-stop, remodeling and expanding more than 2000 standard reception rooms.

有的地方“临时抱佛脚”,像救火ー样抢时间。江苏有4个团百余客人将到达, 住宿安排不下。如果临时打退堂鼓,既损坏信誉,又影响外汇收入。怎么办?省委听了汇报后指示:“接,决不能退!”马上组织人员装修双门楼宾馆三、四层。

Some places were seeking Buddha's help at the last moment, scrambling for time like firefighters. There were four groups of over a hundred guests arriving in Jiangsu, and the accommodation couldn't accommodate them all. If they backed down at the last minute, it would damage their reputation and affect foreign exchange income. So what to do? After hearing the report, the provincial committee instructed: “Accept, we cannot retreat!” Personnel were immediately organized to renovate the third and fourth floors of the Shuangmenlou Guesthouse.

这时,离接团的时间只有一周。楼体虽已建起,但还是个水泥框架,室内工程尚未动エ。那时人干起活来有股子冲劲,不分昼夜,不讲报酬。南京一建公司多エ种工人同时作业,安灯通水、油漆门窗、粘贴墙纸、为地板打蜡。无锡家具厂赶制的弹簧床、沙发,水运太慢,市城建部门抽出20多辆大卡车连夜送达。苏州提供灯具,镇江赶制拖鞋,扬州运来大浴巾,女工连夜缝被子。没服务员怎么办?调江苏旅游学校30名即将毕业的学员,提前上岗实习。

At that time, there was only one week left until the arrival of the groups. Although the building structure had been erected, it was still a concrete frame, and the interior work had not yet begun. But back then, when people worked, they had a spirit of urgency, working day and night without discussing remuneration. Numerous workers from a construction company in Nanjing worked simultaneously, installing lights and water, painting doors and windows, pasting wallpaper, and waxing floors. Spring beds and sofas rushed from a furniture factory in Wuxi were too slow to be transported by water, so the city's urban construction department dispatched over 20 large trucks to deliver them overnight. Suzhou provided lights, Zhenjiang rushed to make slippers, Yangzhou transported large bath towels, and female workers sewed quilts overnight. What to do without waitstaff? Thirty soon-to-graduate students from Jiangsu Tourism School were called up for early on-the-job training.

一周后,港沪119团等4个团如期到达,外宾们高兴地住进新楼。他们不知
大记录

—中国改革开放四十年报告文学选

道,为此许多人连日忙得顾不上吃饭,一周就瘦了一圈,有的工人累得晕倒在施工现场。

A week later, four groups including the Hong Kong-Shanghai 119 group arrived as scheduled, and the foreign guests happily moved into the new building. The guests were unaware that many people had been working non-stop for this, skipping meals and losing weight within a week, with some workers even fainting at the construction site due to exhaustion.

重庆是刚开放的城市,接待条件底子差。市委下决心拨出200余万元重新装修宾馆。加班加点,为每个房间装电话机,铺地毯,安装空调,装淋浴设备。每栋楼添置了制冰机和电冰箱,还在宾馆内设立了邮政、电信、兑换外币的服务点和小卖部等。

Chongqing, a newly opened city, initially had poor hospitality conditions. Determined to make a change, the city committee decided to allocate more than 20 million yuan to refurbish the hotels. Working tirelessly, each room was equipped with a telephone, carpet, air conditioning, and shower facilities. Each building was enhanced with ice makers and refrigerators. Additionally, service points for postal services, telecommunications, foreign currency exchange, and convenience stores were established within the hotel.

还有个办法,像打仗ー样争分夺秒投入“抢房间”战斗。

Another tactic was to wage a “room-grabbing” war, in a battle against time as if in a real combat situation.

什么叫“抢房间”？

What is “room-grabbing”?

比如上海锦江饭店,有一批南斯拉夫100多位外宾早上6时刚离店,紧接着澳大利亚“珊瑚公主号”游船外宾!00多人上午8时要入住,前后只有2小时空隙。 10多个服务员争分夺秒,打扫房间,重新换上被套、枕套、毛巾、浴巾,在客人到来前已把一切都整理得井井有条。这办法,后来就叫“提高住房周转率”。

This term refers to the intense competition to secure hotel rooms, particularly during peak travel periods or when hosting special events. Due to high demand and limited supply, acquiring hotel rooms can become quite a competitive endeavor, hence the term “room-grabbing”. This strategy later became known as “improving room turnover rate”.

这样的紧张战斗,实际上不只是“抢出了房间”,多赚了外汇。我们从前许多跟国际通用的经营管理方式不接轨的观念,在这些从省级领导到普通服务员合力的“战斗”中,被扫除了,更新了。旅游业,其实是最早努力跟国际接轨的行业。

This intense struggle was not just about “grabbing rooms” and earning more foreign exchange. Many of our previous notions that were not aligned with internationally accepted management methods were swept away and updated during this “battle” involving everyone from provincial leaders to ordinary service staff. The tourism industry, in fact, was one of the earliest sectors striving to align with international standards.

二、开放初年的阳光

Chapter 2. The Dawn of Early Years of Opening Up

20世纪的国际旅游业,在二次大战后开始重建。西班牙宣称:“向世界出售太阳和海滩。”新西兰的旅游业已成为本国最大的产业之一……这是ー个从旅游业开始恢复国际交往,进而重新结构各国实カ的时代。中国旅游业严重落后,但我们毕竟有了新的开始。虽然刚走出“文革”,改革开放初年,那时的人心和品德,仍有多少纯朴动人的美景,值得抚今追昔。记忆告诉我们,那时“硬件”很差,但爱国之情、纯朴善良之心等蕴蓄民间的“软实カ”却可以感动天地。

The international tourism industry of the 20th century began to rebuild after the Second World War. Spain proclaimed: “Selling the sun and beaches to the world.” The tourism industry in New Zealand has become one of the country's largest industries... This was an era when international interactions began to recover through tourism, and subsequently, the real structures of various countries were restructured. China's tourism industry was seriously lagging, but we had a new beginning after all. Although we had just come out of the Cultural Revolution and were in the early years of the reform and opening up, there were still some simple and moving scenes in people's hearts and morals that are worth remembering. Memory tells us that while the “hardware” was poor at that time, the “soft power” hidden among the people, such as patriotic sentiments and simple goodness, could move heaven and earth.

1.梦醒时分

1. The Moment of Awakening

在改革开放前的30年,中国人并非不努力。中国人自力更生、勒紧腰带苦干了 30年。但我们认识上出了偏差,我们对经济的认识严重不够,对旅游的认识就更加不到位,我们也还不懂得如何有效利用世界上的种种资源。

During the thirty years before the era of reform and opening up, the people of China were not without effort. They had striven to be self-reliant and had endured hardship and hard work for those three decades. However, we had some misconceptions in our understanding; we had a severe lack of understanding of the economy and an even more inadequate grasp of tourism. We also didn't know how to effectively use the various resources in the world.

世界旅游组织于!975年正式成立,总部设在西班牙的马德里,到1979年已有 101个成员国。同年,联合国报告说,旅游业现在是比钢铁与军备更大的企业。

The World Tourism Organization was officially established in 1975 with its headquarters in Madrid, Spain. By 1979, it had 101 member countries. In the same year, a United Nations report stated that tourism is now a bigger industry than steel and armaments.

改革开放之前的30年,我国旅游业几近于零,仅是为了扩大政治影响,搞些外交礼节性的接待,仅象征性收费。说白了,是贴钱的买卖。“文革”结束后,中国旅游业迈出了历史性的步伐。

In the 30 years before the reforms and opening up, China's tourism industry was virtually non-existent. During this time, we primarily expanded our political influence through ceremonial diplomatic receptions, and the fees collected were largely symbolic. To put it bluntly, it was a loss-making business. Following the end of the Cultural Revolution, China's tourism industry took a significant step forward.

外国旅游者第一次来中国,一下飞机,接触的第一个中国人就是导游。导游的ー举ー动、一言一行代表着中国人的形象。

As foreign tourists first set foot in China, the initial local they encounter is often a tour guide. Every action and word of these guides is representative of the image of Chinese people.

一位意大利的旅游者对导游说:“马可・波罗向我们介绍了古代的中国,你带领我们游了当代中国。”

One Italian tourist remarked to a guide, “Marco Polo introduced us to ancient China, and now you're leading us through modern China.”

导游被称作“民间大使”,当个好导游是个不简单的事。有人羡慕导游,但不知导游艰辛,以为导游整天坐飞机、游天下,吃风味,工作就是游玩,优哉,游哉。有人看不起导游,“不就是个带路拎包的吗?”把导游看作是“伺候洋人”的差使。

Tour guides are often referred to as ambassadors of the people, and being a good one is no simple task. While some may envy the life of a tour guide, imagining it as a constant whirl of travel, flavorful meals, and enjoyment, they are often unaware of the challenges and hard work that go into this profession. Some people underestimate tour guides, considering them merely as helpers who show the way and carry luggage, and view their role as simply serving foreigners.

导游有自己的自豪,最牛的语言当推这句:“在外宾面前,我是中国。在内宾面前,我是首都。”

However, tour guides have their own pride. As one guide famously declared, “In front of foreign guests, I represent China. In front of domestic guests, I represent the capital.”

王连义先生是河北人,大学毕业后一直在国旅从事导游、翻译工作,说话风趣幽默,是历届旅游大赛的裁判长。现在虽退休了,还在为培养旅游人オ奔忙,写了不少导游方面的文章,是中国著名导游翻译专家。他说,导游是ー项崇高的职业, 导游的好坏,关系到祖国的声誉和尊严。

Mr. Wang Lianyi, a native of Hebei, has been involved in guiding and interpreting work at the CITS since graduating from university. He is known for his witty and humorous speech and has been the chief judge of various tourism competitions. Even though he has retired now, he is still busy contributing to the training of travel industry professionals and has written many articles on guiding. He is recognized as a leading expert in tour guide translation and interpreting in China. He said, being a tour guide is a noble profession. The quality of a tour guide reflects the reputation and dignity of our homeland.

王连义还说,那时导游奇缺,特别是懂外语的导游更缺。在机场刚送走ー个团,不用回来,下一个团马上就飞到了。名单早已在怀里装着,得掏出来熟悉熟悉。一年365日,多是车马船上行。未婚的导游没机会与恋人见面,已婚的导游常常要听爱人的怨声。十天半月不着家,这家还像家吗?中年导游,上有父母下有小,更有一本难念的经。

Wang Lianyi also mentioned that at that time, there was a severe shortage of tour guides, especially those who were fluent in foreign languages. After sending off one group at the airport, there was no need to return, as the next group would immediately fly in. The list of names was already in hand, ready to be reviewed. Out of 365 days in a year, most were spent traveling by car, boat, or on foot. Unmarried guides had no opportunity to meet with their lovers, while married ones often had to listen to complaints from their spouses. Being away from home for days or even weeks, did home still feel like home? For middle-aged guides with elderly parents and young children, life was particularly challenging.

国旅总社有位日语女翻译,一年有200多天都在跑,年幼的孩子送“全托”,见到小孩时,孩子认不出妈。还有一对双职エ,常年在外带团,丈夫回家妻离家,妻子回家夫出发。两人只好靠纸条传递思念之情。有的导游一年中登了 300次长城, 跑细了腰,磨破了嘴,倒地而宿。但能让来华的旅游者带着好印象依依回归,一年到头累是累,却也是充实的。

There was a female Japanese translator at the CITS who spent more than 200 days on the road each year. Her young child was placed in full-time care, and when she came home, her child could not recognize her. There was also a couple both working as tour guides, constantly leading groups away from home. When the husband returned home, the wife left, and vice versa. The two could only express their longing for each other through notes. Some tour guides would climb the Great Wall 300 times a year, wearing thin their waists and wearing out their voices, falling asleep right on the spot. Yet they were able to leave a good impression on tourists visiting China, and despite the year-round exhaustion, they also felt a sense of fulfillment.

李维瑜大姐是中国旅游协会副秘书长,还是国家旅游局タ阳红舞蹈团的团长。 30年前,李瑞环动员她转入旅游行业工作,从此改变了她的后半生。多年从事旅游宣传工作的她,十分健谈,她讲了这样ー个故事:

Li Weiyu is the deputy secretary-general of the CNTA, as well as the leader of the "Yangyang Red" dance troupe of the National Tourism Administration. Thirty years ago, Li Ruihuan encouraged her to switch to the tourism industry, which changed the rest of her life. Having worked in tourism promotion for many years, she is very talkative and shared this story:

有个美国老太太步履蹒跚,拎着两个大包,特别大。那时候,美国人认为中国物资贫乏,什么都带,大包装有衣物、成打的一次性袜子,巧克力、饼干等各种零食, 各种药品,包括卫生纸,应有尽有。这个老太太的女儿也在这个团里,美国人的儿女是不大帮助父母提行李的,或许美国的老年人也喜欢自立。导游小张主动帮助老太太拎包,一路对她也特别关照,扶上扶下。

There was an elderly American lady who was shuffling along, carrying two large bags, which were exceptionally big. At that time, Americans believed that China was lacking in resources, so they brought everything: the large bags were packed with clothes, bulk disposable socks, chocolates, cookies and all sorts of snacks, various medicines, and even toilet paper – you name it. The old lady's daughter was also in this tour group. In America, children don't often help their parents with luggage, perhaps because older Americans like to be independent. Tour guide Zhang took the initiative to help the old lady with her bags, providing her with special care along the way.

1〇多天后,分别的时候到了。在首都机场安检处,这位80多岁的美国老太太, 动了真情,紧紧握住导游姑娘的手说:“你能不能够跟我去美国?我收你为女儿。我有好多个儿女,他们从来不管我。我有!0多处房产,可以送ー处给你。”

Ten or so days later, the time came for them to part. At the security checkpoint at the capital airport, this 80-year-old American lady, moved to tears, tightly held the hand of the tour guide and asked, "Could you come with me to America? I would take you in as my daughter.” “I have many children, but they never take care of me. I have over ten properties, I can give you one.” the old lady proposed.

姑娘回答说:“我们国家的旅游业现在需要我,我的父母也需要我照顾。”最后她俯在老人耳边说,“将来,有机会我会去美国看您,您多保重!”

The young lady replied, “Our country's tourism industry needs me now, and my parents need me to take care of them.” In the end, she leaned over to the old lady's ear and said, “In the future, if I get the chance, I will come to America to see you. Please take care of yourself!”

青旅接的100多人的华侨团,一路上住也住不好,吃也吃不好,汽车又颠簸,华侨很不满意。两个女导游急得不知怎么办オ好。忽然,她俩站起来说:“对不起大家,我们给你们唱支歌吧!”

There was a group of over 100 overseas Chinese being catered to by the China Youth Travel Service. They were not satisfied with the accommodations, the food, or the bumpy car ride. The two female tour guides were so worried that they didn't know what to do. Suddenly, they both stood up and said, “We're sorry, everyone. Let us sing a song for you.”

她俩ー起唱起了《我爱你中国》,ー边唱着歌,ー边流眼泪。华侨们被深深地感动了。最后导游说:“请你们喜欢我们唱的这支歌,我们的条件一定会好起来,欢迎你们再来。”全团人员热烈鼓掌,有人也掉下了泪水。

They began to sing “I Love You, China” together, and as they sang, they were moved to tears. The overseas Chinese were deeply moved. In the end, the tour guides said, “Please love the song we sang. Our conditions will surely improve, and we welcome you to come again.” Everyone in the group applauded enthusiastically, and some were moved to tears.

有一次,北京飞西安的飞机发生故障,机身晃动,飞机上乘客是个美国团,机舱顿时出现骚动。两位导游是从北京第二外国语学院借来的大三女学生小李和小燕,她们很镇静,在高空中微笑着应对突发事件。

Once, a flight from Beijing to Xi'an had a malfunction and the aircraft shook. The passengers on board were an American group, and there was immediate unrest in the cabin. Two guides, Li and Yan, who were third-year students borrowed from Beijing Foreign Studies University, remained calm and responded to the sudden event with a smile in the sky.

小李大声说:“有亲人的请举手「’

Li loudly asked, “Anyone who has loved ones, please raise your hand.”

一下子,大家举起了手臂。

Immediately, everyone raised their hands.

小李和小燕也举起了手。

Li and Yan also raised theirs.

小李举着手说:“我也有父母,还有一个小女儿。我不希望父母失去孩子,也不希望孩子失去父母。请你们相信,中国的航空是最安全的,中华人民共和国成立以来还没有掉过飞机呢!”

Li, with her hand raised, said, “I too have parents and a little daughter. I don't want my parents to lose a child, nor do I want a child to lose her parents. Please believe that China's aviation is the safest, and since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, no plane has ever crashed!”

经她这么ー说,大家的情绪安定下来。事后,人家问她们为什么那么镇定,两人都不慌神,配合挺好。她们也说不出为什么,但她们经历了有生以来最勇敢的时刻。

With her words, everyone’s emotions were settled down. Afterwards, when asked why they were so calm, both of them were not flustered and coordinated well. They couldn't explain why, but they had experienced the bravest moment of their lives.

这时,空姐出来告诉大家,飞机将降落在太原整修。在太原等待的时间,为调节情绪,导游小燕开口说:“我给你们说说我插队的故事吧!”她开始讲述怎样去北大荒,怎么学会干农活,怎么学会开拖拉机,怎么又考上了“二外” 〇

At this moment, the flight attendant came out and told everyone that the plane would land in Taiyuan for repair. While waiting in Taiyuan, to lighten the mood, the tour guide Xiao Yan began to speak: “Let me tell you about my story of joining a production team in the countryside!” She started to recount her journey to the Northern Wilderness, how she learned to do farm work, how she learned to drive a tractor, and how she eventually got accepted to the Second Foreign Languages Institute.

“有什么不理解,你们可以提问。”

“If there's anything you don't understand, feel free to ask.”

客人很感兴趣,气氛立刻活跃起来。有人问起了“文革”这个敏感话题。“文

革,,与，，改革”,一字之差,有着天壤之别。

The guests were very interested and the atmosphere immediately livened up. Someone brought up the sensitive topic of the Cultural Revolution. “Cultural Revolution” and “Reform” - a slight change in terminology, but the meanings are worlds apart.

两位插过队的导游,对“文革”灾难有自己的理解,并没被难住,做了理智的答复。

The two tour guides who had experienced life in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution had their own understanding of this disaster and weren't flustered, they provided rational responses.
有一老者感动地站起来说:“我们原来不敢问这些事,怕伤害你们。相信你们的国家,一定会一年年好起来〇”两小时后,飞机重新起飞。

An older gentleman stood up, moved, and said: “We were afraid to ask about these things before, for fear of hurting you. I believe your country will get better year after year.” Two hours later, the plane took off again.

“我现在连她们叫什么名字都记不起了。”坐在我们对面的李维瑜大姐,回忆起这段往事时,感情充沛,眼角眨出泪花。

“I can't even remember their names now.” said Mrs. Li Weiyu, who was sitting opposite us, her eyes moist as she recalled this past event.

2.穷得有志气

2. Poor But Spirited

英国有个旅行商曾经带队到过100多个国家,深有感触地说:“只有在中国,不用付小费,也不必担心自己的行李。”

An English tour operator who had led groups to more than 100 countries once remarked thoughtfully: “Only in China do you not have to tip, nor worry about your luggage.”

TIP（小费）是英语To Insure Promptness（为了保证迅速）的缩写词。在国外,凡想得到快捷、舒适的服务,就得额外付给小费。这渐渐成为国外旅游业中的惯例。国外服务员都渴望得到小费,而且小费收入往往超过エ资。

TIP, an abbreviation for “To Insure Promptness”, is customary in many cultures. In foreign countries, to ensure prompt and comfortable service, one often needs to provide additional tips. This has gradually become a norm in the global tourism industry. Foreign service staff always desire tips, and their tip income often exceeds their wages.

中国人不收小费,在当代是同“爱国主义、民族气节、外事纪律”糅合在ー起的。在旅游行业形成的共识是:为宾客服务是应该的,不能收受额外的小费,也不应接受旅客馈赠的礼物。刚开始,外宾对中国导游、翻译,包括行李员、清洁エ在内的饭店服务员一律不收小费,很不理解。

Chinese people not accepting tips is a contemporary practice that is intertwined with “patriotism, national pride, and diplomatic discipline”. A consensus has formed in the tourism industry: serving guests is expected, and one should not accept additional tips or gifts from guests. At first, foreign guests did not understand why Chinese guides, interpreters, including luggage carriers, cleaners, and other hotel staff uniformly refused to accept tips.

小刘是北京小天鹅酒家年轻的厕所保洁员,每当外宾塞给她小费时,她总是婉言谢绝。有位瘫痪的外国老太太,小刘小心地搀扶着老人上完厕所,帮老人穿好衣服,又把老人推回餐厅。老太太要给她小费,她坚决不要。老太太要回国时,不顾陪同的劝说,偏要专程到酒家卫生间再去看望一下“那个善良的姑娘”。

Liu, a young restroom cleaner at Beijing's Little Swan Hotel, always politely declines when foreign guests offer her tips. Once, she carefully helped an elderly foreign woman who was paralyzed to use the restroom, assisted her in dressing, and then wheeled her back to the dining room. The elderly woman wanted to give her a tip, but she firmly refused. When the old woman was about to return home, despite the persuasion of her companions, she insisted on making a special trip to the restroom at the restaurant to visit the “kind girl” again.

1979年6月的一天,国旅翻译小王全程陪同比利时华兹旅行团游长城、十三陵,十分劳累,正准备休息,一外宾请他到团长房间里去一下。小王心想还有什么事没办好,匆匆跑去。ー进团长房间,发现已有6位外宾坐在床边等他。团长拿出ー个大信封说:

“我们这次来中国旅行太愉快了。你对我们非常友好,十几天来一直陪我们参观,很辛苦。为了我们,你离开了你的妻子和孩子,我们很感动。这是大家拼凑的两千元钱,表示我们的一点心意。”

One day in June 1979, Wang, an interpreter from CITS, accompanied the Belgian Huaz Travel Group to visit the Great Wall and the Thirteen Tombs. He was very tired and was about to rest when a foreign guest asked him to come to the group leader's room. Wang wondered what else needed to be done and hurried over. Upon entering the group leader's room, he found that there were already six foreign tourists sitting by the bed waiting for him. The group leader took out a large envelope and said, “We've had a wonderful time traveling in China. You've been very kind to us. You've been accompanying us on our visits for the past few days and it must have been very hard. Because of us, you left your wife and child behind, and we are deeply touched. This is 2000 yuan collected by everyone, just a token of our gratitude.”

小王慌了,连忙摇头摆手谢绝:“钱我不能收,绝对不能收。你们的心意我领了。”他的回答使外宾们既惊讶又不安。

Wang was flustered and immediately shook his head and hands in refusal, saying, “I can't accept the money, absolutely not. I appreciate your kind intentions.” His response surprised and unsettled the foreign tourists. His response surprised and unsettled the foreign tourists.

国旅沈阳分社翻译小张陪ー个美国旅行团,该团领队几次要给她小费,小张都笑着谢绝了。在该团出境时,领队竟发了“火”,丢下装有美元的信封上了飞机。小张无奈,只好先收下,按规定上交给社里。

Zhang, an interpreter from the Shenyang Branch of the China National Tourist Office, was accompanying an American tour group. The tour leader tried to tip her several times, but Xiao Zhang always refused with a smile. When the group was leaving the country, the leader, seemingly frustrated, dropped an envelope filled with US dollars and boarded the plane. Zhang, left with no choice, had to accept it and turn it over to the agency as per the rules.

老干部们都说,当时导游都不收小费的,就是收ー支笔也上交。这是导游的天职。

The senior cadre all said that at that time, tour guides did not accept tips, even a pen received as a gift would be turned in. This was the innate duty of a tour guide.

“选择了导游这个职业,就等于选择了奉献。我们是中国人,要表现出有国格, 有人格。”那时,这话很普遍。

“Choosing the profession of a tour guide is akin to choosing dedication. We are Chinese and must display national character and personal integrity,” they said. At that time, this sentiment was widespread.

还有太多拾金不昧的故事。

There were also too many stories about honest actions.

香港同胞张送和夫妇到八达岭游长城,忙于拍照,过后发觉自己携带的黑色小皮包丢失了,里面有护照和全部随带钱物。午餐时,桌上气氛沉闷,同伴都在为他俩发愁。忽然,门帘拉起一角,八达岭交通警察彬彬有礼地探头询问:“你们这里有叫张送和的客人吗?”

Hong Kong compatriots Mr. and Mrs. Zhang Songhe went to visit the Great Wall at Badaling and, busy taking photos, they realized they had lost their small black bag containing their passports and all their cash. The atmosphere at the lunch table was gloomy, as everyone was worried for them. Suddenly, a corner of the door curtain was pulled up, and a courteous Badaling traffic policeman asked, “Is there a guest named Zhang Songhe here?”

张先生惊愣地站了起来:“我就是。”

Mr. Zhang stood up in shock, saying, “That's me.”

“您的皮包被解放军同志捡到了,请您清点一下吧!”

“Your bag was found by a comrade from the People's Liberation Army. Please check it!”

一句话顿时打破了室内沉闷许久的气氛,全队客人不约而同地站起来鼓掌,热烈地鼓掌。皮包内有万元港币、支票和有关证件,无ー缺少。张先生热泪夺眶,激动地紧紧握住交通警察的手说:“奇迹,奇迹,简直不可想象啊,太感谢解放军了 !”

This sentence immediately broke the long-standing gloomy atmosphere in the room. All the guests stood up and applauded enthusiastically. The bag contained more than ten thousand Hong Kong dollars, checks, and related documents, with nothing missing. Tears filled Mr. Zhang's eyes as he excitedly clasped the traffic policeman's hand and said, “It's a miracle, a miracle. It's unimaginable, thank you so much to the People's Liberation Army!”

对外友协参观团一位外宾,不知怎么把夫人结婚时赠予他的金手表丢了。他说这块金表的价值并不重要,重要的是他爱情的信物。正躺在床上郁闷时,帮助寻找的陪同翻译回来了,笑眯眯地向他伸出右手。天哪,他的“思念之物”居然在导游掌心上闪闪发光。外宾高兴得像孩子般从床上跳起来〇

In a visiting group organized by the Foreign Friendship Association, one of the guests somehow lost the gold watch his wife gave him when they got married. He said the value of the watch was not important; what was important was that it symbolized their love. As he was lying in bed feeling down, the accompanying interpreter who had helped him search for the watch returned, smiling broadly as he extended his right hand. My goodness, his item of affection was actually sparkling in the palm of the guide. The foreign visitor was so happy that he jumped up from the bed like a child.

“在哪里找到的?”他问。

“Where did you find it?” He asked.

“是两位重庆工人在大街上捡到的。”

“It was found by two workers from Chongqing on the street.”

“大街上?”

“On the street?”

“对呀!他们捡到,看这东西不像是当地人的,就马上送到这住外宾的宾馆里来了。”

“Yes! When they found it, they thought it didn't look like it belonged to a local person, so they immediately brought it to this hotel where foreign visitors stay.”

“上帝啊,中国人不可思议!”

“My God, Chinese people are unbelievable!”

法国全球旅行团卢尔丹勒夫妇走出王府井书店。

The Lueldanle couple from the French Global Tour Group walked out of the Wangfujing Bookstore.

闹市中,卢尔丹勒夫人忽然惊叫皮包不见了。只见有个中年人穿越人群快步朝他们跑来,手上挥动着她熟悉的法式小包。来人气喘吁吁地说:“刚オ,你们在我身边买磁带走后,我发现这个包,是你们的吗?”

In the bustling city, Mrs. Lueldanle suddenly screamed that her bag was missing. They saw a middle-aged man crossing through the crowd, running towards them quickly while waving her familiar French-style small bag. The man, panting heavily, said, “Just now, after you walked past me while buying cassettes, I found this bag. Is it yours?”

卢尔丹勒夫人连声说:“是,是。谢谢,谢谢!”

Mrs. Lueldanle kept saying, “Yes, it is. Thank you, thank you!”

陪同的翻译请他留下姓名和工作单位,他微微一笑:“我是北京小学老师。”说罢,颇有礼貌地用手势告别。

The accompanying interpreter asked him to leave his name and workplace, he smiled slightly and said, “I am a primary school teacher in Beijing.” After saying this, he politely bid farewell with a gesture.

卢尔丹勒先生说,西方这种事情已经很少见了,而偷窃在西方国家猖獗,使旅游者生畏。“中国人的美德,同你们的万里长城一样,太棒了!”

Mr. Lueldanle said that such incidents are now rare in the West, and theft is rampant in Western countries, making travelers apprehensive. “The virtues of the Chinese people, like your Great Wall, are just amazing!”

停泊在大连港的日中九州友好之船,晚上9点要起航出境。傍晚,一位老年团员神情紧张地对陪同老赵说:“我有40万日币忘在宾馆房间的床下面了,怎么好?”

The Japan-China Kyushu Friendship Ship was moored at Dalian Port and was to set sail for departure at 9 o'clock in the evening. In the evening, an elderly group member nervously told the accompanying Old Zhao, “I left 400,000 yen under the bed in the hotel room, what should I do?”

老赵很自信地说:“别焦急,只要您没有记错,就一定能找回来。”老赵当即把此事转告辽宁大厦保安部,大厦保安立刻到客人所住的305房间床底下寻来找去, 没找到。最后是在枕头套里找到了一叠日元,清点后不是40万,而是57万日元。国旅沈阳分社马上派专车将钱送上船,这时离开船还有一个多小时。

Old Zhao confidently said, “Don't panic, as long as you haven't remembered it wrong, you will definitely be able to find it.” Old Zhao immediately reported the matter to the security department of Liaoning Mansion. The mansion security immediately went to the guest's room 305 and searched under the bed, but they couldn't find it. In the end, they found a stack of yen in the pillowcase. After counting, it was not 400,000, but 570,000 yen. The Shenyang branch of China Travel Service immediately sent a special car to deliver the money to the ship. There was still more than an hour before the ship left.

失款复得的日本老人含泪鞠躬:“真是听说千遍,不如ー见。中国人的道德是世界上最高尚的。”他抽出一大叠日币,酬谢前去送钱的翻译。

The Japanese elder who had lost and then recovered his money bowed tearfully, “It's better to see once than hear a thousand times. The morals of the Chinese people are the most noble in the world.” He pulled out a large stack of yen to thank the interpretor who had delivered the money.

“这是我们的职责,您拿钱感谢是不合适的。”翻译说。

“It's our duty, and it's not appropriate for you to thank us with money,” said the interpretor.

“对不起,对不起!请原谅,我失礼了。”日本客人再次鞠躬,热泪滴在甲板上。

“I'm sorry, I'm sorry! Please forgive me, I was impolite.” The Japanese guest bowed again, his hot tears dropping onto the deck.

说起来宾客们也太粗心了。虽然陪同人员经常提醒客人妥善保管好随身物件,叮嘱客人不要将贵重物品和钱币随便乱放,但旅游途中遗忘钱物时有发生。有的把瑞士表留在洗手间,有的把珠宝掉在沙发缝中,有的把钱包丢在柜台,有的把装巨款的手提箱忘在餐厅……

Speaking of which, the guests were really careless. Even though the accompanying staff frequently remind guests to take good care of their personal belongings and not to leave valuable items and money around carelessly, there are still cases of lost money and items during travel. Some left Swiss watches in the bathroom, some dropped jewelry in the sofa crevices, some left wallets on the counter, some forgot suitcases with huge amounts of money in the restaurant...

北京饭店、民族饭店、友谊宾馆、和平宾馆等涉外宾馆,1979年来就有1500多起拾金不昧的事。多的ー个皮包就有数万美金,除了现金、旅行支票外,还有照相机、摄像机、录音机、手提箱、手表、金银珠宝等等。

Since 1979, more than 1500 instances of finding and returning lost items have occurred at foreign-related hotels such as the Beijing Hotel, Minzu Hotel, Friendship Guesthouse, and Peace Hotel. In addition to cash and traveler's checks, there were cameras, video cameras, tape recorders, suitcases, watches, gold and silver jewelry, and so on.

许多失主情真意切地拿出金钱财物表示感谢,但没有一人肯接受。一位饭店服务员,面对外宾3000元酬谢,淡淡地说了句“弯腰之劳不用谢”,继续埋头擦餐桌。

Many owners who had lost their belongings were sincere in offering money or valuables as a token of thanks, but no one accepted. One hotel waiter, faced with a 3,000 yuan reward from a foreign guest, simply said, “No need for thanks, it’s just a small favor,” and continued to wipe the tables.

那时,我们刚刚走出“文革”的岁月,大家都不富裕,但穷得有志气。这种“贫贱不移”,令外宾敬佩不已。

At that time, we had just emerged from the years of the Cultural Revolution. Everyone was not well-off, but their poverty was filled with dignity. This unyielding spirit in the face of poverty deeply impressed foreign visitors.

这些拾金不昧者都是些普通百姓,有领班、出租车司机、空姐、清洁エ、餐厅服务员,还有工人、农民、售货员。改革开放初期的人心人情中,有那么多的阳光。外国人听说中国有个雷锋,赞扬说“中国遍地雷锋”,这并不过分。尽管“文革”也给西方人留下复杂的记忆,但改革开放初期,许许多多的外国旅游者,就从遍布中国各地普普通通的拾金不昧者中,认识到真实的中国人,他们用不同的语言说出ー个共同的声音:“中国人,了不起!”

These individuals who found and returned lost property were ordinary citizens: leaders, taxi drivers, flight attendants, cleaning staff, restaurant servers, as well as workers, farmers, and sales clerks. In the early days of reform and opening up, there was so much warmth and goodwill in people's hearts. The foreigners heard that China had a person named Lei Feng, and they praised saying “China is full of Lei Fengs”, which wasn't an overstatement. Despite the Cultural Revolution leaving complex memories for Westerners, in the early days of the reform and opening up, countless foreign tourists recognized the real Chinese people from the ordinary people who were honest in all parts of China. They used different languages to voice a common sentiment: “Chinese people are incredible!”

3.世界需要热心肠

The World Needs Warmth and Kindness.

这里所述的故事,有些是救人性命的大事,更多还是生活中鸡毛蒜皮的小事,

The stories described here include some significant incidents of saving lives, and more often, they're about minor things in life.

无论大小,都在讲述:世界需要热心肠。

No matter how big or small, they all tell the same story: the world needs warmth and kindness.

70岁高龄的美国史密斯先生在攀登到长城第四座烽火台时,突然软瘫晕倒在地,脸色苍白,头冒冷汗。正在长城上执勤的某部警卫连指导员带领几名战士,把史密斯先生背到长城脚下休息室,又请八达岭特区医务室大夫赶来抢救。经诊断, 是高血压病突发,幸亏及时抢救,使史密斯先生病情缓和,转危为安,事后未收分文诊费。史密斯先生感动地说:“在美国,一点小病求医都是要付出昂贵医药费的,中国不可思议。”

Seventy-year-old Mr. Smith from the United States suddenly collapsed while climbing to the fourth beacon tower of the Great Wall. His face was pale and his forehead was covered in cold sweat. The instructor of a security company on duty on the Great Wall, along with several soldiers, carried Mr. Smith down to a rest room at the base of the Great Wall, and called a doctor from the Badaling Special Zone Medical Center for help. Upon diagnosis, it was found that Mr. Smith had a sudden onset of high blood pressure. Fortunately, the timely rescue eased Mr. Smith's condition, turning danger into safety, and no medical fees were charged afterwards. Moved, Mr. Smith said, "In the United States, even minor illnesses require paying expensive medical fees. China is incredible.”

有一年冬天,在西安旅游的日本游客高田先生,晚餐多喝了点酒,带着几分醉意,ー个人抱着刚买的“三彩马”走到宾馆湖边时不慎一脚踩空,连人带物跌入宾馆内的湖中。立刻有三个宾馆工作人员跳了下去,费了好大劲,オ把冻得发抖的高田先生救上来。当知道他买的“三彩马”还在湖中时,正在看电影的渔エ老雷赶来打捞。老雷在冰冷的湖水中,东摸西找,好一会オ找到。

One winter, Mr. Takada, a Japanese tourist traveling in Xi'an, had a bit too much to drink at dinner. Somewhat tipsy, he was carrying the "Tri-colored Horse" he had just purchased. As he walked alone to the lake beside the hotel, he carelessly stepped into thin air, falling into the hotel's lake, man and object together. Immediately, three hotel staff members jumped in. After much effort, they managed to rescue Mr. Takada, who was shivering from the cold. When they learned that the Tri-colored Horse he bought was still in the lake, Old Lei, a fisherman who was watching a movie, rushed over to help retrieve it. In the icy lake water, he fumbled around until he finally found it after a while.

“救人还救马”的故事传开后,团长杉木宽先生带领全团人员对全馆工作人员表示衷心感谢。高田先生激动地拉着救命恩人的手说:“中国伟大,中国人民伟大。”

After the story of "saving both man and horse" spread, Mr. Sugimoku Hiroshi, the tour leader, led the entire group in expressing their heartfelt gratitude to the hotel staff. Mr. Takada, moved, held the hands of his rescuers and said, “China is great, the Chinese people are great.”

希腊专家维内察努是个幽默的老太太,乘“伏波号”游船游漓江。午后天气骤然转寒,阵阵呼啸的江风掠过,维内察努上衣单薄,下身穿条绸裙子,全身冻得直打哆嗦。她躲进船舱,在胸前画着十字,闭着眼睛喃喃祈祷:“上帝呀,给你儿女ー盆火吧!”

Greek expert Vinenitsanou is a humorous old lady, who took a cruise on the “Fubo” to tour the Li River. In the afternoon, the weather suddenly turned cold, and gusts of howling river winds swept through. Vinenitsanou, in a thin upper garment and a silk skirt, was shivering all over from the cold. She hid in the cabin, making the sign of the cross in front of her chest, closing her eyes, and praying softly, “God, grant your daughter a basin of fire!”

没想到她的祈祷还真灵验,过一会儿,ー盆暖融融的炭火变魔术般地出现在她的面前。老人高兴得蹦起来,飞身旋转跳起希腊舞。原来是航运公司干部老周见她冻得不行,生了这盆火。

Unexpectedly, her prayer really worked, and after a while, a warm basin of charcoal fire magically appeared in front of her. The old lady was so happy that she sprang up and danced the Greek dance. It turned out that Old Zhou, an official from the shipping company, saw her freezing and started the fire.

日本CITC26-217团的翻译小吴下午在昆明西山游览时,突然发现该团成员安田正士先生走丢了,他是位73岁高龄的老人。小吴焦急地向国旅昆明分社报告。

In the afternoon, while touring Xishan in Kunming, Wu, the interpretor for the Japanese CITC26-217 group, suddenly realized that Mr. Yasuda Masashi, a member of the group, had gotten lost. He is a 73-year-old man. Wu anxiously reported to the Kunming branch of the CITS.

客人失踪这事非同小可。大家奔赴现场寻找,几个小时都没找到。正急得要向公安局报案时,出人意料,安田先生比寻找他的人先回到了昆明饭店。原来是ー位采草药的青年山农护送他回到饭店。分手时,安田先生把钱包里所有的钱倒出来,要送给他。青年人坚决推辞,连垫付的船、车、电话费也不收。

The disappearance of a guest was no small matter. Everyone rushed to the scene to search, but they didn't find him after several hours. Just as they were about to report the matter to the police, unexpectedly, Mr. Yasuda returned to the Kunming Hotel before those who were looking for him. It turned out that a young mountain farmer who was gathering herbs had escorted him back to the hotel. At parting, Mr. Yasuda emptied all the money from his wallet and wanted to give it to him. The young man firmly declined, even refusing to accept reimbursement for the boat, car, and phone expenses.

年轻人说:“你迷路了,人生地不熟,送你回来是应该的,不要感谢我,每个中国人都会这么做的。”

The young man said, “You were lost, in a place where you don't know anyone. It's only right that I bring you back. Don't thank me, every Chinese person would do the same.”

安田先生感到遗憾的是,他忘了问这个青年的姓名〇

What Mr. Yasuda regretted was that he forgot to ask the young man's name.

西欧旅游团正在无锡第一缥丝厂参观,兴致正浓时,大家发现ー个上了年纪叫瑞特的外宾不知上哪了。ー找,原来瑞特先生因为手术留下的后遗症,不方便蹲坑,大便拉在裤子里,困在厕所出不来了。陪同的是个大姑娘,急得团团转。

The Western European tour group was visiting the No.1 Silk Factory in Wuxi. Just as they were enjoying their visit, they noticed that an elderly guest named Reiter had disappeared. Upon searching, they found out that Mr. Reiter, due to the sequelae from a surgery, had trouble squatting and had defecated in his pants, leaving him trapped in the restroom. The accompanying guide, a young woman, was in a state of distress.

ー个工人师傅说了句:“交给我吧。”

A worker stepped forward and said, “Leave it to me.”

这位工人师傅带他去洗澡,又给他找来裤子换上,叫车送他回饭店休息。瑞特先生感激地说:“在无锡,我不仅游览了江南水乡美丽的风光,还领受了中国人的美好心灵。”

This worker helped him to take a shower, found him a pair of pants to change into, and then called a car to send him back to the hotel to rest. Mr. Reiter gratefully said, “In Wuxi, not only have I enjoyed the beautiful scenery of the southern water towns, but I have also experienced the beautiful soul of the Chinese people.”

4.百闻不如ー见

4. Seeing is Believing

北京全聚德宴会厅,青旅正宴请回国观光的香港同胞,酒过三巡,席间气氛达到高潮。

In the banquet hall of Quanjude in Beijing, the CYTS was hosting a banquet for visiting compatriots from Hong Kong. After a few rounds of drinks, the atmosphere at the banquet reached a climax.

ー个20多岁的年轻人,悄悄地把当时主管接待的董衡拉到ー边,说:“你猜我是哪来的?”

A young man in his twenties quietly pulled Dong Heng, who was in charge of the reception at the time, aside and said, “Guess where I'm from?”

董衡说:“你不是从香港来的?”

Dong Heng said, “Aren't you from Hong Kong?”

他神秘一笑:“不,我是从台湾来的。”

He gave a mysterious smile and said, “No, I'm from Taiwan.”

董衡当时是团中央青年旅行部部长,听了一愣,但马上反应过来:“那更要欢迎了!来了,有什么感受?”

At that time, Dong Heng was the Minister of the Youth Travel Department of the Central Committee. He was taken aback when he heard this but quickly responded, “That's even more welcome! How do you feel now that you're here?”

“我在台湾听说共产党都是青面獐牙的,很凶,六亲不认的。老百姓生活很苦, 现在我亲眼看到的,和以前听到的,完全是两回事。”

“I heard in Taiwan that all Communists have fierce faces and show no mercy, even to their own family. The common people live very hard lives. Now that I've seen it with my own eyes, it's completely different from what I heard before.”

数十年的封闭,造成世界不了解中国,中国也不了解世界。

Decades of isolation have resulted in the world not understanding China, and China not understanding the world.

1976年1月,邓小平的头像首次出现在美国《时代》周刊的封面上。封面左下角注明“周恩来的继承人:邓小平”,右上角的醒目标题则是:“中国:朋友还是敌人?”这种说法明白地在告诉世界:对于红色中国,他们还摸不透。

In January 1976, Deng Xiaoping's portrait appeared for the first time on the cover of “Time” magazine in the United States. The lower-left corner of the cover read “Zhou Enlai's successor: Deng Xiaoping,” while the eye-catching title in the upper-right corner asked, "China: Friend or Foe?" This clearly indicated to the world that they still didn't have a firm grasp of the situation in Red China.

很久了,西方人对中国一直有一种“神秘感”,对中国的认识还停留在几十年前甚至百年前的清末,不少国家的不少人,以为中国人穿着长袍马褂,瓜皮帽的后边还拖着一条长长的发辫。我们对外界也不了解。1972年“乒乓外交”之后,我们ォ改变“美帝纸老虎”的说法。

For a long time, Westerners have maintained a sense of mystery towards China, with their understanding of China still stuck in the situation decades, or even hundreds of years ago, during the late Qing Dynasty. Many people in many countries think that Chinese people still wear long gowns and skullcaps, with a long braid trailing from the back of their hats. We also didn't understand the outside world. After the Ping Pong Diplomacy in 1972, we changed our belief about “American imperialism being a paper tiger.”

因为封闭太久,在刚开放的ー些内地城市,金发碧眼的女郎,高鼻子白皮肤的外国人ー出现,常常有人围观看热闹。胆大的小孩,蹲在地上去摸外国人腿上长长的黄毛。

Due to our long isolation, when some mainland cities began to open up and blond-haired, blue-eyed girls or high-nosed, white-skinned foreigners started to appear, people would often gather around to watch the spectacle. Bold children would even squat down and touch the long blonde leg hair of these foreigners.

1982年,法国可尼旅行社一行26人来华旅游。该团大部分成员都是首次来华,带着对中国的种种猜疑而来,甚至有人认为中国还处于“文革”动乱之中,年轻人还戴着红袖章。

In 1982, a group of 26 people from the French travel agency Conny came to China for a tour. Most members of the group were visiting China for the first time, bringing with them various suspicions about China. Some even thought that China was still in the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, with young people still wearing red armbands.

十几天内,他们参观了エ厂,在农村用餐,漫步街道,同中国百姓交谈接触,他们的看法变了,惊叹不已。他们感受到中国人民是勤奋向上的,中国不简单,要保证十亿人民吃饭穿衣,维护着社会安定,这几乎是ー种奇迹。

Within a span of ten days or so, they visited factories, had meals in rural areas, strolled the streets, and interacted with the common Chinese people. Their perceptions were changed and they were astonished. They realized that the Chinese people are hardworking and always striving to improve, and that China is far more complex than they had imagined. The fact that it can ensure over a billion people have food to eat and clothes to wear, while maintaining social stability, seemed almost miraculous to them.

研究中国问题的学者,十分关心中国的人权问题、用人制度问题。改革开放后中国干部政策也有了变革,取消了用人看阶级成分的做法。上大学、分配工作、婚姻、考核等许多方面,阶级成分不再是考虑的因素。过去因所谓“出身不好”而受歧视,使之终生不与别人平等的现象已经得到纠正。这是改革开放以来政策上ー项最大的改革。这些情况让外宾们听了看了耳目一新。

Scholars studying issues related to China are very concerned about human rights and the employment system in China. After the reform and opening up, there have been changes in the cadre policy in China, and the practice of classifying people based on their class background has been abolished. n many aspects such as university enrollment, job allocation, marriage, and assessments, the consideration of one's class background is no longer a determining factor. The discrimination based on the so-called bad background in the past, which resulted in lifelong inequality, has been corrected. This is the most significant reform in policy since the beginning of the reform and opening up. These developments have greatly impressed the foreign visitors.

前西德旅游者古斯塔夫・穆里瑞说:“中国之行使人满意,作为一个从遥远的欧洲来到你们国家的旅游者,我看到了中国的希望。”

Gustav Müller, a former tourist from West Germany, remarked, “My trip to China has been satisfying. As a tourist coming from distant Europe to your country, I have seen the hope of China.”

有个由教授、医生31人组成的美国旅游团,带着各种偏见到中国来旅游。埃德先生是康斯坦丁大学教授,他一直认为中国人思想和行动都不自由,工作艰难, 生活困苦。其情形也有点像我们以为他们那儿的人民“生活在水深火热之中” 〇

There was a tourist group from the United States consisting of 31 members, including professors and doctors, who came to China with various biases. Mr. Ed, a professor from the University of Konstantin, had always believed that Chinese people lacked freedom in their thoughts and actions, and that they faced challenging work and a difficult life. It seemed that his perception was somewhat similar to our assumption that the people there were living in dire circumstances.

埃德先生为了证实自己的观点,带了 10打彩色胶卷,准备拍摄“证据”,以便回去说服不同意他观点的人。到北京的第一天,他起了个大早,自己一人从前门饭店走到虎坊路口,只见人行道上的行人和大街上的骑车人,都衣着整齐,精神愉快,有的还微笑着用英语友好地向他问候:“早晨好!”

To validate his viewpoint, Mr. Ed brought along 10 rolls of color film, prepared to capture evidence that would help convince those who disagreed with him. On his first day in Beijing, he got up early and walked alone from the Qianmen Hotel to the Hufang intersection. He found pedestrians on the sidewalks and cyclists on the streets, all neatly dressed and in high spirits. Some even greeted him warmly in English with a smile: “Good morning!”

埃德先生迷惑了。

This puzzled Mr. Ed.

最后,他说:“看来,过去听说的不是事实。”

In the end, he said, “It seems that what I've heard in the past is not true.”

这个团的狄先生是美国有名的医学博士,到上海患了感冒。陪同劝他去医院治病,狄先生摇摇头说:“中国还没有给我看病的设备。”

In the same group was Mr. Di, a renowned medical doctor from the United States who caught a cold when they arrived in Shanghai. When his companions suggested that he should go to the hospital, Mr. Di shook his head and said, “China doesn't have the equipment to treat me.”

陪同拿出自备的中药板蓝根,用开水冲开后对他说:“你试试,这种药与咖啡味道差不多,能解暑降温呢!”

One of the companions presented a self-prepared traditional Chinese medicine, Ban Lan Gen, and after dissolving it in hot water, he suggested, “You should try this. It has a taste similar to coffee and can help relieve heat and reduce fever.”

博士半信半疑地喝下去,没想到第二天一早就不打喷嚏了。狄先生夫妇笑着找到陪同又要了几包。事后狄先生说:“太神奇了！简直不可思议!”临别时,狄先生一下子买了 200包板蓝根带回国。

With a blend of skepticism and curiosity, the doctor drank the concoction. To his surprise, by the next morning, his sneezing had stopped. Mr. Di and his wife, amused and intrigued, approached the companion and asked for a few more. Reflecting on the incident later, Mr. Di said, “That's miraculous! Absolutely inconceivable!” When it was time to leave, Mr. Di bought 200 packets of Ban Lan Gen to take back to his home country.

这个团有个精神病老专家利奥奈德,在去云冈石窟的路上,洪水从公路漫过, 汽车过不去。正当游客们站在水边发愣时,有个过路农民微笑着走到利奥奈德先生身边,边说边打手势。

There was also a mental health expert named Leonard in the group. On their way to the Yungang Grottoes, a flood had covered the road, making it impassable for their vehicle. As the tourists stood by the water, bewildered, a passing farmer approached Leonard with a smile, speaking and gesturing to him.

老专家想想,掏出了钱包。

After some thought, Leonard reached for his wallet.

农民急得直摇头。

The farmer, however, responded with an urgent shake of his head.

陪同翻译赶忙解释:“他是说水不深,他可以背你过去。”

老专家为自己的误解感到内疚。

Quickly stepping in, the interpreter clarified, “He's saying the water isn't deep. He can carry you across.” Embarrassed by his misinterpretation, Leonard conceded.

农民背起利奥奈德先生涉水往前走,其他外宾纷纷脱鞋挽裤,兴奋地跟在后面,顺利地到了对岸。过后,利奥奈德先生告诉陪同,他的两个身强体壮的儿子也在这个团,但只是站在他的身边袖手旁观。

With that, the farmer hoisted Leonard onto his back and started wading through the water. The rest of the group, caught up in the excitement, followed suit by rolling up their pants, removing their shoes, and making their way across to the other side. Later, Leonard revealed to the interpreter that his two robust sons were also part of the group, but they had merely stood by, watching the events unfold without offering assistance.

百闻不如一见。这个团在中国经过短暂的17天行程,离境时他们坦率地承认,事实让他们改变了对中国的看法。

It was a profound lesson in the power of firsthand experience. After a brief 17-day journey through China, the group left the country with candid admissions that their experiences had fundamentally changed their perceptions of China. The truth they witnessed was far more compelling than any secondhand account.

美国哈佛大学5位美国大学生回国后给国旅总部寄来感谢信,信中说:“我们在美国听到的中国,同我们在北京亲眼看到的中国,完全不一样,中国人民十分友好厂’类似这样的海外来信,每个月能收到一大摞。

After returning to the United States, five students from Harvard University sent a letter of gratitude to the headquarters of the CITS. The letter read, “The China we heard about in the U.S. is completely different from the China we personally experienced in Beijing. The Chinese people are incredibly friendly.” Piles of similar letters from overseas pour in every month.

40多年前曾在北京生活过的泰国徐安纳女士故地重游,兴奋地说:“北京变得认不出了,比想象中还好。”

More than 40 years ago, Thai citizen Ms. Xu Anna lived in Beijing. Upon revisiting the city, she excitedly exclaimed, “Beijing has changed so much that it's unrecognizable, and it's even better than I imagined.”

世界已经看到ー个日益开放的中国。

The world is witnessing a China that is increasingly open.

5.公鸡太太汤

5. Mr. Rooster's Wife

当年,有许多友好人士对我国新兴的旅游业导游短缺、航班延误、火车晚点、服务欠缺等种种问题,提出过很多批评。

Back in the day, many well-wishers raised concerns about the emerging tourism industry in our country, citing a shortage of tour guides, flight delays, train lateness, and a lack of services. These issues have invited a great deal of criticism.

八达岭火车站没有候车亭,只有一块站牌,旅客上下火车非常不便。等候乘车的旅客,只能在空旷的野地里站着。烈日暴晒,下雨挨淋,外宾对此反映强烈。于是旅客候车亭相继出现,车站、码头、街口醒目的指示牌多了起来。

Badaling train station had no waiting area, just a signboard, which made getting on and off the train very inconvenient. Waiting passengers had no choice but to stand in the open field. The intense sunlight in the summer and the heavy rain at times brought strong complaints from foreign visitors. Consequently, waiting areas for passengers began to appear, and more noticeable signs were installed at stations, docks, and intersections.

飞机行李舱的门打开,舱里的行李哗啦啦都掉到接运卡车箱里。外宾看到这种“快速卸货法”,惊讶得张大了嘴巴。有人对这种野蛮方法提出批评,机场很快就改进了。

When the doors of the airplane cargo hold were opened, all the luggage inside would clatter down into the receiving cart. Foreign visitors would gape in surprise at this “fast unloading method.” Criticisms of such rough handling were raised, and the airport soon made improvements.

广州宾馆小卖部只收港币,美国、墨西哥外宾要喝可口可乐没港币便买不到。能否通融一下,用美元或人民币呢?服务员说:“上面规定,没办法。”反映到经理那里,死规定变活了,宾馆有了外币兑换窗口。

The convenience store at the Guangzhou Hotel only accepted Hong Kong dollars. Foreign visitors from the United States and Mexico, lacking the local currency, found themselves unable to buy a Coca-Cola. “Could we possibly use US dollars or yuan instead?” inquired a guest. The waiter replied, “The regulations dictate otherwise. I'm sorry, there's nothing I can do.” When these issues were brought to the manager's attention, the rigid rules became more flexible, and the hotel soon introduced a foreign currency exchange counter.

韩素音女士曾激动地问,为什么饭店服务员不帮助游客搬行李?起初,我们确实还没有这种观念,有人提出,也很快改进。

Ms. Han Suyin once passionately asked why hotel staff didn't assist guests with their luggage. Initially, we indeed lacked such a concept, but once it was suggested, improvements were quickly made.

有些服务员认为自己一天到晚伺候洋人,低人一等,这样的心理感觉也是存在的。如此,哪能有笑脸?干活也没劲。宾馆开展了“微笑服务”活动,我们开始懂得,如果出了差错,微笑能代表道歉。微笑是快乐的精灵,ー个微笑能使人快乐ー天。

Some staff felt that serving foreigners all day was demeaning, a sentiment that did exist. Under such a mindset, how could they serve with a smile? Their work would naturally lack enthusiasm. The hotel then initiated a "smile service" campaign. We began to understand that if a mistake occurs, a smile can serve as an apology. A smile is a sprite of joy, a single smile can bring happiness to someone for an entire day.

国外酒店同行热心地向我们介绍国际酒店十条标准:笑容、礼仪、整洁、责任、守时、忠诚、尊敬、服从、效率、勤勉。我们组织员工学习,开始认识到在客人眼中, “我就是酒店,酒店就是我”的道理。

Our international hotel counterparts kindly introduced us to the ten international hotel standards: a smile, courtesy, cleanliness, responsibility, punctuality, loyalty, respect, obedience, efficiency, and diligence. We organized staff training and began to realize the principle that in the eyes of the guest, “I am the hotel, and the hotel is me.”

刚从招待所转成外宾接待的,服务员带有招待所的老传统,把被子叠得方方正正,外宾一眼看去像到了军营。经指点也学会宾馆的做法,平铺于床,为客人掀好ー个角,这有如道一句“晚安”,使人安然入梦乡。

Those who had just transitioned from working in guest houses carried over old traditions, such as folding the blankets perfectly square, which to foreign guests resembled a military barracks. With some guidance, they learned the practices of the hotel, spreading the blanket flat on the bed, and folding back one corner for the guest. This gesture is akin to saying “Goodnight,” setting the stage for a peaceful night's sleep.

英语指示牌常出错,“游客止步”的地方挂着“自由出入”,甚至男女厕所英语的使用也不正确,使人哭笑不得。ー经提出,及时更换。

Errors often occurred with English signs. In places marked "No Entry for Visitors" hung signs reading “Free Entry” and even the English usage for men's and women's restrooms was incorrect, which was both amusing and frustrating. Once these issues were identified, they were promptly addressed.

问题总还是有很多。桂林一些宾馆水泵压カ不够,导致房间缺水,服务员就一桶桶提上楼去。但是,导游,特别是服务员外语水平差,一时却难以改变。

But, inevitably, problems still arose. Some hotels in Guilin had inadequate water pressure, causing a shortage of water in the rooms. Waitstaff had to carry buckets of water up the stairs. But their poor proficiency in foreign languages, especially among the waitstaff and tour guides, proved difficult to improve in the short term.

在外宾下榻的宾馆里,翻译不可能处处相陪,吃饭点菜、问讯、洗衣、打电话、拍电报、兑换外币、修理物件等,都找服务员。由于语言不通,只有靠比画、猜想办事, 闹过不少笑话。

In hotels where foreign guests were staying, it was not possible for interpretors to be present everywhere. For dining, inquiries, laundry, phone calls, telegrams, currency exchange, and repairs, guests had to rely on the waitstaff. Due to language barriers, communication often had to be done through gestures and guesses, which led to some amusing misunderstandings.

外宾想吃荔枝,端来了辣椒;想上洗手间,端来了一盆水。有位刚洗完澡的客人,向服务员要一个接线板,服务员却请来ー个医生。一位美国老太太怕冷,说要加一床毛毯,而领班听成白兰地,于是送去ー瓶酒,老太太掩嘴而笑。ー个日本游客反映暖气管漏水,服务员赶忙送来两壶开水,游客着急地说:“我不是要水!”

Guests who wanted to eat lychee were served chili peppers instead; a request to use the restroom resulted in a basin of water being brought. Once, a guest who had just finished taking a shower asked a staff member for a power strip. The staff member misunderstood and brought a doctor instead. An American elderly lady, feeling cold, requested an additional blanket. However, the manager misheard ‘blanket’ as 'brandy' and delivered a bottle of liquor to her room, causing the lady to cover her mouth in laughter. A Japanese guest reported a leak in his heating pipe, and a hotel staff quickly brought two pots of boiling water. The guest exclaimed in frustration, “I don't need water!”

在ー次宴会上,端上来ー盆“人参母鸡汤” 〇

During a banquet, a pot of “Ginseng Chicken Soup” was served.

日本客人问:“这是什么?”

A Japanese guest asked, “What is this?”

翻译忘了“母鸡”这个词日语该怎么说。灵机ー动,指着盆里的母鸡,笑着对客人介绍:“这是公鸡太太和人参做成的汤。”

The interpretor forgot how to say 'hen' in Japanese. Thinking on his feet, he pointed to the chicken in the pot and humorously introduced it to the guests as, “This is a soup made of Mr. Rooster's wife and ginseng.”

客人们听后全都捧腹大笑。

Everyone at the table burst into laughter upon hearing this.

有些不懂外语的服务员,见了外宾能躲就躲,能避就避,溜之大吉。不敢主动和外宾接触,怕外宾提问题自己听不懂,出洋相,外宾ー按电铃就发怵。有的宾馆为应急,把仅有的几个会外语的服务员调来借去,非常被动。

Some service staff, not understanding foreign languages, would avoid foreign guests whenever possible, dodging out of sight. They were reluctant to initiate contact with foreign guests for fear of not understanding their questions, and making a fool of themselves; they would be filled with dread at the sound of a doorbell. Some hotels, in a desperate response, shuffled around the few multilingual staff members they had, leaving them in a very passive situation.

国旅杭州分社想出救急办法,编写了 56句短小的日常用语,用英文、中文和汉语拼音分别印在56张状如扑克牌的卡纸上。当双方因语言障碍陷入窘境时,就可找出卡片中表达其意的那ー张,解决问题。

The Hangzhou branch of CITS came up with an emergency solution. They compiled 56 common phrases, each printed in English, Chinese, and Pinyin on playing card-sized paper. When a language barrier led to an awkward situation, they could find the card that expressed their meaning and solve the problem.

更好的办法是突击学外语。许多宾馆掀起了学外语高潮,服务员虽然文化水平都不高,但学习相当刻苦。利用一切空余时间,练ロ语,听外语广播。有个服务员已是两个孩子的母亲,东方刚放亮就起身学习,晚上躺在床上也念念不忘背单词。

But a better solution was to learn foreign languages intensively. Many hotels kicked off a fervor for learning languages. Although the educational background of the service staff was not good, they studied quite diligently. They took advantage of every spare moment to practice languages and listen to foreign language broadcasts. One of the service staff, a mother of two, would get up to study as soon as the day broke, and she would not forget to memorize words even when lying in bed at night.

冬季是旅游淡季,全国旅游行业掀起了冬季练兵热潮,餐厅服务员练端盘子基本功,客房服务员练清理房间卫生的速度,晚上又上夜校学外语。

Winter is the off-season for tourism, and a fervor for training swept across the tourism industry nationwide. Restaurant servers practiced their skills in carrying trays, room attendants honed their speed in cleaning rooms, and in the evenings they attended night school to learn foreign languages.

三、破冰之旅

Chapter 3 The Ice-Breaking Journey

ー个变革的时代,各种观念可以来自四面八方,但富有成效的行动,总是出自那些颠沛跋涉的实践者。谁曾想到,旅游业在开放初会如此艰难地为突破旧观念、旧体制,充当着开路先锋的角色……过去的年代,问题恐怕不在于观念陈旧,多少人应有的独立思考功能受损,就无法创造性开展工作。旅游业的破冰之旅不唯发展了旅游,在改变社会营造新风诸方面,可以用一句著名的诗来表述:“沉舟侧畔千帆过,病树前头万木春。”

In an era of transformation, various ideas can come from all directions, but effective actions always come from those who have journeyed through hardships. Who would have thought that the tourism industry, at the beginning of its opening up, would play the role of a pioneer in breaking through old concepts and systems... In days past, the problem was not so much that ideas were archaic, but that the capacity for independent thinking in many people had been subtly eroded, leaving them unable to bring creativity to their work. The ice-breaking journey of the tourism industry not only developed tourism but also changed society and created a new atmosphere. This can be expressed with a famous line of poetry: While the sunk boat lies submerged, thousands of sails pass by; at the sick tree's front, ten thousand trees spring.

1.传奇局长卢绪章

1. Legendary Director Lu Xuzhang

卢绪章这个名字你也许不熟悉,但提起电影《与魔鬼打交道的人》,许多人会想起影片中的男一号张公甫。张公甫的形象,就是依据卢绪章的传奇经历塑造的。

The name Lu Xuzhang might not ring a bell for you, but mention the film “The Man Who Dealt with the Devil”, and many will recall the leading male character, Zhang Gongfu. Zhang Gongfu's character was sculpted based on Lu Xuzhang's legendary journey.

卢绪章曾经长期从事共产党的地下秘密联络工作,公开身份是大老板。他与国民党上层人物陈果夫、陈立夫等打得火热,并取得了国民党少将参议的头衔,通过孙科等头面人物与苏联做生意,为共产党挣取了数十万港币的活动经费,国民党高官蒙在鼓里,中共也只有周恩来等极少数人知道他是“红色资本家” 〇中华人民共和国成立后,卢绪章出任中国第一任进出口公司经理,后担任外经贸部常务副部长,人们敬佩卢绪章,常在他面前拿电影《与魔鬼打交道的人》说事。他自己并不喜欢这个称呼,一切都已过去,他再也不是“与魔鬼打交道的人” 〇

For a long time, Lu Xuzhang was engaged in the secret underground liaison work of the Communist Party, publicly appearing as a prominent businessman. He was on excellent terms with senior figures of the Kuomintang like Chen Guofu and Chen Lifu, earning himself the title of Major General of the Kuomintang. He conducted business with the Soviet Union through leading figures like Sun Ke, raising hundreds of thousands of Hong Kong dollars in operational funds for the Communist Party. While high-ranking officials of the Kuomintang were kept in the dark, only a very few, like Zhou Enlai, knew that he was a "Red Capitalist". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Lu Xuzhang became the first manager of the China Import and Export Company and later served as the Executive Deputy Minister of Foreign Economic Trade. People admired Lu Xuzhang, often referring to the film “The Man Who Dealt with the Devil” in his presence. He didn't like this moniker, everything was already in the past, and he was no longer "the man who dealt with the devil.”

1978年10月17日,卢绪章走马上任。这时旅游面临的困难重重,他可说是 “受命于艰难之际” 〇贯彻对外开放、对内搞活的政策,搞好旅游业,是他的重任。我国有发展旅游业的丰富资源,首先要搞好铁路、机场、码头、电讯等基础设施,还要动员各方面力量来办旅游,大胆利用外资、侨资来办旅游。

On October 17, 1978, Lu Xuzhang assumed his new position. At this time, the tourism industry was facing numerous difficulties, and he could be said to have been "appointed at a time of hardship." His major responsibility was to implement the policy of opening up to the outside world and invigorating the domestic economy, and to do a good job in the tourism industry. China has abundant resources to develop the tourism industry. The first step is to improve basic facilities such as railways, airports, docks, and telecommunications, and also to mobilize all forces to run tourism, boldly utilizing foreign and overseas Chinese investments to manage tourism.

为加快引进外资步伐,小平授意国务院成立“利用侨资、外资建设旅游饭店领导小组” 〇由国务院副总理谷牧任组长,陈慕华、廖承志等人具体分管,办公室设在国家旅游总局内。

To accelerate the pace of introducing foreign investment, Deng Xiaoping instructed the State Council to establish a "Leadership Group for Building Tourist Hotels Using Overseas Chinese and Foreign Investment." The group was headed by Deputy Prime Minister Gu Mu, with Chen Muhua and Liao Chengzhi in charge of specific tasks. The office was located within the CNTA.

“小组”于1978年11月成立。名为“小组”,实为国家部级的机构。小组成员有国家计委、国家建委、外交部、轻工部、商业部、外贸部、铁道部、交通部、民航总局、财政部、中国人民银行等有关部门的负责人。可外商不理解,经常问:“你这个小组是什么级的?”为此还得费一番口舌。

The “group” was established in November 1978. Despite being called a “group”, it was actually a state department-level institution. The members of the group included the heads of relevant departments such as the National Development and Reform Commission, the National Construction Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Light Industry, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Transportation, the Civil Aviation Administration, the Ministry of Finance, and the People's Bank of China. However, foreign businessmen did not understand this and often asked: “What level is your group?” This question often required some explanation.

小组下设办公室,简称“侨外资办”,卢绪章兼任办公室主任。卢绪章熟谙市场经济经营之道,举止沉稳,丝毫没有“大干部”的派头。上任伊始,卢绪章动用自己的“老关系”,以国家旅游总局的名义,邀请ー批实业家、旅游专家组成海外旅游考察团到中国考察,目的就是请他们了解中国改革开放的好机遇,吸引他们前来中国投资,对中国旅游设施的改进提建议。考察团成员有美国波士顿财务公司、凯悦国际酒店集团等机构的负责人,夏威夷大学的校长和旅游学院的院长,还有世界著名的美籍华裔建筑师贝聿铭,香港企业家杨元龙、车家骐、朱民康、杨敏德及旅馆、酒店专业人士。

The “group” had an office, commonly referred to as the “Office of Overseas Chinese and Foreign Investment”, and Lu Xuzhang concurrently served as the director of the office. Lu Xuzhang, who was well-versed in the operation of the market economy, was calm and composed without any airs of a “senior official”. At the beginning of his tenure, Lu Xuzhang used his “old connections” and, in the name of the CNTA, invited a group of industrialists and tourism experts to form an overseas tourism inspection team to visit China. The purpose was to have them understand the great opportunities of China's reform and opening up, to attract them to invest in China, and to provide suggestions for the improvement of China's tourism facilities. The members of the inspection team included the heads of institutions such as Boston Financial Company and Hyatt Hotels Corporation, the president of the University of Hawaii and the dean of the School of Tourism, as well as the world-renowned Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei, Hong Kong entrepreneurs Yang Yuanlong, Che Jiaqi, Zhu Minkang, Yang Minde and other professionals from the hotel industry.

广州、上海、南京、扬州、无锡、苏州,夏威夷旅游学院院长朱卓任每到ー地,都向旅游同行们介绍世界旅游业的发展情况。朱民康先生从凯悦国际酒店集团选来了 !8套有关旅游接待、酒店管理和旅游从业人员训练等方面的影片,沿途放映,使各地的旅游业人员大开眼界。

In Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Wuxi, and Suzhou, the Dean of the University of Hawaii School of Tourism, Zhu Zhuoren, would introduce the development of the world tourism industry to his colleagues at every location. Mr. Zhu Minkang selected 18 sets of films related to tourism reception, hotel management, and tourism staff training from Hyatt International Hotel Group. These were screened along the way, greatly enlightening the local tourism industry personnel.

经卢绪章牵线和实地考察,国旅总社和香港侨美旅游事业有限公司于1978年 11月!3日签订了投资协议书。主要内容是在北京、上海、广州、杭州、南京、苏州、无锡、扬州等地分两期合作建造五万间房间的旅馆,全部利用外资,待旅馆建成后以部分房租逐年偿还。

Through Lu Xuzhang's facilitation and on-site inspection, the CITS and Overseas American Tourism Corporation Ltd. in Hong Kong signed an investment agreement on November 13, 1978. The main content of the agreement was to jointly build hotels with 50,000 rooms in two phases in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, and Yangzhou. The project would be entirely funded with foreign capital, and the room rent would be used to repay the investment annually after the hotels were built.

“老去又逢新岁月,春来更有好花枝”,这是多好的开端,卢绪章兴奋得睡不好觉,恨不得马上付诸行动。

“Facing new times as one ages, and encountering beautiful flowers when spring comes,” was a great start. Lu Xuzhang was so excited that he couldn't sleep well, wishing to put this into action immediately.

可是这时党的十一届三中全会还没召开,投资软环境还没形成。姓“社”姓 “资”还是个敏感的话题。什么能干,什么不能干,大家心中都没底。这ー协议在北京实施时就遇到阻碍,包括征集土地、税收标准、拆迁政策等等,当时都是一片空白。国家旅游总局碰到了难题,ー时无法进ー步商谈。

However, at that time, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party had not yet been convened, and the soft environment for investment had not been formed. Whether to follow a socialist or capitalist model was still a sensitive topic. What could be done and what couldn't be done, no one was really sure. The agreement encountered obstacles when implemented in Beijing, including land acquisition, tax standards, relocation policies, etc., all of which were then a blank slate. The CNTA encountered difficulties and was unable to proceed with further discussions for a time.

外宾来了,不是来上“五七干校”的。得让人家住好、吃好、玩好,他们オ愿意来。这就需要搞活旅游业,需要把旅游业作为ー种重要的产业来抓。

Foreign guests weren't coming to enroll in "May 7th Cadre Schools." We had to ensure they had good accommodations, food, and entertainment so they would want to come. This required revitalizing the tourism industry and treating it as an important industry to focus on.

为了争取时间,卢绪章当机立断,干不了大的干小的,建不了新的改旧的。马上促成侨美公司和北京市第一服务局合作,签订了北京香山、西苑两饭店的建设和民族饭店的加建、改造工程的合同。民族饭店率先请香港的名设计师改造装修了两间富有民族风味的样板房,供参观仿效,同时开始兴建燕京饭店。

In order to save time, Lu Xuzhang made a decisive move: if he couldn't work on large projects, he would focus on smaller ones; if he couldn't build new ones, he would renovate old ones. He immediately facilitated a cooperation between the Overseas Chinese American Company and Beijing's First Service Bureau, signing contracts for the construction of the Xiangshan and Xiyuan hotels in Beijing and the expansion and renovation project of the Minzu Hotel. The Minzu Hotel was the first to invite a famous designer from Hong Kong to remodel and decorate two sample rooms with ethnic flavor for observation and emulation, and at the same time began to build the Yanjing Hotel.

广东珠海最先展示出“大手笔”。自1979年以来,珠海先后引进ー亿五千多万港元的资金,以合作或合资、独资的形式兴建宾馆、酒店、游乐场、度假村等。1980 年1〇月最早建成的珠海石景山旅游中心,是国内第一家外资独资的饭店。

Zhuhai, Guangdong, was the first to display a big move. Since 1979, Zhuhai has introduced over 150 million Hong Kong dollars in funds, and built hotels, amusement parks, and resorts in the form of cooperation, joint ventures, or sole proprietorships. In October 1980, the earliest completed Zhuhai Shijing Mountain Tourist Center became the first wholly foreign-owned hotel in China.

1978年底,船王包玉刚先生提出要来观光。
当年参与接待的袁宗堂先生,如今已是76岁的古稀老人,先后担任过国家旅游局企业管理司、资源司司长兼北京兆龙饭店第一任总经理。如今他已是中外酒店业内的知名人士,如同“酒店活神仙”〇 2007年获得了 “中国酒店业终身成就奖”,中国获此殊荣的只有两人,另一位是侯锡九先生。

At the end of 1978, shipping tycoon Pao Yue-kong proposed to come for sightseeing. Yuan Zongtang, who participated in the reception that year, is now a 76-year-old elderly man who has served as the Director of the Enterprise Management Division and the Resource Division of the CNTA and the first general manager of the Beijing Zhaolong Hotel. He is now a well-known figure in the hotel industry at home and abroad, like a “hotel living god”. In 2007, he was awarded the "Lifetime Achievement Award of China's Hotel Industry". Only two people in China have received this honor, the other being Mr. Hou Xijiu.

袁宗堂回忆当年,说包玉刚要来的三天前,卢绪章就叫他去北京饭店要住房, 要不到,袁宗堂就坐在那儿等,还是没有。到晚上只好打电话向国务院反映,经过国务院同意,好不容易调整出ー间单人房。结果与包玉刚同来的妹夫李伯忠只能在他的房内打了个地铺。

Yuan Zongtang recalled that three days before Pao Yue-kong's arrival, Lu Xuzhang asked him to go to the Beijing Hotel for a room, but he couldn't get it. Yuan Zongtang had to sit there and wait, but still couldn't get a room. By evening, he had no choice but to report to the State Council. After the State Council's approval, a single room was finally arranged. As a result, Li Bozhong, Pao Yue-kong's brother-in-law who came with him, could only make a makeshift bed in his room.

包玉刚是世界船王包兆龙的接班掌门人,与卢绪章是姑舅亲,又都是宁波老乡,两人私交甚深。这对30多年未见面的亲戚加老乡见面时,没有“泪汪汪”。包玉刚直言不讳:“你这个旅游局长是怎么当的?连我来,房间还要加塞,如果传出去,岂不是天大笑话?”

Pao Yue-kong is the successor to the world shipping king Pao Shao-long and is a close relative and fellow Ningbo native of Lu Xuzhang, so they had a deep private relationship. There were no tears when these relatives and old friends, who hadn't seen each other for more than 30 years, met. Pao Yue-kong was blunt, "How are you being the director of this tourism bureau? Even when I come, the room has to be crowded. If this gets out, isn't it a big joke?"

卢绪章为人忠厚朴实,不善辞令。他充满歉意。

Lu Xuzhang is a man of integrity and simplicity, not good at eloquence. He was full of apology.

几天后,包玉刚了解到当时国内旅游宾馆出奇地困难,国家旅游总局办公场所也特别小,几十个人挤在ー起,两个人才ー张办公桌。两个副局长共一个办公室, 来个人谈事,另ー个还得主动回避一下。包玉刚表示,我出1000万美金,800万盖个饭店,200万给你们盖楼。此行他还捐资给上海交通大学建图书馆。
应该说这是“天上掉馅饼”的好事,但还是有人反对。

A few days later, Pao Yue-kong learned about the surprisingly difficult situation with the domestic tourist hotels at the time. The office space of the CNTA was also exceptionally small. Dozens of people were squeezed together, with two people sharing one desk. The two deputy directors shared one office. When someone came to talk about things, the other had to actively avoid it. Pao Yue-kong said, “I will give 10 million US dollars, 8 million to build a hotel, and 2 million for you to build a building.” During this trip, he also donated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University to build a library. One might consider this as a windfall, yet some still voiced opposition.

因为包玉刚提出,饭店的名字要用“兆龙饭店”。兆龙是包玉刚父亲的名字。反对者说:“这不是为资本家树碑立传吗?”

This was because Pao Yue-kong proposed to name the hotel “Zhao Long Hotel”. Zhao Long is the name of Pao Yue-kong’s father. The opponents said, “Isn't this erecting a monument and writing a biography for the capitalist?”

包兆龙为包拯第28代嫡孙,也是个爱国华侨,曾屡捐巨资赞助祖国建设。对那些反对者,我们今天能说什么呢?只能说,为什么总有些人的思想如此僵化、不开窍?

Pao Zhao Long, the 28th direct descendant of Bao Zheng, was also a patriotic overseas Chinese who had repeatedly donated huge sums of money to support the construction of the motherland. To those who opposed, what can we say today? Only that, why are some people's thinking so rigid and inflexible?

卢绪章很高兴,他说包玉刚的爱国不是挂在口头上,而是实实在在表现在行动上。他是继承中国传统美德的国际企业家。卢绪章直接想办法把消息报告给邓小平。邓小平明确表示支持,并说,人家要表示孝心,用父亲的名字,有什么不好?后来小平不仅会见了包玉刚,还亲自为“兆龙饭店”题写店名,亲自参加了 “兆龙饭店”开业庆典,此为后话。

Lu Xuzhang was very pleased. He said that Pao Yue-kong's patriotism was not just lip service, but was truly manifested in action. He is an international businessman who inherits Chinese traditional virtues. Lu Xuzhang directly found a way to report the news to Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping clearly expressed his support, saying, what's wrong with someone wanting to express filial piety by using their father's name. Later, Deng Xiaoping not only met with Pao Yue-kong, but also personally inscribed the name of the “Zhaolong Hotel”, and personally attended the opening ceremony of the "Zhaolong Hotel", but that's another story.

2.第一批旅游饭店

2. The First Batch of Tourist Hotels

李玉莺曾陪同宋庆龄访问苏联,见过斯大林。她还担任过郭沫若的外事秘书, 曾是国家旅游局的ー支“笔杆子”,人称才女,改革开放初期许多文件出自其手。她参与了建国饭店、长城饭店、金陵饭店、白天鹅饭店等涉外饭店的谈判,对中国引进外资建设的进程,可说是了如指掌。

Li Yuying, who once accompanied Song Qingling on a visit to the Soviet Union and met Stalin, also served as Guo Moruo's foreign affairs secretary. She was once one of the “penholders” of the CNTA, known as a talented woman, and many documents in the early stage of reform and opening up were written by her. She participated in the negotiation of foreign-related hotels such as the Jianguo Hotel, the Great Wall Hotel, the Jinling Hotel, and the White Swan Hotel, and can be said to have a thorough understanding of the process of China's introduction of foreign investment for construction.

2008年她78岁了,两鬓如霜,依然オ思敏捷。李玉莺大姐向我们敞开记忆之门,讲起了 30年前引进外资建饭店的艰辛故事。

In 2008, she is 78 years old, with frosty temples, but her mind was still sharp. Li Yuying opened the door to her memories and talked about the difficult story of introducing foreign investment to build hotels 30 years ago.

“第一个引进外资建造旅游饭店的意向书,是在北京饭店签订的。时间是 1978年10月8日。”李玉莺说。

“The first letter of intent to introduce foreign capital to build a tourist hotel was signed at the Beijing Hotel. The date was October 8, 1978,” said Li Yuying.

外方谈判代表是泛美航空所属的洲际饭店公司董事长保罗・希莱恩。小平同志对这次谈判非常关注,外方到达的第二天上午就亲自会见了泛美航空公司董事长西威尔和洲际饭店公司一行客人。

The foreign negotiation representative was Paul H. Schlein, the chairman of the Intercontinental Hotel Company, which belonged to Pan American World Airways. Comrade Xiaoping was very concerned about this negotiation. On the second morning after the arrival of the foreign party, he personally met with the chairman of Pan American World Airways, Mr. Westwil, and a delegation from the Intercontinental Hotel Company.

西威尔提出拟建5000个房间的饭店。

Mr. Westwil proposed to build a hotel with 5,000 rooms.

小平说:“我们要积极努力创造更多的条件,建5000个房间的旅馆是可以商量的,也可以再多一点。先建5000间,还要看建在什么地方。”

Xiaoping said, “We must actively strive to create more conditions. It is negotiable to build a hotel with 5,000 rooms, and it can be a bit more. First, build 5,000 rooms, but it also depends on where to build.”

小平还说:“这里边有些具体问题,建房条件要研究。”

Xiaoping also mentioned, “There are some specific problems in this that need to be studied regarding building conditions.”

但小平同志亲自过问的这个项目,却因种种原因再无进展。此后,最先谈成, 又经国务院批准的中外合资项目是北京建国饭店,接着有北京长城饭店和中日航空食品公司,这三个合资项目都是旅游企业。

However, this project that Comrade Xiaoping personally cared about had no further progress due to various reasons. Afterward, the first joint venture project to be negotiated and approved by the State Council was the Jianguo Hotel Beijing, followed by the Great Wall Hotel Beijing and the Sino-Japanese Aviation Food Company. These three joint ventures were all tourism enterprises.

李玉莺大姐说:“我说说建国饭店从审批到施工建成的过程,你们就会知道,开始引进外资的时候,有多么艰难。”

Li Yuying said, “If I talk about the process from the approval to the completion of the construction of the Jianguo Hotel, you will know how difficult it was to start introducing foreign investment.”

建国饭店外资方是美籍华人陈宣远,他是廖承志的远房表亲。廖承志举贤不避亲,动员他来中国投资。陈先生是个爱国的建筑师,在美国经营ー个建筑事务所,在美国加州旧金山拥有帕萨迪娜等四家假日饭店。他对投资中国充满信心, 1979年2月就到北京考察,有关建国饭店的谈判进展相对顺利。陈宣远真心诚意想为国家做点贡献,许多条款都做了让步。他甚至表态:饭店经营1〇年后,把他的股权以1美元价格,卖给中方。

The foreign investor of the Jianguo Hotel was Chen XuanYuan, an American Chinese who was a distant relative of Liao Chengzhi. Liao Chengzhi didn't avoid relatives when promoting virtuous people, so he mobilized him to invest in China. Mr. Chen was a patriotic architect who ran an architectural firm in the United States. He owned four Holiday Inns in places like Pasadena, San Francisco, California. Chen XuanYuan was full of confidence in investing in China. He came to Beijing for inspection in February 1979, and the negotiations concerning the Jianguo Hotel proceeded relatively smoothly. Chen XuanYuan sincerely wanted to make some contributions to the country and made many concessions in the terms. He even stated that after the hotel had been operated for ten years, he would sell his shares to the Chinese side at a price of one US dollar.

既然只卖1美元,那为什么不干脆白送呢?

If it's only sold for one dollar, why not just give it away?

陈宣远说,不能白送。按照美国的法律,在国外投资白送就是违法。但可以卖,至于卖多少钱由业主说了算。

Chen XuanYuan said that it couldn't be given away. According to US law, giving away overseas investments is illegal. But it can be sold, and the owner decides how much it is sold for.

如此说来,外方的条件是相当优惠了。可是,当时许多人,包括有些国家部委办的领导都不理解,对建国饭店建与不建的问题各持己见。国家某部委负责人说: “合资饭店都是亏本赔钱的,怎么能借钱干赔本的买卖?”

So it seems that the terms from the foreign side were quite favorable. However, at that time, many people, including some leaders from national ministries and commissions, did not understand and held their own opinions on whether to build the Jianguo Hotel. A person in charge of a certain national ministry said: “Joint venture hotels are all loss-making, how can we borrow money to engage in loss-making business?”

有人还拿出“可行性分析”,认为建国饭店经营22年后,要还清借贷的本息,还差2万美金。

Some people also brought out a feasibility analysis, suggesting that after 22 years of operation of the Jianguo Hotel, there would still be a deficit of 20,000 US dollars to clear the principal and interest of the loan.

这个“可行性分析”被作为ー种“科学论据”,有人据此反对上马

This feasibility analysis was used as a kind of "scientific argument", and some people opposed the project based on this.

反对呼声强烈!

The opposition was strong!

小平同志还是在关于同意建造建国饭店合资酒店的批文上签了字。今天我们仍能看到,在这份批文上,有国务院总理、14位副总理和全国人大常委会副委员长廖承志等共16位国家领导人的批字或圈阅,对建造ー个饭店如此慎重,是很少见的。

Still, Deng Xiaoping personally signed the approval for the construction of the Jianguo Hotel joint venture. Today, we can still see the approval from 16 national leaders, including the Prime Minister of the State Council, 14 deputy prime ministers, and Liao Chengzhi, the vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The unusual level of caution shown for the construction of a hotel is rare to see.

李玉莺大姐清楚地记得,审批的时间是!979年6月12日。批语中还强调: “这是我国与外资合作建造和经营的第一个旅游饭店,可以作为试点,创造点经验, 请各有关部门积极给予支持配合,争取尽快动エ建成。”

Li Yuying clearly remembers that the approval was given on June 12, 1979. The approval emphasized: “This is the first tourist hotel in our country to be constructed and operated in cooperation with foreign capital. It can be used as a pilot project to create some experience. Please actively support and cooperate with all relevant departments to strive for starting and completing the construction as soon as possible.”

有了“尚方宝剑”,事情看来可以一帆风顺地进展下去,哪知道阻カ依然很大。在设计、选址、拆迁、贷款、施工等过程中,依然困难重重,几乎每走ー步,都遇到阻カ。

With this “imperial sword,” it seemed that things could progress smoothly, but there were still substantial obstacles. During the process of design, site selection, demolition, loans, construction, etc., there were still numerous difficulties. Almost every step encountered resistance.

陈宣远本人就是建筑师,由他设计是顺理成章的事。反对意见来了 :“中国的饭店,为什么要外人来设计?”

Chen Xuan Yuan was himself an architect, so his design was a natural choice. Yet, opposition came: “Why should a Chinese hotel be designed by foreigners?”

庄炎林是归侨,时任国家旅游总局副局长,又是“侨外资办”常务副主任,许多具体事务得跑上跑下,忙前忙后,常常到下半夜オ进家门。多干事者多受气,种种飞短流长向他袭来:

“请客的钱加起来,就可以盖一座大楼了!”

Zhuang Yanlin, a returning overseas Chinese, was the Deputy Director of the CNTA at the time and also the Executive Deputy Director of the “Overseas Capital Office”. He had to run around handling many specific affairs, often not arriving home until midnight. Those who do more often face more criticisms, and all kinds of rumors came at him: “The money spent on treating guests could have built a tower by now!”

“建合资饭店是与外国资本家联盟,ー起赚中国人民的钱。”

“Building joint venture hotels is forming an alliance with foreign capitalists to make money off the Chinese people.”

“咱们卫星都能上天,还怕盖不成饭店?”

“We can send satellites into space, so why can't we build a hotel?”

“这点事,要去求洋人,岂不是丢中国人的脸吗！”

“Isn't it humiliating for us Chinese to seek help from foreigners for such a matter?”

还有人写匿名信,用语从“崇洋媚外”到“卖国主义”,还有“丧失阶级立场” “丧失民族气节”等等,引进外资建饭店,简直就是罪大恶极了。

Some people even sent anonymous letters, with phrases ranging from “worshipping foreigners and fawning over foreign things” to “traitorism”, as well as “losing class standing” and “losing national integrity”, etc. To them, bringing in foreign capital to build hotels was simply an egregious crime.

李大姐说,现在看来十分明白的道理,在那年月却是说不清。引进外资建饭店,面对四面八方的反对意见,有些声音可以置之不理,有些意见你还一定得去解释。

As Li said, what now seems so clear was so hard to explain back then. In the face of opposition from all directions to the introduction of foreign capital for hotel construction, some voices could be ignored, but some opinions had to be explained.

1980年9月五届人大三次会议期间,建国饭店已经开エ了,一些全国人大代表就引资建饭店提出质疑。庄炎林只得带着李玉莺等人去向人大代表作解释,就饭店的合作方式、建筑设计、材料装修、偿还能力等问题ーー作说明,并强调旅游住宿如何困难,争取人大代表的理解与同情。

During the Third Session of the Fifth National People's Congress in September 1980, the Jianguo Hotel had already started construction, and some National People's Congress delegates raised doubts about the hotel project funded by foreign capital. Zhuang Yanlin had no choice but to take Li Yuying and others to explain to the NPC delegates about the hotel's cooperation method, architectural design, material decoration, repayment ability, and other issues. They also stressed the difficulty of accommodation in tourism to gain the understanding and sympathy of the NPC delegates.

建设建国饭店的批文!979年6月就批了,到!980年6月20日オ正式破土动工。我们整整失去了一年宝贵时间。

The approval for the construction of Jianguo Hotel was issued in June 1979, but construction did not officially begin until June 20, 1980. We lost a full year of valuable time.

谷牧副总理当时分管旅游工作,他曾在国家旅游局情况汇报中批示:“我很同情旅游业,现在谁也没有否决权。”

Vice Premier Gu Mu, who was in charge of tourism work at the time, once commented during a report on the status of the CNTA, “I sympathize greatly with the tourism industry; at present, no one has the right to veto.”

施工期间又遭人为阻挠。原来建国饭店后面是国务院某部的宿舍楼,他们怕建成后会遮挡阳光,不让建。

During the construction period, there was deliberate obstruction. The dormitory building of a certain department of the State Council was behind the site of the Jianguo Hotel. They feared that once the hotel was built, it would block their sunlight, so they opposed the construction.

其实,原定方案已做了修改,在后面有宿舍的一方只建四层半楼房,以保证阳光能照到ー楼窗户。但有些人白天公然到工地吵闹,晚上把笨重的搅拌机掀翻,拆毁施工围墙。施工受阻,“侨外资办”只好向国务院求助。

In reality, the original plan had already been modified. On the side where there were dormitories, only four and a half floors of buildings were to be constructed to ensure that sunlight could reach the first floor windows. However, some people caused disturbances on the construction site during the day, and at night they overturned heavy mixers and destroyed the construction fences. When the construction was hindered, the Overseas Capital Office had to seek help from the State Council.

邓小平在百忙中批示:“有理也不能闹,何况无理ド’

In the midst of his busy schedule, Deng Xiaoping instructed, “One should not make trouble even when they're in the right, let alone when they're in the wrong.”

这オ平息事端。

This resolved the dispute.

与此同期,另一合资项目长城饭店,经过5次艰苦的谈判オ算成功。从立项到开エ建设,共有8位副总理先后做出重要指示或批示,最后是谷牧副总理批示:“我主张继续干。”

During the same period, another joint venture project, the Great Wall Hotel, was successful after five tough negotiations. From the initiation of the project to the start of construction, a total of 8 vice premiers successively gave important instructions or instructions, and finally Vice Premier Gu Mu instructed: “I advocate continuing.”

长城饭店的施工时间也延误了一年之久。

The construction time of the Great Wall Hotel was also delayed for a year.

北京丽都饭店是与新加坡侨商罗新权合作的项目。对方按照协议在国外设计和订购材料,花了不少美元,我方因此想告吹。罗新权没办法,写信给邓小平求助, 诉说情况。小平接信后立即批示:必须守信。当时有许多行将夭折的项目在小平的亲自关怀和支持下救活了。

Beijing Lido Hotel is a project in cooperation with Singaporean overseas Chinese businessman Luo Xinquan. The other party spent a lot of US dollars on design and material orders abroad according to the agreement, which made our side want to back out. Luo Xinquan had no choice but to write a letter to Deng Xiaoping for help, explaining the situation. Upon receiving the letter, Xiaoping immediately instructed that promises must be kept. At that time, many projects on the verge of failure were revived with Xiaoping's personal care and support.

李玉莺大姐说,建国饭店后来的事实,让反对者鸦雀无声,更重要的是为后来引进外资树起了榜样。饭店1982年4月开业,当年开业当年受益,全店员工人均创汇超过2万美元。此后,利润一年年往上翻。仅仅用了 4年时间,就连本带息全部还清了汇丰银行2000万美元贷款。10年所创的税利等于7.6个建国饭店的投资。

Li Yuying said that the subsequent facts of the Jianguo Hotel silenced the opposition, and more importantly, it set an example for the introduction of foreign capital later. The hotel opened in April 1982, and it made a profit in the year it opened. The per capita exchange rate for the entire hotel staff exceeded 20,000 US dollars. After that, the profit increased year by year. It took only 4 years to repay all the principal and interest of the 20 million US dollar loan from HSBC. The taxes and profits created in 10 years are equivalent to the investment in 7.6 Jianguo Hotels.

当初的改革开放基本是两个大思路:一个是农村家庭联产承包责任制,还有一个就是开始引进外资。“京字第一号”的建国饭店,其意义不仅是建了个饭店,而是开启了新时期中外合资的先河,为全国各行各业引进外资树起一个鲜明的标杆。

The initial reform and opening up were basically two major ideas: one was the rural family joint production contract responsibility system, and the other was the start of introducing foreign capital. The significance of the “Jianguo Hotel”, the first of its kind in Beijing, is not just a hotel, but the pioneering of Sino-foreign joint ventures in the new era, setting a distinct benchmark for various industries across the country to introduce foreign capital.

之后,北京长城饭店、兆龙饭店,广州白天鹅宾馆,南京金陵饭店,各地引进外资新建饭店如雨后春笋拔地而起。

After that, hotels newly built with foreign investment sprouted up like bamboo shoots after a rain, including the Great Wall Hotel and Zhaolong Hotel in Beijing, the White Swan Hotel in Guangzhou, the Jinling Hotel in Nanjing, and others across the country.

1988年3月,陈宣远在美国寓所渍然病逝。

In March 1988, Chen Xuanyuan passed away from illness at his residence in the United States.

国家旅游局发了唁电。大家没有忘记这位海外赤子。是他不惧风险,开拓了中国引进外资之路。人生一世,草木一秋。我们不知道他是否早有生命的预感,在 1979年的谈判桌上就提出“10年”这个限期,以“ 1美元”的价格把饭店股权卖给祖国。在这个圆满的句号画上后,他オ放心地离开人世,而他为中国旅游业发展所做的贡献,永载青史。

The CNTA sent a telegram of condolences. Let us not forget this devoted son of China from overseas. Fearless of risks, he paved the way for China to welcome foreign investment. A human life is as ephemeral as a season of growing grass or falling leaves. We can’t be sure whether he had some premonition of his life's timeline, when he proposed a ten-year limit in the negotiations of 1979, selling his hotel's equity back to his homeland for a symbolic ‘one dollar’. With this graceful conclusion, he peacefully departed from this world, his contributions to the development of China’s tourism industry forever etched in history.

往事已成历史,但大量的记忆令我们深思:为什么当初那么多饭店的建设都需要邓小平亲自过问、亲自批示,要总理和副总理,还有全国人大常委会副委员长批示、画圈,才能做成?国家领导人以下的不少干部,也是职权不小的领导干部,而且应该是具体担当职责的干部,为什么不敢担当,有的人还积极地成为阻碍者呢?仅仅用“当时人们思想观念不解放”来描述,是否真实?

The past has become history, but a wealth of memories provoke deep reflection. Why was it that the construction of so many hotels required the personal involvement and approval of Deng Xiaoping? Why did it require the signatures and approval of the Prime Minister and Vice Prime Minister, and even the Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to get things done? There were numerous officials below the national leaders, many of whom held significant powers and duties - why did they hesitate to take responsibility? Why did some even actively hinder progress? Is it truly accurate to describe this merely as ‘people’s mindset at the time was not liberalized enough’?

问题恐怕不在观念陈旧,也不是不聪明,而是作为ー个人、ー个领导者,在过去的年代中,应有的独立思考功能受损,无法创造性开展工作。

The issue likely isn't about being stuck in old ways of thinking or lacking intelligence. Instead, as individuals and leaders in those years, their capacity for independent thinking had been compromised, hindering their ability to work creatively.

邓小平为什么那么明智、高瞻远瞩?有一个重要因素是他能够独立思考。ー个民族,需要许许多多富有责任感且能够独立思考的人,オ可能大踏步地开展创造性工作,オ会复兴。

Why was Deng Xiaoping so wise and far-sighted? One key factor is his ability to think independently. A nation needs a multitude of responsible individuals capable of independent thought. Only then can they stride confidently in creative endeavors, leading to a renaissance.

3.韩克华走马上任

3. Han Kehua Took Office

1981年春,原任外交部副部长的韩克华调任国家旅游局局长兼党组书记,面对的首要问题是“局社分家”,这是在开放实践中悟出的必要变革。此前,从国家旅游局局领导到各司司长,经常担任“消防队”的角色,被住宿、机票等问题搞得焦头烂额,接待任务也主要在北京,因此被戏称为“管天子脚下” 〇

In the spring of 1981, Han Kehua, previously the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed as the Director and Party Group Secretary of the CNTA. His primary challenge was the separation of administrative and business operations within the Bureau, a crucial reform conceived from experiences with openness and reform. Before this, from the leaders of the CNTA to each department head, they often had to play the role of a “fire brigade”, constantly putting out fires caused by issues with accommodations, air tickets, and the like. They were so swamped that they had little time for anything else. Most reception tasks were mainly in Beijing, thus they were jokingly referred to as those “managing the land under the emperor’s feet”.

局社分家后,国旅总社统ー经营外国旅游者来华旅游业务,实行企业化管理; 国家旅游局作为管理全国旅游事业的行政机构,不再直接经营组团和接待任务,统ー管理全国旅游工作,就被称为“管天下” 了。

After the separation of administrative and business operations, the CITS took over the business of managing inbound tourism for foreign travelers, implementing a corporate management style. The CNTA, as the administrative body managing national tourism, no longer directly operated group tours and reception tasks. Its role transformed into overseeing national tourism affairs, which was colloquially referred to as “managing the world”.

这是ー项难度颇大的重要改革。经一年努力,1982年7月,国家旅游总局与国旅总社分开办公,各司其职,结束了自1964年以来长达18年的局社合一格局。8 月,中国旅行游览事业管理总局更名为中华人民共和国国家旅游局,由外交部代管局升格为国务院直属局。

This marked a significant reform that was challenging to implement. After a year of hard work, in July 1982, the office of the CNTA and CITS, each taking on its respective duties. This ended the 18-year-long model of unified management since 1964. In August, the General Administration of China Travel and Tourism was renamed the National Tourism Administration of the People's Republic of China, upgrading from being under the purview of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to being directly subordinate to the State Council.

从“管脚下”到“管天下”,标志着中国旅游业新的飞跃。韩克华感到肩上的担子重了。“天下”那么多问题,从何入手?如何才能运筹帷幄,决胜千里?

The shift from “managing the land under the emperor’s feet” to “managing the world” symbolized a new leap for China’s tourism industry. Han Kehua felt the weight of the responsibility on his shoulders. With so many issues in the entire tourism sector, where should he begin? How could he strategize and achieve success on such a grand scale?

国务院提出,今后一个时期发展旅游事业的方针是:“积极发展,量カ而行,稳步前进。”要做的事情很多,但韩克华没有料到,有一个亟待解决的问题是厕所问题。

The State Council proposed that the future policy for tourism development should be: “To actively develop, proceed according to capacity, and advance steadily.” There were numerous tasks to handle, but what Han Kehua hadn't anticipated was that a pressing issue needing resolution was the condition of public toilets.

今天有人说,旅游业在开放中抓了最难的两头建设,ー是冲击头脑的保守观念,二是管了最脏的厕所卫生。当年国外媒体则批评:“中国人只讲究进口（餐饮）,不讲究出口（厕所卫生）。”厕所的脏臭不改善,不仅直接影响旅游业发展,更直接损害礼仪之邦的文明形象。

Today, some say that in its evolution, the tourism industry tackled the two most challenging areas: shattering conservative mindsets, and managing the cleanliness of the most unsanitary places - public toilets. Foreign media at the time criticized, “Chinese people only care about importing (catering), but not exporting (toilet hygiene).” Without improving the unclean and smelly toilets, it would not only directly affect the development of the tourism industry, but also damage the civilized image of our nation, once known as a land of etiquette.

厕所非小事。修建公厕,成为当务之急,重中之重!

Public toilets were no trivial matter. Constructing public restrooms became a priority of priorities!

当年的旅游厕所,是个什么状况?

But what was the situation with public toilets in tourism back then?

旱厕居多,异味明显,无人看管。许多景区厕所年久失修。有的屋顶渗漏,蛛网盘结;有的厕门损坏,内墙剥离;有的地流黄水,难以插足。有些卫生状况好些的,又全是蹲坑,老年外宾很不习惯,特别是胖老太太,根本蹲不下去。

The majority of toilets were pit latrines, emitting a strong stench, with no one to maintain them. Many public restrooms at tourist sites had been neglected for years. Some had leaky roofs and were filled with cobwebs, others had broken doors and peeling inner walls, while others had dirty yellow water flowing across the floor, making them practically unusable. Even the relatively clean ones were all squat toilets, which were uncomfortable for elderly foreign tourists, particularly overweight older women who found it impossible to squat.

某些景区没有厕所,只是简陋至极的小“茅坑”,脏得简直无处踏脚,臭气冲鼻,坑下蛆虫蠕动,硬着头皮进去方便一下,能叫你恶心半天。京旅211团菲律宾籍的官女士在某风景点上厕所,刚进去就跳了出来,没走多远,在树下直吐。她的丈夫气得挥舞双臂说:“再也不能来这里了。”

Certain scenic spots didn't have proper restrooms, only rudimentary pit latrines that were so filthy it was hard to find a place to step. The overwhelming smell, the sight of maggots writhing at the bottom of the pit, and the mere thought of having to use these facilities were enough to turn one's stomach. A Filipino lady from the Beijing Tour 211 group had a particularly unpleasant experience. After using a restroom at a tourist site, she rushed out and didn’t get far before she started vomiting under a tree. Her husband, furious, waved his arms around and declared, “We can never come here again.”

在浙江某些区域,当地厕所都是“敞篷式”的,甚至建在街旁的厕所,无门无遮挡,ー览无余,外宾望而生“羞”〇当地彼此熟悉的男女上厕所时,还挺自然地互相说话,传递手纸。

In certain regions of Zhejiang, local toilets were of an “open-air” design, even those built beside the streets, completely exposed without doors or any form of screening. Foreign tourists blushed at the sight of such openness, while locals, familiar with one another, naturally chatted and passed toilet paper among themselves while using the facilities.

当时有个广为流传的笑话,说ー个外国游客,好不容易凭嗅觉找到了公厕。ー进门,只见坑槽污迹斑斑,气味刺鼻,赶紧跑出来“打的”往下榻的五星级宾馆,以解内急。许多地方都出现不同版本、内容相似的笑谈。报刊时而冒出“公厕臭名远扬”“如厕难于上青天”的批评文章。

A widely circulated joke at the time told of a foreign tourist who, after much difficulty, managed to locate a public toilet by its smell. Upon entering, he was greeted by a filthy pit and an overpowering stench. He hastily fled and hailed a taxi to return to his five-star hotel to relieve himself. Similar anecdotes abounded, with different versions popping up in many places. Criticisms such as “public toilets with a stinky reputation” and “going to the toilet is harder than ascending to the sky” occasionally appeared in newspapers.

再ー个问题是公厕严重不足。这种情况在热门风景名胜区和全国重点旅游城市尤为突出。厕所门口排队等候是许多风景区一道令人尴尬的“风景”。排队上厕所的窘况,比排别的队难堪。

Another issue was the serious shortage of public toilets. This was especially prominent in popular scenic spots and major tourist cities nationwide. Queuing up to use the toilet became an embarrassing “sight” at many tourist sites. Queuing for the toilet was more embarrassing than queuing for anything else.

上海冒出个新行当一“导厕”,因为在上海繁华街市找不到厕所的问题尤其突出,游客内急找不到厕所,没有人“导”,这事不得了。七转ハ弯,带到了游客的 “向往之地”,看到的是一列长队,还得等!这时刻游客往往满头大汗,女士化的妆也被汗水冲得容颜复杂,等啊等……经过万般着急难堪的等待,当你大气长舒走出厕门时,方觉天下什么是幸福。

A new profession even emerged in Shanghai called a “toilet guide”, as it was especially difficult for tourists to find public restrooms in Shanghai's bustling streets. When tourists urgently needed to find a toilet and no one was there to guide them, the situation was dire. After winding their way through seven turns and eight bends, they were led to their “desired destination,” only to be met by a long queue, and they had to wait! At these moments, tourists were often sweating profusely, with ladies' makeup smeared by the sweat, forming complex patterns on their faces as they waited... After enduring all this anxiety and embarrassment, the sense of relief when you finally walked out of the restroom made you realize what true happiness felt like.

韩克华下决心要解决厕所问题。

Han Kehua was determined to solve the toilet issue.

厕所问题并非难登大雅的话题。

Toilet issues were not an unseemly topic.

古有欧阳修构想文章来自“马上、枕上、厕上”之说,想其厕所必是洁净如居。康有为在《大同书》中就大谈理想之厕:“以机激水,淘荡秽气,花露喷射,花香扑鼻,有图画神仙之迹,令人超观思玄;有音乐微妙之音,令人和平清静。”

Ouyang Xiu, a famous Chinese literati of the Song Dynasty, once said that his essays originated from three places: horseback, pillow, and toilet. It’s clear that his toilet must have been as clean as his living space. Kang Youwei, in his book “The Book of Great Harmony”, described his ideal toilet: “With mechanisms triggering water, eliminating foul air, flower dew spraying, and floral fragrance striking the nose, the sight is like the footprint of an immortal, leading people to contemplate the profound; the sound of subtle music brings peace and tranquility.”

清末苏州人外出旅行,都要带便桶。因苏州人不习惯上厕所蹲坑,客栈又无马桶。讲究的人还带夜壶箱,四四方方像ー只小书箱,上面刻有诗句:“诗清只为饮茶多。”这诗句中的“诗”和“尿”,在吴方言里是同音。

In the late Qing Dynasty, people from Suzhou would carry portable toilets with them when they traveled. People from Suzhou were not accustomed to squatting in the toilet, and there were no chamber pots in the inns. Some refined individuals would even bring along a portable chamber pot box, square like a small book box, with a poem inscribed on it: “The clear poetry comes from drinking lots of tea.” In the Suzhou dialect, poetry and urine are homonyms.

厕所是人类日常生活的必备设施,也是人类社会文明进步的标志之一。法国设有电脑厕所,发行厕所报纸。日本有“厕所节”,每年举办一次“全国公厕日”,届时议员要亲临公厕现场办公。美国、新加坡等国定期评选“名厕”。

Toilets are an essential facility in human daily life and are also one of the signs of human societal progress. In France, there are computerized toilets and newspapers are distributed in toilets. Japan has a Toilet Festival, and there’s an annual “National Public Toilet Day”, during which lawmakers go to work in public toilets. In the United States, Singapore and other countries, there are regular competitions to elect the best toilets.

过去厕所常被说成“茅房”“茅坑”。开放后,我们也习惯称厕所为“洗手间”

In the past, toilets were often referred to as “straw huts” or “straw pits.” After opening up, we also got used to calling toilets “washrooms" or "bathrooms.”

“卫生间” 〇国内姑娘们早就把上厕所称为“上一号”“上高楼” 〇

Girls in China have long been referring to using the toilet as “going up to No.1” or “going up to the high-rise.”

国外对上厕所的说法更为艺术化。

Foreign expressions for using the toilet are even more artistic.

在人民大会堂宴会间,一位绅士派头十足的英国人走到导游跟前,俯下身子耳语:“May I answer the call of the nature?"（我能去响应一下大自然的召唤吗?）

During a banquet at the Great Hall of the People, a British man full of gentlemanly charm walked up to the tour guide, leaned down and whispered, “May I answer the call of the nature?”

一位澳大利亚人问:“Where is the hap-py-room?”（快乐的房间在哪里?）

An Australian asked, “Where is the hap-py-room?”

你要能听懂,就会忍不住快乐地笑出声来。

If you understand these euphemisms, you can't help but laugh with joy.

港澳同胞习惯把如厕称为“唱歌”,他们把这种说法传进国内,现在大部分导游带团时常说:“下车有唱歌的地方,唱完歌我带你们到更美的地方去游览。”

Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macau are accustomed to referring to going to the toilet as “singing.” They brought this expression to the mainland, and now most tour guides often say when leading groups, “There is a place to ‘sing’ when you get off the bus, and after you 'finish singing', I'll take you to more beautiful places to visit.”

当年兴致勃勃而来的中外游客,常因内急而兴致全无,内急心如焚,哪还有心情观美景?不少游客摇头说:“中国公厕不改善,我们再也不敢来了。”

Back in the day, tourists who came full of excitement often had their enthusiasm completely extinguished by the urgency of needing a restroom. In such distress, who would be in the mood to enjoy the beautiful scenery? Many tourists shook their heads and said, “If public toilets in China do not improve, we dare not come again.”

ー个外宾在批评信中尖刻地说:“你们中国可能有最好的大炮,但你们的厕所像这样,你们还是得不到世界的尊重。”

One foreign visitor pointedly said in a critique letter, “You Chinese may have the best artillery, but with toilets like this, you still won't get the world's respect.”

国家旅游局前所未有地郑重召开全国“涉外厕所会议” 〇随即分两批拨款458 万元,在长城、泰山、黄山、苏州园林等主要景区修建167座符合卫生标准的旅游地厕所,使厕所紧缺问题有所缓解。

The CNTA solemnly convened the unprecedented nationwide “Foreign-Related Toilet Conference”. Subsequently, it allocated 4.58 million yuan in two batches to build 167 tourist toilets in major scenic spots such as the Great Wall, Mount Tai, Huangshan, and Suzhou Gardens that meet hygiene standards, alleviating the problem of toilet shortage.

北京颐和园、天坛、碧云寺等处新建成一批卫生厕所。新建厕所有专人管理、合乎卫生标准,厕所内设有抽水马桶、单人小便池、洗手池、梳妆镜、挂衣钩,还提供卫生纸、香皂等,并有冬季供暖设备。

A batch of new sanitary toilets have been built in places such as Beijing's Summer Palace, Temple of Heaven, and Biyun Temple. The newly built toilets are managed by dedicated personnel and meet hygiene standards. The toilets are equipped with flush toilets, single urinals, sinks, makeup mirrors, coat hooks, and provide toilet paper, soap, etc., and have heating equipment for the winter.

颐和园是北京热点景区之一,日游客量多达数万人次,园内26个厕所,每天游客流量少的上千人次,多的达几千人次。保洁员已经有了一个崭新的意识:管理厕所要像管理客房那样精心。

The Summer Palace is one of the hotspots in Beijing, with a daily tourist volume of tens of thousands of people. There are 26 toilets in the park, with a daily passenger flow of a few thousand at the least, and several thousand at most. The cleaning staff have developed a brand new understanding: managing toilets should be as meticulous as managing guest rooms.

此后,国家旅游局采取出部分资金、地方财政配套的方式,促使各地旅游区都开始大抓厕所建设与改造。

Afterwards, the CNTA adopted the method of allocating some funds and matching local finance to prompt tourist areas across the country to pay great attention to the construction and renovation of toilets.

今天回头看30年前,我们确实还不知旅游业中有个多么大的世界。不懂要学,我们毕竟已经有很大的改善。1983年1月,全国旅游系统先进集体先进工作者表彰大会隆重开幕,这是国家旅游局召开的第一次群英会。时值隆冬,出席大会的304名代表心里都暖乎乎的,他们来自29个省、市、自治区和5个直属单位。

Looking back 30 years ago today, we really didn't know how big the world of the tourism industry was. We need to learn what we don't understand, but we have indeed made a lot of improvements. In January 1983, the grand opening of the commendation meeting for advanced collectives and advanced workers in the national tourism system took place. This was the first gathering of talents convened by the CNTA. In the midst of a severe winter, the 304 representatives attending the conference from 29 provinces, cities, autonomous regions, and 5 directly affiliated units felt warm inside.

广东深圳西沥水库度假村、苏州市旅游汽车公司、杭州饭店、国旅无锡支社等单位受到表彰。在受表彰的226名先进工作者中,有翻译导游人员、服务员、厨师、汽车驾驶员和后勤人员等。

Units such as Guangdong Shenzhen Xili Reservoir Resort, Suzhou City Tourism Automobile Company, Hangzhou Hotel, and CITS Wuxi Branch were commended. Among the 226 commended advanced workers were interpretors, tour guides, waiters, chefs, car drivers, and logistical personnel.

同年2月,国家旅游局首次在北京举办了中国国际旅游会议。大会将使用中、英、日、德、法、西班牙六种语言,需要安装国际电传、电话以及同声传译等设备,大家常常忙得连吃饭的时间都没有,几个烧饼就算是午餐。这是中国旅游界与世界旅游界首次在中国握手。

In February of the same year, the CNTA held the China International Tourism Conference in Beijing for the first time. The conference used six languages: Chinese, English, Japanese, German, French, and Spanish. International telegraphy, telephones, and simultaneous interpretation equipment needed to be installed. Everyone was often so busy that they didn't have time for meals, and a few baked buns were considered lunch. This was the first handshake between the Chinese tourism industry and the world tourism industry in China.

来自45个国家和地区的700多名代表中,有各国旅游部长、旅游局长、民航局长和其他高级官员,还有各国旅游协会和旅行社的负责人以及旅游记者。世界旅游组织秘书长罗伯特・洛纳蒂参加了大会,国内有关部门和各省、市、自治区有关方面的负责人和代表200多人也出席了会议,与会总人数超过千人。

Among the more than 700 representatives from 45 countries and regions, there were ministers of tourism, heads of tourism bureaus, heads of civil aviation bureaus, and other high-ranking officials from various countries, as well as the heads of various national tourism associations and travel agencies, and tourism journalists. Robert Lonati, Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization, attended the conference. More than 200 representatives and officials from domestic departments and provinces, cities, and autonomous regions also attended the meeting, and the total number of participants exceeded a thousand.

中国与世界的交往从此更加频繁。驻外办事机构从无到有,先后开设了东京、纽约、洛杉矶、伦敦、巴黎、法兰克福、悉尼7处。至今,增加到17处。

Contact between China and the world has become more frequent since then. Foreign offices were established from scratch, successively setting up in Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles, London, Paris, Frankfurt, and Sydney, totaling seven. Now, the number has increased to seventeen.

1986年1月,经国务院批准成立“中国旅游协会”,这是第一个全国综合性旅游全行业组织,其英文名称为China Tourism Association( СТА) 〇

In January 1986, the China Tourism Association was established with the approval of the State Council. This was the first comprehensive national tourism industry organization, its English name being the China Tourism Association (CTA).

但在发展过程中,旅游业出现了一些陆续冒出来的新问题,如收取回扣、索要小费、套汇倒汇等现象开始出现。国家旅游局开始抓旅游行业的道德规范教育。在体制改革方面,还存在许多运行不畅、管理不善的问题。要把中国旅游业搞得红红火火,还有许多难题。

However, in the process of development, the tourism industry encountered some emerging problems, such as receiving kickbacks, demanding tips, and phenomena like foreign currency manipulation began to appear. The CNTA began to focus on moral education within the tourism industry. However, in terms of systemic reforms, there were still many problems with inefficient operations and poor management. There were still many challenges in making China's tourism industry prosperous.

四、马超龙雀

Chapter 4. Ma Chao Long Que

“马超龙雀”是中国旅游业的图形标志。原形取自甘肃武威出土的东汉青铜马。昂首扬尾,四蹄腾空,自由奔放,马的速度超过天上的龙雀。此马也是个性的象征。旅游业由原来只有国家涉足,变为国家、地方、部门、集体、个人“五个ー起上” 〇最关键是开放了对“个人”的限制,纠正了对“个人”长达30年的偏见,这是思想观念开放的伟大变革。《周易》说:“挠万物者,莫疾乎风。”开放之风多又从旅游业刮起,推动、带动相关行业风起云涌。

"Ma Chao Long Que" is the graphic symbol of China's tourism industry. The original design is based on a bronze horse unearthed from Wuwei, Gansu during the Eastern Han Dynasty. With its head raised and tail pointed upwards, its four hooves galloping in the air, it is free and unrestrained. The horse's speed surpasses the dragon sparrow in the sky. This horse is also a symbol of individuality. Tourism has transitioned from being only state-involved to “five working together”: the state, localities, departments, collectives, and individuals. The most critical change is the opening of restrictions on "individuals", correcting the prejudice against “individuals” that had lasted for 30 years. This represents a great shift in open-mindedness. The “Book of Changes” says: “Among all things that stir, none is more swift than the wind.” The wind of opening up often blows from the tourism industry, pushing and driving related industries to surge forward.

1.花龙盘盘上紫云

1. A Purple Cloud with Winding Dragon

1986年,“七五计划”把旅游业列在第三十七章之内,这是旅游业第一次在国家计划中出现,旅游的产业地位首次得到确认,这是旅游产业发展的ー个重要标志。

In 1986, the Seventh Five-Year Plan included the tourism industry in Chapter 37, marking the first appearance of the tourism industry in a national plan. The status of tourism as an industry was recognized for the first time, which was an important milestone for the development of the tourism industry.

邓小平南方讲话,引发中国第二轮改革。中共中央、国务院《关于加快发展第三产业的决定》进ー步明确旅游业是第三产业的重点,旅游业的产业地位进ー步提升。

Deng Xiaoping's speeches in southern China sparked the second round of reform. The “Decision on Accelerating the Development of the Tertiary Industry” by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council further specified that tourism is a key sector within the tertiary industry, thus further raising the industry's status within the economy.

回首新时期30年对各产业的认识,变化最大的恐怕是旅游业。早先没人知道,旅游业每增加1人就业,可促进相关产业增加5人就业;接待一位外国游客的创汇,相当于出口 4台电视机;且是永远的朝阳产业,是最优秀的出口产业。旅游业不断超乎人们预料的发展,促使国家有关部门把它从接待型机构变成企业,又从确定为旅游产业到定位为支柱产业。

Looking back at the understanding of various industries over the past 30 years in the new era, the tourism industry might have undergone the most significant changes. It was initially unknown that every new job created in the tourism industry could lead to the addition of five jobs in related industries; and that the foreign exchange income from hosting a foreign tourist was equivalent to exporting four televisions. Moreover, tourism is an ever-growing sunrise industry and an outstanding export industry. The development of the tourism industry, which constantly exceeds expectations, has prompted the relevant national departments to transition it from a reception-oriented institution to an enterprise, and to position it from merely a tourism industry to a pillar industry.

下面这些数字有些枯燥,显示的快速发展却也一目了然。

The following numbers might seem dry, but they clearly illustrate rapid development.

1978年全国的“入境旅游”人数180万,2007年这一数据为1.3亿人次, 是1978年的73.3倍,中国成为全球第四大入境旅游接待国。

In 1978, the number of inbound tourists nationwide was 1.8 million; this figure rose to 130 million in 2007, which was 73.3 times that of 1978. China has become the fourth largest inbound tourist receiving country globally.

1978年中国旅游外汇收入2.62亿美元，1996年外汇收入超过100亿美元,2007年旅游外汇收入达419亿美元,是1978年的159倍。

In 1978, China's tourism foreign exchange income was 262 million US dollars; by 1996, the foreign exchange income exceeded 10 billion US dollars; and by 2007, the tourism foreign exchange income reached 41.9 billion US dollars, which was 159 times that of 1978.

中国旅游业在世界上的排名一路飙升。1978年中国旅游外汇收入在全世界排名第41位,2000年跃居世界第5位,2001年加入WTO后一直保持在世界第4位。

China's tourism industry has been soaring in the world rankings. In 1978, China's tourism foreign exchange income ranked 41st in the world, leaped to the 5th place in 2000, and has maintained the 4th place globally since joining the WTO in 2001.

2007年全国旅游业总收入出现历史性超越,突破1万亿元。这个“脚下的事业”,在国民经济收入中的确已占有举足轻重的地位。

In 2007, the total revenue of the national tourism industry achieved a historic breakthrough, exceeding 1 trillion yuan. This "footwork business" indeed holds a significant position in national economic income.

中国人出境游的发展速度,有人夸张地比喻为“像过山车”动人心魄。这“动人心魄”是不算夸张的。改革开放初,中国出国的人寥寥无几。1950年至1978 年,中国出国总人次30万。2005年一年中,中国出境人次达到3100万,是开放前 28年出境人数总和的100倍。2007年中国公民出境旅游人数已达4095万,成为亚洲最大的出境旅游客源国,出境人数跃至世界排名第3位。这是中国综合国力、居民生活水平提高,社会开放的直接、生动的证据。仅旅游ー项,就让世界看到中国改革开放的成就的确不小。

The development speed of Chinese outbound tourism has been exaggeratedly described as “like a roller coaster” - thrilling and exciting. The phrase “thrilling and exciting” is not an exaggeration. At the beginning of the reform and opening-up, very few Chinese citizens traveled abroad. From 1950 to 1978, the total number of outbound travelers from China was only 300,000. However, in 2005 alone, the number of outbound Chinese travelers reached 31 million, which is 100 times the total number of outbound travelers in the 28 years before the opening-up. By 2007, the number of Chinese citizens traveling abroad had reached 40.95 million, making China the largest source country of outbound tourists in Asia and ranking third globally in terms of outbound travelers. This serves as direct and vivid evidence of China's overall national strength, improved living standards of its residents, and the country's growing openness. Just for tourism alone, the world can see that China's achievements in reform and opening up are indeed not small.

中国出境旅游市场的发展壮大,日益增加了中国在国际社会的影响カ。“出境旅游”成为“官方外交”的一部分,签署旅游目的地（ADS ）仪式成为ー份“国礼”,也是谈判桌上一个有分量的筹码,为国家的外交战略、区域化合作和两岸和平统一事业做出了重要贡献。

The development and growth of China's outbound tourism market have increasingly increased China's influence in the international community. Outbound tourism has become a part of official diplomacy. The signing of the Approved Destination Status (ADS) agreement has become a kind of "state ceremony" and also a significant bargaining chip at the negotiation table. It has made important contributions to the country's foreign policy strategy, regional cooperation, and the cause of peaceful reunification across the strait.

中国在联合国世界旅游组织的影响迅速提高。2007年,中文正式成为世界旅游组织官方语言。中国被推举为世界旅游组织执委会成员国。

China's influence in the United Nations World Tourism Organization has rapidly increased. In 2007, Chinese officially became the official language of the World Tourism Organization. China was elected as a member country of the World Tourism Organization's Executive Council.

2008年6月17日,中国公民赴美旅游首发团250人从北京、上海、广东三地启程,飞往美国。这标志着中国公民赴美团队旅游正式启动。7月4日,中国大陆居民直接赴台湾省旅游首发团启程,首批游客760余人分别从北京、上海、南京、厦门、广州五地出发,搭乘两岸周末包机赴台。这是1949年以后,中国大陆居民首次从大陆直接飞抵台湾省,被称为“世纪首航”“世纪圆梦之旅”,它跨越了近60年的隔阻。

On June 17, 2008, the first group of 250 Chinese citizens departed from Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong, heading to the United States for tourism. This marked the official launch of Chinese citizens' group tourism to the United States. On July 4, the first group of Chinese‘s mainland residents directly traveled to Taiwan Province for tourism. Over 760 tourists from Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xiamen, and Guangzhou departed, taking chartered flights between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait for a weekend trip to Taiwan. This is the first time since 1949 that mainland Chinese residents have directly flown to Taiwan Province, and it is called the “Century's First Flight” or the "Dream Trip of the Century," overcoming nearly 60 years of separation.

30年间,中国旅游业的总收入正以年均约12%的速度增长,高于同期国内生产总值的平均增长率,也大大高于世界旅游业平均涨幅的速度。国外旅游同行对中国“从俯视到仰视”。全国旅游业展现出的新景象,可以借用一句古诗来形容: “飞香走红满天春,花龙盘盘上紫云。”

During the past 30 years, the total revenue of China's tourism industry has been growing at an average annual rate of about 12%, higher than the average growth rate of the domestic gross domestic product during the same period and significantly higher than the average growth rate of the global tourism industry. Foreign counterparts in the tourism industry regard China with admiration and respect. The new landscape presented by the national tourism industry can be described using a line from an ancient poem: “Fragrance soars, redness fills the sky in spring, like a purple cloud with winding dragon.”

2. ー业九鼎重千秋

2. Tourism's Enduring Significance

直到今天,即使我们不再把旅游看作“享乐主义”,但旅游在ー个民族的发展进步中,在每位“个人”的人生中,究竟占有多大的地位,仍未被充分认识。今天, 当我们获得“煮酒话当年”的良辰,还该看到旅游业的贡献远远不仅体现在经济效益上。

Even today, even if we no longer see tourism solely as hedonism, the true significance of tourism in the development and progress of a nation and in the life of each individual is still not fully recognized. Today, as we reminisce about the past with a glass of wine, we should recognize that the contributions of the tourism industry go far beyond economic benefits.

由于传统观念的影响,30年前,即使奉命搞旅游的人,自己也有点心虚气短。但是,自开放以来,确实是这个让人“在休闲中玩ー玩”的行当最早引进外资,最早中外合资,也最早经历打破“铁饭碗”,最早尝试改制……加入WT。后,旅游业对外开放幅度更大。旅游业一路走来,一路担当着开路先锋的风险,其艰辛与业绩, 大多鲜为人知。

Due to traditional beliefs, even those tasked with promoting tourism felt somewhat uncertain and hesitant thirty years ago. However, since the opening up, it was indeed this industry that first introduced foreign investment, engaged in Sino-foreign joint ventures, and experienced the breaking of “iron rice bowls” and attempted restructuring. It also joined the World Tourism Organization. Subsequently, the tourism industry has opened up to a greater extent. Throughout its journey, the tourism industry has shouldered the risks of being a pioneer, with its hardships and achievements largely unknown to many.

你可想过,新时期城市面貌的改变,多从建旅游饭店大厦开始。北京长城饭店初建如“鹤立鸡群”,上海静安希尔顿、广州白天鹅……天津、西安、桂林、杭州等ー批旅游城市都是从建涉外旅游饭店开始改观。直到今天,我们住过不少星级宾馆了,但不一定清楚是他们冲破各种束缚,把中国大大小小的招待所变成星级宾馆, ォ使我们的城市像一座现代城市。

Have you ever considered that the transformation of urban landscapes in the new era often starts with the construction of tourist hotels and high-rise buildings? The Great Wall Hotel in Beijing stood out like a "crane among chickens," while the Hilton in Jing'an, Shanghai, and the White Swan in Guangzhou were notable landmarks. Many other tourist cities, such as Tianjin, Xi'an, Guilin, and Hangzhou, underwent transformations starting with the establishment of foreign-related tourist hotels. Even today, we have stayed in numerous star-rated hotels, but we may not always realize that it was their efforts that broke various constraints and transformed small guesthouses throughout China into star-rated hotels, making our cities resemble modern metropolises.

有了星级宾馆,仍然不够。城市的活力从哪里来?我们不能生活在钢筋水泥的丛林中。缺少绿树、芳草、鲜花,就没有蝶飞鸟鸣。缺少上下几千年的文化风采, 也会缺少来自五洲四海的欣赏目光。国家旅游局启动创建优秀旅游城市工程,各大城市党政主要领导亲自挂帅,“创优”工作纳入城市经济和社会发展总体格局, 许多与旅游不搭界的部门通过创优捆到ー起,“横向到边,纵向到底”,创优热潮波及中小城市,强劲推动全国城市建设,ー个个城市神话改变着国家形象。

However, having star-rated hotels alone is not enough. Where does the vitality of a city come from? We cannot live in a concrete jungle. Without green trees, fragrant grass, and blooming flowers, there would be no butterflies fluttering or birds singing. Without the cultural splendor spanning thousands of years, we would also lack the appreciation from people all over the world. The CNTA initiated the project to create excellent tourist cities, with the top leaders of major cities personally taking charge. The "excellence" efforts were integrated into the overall framework of urban economic and social development. Many departments that were previously unrelated to tourism were brought together through this initiative, creating a cross-sector collaboration that reached all levels. This excellence trend extended to small and medium-sized cities, driving the overall construction of cities nationwide and transforming each city into a symbol of national pride.

秦砖汉瓦,唐诗宋词。在中国,每ー块热土都有过波澜壮阔的历史乐章,每ー种文化都有精神的故乡。遍布中国的古迹,多是旅游行业挖空心思地ー个个修复或再造,过去被批判为“腐朽的封建主义”的东西,变成恢宏的数千年中华文明,温情地回到了我们的山山水水,成为我们精神中辉煌的民族记忆。

From the Qin Dynasty's bricks and Han Dynasty's tiles to the poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties, in China, every inch of land has witnessed grand historical chapters, and every culture has its spiritual homeland. The ancient sites scattered throughout China have been meticulously restored or recreated by the tourism industry, transforming what was once criticized as "decaying feudalism" into the magnificent thousands of years of Chinese civilization. They have warmly returned to our mountains, rivers, and become the glorious national memories in our hearts.

旅游盘活的也远不只是古迹。单看艺术与旅游业“嫁接”,传统音乐、舞蹈,以及56个民族色彩斑斓的文化在旅游中复苏与创新。凡此种种,对增强ー个国家的文化软实カ,是沛然化雨渗透到亿万民众之中的。

The revitalization brought about by tourism is not limited to ancient relics. When we consider the fusion of art and the tourism industry, traditional music, dance, and the diverse cultures of the 56 ethnic groups experience revival and innovation within the realm of tourism. All of these endeavors enhance a country's cultural soft power, permeating through millions of people like nourishing rain.

中国加入WTO,机遇与挑战犹如阳光和风雨同时降临。美、日、德、英、法、澳等国的世界前十大旅游集团挺进中国,中国成为旅游企业全球化程度最高的地区之一。改制、资产整合、企业重组、上市融资……促进中国旅游企业集团应时而出, 并促使旅游业从“各踞一方”到“连线成片”,典型如泰山、华山、恒山、嵩山、衡山, 成立“五岳联盟”。中国旅游产业集群开始走出国门。

China's accession to the WTO brought both opportunities and challenges, much like the simultaneous arrival of sunshine and rain. The world's top ten tourism conglomerates from countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Australia entered China, making it one of the regions with the highest degree of globalization in the tourism industry. Restructuring, asset integration, corporate reorganization, and listing financing facilitated the emergence of Chinese tourism enterprise groups, leading the tourism industry from being fragmented to interconnected. An example of this is the establishment of the “Five Great Mountains Alliance” consisting of Mount Tai, Mount Hua, Mount Heng, Mount Song, and Mount Heng, which paved the way for Chinese tourism clusters to expand globally.

各省市“旅游大篷车”吆喝到国外。中国大型旅游促销团赴美,在美国行程四千多公里,沿途举行“中国之夜”演出推介会,不仅“营销”中国风情,还宣扬中国文化。“魅力四川”倾倒巴黎,自贡市彩灯点亮多伦多,峨眉山全球卖风景,开中国景区在外设旅游机构之先河。

Various provinces and cities in China are promoting tourism overseas like a “tourism caravan.” Large-scale tourism promotion groups from China travel to the United States, covering over 4,000 kilometers during their itinerary. Along the way, they hold "China Nights" showcasing performances and presentations, not only marketing the Chinese charm but also promoting Chinese culture. "Charming Sichuan" captivates Paris, Zigong City illuminates Toronto with colorful lanterns, and Mount Emei sells its scenery to the world, pioneering the establishment of Chinese scenic areas with tourism agencies abroad.

“捧出古国的盛情,迎接你走进东方的锦绣,体会ー个真情的中国。不要说世界太大,其实我们的心相距很近;不要说天涯太远,有意我们即刻就能相逢。”这是唱响世界许多著名城市的歌。

"Offering the hospitality of an ancient country, welcoming you to experience the splendid beauty of the East, and feel the genuine affection of China. Don't say the world is too vast; in reality, our hearts are close. Don't say the end of the world is too far; with intention, we can meet instantly.” This is the song that echoes in many famous cities around the world.

美国迈阿密市长号召市民:“请把到中国旅游立刻写在你的日程表上吧,这是ー个人一生中一定要完成的一件事!”

The mayor of Miami, USA, called on citizens, saying, "Please immediately put traveling to China on your agenda. It is something that you must do in your lifetime!”

2004年中国被评为全球最佳旅游目的地。中国已拥有世界文化遗产37处,中国已从ー个旅游资源大国发展为世界旅游大国。

In 2004, China was recognized as the best global tourist destination. With 37 World Heritage Sites, China has evolved from a major tourism resource country to a world tourism powerhouse.

把“旅馆”办到列车上,タ发朝至,节省时间和费用去旅游,火车提速促进中国高速度发展。丰盛的“吃”,令外国游客叹息胃太小。旅游“六字真言”促进行、游、住、食、购、娱六大经济文化领域全面发展。

Bringing "hotels" onto trains has saved time and costs for travel, and high-speed train development has facilitated China's rapid development. The abundant culinary offerings leave foreign tourists marveling at their small stomachs. The six-word mantra of tourism—travel, accommodation, dining, shopping, entertainment, and leisure—has promoted comprehensive development in the economic and cultural sectors.

鼠标点击新旅游,网络在颠覆传统营销模式的同时,成为大众获取话语权的重要途径。中国第一批互联网旅游企业诞生,如何通过资源共享,抑制过去的“竞争”方式?如何通过“透明”营造信息时代的文明?诸多陌生经历在旅游界多有 “先行ー步”的体验,旅游界在为建设世界旅游强国,也为民族进步,探索新路。

With just a click of a mouse, new tourism opportunities emerge. The internet, while disrupting traditional marketing models, has become a crucial platform for the public to express their opinions and access information. The first batch of internet tourism enterprises emerged in China, focusing on resource sharing and suppressing the previous "competitive" approach. They aim to create a transparent environment in the information age. The tourism industry has often been at the forefront of new experiences, exploring new paths for building China into a global tourism powerhouse and contributing to national progress.

世界上还没有一个产业,像旅游业这样与各国人们广泛接触,与民生休戚相关,与百业相连,岂止是经济支柱,更养育精神,承载如此宽广的社会担当,可谓一业九鼎重千秋。

There is no other industry in the world that has such extensive interactions with people from various countries, closely intertwined with people's livelihoods and connected to numerous sectors. It is not only an economic pillar but also nurtures the spirit and carries such a broad social responsibility. It can be said that tourism holds a significant position for ages to come.

21世纪的书记、市长若不懂旅游,就不是合格的领导者一这已是新理念。

In the 21st century, if a secretary or mayor does not understand tourism, they are not qualified leaders. This has become a new concept and requirement.

结语:最重要的开放是思想的开放。

In Conclusion: The Most Important Openness is that of the Mind

今天看来,30年前处于十字路口的中国,正是有了开放国门的胆识和决心,才复苏了旅游业,更迎来整个民族的新生。中国旅游业,一直是在开放中改革,在开放中发展,在开放中创新。中国旅游业发生的巨变,是中国30年改革开放史的一个缩影。

Looking back today, China at the crossroads 30 years ago was able to revive the tourism industry and experience a national rebirth because of the courage and determination to open its doors to the world. The Chinese tourism industry has consistently reformed, developed, and innovated through openness. The tremendous changes in the Chinese tourism industry are a microcosm of the 30-year history of reform and opening up in China.

它贯穿着一条清晰主线,就是不断地解放思想,不断地赋予思想解放以新的内容。因而最重要的开放是思想的开放,是人的解放和素质的提升。旅游业30年开放发展史,实际上是一部波澜壮阔的思想解放史。

It follows a clear main theme, which is the continuous liberation of thought and the constant infusion of new content into the liberation of thought. Therefore, the most important form of openness is the openness of thought, the liberation of individuals, and the enhancement of their quality. The 30-year history of openness and development in the tourism industry is, in fact, a magnificent history of intellectual liberation.

今天,面对国际金融危机和日益严峻的经济困境,国务院部署十大措施,以扩大内需促经济平稳较快增长。我们还将不断听到“拉动消费”“促进消费”的声音。人们可能认为,要是经济危机到来,大家将有过“紧日子”的思想意识,还怎么促进消费?贫困群体又拿什么去消费?这里需要分清,“消费”和“发展消费型经济”是两个概念。

Today, faced with the international financial crisis and increasingly severe economic challenges, the State Council has deployed ten measures to expand domestic demand and promote stable and rapid economic growth. We will continue to hear calls for boosting consumption and promoting consumerism. Some may think that during an economic crisis, people will have a mindset of tightening their belts, so how can consumption be promoted? And what will the impoverished groups have to consume? It is important to differentiate between "consumption" and "developing a consumer-driven economy."

由于旅游业是第三产业的龙头,是典型的消费型经济、休闲经济,我们在撰写本文中日益意识到:中国旅游业30年来以“马超龙雀”的发展速度营造出的巨大消费市场,已然是拯救眼前经济困境的ー支宏伟力量。

As the leading sector of the tertiary industry and a typical consumer-driven and leisure economy, the tourism industry has played a crucial role in creating a vast consumer market with its rapid development over the past 30 years. We increasingly realize that this market is a magnificent force that can help overcome the current economic challenges.

在开放的信息化时代,面对全球经济困境的挑战,中国旅游业正在谋求实现这样的转型一从观光产业走向休闲产业。

In the open and information-driven era, facing the challenges of the global economic crisis, the Chinese tourism industry is seeking to achieve a transformation: moving from being a sightseeing industry to a leisure industry.

就是说,从以往的参观游览型,转向生活休闲型。

This means shifting from the previous focus on visitation and sightseeing to a focus on enhancing the quality of life and leisure experiences.

从产业发展走向目的地提升。就是说,以往我们注重把旅游地搞起来,吸引人来参观,今后不能满足于此,而要注重让人们身心度假,而不是跑得更累。

It also entails a shift from industry development to destination enhancement. In other words, it is not enough to simply develop tourist sites and attract visitors; the emphasis should be on providing people with opportunities for relaxation and rejuvenation, rather than exhausting them further.

从规模时代走向质量时代。就是说,要让人在真正的“休养生息”中使人生质量得到提升。旅游业也不只是“朝阳产业”,它对自然与人的生态保护,还是ー个可以找回蓝天的产业。

Additionally, there is a transition from the era of scale to the era of quality. Instead of solely focusing on the quantity of tourists, there is an increasing emphasis on providing high-quality experiences and services to ensure visitor satisfaction and promote sustainable tourism development The tourism industry is not just a sunrise industry; it plays a crucial role in the protection of nature and the ecology of both the environment and people. It is an industry that can help restore the clear blue skies.

不能忽视这样的转型。在人类通过一次次“生产革命”“技术革命”营建生活的历史上,人类觉悟到可以通过发展“休闲经济”来促进社会各业趋向平衡,这是更高层面的可持续发展,并可望普遍地提升人类的生活质量。这无论从思想认识、精神境界和经济形式上都是深具革命性的。

We cannot overlook this transformation. Throughout human history, marked by multiple industrial revolutions and technological advancements, humans have realized that promoting a balanced society can be achieved through the development of the leisure economy. This represents a higher level of sustainable development and holds the potential to universally improve the quality of human life. This transformation is revolutionary in terms of ideology, spiritual state, and economic form. This is deeply revolutionary in terms of ideological understanding, spiritual realm, and economic form.

因此,“休息的革命”是个庄严的命题。它不只是对眼前全球性的经济困境而言,它对自然与人文环境的良性塑造、对给每个普通人带来的深刻影响而言,都有我们还想象不到的海阔天空。

Therefore, the “revolution of relaxation” is a solemn proposition. It goes beyond the current global economic challenges and holds immense potential for positively shaping the natural and cultural environment and making a profound impact on the lives of ordinary people that we can't even fully imagine.

联合国世界旅游组织最新预测,中国到2015年将成为世界最大的旅游目的地国家。中国旅游业至今方兴未艾,可谓“九万里风鹏正举”。

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, it is predicted that by 2015, China will emerge as the world’s largest tourist destination country.

（原载《北京文学》2009年第3期）

(Originally published in “Beijing Literature”, Issue 3, 2009)

Report CN EN 07

2023-05-31T15:31:44Z

Liang Xinlu: /* 卷三：2.昆山之路 */

Please translate from Chinese to English and use the [[Report_CN_EN#List_of_Common_Terms]]. Also, you can jump back to the course homepage here: [[Chinese_Classics_Translation_Spring_2023]]

=Contents=
1. Translator 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi《岭南万户皆春色》[[Lingnan Englisch]] Proofreader: 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi (translated until here: https://bou.de/u/wiki/Lingnan_Englisch#.E6.9D.8E.E6.A2.93.E7.8E.89_Li_Ziyu), rest: 76000 characters

2. Translator: 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi《金银潭抗疫纪事》[[Goldbank Englisch]] Proofreader: 李心田 Li Xintian (currently being translated by professionals), 120000 characters

3. Translator: 李心田 Li Xintian [[Report_CN_EN_01]] Proofreader: 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia (currently being translated by professionals), 120000 characters

4. Translator: 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia [[Report_CN_EN_02]] Proofreader: 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu 《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

5. Translator: 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu [[Report_CN_EN_03]] Proofreader: 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan 《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

6. Translator: 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan [[Report_CN_EN_04]] Proofreader: 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

7. Translator: 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan [[Report_CN_EN_05]] Proofreader: 陈婧 Chen Jing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

8. Translator: 陈婧 Chen Jing [[Report_CN_EN_06]] Proofreader: 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

9. Translator: 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu [[Report_CN_EN_07]] Proofreader: 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

10. Translator: 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi [[Report_CN_EN_08]] Proofreader: 付静 Fu Jing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

11. Translator: 付静 Fu Jing [[Report_CN_EN_09]] Proofreader: 夏玲珑 Xia Linglong《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

12. Translator: 夏玲珑 Xia Linglong [[Report_CN_EN_10]] Proofreader: 李彦 Li Yan《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

13. Translator: 李彦 Li Yan [[Report_CN_EN_11]] Proofreader: 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

14. Translator: 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing [[Report_CN_EN_12]] Proofreader: 王芳玲 Wang Fanglin《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

15. Translator: 王芳玲 Wang Fanglin [[Report_CN_EN_13]] Proofreader: 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

=Liang Xinlu=
==卷三：1.目录==

卷ー

序李炳银/001

哥德巴赫猜想徐迟/001

船长柯岩/021

痴情理由/040

中国姑娘鲁光/ 086

三门李逸闻乔迈Z 138

胡杨泪孟晓云/ 150

原野在呼唤王兆军/ 163

热血男儿李士非/ 183

卷二

中国农民大趋势（节选）李延国/219

理论狂人陈祖芬/261

神圣忧思录张敏/283

强国梦（节选）赵瑜/315

伐木者,醒来!（节选）徐刚Z358

步鑫生现象的反思周嘉俊Z397

昆山之路杨守松/ 425

飞向太空港（节选）李鸣生/465

东方风来满眼春陈锡添/526

好梦将圆时江永红/539

智慧风暴（节选）王宏甲/573

卷四

4万:400万的牵挂张雅文/ 625

香港回归祖国10周年回眸长江/ 670

木棉花开李春雷/695

休息的革命（缩写本）王宏甲刘建/716

闪着泪光的事业蒋巍/758

让百姓做主朱晓军李英/ 777

难回故里郭冬Z 817

卷五

国家何建明/855

蛟龙探海（节选）许晨/ 915

袁隆平的世界（节选）陈启文/950

“神舟”天路兰宁远/ 1011

智慧之翼李青松/ 1044

附录改革开放四十年优秀报告文学存目Z 1060

==卷三：2.昆山之路==

昆山之路

杨守松

开头（之一）

中国是ー个梦。

十月革命一声炮响,马列主义顺势而入,从此中国便做起了社会主义的梦。30 多年以后,有500年历史的故都北京在一夜之间,所有的城门钥匙都换了主人,共和国国旗在28响礼炮声中冉冉升起。

又过了 40年,东欧局势如雪山崩塌,中国梦也变得沉重,变得空前地艰难……

The Road to Kunshan
Yang Shousong
Beginning ( Part one )
China is a dream.
With the October Revolution, Marxism-Leninism followed the trend, and China has been dreaming of socialism ever since.
More than 30 years later, in Beijing, the ancient capital with a history of 500 years, all the city gate keys changed owners overnight, and the national flag of the Republic was raised gradually amidst the sound of 28 gun salutes.
After another 40 years, the situation in Eastern Europe collapsed like a snow mountain, and the Chinese dream became heavy and unprecedentedly difficult.
开头（之ニ）

1968年最后一天,ー辆破旧的三轮车把我从火车站拉进了破旧的小城。低矮的屋檐,窄窄的街道,随处可见歪斜的马桶刷子和飘零的裤裆片;冬日的太阳只是象征性地画了半个圆便匆匆归去了一ー6点不到,小城便寂寞地进入了梦乡。

第二天,我就到城东的西河村“接受贫下中农再教育” 〇

城边上也有不少草屋。全县有好几万户。

这就是“天堂”。这也叫“天堂”？

“穷山恶水血吸虫”,一位县委书记对苏州的昆山做了这个形象的概括。

忽然间这一切都飘逝了、消失了。老城焕然一新,新区拔地而起。西河的草棚变成了瓦屋,变成了楼房,又变成了厂房和办公楼。56米宽的马路横穿腹部,几十家企业变魔术一般相继出现。冰箱、彩电已进入寻常百姓家,录像机也正在悄然潜入农户家中……城乡处处欢声笑语,车水马龙;一年四季商贾云集,游人如织……

过去说,“小昆山”“小六子”,现在改了,叫“小上海”“小蛇口不是天堂,但可与天堂媲美。

Beginning (Part two)
On the last day of 1968, a dilapidated tricycle took me from the train station to a small, run-down county.
The low eaves, narrow streets, crooked toilet brushes and coarse cloth briefs are everywhere; the winter sun only symbolically drew a half circle before hurrying back - before six o’clock, the small county had quietly entered into a dreamland.
The next day, I went to Xihe Village in the east of the town to "re-educate the poor and lower-middle peasants".
There are also many thatched cottages on the edge of town.
The whole county1111 has several tens of thousands of households.
This is "paradise".
Can this also be called ‘heaven’?
"Schistosomes in poor mountains and bad waters", a county party secretary made this vivid summary of Kunshan in Suzhou.
Suddenly all of this has drifted away and disappeared.
The old city is new, and the new area is rising up.
The thatched huts in Xihe turned into tile houses, then into buildings, and then into factories and office buildings.
The 56-meter wide road crosses the midsection, and dozens of enterprises appear one after another magically.
Refrigerators and color TVs have become commonplace in ordinary households, while video recorders are quietly making their way into rural homes. Laughter and joy can be heard everywhere in both urban and rural areas, with bustling traffic and crowds of tourists all year round. Merchants gather from all over, and visitors come in droves.
In the past, we used to call it "Xiaokunshan" or "Xiaoluzi", but now this place is known as "Xiaoshanghai" or "Xiaoshekou".
Not paradise, but comparable to paradise.
开头（之三）

我和他的驾驶员周一起喝酒。假如他也在,我一定会敬他ー杯。尽管我知道他是滴酒不沾的。事实上,我也不会喝酒……我曾经做过他的秘书,只是连我自己也无法相信的是,近1〇年来,我和他说话的时间通通加起来也不到1分钟。我是跑跑写写而不会说说笑笑的那一类秘书。关于他,我从来没想到要说点什么或写点什么。但此时此刻,我却急于想见到他,并且想到应该说点什么也写点什么。这种强烈的欲望全是因为他的“退”而触发的。我忽然想到他的可贵,他的了不起。我甚至妄想和他讨论一下“社会主义”这个大题目一凭直觉,他是有自己的见解的。他一直在做,做的人最有发言权。

借着酒劲,我找到了他的家。因为坦诚,只几分钟,我们便各自理解了对方。

Beginning (Part three)
I had a drink with his driver, Zhou.
If he had been there, I would have toasted him.
Even though I know he doesn't drink at all.
In fact, I don't drink either. I was his secretary, but even I can't believe that in the past 10 years, I've spoken to him for less than a minute all together.
I'm the kind of secretary who runs and writes and doesn't talk and laugh.
I've never thought of anything to say or write about him.
But at this moment, I am anxious to see him and think of something to say or write.
This strong desire was triggered by his " withdrawal".
I suddenly thought of his preciousness and his greatness.
I even thought about discussing with him the big topic of "socialism" - intuitively, he has his own opinion.
He's been doing it, and those who do it have the most to say.
Under the influence of alcohol, I found his home.
Because of the honesty, it only took a few minutes for us to understand each other.

第一章借东风催开花千树

ー、1+! 乂2

大上海旁边有个小昆山。昆山虽小,每年却能卖几亿斤商品粮。“田多劳少, 产量不高,贡献不小,分配蛮好。”这是在全县流传的顺ロ溜。自给自足也自满自足。小昆山小乐胃也见出明显的小家子气。

忽然有一天,小昆山发现周围的世界大热闹也大变样了。江阴、无锡的乡镇企业突飞猛进。张家港、常熟也急起直追。唯独昆山自得其乐,稳坐钓鱼台……

1984年,姗姗来迟的春风例行公事一般给昆山抹了些许绿意,与往昔不同的倒是给年过半百的吴克铃捎来ー顶“县长”的乌纱帽。

这是ー个不寻常的年代。改革开放唤醒了沉睡5000余年的土地,蕴藏在10 亿人血液里的一切善和恶,一切积极因素和消极因素都释放出来了。国土热火朝天,国人眼花缭乱,国家日新月异……

无论如何,历史前进了,昆山也前进了,只是一个严峻的现实是:昆山比人家慢了一步。

ー步落后,步步脱节。无锡、江阴靠的是下放工人的机遇,张家港、常熟靠的是插队青年的机遇,而且他们都曾享受过税收上的优惠一这一切,昆山都没有!

然而,吴克铃却要上。昆山是顾炎武的家乡,“天下兴亡,匹夫有责”,这有气节也有气势的名句,昆山无人不知,昆山人更不会自甘落后……

可是昆山缺资金、缺技术、缺设备、缺人才、缺管理经验。

“缺”是事实,“上”只是ー个美丽的梦。

吴克铃从梦境中醒来面对现实,去找老书记,去找本地的工业行家,还去找满天飞的采购员

渐渐地,他脑子里浮出ー个思路:昆山缺的,东面的邻居上海都有。能不能借ー下“东风”,能不能和上海攀个亲?当然不是白借,也不是两手空空地巴结。昆山也有自己的优势:地理位置好,交通方便;土地多、水面多,农副产品开发潜カ大; 劳动カ多,而且廉价。这三个“优”正好是上海的三个“缺”。不是讲“优化组合” 吗?昆山和上海“组合”一下可不可以?

这里有个很容易被忽略的常识。生活本身就是加减乘除,就看你怎么做或者怎么“组合”。1+1,可能是2,可能是。,也可能是3或4或其他。“加”得好,可以有“乘”的效益,反之,则可能是“减”或“除”的结果。

所以,吴克铃反复宣传1+1尹2的道理,作为借“东风”、横向联合的“理论依据”。早在!983年,他做副县长时,就给县经济发展总公司出点子,在水泥厂搞补偿贸易,从上海市协作办公室引进了 500万元资金,使水泥厂的生产能力从4万吨提升到io万吨;同时,又竭カ促成了昆山印刷厂和上海少儿出版社联营建成了全国第一家儿童印刷厂。当时,他还开玩笑地对分管工业的副县长说:“我把你的权夺过来了。”

毕竟是副县长,他还不能完全放开手脚。

现在可以了,他要按照自己的思路借“东风”来设计昆山的经济了。

二、不准“自由恋爱”

万事开头难。诸葛亮借东风,靠的是“天意”。吴克铃借“东风”,却只能靠人为。

纺织厂的联营ー开始便是有意识的选择。

纺织厂是1958年“大跃进”的产物,可惜的是,20多年以后,它仍然破败不已。有人说它最要好的朋友是税务官,因为它是靠免税オ勉强维持生计的。纺工部ー个部长看过后说:“没有想到,国内还有这样落后的エ厂。希望抓紧技术改造,但最好能保留一块,作为纺织エ业的ー个文物……”

为了使这个“文物”进入现代文明,吴克铃想到了钱一平。这时他在上海担任经济协作办公室副主任。吴克铃毫无保留地介绍了纺织厂的情况,提出了合作的
意向。钱一平对吴克铃的想法十分欣赏,两个人越谈越投机,后来吴问:“龚兆源, 龚老,你熟悉不?”钱一平点点头说:“对了,他是你们昆山的地下党党员,他更应该为建设家乡出力!”

乌鲁木齐路,上海市经委顾问龚兆源家中来了两位不速之客。他是个热心人, 离休后在家也没ー天真的清闲过,常有家乡的人来找他办这办那。他看到自己和妻子杜淑珍还有许多共产党人冒着生命危险为之奋斗的故乡至今没有什么大的变化,心里总不是滋味;但他又十分清楚,解决点紧缺物资什么的,只能救急而不能救穷,现在家乡的人来找他,一杯茶喝出了味道!这一回,家乡可以“上路” 了 !

与此同时,县エ业局的局长也和上海二纺机的厂长严永生联系上了。

严是个有知识有眼光的企业家,但同时他也清楚现实环境。从一般人的想法来说,上海和昆山风马牛不相及,双方怎么可能共同去搞ー个企业的?所以他既感到昆山人能提出这个意向是个大胆的创造,但又怕条条框框紧箍着,即便开了花也不能结果。所以开头的接触是艰难的。

吴克铃心中清楚:这个世界高喊改革,但改革究竟是怎么回事心中都没底。于是无数改革者只好摸着石头过河。谁也不能保证自己不喝一口水就轻松地到达彼岸,第一个吃螃蟹的人总是要付出代价的。他说,不管怎么样,还要谈……

再说龚兆源,他和钱一平一起,亲自出马,跑到金山石油化工总厂,请他们提供切片。石化厂和昆山初次签约时,同意给300吨材料。后来吴克铃把钱一平请到金山来看。钱一平对这一行熟悉,他说:“老吴,300吨肯定不赚钱!”吴克铃心想, 就是要你说这句话,就问:“那你看怎么办?”钱一平快人快语:“这事你别说,我去找他们!”

果然,钱一平去找厂长,批评说:“这样搞,怎么能赢利?”对方知道瞒不了他, 就说:“300吨只能’开伙’罢了。”钱一平说:“再给300吨备用设备好不好?”对方笑了:“钱主任的话,我敢不听?”吴克铃又抓住这个机会提出,再搞300吨零部件 ……就这样,一下子搞了近1000吨！

耐人寻味的是,在这个过程中,龚兆源几度“重操旧业”,做起了秘密的“地下工作”,所不同的是,过去是为了政治上的解放,现在是为了经济上的开放;过去的斗争对象是腐朽的国民党反动派,现在的“对象”则是我们自己政策中某些保守僵化的条文。

终于,由吴克铃和龚兆源在龚老家中秘密磋商、逐字推敲修改的协议,被拿到谈判桌上半公开地进行讨论了。

1981年12月21日,上海二纺机厂、上海石油化工总厂涤纶ー厂和昆山工业二局正式草签了一份叫作《关于协作建设纺丝机实验エ场的协议》。

不知读者有没有注意到,这里面的字眼是极为考究的。首先是“协作”,ー个宽泛的、笼统的概念,谁都可以接受;接着,是“实验エ场”,是“实验”,不仅是原则性的,而且冠冕堂皇;又曰“エ场”,不是エ厂,是小工场小作坊,一点也不引人注目；最后,是“协议”,谦虚且得体,够谨慎的!

然而,就是这样ー份至今仍被人细心保存着的协议,在当时还是关关受阻,寸步难行

跑到苏州,苏州回答:上海是省级市,我批昆山县的企业可以,上海一方,我哪有权批?

到南京,南京答复:江苏还没有跨省市协作办エ厂（工场就是エ厂,这个“阴谋”被戳穿了）的先例,你和上海一起搞,那你就到上海去批吧!

到上海,上海答复:好哇,上海人不为上海办事,你跑到江苏去办什么“工场”？还有,我上海怎么好批你江苏的企业呢?即便批了,我也拿不到（部里的）计划。

这就像是自由恋爱,各自看中了,却没有地方领“结婚证” 〇

当时有句话说:“不准东张西望。”

吴克铃是个经济型人才,搞经济不可能离开市场,所以不可能不“东张西望” 〇小小一个昆山,无论如何不可能孤立地存在和前进。

他说,上海不行,南京不行,我们跑跑北京好不好?于是他们多次北上,到纺织工业部找处长、找司长、找部长

现在说来有些不可想象:从签订协议到批准项目,经过了整整两年的时间!

就在这个项目开始实施的时候,吴克铃担任了县长。也正是纺织厂,还有儿童印刷厂、水泥厂的实践,使他逐步形成了一个概念,找到了一种依托,寻思出来一条符合昆山实际的发展经济的路子。于是,他规划了一个梦一般的蓝图一

昆山要上14个500万元以上的重点项目,总投资1.5亿元。

国务院批准了 !4个沿海经济开发区,昆山不是开发区,但要上14个重点项目。

这是真的吗?

真的。

三、“吃大亏者”言

我们的人民从来不拒绝改革,但对改革又往往存有一种矛盾的心理。中国是ー个农业大国,农业人口多。聪明和愚昧、勤劳和懒散、伟大和渺小……这些都相伴相生着。把握住这一点是ー门艺术。只看一面,非左即右,或太快或太慢。其实中国的事情是不可不急,不可太急,不可不改革,也不能“ 一步到位”,一口吃出个胖子来。

昆山人也是矛盾的,既羡慕大上海的繁华,又嫉妒他们的“阔绰”一“高工资”的上海“阿拉”到昆山喜欢到市场“抢购”,有时会不问价钱只说一句“我全要了!”

现在吴克铃却要依托上海的优势来发展昆山的经济ーー和“阿拉”结为好友, 把“阿拉”们ー批ー批地请到昆山来待为座上宾!

于是有些人就表现出ー种情绪,说上海人太精,和他们打交道要吃亏。

吴克铃说,吃亏不吃亏,就如怕上海人来了会抬高物价ー样,这笔账,看你怎么算。

其实,首先感到“吃亏”的不是昆山而是上海。

说ー个很有一些传奇色彩的小故事。

一次,吴克铃到北京去,拜访国务院副秘书长顾明。顾明是昆山人,一来二去就熟悉了。顾明很看重吴克铃清醒独特的经济思路和务实精神,那一回还亲自送他到飞机场。就在机场候机室,顾明提到,上海金星电视机厂引进设备他出了不少カ。言者无意,听者有心。吴克铃马上接过话说:“秘书长能不能写个便条,我去上海找他们认识ー下,有可能的话,在我们昆山办个分厂。”顾明热心,当即就在北京飞机场的候机室里写了封信让吴克铃带着去找金星电视机厂的一个柯厂长。

好事多磨。厂长态度很积极,却有人认为大厂和小县联营是降低身份,要吃大亏。但他们又碍于顾明的面子,不好明确拒绝。吴克铃并不灰心,ー连跑了四五趟上海,反反复复,后来オ勉强有了个协议。好在柯厂长看得远,他认为扩大生产势在必行,而昆山最具建分厂的条件,他力排众议,不改初衷。

最后一次,吴克铃在他的小会议室里为协议的草签一直商量到夜里11点多钟。

上海方面理顺了,昆山自己又感到“吃亏”了。

吴克铃却开宗明义,公开宣称:就是要让投资者赚钱!

ー个简单得不能再简单的道理,没有好处,上海跑到你昆山来干什么?

推而广之,一切横向的联营,所有国内外的投资者,都是冲着有钱可赚、有利可图来的。

只想自己赚,只考虑自己的好处;对方只可“奉献”,只有“义务”,ー看人家有赚头或赚多一点就眼红,就咬紧牙关憋足了劲死不肯签约,表面上看这是“精”,是
“聪明”,是“原则性强”,实质上,这倒是最狭隘、最可怜、最没出息的小家子气,说到底,也是真正的吃亏者。

这个重点项目差一点就泡汤,成为ー个梦。

建分厂,要给上海一次性技术转让费15万元,每生产1台黑白电视机再给商标费15元。

有些人就喊“吃亏”,说这是“不平等条约”。

吴克铃说,技术就是金钱,人家的技术凭什么要无偿送给你昆山?昆山自己生产的电视机用自己的商标拿出去卖,人家买你昆山牌的还是买上海金星牌的?就是多花50块100块也还是要买金星的……这就是竞争。金星的牌子打出来了,名牌本身就是金钱!

竞争是平等的。之所以感到不平等,是因为还不知道什么叫作竞争。

从本质上说,只有竞争オ有平等。有多少竞争就有多少平等,没有竞争就没有平等。

自然界如此,社会上也ー样。

商品（产品）的竞争是血淋淋的。这里没有温情,没有谦让,也不讲“主义”,它只有一句话:优胜劣汰,不叫你死我活,至少也可以说是你上我下。

什么叫作吃亏?跳出谈判双方,看全局,看大局,生产发展了,经济上去了,全社会都有好处,谈不上谁吃亏。

有时候,在某个特定的情况下,“不平等条约”体现的倒是真平等、大平等!

干大事业者不仅能吃小亏,还要敢于吃大亏!

就是说,要在“不平等”里看到平等,要在“吃亏”里面看到便宜。

不然,怎么可能做到起步晚而起点高?

吴克铃的胆识、眼力、干大事业的大将风度,ー开始就咄咄逼人,并且始终表现出ー种不同凡响的既超前又实在的意识。

四、孤独的父母官

4 Lonely Parental Official

14个重点项目在全县城乡铺开了,那声音、那阵势、那气氛、那劲头,真有些像南泥湾大生产,又有些像20世纪50年代的“合作化”。

14 key projects have been launched in both urban and rural areas throughout the county. The atmosphere, momentum, and vigor are reminiscent of both the great production in Nan Ni Wan and the "collectivization” movement of the 1950s.

这是一片波滚浪翻、喧腾咆哮的土地,几天之前,还是沟渠纵横、青黄相间的田野,现在它已经成为金星电视机厂昆山分厂的基建工地。

This is a land of rolling waves and roaring tumult. Just a few days ago, it was a field crisscrossed by ditches and interwoven with green and yellow. Now, it has become the construction site for the Kunshan branch of the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory.

吴克铃站在这片新旧交替的土地上,脸上露出ー种创造者的笑容。然而,总是有人不高兴,总是有人不理解,当改革开放后第一次宏观控制的旋风刮下来的时候,金星电视机厂昆山分厂的筹建工作很快陷入困境,于是矛盾的焦点又一次集中到吴克铃身上。

Wu Kequan stands on this land where the old and the new intersect, with a smile on his face that reflects the pride of a creator. However, there are always people who are unhappy and who don't understand. When the first macroeconomic control measures were implemented after the reform and opening up, the preparatory work for the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory's Kunshan branch quickly fell into difficulty. As a result, the focus of the conflict once again centered on Wu Kequan.

一下子铺那么多摊子,是不是好大喜功?是不是头脑发热?

Trying to do too many things all at once, isn't that overly ambitious? Is it a case of getting carried away?

好社会主义之“大”,喜改革开放之“功”,这一点,他不否认。他始终觉得,作为ー个共产党员,他欠人民的太多太多,只要有机会,他就要为人民建功立业,做出最大的奉献。从这个意义上说,好大喜功的人不是多了而是少了,太少了。

He does not deny that his ambition stems from the "greatness" of socialism and the "achievement" of embracing reform and opening up. He always felt that, as a member of the Communist Party, he owed too much to the people, and as long as he had the opportunity, he had to build a career for the people and make the greatest dedication. In this sense, there are not too many overambitious people; in fact, there are too few of them.

头脑发热?他觉得有些好笑。1947年他15岁就到银行做练习生,共和国成立后始终在经济战线上南征北战,从无锡到上海,从广州到武汉,从国家计委到河西走廊再到五七干校的窑厂……正面的反面的、酸的甜的、苦的辣的,一切的一切都告诉他:无论如何都不能再搞政治运动,无论如何都不能再用搞政治运动的那ー套来搞经济建设。正是在把握这个基本点的前提下,他苦苦地寻觅出“东张西望”、横向联合的路子,在充分调查论证的基础上オ确定了 14个重点建设项目。

Getting carried away? He finds this somewhat amusing. In 1947, when he was 15 years old, he started as an apprentice in a bank. After the founding of the People's Republic, he fought on the economic front, from Wuxi to Shanghai, from Guangzhou to Wuhan, from the State Planning Commission to the Hexi Corridor, and finally to the kiln factory at the May 7 Cadre School. Both the positive and negative experiences, sweet and sour, bitter and spicy, everything told him: under no circumstances should political movements be pursued again, and under no circumstances should the methods of political movements be used for economic construction. It is precisely on the premise of grasping this fundamental point that he painstakingly explored the approach of "looking in all directions" and forming horizontal alliances. Based on thorough investigation and research, he identified 14 key construction projects.

他是县长是父母官,然而他也是ー个人,他不可能没有自己的想法、自己的顾虑,也不可能没有他的苦闷、他的孤独与彷徨!

He is the county chief and the Parental officer, but he is also an individual. He cannot possibly not have his own thoughts and concerns, and it is also impossible for him not to have his own frustrations, loneliness, and confusion!

白夜。黑昼。世界的迷离混沌和颠倒反差无情地扰乱了他的思绪。他居然找不到ー个说话的地方,当然只是ー个很短暂的过程。他生出来ー种少有的孤独感。这使他在家里不开心,影响了妻子的情绪,在外面也不开心,有时竟会莫名其妙地激动得脸红脖子粗。好在家里的、外面的,做官的、做老百姓的,一般也了解他的为人,理解他的艰难处境,所以谁也不会计较他。越是这样,他越是感到忧心如焚,苦闷无比。他真想飞到北京去,和中南海的决策者们做一番理论。

White night. Black day. The world's disorienting chaos and upside-down contrasts relentlessly disrupt his thoughts. He couldn't find a place to talk, but of course it was only a short process. He felt a sense of loneliness that he had rarely felt before. This made him unhappy at home, affecting his wife's mood. He was also unhappy outside, sometimes even inexplicably becoming agitated, with his face turning red and his neck swollen. The good thing is that the family and the outside, the officials and the people, generally understand his person, understand his difficult situation, so no one will take him seriously. The more this happens, the more he feels worried and miserable. He really wants to fly to Beijing and have a discussion with the decision-makers at Zhongnanhai.

唉!也只能是想想,中国的改革开放还没有到ー个七品芝麻官可以随时和总书记直接对话的地步。

It's just a thought, as China's reform and opening up haven't reached the point where a low-ranking official can directly communicate with the General Secretary at any time.

那么,和最基层的厂长书记们对话总可以吧?

So, it should be possible to have a dialogue with the most grassroots factory directors and secretaries, right?

阳澄湖畔的巴城镇,古镇旁边正在崛起一个新厂。这是全县14个重点项目之ー。厂长名叫陆大荣,曾经因为2000元的“经济问题”吃过官司。党委书记和镇长跑到人事局找方局长,又跑到组织部找沈部长,在分析了陆大荣的历史后提出:此人可不可转干?可不可当厂长?可以。又问:可以当一个投资1400万元的大厂的厂长吗?也可以。像这样的人还可以入党吗?根据你说的,当然可以。

Beside Yangcheng Lake's Bacheng Town, a new factory is emerging. This is one of the 14 key projects in the county. The factory director, named Lu Darong, once faced a lawsuit due to an "economic issue" involving 2,000 yuan. The Party Secretary and the town mayor ran to the Personnel Bureau to find Director Fang, and then went to the Organization Department to find Director Shen. After analyzing Lu Darong's history, they raised the question: can this person be transferred to a different position? Can he become the factory director? The answer was yes. They further asked: can he be the director of a large factory with an investment of 14 million yuan? The answer was also yes. Can someone like this join the Communist Party? Based on what you've said, of course he can.

就是这个陆大荣,用拼命三郎的精神创造了“巴城速度”：十天一层楼;工程保质保量保速度了,每上一层楼他就扛了一头杀好的猪送到工地犒赏“三军”！

It is this very Lu Darong who, with the spirit of a tireless worker, created the "Bacheng Speed": constructing one floor every ten days. He ensured the quality, quantity, and speed of the project. For every floor completed, he carried a slaughtered pig to the construction site to reward the "three armies" (workers).

吴克铃来到工地上,明显地感受到了一种气氛,ー种从群众内心深处诱发出来的巨大的积极性。

Wu Kequan arrived at the construction site and clearly felt an atmosphere, a tremendous enthusiasm that was evoked from deep within the hearts of the people.

我们的人民永远是可爱的。

Our people are always lovely.

人民迫切希望改变现状,他们欢迎并无条件地参加一切改革,只要这个改革能够给他们希望,给他们带来好处。

The people are eager to change the status quo, they welcome and unconditionally participate in all reforms, as long as this reform can give them hope and bring them benefits.

吴克铃问陆大荣:“你这速度是不是’太快’了?”

Wu Kequan asked Lu Darong, "Isn't your construction 'too fast'?”

答:“要不是下雨,还可再快一点〇”

Lu Darong replied, "If it weren't for the rain, we could have been even faster."

又问:“还有没有什么困难?”

Wu Kequan further asked, "Are there any other difficulties?”

答:“困难是有的,但同县里的比,就算不上什么了一我们别的不能做什么, 千方百计把这个项目建成,尽快见效就算是对县委县政府的ー种支持……”

Lu Darong replied, "There are difficulties, but compared to those in the county, they are not significant. We can't do much else, so we will do everything we can to complete this project and see results as soon as possible. That would be our way of supporting the county committee and the county government.”

吴克铃紧握住陆大荣的手,说:“谢谢!”

Wu Kequan firmly shook Lu Darong's hand and said, "Thank you!”

谢谢全县50万人民,谢谢全县上千名厂长、书记……

He would like to express gratitude to the 500,000 people in the county and the thousands of factory directors and Party secretaries throughout the county.

五、“老吴要高速度”

5 Old Wu Demands High Speed

不思量,自难忘,平生坎坷多少事,总把真情相向!

Even without dwelling on it, it's still hard to forget. Through all the ups and downs in life, always face each other with sincerity!

吴克铃从内心里感谢并永远记住那些在困难时候给予自己理解和支持的所有的人。

Wu Kequan sincerely thanks and will always remember all the people who provided understanding and support during difficult times.

14个重点项目,他ー个ー个跑过来,听汇报,看工程,和基层的厂长书记座谈。他看到的是ー批实实在在的奋斗者的足迹,感觉到的是ー种抓住了机会就拼命改变现状的热烈气氛。人民不是用语言而是用行动来称赞改革的。

He went to each of the 14 key projects, listened to the reports, inspected the construction progress, and had discussions with the grassroots factory directors and Party secretaries. He saw the footprints of a group of real fighters, and felt the fervent atmosphere of seizing opportunities and striving to change the current situation. The people praised the reform not with words but with actions.

人民拥护改革,改革属于人民。

The people support the reform, and the reform belongs to the people.

还有两个人,他要深深地感谢他们。

There are two other people to whom he is deeply grateful.

苏州市委书记戴心思来了,他也是听到ー些风声后跑来的。

Secretary of Suzhou Municipality. Dai Xinsi came after hearing some rumors.

平时都很忙,开会了,书记又要照应到各个县市,不可能只听你ー个昆山的县长说。

Normally, he was very busy, attending meetings and taking care of various counties and cities. It was not possible for him to only listen to the county mayor of Kunshan.

现在可以了。

Now it is possible.

先看,先问,边看边问,然后,在第一招待所,他听吴克铃的汇报。

He first looked and asked questions, and then at the first reception hall, he listened to Wu Kequan's report.

吴克铃还是第一次比较系统地向市委领导汇报自己的经济思路。

It was the first time that Wu Kequan had systematically reported his economic ideas to Secretary of Municipal Party Committee.

戴心思听得极为认真。在大的原则问题上,他是从来不轻易表态的,但这ー次,他却十分明确地说:“看起来,照你这个路子走下去,昆山有希望。”

Dai Xinshi listened extremely carefully. He never easily expressed his opinions on major issues of principle, but this time he was very clear and said: "It seems that if we continue down this path, Kunshan has hope.

市委书记一句话,使吴克铃挺直了腰杆。

The words of the Municipal Party Committee Secretary straightened Wu Kequan's back.

然而,由于宏观控制的影响,原定由上海金星厂投资的钱拿不出来了。

However, due to the impact of macro-control, the original investment by Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory factory money could not be obtained.

这个联营厂就这么半途而废了?

Would this joint venture factory be abandoned halfway?

多情总被无情恼。多少心血与汗水,到头来全付于一江春水东流去?吴克铃不相信,也不甘心。

Love is always troubled by the heartless. How much effort and sweat, only to be ultimately carried away by the eastward flowing spring river? Wu Kequan didn't believe it and couldn't accept it.

没有钱不可以借吗?你不好借,我们出面借行不行?

If there's no money, can't we get a loan? If it's difficult for them, how about we step in and secure the loan on their behalf?

吴克铃立刻赶到上海,说明来意:“婚姻”大事,不敢儿戏!联营厂总要办成办好,资金问题,上海一方的由昆山出面以上海的名义借。

Wu Kequan rushed to Shanghai immediately, explaining the purpose: The "marriage" is a significant matter, not to be taken lightly! The joint venture factory must be established and run well. As for the funding issue, the money that was supposed to be provided by Shanghai will be borrowed in Shanghai's name by Kunshan.

古今中外,不知有没有过这种先例。双方恋爱结婚,甲方应出的钱拿不出了, 就由乙方以甲方的名义去借……

In ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, no one knows if there has ever been such a precedent. In a love and marriage relationship between two parties, when Party A cannot provide the required funds, Party B borrows on behalf of Party A...

改革是ー个万花筒。改革时期人民的智慧和创造要比平时大大提升。

The reform is a kaleidoscope. During the reform era, people's wisdom and creativity are greatly enhanced compared to ordinary times.

心诚则灵,志坚则成。金星电视机厂昆山分厂就这样在一片风雨中建成投产了!

With a sincere heart and a determined will, anything can be achieved. In this way, amidst trials and tribulations, Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory's Kunshan branch was built and put into operation!

14个重点项目在克服难以想象的困难中又以难以想象的速度筹建、生产、发展。

The 14 key projects were planned, produced, and developed at an unimaginable speed amidst unimaginable difficulties.

14个重点项目是吴克铃的14个心思,14个心思编织着ー个彩色的梦:在适度风险中创造适宜的速度,让昆山的经济尽快起飞,使昆山的老百姓得到更多的好处

The 14 key projects were Wu Kequan's 14 concerns, and these concerns wove together a colorful dream: creating a suitable speed within moderate risks, allowing Kunshan's economy to take off as soon as possible, and bringing more benefits to the people of Kunshan.

然而我们的生活中总是有太多的“然而”,要是少一点,少到不至于让人遗恨终生,更不至于让民族后悔的地步就好了ーー然而,还是有人对他的路子表示“不理解”,并且有意无意地制造着ー种舆论、ー种压カ……

However, there are always too many "howevers" in our lives. If only there were fewer, to the point where they would not cause lifelong regrets or even make the nation regretful. Despite this, some people still expressed their "misunderstanding" of his approach, intentionally or unintentionally creating public opinion and pressure...

市委书记不是明确表示肯定了吗?

Didn't the Municipal Party Committee Secretary clearly express affirmation?

省委省政府不也给予关心和支持了吗?

Didn't the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government also provide care and support?

但这还不够,或者说还不足以说明问题。

But this is not enough, or not enough to explain the problem.

“大气候”或日大政策是压缩,是控制。

The "macro environment" or the popular policy is about compression and control.

昆山的“高速度”不是和中央唱“对台戏”吗?

Isn't Kunshan's "high speed" going against the central government's policy?

有一阵子,昆山是苏州市乃至更大范围内议论的重要话题。

For a while, Kunshan became an important topic of discussion in Suzhou and even in a larger scope.

薛暮桥到苏州来了,似乎他对这个话题也感兴趣。

Xue Muqiao came to Suzhou, and it seemed that he was also interested in this topic.

他是提出要实行宏观控制的经济学家之一。

He was one of the economists who proposed the implementation of macroeconomic control.

可是昆山却似乎不受这个“控制”的约束。

However, Kunshan seemed to be unaffected by this "control.”

昆山依然保持“高速度”！

Kunshan still maintained its "high speed"!

这是怎么回事?

What was going on?

他要问个究竟。

He wanted to get to the bottom of it.

吴克铃开始是谨慎的,他小心翼翼的,甚至不敢把昆山经济发展速度的百分比说出来。但他很快就发觉,这种顾虑是多余的,因为他感到,和经济学家谈经济,也许更加有利于阐明他的观点和思路。他条理清晰,如数家珍,从头至尾汇报了昆山的经济现状,14个重点项目的确立和筹建过程,还提出横向联合的依据,等等。

At first, Wu Kequan was cautious; he was very careful, and he even dared not to mention the percentage of Kunshan's economic growth rate. But he soon realized that such concerns were unnecessary because he felt that discussing economics with an economist might be even more beneficial in clarifying his views and thoughts. He presented his points in a clear and organized manner, recounting the current economic situation in Kunshan, the establishment and planning process of the 14 key projects, the rationale for horizontal alliances, and so on.

薛暮桥听了大为惊讶。他没想到ー个县长居然会独立思考创建适合本地情况的独特路子,也没想到在国家实行宏观控制的情况下这个县仍然能够稳中求快,迅速地改变着原先的经济面貌。他越听越觉得有滋有味,忍不住频频点头,说:“昆山搞得不错嘛!”

Xue Muqiao listened with great surprise. He hadn't expected a county mayor to independently think and create a unique path suited to local conditions, nor had he imagined that under the country's macroeconomic control, this county could still pursue steady progress and rapidly change its original economic landscape. The more he listened, the more fascinated he became, and he couldn't help but nod repeatedly, saying, "Kunshan is doing quite well!”

吴克铃接过话来:“现在中央批超高速度,我们完全拥护,宏观失控了,就得从宏观上去控制;但我也感到,再好的方针政策,都不能搞一刀切,不能仅仅从表面上去理解,也不能简单地生搬硬套,这样做,好像是’坚决照办’,实际上是偷懒,是教条,也是ー种对中央政策不尊重的表现……薛老,我的话可能说重了……”

Wu Kequan continued, "Now that the central government has approved the ultra-high speed. We fully support it. When macroeconomic control is lost, it needs to be controlled at the macro level. However, I also feel that no matter how good the policies and guidelines are, they cannot be applied uniformly. We cannot simply understand them superficially or mechanically apply them. Doing so may seem like 'resolutely following orders,' but in reality, it's laziness, dogmatism, and a lack of respect for central policies... Mr. Xue, My words might have been too harsh....”

薛暮桥连忙摆摆手。显然,身居高位的他是很难听到ー个七品芝麻官对他说真心话的,现在有人向他敞开了心扉,显然是对他的极大信任,他感到高兴,也觉得欣慰,忙说:“老吴,你说下去!”

Xue Muqiao hurriedly waved his hand. Apparently, it was rare for him, as a high-ranking official, to hear a junior official speak his mind to him. Now that someone had opened up to him, he felt happy and reassured by the great trust, and hurriedly said, "Mr, Wu, please continue!”

“举个简单的例子,我们昆山的ー些项目,已经投入了,厂也建成了,投入了而不产出,实际是ー种浪费,所以我们就克服困难让它产出。有人就说,这是超高速……”

"Let me give you a simple example. Some of our projects in Kunshan have already been invested in, and the factories have been built. To invest without producing is actually a waste, so we overcome difficulties to make them produce. Some people say that this is ultra-high speed Some people say, "This is ultra-high speed...”

批“超高速”,是薛暮桥的一贯主张,听到这么说,他不由得想了好一会,这オ说:“我不是笼统讲的,我是说’固定资产投入不能超高速’,而且,这是就全局就国家的宏观ー头来说的,像你们这样,从实际出发,走自己的路子,已经投入了,那就应该尽快见效嘛!”

Criticizing "ultra-high speed" has always been Xue Muqiao's consistent stance. Upon hearing this, he couldn't help but think for a while before saying, "I'm not talking about it in general terms. I mean 'fixed asset investment should not be ultra-high speed.' Moreover, this is from the perspective of the overall situation and the country's macroeconomics. In cases like yours, where you start from reality and take your own path, since you have already invested, you should see results as soon as possible!”

吴克铃心中一热,他感到两个人的心已经相通了。

Wu Kequan felt warmth in his heart, as if the two had reached a mutual understanding.

仿佛意犹未尽,薛暮桥又加重语气说:“老吴,要高速度。”

Seemingly not satisfied, Xue Muqiao added with emphasis, "Mr, Wu, you should aim for high speed.”

好痛快、好潇洒的薛暮桥!

What a forthright and unrestrained Xue Muqiao is!

吴克铃吃了 “定心丸”,薛暮桥也觉得不虚此行,两个人越谈越投机,越投机越想深谈,可惜薛暮桥不能逗留太久,吴克铃就请他题词留念,薛老略加思索,便提笔直书——

以上海为依托,发展横向经济联系,促使经济高速度发展。

Wu Kequan felt reassured, and Xue Muqiao also felt that his trip was worthwhile. The two found their conversation increasingly engaging and wanted to delve deeper into their discussion. Unfortunately, Xue Muqiao couldn't stay for too long, so Wu Kequan asked him to write an inscription as a memento. After some thought, Xue wrote the following:

毕竟是著名的经济学家,也毕竟是经过了太多的风风雨雨的人,薛暮桥绝没有因为自己批判宏观上的“超高速”就不加分析地一概否认微观上的“高速度”;相反,他实事求是地肯定了昆山的经验,并且用十分明确而又凝练的语言,把这个经验概括得恰到好处。

Rely on Shanghai, develop horizontal economic connections, and promote high-speed economic growth.

无论你是什么“家”,也无论你是什么权威,都得具备这种胆识,都得具有这种气量、这等胸怀オ行,否则,人民就不会尊重你,你这个“家”也就脆弱无比,ー碰即碎

After all, Xue Muqiao is a renowned economist and a person who has experienced many ups and downs. He never blindly denied the "high speed" at the micro-level just because he criticized the "ultra-high speed" at the macro-level. On the contrary, he pragmatically affirmed Kunshan's experience and summarized it aptly with clear and concise language.

社会主义不是也绝不可能只是ー个刻板的模式,社会主义是千百万人的永无止境的创造,你想用一把刀“切”出个社会主义,就如要一口吃成个胖子ー样,那オ是真正的虚幻真正的乌托邦。

No matter what kind of "expert" or authority one is, one must possess this courage, magnanimity, and broad-mindedness. Otherwise, the people will not respect them, and their position as an "expert" will be fragile, easily shattered upon impact.

第二章静静地孕育着辉疊

Chapter II Quietly Breeding Brilliance

依托上海,借“东风”,摸索出一条横向联合的路子,这是吴克铃艰苦思索冒险实践的重要贡献之一。但生活绝不可能也永远不会如作家笔下所描述的那么简单、那么平淡。昆山的路,究竟是怎么走过来的,我能够采访能够知道的也仅仅是一部分。创造者的痛苦又无形中转移到了创作者身上。ー个人要得到理解是多么艰难。人与人有许多共通之处,但人与人又绝对不ー样。天下父母官多如牛毛,如焦裕禄者几人?如吴克铃者又有几人?昆山走出了一条自己的路,走出特色,也走出了成效。社会主义不是乌托邦,就因为千百万人在那里默默地实践和创造。创造就意味着奉献,能够奉献的人是快乐的。于是吴克铃只字未提他曾经遭受到的压カ,实在避免不了时就轻描淡写一句带过,他只是平静地思路清晰地回忆着过去的岁月

Relying on Shanghai, taking advantage of the "east wind," and exploring a path of horizontal collaboration is one of the significant contributions from Wu Kequan's painstaking thinking and adventurous practice. However, life can never and will never be as simple and plain as described by the writer. But life can never be and will never be as simple and uneventful as described by the writer. The path of Kunshan, how it came to be, and what I can learn from interviews and knowledge is only a part of the story. The pain of the creator is invisibly transferred to the creator's shoulders. How difficult it is for a person to be understood. People have many commonalities, but they are also absolutely unique. There are countless parental officials in the world, but how many are like Jiao Yulu? How many are like Wu Kequan? Kunshan has taken its path, showing its uniqueness and achieving results. Socialism is not utopian, precisely because millions of people are silently practicing and creating. Creating means dedication, and those who can dedicate themselves are happy. Thus, Wu Kequan never mentioned the pressures he had faced, and only briefly touched upon them when it was unavoidable. He calmly and clearly recalled the past years.

六、并非异想天开

6 Not a Wild Fantasy

就在实行横向联合的同时,吴克铃开始构思另ー篇大文章,做起了自费开发经济技术开发区的梦。

While implementing horizontal collaboration, Wu Kequan began to conceive another grand plan: to establish a self-funded economic and technological development zone.

这在当时,一般人连想都不敢想。

At that time, it was something most people wouldn't even dare to think about.

他不仅想了,而且要做!

Yet, not only did he think about it, but he also took action!

金星电视机昆山分厂既是他形成开发区思路的契机,又是他最早的也是成功的ー个实践。

The establishment of the Kunshan branch of the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory was both the catalyst for his development zone idea and his first successful attempt.

批准了的开发区,是国家投资的,政策也是特别优惠的。你要我开发吗?那么,拿钱来给我用。于是,成千上万甚至是几个亿的人民币如雪花飘飘可以用车载船装堆成一座小山似的过来了 !

The approved development zones were funded by the state and had special preferential policies. Are you asking me to develop it? Then, give me the money to use. As a result, millions and even billions of RMB, like fluttering snowflakes, could be transported in trucks and boats and piled up like a small hill!

昆山自己搞开发区,初步匡算,基础设施要几千万元。县里财政少得可怜,吴克铃是两手空空一身“轻”的七品官,至于国家财政,你不在册,那一分钱也不能
给,优惠政策一条也不能有!

To establish a development zone in Kunshan, a preliminary estimate showed that tens of millions of yuan would be needed for infrastructure. The county's finances were pitifully scarce, and Wu Kequan, a low-ranking official with nothing to his name, had no access to national funding since the project was not officially listed. Consequently, not a single cent could be given, and no preferential policies could be applied!

这还不是主要的。

This is not the main issue.

要紧的是风险,这里有经济上的,更有政治上的。建设开发区,好大的口气,好大的胆子!你的“高速度”已经和中央唱“对台戏”了,难道还要别出心裁自作主张搞什么开发区吗?

What matters are the risks, which include not only economic ones but also political ones. Establishing a development zone required considerable ambition and courage. Wu Kequan's "high-speed" approach had already contradicted the central government's policies, so would he dare to go against the grain again by establishing a development zone?

当然,他已经找到了横向联合这条路子,但这还不够。作为昆山经济这个总的 “盘子”,方方面面都是联系在ー起的。你要“横联”,你就得具备横联的条件;你要 “外向”,你就得具备吸引外商外资的动人之处。所以开发区绝不是他突发奇想, 更不是心血来潮,一切都是事物本身发展的规律让人产生灵感产生欲望的。这里的关键就在于你能不能及时抓住这个契机,敢不敢超前ー步做出决策。

Of course, he had already found the path of horizontal collaboration, but that alone was not enough. As a comprehensive part of Kunshan's economy, all aspects were interconnected. To achieve horizontal collaboration, one must possess the necessary conditions; to be outward-oriented, one must have attractive features to draw in foreign investors and capital. Therefore, the idea of a development zone was not a whim, nor was it a sudden impulse. It was the inherent laws of development that inspired and motivated people. The key was whether one could seize the opportunity in time and dare to make a decision that was one step ahead of others.

这是需要胆识的。

This requires courage and insight.

钱从哪里来?不可能等,不可能要,也休想靠什么人的施舍,唯一的也是最可靠、最踏实的办法是自力更生

Where does the money come from? It's impossible to wait, ask for, or rely on anyone's charity; the only reliable and practical approach is self-reliance.

建设社会主义只能靠自力更生。建设社会主义不可能靠恩赐,也不可能依赖谁的支援。输血只能救急,而不可能创造ー个活生生的生命,只有依靠本身的机制增强造血功能才会有新鲜活泼的生命！

Building socialism can only be achieved through self-reliance. It's impossible to build socialism through someone's grace or by relying on support from others. Blood transfusion can only provide temporary relief, but it cannot create a vibrant life. Only by relying on one's own mechanisms to enhance hematopoietic functions can a fresh and lively life be achieved!

搞开发区,即便是国务院批准的,国家也只能给予少量投资。归根齿结底要靠自力更生,何况,昆山是自己的积极性、自己的要求呢?

Developing an economic zone, even if approved by the State Council, can only receive limited investment from the state. Ultimately, self-reliance is essential, not to mention that it is Kunshan's own initiative and demands.

他相信,过去有不少东西搞错了,但也有很多东西搞对了,不能因为错过就把对的也否定了。自力更生难道也不对?自力更生符合中国国情,搞社会主义也离不开自力更生！自力更生永远不会“过时”,自力更生必须也一定要延伸到现在延伸到将来。

He believes that in the past, many things were done wrong, but there were also many things done right. One should not negate the correct things just because some mistakes were made. Is self-reliance wrong? Self-reliance is in line with China's national conditions, and building socialism cannot be separated from self-reliance! Self-reliance will never be "outdated"; it must and will extend from the present into the future.

只有自力更生才能给昆山的开发区带来希望。

Only self-reliance can bring hope to Kunshan's development zone.

在县长办公会议上,他系统地谈了自己的设想和打算,又拿到县委常委会上去讨论。吴克铃的主张得到了一致认可。

At the county mayor's office meeting, he systematically discussed his ideas and plans, and then took them to County Party Standing Committee for further discussion. Wu Kequan's proposal received unanimous approval.

消息传开,有人反对,有人怀疑,风声雨声ー阵紧过ー阵,他呢,也有自己的主意:你说你的,我做我的。

News spread, some opposed, some doubted, and rumors came one after another. As for him, he had his own convictions: let others say what they want, and he would do what he believed in.

于是他开始选址,开始做多方面的调查和考察。

So, he began to choose the location and conduct various investigations and surveys.

昆山的还有外地的经验和教训给了他很多启示。首先在选址上,他果断地否定了在远离城区的地方,也否定了在老城区基础上的方案。远了,基础设施没有可以利用的条件,开发费用必然大大增加;近了,在老城区,也不行。老城区4平方公里,人口早已突破5万,按规定,人均100平方米,这个标准已经是超过了,怎么可能在旧址上再建造ー个新的开发区?

The experiences and lessons from Kunshan and other places provided him with many insights. First of all, in terms of site selection, he decisively rejected the idea of choosing a location far from the urban area, as well as the plan based on the old urban area. If it's too far, there would be no available infrastructure to utilize, and the development costs would inevitably increase significantly. If it's too close, in the old city, that wouldn't work either. The old city area covers 4 square kilometers, and the population has already exceeded 50,000. According to the regulations, the standard is 100 square meters per person. This standard has already been surpassed. How could it be possible to build a new development zone on the old site?

于是选择县城东边的一片土地。这里紧靠苏沪公路,交通极发达,又和老城区紧紧相连,有不少事可以借助现有的力量。再说,这里已经有了几个不大的工厂, 要发展,也算有一定的基础……

So, a piece of land on the east side of the county town was chosen. This location is close to the Su-Hu Expressway, which has highly developed transportation, and is closely connected to the old city area, allowing for many things to be accomplished with the help of existing resources. Moreover, there are already several small factories here, providing a certain foundation for development...

他把上海的、苏州的和南京的规划专家请了来,一遍遍地考察,一次次地论证。省里还在昆山召开规划论证会给予支持……

He invited planning experts from Shanghai, Suzhou, and Nanjing to conduct numerous field investigations and evaluations. The provincial government also held planning conferences in Kunshan to provide support...

七、沉重的搬迁

7 The Heavy Relocation

规划只是ー个梦、ー张纸上的蓝图,实施却是ー种艰苦卓绝的战斗一苦就苦在既要开发,而又不可能向上面要一分钱,苦就苦在既要与方方面面打交道争取他们的支持,而在事实上又只能偷偷摸摸地进行!

Planning is just a dream, a blueprint; implementation, however, is a bitter and arduous battle. The struggle lies in the need for development without expecting any funding from higher authorities. It is also difficult to secure support from various parties while in reality, everything has to be carried out covertly.

吴克铃担任了新区的总指挥。接着他调兵遣将,把城建局裴局长和陈副局长推到了第一线,后来王接任局长也被派到了新区。有的事做得很辛苦,但起点不高,他看了就不客气地批评,也正是伴随着各种议论和怨言,开发区一天天地在改变面貌。1988年,开发区从“地下”转到“地上”，6月4日,他又派县委副书记石泉忠担任常务副总指挥。

Wu Kequan took charge as the commander-in-chief of the development zone.  He then made personnel arrangements, assigning the director and deputy director of the Urban Construction Bureau, Pei and Chen, to key positions in the new development zone. Later, Wang, who succeeded as the director, was also assigned to the new development zone. Some tasks were very challenging, and if the results were not up to his expectations, he would not hesitate to criticize candidly. As various discussions and complaints accompanied the process, the development zone gradually transformed day by day. In 1988, the development zone shifted from "underground" to "above ground." On June 4th, he appointed Shi Quan Zhong, the deputy secretary of the county committee, as the executive deputy commander-in-chief.

新区指挥部就设在娄江河边。只有几间平房,简陋得不如农民的灶屋。斜对面是金星电视机分厂,与那高大整齐的厂房、办公楼相比,它就显得更加寒酸。

The new development zone's headquarters were set up by the Loujiang River. It consisted of only a few simple single-story houses, even more rudimentary than the farmers' kitchen huts. Diagonally across was the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory Kunshan branch, and compared to the tall and neatly arranged factory buildings and office buildings, it appeared even more humble.

这使我想起了延安的窑洞和“干打垒”。

This reminded me of the cave dwellings and "dry brick building" in Yan'an.

就在这里,吴克铃把ー张地图挂到了墙上,图上的线条如蛛网密布,每ー根线都意味着ー场耗人心血的苦斗。

It was here that Wu Kequan hung a map on the wall, with lines densely covering it like a spider web. Each line represented a painstaking battle that consumed a great deal of effort.

搬迁难,难于上青天!你说要开发エ业区,他不相信,以为是哄小孩,骗他们。封建和封闭是季生的ー对。对黄土地的眷恋和对新生活的怀疑使他们宁可选择过去也要抵制未来。以前因为规定一个范围内不准造房,农民结伙起哄,把大队办公室的桌子都掀翻过几次。

Relocation is difficult, as hard as ascending to the heavens! When people hear about the plan to develop an industrial zone, they don't believe it, thinking it's just a trick to deceive them like telling stories to children. Feudalism and isolation are twin constraints. Their attachment to the loess land and their doubts about a new life make them prefer to choose the past and resist the future. In the past, due to regulations prohibiting construction within a certain area, the farmers would band together, creating a commotion and overturning the tables in the collective's office several times.

搬迁,新区开发工作的一个不大的组成部分。但就是这,也不知要耗费多少精力!

Relocation is just a small part of the new development zone's work. However, it is not known how much effort will be expended on this!

最紧张、最困难的是朝阳路的拓宽改造,它牵涉到18个单位,拆除房屋面积达 6894平方米,绝大多数又是无偿拆除。为了保证工程的顺利进展,吴克铃亲自做了动员,又和石泉忠研究了具体的方案。这条路正好在苏沪交通要道上,每天7000 至8000辆的车流量！又不能断路,只好边通车边施工。下雨天,车的钢铁、路的泥泞,还有人的焦躁组合成一个现代的古战场。争吵摩擦、骂天骂地、拔拳相向也并非绝无仅有,但无论多么纷繁复杂,无论多么恨之入骨,到后来,说明了情由取得了谅解,双方一个“罢了”的眼神,ー支和解的香烟,还有握别时潇洒的一挥手,都见出来ー种“改革了”,大家都要忙自己的了。所以“请多关照”的务实精神,也正是这种精神,使得拓宽筑路始终没出ー个大的事故,这在专业部门看来,也是极为难能可贵的

The most tense and difficult task is the widening and renovation of Chaoyang Road, which involves 18 units and the demolition of 6,894 square meters of housing, the vast majority of which is non-compensated demolition. To ensure the smooth progress of the project, Wu Kequan personally carried out mobilization work and together with Shiquan Zhong, studied specific plans. This road is strategically located between Suzhou and Shanghai, with a daily traffic volume of 7,000 to 8,000 vehicles. Construction must proceed without disrupting traffic, so vehicles and construction coexist side by side. On rainy days, the combination of car steel, muddy roads, and people's irritability creates a modern version of an ancient battlefield. Arguments, curses, and even physical confrontations are not uncommon. However, no matter how chaotic or intense the conflict is, once the reasons are explained and forgiveness is granted, both parties exchange a "let it be" glance, share a reconciliatory cigarette, and wave goodbye with nonchalance. It demonstrates an understanding of the need for "reform," and that everyone has their own responsibilities to attend to. The practical spirit behind the Chinese saying "请多关照" (please take care of each other) is also what has kept the road expansion project accident-free, which is considered a valuable achievement by professional departments.

在“偷偷摸摸”的心境下埋头苦干,在得到认可之后便轰轰烈烈地建设。规划是富丽的,实施却是勤俭的、踏实的。只要隔个十天半月,新区就会给人ー种新鲜感。脚下的路,每时每刻都在延伸……

Under the mindset of working diligently and discreetly, construction proceeds with great enthusiasm once approval is granted. Planning is grand and luxurious, while implementation is frugal and down-to-earth. Every couple of weeks, the new zone brings a sense of freshness to people. The road beneath their feet is constantly extending...

新区并不是一座“孤岛”,它和老城区是ー个完整的构思。新区是在ー张白纸上画图,老区却要在画好的图纸上进行修改。从某种意义上说,老区的改造比新区的建设还要难。

The new development zone is not an "isolated island"; it is a part of a complete concept with the old urban area. The new development zone is designed on a blank canvas, while the old district needs modifications on an existing blueprint. In a sense, the transformation of the old district is even more challenging than the construction of the new one.

无论是新区还是老区,最基础、最关键的都是ー个字:路。

Regardless of whether it is a new or old district, the most fundamental and crucial element is one word: road.

路是线条路,是骨架路,是蓝图的筋络,甚至还可以说路就是规划本身。

Roads are lines, skeletons, the framework of a blueprint, and one could even say that roads are the planning itself.

在我的记忆中,老城多为“裤裆巷”。裤裆巷没有故事也没有风流,有的只是马桶刷子和“龙须沟”。不过,小城的人也习惯了,“文革” 1〇年,照样闹得天翻地覆;噩梦过去,也仍然一天一天地沾沾自喜着,活得自在、活得舒服、活得坦然。只是到了 !984年的元宵节,小城的平静オ被打破,于是小城也有了故事。

In my memory, the old town was filled with "crotch alleys.” These alleys had no stories or romantic charm, only toilet brushes and "dragon beard ditches.” However, the people of the small town were accustomed to it; they lived through the tumultuous ten years of the Cultural Revolution, and after the nightmare passed, they continued to live comfortably and contentedly day by day. It wasn't until the Lantern Festival in 1984 that the tranquility of the small town was disrupted, and thus the town began to have its stories.

元宵灯会,不算什么大的事,昆山的父母官们却专门开会,还成立了一个指挥部。县委书记蔡长林和吴克铃都是谨慎的,他们担心看灯的人太多而道路太窄,结果观灯的人数还是远远超过了事先的估计。倾城而出,一下子就把街道胀得饱嗝连天,老态龙钟的小城颤颤巍巍地发出了既快乐又痛苦的呻吟。现场指挥是副县长徐崇嘉,他提着报话机,站在粮管所的楼上喊得喉咙嘶哑也无济于事。拥挤不堪的观灯群众潮水一般在一瞬间就把整个小城的主要街道淹没了。据事后“清场” 的人说,被挤掉的鞋子收拢来能够装满ー辆小板车……

The Lantern Festival was not a significant event, yet the local parental officials in Kunshan held a special meeting and established a command center. The county party secretary, Cai Changlin, and Wu Kequan were both cautious, worrying that the large crowds coming to see the lanterns would overwhelm the narrow roads. In the end, the number of people who came to see the lanterns far exceeded their initial estimates. People swarmed the streets, quickly filling them to capacity, making the old town resonate with a mixture of joy and pain. The on-site commander, Deputy County Mayor Xu Chongjia, stood on the roof of the Grain Management Office with his megaphone, shouting until his throat was hoarse, but it was of no avail. The overwhelming crowd of lantern viewers flooded the main streets of the small town in an instant. According to those who cleared the scene afterward, the shoes that had been squeezed off could fill a small flatbed truck...

老城区非改造不可!

The old urban area had to be transformed!

吴克铃当副县长时,就做了两件事,第一件事是改造农民的草房,第二件事就是拓宽人民路。在县委和老县长孙福贵的支持下,他下决心在1〇米基础上翻ー番,扩到20米。虽然很难,有些人想不通,又有些人到上面告状,但吴克铃认为,昆山要起步,必须甩掉包袱,大拆大建一

东西向三条马路,南北向一条主要干道,再加上环城公路,“三横ー竖ー转圈”,这就是全城人都知道的道路改建规划。

When Wu Kequan was the Deputy County Mayor, he took on two tasks: the first was to renovate the farmers' thatched houses, and the second was to widen People's Road. With the support of the County Party Committee and the former county magistrate, Sun Fugui, he was determined to double the road's width from 10 meters to 20 meters. Although it was difficult and some people couldn't understand, and some even complained to higher authorities, Wu Kequan believed that for Kunshan to take off, it was necessary to shed its burdens and engage in large-scale demolition and construction. Three east-west roads, one main north-south artery, and a ring road formed the "three horizontal, one vertical, and one circular" pattern, which was the well-known road reconstruction plan for the entire city.

也许你很难相信县长会做“乞丐”,但我们所有的县长都做过“乞丐”。城建三年包干经费是600万元,实际支出是!480万元。还有880万元从哪里来?其中一条重要来源就是县长做“乞丐”讨来的!

You might find it hard to believe that a county mayor would act as a "beggar," but all of our county mayors have played the role of "beggar.” The three-year budget for urban construction was 6 million yuan, but the actual expenditure was 14.8 million yuan. Where would the remaining 8.8 million yuan come from? One important source was the county chiefs acting as "beggars" and soliciting funds!

吴克铃是第一个“乞丐”。

Wu Kequan was the first "beggar.”

他说,我既做“叫花子”,又做“强叫花子”。那意思很清楚:他晓得你底细,知道财政包干任务不重,你有钱,要是不给,那就不客气地摊你底牌,做“强叫花子”。所以,他讨钱,不敢不给。

He said that he played both the role of a "beggar" and a "demanding beggar.” The meaning was clear: he was aware of the financial situations of various parties, and if he knew they had money and didn't contribute, he wouldn't hesitate to expose their financial secrets and play the "demanding beggar.” As a result, when he asked for money, people dared not refuse. However, when it was Xu Chongjia's turn to solicit funds, it became more difficult.

轮到徐崇嘉讨钱时就难了。他只好反反复复苦巴巴地求情,说事情多么多么重要,而办事的人又多么多么可怜,所以希望局长行长厂长经理兄弟哥儿们,发发慈悲行行好给个三万五万也好把路铺下去……就这么说着他动了感情,当着那么多中层干部的面竟也忍不住流下泪来……

When it was Xu Chongjia's turn to solicit funds, it became more difficult. He had no choice but to repeatedly plead, explaining how important the matter was and how pitiful the people who were working on it were. He hoped that the bureau chiefs, bank chiefs, factory directors, and managers would show some compassion and contribute thirty or fifty thousand yuan to help pave the road. As he spoke, he became emotional and, in front of many middle-level cadres, he couldn't help but shed tears.

哦,县长哭了 !县长不为自己哭,他是为干事业哭,为人民谋幸福哭,ー个不想干事业不想为人民谋幸福的人,怎么肯去做“乞丐”?又怎么可能在这种场合流眼泪呢?

Oh, the county mayor cried! He didn't cry for himself; he cried for the cause, for the happiness of the people. A person who doesn't want to work for the cause or seek happiness for the people wouldn't be willing to become a "beggar" and wouldn't possibly shed tears in such a situation.

当然,资金也不全靠乞讨,必要时,就得看“吴老板”在资金上能不能给予支持。

Of course, funding didn't solely rely on begging; when necessary, they had to rely on the support of "Boss Wu" in terms of funding.

浦江路计划铺柏油路,后改为水泥路,这就要增加100万元。吴克铃一再强调,主要干道不能搞“裤裆巷”,不能三年两年破开了肠子再缝起来。这就要“一步到位” 〇徐的想法正合他意,他便说:“好,再给你!00万元。”

The plan for Pujiang Road was initially to pave it with asphalt, but it was later changed to concrete, which required an additional 1 million yuan. Wu Kequan repeatedly emphasized that the main roads should not be like "narrow alleys," and they couldn't be torn open and sewn back together every two or three years. This required getting it right in "one step." Xu's idea was in line with his thinking, so he said, "Alright, I'll give you another 100,000 yuan.”

这期间,玉山城建办公室两个副镇长全力以赴,ー个是周,技术型的实干家;另ー个就是潘,主要搞拆迁,3年动迁近千户人家,差不多平均ー天一户,那个烦,那个难,常人无法想象。好在两个人搭档,文戏武戏都唱得来。他们还有个后台“老板”一镇党委书记俞寿金,俞对他们说:“大胆放手去做,得罪人也不要怕,党委支持你们。”

During this period, two deputy town chiefs from the Yushan Urban Construction Office went all out. During this period, two deputy town mayors from the Yushan Urban Construction Office went all out. In three years, nearly a thousand households were relocated, averaging almost one household per day. The difficulties and challenges they faced were beyond the imagination of ordinary people. Fortunately, the two deputies formed a great partnership and were able to handle both civil and martial tasks effectively. They also had the support of their "boss" behind the scenes, the town party committee secretary, Yu Shoujin. Yu told them, "Go ahead and do your job boldly, don't be afraid of offending people, the party committee supports you.”

说是这么说,告状的人总是有,告潘也告周,告俞也告徐。徐的“后台老板”吴克铃知道了,他能够体会到ー个人在背后遭到暗算时的心情,就对徐说:“这没有什么,要告,叫他们来告我!”

Though that was the case, there were always people who would file complaints, against Pan, Zhou, Yu, and even Xu. When Xu's "boss" Wu Kequan found out, he was able to empathize with the feeling of being secretly targeted. He told Xu, "Don't worry about it; if they want to complain, let them come and complain to me!”

ハ、路的延伸

8 The Road Extension

新区和老区比翼齐飞,而从这里构思和铺开了头的道路也逐步朝乡区辐射,向 921平方公里的河湖港汉中延伸。

The new and old zones are thriving together, and the roads that originate and expand from here gradually radiate towards Chaoyang district, extending into the 921 square kilometers of rivers, lakes, and ports within the region.

昆山多水多桥,曲里拐弯的河、星罗棋布的湖以及成百上千的大小桥梁,把全县勾画成一幅旖旎无比的图画。在这里,田园便是公园,整个县城便是ー个园林式的“威尼斯”。美则美矣,但从发展经济的角度、从古老的封闭文明向现代的开放
文明过渡的需要来看,就有些美中不足,就生生地少了一个字:路。

Kunshan is rich in water and bridges, with winding rivers, a dense network of lakes, and hundreds of large and small bridges, drawing the entire county into an incomparably beautiful picture. Here, the countryside is a park, and the whole county is like a garden-style "Venice". It is indeed beautiful, but from the perspective of economic development and the need to transition from an ancient closed civilization to a modern open civilization, it is somewhat inadequate. One crucial word is missing: roads.

提起路,昆山无人不知老县长孙福贵走的乡路最多。他在当县长的几年中,带着秘书跑遍了全县每ー个大队（村）,无论刮风下雨,无论冰天雪地,也无论酷暑当头,他的办公室永远在田头路边。现在他已是县人大常委会主任。因为他走的路最多,体会特深,所以他对吴克铃关于路的规划也特别支持。在ー次人大常委会讨论这个问题时他突然中风,经过抢救好不容易オ脱离危险,但他仍然念念不忘农村公路的建设,还是抱病听汇报,ー起修订规划。他还和徐崇嘉一起带上秘书小陈, 多次下乡察看线路。有一次夏日如火,跑了 20多里后到ー个镇上停下来,秘书浑身乏力得不想进一粒米,病中的孙福贵累到什么地步更是可想而知。

When it comes to roads, everyone in Kunshan knows that the former county mayor Sun Fugui walked on the country roads the most.” During his years as county mayor, he traveled to every brigade(village) in the county with his secretary, regardless of wind, rain, ice, snow, or scorching heat. His office was always on the side of a field road. Now he is the director of the Standing Committee of the County People's Congress. Because he has walked the most roads and has a deep understanding, he strongly supports Wu Kequan's road planning. During the discussion of this issue at the next Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, he suddenly had a stroke. After a difficult rescue, he was finally out of danger, but he still couldn't forget the construction of rural highways and insisted on listening to reports and revising the plan even while ill. He also accompanied Xu Chongjia, along with his secretary Xiao Chen, on several trips to inspect the rural roads. Once, on a scorching summer day, they traveled more than 20 miles to a town and stopped. The secretary was so exhausted that he didn't want to eat anything, and one can only imagine how tired Sun Fugui, who was ill, must have been.

吴克铃深感路对于发展经济的重要性。他接任县长的第三年,就实现了乡乡通公路。交通局的两任局长陆宗敏和钱长明付出了艰苦的努力。到去年,总通车里程延长到186公里,其间修建、改造的大中小桥梁就有264座。

Wu Kequan deeply understood the importance of roads for economic development. In the third year after he took office as the county head, he managed to connect all the townships with highways. The two successive directors of the Transportation Bureau, Lu Zongmin and Qian Changming, put in tremendous efforts. By last year, the total highway distance reached 186 kilometers, with 264 large, medium, and small bridges built or renovated during this time.

多水多桥使昆山的公路要比别处多投入几倍甚至十几倍的资金。1公里柏油路要20万元,水泥混凝土路则要40万至45万元。路是用“大团结”ー张ー张地铺起来的!

Due to the numerous rivers and bridges in Kunshan, the investment required for building highways there is several times, or even more than ten times, higher than in other places. One kilometer of asphalt road costs 200,000 yuan, while a cement concrete road requires 400,000 to 450,000 yuan. The roads were built piece by piece through "great unity"!

钱不会从天上掉下来。国家只有一个口袋,你能“掏”多少?吴克铃来了一个 “四拼盘”:国家投入一点,地方负担一点,企业支持一点,交通部门挤出一点。人、财、物,全从这个“拼盘”里出。说得通俗一点,还是那句老话:自力更生。

Money doesn't fall from the sky. The state has only one pocket, so how much can you "take out"? Wu Kequan came up with a "four-part plan": the state invests a little, the local government bears some costs, enterprises provide support, and the transportation department contributes as well. Human resources, finances, and materials all come from this "four-part plan.” To put it simply, it's about self-reliance.

社会主义建设不搞自力更生只能是乌托邦,或者就必须换ー个称呼不叫社会主义而叫另外的一个什么“主义”。

In the construction of socialism, without self-reliance, it would only be a utopia, or we would have to change the name to something other than socialism.

偏僻的金家庄一条路筑通后,受益的农民取党委书记潘的谐音喊他“潘大人”,那么全县乡乡通公路,71%的村通公路并且是泥石路向黑色化（柏油路面）和灰色化（水泥混凝土路面）改造,对此,老百姓又该怎么称赞吴克铃呢?

When a remote road in Jinjiazhuang was built, benefiting the local farmers, they nicknamed the party committee secretary Pan as "Pan Daren," a name derived from the homophonic sound of his name. With highways connected in every township across the county and 71% of the villages connected by roads that were transformed from dirt to black asphalt or gray cement concrete surfaces, how should the people express their gratitude to Wu Kequan?

吴克铃的思路当然不仅仅是字面上所说的一条“路”,实际上,公路在向城区周围延伸的同时,政治、经济、观念和文化也由县城延伸和辐射到乡镇、村落。

Wu Kequan's approach is not limited to the literal meaning of a "road." In fact, as the highways extend towards the urban areas, politics, economy, ideas, and culture also spread and radiate from the county seat to the townships and villages.

经济开发区,无论上面知道不知道、承认不承认,也无论外面怎么议论、怎么评头论足,它的实际作用已经发挥出来,并且很快被其他乡镇领导所接受和效仿。路在延伸,其更深ー层意义上的效益在这里被聪明的昆山人做出了更为精彩的文章。

The economic development zone, regardless of whether it is recognized or acknowledged by the authorities or debated and evaluated by outsiders, has already demonstrated its practical impact and has been quickly accepted and emulated by other township leaders. As the roads extend, the deeper benefits are brilliantly demonstrated by the clever people of Kunshan.

全县20个乡镇,建起了 15个各具特色的自费经济开发区、220家企业,1989 年的产值有1〇亿多,占全县エ业总产值的25% 〇

In the 20 townships across the county, 15 self-funded economic development zones with unique features have been established, along with 220 enterprises. In 1989, their output value exceeded 10 billion yuan, accounting for 25% of the county's total industrial output value.

现在我们回过头来,看看由吴克铃直接管理的自费经济开发区的路是怎么走过来的。

Now, let's take a look back at how the self-funded economic development zones, which were directly managed by Wu Kequan, came about.

由于是“偷偷摸摸”,所以开发区一直在使暗劲,它默默地、悄悄地孕育着自己的辉煌。

Due to their "clandestine" nature, the development zones had been working discreetly, quietly nurturing their own brilliance.

然而,也正因为是自立、自建、自费开发,没有得到上面的认可,更谈不上批准在册,所以在没有得到权威性的肯定之前,吴克铃的心总是悬着的。

However, it was precisely this self-reliance, self-construction, and self-funding that left the development zone without official recognition or approval. As a result, Wu Kequan's mind was always filled with apprehension, awaiting authoritative affirmation.

不过,ー个开发区,ー个牵涉方方面面的经济区域,怎么可能始终保密,一点风声也不透出去呢?

But how could it be possible for an entire development zone, an economic area with intricate connections and multiple facets, to remain completely hidden without even a whisper of information getting out?

1986年秋,省委书记韩培信到了昆山。这可使蔡长林和吴克铃犯了难:开发区的事要不要向他汇报呢?那一片虽然就在县城东侧,但至今还小心翼翼地对外保密的地方要不要让他看ー看呢?

In the autumn of 1986, Han Peixin, the provincial Party Secretary, paid a visit to Kunshan. This visit placed Cai Changlin and Wu Kequan in a difficult position: should they reveal the existence of the development zone to Han Peixin? Should they allow him to take a glimpse of the area they had been meticulously keeping secret, situated just to the east of the county town?

再三犹豫,还是没敢汇报。

After much hesitation and deliberation, they ultimately decided against reporting the development zone.

但是陪同的市委副书记林瑞章说:“不要紧!去看看吧……”

However, Lin Ruizhang, the accompanying Deputy Party Secretary of the city, reassured them, saying, "Don't worry! Let's go take a look...”

吴克铃和蔡长林被“逼上梁山”,只好让“丑媳妇”去见“公婆”。

Feeling cornered, Wu Kequan and Cai Changlin had no choice but to reluctantly reveal their "ugly bride" - the secret development zone - to the "in-laws," the higher authorities.

韩培信边看边听汇报边思考,然后,回到招待所,对吴克铃说:“搞得不错嘛! 你把开发区的总体构思说说看。”

As Han Peixin toured the area, listened to reports, and contemplated the situation, he seemed impressed. After returning to the guesthouse, he told Wu Kequan, "You've done quite well! Tell me about the overall concept of the development zone.”

吴克铃已经感觉出来,韩培信丝毫没有要批评责备的意思,倒表现出了浓厚的兴趣,所以连数据都要反复问清楚。吴克铃有了这个小小的但是非常了不得的 “底”,说话就放开了,他如数家珍,从头至今,娓娓道来……

Wu Kequan could sense that Han Peixin had no intention of criticizing or blaming them. Instead, he displayed a strong interest, even inquiring about the details and data. With this small but incredibly significant "trump card," Wu Kequan became more confident in discussing the project. He recounted the entire story, from its inception until now, in great detail.

可以说,这次韩培信昆山之行是整个经济开发区从“地下”走向“公开”的转折点。

It could be said that Han Peixin's visit to Kunshan marked a turning point for the development zone, transitioning from being "underground" to becoming "public.”

回到南京,韩培信在省委常委会上讲了昆山自费搞开发区的事,建议有可能的话都到那里去看看……

After returning to Nanjing, Han Peixin discussed Kunshan's self-funded development zone at a provincial Party standing committee meeting, suggesting that others should visit the area if possible.

没过多久,省委副书记沈达人、省长顾秀莲、副书记孙家正先后到了昆山,县里的乡镇的开发区都看了,很高兴,很肯定。在当年的省人代会上,顾秀莲在省政府工作报告中还专门提到了昆山的经济技术开发区。

Before long, Deputy Party Secretary Shen Daren, Governor Gu Xiulian, and Deputy Secretary Sun Jiazheng visited Kunshan one after another. They toured the development zones in the county and townships, expressing satisfaction and affirmation. At that year's provincial People's Congress, Gu Xiulian even mentioned Kunshan's economic and technological development zone in the provincial government's work report.

吴克铃从此放开手脚了。他紧紧抓住这个好机会,立即打报告到市里、省里, 征用了土地,并且在原有开发3.75平方公里的基础上又向南区延扩,开发区的规划确定为6.18平方公里。

From then on, Wu Kequan seized the opportunity and proceeded without restraint. He quickly submitted reports to the city and provincial governments, requisitioned land, and expanded the original 3.75 square kilometers of development southward. The final plan for the development zone was set at 6.18 square kilometers.

也就在这年冬天,中央和上海的党政领导来到昆山,在县委书记毛阳青和县长吴克铃的陪同下参观了开发区,给予了充分的肯定和赞扬。

It was during that winter when the central and Shanghai party and government leaders visited Kunshan. Accompanied by County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing and County Mayor Wu Kequan, they toured the development zone and gave their full affirmation and praise.

开发区一炮打响,但开发区的设计者吴克铃的儿子却生病住进了医院。

The development zone made a great start, but Wu Kequan, its designer, faced a personal challenge as his son fell ill and was hospitalized.

九、“爸爸,快救救我”

9 "Dad, please save me”

横向联合的势头正旺,吴克铃紧张地穿梭于上海、苏州、南京、北京和“三线” 厂之间,洽谈接待的日程安排得满满的。偏偏这时候妻子又生病在上海住院,他照应不了妻子也顾不了儿子,儿子要考电大复习功课自然也顾不了爸爸,父子俩谁也顾不上谁。有时候很晚了,爸爸回家,看一眼神色疲惫的儿子就不忍心再打搅他, 而是自己动手下ー碗面条便休息。

Amidst the thriving momentum of horizontal collaboration, Wu Kequan was busy traveling between Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanjing, Beijing, and the "third tier" factories, with a packed schedule of negotiations and receptions. Just at this juncture, his wife fell seriously ill and had to be hospitalized in Shanghai. Amidst this crisis, he found himself unable to attend to his wife or his son. Meanwhile, his son, engrossed in his preparation for the university entrance exams, with a specific aim at Kunshan Radio & Television University, naturally found himself unable to care for his father. In these trying times, both father and son found themselves unable to look out for each other. Sometimes, when Wu Kequa n came home late at night, he would see his exhausted son and couldn't bring himself to disturb him. Instead, he would quietly make a bowl of noodles for himself and then rest.

这天,他接待了金星电视机厂的客人,因为双方的发展意向完全一致,所以大家都很开心,他不会喝酒,便用饮料表示自己的一片诚意。本来晚上他还要到陈墓镇去,不知是谁提醒他:明天还要做报告,是不是稍微早一点休息,是不是就别再下乡了?或许是冥冥之中有什么安排吧!按往常惯例他不会同意的,但这一次他居然点了下头,他让办公室主任沈到陈墓去,自己就回家了。

One day, he received guests from Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory. As both parties had completely aligned development intentions, everyone was very happy. Wu Kequan didn't drink, so he used a beverage to express his sincerity. Originally, he was supposed to visit Chenmu Town that evening. However, someone reminded him that he had a presentation the next day, suggesting that he should rest a bit earlier and perhaps skip the visit to the countryside. Maybe it was fate that intervened! Normally, he wouldn't have agreed, but this time he surprisingly nodded in agreement. He asked his office director, Shen, to go to Chenmu instead while he returned home.

家在三楼,不算很高,但他爬得很吃カ。工作时再累也会聚精会神,一旦想到休息要放松一下,全身就像散了架似的一股脑儿往下瘫,他好不容易オ摸出钥匙开门。

His home was on the third floor, not too high, but he found going up the stairs especially tiring that day. When working, no matter how tired he was, he would always focus intently. But as soon as he thought of resting and relaxing, his entire body would feel like it was collapsing, as if all his energy was draining away. He barely managed to find his keys and unlock the door.

门开了,灯亮着,却没有声音。此时此刻,连日劳累的他多么需要有人端上来一杯茶,体贴地送上来ー个亲切温暖的微笑啊!但妻子在上海住院,病人更需要有人陪伴,他没有尽到这个义务,又怎么能奢望其他?

Upon opening the door, he found the lights on, but there was no sound. At this very moment, after days of exhaustion, he longed for someone to offer him a cup of tea and a warm, caring smile. However, with his wife hospitalized in Shanghai and needing even more companionship, he couldn't fulfill that responsibility, so how could he expect anything in return?

然而,儿子小江是在家的呀,往日回来了他总要招呼一声的,今天怎么不见人, 也没有声音?

Nevertheless, his son Xiaojiang was supposed to be home. Usually, when he returned, his son would greet him. But today, there was no sign of him and no sound.

他轻轻推开儿子的房门,不在。正诧异,隐约听得卫生间有微弱的呻吟声。他的心骤然ー紧,赶快过去ー看,只见小江脸色惨白地蜷曲在地上。小江看见爸爸, 泪水潸然直下,艰难而又急迫地哀求道:“爸爸,快救救我……”

He gently pushed open his son's bedroom door, but he wasn't there. Just as he was growing puzzled, he faintly heard weak groaning coming from the bathroom. His mind suddenly tightened, and he rushed over to see Xiaojiang curled up on the floor, his face deathly pale. Upon seeing his father, Xiaojiang's tears flowed freely, and he pleaded with difficulty and urgency, "Dad, please save me..."

秘书的门被县长敲开了 :“快,帮帮忙……”

The secretary's door was knocked open by the county chief, "Quick, please help...”

县人民医院急诊室,县长心急如焚地守候在已经痛得没有力气喊痛的儿子身边。只查出白细胞高,却不知是什么病;只晓得满肚满肠子的绞痛,却又吃不准到底痛在哪ー个部位。

In the emergency room of the county hospital, the county mayor anxiously waited by the side of his son, who was in so much pain that he had no strength left to cry out. The tests revealed elevated white blood cell levels, but the exact cause of the illness remained unknown. All they knew was that there was a severe pain throughout his stomach and intestines, but they couldn't pinpoint the exact location of the pain.

怎么办?他束手无策,只能用企盼和恳求的眼光望着医生,那神色分明在说: “求你们,救救我儿子……”

Feeling helpless, he could only look at the doctors with pleading eyes, as if saying, "Please, save my son...”

医生只好来个“急办法”，“中间开刀”,开出来再找病因,救人要紧,救命要紧啊!

The doctors, realizing the urgency of the situation, decided to perform an exploratory surgery to find the cause of the problem.

吴克铃也顾不上许多就急急地签了字。

Knowing that saving his son's life was the top priority, Wu Kequan hurriedly signed the consent form.

儿子被推进了手术室。

他的心他的一切也都被带进那个生死未卜的白色世界里去了。

His son was wheeled into the operating room, and Wu Kequan's heart and soul went with him into that uncertain world.

见惯了各种疑难险重病人的医生,这次却表现出惊愕与困惑:开刀后,见到的全是脓!血与脓、脓与肉一片模糊!

The experienced doctors, who had seen countless challenging cases, were astonished and baffled by what they found during the surgery: pus and blood everywhere!

县长的儿子病了怎么拖到这种可怕的地步オ来开刀?

How could the son of the county mayor have let his illness progress to such a terrifying state before seeking treatment?

阑尾穿孔成了严重的腹膜炎,要是再晚ー个小时来医院,就是华佗转世、扁鹊再生恐怕也无能为カ了。

The boy's appendix had ruptured, leading to severe peritonitis. If they had arrived at the hospital even an hour later, it might have been too late for even the most skilled doctors, such as Hua Tuo or Bian Que, to save him.

假如,吴克铃晚上到陈墓镇去了呢?

What would have happened if Wu Kequan had gone to Chenmu Town that night instead?

这一夜,他没有也不可能合眼,尽管他知道自己没有方法减轻儿子的痛苦,但他仍然要静静地守候在儿子的病床前,他觉得唯有如此,才能略微补偿ー下心中的愧疚。

That night, Wu Kequan couldn't and wouldn't close his eyes. Although he knew he couldn't alleviate his son's pain, he still chose to quietly stand by his bedside, hoping to slightly make up for the guilt he felt in his heart.

第二天一早,儿子在发高烧,昏迷中喊着“爸爸”和“妈妈”。妈妈在上海,也在住院,爸爸就在病床前,可是爸爸又不得不支撑着站起来一他还要去做报告〇

The next morning, his son was running a high fever, calling out for his father and mother in his delirium. His mother was in the hospital in Shanghai, and his father was right by his bedside. However, Wu Kequan had no choice but to stand up and continue with his responsibilities – he had to give a presentation.

他丢下病中的儿子,然后强制着平复了一下自己的心绪,就到电影院去做报告了。报告的内容不是别的,就是关于昆山的经济开发区一现在他不再担心什么了,再也用不着偷偷摸摸地搞了。他伸直了腰,理直气壮地宣讲建设开发区的必要性和可能性,讲开发区已经取得的成就、各方面的评价和今后的打算……

He left his sick son behind and forced himself to compose his emotions before heading to the theater to deliver his presentation. The content of the presentation was none other than the economic development zone in Kunshan. . At that moment, he no longer needed to worry or act covertly. He stood tall and confidently spoke about the necessity and possibilities of building the development zone, the achievements it had already made, the various evaluations, and future plans.

听得有滋有味、听得全身发热、听得忍不住要为昆山大声呼喊“哦,你真了不起”的听众们,你们是否知道,为开发区倾注了全部心血的吴克铃县长,此时此刻, 他的内心深处正在为两个病中的亲人流着血……

The captivated audience, who listened with great interest, felt their bodies heat up with excitement, and couldn't help but want to loudly exclaim, "Oh, Wu Kequan, you're truly amazing!" - were they aware that at that very moment, the county chief who had devoted his whole heart and soul to the development zone was silently bleeding inside for his two sick loved ones?

第三章昆山有玉玉在其人

Chapter 3 The Jade of Kunshan Lies in Its People

十、大学生多多益善

10. The More College Graduates, The Better

中国必须发展经济。经济上去了,什么话都好说,什么事都好办。离开这个 “中心”去奢谈其他,一切行动、一切思想都可能是“乌托邦” 〇

China must develop its economy. With a strong economy, it becomes easier to discuss issues and tackle problems. Talking about anything else without focusing on this "core" may lead to unrealistic utopian ideas.

发展经济需要奉献。不能一说改革就不讲奉献了。吴克铃的所得也许还不如ー个驾驶员或ー个乡镇企业的看门老大爷,但他做出了最大的奉献。奉献是ー种精神一人活在世上,总还是要有一点精神的。

Economic development requires dedication. We cannot stop talking about dedication when it comes to reform. Wu Kequan's income may be less than that of a driver or a gatekeeper in a township enterprise, but he has made the greatest dedication. Dedication is a spirit – people need to have some spirit to live in this world.

发展经济需要人オ。吴克铃当县长时,全县包括助理工程师在内的技术人员只有!50人,人才如此奇缺,要使昆山经济多快好省地发展是根本不可能的。吴克铃把人事局方长林、王桢禄找来,下硬任务:一年300个（引进200,分配100）,只许多不许少!

Economic development requires human resources. When Wu Kequan was the county mayor, there were only 150 technical personnel in the county, including assistant engineers. With such a shortage of talent, it was impossible to develop Kunshan's economy quickly and efficiently. Wu Kequan called in the head of the Personnel Bureau, Lin Fangzhang, and Wang Zhenlu, and gave them a tough assignment: within a year, they must bring in 300 talents (200 through recruitment and 100 through allocation), they were allowed to exceed the target but not fall short!

过去,外地人上门来求人事局想调昆山也调不进,现在,人事局到外地去觅宝

似的招聘人才,想方设法把你“挖”过来〇

In the past, people from other places who wanted to transfer to Kunshan couldn't get in through the Personnel Bureau. Now, the bureau is actively searching for talent outside the city, like treasure hunting, and trying various ways to "dig" you over to Kunshan.

读者也许还记得最早的联营企业“纺丝机实验エ场”,这个企业需要一个懂行的领导,开始,卢厂长通过上海方面关系三次去某化纤厂,把工程师张昌华借了来。这个北京化纤学院毕业的大学生,专业知识比较丰富,还翻译过《合成纤维加工手册》,与人合编过《日英汉纺织エ业词汇》。借用了几个月,便舍不得放了,想调过来,但张昌华在那边有自己的事业,ー时拿不定主意。吴克铃爱オ如命,他下决心要把张昌华“挖”过来〇留住人,更要留住心,考虑到张昌华在上海有老母,需要人照应,妻子出生在上海,到外地工作也不习惯,就采取了果断措施,把她调来昆山, 并且作为昆山常驻上海办事处的工作人员,又通过闸北区政府为其安排了两套房子,ー套作为办公用,ー套作为住宅用。他又亲自找张谈,诚心希望他能来昆山エ作。县长考虑得如此周到,他怎么好再推托?没多久,他办好手续调到了昆山……

Readers might recall the first joint venture, the "Spinning Machine Experimental Base," which needed an experienced leader. Initially, Factory Director Lu visited a particular synthetic fiber factory in Shanghai on three occasions, using his connections, Factory Director Lu managed to recruit Engineer Zhang Changhua. He is a college graduate from Beijing Institute of Synthetic Fibers had extensive professional knowledge. He had translated the "Synthetic Fiber Processing Handbook" and co-edited the "Japanese-English-Chinese Textile Industry Vocabulary" with others. After benefiting from his expertise for a few months, they were hesitant to part ways with him and hoped to bring him on board permanently. However, Zhang Changhua had his own career at his original company and was uncertain about staying for a while. Wu Kequan was determined to have Zhang Changhua join his team. In order to win his heart and keep him in Kunshan, he took decisive measures. Considering that Zhang had an elderly mother in Shanghai who needed care and that his wife was born in Shanghai and might not be comfortable working elsewhere, Wu arranged for her to be transferred to Kunshan and work as a staff member at Kunshan's permanent office in Shanghai. Through the Shanghai Zhabei District government, he also managed to secure two housing units for them, one for office use and the other as a residence. He personally approached Zhang once more, sincerely hoping that he would come to work in Kunshan. Given the thoughtfulness of the county mayor, how could Zhang decline? Before long, he had completed the necessary paperwork and transferred to Kunshan.

一旦转变了观念,人事工作就搞得有声有色。最多的一年引进了 300人。在吴克铃任县长的6年中,先后引进1300多人,加上分配的有3000多人。

Once the mindset was changed, the personnel work was conducted efficiently and effectively. In the busiest year, they recruited 300 people. During Wu Kequan's six-year tenure as the county mayor, more than 1,300 people were introduced, along with over 3,000 assigned personnel.

三千精兵,十万子弟,昆山的经济,就是这么起飞的。

With these elite members, Kunshan's economy took off.

这里还有个小小的插曲,有些人爱嚼舌头,听说外地调来个姓吴的,就说是吴克铃的亲戚,调来个姓张的,就说是他爱人张德森的亲戚。事实上,ー个也不是。在ー次会上,他说:“如果说是,也不错;只要能为昆山建设出力,所有引进的人才都是我的’亲戚’。”

Here was a small anecdote; some people loved gossiping. When they heard that someone with the last name Wu was transferred from another region, they claimed it was Wu Kequan's relative. If someone with the last name Zhang was transferred, they would say it was the relative of his spouse, Zhang Desen.

倒是真有一个亲戚,他的妻弟,想要调来昆山,但是他没有同意。

Interestingly, there was actually a relative who wanted to transfer to Kunshan – his brother-in-law. However, he did not approve of the transfer.

人才也有嫌多的时候,多的时候更能显出ー个领导者的水平。

There can be times when there are too many talents, and it's during these times that the capabilities of a leader truly stand out.

1989年,大学生分配成了一个难题,以前是“抢”,现在是“推”。吴克铃把王桢禄找去,说:“不能只考虑眼前,急功近利,从昆山经济发展的总体规划来看,眼前用不着的,将来可能要用,到时候,一下子也急不出来。平常我们和大城市争人才,争不过他们;现在人家不要,正是ー个机遇。”王和陆就到省人事局要了个名单,全是国家重点大学的毕业生,居然没人要!吴克铃说:“他们不要,我们要。”于是在计划外又要了 139个大学生! 1989年,昆山接受和分配的大学毕业生600多人,是历年来分得最多也是落实单位最快的！

In 1989, job placement for university graduates became a challenging issue. Previously, it was about competing for talents, but now it had become more about pushing them away. Wu Kequan spoke to Wang Zhenlu, saying, "We cannot only focus on the immediate needs and be shortsighted. Considering the overall plan for Kunshan's economic development, talents that may not be needed now could be necessary in the future. At that time, we won't be able to get them all at once.” Wang and Lu went to the provincial personnel bureau and requested a list of graduates from national key universities, who surprisingly were not in demand! Wu Kequan said, "If they don't want them, we will take them." As a result, they recruited an additional 139 university graduates outside of their original plan! In 1989, Kunshan accepted and assigned jobs to more than 600 university graduates, marking the highest number and fastest implementation in their history!

省人事局看到昆山有这种不俗的眼光和非凡的气魄,就到昆山开会,把全省的人事干部请了来,吴克铃两次到会上发言,他说:“大学生是个宝,人才是个宝,我们搞经济,建设社会主义,什么都缺,但最缺的还是人才,从很大的程度上说,有了人ォ就有了一切,所以我们欢迎大学生到昆山来工作……”

Upon seeing Kunshan's impressive vision and extraordinary boldness, the provincial personnel bureau held a meeting in Kunshan and invited personnel officials from across the province. Wu Kequan spoke twice at the meeting, saying, "University graduates are treasures, and talents are treasures. In developing our economy and building socialism, we lack many things, but what we lack most is talent. To a large extent, having talent means having everything. Therefore, we welcome university graduates to come and work in Kunshan...”

十ー、走出“误区”

10. Breaking out of the "Misconception”

靠分配和引进并不是吴克铃人才观的全部。他ー开始就把教育和培养自己的人才纳入“昆山之路”的总体构思。

Relying solely on allocation and recruitment was not the entirety of Wu Kequan's talent philosophy. From the beginning, he incorporated education and cultivating local talent into his overall plan for the "Kunshan Path.”

我请宣传部部长陈伯荣谈,他以前是文教局局长,这本账他最清楚。

I asked Minister Chen Borong from the Publicity Department to talk about it, as he was previously the director of the Bureau of Culture and Education and was most familiar with the situation.

昆山原先的基础很差,被称作“苏南的苏北”。吴克铃当县长后,和县委书记蔡长林一起,花了很大力气,使全县的教育总体水平赶上（有的还超过）了苏州发达地区,这在全省教育系统是一致认可的。

Kunshan had a poor foundation initially and was referred to as the "Northern Jiangsu of Southern Jiangsu.” After Wu Kequan became the county mayor, he and the county party secretary, Cai Changlin, made great efforts to raise the overall educational level of the entire county, catching up with (and even surpassing) the developed areas of Suzhou. This achievement was unanimously recognized within the province's education system.

如同经济上的突破ー样,在教育上,要没有独立的思考和独特的措施,怎么可能在几年中就有大的改观?

Just like the economic breakthrough, it would have been impossible to see significant improvements in education within a few years without independent thinking and unique measures.

1983年,昆山开始筹建职业中学,为了省钱,就和经委职校建在ー起,地址就选在昆山中学后面,共1〇亩地,已经在城建的规划图上圈好。对此,不少人都很满意,因为毕竟昆山也有了自己的职中,吴克铃却不满意。他和徐崇嘉、陈伯荣ー起到了现场,经过一番考察,他果断地说,昆中是县里“最高学府”,将来肯定要发展, 这里的土地,一寸也不能动;职业中学不是搞这一所,也不是就搞这么个小的,何况还有个经委职校,ー共10亩地,无论如何都不够。徐、陈巴不得他说这句话,搬到别处去,经费势必增加,吴克铃当然考虑到这个,他别的方面“精”得很,昆山人称 “ー支笔”,但对教育,他却是少见的充满大气魄的“大老板” !

In 1983, Kunshan began planning to establish a vocational high school. To save money, they decided to build it together with the Economic Commission vocational school, choosing a location behind Kunshan High School, with an allocated area of 10 acres already marked on the urban planning map. Many people were satisfied with this, as Kunshan finally had its own vocational high school. However, Wu Kequan was not content with it. Together with Xu Chongjia and Chen Borong, Wu Kequan visited the site. After a thorough investigation, he decisively stated that Kunshan Vocational High School was the county's "highest institution" and would definitely need to expand in the future. Therefore, not even an inch of its land should be touched. As for the vocational high school, it wasn't about establishing just one small school, especially since there was also an Economic Commission vocational school planned. The combined 10-acre area would not be enough, no matter how they looked at it. Xu and Chen were eager for him to say this, as moving to another location would inevitably increase expenses. Wu Kequan, of course, had considered this. In other aspects, he was known for being meticulous, and the people of Kunshan referred to him as "a single pen." However, when it came to education, he was a rarely seen, big-hearted "boss"!

两个职校都搬了,第一职中在朝阳新村,征地28亩,至今已投资了 200多万元;经委职校则另外划地50亩,和电大一起,已投入400多万元。

Both vocational schools were relocated. The first vocational high school was in Chaoyang New Village, with 28 acres of land requisitioned, and more than 2 million yuan invested to date. The Economic Commission vocational school was given another 50 acres of land, together with the radio and Kunshan Radio & Television University, and over 40 million yuan has been invested.

“教育方面像模像样地花钱,是在吴克铃当县长之后。”陈伯荣这样说,“比如, 全县校舍32万平方米,其中22万平方米主要是1984年以后新建改建的。光!989 年,校舍和教学设备的投资就有1038万元!”

"Significant spending on education began after Wu Kequan became the county mayor," said Chen Borong. "For example, the county's school buildings cover a total area of 320,000 square meters, with 220,000 square meters primarily built or renovated after 1984. In 1989 alone, the investment in school buildings and teaching equipment amounted to 10.38 million yuan!”

教师住房,是一大难题,吴克铃下令,每年解决100套! 1985-1987年,真的造了 300套。但矛盾仍然突出,吴克铃又调度资金,重点投入,1988—1989年两年就造了 300套。这不仅在昆山历史上从未有过,在整个苏州地区也是罕见的。

Housing for teachers was a significant challenge. Wu Kequan ordered the resolution of 100 housing units per year! From 1985 to 1987, 300 units were indeed built. However, the problem remained prominent, so Wu Kequan allocated more funds, prioritizing investment. In just two years, from 1988 to 1989, another 300 units were built. This accomplishment was not only unprecedented in Kunshan's history, but also rare in the entire Suzhou.

公办教师的各项补贴,全部纳入县里财政解决,每人每年600元上下,全县近 4000人,一年就是200多万元一这ー点,苏州各县市包括市区在内,做到的也只有昆山一家!

All subsidies for public school teachers were fully covered by the county's finances, amounting to around 600 yuan per person per year. With nearly 4,000 teachers in the county, this amounted to more than 2 million yuan per year. Among all the counties and cities in Suzhou, including the urban area, Kunshan was the only one to achieve this feat!

民办教师历来“低人一等”,但昆山从!988年开始,对民办教师经济上各项补贴（副食品补贴除外,因为民办教师都有菜地）和公办教师ー样对待,并且ー样实行结构エ资制,ー样发给岗位责任奖金……仅这一条,民办教师每人每年收入就提高500元左右。

Private school teachers had always been considered "inferior" to others. However, starting in 1988, Kunshan began treating private school teachers on par with public school teachers in terms of various economic subsidies (excluding food subsidies, as private school teachers had their own vegetable plots). They implemented the same salary structure system and awarded the same performance bonuses. With this policy alone, the annual income of private school teachers increased by around 500 yuan per person.

公费医疗,实行财政包干后,每人60元,有些人超过了的,个别乡镇就不肯报, 把发票压在口袋里。吴克铃听说后,就明确规定:教师医疗费的改革和机关同步进行,在目前情况下,超过的部分不能由学校承担,更不应由教师本人承担,而一律由乡财政解决,确有困难的,再向县财政申请补助。后来,在ー次乡镇党委书记会议上,吴克铃说:“如果以后再有教师看病的发票没地方报,就叫他们到财政局去报销,报过后县财政再向乡财政去要「'这ー项措施,也只有昆山实行,别的县市都没有实行。

For public healthcare, after implementing a fiscal contracting system from the government, each person was allocated 60 yuan. Some people exceeded this amount, and certain townships were unwilling to report it, keeping the invoices hidden in their pockets. Upon hearing about this, Wu Kequan clearly stipulated that the reform of teachers' medical expenses should be carried out in sync with that of government institutions. Under the current circumstances, the exceeded portion should not be borne by the schools, nor should it be the responsibility of the teachers themselves. Instead, the township finances should take it, and if there are difficulties, they should apply for subsidies from the county finances. Later, at a township party committee secretary meeting, Wu Kequan said, "If teachers can't reimburse medical bills, let them go to the County finance will claim the funds from the township Finance Bureau. After reimbursement, the county finance will claim the funds from the township finance. This is only done in Kunshan, not in other counties or cities.”

十二、请“老虎”下山

12 Inviting the "Tiger" Down the Mountain

昆山的教育正在走出“误区”,人才的观念超前,这オ使全县的文化素质有了明显的提高,也オ使吴克铃不是永久的孤独者,不是“鹤立鸡群”而仅仅是众多的人才的一个代表。也正因为此,在这里オ形成了一种氛围,ー种你追我赶争先恐后创新创优的氛围。从县委、县政府、人大和政协的领导到工厂企业、乡镇干部,平时都有一种紧迫感,思想的机器总在不停地转动,认为已有的成绩不是终点而是起点,独创的经验不会终结,而是在实践中不断完善、不断丰富……

Kunshan's education is moving out of the "misguided zone," and its advanced talent concept has significantly improved the overall cultural quality of the county. This has also ensured that Wu Kequan is not a permanent loner, not a "crane standing among chickens" (meaning standing out from the crowd), but merely a representative of the numerous talents. Precisely because of this, an atmosphere has formed here – a competitive environment where everyone strives to innovate and excel, pushing each other to new heights. From the leaders of the county Party committee, county government, People's Congress, and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference to the factory enterprises and township officials, there is always a sense of urgency. Their minds are constantly working, considering that their current achievements are not the endpoint but the starting point. The unique experiences will not end but will be continuously improved and enriched in practice.

于是横向联合的路子,新区开发的路子,苏州第一家中外合资企业所提供的路子……条条大路通罗马,条条大路都在吴克铃的构思中发出越来越明丽的亮色。

As a result, various approaches emerge: horizontal collaboration, the development of new districts, and the path provided by Suzhou's first Sino-foreign joint venture. Like the saying "all roads lead to Rome," each of these paths shines brighter and more vividly in Wu Kequan's vision and strategy.

昆山有个寒山牌冰箱厂,开头还不错,到后来,冰箱行业名牌迭出,寒山就逐渐显得“寒酸” 了。ー个副厂长到上海出差,住在旅馆里谈起这件事,旁边有人说: “你们不可以和贵州风华冰箱厂谈谈吗?他们是航天部的,技术、设备的力量都很雄厚。”那人还告诉他,风华厂的厂长这几天正在上海探亲,可以去找找他……副厂长立刻赶回昆山向许厂长汇报,许ー听,马上飞车东去,找到了风华厂的吴明展厂长,对他说:“我们想请你到昆山去看看。”吴明展望着这个不速之客,两手ー摊,抱歉地说:“我昆山无亲无友,去做啥?”许厂长说:“我们小县小厂,请您去指导指导。”终于把吴明展拉到了昆山。

Kunshan has a refrigerator factory called Hanshan, which started off quite well. However, as more and more well-known brands emerged in the refrigerator industry, Hanshan gradually began to appear less competitive and somewhat outdated. A deputy factory director went on a business trip to Shanghai and discussed this issue while staying at a hotel. Someone nearby suggested, "Why don't you talk to the Guizhou Fenghua Refrigerator Factory? They are affiliated with the Ministry of Aerospace and have great technical and equipment capabilities." That person also told him that the director of Fenghua Factory was visiting relatives in Shanghai these days and could be contacted. The deputy director immediately returned to Kunshan to report to Director Xu. Upon hearing the news, Xu hurriedly traveled east, found Director Wu Mingzhan of Fenghua Factory, and said, "We would like to invite you to visit Kunshan.” Wu Mingzhan looked at this unexpected guest, spreading his hands apologetically, and said, "I have no relatives or friends in Kunshan, why should I go?" Director Xu replied, "We are a small factory in a small county, and we'd like to invite you to provide some guidance.” In the end, Wu Mingzhan was persuaded to visit Kunshan.

不看则已,ー看还真来劲。原来上海旁边还有这么ー个好地方!昆山的冰箱厂就在新区,有一定基础,发展前途很广,要是把贵州那边的技术和设备拉过来,这厂不用花多少钱就可以跃上一个新的档次。

Once he arrived and had a look around, he became genuinely interested and engaged. It turned out that there was such a great place right next to Shanghai! The refrigerator factory in Kunshan was located in the new district and had a solid foundation with a broad prospect for development. If the technology and equipment from Guizhou could be brought over, the factory could leap to a new level without spending much money.

吴克铃得到消息,立刻和吴明展见面。他全面介绍了昆山经济发展的路子,明确提出要和风华厂联营……

Upon hearing the news, Wu Kequan immediately met with Wu Mingzhan. He comprehensively introduced the path of Kunshan's economic development and explicitly proposed the idea of a joint venture with Fenghua Factory.

这时吴明展心中已经有了意向,他却开玩笑说:“早知你们有这个’阴谋’,我就不到昆山了!”

At this point, Wu Mingzhan already had intentions of cooperation, but he jokingly said, "If I had known you guys had this 'plot,' I wouldn't have come to Kunshan!”

不多久,副县长郑慧珍和皇甫等人ー起到贵州风华厂,向全厂的领导介绍了昆山的情况,引起对方极大兴趣,联营的事很快进入了洽谈具体项目阶段……

It wasn't long before Deputy County Governor Zheng Huijin and Huangfu and others went to Guizhou Fenghua Machinery Factory together. They introduced the situation in Kunshan to the factory's leadership, which aroused great interest on their part. The joint venture discussions quickly moved into the stage of negotiating specific projects.

大“三线”大有文章可做!吴克铃准确及时地抓住“三线”扩散的时机,一方面亲自出马,到贵州等地去宣传昆山的优势和横向联营的诚意,同时,在全县号召大家“把眼光看得远ー些”，“把手伸得长一点”,只要有线索有路子,就千方百计去争取。

There is much to be done with the "Third Tier" strategy! Wu Kequan accurately and promptly seized the opportunity of "Third Line" diffusion. On the one hand, he personally went to places like Guizhou to promote Kunshan's advantages and the sincerity of horizontal collaboration. At the same time, he called on everyone in the county to "look farther" and "reach out further." As long as there were clues and approaches, they would do everything possible to strive for them.

于是就引出又一个故事。

This led to another story

重庆汽车厂党委书记陈世生,昆山人,他到上海一带考察汽车销售情况,打算开辟ー个窗口,顺道回家探亲,也拜访了他的老师金达。

Chen Shisheng, the party secretary of Chongqing Automobile Factory and a native of Kunshan, went to Shanghai and its surrounding areas to investigate the automobile sales. He planned to open a new sales channel and took the opportunity to visit his hometown and his former teacher, Jin Da.

退休了的金达也知道昆山出了个横向联合的经验,看到自己的学生是大企业的领导,灵机ー动,就去告诉吴克铃,吴克铃叫协作办公室的王顺保去找陈世生,邀请他去看看几个厂。吴克铃说:“你看看昆山有没有可以为你们厂服务（配套）的地方?”陈世生觉得这是不可能的,他印象中的故乡エ业基础太薄弱,与重汽不可同日而语。但他看了几个厂以后,这种想法改变了。于是在中午吃饭时吴克铃就介绍了昆山的投资环境,透露了想联营的意向。陈世生说:“我回去商量一下,就给你答复。”

Jin Da, who was retired, knew about Kunshan's successful experience in horizontal collaboration. Seeing that his former student was a leader in a large enterprise, he was inspired and went to inform Wu Kequan. Wu Kequan then asked Wang Shunbao from the collaborative office to find Chen Shisheng and invite him to visit several factories in the area. Wu Kequan asked, "Can you see if there are any places in Kunshan that can provide services or support for your factory?" Chen Shisheng felt that this was impossible, as his impression of his hometown's industrial foundation was too weak and could not be compared to that of Chongqing Automobile Factory. However, after visiting several factories in Kunshan, his perspective changed. During lunch, Wu Kequan introduced the investment environment in Kunshan and revealed his intention to seek collaboration. Chen Shisheng replied, "I'll go back and discuss it with my colleagues, and then I'll tell you.”

没多久,电报来了,陈世生请昆山派人去谈联营的事。郑慧珍和金达ー起赶去,到了红岩汽车厂。原来这个厂在荒无人烟的山沟里,军エ改民用,产品生产了很多,但都积压在仓库里,销售上有许多难处,比如他们的汽车就进不了上海市区。郑慧珍说:“我们可以做工作,争取上海放宽政策,为重汽打开方便之门。”重汽的人将信将疑,心想,我重汽是国家一级企业,实カ和声誉不可谓不小,但努力了多少年也没能进入上海,你小小的昆山一个县就有这么大能耐?郑慧珍笑笑,没有把话说满,但说一定尽最大努力……

Not long after, a telegram arrived. Chen Shisheng invited Kunshan representatives to discuss the collaboration. Zheng Huijin and Jin Da went together and arrived at the Hongyan Automobile Factory. It turned out that this factory was located in a desolate mountain valley. It had transitioned from military to civilian use, and produced many products, but they were all stuck in the warehouse due to various sales difficulties. For example, their vehicles were not allowed to enter Shanghai. Zheng Huizhen said, "We can work hard to persuade Shanghai to relax its policies, opening a convenient path for Chongqing Automobile Factory.” People from the Chongqing Automobile Factory were skeptical, thinking that their factory was a national first-class enterprise with a considerable scale and reputation. Despite their efforts for many years, they still couldn't enter Shanghai. Could a small county like Kunshan really have such great capabilities? Zheng Hui Zhen just smiled, not making any promises, but assuring them that she would do her best.

回到昆山,郑慧珍向吴克铃汇报,吴说:“我们ー起做工作。”

Back in Kunshan, Zheng Huizhen reported to Wu Kequan, who said, "Let's work together on this.”

信不信由你,重汽的车进上海市区,这路就是昆山人打通的!

Believe it or not, it was the people of Kunshan who paved the way for Chongqing Automobile Factory to enter Shanghai's city center.

车子能进上海,不等于就有人要买你的车。这时候,昆山的农机二厂已濒临倒闭,双方谈妥,就在这个厂的基础上办联营厂。8月签约,9月就在昆山以联营厂名义开订货会。郑慧珍当场保证订货会销5辆。陈世生一听,瞪大了吃惊的眼睛,怀疑自己是不是听错了,然后就找个机会,偷偷地对她说:“你的口气是不是太大啊? 只要你能销2辆,我这个家乡人脸上就有了面子。”郑慧珍笑笑说:“陈书记您放心, 我不会给您丢脸的,到时候要销不了 5辆,我昆山也要把它吃下来!”
ー个月后,订货会开始了。这时的联营厂还没有成型,还没有牌子,就匆匆忙忙做了个木牌子,挂在农机二厂的大门口。重汽的人看了,不觉心灰意冷,对订货会根本就不抱多大希望。因为就在这个订货会前,他们在峨眉山也开过订货会,总共没有订出去三四辆,现在到昆山,在这么简陋可怜的ー个厂里开订货会,能有人要吗?

But just because the vehicles could enter Shanghai didn't mean people would buy them. At this time, Kunshan's Agricultural Machinery Factory No. 2 was on the verge of closing down. After negotiations between both parties, they decided to establish a joint venture factory based on the existing foundation of this factory. After signing the contract in August, a purchasing fair was held in September under the name of a joint venture factory. Zheng Huizhen promised on the spot to sell 5 cars at the fair. Chen Shisheng was very surprised when he heard this and began to doubt whether he had misheard. He quietly said to her, "Are you being too ambitious? As long as you can sell 2 cars, it will be a face-saving achievement for me as a local.” Zheng Huizhen smiled and said, "Secretary Chen, don't worry, I won't embarrass you. If I can't sell 5 cars, I'll bear the consequences myself." One month later, the purchasing fair began. At that time, the joint venture factory was not yet established and did not have a brand name. They hastily made a wooden sign and hung it at the entrance of the Kunshan's Agricultural Machinery Factory No. 2. The people from Chongqing Automobile Factory looked at the situation and felt disheartened, with little hope for the fair. This was because they had recently held a fair at Mount Emei, where only three or four vehicles were ordered. Now they were in Kunshan, holding another fair in a shabby and poor factory, and they wondered if anyone would even be interested in buying their trucks.

但是奇迹出现了:昆山的订货会签售60多辆,当年兑现的就有10多辆!

However, a miracle happened: the fair in Kunshan resulted in over 60 vehicles being sold, and over 10 of them were delivered that year!

“小昆山”ー鸣惊人!双方的“恋爱”以闪电式的速度结婚了,并且很快有了 “结晶”:双方各投资50%,由重汽提供汽车底盘,在昆山进行改装,1987年到!989 年,3年改装230辆之多;上海宝钢一期工程全是进ロ的“日野”,二期工程则全部采用昆山的改装汽车……

"Little Kunshan" - a marvel that resounds far and wide! The whirlwind romance between the two parties culminated in a lightning-fast marriage, and soon, a precious "crystallization" was born. Both parties invested 50% each, with Chongqing Automobile Factory providing the vehicle chassis, and modifications took place in Kunshan. From 1987 to 1989, an impressive 230 vehicles were modified over three years. While the first phase of the Shanghai Baosteel project exclusively used imported "Hino" vehicles, the second phase entirely adopted Kunshan's modified vehicles...

十三、昆山的“秘密武器”

13 Kunshan's "Secret Weapon”

横向联合的思路在吴克铃手里是ー篇得心应手永远也作不完的大文章。

The concept of horizontal collaboration effortlessly flourishes in the hands of Wu Kequan, like an endless masterpiece.

当昆山和上海联营的经验在外地推广以后,人们统统把“目标”集中到了上海,这时,吴克铃又把联合的思路延伸到了“三线”军エ企业,扩散到了全国各地; 而有些人在浅尝辄止小有所得就沾沾自喜的时候,吴克铃又把ー厂一品联合上升到全行业的联营,并在这个基础上又进ー步建立了纺织品出口基地。

After the successful joint venture between Kunshan and Shanghai was promoted in other regions, people's attention turned to Shanghai. At this point, Wu Kequan extended the idea of collaboration to "third-tier" military enterprises and spread it across the country. While some were content with their limited achievements after only having a small portion of success, Wu Kequan raised the collaboration from a single factory to an entire industry, and on this foundation, he took it a step further by establishing a textile export base.

这里先要说一下花桥镇新浦村的杨秋林。开始他带几个人到上海龙桥乡,在鸭棚里开出来一片整烫衬衫的工场。不久工场搬回新浦,一次农忙,有3万件美国童装急需整烫,他借了一台拖拉机,来回运货。一天一夜ー万件,三天三夜全部完成!后来周贵积担任上海衬衫总厂厂长,他看准大势,意欲扩大加工面。杨秋林听说,和乡长贝聿综ー起,主动提出,在花桥建联营厂。周贵积说:“要搞,就大刀阔斧,像模像样地干!”

First, we must mention Yang Qiulin from Xinpu Village, Huaqiao Town. Initially, he led a few people to Longqiao Township in Shanghai, where they set up a workshop for ironing shirts in a duck shed. Soon, the workshop was moved back to Xinpu. During a busy farming season, there was an urgent need to iron 30,000 American children's garments. He borrowed a tractor and transported the goods. In one day and one night, they finished 10,000 pieces, and in three days and three nights, they completed all of them! Later, when Zhou Guiji became the director of the Shanghai Shirt Factory, he saw the bigger picture and wanted to expand the processing scope. Upon hearing this, Yang Qiulin, along with the village head Bei Yuzong, took the initiative to propose building a joint venture factory in Huaqiao. Zhou Guiji said, "If you want to do it, do it boldly and make it decent!”

机不可失。回来后,他们先后征地30.5亩,同时到县里去贷款。黄继忠、郑慧珍两个副县长还有县政府办公室曾勇、经委宣炳龙、计委戴修良等,拧成一股劲,全カ以赴跑上海,疏通关节,筹集资金,忙得不亦乐乎。当年9月,就草签协议,双方各投资100万元,联营办厂生产出口衬衫。

Not wanting to miss the opportunity, they returned and successively requisitioned 30.5 acres of land, while also applying for loans from the county. Deputy county chiefs Huang Jizhong and Zheng Huizhen, along with Zeng Yong from the county government office, Xuan Binglong from the Economic Commission, and Dai Xiuliang from the Planning Commission, joined forces and went all out to visit Shanghai. They cleared obstacles, raised funds, and busied themselves with great enthusiasm. In September of that year, a preliminary agreement was signed, with both parties investing one million yuan each to establish a joint venture factory producing shirts for exportation.

年底,周贵积厂长带了一批人到昆山来专门看望吴克铃,表示衷心的感谢。他说:“我在上海要搞这么个分厂,别的不说,光图章就要盖72个,72个圆图章至少要跑3年。”这就是说,在上海3年办不成的事,昆山3个月就办成了。

By the end of the year, Factory Director Zhou Guiji brought a group of people to Kunshan to visit Wu Kequan personally, expressing their heartfelt gratitude. He said, "If I were to set up such a branch factory in Shanghai, I would have to get 72 official seals at least, and it would take at least three years.” This means that what couldn't be accomplished in Shanghai in three years was achieved in Kunshan in just three months.

吴克铃想的却是另一面,他真诚地说:“要我们自己搞,3年也达不到出口水平;在你们的帮助下,3个月就全部出口了,所以应该是我们感谢你们

This means that what couldn't be accomplished in Shanghai in three years was achieved in Kunshan in just three months. Wu Kequan, however, saw another aspect of the situation. He sincerely said, "If we were to do it ourselves, it would take us three years to meet the export standards; with your help, we've managed to do it within three months. Therefore, it should be us who are grateful to you.”

真心实意,又是互惠互利,衬衫厂的前途越发光明了。吴克铃抓住这个契机, 几次奔走于上海和昆山之间,力主把衬衫厂办成上海的分厂。上海方面也感到和昆山打交道可信可靠,便让衬衫厂!985年7月15日正式挂牌:上海衬衫厂分厂。

With sincerity and mutual benefit, the future of the shirt factory became even brighter. Wu Kequan seized this opportunity and traveled several times between Shanghai and Kunshan, advocating for the shirt factory to become a branch of the Shanghai factory. The Shanghai side also felt that dealing with Kunshan was trustworthy and reliable, so on July 15, 1985, the shirt factory was officially designated as the Shanghai Shirt Factory Branch.

吴克铃请上海派人来当厂长。

Wu Kequan invited someone from Shanghai to serve as the factory director.

有人不理解:一个杨秋林就够了 ,为什么还要请个上海人?

Some people didn't understand, arguing that Yang Qiulin was enough, so why bring in someone from Shanghai?

吴克铃说:“上海的管理水平高,再说,人总是要面子的。来了厂长,就会更加用心出力,联营就会更牢靠,分厂就会办得更好……”

Wu Kequan explained, "Shanghai has a high level of management, and besides, people always care about their reputation. With the arrival of the new factory director, they will be more dedicated and make greater efforts, the joint venture will be more stable, and the branch factory will operate even better..."

事实证明,他的观点是正确的。这一年,新上两条流水线,生产衬衫54万件, 产值540万元,创利50万元,创汇125万美元;截至1989年已经有8条流水线,产值1540万元,创利270万元,创汇850万美元,均为全市村办企业之冠。

The facts proved that his viewpoint was correct. In that year, two new assembly lines were set up, producing 540,000 shirts with a production value of 5.4 million yuan, generating a profit of 500,000 yuan, and earning 1.25 million US dollars in foreign exchange. By 1989, there were already eight assembly lines, with a production value of 15.4 million yuan, generating a profit of 2.7 million yuan, and earning 8.5 million US dollars in foreign exchange, ranking first among all village-run enterprises in the city.

吴克铃明确宣布:“所有的联营厂,凡是条件具备的,都请上海（或其他省市）人当厂长。”

Wu Kequan explicitly announced, "For all joint venture factories that meet the conditions, we will invite people from Shanghai (or other provinces and cities) to serve as factory directors.”

苏州市有个领导说:“这是昆山的’秘密武器’厂’

A leader from Suzhou commented, "This is Kunshan's 'secret weapon.'”

为什么昆山的联营厂一般不是貌合神离而是貌联神合?为什么都说上海人很 “精”不好打交道,而昆山和上海的联营却越来越广泛、越来越紧密?

Why is it that Kunshan's joint venture factories are generally united in spirit, rather than only in appearance? Why is it that despite people saying that Shanghai people are cunning and difficult to deal with, the collaboration between Kunshan and Shanghai is becoming more extensive and closer?

因为吴克铃不俗,所以昆山人不俗。

It's because Wu Kequan is extraordinary, and so are the people of Kunshan.

俗,可能精明,但不可能高明;不俗,可能不精明,但可能高明。

Ordinary people might be smart, but not necessarily brilliant; extraordinary people might not be cunning, but they can be brilliant.

高人不多。

There are not many brilliant people.

高人在,能人幸;高人无,能人再多也无用。

When a brilliant person is present, capable people are fortunate; without a brilliant person, even a large number of capable people will be of no use.

ー县如此,一市一省一国也如此。

The same applies to a county, a city, a province, or even a nation.

昆山人不俗,吴克铃不俗,上海人也不俗,梅寿椿、王金林也不俗,所以有了一个衬衫分厂,接着又有了五个纺织行业的联营厂。

The people of Kunshan are extraordinary, as are Wu Kequan, the people of Shanghai, Mei Shouchun, and Wang Jinlin. Thus, a shirt factory was established, followed by five joint-venture textile factories.

六个厂,虽然少得可怜,但作为ー种努力方向,上海和昆山的纺织行业实行了全行业的联营。

Despite being only six factories, a humble number, they marked a new direction in the joint efforts of Shanghai and Kunshan's textile industries, which pursued collaboration across the entire sector.

当然,吴克铃想的是下ー步。

Naturally, Wu Kequan was thinking about the next step.

1986年4月,昆山县人民政府与上海市纺织エ业局开始商谈建立纺织出口基地的事。

In April 1986, the Kunshan County People's Government and the Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau began discussions on establishing a textile export base.

3月15日,吴克铃和王金林专程去南京,向省长顾秀莲汇报了这个打算。顾秀莲给予充分的肯定,她说:“昆山与上海联合,起步迟,起点高,效果好,对国家、对上海、对昆山都有好处,路子是对的。”

On March 15th, Wu Kequan and Wang Jinlin made a special trip to Nanjing to report their plans to Gu Xiulian, Governor of Jiangsu province. Gu Xiulian gave her full affirmation, saying: "The collaboration between Kunshan and Shanghai, though late in its start, has a high starting point and has yielded excellent results. It benefits the nation, Shanghai, and Kunshan. This is the right path."

顾秀莲又及时向省委书记韩培信汇报。韩培信明确表示支持,并指示省里有关部门主动配合,不要“打坝”。

Gu Xiulian also promptly reported to the Provincial Party Secretary Han Peixin. Han Peixin expressed his clear support and instructed the relevant departments in the province to actively cooperate and not to "block" the initiative.

在这期间,纺织エ业部何副部长也积极做工作,促成昆山和上海的联营升级。

During this period, Deputy Director He of the Textile Industry Department also worked actively to promote the upgrade of the joint venture between Kunshan and Shanghai.

4月3日到4日,上海市纺织エ业局局长梅寿椿、副局长王金林,昆山县委书记毛阳青,县长吴克铃,副县长汪国兴、郑慧珍,还有上海市经委顾问龚兆源,ー起在昆山进行了为期两天的会谈。作为这个会谈的结果,签订了在昆山建立“上海纺织品出口联合生产基地”的协议。

On April 3rd and 4th, Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau Director Mei Shouchun, Deputy Director Wang Jinlin, Kunshan County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing, County Mayor Wu Kequan, Deputy County Mayors Wang Guoxing and Zheng Huizhen, as well as Shanghai Economic Commission consultant Gong Zhaoyuan, all gathered in Kunshan for a two-day conference. As a result of this meeting, an agreement was signed to establish the "Shanghai Textile Products Export Joint Production Base" in Kunshan.

联营的作用,合作的威力,ー个正确的思路所能够释放出来的能量是没有止境的。正是依靠这条路子以及这条路子所积累的实カ和思想,1987年,在全县14个重点项目全部完成并投产见效的基础上,吴克铃又组织了第二个大的“战役”一再上29个重点建设项目。除极个别外,已陆续竣工投产……

The impact of joint ventures, the power of cooperation, and the energy that can be unleashed by a correct approach are boundless. It is precisely by relying on this path and the practical experience and ideas it has accumulated that in 1987, Wu Kequan organized the second major "campaign" – launching 29 core projects – on the basis of completing and achieving results for all 14 key projects across the county. With only a few exceptions, these projects have been successively completed and put into operation...

十四、费孝通说“很好”

14 Fei Xiaotong Says "Very Good”

去年10月,吴克铃在苏州向费孝通先生汇报他的经济思路,在讲到“三线”エ业时说:“过去那些地方我们不能看,保密厂,谁敢去?中央提出搞活国有企业, ’三线‘的军エ厂要扩散,我们就主动去看了。有些厂的设备封存20年了,从来没人动过,人呢,也ー样,等于封存。我说,我们拿产品来生产,行不行?他们不积极; 到我们这里来做,他们愿意了。我们环境好,位置优越,所以他们有积极性。我认为,国家应该支持他们出来。”

In October last year, Wu Kequan reported his economic ideas to Mr. Fei Xiaotong in Suzhou. Speaking about the "Third Tier" industries, he said: "In the past, we could not visit those places, as they were confidential factories; who would dare to go? When the central government proposed revitalizing state-owned enterprises, the 'Third Tier' military factories were to be dispersed, and we took the initiative to visit them. Some factory equipment had been sealed for 20 years, never touched by anyone. The same applies to the people, who were virtually in storage as well.” I asked, 'Can we use these products for production, is it feasible?' They were not enthusiastic; but when we invited them to work with us, they were willing. Our environment is good, and our location is advantageous, so they were motivated. I believe our country should support their integration into the broader economy.”

费孝通点点头,赞同他的意见。

Fei Xiaotong nodded his head, agreeing with Wu Kequan's opinion.

吴克铃进ー步阐述自己的想法:“开始我们也担心,与’三线‘军エ企业合资办企业,会不会动摇’三线’大本营军心?实践证明,搞了联营,非但没有动摇军心, 反而更稳定了。比如,我们与航天部风华机器厂联营办了风华冰箱厂昆山分厂,开始贵州有些担心,实际上,这个厂有不少技术人员是南方人,比如上海人,在贵州好多年,一直想回来,但调动很困难,有的工作也不安心。现在办了分厂,一些工程技术人员可以来昆山安家落户,到上海也很近,可以早晨来昆山上班,傍晚回到家里休息,这样大家都很满意。而且,国家一旦需要,这些人还可以回到大本营。”

Wu Kequan further elaborated on his thoughts: "At the beginning, we were also worried that establishing joint ventures with 'Third Tier' military enterprises might shake the foundation of the 'Third Tier' military spirit. However, practice has shown that forming joint ventures not only didn't undermine the military spirit but, in fact, made it more stable.” For instance, we established a joint venture with the Aerospace Department's Fenghua Machinery Factory to create the Fenghua Refrigerator Factory's Kunshan branch. Initially, there was some concern from Guizhou, but in reality, many of the factory's technical staff were from the south, such as Shanghai natives. They had been in Guizhou for many years and had always wanted to return but found it difficult to relocate, which affected their focus on work. Now that the branch factory has been established, some of the engineering and technical personnel can settle down in Kunshan. It's also close to Shanghai, so they can commute to Kunshan for work in the morning and return home to rest in the evening. This arrangement has left everyone satisfied. Moreover, if our country needs them, these people can return to their original posts."

费孝通高兴地说:“你支持了我的’三线’军エ企业扩散论!”

Fei Xiaotong happily responded, "You have supported my theory of the dispersion of 'Third Tier' military enterprises!”

第二天,费孝通就到了昆山。临行前,他就说:“可以让新华社发个消息,说我到昆山实地调查,开发区的情况很好。”

The next day, Fei Xiaotong arrived in Kunshan. Before leaving, he said, "You can let Xinhua News Agency release a news item, saying that I have come to Kunshan for an on-site investigation, and the situation in the development zone is very good.”

考察的结果是十分满意的。昆山的实践、吴克铃的思路,与费孝通长期研究所形成的理论框架不谋而合。昆山之路就是强国之路。要强国,就必须把经济搞上去,而发展经济只能靠自力更生。昆山之路之所以可贵,就在于不是你要我发展经济搞开发区,而是我自己要改革开放要搞开发区,所以オ不是眼睛向上伸手要钱, 而是眼睛向下动手苦干!不在编、不正名、不给政策也干,只要对国家有利、于人民有益、符合改革开放的大势就坚决地干。缺人才、缺资金、缺技术就“横向”联营, 把东西南北风都借来。没有条件自己创造条件,创造出ー个实实在在生机勃勃的开发区,然后让你大吃ー惊,不得不佩服,也不得不承认:昆山之路是成功之路,也是强国之路……

The inspection results were highly satisfactory. The practice in Kunshan and Wu Kequan's ideas coincided with the theoretical framework formed by Fei Xiaotong's long-term research. The path of Kunshan is the path to a strong country. To strengthen the nation, it is essential to boost the economy, which can only be achieved through self-reliance. The value of the Kunshan path lies in the fact that it is not about others urging us to develop the economy and create development zones; instead, it is about our own desire for reform and opening up and our commitment to establishing development zones. As a result, we do not look up and ask for money, but instead, look down and work hard! We will persevere in our efforts, even without official approval, formal recognition, or policy support, as long as they are beneficial to the country, the people, and in line with the general trend of reform and opening up. When facing a lack of talent, funds, or technology, we resort to "horizontal" joint ventures, borrowing resources from all directions. Without existing conditions, we create our own and establish a thriving development zone. Then, we surprise everyone, making them admire and acknowledge that the Kunshan path is a path to success and a path to a strong country...

在考察中,费老还发现,昆山不但有吴克铃这样经验丰富、思路明晰的决策者和身体カ行的领导,还有一批能量都极其充沛的人。昆山虽小,却不可等闲视之; 昆山起步虽迟,但是一旦觉醒,就疾步起飞,因为在这里有一群不凡不俗、锐意进取的能人志士。

During the investigation, Mr. Fei also discovered that not only did Kunshan have experienced and clear-minded decision-makers like Wu Kequan and hands-on leaders, but also a group of people with immense energy. Although Kunshan is small, it should not be taken lightly. Though Kunshan's start was late, once awakened, it quickly takes off, as there is a group of extraordinary, ambitious, and enterprising talents here.

费老高龄,难得有机会到昆山一回,吴克铃诚恳地请他题词留念。一向不喜欢多题字的费孝通先生,这次却毫不吝惜地写下了八个字:

昆山有玉玉在其人

Because of his advanced age, Mr. Fei rarely had the opportunity to visit Kunshan. Wu Kequan sincerely asked him to write an inscription as a memento. Mr. Fei Xiaotong, who usually didn't like to write many inscriptions, generously wrote eight characters this time: 昆山有玉玉在其人 (Kunshan has talents, and they are the true treasures)

十五、“借鸡生蛋”的风波

15 The "Borrowing to Create Wealth" Philosophy

1985年1月,王金华担任城北乡党委书记。他遇到的第一个问题就是学校老师纷纷要求调动。学校条件太差了,中学建造在泥潭之中,下雨上班自行车没法推,只好扛在肩上……这当然是由来已久的问题,他却感到有愧,为此想到要为老百姓办点事。

In January 1985, Wang Jinhua took office as the Party Secretary of the northern part of the county Township. The first problem he encountered was that schoolteachers were requesting transfers in large numbers. The school's conditions were too poor, with the middle school built in a muddy area where it was impossible to walk their bicycles when it rained, leaving teachers no choice but to carry them on their shoulders. This longstanding problem weighed on him, and he wanted to do something for the people.

但是城北没有钱,穷。过去说“白手起家”,而真正的“白手”是根本不可能起家的。无米之炊,无鸡生蛋,岂不是天方夜谭?

However, the northern part of the county was financially struggling and had no money to spare. In the past, people talked about "starting from scratch," but in reality, it was nearly impossible to achieve anything with truly empty hands. How could one cook without rice or lay eggs without chickens? Wasn't it just a pipe dream?

这时候,吴克铃也面临着同样ー个问题:昆山要发展,开发区要实施,没有钱, 只好唱“空城计”。在综合分析和冷静思考的基础上,他提出借钱办企业,办好企业再还债,边借债、边生产、边还债。他明确倡导的横向联合,其动因或说是目的之一,就是通过横联引进资金。借鸡生蛋,有了蛋就可以孵小鸡,鸡可还鸡,也可以再生蛋。深奥的经济学原理被他用浅显的比喻说得让很多人开了窍。从此“借鸡生蛋”伴随着横向联合的构思,成为昆山发展经济的又一个公开的秘密。

At that time, Wu Kequan faced a similar problem: Kunshan needed development, and the development zone had to be implemented. Without money, the only option was to rely on a "bluffing strategy.” Based on comprehensive analysis and calm consideration, he proposed borrowing money to run enterprises, repaying debts after the enterprises were well-established, and continuously borrowing, producing, and repaying debts. He explicitly advocated for horizontal collaboration, and one of the driving forces or objectives was to introduce capital. Borrowing chickens to lay eggs allowed one to hatch chicks from the eggs, repay the borrowed chickens, and even produce more eggs. He explained the profound economic principles with a simple analogy, enlightening many people. From then on, "borrowing chickens to lay eggs" accompanied the concept of horizontal collaboration, becoming another public secret in Kunshan's economic development.

王金华就是照这个思路去做的,只是他做得比别人更大胆、更彻底,也更富有创造性。

Wang Jinhua followed this train of thought, but he was bolder, more thorough, and more creative than others.

党委九个人,六个搞经济。他们用艰苦拼命的精神、用诚恳专ー的信誉、用使人信服的效益东进上海,北去京都,四面八方,筹借资金。别人摸不着的门槛,他们
熟门熟路;别人不敢进的单位,他们被待若上宾;别人连想都不敢想的资金,他们照样能借得来……

Out of the nine members of the party committee, six were engaged in economic work. With their relentless determination, sincere dedication, and convincing achievements, Wu Kequan and their team managed to expand their influence in various directions, from Shanghai in the east to Beijing in the north, raising funds from all sides. They were familiar with thresholds others couldn't touch, welcomed as esteemed guests in places others dared not enter, and able to borrow funds others couldn't even imagine.

有了钱就办企业,办好企业赚了钱就好还债,也好发展生产为当地老百姓做实事。

With money in hand, they established businesses. By running successful businesses, they repaid their debts and contributed to local development, benefiting the common people.

原先,这里沟沟坎坎、坑坑洼洼,只有几家零散的小企业和几个不成型的村落, 如今,这里已经是个名副其实的“昆山大世界” 了。

What was once a place filled with ditches, potholes, a few scattered small enterprises, and underdeveloped villages, has now become a thriving "Kunshan World" in its true sense.

苏州市委副书记周治华在城北调查后,总结出这么几句:教育为本,科技兴乡, 文化搭台,经济唱戏。

After investigating the northern part of Suzhou, the Deputy Secretary of Suzhou Municipality Zhou Zhihua summarized the key elements of their success: "Education as the foundation, technology for rural prosperity, culture as the stage, and economy as the performance.”

然而,就是这么ー个乡,就是在短短几年中使城北发生了几乎是不可思议的变化的王金华,却遭到了强烈的非议。

However, despite the almost unbelievable transformation of the area in just a few years, Wang Jinhua, who played a crucial role in the development, has faced strong criticism.

非议和责难的焦点集中在借债上。

The focus of the criticism and blame centers on the debt.

吴克铃再清楚不过,发难的由头在城北,而真正的矛头还在县委县政府,在于他这个领头人。

Wu Kequan is well aware that the real issue lies not only in the northern part of the city but also in the county party committee and the county government, as well as in their own leadership, himself.

再说,基层的干部辛辛苦苦拼命工作遭到不公正的议论和责难时,作为上ー级的党委和政府,如漠不关心听之任之的话,其后果必将挫伤积极性,再要继续实现昆山经济的稳步高速发展就不可能了一谁还愿做出头椽子,谁还肯拼命卖カ呢?

Furthermore, when grassroots officials who have worked tirelessly face unfair criticism and blame, if the higher-level party committee and government remain indifferent and unresponsive, the consequences will inevitably dampen enthusiasm. In such a situation, it would be impossible to continue realizing the steady and rapid economic development of Kunshan, as no one would be willing to take the lead or put in their utmost effort.

这当然不是一般性的工作方法上的分歧。

This is certainly not just a general disagreement in work methods.

1988年11月,吴克铃带了顾厚德,“不带任何框框”,到城北实地调查。他们先听汇报,然后要王金华和乡长余增荣把几张报表拿出来,当然是正规的统计报表。而且,在昆山谁都知道,吴克铃是经济上的行家、通オ,无论怎么样也是无法瞒过他的眼睛的。他这次来,就是要掌握第一手资料,就是要看ー看,他构思中的ー个必要环节一“借鸡生蛋”到底效果如何,值不值得推广?

In November 1988, Wu Kequan, accompanied by Gu Houde, conducted a field investigation in the northern part of the city without any preconceptions. They first listened to a report and then asked Wang Jinhua and Township Mayor Yu Zengrong to present several statistical reports, which were, of course, official and standardized. In Kunshan, everyone knew that Wu Kequan was an expert in economics and had a keen eye; it would be impossible to deceive him. His purpose for this visit was to obtain firsthand information and to assess the effectiveness of a crucial element in his plan – "borrowing to create wealth." He wanted to determine whether this approach was worth promoting.

看了报表,不看企业。吴克铃心中有底了。

After reviewing the reports, Wu Kequan didn't even need to visit the enterprises, as he already had a clear understanding.

外面说欠几个亿,实际上当时只有几千万。

Contrary to the rumors of owing billions, the actual debt at that time was only tens of millions.

还有生的“蛋”呢?

What about the "wealth" created?

还有城北乡的老百姓得到的实惠和好处呢?

What about the tangible benefits and advantages enjoyed by the local people in the northern part?

还有企业的后劲、企业的未来、企业的经济效益呢?

What about the enterprises' potential, future, and economic returns?

如果不借债,如果不联营,城北绝不可能有今天,更不可能有将来!

Without borrowing and forming partnerships, the northern part of the city would not have been able to achieve what it has today, let alone have a future.

吴克铃从城北的经验中进ー步确认和丰富了自己的路子,他和顾ー起草拟了提纲,吴克铃的观点、思路、对城北的肯定和支持,全都由顾写成了一篇长稿。

Wu Kequan's experiences in the northern part of the county further confirmed and enriched his approach. He and Gu drafted an outline, and Gu wrote a detailed report reflecting Wu Kequan's viewpoints, thoughts, and affirmation and support for the northern part of the county.

县委常委就这事做了专门讨论后,决定在城北召开ー个现场会,把全县的乡镇长和党委书记,还有县机关部委办局的头头们都召集到城北,到那里看企业,听介绍,各自发表意见,进行开放式的讨论。然后,县委书记毛阳青根据吴克铃的调查代表县委县政府做了总结报告。

After a special discussion among the members of the County Party Committee, it was decided to hold a field meeting in the northern part of the county. Township mayors, party committee secretaries from the entire county, as well as leaders from county-level departments, bureaus, and offices were all invited. There, they would visit the enterprises, listen to introductions, express their opinions, and engage in open discussions. Subsequently, County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing made a summary report on behalf of the county party committee and the county government, based on Wu Kequan's investigation.

明朗而坚决的态度给王金华撑了腰,给全县基层干部鼓了劲,也给了吴克铃本人ー种启示:作为领导,无论在什么情况下,总要站在实干的同志一边,要理解他们、支持他们、保护他们、提拔他们……

The clear and resolute attitude bolstered Wang Jinhua, motivated grassroots officials throughout the county, and also provided Wu Kequan with personal inspiration: As a leader, under any circumstances, they must always stand by those who are dedicated to their work, understanding, supporting, protecting, and promoting them.

于是昆山把城北作为ー个典型报到苏州市委,市委书记高德正到城北调查之后,又把城北作为苏州市的典型加以推广……

As a result, Kunshan presented the northern part of the county as a model to the Suzhou Municipal Party Committee. After the Suzhou Municipal Party Secretary Gao Dezheng visited the northern part of the city for an investigation, the city also promoted it as a model for Suzhou.

今年春,吴克铃在谈到这件事时,仍然记忆犹新。高德正说,借债问题,其实是从小农经济向社会主义集体化生产转变的ー个观念问题。中国农民祖祖辈辈梦想的只是ー头老牛一方田,自给自足,一旦负债,就要卖儿卖女,每到年关,就提心吊胆。共和国成立后,互助组合作化,后来“共产风”走极端,翻来覆去,总没把社会主义这个题目说清楚,也没有从西方的发展中吸取有益成分,所以ー听说借债,就怕得不得了,几十万、几百万哪!哪年哪月还得清? 一个包袱压得直不起腰抬不起头。其实,不在于借不借债,也不在于借多借少,关键是项目有没有吃准,吃准了, 再多再大的债也应该借!

This spring, Wu Kequan still vividly remembers the incident when talking about it. Gao Dezheng said that the issue of borrowing is actually a conceptual problem in the transition from a small-scale peasant economy to socialist collective production. For generations, Chinese farmers have dreamed of having just an ox and a piece of land, being self-sufficient. Once in debt, they would have to sell their children, and they would be anxious every year-end. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, mutual aid groups were formed, and then extreme "communist winds" blew. Through it all, the issue of socialism was never clarified, and useful elements from Western development were not absorbed. Therefore, when people heard about borrowing, they became extremely fearful. How could they ever repay hundreds of thousands or millions of debt? It would weigh heavily on them, preventing them from standing tall and raising their heads. In fact, the issue is not about whether to borrow or not, nor is it about the amount of borrowing. The key is whether the projects are accurately assessed. If they are, then even large debts should be borrowed!

高德正又说到,小农经济思想是改革的一大阻カ,昆山也是农业县,现在要改革开放,从某种意义上来说,就是要跳出昆山这个小圈子、小天地,不跳出这个小圈子、小天地,就永远是小生产、小经济、小家子气,也永远不可能把昆山这个小地方建设好。

Gao Dezheng also mentioned that the small-scale peasant economy mindset is a significant obstacle to reform. As an agricultural county, Kunshan needs to break free from this narrow perspective as it undergoes reform and opening up. Without transcending this limited mindset, Kunshan will always be characterized by small-scale production, a modest economy, and narrow-mindedness, making it impossible to fully develop and prosper.

高德正还说到和吴克铃说过的大同小异的ー些观点:改革也是政治,改革需要思想,改革不可能只是单纯的经济;没有思想,不懂政治的人,不可能搞好改革,不可能搞好经济,相反还会影响经济的发展,阻碍改革的前进。

Gao Dezheng also mentioned some similar views to those expressed by Wu Kequan: Reform is political, it requires thought, and it cannot be purely economic. Without ideas and understanding of politics, one cannot carry out successful reforms or manage the economy well. On the contrary, it would hinder economic development and obstruct reform progress.

用小农经济的思想来参加改革、建设社会主义,恐怕这オ是中国最大的悲哀, 也是最大的误区。

Participating in reform and building socialism with a small-scale peasant economy mindset is perhaps China's greatest tragedy and the biggest misconception.

为什么ー些人把社会主义称作，，乌托邦，，？

Why do some people refer to socialism as a "utopia"?

因为中国选择了社会主义而社会主义给中国的好处来得太慢也太少。

It's because China chose socialism, and the benefits it brought to China have been slow and scarce.

要告别乌托邦赶走乌托邦这个令人丧气的乌鸦,那就必须告别小生产的观念, 首先把封建封闭和保守愚昧这个恶魔赶走!

To move away from the utopian ideal and eliminate the discouraging aspect of utopia, we must first abandon the concept of small-scale production, and drive away the demons of feudalism, closed-mindedness, and conservative ignorance!

好在从中央到地方（比如昆山）已经有越来越多的人想到了这一点,并且正在用顽强的毅カ和坚忍不拔的意志朝着既定的方向跋涉攀缘。

Fortunately, the increasing awareness, from both central and local governments (such as Kunshan), is encouraging, and with persistence and resilience, they are moving forward in the right direction.

吴克铃的思路或者说昆山之路,正是与这个基本点吻合,否则,他就不会花那
么大的精力和财カ办教育,也不会不惜一切引进人才、培养人才,更不会在风雨浪头上挺身而出,关怀和保护每ー个为社会主义增添光色的人才。

Wu Kequan's approach, or the "Kunshan Path," aligns with this fundamental point. Otherwise, he would not have invested so much energy and resources in education, nor would he have spared no effort to introduce and cultivate talent. Moreover, he would not have stood up in the face of adversity to care for and protect every individual who contributes to the vibrancy of socialism.

第四章拥有了千万个笑容

Chapter 4 A Million Smiles

十六、第一个吃螃蟹的人

16 The First One to Taste the Crab

岁月是ー张网,人总是在ー张网的世界里生活。大网如天,恢宏无比,你要冲破这张网犹如揪住自己的头发离开地球ー样地不可能,而且网眼到处都是,漏洞随时可见,于是乎青春和爱情包括机会和机遇,都在默默地不知不觉中漏掉了、失落了……

Time is like a net, and people always live in a world woven by this net. Time is like a net, and people always live in a world woven by this net. The vast net is as expansive as the sky, and breaking through it is as impossible as lifting oneself off the earth by pulling one's hair. The net's openings are everywhere, with flaws visible at any time. As a result, youth, love, opportunities, and chances slip away unnoticed and are lost...

1984年秋,一位患过小儿麻痹症的中年人在昆山城区东侧的泥路上踽踽行走。他永远随身携带着他的公文包,也总有一副近视眼镜伴随着他。他站定,用ー条健康的腿支撑着他的身体,又用ー只结实的手在半空中虚画了一个圆圈,嘴里不由得念念有词

In the autumn of 1984, a middle-aged man who had suffered from polio walked alone on a muddy road in the eastern Kunshan. He always carried his briefcase with him and was always accompanied by a pair of nearsighted glasses. He stood still, supporting his body with one healthy leg, and with a strong hand, he drew an imaginary circle in the air while murmuring to himself.

他是日本苏旺你有限公司的老板三好先生。

He was Mr. Miyoshi, the owner of the Japanese Suwang Co., Ltd.

他怎么到昆山来的?

How did he end up in Kunshan?

这又是ー个偶然而又必然的结果。

This was a result of both chance and inevitability.

那天,吴克铃接到ー个电话,是计委汤帆打来的,汤帆说他和银行何副行长到苏州去,偶然听说苏州中国银行的人说昆山有手套厂,日本人搞合资联合生产手套,怎么到XX县而不到昆山?这个信息立刻使吴克铃想到了经济开发区的未来, 第二天,他就跑苏州,到轻エ局,然后到计委找主任陈辉。陈辉也是第一次和外国人谈项目,就说,昆山和XX竞争,谁条件好就给谁。

One day, Wu Kequan received a phone call from Tang Fan of the Planning Commission. Tang Fan said that he and Vice President He from the bank went to Suzhou, and they accidentally heard from the Bank of China in Suzhou that there was a glove factory in Kunshan. A Japanese company was involved in a joint venture for glove production, but why did they go to XX County instead of Kunshan? This information immediately made Wu Kequan think of the future of the Economic Development Zone. The next day, he went to Suzhou, visited the Light Industry Bureau, and then went to the Planning Commission to find Director Chen Hui. It was also the first time that Chen Hui had discussed a project with foreigners, and he said that Kunshan and XX County were competing, and the project would go to whoever had better conditions.

吴克铃的高明之处就在于,一旦看准了,就死抓住不放。

Wu Kequan's brilliance was that once he set his sights on something, he would hold on to it relentlessly.

他ー连跑了七趟苏州!

He made seven trips to Suzhou!

正式谈判开始了。副县长李锦舫、郑慧珍、夏梁鑫先后出场。谈得很艰苦,有一次,好动感情的三好先生竟然激动得哭了起来〇

The formal negotiations began. Vice county mayors Li Jinfang, Zheng Huijin, and Xia Liangxin took turns participating in the discussions. The negotiations were tough. At one point, the emotional Mr. Miyoshi was even moved to tears.

最后,吴克铃出面拍板,很快达成了协议,于是双方设宴庆祝,三好在和吴克铃碰杯时,突然激动得放声大哭!

In the end, Wu Kequan stepped in and quickly reached an agreement. The two parties held a celebratory banquet, and Mr. Miyoshi burst into tears again when he toasted with Wu Kequan.

吴克铃是个绝对经济型人才,但他又绝对不是个纯经济学家。在中国,除了搞专门研究的理论家和学者教授外,你要做个“纯粹”的经济领导或企业家是根本不可能的。政治是经济的集中表现,经济是政治的物质基础。搞经济不可能完全脱离政治,没有思想没有政治头脑是不可能搞好经济的。改革开放,是政治还是经济?既有政治也有经济。如果ー个人的目光仅仅囿于ー个厂ー个县的小范围,那归根结底也只能是小生产小农经济,又怎么可能和社会主义大生产大经济搭得上边?所以吴克铃着眼在经济,而又清楚大政策的导向;着眼在昆山,又把握着大经济的趋势。也正因此,他能够抓住契机,办成了这个合资企业。

Wu Kequan was an exceptional economic talent, but he was not a pure economist. In China, apart from specialized theorists and scholars, it is virtually impossible to be a "pure" economic leader or entrepreneur. Politics is the concentrated expression of economics, and economics is the material basis of politics. Economics cannot be completely separated from politics, and it is impossible to manage the economy well without ideas and political acumen. Is reform and opening up primarily political or economic? In fact, it encompasses aspects of both politics and economics. If one's vision is limited to the small scope of a single factory or county, then ultimately, it can only be small-scale production and a peasant economy. How can that possibly be compatible with the large-scale production and economy of socialism? Therefore, Wu Kequan focused on economics while clearly understanding the direction of major policies; he concentrated on Kunshan while keeping an eye on the broader economic trends. It was precisely for this reason that he was able to seize the opportunity and establish this joint venture.

是的,三好接触过不少中方官员和企业界人士,但他很难遇到像吴克铃这样的人一既懂经济,人又厚道;既不会让你无代价地占便宜,又要让你得到好处……

Indeed, Mr. Miyoshi had encountered many Chinese officials and business people, but it was difficult for him to find someone like Wu Kequan – someone who understood economics and was also a person of integrity; someone who would not let you take advantage without giving something in return but would still ensure you benefited from the cooperation.

跟这样的官员打交道,他有一种安全感。

Dealing with such an official, Mr. Miyoshi felt a sense of security.

他说:“吴先生,我很高兴能结识你……”

He said, "Mr. Wu, I am delighted to have met you...”

吴克铃说:“祝我们合作愉快,让我们双方都能赚大钱!”

Wu Kequan replied, "I wish us a pleasant cooperation and may both sides make a lot of money!”

1985年3月,苏州市也是江苏省县级第一家中外合资企业“中国苏旺你有限公司”正式开エ投产了。

In March 1985, Suzhou's and Jiangsu Province's first county-level Sino-foreign joint venture, "China Suwangyou Co., Ltd.," officially began production.

现在,我们似乎可以对“昆山之路”或吴克铃的思路做一个简单明确的表述

Now, we can seemingly provide a clear and concise description of the "Kunshan Path" or Wu Kequan's approach:

东依上海,西托“三线”。内联乡村,面向全国,走向世界。

Relying on Shanghai to the east and the "Third Tier" to the west. Connecting rural areas internally, facing the whole country, and moving towards the world.

因为在实践中逐步形成了这样ー个比较完整的思路,所以吴克铃“敢为天下先”。“先”不是出格,“先”是在总体上把握住国情国策和改革开放的大势,因而 “先”得不俗、“先”得不凡、“先”得有板有眼、“先”得有声有色。也正因为此,别人不敢想的他想了,别人不敢做的他做了,等到别人也想到也做到的时候,他又把文章做活了、做深了、做得更加丰富多彩得心应手了……

As Wu Kequan's relatively complete approach gradually took shape through practice, he earned praise for being a bold pioneer. "Being the first" is not about being unconventional; it's about having a comprehensive grasp of national conditions, policies, and the overall trend of reform and opening up. As a result, Wu Kequan's pioneering efforts were remarkable, outstanding, well-structured, and vibrant. Indeed, it was due to this that he dared to envision what others didn't dare to envision, and he dared to undertake what others didn't dare to undertake. By the time others caught up, daring to envision and undertake the same, he had already infused life into his career, diving deeper and making it more vibrant and fulfilling, thus mastering it effortlessly...

紧接着,吴克铃又率先搞了土地有偿出让和企业兼并……

Following this, Wu Kequan also took the lead in implementing compensated land transfers and corporate mergers.

至1990年初,全市已有40多家企业被外地大企业或本地优势企业兼并,效益普遍看好。

By early 1990, more than 40 enterprises in the city had been merged by large enterprises from other regions or by local dominant enterprises, with generally promising results.

跟着感觉走

Follow your intuition,

紧抓住梦的手

Hold on tightly to the hand of your dreams,

脚步越来越轻越来越快活

Your steps become lighter and more lively,

尽情挥洒自己的笑容

Freely spread your own smiles everywhere.

当ー个人的思路、ー个人的オ干趋于成熟的时候,犹如一个成熟而又具有自己个性的作家,做起文章来就不会打疙瘩,就会“尽情挥洒自己的笑容”,就会敢于出奇兵,用大笔横书,做无人敢做的文章。土地转让,企业兼并,就如开头的横向联合、自费经济开发区ー样,无不出人意料,细想却又在情理之中……

When a person's ideas and approach become mature, like a seasoned writer with their own unique style, they can write without hesitation, freely spread their smiles, and dare to employ surprise tactics and bold strokes, creating works that no one else dares to do. Land transfer and enterprise mergers, just like the initial horizontal collaboration and self-financed economic development zones, are all unexpected, yet upon closer thought, they make perfect sense.

十七、“昆山之路”

17 "The Kunshan Path”

写到这里,我们可以对“昆山之路”做ー个数字上的表述了。

At this point, we can provide a numerical description of the "Kunshan Path.”

1978年,昆山的工业产值只有2.2亿元。

In 1978, Kunshan's industrial output value was only 220 million yuan.

1983年,增加到5.7亿元,5年翻了一番多。

By 1983, it had increased to 570 million yuan, more than doubling in five years.

1984年,吴克铃担任县长,从此昆山的经济发展纳入了他的思路之中。

In 1984, Wu Kequan became the county mayor, and from then on, Kunshan's economic development was incorporated into his vision.

1989年,エ业产值4〇. 34亿元,比1983年增长6倍;外贸收购额4. 092亿元, 比1983年增长近20倍;财政收入1.23亿元,比!983年增长!21% ;人均生产总值 3256 元,增长 290%。

In 1989, the industrial output value reached 4.034 billion yuan, a six-fold increase from 1983; foreign trade procurement reached 4.092 billion yuan, an increase of nearly 20 times compared to 1983; fiscal revenue reached 123 million yuan, a 121% increase from 1983; and per capita GDP reached 3,256 yuan, a 290% increase.

全市工业固定资产总额1〇个亿,1。亿富翁,是1978年的!3倍。

The total fixed assets of the Kunshan's industries reached 10 billion yuan, making Kunshan a "billionaire" city, which is 13 times that of 1978.

还要特别提一下的是,6年粮食总产262万吨,比前6年总产增1.09%,成为全国交售粮食先进县（市）；多种经营产值7.37亿元,增长152.4%。1989年农民人均收入1233元,比1983年增长40〇. 6元。

It is worth mentioning that the total grain output in six years was 2.62 million tons, an increase of 1.09% compared to the previous six years, making Kunshan a national advanced county (county-level city) for grain sales; the output value of diversified operations reached 737 million yuan, an increase of 152.4%. In 1989, the per capita income of farmers was 1,233 yuan, an increase of 400.6 yuan compared to 1983.

经济的发展尤其是工业生产的发展,并没有以牺牲农业为代价,相反,昆山的农业在稳定中有了新的发展。

The economic development, especially the development of industrial production, did not come at the expense of agriculture. On the contrary, Kunshan's agriculture achieved new development in stability.

市财政局局长严文奎说,这是难能可贵的,是ー个十分了不起的贡献。

Yan Wenkui, the director of the Municipal Finance Bureau, said that this is very commendable and an extraordinary contribution.

这也恰恰是作为科学的“昆山之路”的又一个有力的佐证。

This is also another strong evidence of the scientific "Kunshan Path.”

六年,一台有声有色的戏!

In six years, a vivid and colorful play unfolded!

六年,ー场多姿多彩的梦!

In six years, a diverse and colorful dream was realized!

六年,走出了一条“昆山之路”,为建设具有中国特色的社会主义做出了一篇独立思考的好文章!

In six years, the "Kunshan Path" was forged, contributing a well-thought-out article to the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics!

六年,还是那山那水那些人,但昆山人自己都不认识自己了一ー无论是衣着、风度、言谈举止,也无论是思想观念、文明程度,都有了明显变化,跃上了一个更高的层次……

In six years, the same mountains, waters, and people remained, but the people of Kunshan hardly recognized themselves – their clothing, demeanor, conversation, and behavior, as well as their thoughts, concepts, and level of civilization, all underwent significant changes, leaping to a higher level...

这一切,都是和自费经济技术开发区紧紧地联系在ー起的。

All of these changes are closely linked to the self-funded economic and technological development zone.

商业局罗局长说得好:“不是开发区沾了昆山人的光,而是昆山人沾了开发区的光。”

Director Luo of the Commerce Bureau put it well: "It's not that the development zone has benefited from the people of Kunshan, but rather the people of Kunshan have benefited from the development zone.”

开发区是吴克铃的也是全昆山人民的骄傲。

The development zone is the pride of Wu Kequan and all the people of Kunshan.

开发区属于昆山也属于江苏省属于全中国,甚至还可以说她属于整个社会

It belongs not only to Kunshan and Jiangsu Province, but also to the whole of China, and even to the entire society.

大聪明者既非庸碌的俗物又不是出世的神仙。大聪明者总是实事求是的。中国有11亿人,中国“封建”了几千年,这是中国的最基本的国情。在这里,愤世嫉俗、杞人忧天都无济于事,关键还是要把经济搞上去。只有发展经济才能埋葬封建主义,也只有发展经济才能建成社会主义。吴克铃懂得这个国情,所以他的思路很实在,他的思路始终围绕着发展经济这个中心,而且实实在在地使昆山的经济前进了一大步。

Wise individuals are neither mediocre nor detached from the world. They are always pragmatic. China has a population of 1.1 billion and has experienced thousands of years of "feudalism." This is China's most basic national condition. In this context, cynicism and groundless worries are of no use; the key is to boost the economy. Only through economic development can feudalism be eradicated, and only through economic development can socialism be built. Wu Kequan understands this national condition, so his approach is very pragmatic. His thinking always revolves around the central task of economic development, and it has indeed helped Kunshan's economy take a big step forward.

有人对我说:“外面的文章你写了不少,不能为昆山宣传宣传吗?”

Someone once said to me, "You've written quite a few articles about other places. Can't you promote Kunshan as well?”

然而本地的文章不好写。“不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。”越是接触得多,越是难以把握。更难的是,文章有文章的规律,写人写事都得从文章的构思出发,而且写ー个人的ー些事不等于肯定他的一切,更不等于就否定或贬低他人…… 总之,文章就是文章,而有人却偏会把文章误解成为是组织的决定或是按官方的表彰名单论功行赏……

However, writing about Kunshan is not easy. As the saying goes, "One cannot see the true face of Mount Lu because one is in the mountain itself." The more you are exposed to something, the harder it is to grasp. What's more challenging is that there are certain rules and principles to writing. When writing about people or events, one must start from the conception of the article. Moreover, writing about a person's achievements does not mean approving of everything they've done, nor does it mean denying or belittling others. In short, an article is just an article, but some people tend to misinterpret it as an organizational decision or as recognition and rewards according to an official list.

正是从这一顾虑出发,加上其他ー些原因,我没有贸然动笔,而是把新华社和《人民日报》的记者请了来,让他们从“旁观者”的角度进行采访。这两个记者都是大手笔,看到我提供的资料后就一心要做篇大文章。果然,1988年7月,《人民日报》头版登出来了,是专写自费开发区的,还特别地配了一篇评论,题目就叫作《“昆山之路”三评》。

It is precisely because of this concern, coupled with other reasons, that I didn't rush to write. Instead, I invited reporters from Xinhua News Agency and People's Daily to conduct interviews from an "outsider's" perspective. Both of these reporters were skilled writers, and after seeing the materials I provided, they were determined to write a significant piece. As expected, in July 1988, People's Daily published a front-page article specifically about the self-funded development zone, along with a special commentary titled "Three Comments on the Kunshan Path.”

昆山立刻名声大噪。

Kunshan immediately gained widespread attention.

1988年冬天,国务院经济技术开发区在天津召开理论讨论会,一年以后,又在烟台召开同一专题的政策研究会,有资格参加会议的当然只是国务院批准的14个开发区,但昆山作为唯一的ー个“特邀代表”,两次都出席了会议。

In the winter of 1988, the State Council's Economic and Technological Development Zones held a theoretical discussion in Tianjin. A year later, a policy research meeting on the same topic was held in Yantai. Naturally, only the 14 development zones approved by the State Council were eligible to attend the meetings. However, Kunshan, as the only "specially invited representative," attended both meetings.

吴克铃走不开,他让办公室的顾厚德去参加,他自己则有个书面发言。

Wu Kequan could not attend the meetings himself, so he sent Gu Houde from his office to participate, while he prepared a written speech.

让我们看看下ー个意味深长的比较一

Let's take a look at the following meaningful comparison:

全国14个开发区,第一期工程40平方公里,已花41亿元,每平方公里1亿多;昆山第一期开发3.75平方公里,到去年年底,花了 4700万元,基础设施已达到七通一平（通路、电、水、讯、排水、煤气、蒸气,道路平整）,每平方公里1200万元,相当于国批开发区的12%。

Among the 14 national development zones, the first phase of the project covers 40 square kilometers and has cost 4.1 billion yuan, which is more than 100 million yuan per square kilometer. In contrast, the first phase of Kunshan's development covers 3.75 square kilometers, and by the end of last year, it had spent 47 million yuan. The infrastructure has reached the level of "seven connections and one leveling" (roads, electricity, water, communication, drainage, gas, and steam, with leveled roads), costing 12 million yuan per square kilometer, which is equivalent to 12% of the cost for the nationally approved development zones.

见效之快也令人瞩目。昆山开发区已有30个企业,其中有外商投资的11家, 国内联营的16家,1985年到1989年,完成工业产值!5. 39亿元,出口创汇4079万美元,累计利润4541万元,上缴税金5383万元,税利合计1.1亿元!其中,1989年产值5亿多,超过1983年全县エ业产值的总和。倘再把全国14个国批开发区的产值排列个名次,那么,昆山这个不在编的自费开发区名列第三,仅次于广州和上海! 1989年,江苏两个国批开发区上缴国家税金,ー个是200万元,ー个是300万元,而昆山这个自费开发区却上缴了 800万元!

The quick effectiveness of Kunshan's approach is also eye-catching. Kunshan Development Zone has 30 enterprises, including 11 with foreign investment and 16 with domestic joint ventures. From 1985 to 1989, the zone completed an industrial output value of 1.539 billion yuan, exported goods worth 40.79 million US dollars, accumulated profits of 45.41 million yuan, and paid taxes of 53.83 million yuan, with a total tax and profit of 110 million yuan! In 1989 alone, the output value exceeded 500 million yuan, surpassing the total industrial output value of the entire county in 1983. If we were to rank the industrial output values of the 14 nationally approved development zones, Kunshan, an unofficial self-funded development zone, would rank third, only behind Guangzhou and Shanghai! In 1989, the two nationally approved development zones in Jiangsu province contributed tax payments to the state, one with 2 million yuan and the other with 3 million yuan, while Kunshan's self-funded development zone contributed 8 million yuan!

“昆山之路”在会议期间引起了极大的震动,1988年那一次,11期会议简报5 期提到并热烈称赞昆山的路子:“他们的经验主要是自力更生,量カ而行,勤俭开发,先主后辅,先生产后生活,先向外后向内……”

During the conference, the "Kunshan Path" caused a great sensation. In the 1988 conference, the 11th issue of the conference newsletter mentioned and enthusiastically praised Kunshan's approach in five issues: "Their experience is mainly self-reliance, acting according to their capabilities, developing diligently and thriftily, prioritizing production over supporting functions, prioritizing external development over internal development, and so on...”

南开大学国际经济研究所陈荫方教授说:“国家没有投资,也没有给一条优惠政策,昆山能够取得这么好的成绩,的确令人振奋……”

Professor Chen Yinfang from the International Economics Research Institute of Nankai University said: "The country did not invest nor provided any preferential policies, but Kunshan has achieved such good results, which is indeed inspiring...”

还有一些专家和教授则从纯理论的海洋中跳出来大声疾呼:，，必须重视，昆山之路’,让我们的开发区尽快走出误区!”

Some experts and professors also jumped out of the purely theoretical ocean and loudly called for attention to the "Kunshan Path" and urged the development zones to get out of the misunderstanding as soon as possible.

需要走出误区的也许不仅仅是ー个经济技术开发区,“昆山之路”不正是对强国之路的ー个重要启迪吗?！

Perhaps it is not only the economic and technological development zones that need to get out of the misunderstanding. Isn't the "Kunshan Path" an important enlightenment for the path to a strong country?

十八、给我ー点空闲

18 Give Me a Moment of Respite

ー辆普通的深蓝色皇冠轿车平稳地朝上海开去,平稳中又隐含着些许焦虑。驾驶员十分清楚,这趟车早该开了,可是一直拖着,ー拖就是3年,6年一啊,不, 是9年

A deep blue, ordinary Crown sedan glided smoothly towards Shanghai, with a hint of anxiety hidden within its steady progress. The driver knew very well that this journey should have begun much earlier, but it had been delayed – first for three years, then six, and ultimately, nine years.

3年副县长、6年县长,ー共9年。

Three years as a deputy county mayor, six years as a county mayor, totaling nine years.

现在他是市长。

Now, he is the mayor.

1989年9月28日,昆山撤县建市。作为昆山历史上的第一任市长,他在100 面彩旗、1〇万盆鲜花和50多万张笑脸的簇拥中显得异常地平静。他感到幸福,为昆山;他觉得慰藉,为自己。他深深感谢改革开放的政策,感谢全市人民的艰苦奋斗,感谢各个部门和单位的理解和支持,感谢上海的、北京的、南京的、苏州的、三线的、国内国外的领导和朋友们的关心帮助和友好合作……

On September 28, 1989, Kunshan was transformed from a county to a county-level city. As the first Mayor of a county-level city in Kunshan's history, he appeared exceptionally calm amidst the embrace of 100 colorful flags, 100,000 pots of fresh flowers, and over 500,000 smiling faces. He felt happiness for Kunshan and solace for himself. He deeply appreciated the reform and opening-up policy, the arduous efforts of the entire city's people, the understanding and support from various departments and units, as well as the care, assistance, and friendly cooperation from leaders and friends in Shanghai, Beijing, Nanjing, Suzhou, third-tier cities, and both domestic and international circles.

我终于让千百个企业纳入了我的思路。

Finally, he had managed to incorporate thousands of enterprises into his vision.

我终于拥有了千千万万个真诚热烈的笑容。

Ultimately, he had gained countless sincere and enthusiastic smiles.

啊！往事如梦如烟,往事苦乐酸甜,往事又有太多的失落和遗憾,人道是世事总难全！

Ah! The past is like a dream, filled with bitterness, joy, sourness, and sweetness. There are also too many losses and regrets in the past – it is said that perfection is hard to achieve in life!

给我ー点空闲,让我想一想遗憾。

Give me a moment of respite, let me think about the regrets.

经济技术开发区,至今还在另册,在国批14个开发区之外。

The economic and technological development zone is still listed separately, outside of the 14 national development zones.

1989年、1990年费孝通先生两次考察昆山的经济发展,他说,昆山的开发区要 “正名”，“已经成功了,要给予承认,承认昆山开发区应该享有的权利……”

In 1989 and 1990, Mr. Fei Xiaotong inspected Kunshan's economic development twice. He said that the development zone in Kunshan should be "recognized" and "since it has already succeeded, it should be acknowledged and granted the rights it deserves...”

1988年1月13日,江苏省委、省政府向党中央、国务院报送了《关于加快发展
外向型经济若干政策问题的请示报告》（苏政发〔!988〕1号文件）,要求批准昆山经济技术开发区享受沿海开放城市经济技术开发区的同等待遇。

On January 13, 1988, the Jiangsu Provincial Committee and Provincial Government submitted the "Report on Issues Related to Accelerating the Development of an Export-Oriented Economy" (Document No. 1 [1988] of the Jiangsu Government) to the Central Committee and the State Council, requesting that the Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone be granted equal treatment as the open coastal city economic and technological development zones.

1990年2月7日,江苏省政府再次向国务院报送了《关于要求批准昆山经济技术开发区的请示》（苏政发〔1990〕16号文件）……

On February 7, 1990, the Jiangsu Provincial Government submitted another request to the State Council, "Regarding the Request for Approval of the Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone" (Document No. 16 [1990] of the Jiangsu Government)...

什么时候昆山的开发区才能编入“正册”呢?

When will the development zone in Kunshan finally be included in the "official list"?

他多么希望这一天能够尽快地到来。（天遂人愿。就在这篇稿子准备发出的 6月20日前后,省长陈焕友、副省长高德正,率领全省11个市的市长和省政府各个职能部门的主要领导,参观和视察了开发区,听取了昆山市委书记吴克铃和市长周振华、副市长王金华的汇报,并且正式宣布:省委、省政府决定,把昆山列为江苏省重点经济技术开发区,加快改革开放的步伐……）

He longs for the day to come as soon as possible. As fate would have it, around June 20th, when this article was being prepared for publication, Governor Chen Huanyou and Deputy Governor Gao Dezhen led mayors from 11 cities across the province and key leaders from various functional departments of the provincial government to visit and inspect the development zone. They listened to the reports from Kunshan Party Secretary Wu Kequan, Mayor Zhou Zhenhua, and Deputy Mayor Wang Jinhua, and officially announced: the Provincial Committee and Provincial Government have decided to list Kunshan as a key economic and technological development zone in Jiangsu Province, accelerating the pace of reform and opening up...

吴克铃露出了从未有过的欣慰笑容。

Wu Kequan revealed a satisfied smile he had never shown before.

昆山的经济技术开发区得到了省委、省政府和党中央、国务院有关领导的高度评价,吴克铃的思路在更加广泛更加深入的意义上得到了延伸和发展,他的梦他的追求带上了更加绚丽多姿也更加辉煌的色彩……

The Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone received high praise from the Provincial Committee, Provincial Government, and relevant leaders from the Central Committee and State Council. Wu Kequan's vision was extended and developed in a broader and deeper sense, and his dreams and pursuits took on even more splendid and glorious colors...

倘说梦,还有很多很多遗憾,还有很多很多没有成为现实一

If we talk about dreams, there are still many regrets and many things that have not yet become reality.

外向型经济,1985年的政府工作报告,就放到了第一条的重要位置,但是想到了而没有做好,至今创汇还很少……

Export-oriented economy: In the 1985 government work report, it was placed in the first and most important position. However, the implementation has not been well-executed, and foreign exchange earnings remain minimal to this day...

企业集团,像点样子的只有一个。还有几家可以做到的,但还没有重视还没有成型

Corporate groups: There is only one that is truly impressive. There are a few more that have the potential but have not yet been given enough attention or taken shape.

还有,昆山虽可,也并非尽如人意,以权谋私、送礼行贿、滥吃滥喝、贪污腐败……那些人那些事那些丑恶的现象,还没有彻底查处,也不可能很快就从根本上加以杜绝

Furthermore, although Kunshan has made progress, not everything is perfect. Abuse of power for personal gain, gift-giving and bribery, excessive eating and drinking, corruption... Those people, those events, and those ugly phenomena have not been thoroughly investigated and dealt with, nor can they be eradicated at their roots anytime soon.

别忘了,还有他自己。人非完人,他也是留下了很多遗憾的。为了工作,他顶撞过也得罪过一些人,有时说话让人接受不了,叫人不愉快;在ー些问题上,他会使人觉得固执

Let's not forget about himself as well. No one is perfect, and he too has left behind many regrets. For the sake of work, he has clashed with and offended some people. Sometimes his words were hard for others to accept, causing displeasure. On certain issues, he could come across as stubborn.

啊,过去了,全过去了,“ー阵风,吹落了恩恩怨怨”,无论谁对谁错,都不必要记着什么,计较什么了……

Ah, it's all in the past now. "A gust of wind has blown away all the grievances." Regardless of who was right or wrong, there is no need to dwell on or dispute anything...

人的政治生命是短暂的,只有事业永存。

A person's political life is short, but their career lasts forever.

腰又生疼,他艰难地挪动了一下,可惜没带三合板。他外出开会,总要带三合板。南京的昆山办事处,就有一块木板。他去省里开会,就得把那块显然是削窄了ー些的木板拿到住处去。席梦思他没福享受,腰身下垫块木板才能睡。沙发也不行,坐硬靠背椅反而好一点。烟也不抽,酒也不沾,回到家里,除了面最好是ー碗白粥

His waist ached again, and he struggled to shift his position. Unfortunately, he did not bring his folding board. Whenever he went out for meetings, he always brought his folding board with him. In the Kunshan office in Nanjing, there is a wooden board. When he goes to the provincial capital for meetings, he has to bring that slightly narrowed wooden board to his lodging. He cannot enjoy the comfort of a mattress, and needs to sleep with a wooden board under his waist. Sofas don't work either; sitting on a hard-backed chair is actually better for him. He doesn't smoke or drink, and when he returns home, he prefers a simple bowl of rice porridge to anything else.

吴克铃,你到底图什么?

Wu Kequan, what exactly are you after?

他不答。他默默地但是执着地追求,为社会主义添砖加瓦,为人生旅途充实内容。他想他做到了这一点,所以回首往事,他觉得有一种问心无愧的慰藉。

He does not answer. He silently but persistently pursues his goals, contributing to socialism and enriching the content of his life's journey. He believes he has achieved this, so when he looks back on the past, he feels a sense of comfort without any regrets.

于是他想到了家,想到了自己的病,他提出了退下来的请求。省委、市委原意都是让他接任即将空缺的昆山市委书记,而他则建议由年轻的同志“组阁”。终于得到了理解,于是他带着这个小小的秘密对妻子张德森说:“我可以松一ロ气了,我要到上海去检查身体了。”

So he thinks about his family and his own illness, and he proposes stepping down. The Provincial and Municipal Committees initially intended for him to take up the soon-to-be vacant position of Kunshan Party Secretary, but he suggested that a younger comrade should "form the cabinet" instead. Finally, he was understood, and with this small secret, he told his wife Zhang Desen, "I can finally relax a bit, I'm going to Shanghai for a medical check-up.”

张德森快人快语,这时却很少说话。对于昆山所取得的成绩,她由衷地高兴, 这里总有她丈夫的ー份心血啊!然而平心而论,她又觉得跟他结婚真是吃了一辈子的苦:结婚时半间草屋六块钱（ー块钱结婚证、五块钱喜糖）,她生两个孩子时都没吃到过ー只整鸡。丈夫当县长后她就更苦了,一次结肠发炎,没人照应,只好自己拎了痰盂到玉山医院去。挂盐水没人陪,同病房的妇女说:“县长家属看病连我们农民都不如呀!”她是20世纪50年代的大专生,当时就是培养对象,因为跟了他从广州到武汉到北京到甘肃河西走廊……多年漂泊天涯,人到中年オ稍有安定之所,偏偏他又当了县长,ー头扎进他的“思路”之中。如今,她虽然拿到了财务工作 30年的荣誉证书,但除此之外一无所有,只有太多的遗憾……

Usually quick-witted and talkative, Zhang Desen speaks very little this time. She is genuinely happy for the achievements Kunshan has made, as her husband has put in so much effort here. However, to be fair, she feels that marrying him has brought her a lifetime of hardships: when they got married, they had a half-room grass hut and six yuan (one yuan for the marriage certificate, five yuan for wedding candies). She didn't even get to eat a whole chicken when she gave birth to their two children. Her life became even harder after her husband became the county mayor. Once, she had an inflamed intestine and there was no one to take care of her. She had no choice but to carry her own spittoon and go to the Yushan Hospital. There was no one to accompany her while receiving an IV drip, and a woman in the same ward said, "Even we farmers are treated better than the county mayor's family when we are hospitalized!" She was a college student in the 1950s and was considered a talent to be nurtured at the time. She followed him from Guangzhou to Wuhan, Beijing, and the Hexi Corridor in Gansu... After many years of wandering, she finally had a somewhat stable life in her middle age, but he became the county mayor and immersed himself in his "vision.” Now, although she has received an honorary certificate for her 30 years of work in finance, she has nothing else, only too many regrets...

有时候,两个人ー起说心里话,她就忍不住要发牢骚,要说说心中的委屈:“老吴啊,你对得起党,对得起人民,但是你对不起我,对不起儿女,也对不起你自己……”

Sometimes, when the two of them had heart-to-heart conversations, she couldn't help but complain and express her grievances: "Old Wu, you have been loyal to the Party and the people, but you have not been fair to me, to our children, and even to yourself...”

他理解妻子的话,体谅她的苦衷,他低头无语,惭愧难言。

He understood his wife's words and empathized with her difficulties. He lowered his head in silence, feeling ashamed and at a loss for words.

现在好了,他退下来了,他就想要补回对妻子儿女包括对他自己欠下的情分一先看病,然后尽一点做丈夫做父亲的义务。因为天伦之乐对于ー个党员干部来说同样是不可或缺,缺了就该补上的啊!

Now that he had stepped down, he wanted to make up for the emotional debts he owed to his wife, children, and even himself. First, he would seek medical treatment, and then fulfill his duties as a husband and father. After all, family happiness is indispensable for a Party member and an official, and it should be made up for if lacking!

于是他到上海去检查身体。

So he went to Shanghai for a health check-up.

结果使全家人都感到震惊:腰椎炎,肩椎炎,心脏病,萎缩性胃炎,早期肝硬化!

The results shocked the entire family: lumbar spondylitis, shoulder spondylitis, heart disease, atrophic gastritis, and early-stage liver cirrhosis!

更加使他震惊的还在后面:从上海回来后没几天,上级派人找他谈话,要他接任市委书记,过渡一下,然后再说……

What shocked him even more was what followed: just a few days after returning from Shanghai, his superiors sent someone to talk to him, asking him to take the position of Municipal Party Secretary, as a transitional arrangement, and then they would see...

没能退,反而进了一步。

He couldn't step down; instead, he moved up a step.

那么,他的家他的身体呢?他什么时候才能对得起妻子儿女,也对得起他自己呢?

So, what about his family and his health? When could he finally be fair to his wife, children, and himself?

结尾（之一）

Ending (Part One)

南方的冬比北方的冬还要冷。

The winter in the south is even colder than that in the north.

摊开稿纸手就发抖,心也发抖,笔尖就在纸上打滑。

As soon as I unfolded the paper, my hands began to tremble, and so did my heart, causing the pen to skid across the page.

找到第一招待所,想借个有暖气的房间,偏偏客满了。小吴所长只好把办公室旁边尘封的仓库打开。这里依然像ー个冰屋。好不容易挤出了一个有太阳的房间,于是我喜不自禁一气呵成。晚上,在家里誉抄。半天一夜,近7000字的稿子第二天就送走了。

I tried to find a room with heating at the first guesthouse, but it was fully booked.  Left with no choice, Director Wu opened the dusty storeroom next to his office. The place still felt like an icehouse. Finally, we managed to squeeze into a sunlit room, and I was overjoyed to finish everything in one go. In the evening, I continued my work at home. After half a day and a night, I completed nearly 7,000 words, and the manuscript was sent out the next day.

不到ー个月,《人民日报》打样拼上了版面。

Within a month, it was featured in People's Daily.

想了一下,还是和他打个招呼,就写了个字条告诉他这件事。

I thought about it and decided to give him a heads-up, so I wrote a note informing him about the matter.

电话打来:“我是吴克铃。《人民日报》的稿子不要发。”

The phone rang: "This is Wu Kequan. Don't send the manuscript to People's Daily.”

我不能理解,我想说服他。

I couldn't understand and wanted to persuade him.

不行。说了一个多小时,最后当场拿起电话要北京的记者。记者有些不悦。《人民日报》上篇报告文学并不是那么容易的。但……

No luck. After talking for more than an hour, I finally picked up the phone to call a journalist in Beijing. The journalist was somewhat displeased. It wasn't easy to get a piece of reportage literature published in People's Daily. However...

我让他和记者直接通话。

I let him speak directly with the journalist.

最后,稿子还是撤了下来。

In the end, the manuscript was withdrawn.

结尾（之ニ）

Ending (Part Two)

以前昆山人外出,总觉得低人一等,哪方面都硬不起来,只好缩在角落里。

In the past, when people from Kunshan went out, they always felt inferior, unable to hold their heads high, and had no choice but to hide in a corner.

现在不同了。讲经济有开发区,有横向联合;讲文化有“大世界”,在全国也有有影响力的代表人物……昆山人终于也有了自己的神气,也有了自己的骄傲。“朋友,请到昆山看ー看——不是说建设有中国特色的社会主义吗?昆山可以给你启发。”

Now, things are different. Talking about the economy, there are development zones and horizontal collaboration; in terms of culture, there's the "Big World" and influential figures nationwide. Finally, people from Kunshan have their own confidence and pride. "Friends, please come to Kunshan for a visit – isn't it about building socialism with Chinese characteristics? Kunshan can inspire you.”

什么时候,中国人在外国也能这样实在、这样神气就好了。

It would be great if Chinese people could be this genuine and confident abroad as well.

这就是我的“中国梦”。

This is my "Chinese Dream.”

结尾（之三）

Ending (Part Three)

回到本文开头。

Back to the beginning of this text:

东欧局势的变化,显然是一次撼动全球、震惊数十亿人心灵的历史大事件。社
会主义从一国实践到多国实践,又从一国失败到多国失败,悲壮还是悲哀?伟大还是可怜?是滑铁卢还是奥斯特里茨?凄凄切切的挽歌还是振奋人心的进行曲?是 “始兴终亡”的验证还是优胜劣汰的规律?

The changes in the situation in Eastern Europe are undoubtedly a major historical event that has shaken the world and stunned billions of people. Socialism has gone from practice in one country to many, and from failure in one country to failure in many. Is it tragic or sorrowful? Great or pitiful? A Waterloo or Austerlitz? A mournful elegy or an uplifting march? Is it a verification of "rising and falling" or a law of the survival of the fittest?

马翁如何回答?列宁做何感想?毛泽东还会用他那如椽大笔再次挥洒雄文, 在宇宙的天幕中亮出一句“只有社会主义才能救中国”吗?我问三位市（县）长。

How would Marx respond? What would Lenin think? Would Mao Zedong, with his bold brush, once again write the powerful statement "Only socialism can save China" across the universe? I asked the three mayors (county mayors).

吴克铃之前的县长孙福贵为官一任,两袖清风。吴当县长后他做人大常委会主任,不久前因年事已高全退了,在宣布这件事的时候,全国劳模竟动了感情,差点哭出来……

Before Wu Kequan, the former county mayor Sun Fugui served with integrity and an unblemished reputation. After Wu became the county mayor, Sun Fugui served as the director of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress. Not long ago, he fully retired due to old age. When this news was announced, the national model worker was so moved that he almost burst into tears.

但孙福贵还是退了。不会很久,吴克铃也要退。

However, Sun Fugui still retired. Before long, Wu Kequan will also retire.

他们走了,

They departed, heading into the depths of the resplendent sunset...

走向辉煌的タ阳深处……

They departed, heading into the depths of the resplendent sunset...

现在的市长是周振华。

The current mayor is Zhou Zhenhua.

我和三位市（县）长讨论:社会主义是不是乌托邦?

I discussed with three county-level city mayors whether socialism is a utopia or not.

他们的看法综合整理如下。

Their views are summarized as follows:

无论是中国选择了社会主义还是社会主义选择了中国,这都无关紧要,要紧的是,只有社会主义才能救中国。在中国,其他任何“主义”都不能代替社会主义,任何政党都不能代替共产党,因为其他任何“主义”、任何政党都不能把中国11亿人凝聚到ー起。

Whether China chooses socialism or socialism chooses China is not important. What matters is that only socialism can save China. In China, no other "ism" can replace socialism, and no political party can replace the Communist Party, because no other "ism" or any other political party can unite 1.1 billion people in China.

社会主义不比别的任何“主义”差,问题是社会主义的优越性没有充分发挥。 1985年,吴克铃到日本厚木市去,ー了解,30年前,厚木市还不如当时的昆山,但现在有17万人口,很发达。他就想,同样的基础搞发展,你搞资本主义,我搞社会主义,我肯定用不了 30年就可以超过你的水平。所以说,要是没有那些翻来覆去的折腾,中国的建设不会比西方慢。

Socialism is not inferior to any other "ism," but the problem is that its superiority has not been fully utilized. In 1985, Wu Kequan went to Atsugi City, Japan, to learn that 30 years ago, Atsugi City was not as developed as Kunshan at that time, but now it has a population of 170,000 and is beyond developed. He thought, with the same foundation for development, if you go for capitalism and I go for socialism, I will definitely surpass you in less than 30 years. Therefore, if there were no repeated turmoil, China's development would not be slower than the West's.

ー些年轻人只说外国好,中国一无是处,干部腐败,没ー个好人。一次过年时, 吴克铃请合资企业的日方经理吃饭,家里地方太小就拆拆空,腾出地方,连台子都是临时向招待所借的。尽管这样,日方经理还是大为惊讶:县长家就这么点地方、这么点东西?后来他对人说:“我知道中国的政府官员是什么样子的了!”当然,人家说我们好,不等于我们没有问题。不管怎么说,搞社会主义得有社会主义思想, 不能一改革就不讲奉献精神了,用封建主义、资本主义思想来搞社会主义是不行的。

Some young people only praise foreign countries and criticize China, claiming that there is nothing good in China, that officials are corrupt, and that there are no good people. During a Chinese New Year, Wu Kequan invited the Japanese manager of the joint venture to dinner. Because his house was too small, he had to move things around and borrow a table from a hotel for the occasion. Despite this, the Japanese manager was still greatly surprised, "This is how small the house of a county chief is? And this is all they have?” Later, he told others, "Now I know what Chinese government officials are like!" Of course, just because someone says we're good doesn't mean we don't have problems. Regardless of the approach, socialism requires socialist ideology. We cannot abandon the spirit of dedication during the reform and implement socialism with feudal or capitalist ideology.

建设社会主义不能教条,更不能一刀切。一刀切就乱了,就完了。“昆山之路”也只有在昆山这块土地上オ产生得出来。昆山有昆山的特点,苏州有苏州的特点,各市县都有各市县的特点。但这里有个基本点,就是实事求是,自力更生也要实事求是。世界是多元的,世界上没有也不可能只有或只允许ー个“主义”。就是在ー个“主义”中,也有不同的模式。世上的路并非只有一条,条条大路通罗马。不管白猫黑猫,只要能使全社会富裕并且和平就是好猫。

Building socialism cannot be dogmatic, nor can it be one-size-fits-all. One-size-fits-all will only result in chaos and failure. The "Kunshan Path" can only be achieved on the land of Kunshan. Kunshan has its own unique features, as does Suzhou, and each city and county has its own distinctive characteristics. However, the basic principle is to seek truth from facts and be self-reliant. The world is diverse, and there is no single or exclusive "ism" in the world. Even within a single "ism," there are different models. There is no single path in the world, and all roads lead to Rome. Regardless of whether it is a white cat or a black cat, as long as it can make the whole society prosperous and peaceful, it is a good cat.

社会主义是不是乌托邦?能做到两条就不是:ー要把经济搞上去,经济上去了,什么都会改变,否则,一切都是“乌托邦”;二是党要管好自己。管好自己的关键就是要摆正公仆和主人的位置,就是公仆要为人民服务。吴语中有句民谚:“一代鲜鲜一代烟,代代鲜鲜碰着天。”社会主义要一代一代搞下去オ行。

Is socialism a utopia? It is not if two conditions are met: first, the economy must be improved, and once the economy is improved, everything will change; otherwise, everything will be a utopia. Second, the party must manage itself well. The key to managing oneself well is to establish the correct relationship between serving as a public servant and a master. There is a saying in Wu dialect: "A new generation of freshness replaces the old, and every generation is fresh and encounters the sky.” Socialism must be promoted from generation to generation.

大江东流去,几度タ阳红。问苍山黄土,说千古兴亡。我忽然莫名其妙地想到了一句话:江山不会生癌。又莫名其妙地想到了自己写的一首诗一

The great river flows eastward, and the sun rises several times. Ask the Yellow Earth and the Grey Mountains, and they will say the rise and fall of nations will last forever. Out of the blue, a strange thought crossed my mind: "The land will never suffer from cancer." Just as inexplicably, I remembered a poem that I had written.

在你手中

有一块金子

这块金子永远属于你

不管海枯石烂

也不管天崩地裂

你千万千万

不要把它抛弃

中国梦

永远属于你

In your hands

There is a piece of gold

This gold will always belong to you

No matter how the sea dries up

Or the rocks crumble

You must never

Never abandon it

The Chinese Dream

Will always belong to you

（原载《雨花》1990年第10期）

(Originally published in the October 1990 issue of "Yuhua" magazine)

==卷四：5.休息的革命==

休息的革命（缩写本）

Revolution of Rest (Abridged Version)

王宏甲刘建

Wang Hongjia Liu Jan

序言

Preface

人类经历了远古的“农业革命”、近代的“エ业革命”、当代的“高技术革命”,到了今天,因高技术支持的生产カ空前发达,人类オ第一次有可能,并需要经历“休息的革命”,为今天和未来的生活质量开辟新路。但是,非常难,因近代以来资本与技术结盟的经济发展模式依然统治着世界。巨大的困难,并不在经济领域,而在精神领域。所以,这是文学关心的命题。

Humanity has experienced the ancient ‘Agricultural Revolution’ the modern ‘Industrial Revolution’, and the contemporary ‘High-tech Revolution’. Today, with the unprecedented development of production supported by high technology, humanity for the first time has the opportunity and the need to experience a ‘Revolution of Rest’ to open up new paths for today and future quality of life. However, it is very difficult because the economic development model that has been dominated by the alliance of capital and technology since modern times still rules the world. The great difficulty lies not in the economic field, but in the spiritual field. So, this is the topic that literature cares about.

“休息”在中国古代文化中意为“休养生息”。从剧烈的秦统ー战争结束再到秦朝覆灭,西汉采取“与民休息”政策,使经济复苏、社会发展,并使中华多民族国家的统ー在汉朝得到巩固。这“休息”所蕴含的社会和人生智慧,至今仍可探寻。

In ancient Chinese culture, “休息” means “rest and recuperate”. From the end of the fierce Qin-Tang war to the fall of the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty adopted a policy of “resting with the people”, which promoted economic recovery and social development, and consolidated the unity of the multi-ethnic country of China under the Han Dynasty. The social and life wisdom contained in the word ‘rest’ can still be explored today.

当今所称的国际金融危机,其实并非孤立地发生在金融领域,几乎所有生产领域的困境都不是由于生产能力不足,而是过剩。科技的迅猛发展及其在生产中的广泛应用,已使人类不需很多人员挤在工业生产中进行相互耗损性竞争,但这场危机却使人们陷入更激烈的竞争。

The so-called international financial crisis today is not isolated to the financial sector. Almost all production sectors are facing difficulties not because of insufficient production capacity, but rather due to overcapacity. The rapid development of technology and its widespread application in production has eliminated the need for many people to compete with each other in industrial production, but this crisis has plunged people into even more intense competition.

难道别无道路?审视三大产业结构,当发达国家的农业人口缩小到5%左右时,中国有80%的农业人口 ;当发达国家工业人口缩小到10%以下时,中国工业人ロ接近50%。今天,第三产业正在发达国家成为容纳最多就业人员的产业,中国第三产业则是薄弱环节。倘能看清形势向第三产业转移,也不失为ー种理性选择。

Does this imply that there are no other options? If we examine the three major industrial sectors, we can see that while the agricultural population in developed countries has decreased to around 5%, in China, around 80% of the population is still engaged in agriculture. Similarly, while the industrial workforce in developed countries has shrunk to less than 10%, in China, the industrial workforce still accounts for close to 50% of the population. Today, the tertiary sector has become the industry employing the most people in developed countries, while in China, the tertiary sector is a weak link. If we can see clearly the trend of shifting to the tertiary industry, it is also a rational choice.

旅游业是第三产业的龙头,是典型的消费型经济。文化产业亦然,而旅游业与文化产业的“联姻”正在创造出前所未有的绚丽奇景。今天和未来,“休息的革命” 可首先在第三产业开拓的“休闲经济”里获得一种启蒙,这是值得全社会关注的。

The tourism industry is the leading industry of the tertiary sector and is a typical consumer-oriented economy. The cultural industry is the same, and the ‘marriage’ between the tourism industry and the cultural industry is creating unprecedented and magnificent scenery. Today and in the future, the ‘resting revolution’ can first be enlightened in the ‘leisure economy’ developed in the tertiary industry, which is worthy of attention from the whole society.

“休息的革命”当然不是不干活。本书以旅游业为主要描述对象,可以从中看到最为典型的实践。30年前中国发展旅游业,正是从“走出去,玩ー玩”的“休息” 中发展出一片很大的天地。

“Revolution of Rest” certainly does not mean not working. This book primarily describes the tourism industry, from which we can see the most typical practices. Thirty years ago, China developed its tourism industry, which created a huge new market through the “go out and play” mentality of “resting”.

由于我们长期重视科技、经济、教育等等,很多人对旅游这个“吃喝玩乐”的行业究竟有多大作为不大关注。迄今很少人知道,中国旅游业正以年均约12%的速度增长,高于同期国内生产总值的平均增长率,已是国民经济重要支柱产业。而且,贡献远远不只体现在经济效益方面。

Due to our long-standing focus on technology, economy, education, and so on, many people have not paid much attention to the potential of the tourism industry, which is often seen as a sector for “eating, drinking, and having fun.” To this day, few people know that China's tourism industry is growing at an average annual rate of around 12%, higher than the average growth rate of the gross domestic product during the same period, and has become an important pillar of the national economy. Moreover, the contribution of the tourism industry is not only reflected in economic benefits.

遍布中国的古迹,多是旅游行业挖空心思地ー个个修复或再造,然后就像“王婆卖瓜”那样不遗余力地吆喝那“瓜”有多么好!因他们的吆喝,过去被批判为“腐朽的封建主义”的东西,变成恢宏的数千年中华文明,温情地回到了我们的山山水水,成为我们精神中辉煌的民族记忆。

The numerous historical relics scattered across China are tirelessly restored or recreated by the tourism industry, and then they enthusiastically promote these “melons” like “Wang Po selling melons”, touting how great they are! Because of their promotion, what was once criticized as the “decaying feudalism” has been transformed into the grand representation of thousands of years of Chinese civilization, warmly embraced in our landscapes, becoming the brilliant national memory in our hearts.

旅游盘活的也远不只是古迹。单看艺术与旅游业“嫁接”,传统音乐、舞蹈以及56个民族色彩斑斓的文化在旅游中复苏与创新,书画家的作品价格飙升,凡此种种,对增强ー个国家的文化カ,是沛然化雨渗透到万万民众之中的。各省市“旅游大篷车”还吆喝到国外,对中华风景与悠久文明的“推销”,规模和影响都是空前的。直到这时,旅游业的重大作用仍未被足够认识。很少人知道,旅游业每增加1 人就业,可促进相关产业增加5人就业。世界上还没有一个产业,像旅游业这样与各国人们广泛接触,与民生休戚相关,与百业相连。岂止是经济支柱?更养育精神,承载如此宽广的社会担当,可谓ー业九鼎重千秋。

The revitalization brought about by tourism is not limited to ancient relics. Looking just at the combination of art and tourism, traditional music, dance, and the colorful cultures of the 56 ethnic groups have been revived and innovated in the tourism industry. The works of painters and calligraphers have also skyrocketed in price. All of these initiatives have contributed to enhancing the cultural confidence of a nation and have penetrated into the hearts of millions of people. Provinces and cities have even taken their “tourism caravans” abroad to promote China's landscapes and rich history, resulting in unprecedented scale and influence. Even at this point, the significant role of the tourism industry has not been fully recognized. Few people are aware that for every additional person employed in the tourism industry, it has the potential to stimulate employment for five individuals in related sectors. There is no industry in the world that has such extensive interaction with people from different countries, such close ties to people's livelihoods, and such deep connections to various sectors as the tourism industry. It is not just an economic pillar, but it also nurtures the spirit and carries such a broad social responsibility. It can be described as an industry of great significance and enduring importance.

今天回头看看,中国旅游业30年来以“马超龙雀”的发展速度营造出的巨大消费市场,已然是拯救金融危机时期经济困境的ー支宏伟力量。联合国世界旅游组织预测中国到2015年将成为世界最大的旅游目的地国家。中国旅游业方兴未艾, 可谓“九万里风鹏正举” 〇本书的完成并非给中国旅游业过去的30年画个句号,而是为促进当今和未来社会各业的和谐运转,提供ー个新的起点、新的观念。换句话说,这是一本为今天和明天写的书。

Upon reflection, the Chinese tourism industry's remarkable growth over the past 30 years has generated a massive consumer market, akin to a magnificent force capable of alleviating economic distress during periods of financial crises. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, it is predicted that by 2015, China will emerge as the world's largest tourist destination country. The Chinese tourism industry is still thriving, as one could describe it as “a phoenix soaring over a distance of nine thousand miles” (meaning it is in a period of rapid and impressive development). The completion of this book does not signify the end of the past 30 years for China's tourism industry, but rather a new start and a new perspective aimed at promoting the harmonious functioning of various sectors in today's society and the future. In other words, this book is written for today and tomorrow.

“休息的革命”,不只是对眼前的全球性经济困境而言。

The “Revolution of Rest” goes beyond the current global economic challenges.

从欧洲国家开发殖民地以来,到现代科技迅猛发展,“优胜劣汰”“以强汰弱” 的意识影响到世界各地。由此形成的快速发展、争先发展的意识和行为,促使工业时代对资源的掠夺性开采把地球刨挖凿钻得百孔千疮,到20世纪人类的生存环境发生了全面危机。为了不被别人灭掉,仍然要绞尽脑汁争强夺胜,奋カ竞争。这是个无休无止没有宁日的人生消耗战。许多好时光都折腾进去了,各种压カ无孔不入地摧残着人的健康。人类到底在被什么驱赶?生活本身的乐趣在哪儿?生命的
尊严、美好在哪儿?

Since European countries began expanding their colonial influence and with the rapid advancement of modern technology, the awareness of survival of the fittest and strong prevail over the weak has influenced regions worldwide. As a result, there has been a prevailing mindset and behavior of rapid development and striving for advancement, which has led to exploitative resource extraction and inflicted extensive damage upon the Earth, culminating in a comprehensive crisis in the human living environment in the 20th century. To avoid being wiped out by others, one must still rack their brains and strive to win, fiercely competing. It is an endless, relentless battle of life with no respite or peaceful days. Many good times are consumed, and various pressures infiltrate, relentlessly affecting people's health. What exactly drives humanity? Where is the joy of life? Where is the dignity and beauty of life?

人类并不是生产的奴隶。人类需要从疯狂地追逐发展速度中觉醒,从疯狂的相互耗损性竞争中觉醒,以新的生活方式和精神,给自己疲惫的生活、受伤的心灵放假。

Human beings are not slaves of production. Humanity needs to awaken from the relentless pursuit of rapid development, from the frantic and depleting competition, and find new ways of living and nourishing the spirit, granting respite to their weary lives and wounded souls.

今天人们寻求“可持续发展”,在我看来,更智慧的意识该是中国古典智慧中重视的“和谐运转”。当生产能力过剩,运转失衡,重要的就不是哪个行业如何发展,而是整个社会如何和谐运转,不能和谐运转就有危机。过去的30年,中国重视发展贫困地区的旅游业,这里就有强弱结合,资源互补,并不是“以强汰弱”,而是重视相互依存。这渊源联系着中国古老的智慧,君不见中国远古就有阴阳和谐观吗?和谐运转不仅包括解决产业结构的失衡,还包括如何解决贫富差距等问题。

In today's world, there is a growing pursuit of sustainable development. From my perspective, a deeper understanding rooted in Chinese classical wisdom places emphasis on the concept of “harmonious coexistence”. When there is overcapacity and imbalance in production, the crucial focus shifts from the development of specific industries to how the entire society can achieve harmonious functioning. In the past 30 years, China has placed emphasis on developing the tourism industry in impoverished regions. This approach fosters a combination of strengths, resource complementarity, and values interdependence, rather than a “survival of the fittest” mentality. This connection is rooted in ancient Chinese wisdom. Have you not heard of the ancient Chinese concept of Yin and Yang and their harmonious coexistence? The notion of harmonious functioning encompasses not only addressing imbalances in industrial structure but also addressing issues such as wealth disparity.

所谓“休养生息”,就是在激烈的争锋中,在人类付出的惨痛代价中,要冷静地寻找有利于人类生息相存的生活智慧来拯救自己。在科技发达、生产能力也空前发达的当代世界,人类需要发展休闲经济来革新发展经济的方式。

The concept of “rest and recuperation” refers to the need to calmly seek life wisdom that benefits the coexistence of humanity amidst fierce competition and the painful cost paid by human beings. In the contemporary world, characterized by advanced technology and unprecedented productive capacity, humanity needs to develop the leisure economy to revolutionize the way economic development is pursued.

在人类通过一次次“生产革命” “技术革命”来营建生活的历史进程中,倘能觉悟到可以通过发展休闲经济来促进社会各业趋向平衡,这是更高层面的可持续发展,并可望普遍地提升人类的生活质量。这无论从思想认识、精神境界和经济形式上都是深具革命性的。在这个世界性的背景上来审视“休息的革命”,将发现这是个庄严的命题,具有值得我们去深究的丰富内涵。

Throughout the historical progression of human civilization, marked by various “industrial revolutions” and “technological revolutions,” there is an opportunity for us to realize that the development of the leisure economy can contribute to a more balanced and sustainable society. This is deeply revolutionary in terms of ideological understanding, spiritual realm, and economic form. By examining the concept of the “Revolution of Rest” within the global context, we recognize its profound significance and rich implications, deserving further in-depth exploration.

“休息的革命”无疑需要人们以清醒的头脑智慧地参与,这需要认识它为人生带来的好处。仍以人类以往走向旅游的经历为例,可以看到游历对于人生的全面发展有多么重要。

Undoubtedly, the “revolution of rest” requires active and wise participation from individuals, which necessitates recognizing the benefits it brings to one's life. Taking the past experiences of humanity's inclination towards travel as an example, we can see how important exploring the world is for comprehensive personal development.

人生之旅,就得去“履”。ー个人在ー个地方待久了,生活环境会对自己造成封闭。人们还可能把习惯当真理,这就需要走出去。所谓“履历”,不应限于读书工作的经历,这“履”是穿着鞋天南海北去游历。世界因此而广阔,人间因此而亲近。没有旅游的经历怎有履历?

Life is a journey that requires us to “step” forward. When we stay in one place for too long, the environment can create a sense of enclosure within ourselves. People may also mistake their habits for truths, and that's when we need to venture out. The concept of “resume” goes beyond academic and professional experiences; it encompasses the act of venturing out and exploring far and wide, immersing oneself in diverse places and cultures. The world becomes vast as a result, and humanity becomes more connected. How can one have a well-rounded resume without the experience of travel?

“博览群书”（未必要读万卷书）与“行万里路”同等重要。闭门读书会读成书呆子。鞋里存储的记忆,比在学校读十几年书更牢靠、立体、开阔而有用。

The act of “broadening one's knowledge through reading” (not necessarily reading thousands of books) is equally important as “traveling thousands of miles.” Merely confining oneself to reading books in seclusion can lead to a narrow-minded approach. The memories stored in the “shoes”, are more reliable, vivid, expansive, and useful than many years of schooling.

孔子周游列国,丰富了识见。司马迁游踪达半个神州,オ有生动翔实的《史记》。李白年纪轻轻仗剑去国,辞亲远游。“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。” 他的诗歌自由如云,得益于山川造化。和尚云游四海,弘扬了佛教文化。《西游记》取材于玄奘取经,而玄奘游记显然不只是传播了佛经。

Confucius enriched his knowledge through his travels across different states, which expanded his insights and understanding. Sima Qian traveled extensively across half of ancient China, resulting in the creation of the vivid and detailed “Records of the Grand Historian.”

Li Bai, at a young age, embarked on a journey with his sword, bidding farewell to his family and traveling afar. “Like a cascading waterfall descending three thousand feet, it appears as if the Milky Way has fallen from the heavens.” His poetry was as free-flowing as the clouds, greatly influenced by the natural wonders of mountains and rivers. Similarly, Buddhist monks traveling across the four seas spread and promoted Buddhist culture. “The Journey to the West” draws inspiration from Xuanzang's pilgrimage to obtain Buddhist scriptures, but Xuanzang's travelogue clearly encompassed more than just the dissemination of Buddhist texts.

曹孟德观沧海,陈子昂登幽州台,王勃过滕王阁,很多人生识见在行旅中领悟得到。湖光塔影,海浪江涛,能引起诗人的遐想,也能启迪书法家的胸怀。王羲之将郊游视为“游目骋怀”，“仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛”,オ留下不朽的《兰亭集序》。

Cao Mengde (Cao Cao) gazed upon the boundless sea, Chen Ziang ascended the tower in Youzhou, and Wang Bo passed by the Terrace of Tengwang. Many individuals have gained profound insights and understanding of life through their experiences and journeys. The shimmering reflections on the lake, the crashing waves of the sea, not only evoke poetic reverie but also inspire calligraphers’ hearts. Wang Xizhi regarded outings as a way to “broaden the gaze and expand the mind,” as he wrote in his immortal “Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection.”

宋代游记名篇辈出。王安石《游褒禅山记》,范仲淹《岳阳楼记》,欧阳修《醉翁亭记》,都是极好的散文名篇。苏东坡在逆境中也是开开心心的,登山临水,写字画画,喝酒吃肉,吟诗赏月。“一点浩然气,千里快哉风。”举手投足间洋溢着超凡而不脱俗的大度,支撑他的是心中广博的中华文化。

The Song Dynasty witnessed the emergence of numerous outstanding travelogues and famous works. Wang Anshi's “Record of the Visit to the Mount Baochan,” Fan Zhongyan's “Record of the Yueyang Tower,” and Ouyang Xiu's “Record of the Pavilion of the Drunken Old Man” are all excellent masterpieces of prose. Su Dongpo remained cheerful even in adversity, climbing mountains, enjoying the waters, writing and painting, indulging in food and drink, and composing poems while appreciating the moon. “With a trace of vast righteousness, I am as swift as the wind, traveling a thousand miles.” With every gesture and movement, he exuded extraordinary and yet unassuming magnanimity, supported by his profound knowledge of Chinese culture.

徐霞客22岁开始步行远游,成为伟大的地理学家。郑和七下西洋,更是令世界震撼的壮游!“天下兴亡,匹夫有责。”这是顾炎武的名言。顾炎武一年中有一半时间在旅店里住宿,每到一处,把实地考察与书本上的记载对照研究,《京东考古录》《昌平山水记》等书,就是他旅游治学的成果。孙中山游历美国,萌生了他的新思想。蔡元培游历欧洲,回国出任北大校长。周恩来游学法国,那“难酬蹈海亦英雄”的豪情,是容纳中外也是承前启后的。

Xu Xiake, starting at the age of 22, embarked on extensive journeys on foot, ultimately becoming a great geographer. Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Seas were an awe-inspiring feat that shook the world. “The rise and fall of nations concerns every individual,” is a famous quote by Gu Yanwu. He spent half of the year staying in inns, comparing firsthand observations with recorded accounts from books in every place he visited. His works, such as “Records of Archaeological Exploration in Jingdong” and “Scenic Memoirs of Changping,” were the fruits of his scholarly travels. Sun Yat-sen’s journey to the United States sparked his new ideology. Cai Yuanpei traveled to Europe and returned to China to assume the presidency of Peking University. Zhou Enlai studied in France, and his heroic spirit of “Unfulfilled, I’d brave the sea, as heroes did with bravery.” encompasses both embracing the world and carrying on the past to inspire the future.

因远行而打开识见,提升的不仅是个人。四大文明古国中没有希腊,但古希腊人被称为“全然的旅行者”,正是旅游使他们走到了发达的两河流域和古埃及,吸收他人文明而使希腊成为欧洲文明的发祥地。

By embarking on distant journeys, one not only broadens their horizons but also experiences personal growth. Among the four ancient civilizations, Greece was not included, but the ancient Greeks were known as “complete travelers”. It was through travel that they were able to reach the prosperous regions of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, absorbing the culture of others and making Greece the birthplace of European civilization.

中国历史岁月中的旅游,其实多么悠久绚丽。中国话“观光”,语出《易经》。谓“观国之光”,意为观览国之光辉。3000年前周穆王巡游非只游山玩水。一国之主,不游历国土,不知国情与民情,何以治国?周穆王远游波斯（今伊朗）,最早踏出中国通往西域的道路。秦修大道,车同轨,沟通天下,与其说为秦始皇出游带来方便,莫如说为中国的统ー开辟了大道。汉武帝七登泰山,六出萧关,出游打破诸侯封闭,九州热土,千秋归汉。隋炀帝扬帆出游,促进了大运河开发。游历会大大开阔君王眼界,以及当代领导者的智识和胸怀,从而影响ー个民族或ー个企业。

The history of tourism in China is also remarkably extensive and splendid. The Chinese term for “sightseeing” originates from the Book of Changes (Yi Jing). It refers to “observing the light of a nation” and signifies the admiration of a nation's brilliance. Three thousand years ago, King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty's royal tour was not merely for leisurely pursuits like enjoying mountains and rivers. The ruler of a nation who does not travel across the land and remains unaware of the state of the country and its people, how can they effectively govern? King Mu of Zhou embarked on a distant journey to Persia (modern-day Iran), thus pioneering the earliest route from China to the Western Regions. The construction of the Great Wall by the Qin Dynasty, with its standardized roads and unified carriages, facilitated communication throughout the empire. It can be said that it not only brought convenience to Emperor Qin Shi Huang's travels but also opened up a grand pathway for the unification of China. Emperor Wu of Han ascended Mount Tai seven times, ventured beyond the Xiao Pass six times, and through his travels, broke the seclusion of the feudal lords. His actions stirred up the entire land of the nine provinces, leading to a period where all regions ultimately acknowledged the Han rule. Emperor Yang of Sui set sail on his travels, promoting the development of the Grand Canal. Traveling can greatly broaden the horizons of kings, as well as the wisdom and vision of contemporary leaders, thereby affecting a nation or a corporation.

古典时代先人走向旅游,或许有“天人合一”的更多默契。那里的“天”,包括自然也包括社会。到现代,我们可能以“革命加拼命”的方式覆盖了先人丰富生命质量的智慧。游历对于人生与社会的全面发展是深具意义的。可以肯定地说:不读书不能治愚,不远行难有出息。为人父母要有意识地带孩子去远行。如果你依然埋头于读书或工作,尚未意识到旅游对于人生举足轻重的塑造功能,其实是ー种损失。一旦体会到,你也将会从这种“休息”中感受到ー种“革命”的心灵震动。

In the classical era, our ancestors embarked on journeys, perhaps with a deeper understanding of the harmony between heaven and man. The “heavens” there, encompass both nature and society. In the modern era, we may have overlaid the wisdom of our ancestors on enriching the quality of life with a “revolution plus hard work” approach. Travel is deeply meaningful for the holistic development of life and society. It can be affirmed that without reading, ignorance cannot be cured, and without traveling far, it is hard to achieve anything significant. As parents, we need to consciously take our children on long journeys. If you are still immersed in reading or work and have not realized the significant shaping function of travel on life, it is actually a kind of loss. Once you experience it, you will also feel a kind of “revolutionary” spiritual shock from this kind of “rest”.

ー、开放之门

Chapter 1 Opening the Gate

国门在哪儿?在天上? 1978年,中国民航飞机的日利用时间オ1.9个小时。国门刚开一条缝,西方人就来了。住宿难惊动中南海!开放国家“禁苑”迎游客, 调军用飞机把旅客送往天津住宿,这事反映国情也反映人情。紧张状况延续到 1982年,空军部队还派出1800多架次飞机协助空运游客,此种情景举世无双。

Where is the national gate? In the sky? In 1978, the daily utilization time of Chinese civil aircraft was 1.9 hours. As soon as the national gate opened a crack, Westerners came. Difficulty in accommodation shocked Zhongnanhai! Opening the national “forbidden city” to welcome tourists, and arranging military aircraft to send tourists to Tianjin for accommodation, this situation reflected both national conditions and human nature. The tense situation continued until 1982 when the Air Force dispatched more than 1,800 flights to assist in the air transport of tourists, a scenario unique in the world.

1.国门开启一条缝

1. A Sliver Opens in the Nation's Gate

2.关于改革,人们常说是从小岗村实行承包制开始的。很少人想过,开放,是从旅游业打开国门拉开序幕的。

About reform, people often say it started with the contract system implemented in Xiaogang Village. Few people have thought that opening up began with the tourism industry opening the national gate.

1978年3月5日,中共中央下发红头文件,增加对外开放城市,成立旅游机构, 发展旅游业。当时人们并未感到有多大动静,这却是件历史性的大事。这意味着对外开放,意味着封闭多年的国门由此打开。外电评价:这是“红色中国”第一次公开允许外国人以旅游者身份进入中国。

On March 5, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a official document, expanding the number of cities open to the world, establishing tourism agencies, and developing the tourism industry. At the time, people didn't feel much of a stir, but this was a historical event. This implied opening up to the outside world, signifying the opening of the nation's gate that had been closed for many years. Foreign media commentary: This is the first time that “Red China” has openly allowed foreigners to enter China as tourists.

此时,中共中央十一届三中全会尚未召开,安徽凤阳小岗村18户农民也尚未召开那个按手印的“大包干”秘密会议。

At that time, the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had not yet been held, and the 18 farmers of Xiaogang Village in Fengyang, Anhui, had not yet held that secret “contract responsibility system” meeting with handprints.

今天人们常说,改革开放,国门大开。

Today, people often say, with reform and opening up, the country's doors are wide open.

其实,1978年,国门只是刚刚开启一条缝。

Actually, in 1978, the national door was just slightly ajar.

那时候,还不是你想来就能来的,有名额限制和一套内控条例。在签证时,对入境的外国人卡得很严格,记者就不让进。那时候,西方称苏联是“铁幕”,称中国是“竹幕”。

At that time, it was not the case that you could come if you wanted to, there were quota restrictions and a set of internal control regulations. During the visa application, the scrutiny for foreigners entering the country was very strict, journalists were not allowed in. At that time, the West referred to the Soviet Union as the “Iron Curtain”, and China was called the “Bamboo Curtain”.

对世界来说,中国还是个巨大的谜。这大门里生活着1〇多亿人呢!所以,国门初开一条缝,国外的捷足先登者挤进来了,还有更多的外国人挤在这条缝外,进不来。

To the world, China was a vast mystery. Over a billion people live behind this big door! Therefore, when the national door was just slightly open, foreign early adopters squeezed in, and many more foreigners were squeezed outside this gap, unable to come.

虽然,国务院已经下发了发展旅游、挣取外汇的文件,但在对外开放的问题上, 当时某些高层领导还有种种疑虑:

Although the State Council had already issued documents on developing tourism and earning foreign exchange, there were still various doubts among some senior leaders at the time regarding the issue of opening up:

“是不是开放得太早了?”

“Did we open up too early?”

“会不会把特务放进来,窃取了情报怎么办?”

“What if spies are let in and steal our intelligence?”

“国外资产阶级生活方式会不会腐蚀我们的干部?”

“Will the bourgeois lifestyle from abroad corrupt our officials?”

“会不会把我们的干部带出去?”

“Will they take our officials away?”

“我们落后的地方,不能给外人看。”

“We can't let foreigners see our underdeveloped aspects.”

在十一届三中全会召开之前,1978年10月9日,邓小平会见美国泛美航空公司董事长西威尔,就对陪同会见的国家旅游局和民航总局的负责人说:“民航、旅游这两个行业很值得搞。”

Before the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee was convened, on October 9, 1978, Deng Xiaoping met with the Chairman of Pan American World Airways, Seawell, and said to the heads of the China National Tourism Administration and the Civil Aviation Administration who accompanied the meeting: “The civil aviation and tourism industries are very worth developing.”

小平还说:“ー个旅行者花费1000美元,一年接待1000万旅行者,就可以赚 100亿美元。就算接待一半,也可以赚50亿美元。要力争本世纪末达到这个创汇目标。”

Xiaoping also said, “If one traveler spends 1000 dollars, receiving 10 million travelers a year would earn us 10 billion dollars. Even if we receive only half, we can still earn 5 billion dollars. We should strive to achieve this foreign exchange goal by the end of this century.”

1979年1月到7月,邓小平又连续发表了《旅游业要变成综合性的行业》《旅游事业大有文章可做》《发展旅游事业,增加国家收入》《把黄山的牌子打出去》等四篇讲话。他毫不犹豫地说:“旅游事业大有文章可做,要突出地搞,加快地搞。旅游赚钱多,来得快,没有还不起外债的问题,为什么不能大搞呢「’

From January to July in 1979, Deng Xiaoping successively gave four speeches: “The Tourism Industry Should Become a Comprehensive Industry”, “There is Much Potential in the Tourism Industry”, “Develop the Tourism Industry to Increase National Income”, and “Promote Huangshan to the World”. He confidently stated, “There is much potential in the tourism industry, and it should be promoted and accelerated. Tourism is profitable and quick to yield returns, it doesn't create unpayable foreign debts. Why can't we promote it more aggressively?”

于是,门缝拉大了。

Thus, the gap in the door widened.

中国向世界旅游者打开了一扇门。

China opened a door to tourists from around the world.

“到中国去!”这是近百年来第一次出现的国际时髦声音。

“Visit China!” This became a trendy international call for the first time in nearly a century.

不同国家、不同种族的四海宾朋蜂拥而来。一种世界性的冲动,开放的大戏, 在中国旅游领域拉开了序幕。

Guests of different nationalities and races from all over the world came in droves. A global urge, the grand spectacle of openness, has commenced in China's tourism sector.

当五洲四海语言不同、肤色各异的朋友三五成群频频出现在长安街时,相当多人还不明白是怎么回事,念叨着:这不是“文革”中要打倒的“帝国主义”吗?怎么跑到长安街来了?还有人说,八国联军的后代,怎么成了 “义和团”后代的“座上宾”?我们还坚持社会主义吗?

When friends from all around the world, speaking different languages and having different skin colors, began to appear frequently in groups on Chang’an Street, many people didn’t understand what was happening. They wondered: Aren't these the “imperialists” we were supposed to overthrow during the “Cultural Revolution”? How did they end up on Chang’an Street? Others said, how did the descendants of the Eight-Nation Alliance become honored guests of the descendants of the “Boxers”? Are we still upholding socialism?

但中国毕竟有礼仪之邦的悠久传统,大多数国人具有与生俱来的好客古风,所以也有很多人向外宾送去友好的微笑。

However, China, after all, has a long tradition of being a country of etiquette. Most Chinese people have an inherent hospitality, so many people also greeted the foreign guests with friendly smiles.

从接待来说,“内紧外松”,接待者的心情也很复杂。因为内部还绷着“阶级斗争”之弦,中国国际旅行社的导游每次陪团都得花几小时写出“情况报告”。导游小心翼翼,如履薄冰,不能有任何疏忽和闪失。

From a reception perspective, it was a situation of “tight on the inside, relaxed on the outside”, and the feelings of the hosts were complex. Since the “class struggle” was still a tense issue domestically, tour guides from China International Travel Service(CITS) had to spend several hours writing “situation reports” each time they accompanied a group. The tour guides were very cautious, like walking on thin ice, with no room for negligence or mistakes.

ー对台湾老夫妻跟随香港旅行团入了境。公安局担心他们是“特务”,嘱告导游“不要给他们单独活动的机会”。实际上,这对时隔30年オ返乡的老夫妻也在思忖:“共产党会不会对我们怎么样?”

An elderly couple from Taiwan entered the country with a Hong Kong tour group. The Public Security Bureau, worried they might be spies, instructed the tour guide to “not give them opportunities for independent activities.” In reality, this couple, who were returning home after 30 years, were also pondering, “Will the Communist Party do something to us?”

1979年了,我们的国门是打开了,但我们的意识还很不开放。我们开放的步伐,还没有迈开大步。

It was 1979, our national doors were open, but our mind was not very open yet. Our steps toward openness had not yet been taken in strides.

“当时外国人要进来不容易,首先要取得国旅的指标,而国旅指标是有控制的,
像发粮票ー样,年初分配名额给法国、英国、美国等各国的旅行商。旅行商为争取到更多的名额,经常与国旅争得面红耳赤。”王尔康说。

“At that time, it was not easy for foreigners to enter. Firstly, they needed to obtain a quota from the CITS, which was controlled like ration coupons, with quotas being allocated to travel agents from countries like France, Britain, and the United States at the beginning of the year. Travel agents often argued fiercely with the CITS to secure more quotas,” said Wang Erkang.

王尔康原是个外交官,一身文气,早年担任国旅总经理,是中国旅游业的“活档案”。他清瘦挺直的身材,敏锐的眼睛,让人过目难忘。他说国外旅行商常抱怨说: “我们是拼命发展旅游,你们是限制旅游。”

Wang Erkang, a former diplomat with a scholarly demeanor, served as the general manager of the CITS in his early years and is considered a “living archive” of the Chinese tourism industry. His slim and upright figure, and keen eyes, are unforgettable. He said that foreign travel agents often complained, “We are desperately developing tourism, but you are restricting it.”

1979年,美国有17万人申请来华旅游,只有2万人获准。在日本年轻人中,4 个人就有3个想到中国旅游,报名到西安的就有120万人。各国要求来华旅游的人数都远远超过国旅定额。海外华侨来华,归中国旅行社负责统筹,也有名额限制。有些华侨登记排队好多年了,还没有获得签证。五洲四海的声音都在问:“你们不是也想挣外汇吗?为什么有钱不赚?”

In 1979, 170,000 Americans applied to travel to China, but only 20,000 were approved. Among young people in Japan, three out of four wanted to travel to China, with 1.2 million signing up for trips to Xi'an. The number of people from various countries who requested to travel to China far exceeded the quota set by the CITS. Overseas Chinese coming to China were managed by CITS, and they also had quota restrictions. Some overseas Chinese had been on the waiting list for many years and still had not received a visa. People from all over the world were asking, “Don't you also want to earn foreign exchange? Why are you not taking the money?”

在当年还相当简陋的会议室、办公室里,国家旅游总局组织学习小平讲话精神的春夏秋冬,大家都还记忆犹新。这记忆告诉我们,封闭久了,打开我们的观念之门,并不比下个文件打开国门容易。

In the rather rudimentary meeting rooms and offices of that year, the memory of studying Deng Xiaoping's speeches during the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter under the organization of the China National Tourism Administration(CNTA) is still fresh in everyone's mind. This memory tells us that after being closed for a long time, opening the doors of our mindset is not any easier than issuing a document to open the national doors.

春夏秋冬,我们像大扫除那样,一次次地清除旅游工作就是“吃喝玩乐”“洋奴思想”“为资产阶级服务”等“文革”遗留的影响。大扫除后,我们的会议室、办公室里也布置出新的景观。新景观能形象地说明,我们已经认识到,旅游业是“无烟エ业”,是“无形贸易”,是投资少、见效快、多创外汇的综合性经济事业。我们还记住了陈云同志的话:“旅游收入实际上是'风景出口 ’,比外贸出口收入来得快。”

Throughout the seasons, we, like conducting a major cleanup, repeatedly eliminated the influence left by the “Cultural Revolution” that suggested tourism work was merely about “indulgence”, “subservience to foreigners”, and “serving the bourgeoisie”. After the major cleanup, our meeting rooms and offices also took on a new look. The new scenery vividly shows that we have recognized that the tourism industry is a “smokeless industry”, an “invisible trade”, and a comprehensive economic venture that requires little investment, yields quick results, and generates much foreign exchange. We also remember Comrade Chen Yun's words: "Tourism income is essentially ‘scenery export’, which generates income faster than traditional exports.”

那时,很多人还不了解外汇,但开始对有外汇的人刮目相看。搞旅游工作的则开始懂得,外汇储备是ー个国家在国际经济活动中实カ的象征。国家持有的外汇储备可以保障国家进口重要战略物资、关键技术,还能保障金融体系的安全。万一发生战争、灾害,或者国际经济形势突然变化,国家银行可以用充足的外汇储备来应对突发的金融风险。

At that time, many people still didn't understand foreign exchange, but they started to look up to those who had foreign exchange. Those involved in the tourism industry began to understand that foreign exchange reserves are a real symbol of a country's participation in international economic activities. The foreign exchange reserves held by a country can ensure the import of important strategic materials and key technologies, as well as safeguard the security of the financial system. In case of war, disaster, or sudden changes in the international economic situation, the national bank can use ample foreign exchange reserves to cope with sudden financial risks.

旅游外汇换汇率比出口物资换汇率高。按1978年计算,出口的物资,平均约二元七八角人民币的东西换回一美元。有些轻エ业产品由于花色品种不适应国际市场的需要,卖不出好价格,往往要用四五元人民币的东西才能换回一美元外汇, 而旅游外汇,只需要一元五角多人民币就可以换回一美元。

The exchange rate for tourism foreign exchange is higher than that for exported goods. Based on calculations from 1978, on average, goods worth about 2.7-2.8 RMB could be exchanged for one US dollar in exports. Some light industry products, due to their designs and varieties not meeting the needs of the international market, couldn't be sold at a good price, often needing goods worth four or five RMB to exchange for one US dollar in foreign exchange. However, for tourism foreign exchange, only a bit over 1.5 RMB was needed to exchange for one US dollar.

中国地域辽阔,山水风光、文物古迹、民俗风情等旅游资源丰富,是世界旅游资源大国,发展旅游有独特的优势。国务院成立了以主管副总理为首的旅游工作领导小组,各地政府也相继成立领导小组。不管怎么说,旅游业开始从“贴钱”转向挣钱。这个进步很重要。

China, with its vast territory, rich natural landscapes, cultural relics, folk customs, and other tourism resources, is a major tourism resource country in the world, with unique advantages in developing tourism. The State Council established a tourism work leadership group headed by the deputy prime minister in charge, and local governments also successively established leadership groups. No matter how you look at it, the tourism industry has started to transition from losing money to making money. This progress is very significant.

“莫畏途难时日远,鸡鸣林角现晨曦。”ー个旅游业的新的早晨苏醒了。但就像夏日的北京仿佛没有早晨似的,大街上很快就车水马龙。这时,“旅游业工作者”都感到自身压カ重重了,而且很快就感到“压得喘不过气来”

“Do not fear the long and difficult journey, as the crowing of the rooster signals the break of dawn.” A new morning for the tourism industry has awakened. But like summer mornings in Beijing, which seem non-existent, the streets quickly become bustling. At this time, “tourism workers” all felt a heavy burden on themselves, and soon felt "so pressured they could hardly breathe".

2. 今夜宿何方

Where to Stay Tonight?

有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?当四海旅游者蜂拥而至时,我们却乱了方寸,慌了手脚。我们还没有建起与此相适应的旅游市场秩序,面临的突出困难一下子就推到了我们鼻子跟前:条件简陋、住房奇缺、交通困阻。

Isn't it joyful to have friends coming from afar? When tourists from all over the world flocked in, we were thrown into confusion and panic. We hadn't yet established a tourism market order that was commensurate with this influx, and the outstanding difficulties were suddenly pushed right in front of us: basic conditions, severe shortage of accommodation, and transportation difficulties.

旅游工作者们竭尽全力,想让外宾住好吃好,可是1978年的北京,只有7家涉外饭店,能拿得出手的床位充其量还不上2000张。从全国来说,也只有137家有点样子的饭店。

Tourism workers tried their best to provide good accommodations and food for foreign guests, but in 1978, Beijing only had 7 hotels that catered to foreigners, with no more than 2000 decent beds. Nationally, there were only 137 somewhat decent hotels.

北京国旅、中旅捉襟见肘,天天愁的就是客房。饭店走廊全都住满,标准间中间加铺,会议室打起通铺,还有客人等待在大堂。饭店里再也没地方可塞床位了, 大厅乱哄哄的,客人翘首盼等,怎么办?

Beijing CITS were stretched to their limits, with their daily concern being the shortage of guest rooms. Corridors of hotels were all filled with people, extra beds were added to standard rooms, conference rooms were made into shared accommodations, and there were still guests waiting in the lobby. There was no longer any space to squeeze in extra beds in the hotels, the lobby was chaotic, and guests were eagerly waiting. What could be done?

有的把客人拉到北京“上海西餐厅”,把吃西餐的小桌子拼起来当大床;或拉到“莫斯科餐厅”打地铺,男女屏风挡隔,权且将就。当时来华观光的旅游者,有很多是腰缠万贯的富翁,叫人住在这种条件的地方,也真觉得丢了国家的面子。

Some would take guests to Beijing's “Shanghai Western Restaurant”, where small dining tables were put together to serve as a big bed, or they would go to the “Moscow Restaurant” for makeshift sleeping arrangements, with screens separating men and women. At that time, many tourists visiting China were wealthy tycoons, and having them stay in such conditions really made us feel as if we were losing face for our country.

还有个办法是用“缓兵之计”。这批外宾下了飞机,前批宾客还没退房。于是先把客人连行李ー起拉到故宫、颐和园去游览,这边紧张地腾房间。那时外宾旅游也真够累的,你想想,乘了 20多个小时飞机,到达北京后,时差还没有倒过来,就要拖着疲惫的身子去参观。到晚上,等上一批客人走了,才能入住宾馆。

Another strategy was to use a “delaying tactic”. When one group of foreign guests landed, the previous group of guests had not yet checked out. So, the new guests and their luggage were taken straight to sightseeing spots like the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, while hotel rooms were urgently being vacated on the other end. At that time, foreign tourists were indeed tired. Just imagine, after a 20-hour flight, they arrived in Beijing and before they could even adjust to the time difference, they had to go sightseeing while exhausted. It wasn't until the evening, when the previous group of guests had left, that they could check into the hotel.

像这样当晚能入住的旅游团,还算是幸运的。

Tourist groups that were able to check into a hotel on the same day they arrived were actually considered lucky.

有一次,青旅接了一个美国团,北京实在无处下榻了,打电话向时任团中央书记的李瑞环汇报。李瑞环也没法子,硬着头皮给小平打电话。小平打电话给空军, 动用军用飞机连夜把外宾运送到天津去过夜,第二天又用飞机运回北京来观光。

Once, China Youth Travel Service(CYTS) received a group from the United States, but there were simply no accommodations available in Beijing. They reported this to Li Ruihuan, who was then the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Li Ruihuan had no solution, and had to call Deng Xiaoping directly. Deng Xiaoping contacted the Air Force to arrange military aircraft to fly the guests overnight to Tianjin, where they could spend the night. The next day, they were flown back to Beijing for sightseeing.

坐飞机易地投宿,现在来说是不可思议的事。而那时,为解决住宿问题,通过国务院李先念、陈慕华等副总理调军用飞机把客人送往天津等地住宿,是常有的事,最远的送到南京。

This kind of extraordinary arrangement - flying guests to a different city for overnight accommodation - is simply unimaginable today. Back then, to solve the accommodation problem, it was common for Vice Premiers like Li Xianian and Chen Muhua to arrange for guests to be flown to places like Tianjin and even as far as Nanjing using military aircraft.

1978年,全国旅游入境人数超过!80万人次,比以往20年宾客总和还要多。到1979年,客人成倍增加,而宾馆不能像孙悟空拔根毫毛那样呼之即出,住宿矛盾更加突显。外国游客在大厅里打地铺已不奇怪,戏称在东方野营;在机场里围着毛毯候飞机,犹如战后在某个边境机场等待联军来接难民。

In 1978, the total number of inbound tourists in China exceeded 1.8 million, which was more than the total number of guests in the previous 20 years. By 1979, the number of guests had multiplied, and the contradiction between the growing demand and the limited hotel supply became even more prominent. Unlike Sun Wukong (the Monkey King) who could summon something out of thin air by plucking a single hair, we couldn't magically produce hotels. It was no longer surprising to see foreign tourists sleeping on the floor in the lobby, jokingly calling it "camping in the East"; or wrapping themselves in blankets at the airport, waiting for flights like refugees waiting for Allied forces at a border airport after a war.

京城缺旅社,今夜宿何家?这个问号,就是深深的记忆。

Where would they stay in Beijing, a city lacking hotels? This question is a deep memory.

北京东长安街6号,当年是国家旅游局和国旅总社所在地,经常有蓝眼睛、高鼻梁的洋人坐在门口的台阶上,等住所,等机票。这样的风景,在当时大国中,恐怕绝无仅有。

No. 6 East Chang’an Street in Beijing, where the CNTA and CITS were located, often saw blue-eyed, high-nosed foreigners sitting on the steps at the entrance, waiting for accommodation, waiting for plane tickets. Such a sight, in a big country like China at that time, was probably unprecedented.

早在美国总统尼克松访华前タ,北京饭店新建了一座23层的大厦,现在远远安排不下蜂拥而至的宾客。北京饭店总经理手头只有7间住房的机动权,其他房子的钥匙掌控在国务院谷牧、陈慕华、余秋里、王震4位副总理的手里。先给谁得副总理协调发话,ー时成为天下奇闻。

Before President Nixon's visit to China, a 23-story building was constructed at the Beijing Hotel. But now, it's far from enough to accommodate the influx of guests. The General Manager of Beijing Hotel only had the flexibility to allocate 7 rooms, and the keys to the rest of the rooms were in the hands of the four Deputy Prime Ministers, Gu Mu, Chen Muhua, Yu Qiuli, and Wang Zhen. Deciding who should receive the rooms upon the coordination of the Deputy Prime Ministers was a curious issue at the time.

ー些客人久仰北京饭店的大名,宁肯在大堂静等,也不愿去别处投宿。有一次全部客人都安顿好了,还剩一个没着落,怎么办?结果他在同行者卫生间的浴缸里,蜷曲着过了一夜。

Some guests, having heard of the great reputation of the Beijing Hotel, preferred to wait patiently in the lobby rather than seek accommodations elsewhere. Once, when all guests were accommodated, one person was left without a place to stay. What to do? In the end, he curled up in the bathtub of his fellow travelers' bathroom and spent the night there.

不仅住宿难,而且条件差。

Not only was it difficult to find accommodation, but the conditions were also poor.

中国旅游协会副会长兼秘书长李玉莺,说起她当年带一批美国客人去招待所住宿,她说美国人ー看,缩了回来,不肯入住,认为条件比美国监狱还差,当即给美国使馆打电话,使馆人员叫他们先去使馆。李玉莺苦口婆心劝阻。天又下起了雨, 她就把这批客人拉到北京饭店大堂,每人发个毯子,在沙发上过夜。她也陪着外宾在椅子上度过漫长的夜晚。

Li Yuying, Vice President and Secretary-General of the China Tourism Association, spoke about the time she brought a group of American guests to stay in a guesthouse. Upon seeing the conditions, the Americans recoiled, refusing to stay. They believed that the conditions were worse than those in American prisons, and immediately called the U.S. embassy, which suggested they go to the embassy instead. Li Yuying tried her best to persuade them otherwise. It started raining also, so she took this group of guests to the lobby of the Beijing Hotel, handed each person a blanket, and let them spend the night on the sofas. She also accompanied the guests, spending the long night on a chair.

这是发生在20世纪80年代初的事。不能怪美国人挑剔,与国外饭店相比,我们的条件确实差太多。那时的招待所是个什么状况?几乎所有招待所的房间都没有卫生间,ー个楼层两大排客房,走廊尽头有个公用厕所,散发出的异味弥漫整个走廊。洗澡间大多设在厕所隔壁,你脱掉衣服洗澡的时候,感觉隔壁的臭气直接侵袭你的全身,让你感觉全身都有洗不掉的臭味。而且,每天只供应两小时热水,你进去洗澡的时候也许已经供水1个小时50分钟,但你并不知道,你脱光衣服擦上香皂,突然热水没了,你只好光着身子干着急。餐厅实行8小时工作制,过时恕不恭候。

This happened in the early 1980s. One can't blame the Americans for being picky. Compared to hotels abroad, our conditions were indeed far behind. What was the condition of the guesthouses at that time? Almost all guesthouse rooms didn't have a bathroom. On each floor, there were two large rows of guest rooms, with a shared toilet at the end of the hallway. The smell from the toilet filled the entire corridor. Most of the bathing areas were next to the toilet. When you undressed to take a bath, you could feel the unpleasant smell from the next door directly invading your body, leaving you with a feeling of an unremovable stench. Moreover, hot water was only available for two hours every day. You might go in to take a bath after hot water had already been supplied for 1 hour and 50 minutes, but you wouldn't know it. Once you had taken off your clothes and applied soap, the hot water might suddenly run out, leaving you naked and in a bind. The restaurant adhered to an 8-hour operation policy, and latecomers were not accommodated.

条件略好的涉外宾馆,也存在许多问题。耗子夜袭旅客,外宾彻夜辗转。宾客带的食品常被老鼠啃得乱七八糟,连照相机的皮背带也被咬断。有时半尺长的大老鼠突然从空飞降,“啪”的一下正落在宾客的床上,于是有外宾称中国饭店为“老鼠饭店”。

This happened in the early 1980s. One can't blame the Americans for being picky. Compared to hotels abroad, our conditions were indeed far behind. What was the condition of the guesthouses at that time? Almost all guesthouse rooms didn't have a bathroom. On each floor, there were two large rows of guest rooms, with a shared toilet at the end of the hallway. The smell from the toilet filled the entire corridor. Most of the bathing areas were next to the toilet. When you undressed to take a bath, you could feel the unpleasant smell from the next door directly invading your body, leaving you with a feeling of an unremovable stench. Moreover, hot water was only available for two hours every day. You might go in to take a bath after hot water had already been supplied for 1 hour and 50 minutes, but you wouldn't know it. Once you had taken off your clothes and applied soap, the hot water might suddenly run out, leaving you naked and in a bind. The restaurant adhered to an 8-hour operation policy, and latecomers were not accommodated.

一位外宾就绘声绘色地讲述:“晚上我看见老鼠在我眼前跳舞。”他随身带着老鼠咬过留有牙痕的巧克カ,拿出来作为介绍“老鼠饭店”的证据。

One guest vividly described: “At night, I saw rats dancing right in front of my eyes.” He carried with him a piece of chocolate that bore the teeth marks of a rat, which he presented as evidence of the “Rat Hotel”.

靳羽西来了,这位海外名人也被老鼠闹得夜不安宁。住的房间没有天花板,老
鼠在房梁上东蹿西跳,灰尘洒落。一开灯,老鼠逃走,ー关灯又出来了。几只老鼠还从她的床上爬过,吓得她一夜都不敢入睡。

When the famous overseas celebrity, Jin Yuxi, came, she too was disturbed by the rats at night. She lived in a room without a ceiling, mice scampered back and forth on the rafters, scattering dust. As soon as she turned on the light, the mice fled, but when the light was off, they returned. ome mice even crawled across her bed, frightening her to the point where she dared not sleep all night.

武汉某饭店,浴室遍地是水,每个旅客都在为马桶漏水发愁。桂林旅馆水泥屋顶竖着蓄水塔,只见水头不见水,所有客人又都为断水而抱怨。成都某涉外宾馆房间壁橱里灰尘厚积,地毯又黑又硬,床单、被子、枕套都脏兮兮的,令人恶心。卫生间墙上镜子破成两块,一条发黑的胶布刺眼地粘在上面,败陋状况令客人感觉好像来到战后的城市。

In a certain hotel in Wuhan, the bathroom was flooded with water, every guest was worried about the leaking toilet. In Guilin, the motel had cement roofs with water tanks perched on top, water could be seen but not used, causing all guests to complain about the water outage. In a certain foreign-related hotel in Chengdu, the closet in the room was thick with dust, the carpet was black and hard, and the sheets, quilts, and pillowcases were all filthy, making one feel nauseated. The mirror in the bathroom was broken into two pieces, with a piece of blackened tape glaringly sticking to it, the decrepit condition made guests feel like they had arrived in a post-war city.

ー个美国旅行团的领队柯娜・梅・邱夫人,致函中国国际旅行社,尖锐批评饭店卫生不佳现象,其中写道:

Mrs. Kona Mei Qiu, the leader of an American tour group, wrote a sharp critique to the CITS criticizing the poor hygiene in the hotels. She wrote:

“客房的蟬螂钻进我的行李包从北京运到兰州。在乌鲁木齐,蟬螂更严重,竟爬到床上来。对此,我只能置之一笑。卫生间不起作用,马桶在漏水。不干净的设施和爬虫之害,可以直接影响旅行者对中国的特殊好感。”

“Cockroaches from the guest room crawled into my suitcase and were transported from Beijing to Lanzhou. In Urumqi, the cockroach situation was even worse, they actually crawled onto the bed. To this, I can only laugh it off. The bathroom facilities are not working, particularly the toilet, which is leaking. Dirty facilities and pest problems can directly affect travelers' special fondness for China.”

今夜不知何处宿,不只是在北京。

“I don't know where to stay tonight,” wasn't just a problem in Beijing.

热点旅游城市,饭店都人满为患,床位紧缺。

In popular tourist cities, hotels were overcrowded, and there was a shortage of beds.

在桂林,海外侨胞和港澳台同胞有的被安排在大礼堂的舞台上,男男女女都打地铺。有一首打油诗流传很广:“桂林山水甲天下,我到桂林住地下……”

In Guilin, some overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were arranged to sleep on the stage of the auditorium, with men and women alike sleeping on the floor. A popular ditty was widely circulated: “Guilin's landscape tops those elsewhere, here in Guilin, I sleep on the floor...”

在上海,当时虽有锦江、和平等7家上档次的饭店,但有时几千名外宾同一天要在上海过夜,急得上海市旅游局茫然无措。安置不下的宾朋,常常临时拉到杭州、苏州去过夜。忙得顾不上吃饭的导游姑娘,跳上跳下地解释着,经常急得泪汪汪的。

In Shanghai, despite having high-end hotels like Jinjiang and Peace Hotel among seven others, there were times when thousands of foreign guests needed to spend the night in Shanghai on the same day, which often left the Shanghai Tourism Bureau at a loss. Guests who couldn't be accommodated were often hastily relocated to Hangzhou or Suzhou to spend the night. The tour guide girls, too busy to even eat, would hop up and down explaining the situation, often to the brink of tears.

3.票!票!票!

Tickets! Tickets! Tickets!

1979年春,桂林机场。浓雾迷天。

Spring of 1979, Guilin Airport. The sky was filled with dense fog.

一天,两天,桂林的雾,依旧那么浓。10多个航班延误了,宾客焦急的情绪,也像雾一般在候机室内外弥漫,机场一片混乱。

One day, two days, the fog in Guilin remained as dense as ever. More than 10 flights were delayed, and the anxiety of the guests, like the fog, filled the waiting room and the airport was in chaos.

外宾是有日程的,签证到期该回国了,回国机票也早买了,可是卡在桂林出不来,怎么不焦急上火? 3天后,天空终于开雾了。几天滞留下来的旅客黑压压ー片,机场乱哄哄的。每个团都想先走。协调、安慰,增调航班,喧闹数天的游客最后总算都散了出去。

Foreign guests had schedules to keep, their visas were expiring and they needed to return to their home countries. They had bought their return tickets long ago, but they were stuck in Guilin and couldn't leave, how could they not be anxious and upset? Three days later, the sky finally cleared up. The travelers who had been stranded for several days were a mass of dark figures, the airport was in an uproar. Every group wanted to leave first. Through coordination, consolation, and adding additional flights, the noisy tourists who had been there for several days eventually all dispersed.

中国民航从1979年4月1日起,在国内对外开放的城市中相继开辟了 8条新航线,每周共安排了 545个航班。外宾最集中的北京、上海两地,班机由原来每周

的15班增加到24班。

Starting from April 1, 1979, the Civil Aviation Administration of China successively opened eight new routes in cities open to foreigners domestically, scheduling a total of 545 flights per week. The number of flights in Beijing and Shanghai, where most foreign guests were concentrated, increased from the original 15 flights per week to 24.

桂林是最热门的景区,要求去桂林游览的外宾越来越多。民航广州管理局已把从广州到桂林的航班,由原来每周!5班增加到24班。北京、上海、杭州、贵阳、天津、重庆、成都、武汉、长沙等地,每周都有班机进出桂林。

Guilin was the most popular tourist area, and the number of foreign guests requesting to visit Guilin increased. The Civil Aviation Administration of Guangzhou had increased the number of flights from Guangzhou to Guilin from the original 15 flights per week to 24. Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guiyang, Tianjin, Chongqing, Chengdu, Wuhan, Changsha, and other cities all had flights to and from Guilin every week.

在当时情况下,民航已竭尽全力,但还是无法满足旅游班机需求。1978年底, 中国民航只有162条航线,飞机的日利用时间オ1.9个小时,民航的运输总周转量世界排名第33位。飞机性能差,30年前乘坐过中国民航飞机的人,对当年那颠簸的飞机和轰鸣的噪音记忆犹新。

Given the circumstances at the time, the Civil Aviation Administration had done its utmost, but it still could not meet the demand for tourist flights. By the end of 1978, China's Civil Aviation Administration only had 162 routes, the daily usage time of aircraft was 1.9 hours, and the total turnover of civil aviation ranked 33rd in the world. The aircraft's performance was poor, and those who had flown on China's civil aviation aircraft 30 years ago still had vivid memories of the bumpy aircraft and roaring noise.

票!票!票!机票、火车票,两票难求。外宾进得来,出不去,成为主要矛盾。外国、侨胞旅行团因购不到机票而被打乱行程,滞留、改线现象经常发生。

Tickets! Tickets! Tickets! Both flight tickets and train tickets were hard to come by. Foreign guests could get in, but they couldn't get out, which became a major problem. Tour groups from foreign countries and overseas Chinese often had their schedules disrupted because they couldn't buy flight tickets, and incidents of delay or route changes happened frequently.

有一次在桂林,ー个美国团班机延误,眼见签证即将到期却走不了,客人闹了起来了,挥舞拳头抗议。全陪导游老黄想,打电话向国旅总部反映,时间都来不及了。急中生智,他直接把电话打到分管旅游工作的陈慕华副总理办公室。陈慕华连夜向空军司令张廷发求助,临时调军用飞机救急,オ平息ー场风波。

Once in Guilin, a flight delay for an American group led to a scene where the guests, seeing their visas about to expire but unable to leave, started to protest. The accompanying guide, Old Huang, thought to call the headquarters of the CITS, but there wasn't enough time. Thinking quickly, he directly called the office of Deputy Premier Chen Muhua, who was in charge of tourism work. Chen Muhua sought help from Air Force Commander Zhang Tingfa overnight and arranged for a military plane to be used in an emergency, which quelled the unrest.

当时缓解航班紧缺的办法,只有通过国务院、中央军委高层领导找空军司令张廷发特批空军包机。紧张状况一直延续到1982年。空军部队1982年共派出1800 多架次飞机,协助旅游部门空运游客近6万人次。1985年,空军正式成立旅游包机公司,飞机短缺的状况稍有缓解。

At that time, the only way to alleviate the shortage of flights was to seek special permission from Air Force Commander Zhang Tingfa through the State Council and the senior leadership of the Central Military Commission. he tense situation continued until 1982. In 1982, the Air Force dispatched more than 1,800 flights, assisting the tourism department in transporting nearly 60,000 tourists by air. In 1985, the Air Force formally established a charter company for tourism, which somewhat alleviated the shortage of aircraft.

火车票同样紧缺,卧铺票更是难求。常常是ー个团只能分到几张卧铺票,而旅游团中年龄偏大者居多,ー个团下飞机,多数是白发老人,被称为“银发族”。导游陪同常为拿不出足够的卧铺票而内疚。

Train tickets were also in short supply, and sleeper tickets were even harder to find. Often, a group could only get a few sleeper tickets, and the majority of those in the tour groups were older, most of them were elderly with white hair, referred to as the “silver-haired tribe”. The accompanying guides often felt guilty for not being able to provide enough sleeper tickets.

法国飞行78团凭票到火车站上车,车站告知走不了,要改乘凌晨2时的火车。等到凌晨2时,铁路方面又通知说这班车次取消了,要9时オ有火车。旅客通宵未眠,遇上这种情况,怎能不生气！

The French Flying 78 Group arrived at the train station with tickets only to be told by the station that they couldn't leave and had to take the train at 2 am. When it got to 2 am, the railway informed them that this train was cancelled and they had to wait until 9 am for the next train. The tourists had been up all night. Under such circumstances, how could they not get angry!

有一次火车途经昔日丝绸之路走过的名城,有个法国旅游团上车。因没有软卧,客人和陪同发生争执,团队中有80多岁的老太太。列车长也很为难。正在无可奈何之际,甘肃省委一行人知道情况后,带队的领导对列车长说:“这样吧,我们 12人的软卧全部让给旅游外宾。”说着就招呼人从软卧车厢把东西拿了出来。

Once, a train was passing through a famous city on the old Silk Road, and a French tour group got on. Because there were no soft sleepers available, a dispute arose between the guests and the accompanying staff, with an elderly lady in her 80s in the group. The train conductor was also in a difficult position. Just when they were at a loss, the Gansu Provincial Party Committee members who were on the train learnt about the situation. The leader of the group said to the train conductor, “Let's do this, we will give all our 12 soft sleepers to the foreign guests.” Then, they called their people to take their belongings out of the soft sleeper carriage.

法国客人进入软卧车厢后,迷惑不解地问:“他们怎么愿意把软卧让出来?”当得知为他们让出卧铺的是省级领导,顿时感动不已。

When the French guests entered the soft sleeper carriage, they asked in confusion, “Why are they willing to give up their soft sleepers?” When they learned that the people who gave up their berths for them were provincial leaders, they were deeply moved.

“在有限的条件下,解决宾客交通困难,我们尽心尽力。”王尔康给我们讲了个

导航轮的故事。

“We did our best to solve the guests’ transportation difficulties under limited conditions.” Wang Erkang told us a story about a navigation wheel. The story took place in the early 1980s.

故事发生在20世纪80年代初。这天王尔康刚上班,总经理室的电话就响起来了。空军机场告知,原定明晨6时起飞的一架图ー154包机导航轮要更换。图ー 154是苏联产的飞机,早已从苏联采购、用火车托运的ー批导航轮,却因东北嫩江发大水,失去了联系,火车皮现不知道在哪儿。如果不更换导航轮,飞机就不能起飞。王尔康一听急了,飞机延误就要打乱客人下ー站的旅行计划,这150多人的旅游团,ー处乱就一路乱,怎么办?

This happened in the early 1980s. One day, as soon as Wang Erkang arrived at work, the phone in the general manager's office rang. The Air Force airport informed them that the navigation wheel of a Tu-154 charter plane, which was scheduled to take off at 6 am the next morning, needed to be replaced. The Tu-154 is a Soviet-made aircraft. A batch of navigation wheels had already been purchased from the Soviet Union and shipped by train, but due to severe flooding in the Nen River in Northeast China, they had lost contact, and they didn't know where the train carriage was now. If the navigation wheel wasn't replaced, the plane wouldn't be able to take off. Upon hearing this, Wang Erkang was alarmed. If the flight was delayed, it would disrupt the travel plans of the next stop for the guests. For this tour group of more than 150 people, if one place was chaotic, the chaos would follow them the whole way. What should he do?

空军也在想办法。全国发电报寻找,终于在空军所属的乌鲁木齐机场找到ー个备用导航轮,但是得有专人去拿。王尔康一看飞乌鲁木齐航班还赶得上,马上派人出发赶飞机。如同一场争分夺秒的“战斗”,终于在当晚!2点前把导航轮送到空军机场,机械师连夜装换。第二天黎明,一声轰鸣,飞机按时冲上蓝天。王尔康与在场的国旅总社人员一直悬着的心,总算平静下来,脸上有了欣慰的微笑。

The Air Force was also trying to find a solution. They sent telegrams nationwide to find a spare navigation wheel and finally located one at their Urumqi Airport. However, they needed someone to pick it up. Seeing that there was still time to catch a flight to Urumqi, Wang Erkang immediately dispatched someone to rush to the airport. Like a race against time, the navigation wheel was finally delivered to the Air Force airport before midnight, and the mechanics worked overnight to replace it. At dawn the next day, with a loud roar, the plane took off on time. The hearts of Wang Erkang and the other staff from the China International Travel Service, which had been hanging in the balance, finally calmed down, and a relieved smile appeared on their faces.

1978年到20世纪80年代初,中国民航、铁路都极其薄弱,交通与住宿,同时成为发展旅游的主要瓶颈,外宾对此啧有烦言。抗议呀,叫喊呀,但由于条件限制,都难以较快改善。当这些外宾回国后,形成的舆论却相当可怕,给中国的国际声誉造成的不良影响,还不容易改变。

From 1978 to the early 1980s, both air and rail transportation in China were extremely weak, and transportation and accommodation became major bottlenecks for the development of tourism. Foreign visitors often complained about these issues. Despite protests and complaints, rapid improvements were difficult to achieve due to various constraints. After these foreign visitors returned to their home countries, the public opinion formed was rather negative, creating an unfavorable impact on China's international reputation, which was not easy to change.

20世纪80年代初,连续5批130多个美国客人在中国住不好,吃不好,特别是又因机票受困走不了,问题从民间反映到官方。不久,美国官方公开发布消息,说美国人到中国出不来,没地方住,对中国之旅亮出红灯。随即美国旅客骤减。美国旅行商说:“等到你们条件改善,我们再来。”

In the early 1980s, over 130 American visitors in five consecutive groups had unpleasant experiences in China, facing poor accommodations and food. Particularly troubling was the difficulty they experienced in obtaining flight tickets, which led to their being stranded. These issues escalated from the public domain to official levels. Soon after, the U.S. government publicly announced that Americans were having difficulty leaving China, and that there were inadequate accommodations. This warning signaled a red light for trips to China, leading to a significant decrease in American tourists. merican travel agencies said, "We will return when your conditions have improved."

中国旅游业,是在种种尴尬的情况下起步。

The tourism industry in China started amid various awkward circumstances.

4. 意想不到的尴尬

4. Unexpected Embarrassments

“民以食为天。”中国美食天下扬,正宗的有鲁菜、徽菜、浙菜、苏菜、闽菜、粤菜、川菜、湘菜等八大菜系,还有满、蒙、回、朝鲜等民族的特色口味,如烧、烤、涮。高档的有燕窝、鱼翅;中档的有甲鱼、螃蟹;北京烤鸭,杭州宋嫂鱼,四川太白鸭…… 任君享用,更不消说还有天南海北形形色色的风味小吃。说到吃,在中国总没问题了吧?

“People regard food as their primary need.” Chinese cuisine is famous worldwide. The authentic Chinese cuisine includes eight major culinary traditions: Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, and Hunan, as well as the special tastes of ethnic groups such as the Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Korean, which include techniques like roasting, grilling, and hotpot. There are high-end delicacies like bird's nest and shark fin; mid-range options like turtle and crab; Beijing roast duck, Hangzhou Song Sao Fish, Sichuan Taibai duck... The choice is yours. Not to mention, there are a variety of local snacks from all over the country. When it comes to eating, there should be no problem in China, right?

“你们想错了。”程文栋先生说,“当时在餐桌上出现过不少尴尬。”程文栋曾任国家旅游局副局长,担任过中国驻意大利大使,获过意大利“大十字骑士勋章”。他身材高大,声音洪亮而浑厚。他向我们讲述当年陪美国内务部次长一行人游桂林的事。

“You're mistaken,” said Mr. Cheng Wendong. “There were quite a few embarrassing incidents at the dining table.” Cheng Wendong served as the Deputy Director of the National Tourism Administration, was China's ambassador to Italy, and was awarded the “Knight Grand Cross” by Italy. With a tall stature and a deep, resonant voice, he shared with us his experience of accompanying a delegation led by the US Deputy Secretary of the Interior on a tour of Guilin.

美国客人到餐厅坐下,提出要喝啤酒。

When the American guests sat down at the restaurant, they asked for beer.

“对不起,没有了。”

“Sorry, we're out of beer.”

“那就来点冰激凌。”

“Well, bring some ice cream then.”

冰激凌是什么?服务员还是第一次听说,去问餐厅经理。经理脸红了,知道是知道,但餐厅目前还不会做。最后,客人说:“那就来杯冰水吧!”

What is ice cream? It was the first time the waiter had heard of it, so he asked the restaurant manager. The manager blushed, he knew what ice cream was, but the restaurant was not currently equipped to make it. In the end, the guests said, “Well, bring a glass of ice water then!”

经理派人出去跑,打电话到处联系,就是找不到冰水。

The manager dispatched someone to go out and make phone calls to various contacts, but they simply couldn't find any ice water.

美国宾客耸耸肩,疑惑地瞪大眼睛问程先生:“冰水也没有?”

The American guests shrugged and widened their eyes in confusion, asking Mr. Cheng: “You don't have ice water either?”

程文栋说起话来中气十足,说到这里,仰面哈哈大笑起来:“你看现在,要什么饮料没有?那时候连啤酒都没有呀!青岛啤酒,年初就拿钱去预定的,按计划供应。需求上报了,但只批下极少量。”

Cheng Wendong spoke with great vigour, and when he got to this part, he threw his head back and laughed heartily: “Just look at the present times, is there any drink that we don't have? Back then, even beer was scarce! For Tsingtao Beer, we had to place an advance payment at the beginning of the year and it was supplied as per plan. The demand was reported, but only a very small quantity was approved.”

1979年,14个省市54个涉外饭店有个统计,每年短缺啤酒2778吨,而且多数啤酒质量很差,外国旅游者对喝不到啤酒很有意见。美国人晚餐想喝鸡尾酒,更让我们的餐厅经理傻了眼。那时只有少数涉外宾馆オ有调配鸡尾酒的人才。

In 1979, a statistic from 54 foreign-related hotels in 14 provinces and cities revealed a shortage of 2778 tons of beer annually. Moreover, the quality of most beers was very poor, which displeased foreign tourists who couldn't get their hands on any. If American guests wanted to drink a cocktail for dinner, it would leave our restaurant managers completely flabbergasted. At that time, only a few foreign-related hotels had staff who could mix cocktails.

还有香槟酒问题。香槟酒是礼仪用酒,国外宴会大开香槟酒助兴,以显示宴会的隆重。可是,我们的餐厅香槟酒也奇缺,喝都不够,更别说是弄得“香槟喷溅宾朋乐”。

There was also the issue of champagne. Champagne is a ceremonial drink. At foreign banquets, it's customary to open champagne for toasting, signifying the grandeur of the event. However, our restaurants were severely short of champagne. There was barely enough for consumption, let alone to create a “champagne-spraying, guest-delighting” scene.

除了物资紧俏,由于对外国饮食忌讳不了解,也闹出ー些不愉快的事。比如泰国游客忌吃牛肉,事先已通过陪同向餐厅打了招呼。数分钟后,服务员忙中出错, 偏偏把ー盘牛肉端上桌。

Besides the scarcity of supplies, some unpleasant incidents arose due to a lack of understanding of foreign food taboos. For example, Thai tourists avoid eating beef, and this had been communicated in advance to the restaurant through accompanying staff. A few minutes later, a server made a mistake during a busy period and mistakenly served a plate of beef.

“哎,我们不是说了吗,不吃牛肉。”ー桌人都火了,因为这被视为对客人信仰的侮辱！

“Hey, didn't we say that we don't eat beef?” Everyone at the table was angry, as this was viewed as an insult to the guests' beliefs!

港澳游客忌讳“炒觥鱼”,因为在他们那里炒觥鱼”是失业的代名词。但餐厅服务员对炒觥鱼这道菜叫惯了,上菜就大声唱道:“炒觥鱼了！”

Tourists from Hong Kong and Macao have a taboo against “fried goby”, because in their culture, “fried goby” is synonymous with unemployment. But restaurant servers were accustomed to calling out this dish loudly: “Fried goby!”

海员忌讳“翻”。某餐厅服务员帮忙,把下半边未吃的鱼翻了个身,谁知外国海员无法容忍,把筷子ー摔离席而去。

Seamen have a taboo against “flipping”. A restaurant server wanted to help and flipped a half-eaten fish, but a foreign sailor couldn't tolerate it and slammed his chopsticks down, leaving the table.

在饮食习惯上,国内外存在很大差异。外宾喜欢分餐制,中国餐厅总是老规矩,10人ー桌,合而食之,有时不足10人还不上菜,客人面面相觑,饥腹以待。

There were significant differences in dietary habits between domestic and foreign guests. Foreign guests prefer separate dining, but Chinese restaurants usually adhere to the old rule of serving 10 people per table, serving food when the table is full. Sometimes if there are less than 10 people, they don't serve food at all, leaving the guests to glance at each other and wait with hunger.

大多数外宾早上爱吃西餐,而许多餐厅还做不了西餐。早餐通常是稀饭、冷菜、点心,西方宾客很不适应。

Most foreign guests prefer Western breakfast, but many restaurants couldn't make Western food at that time. Breakfast was usually porridge, cold dishes, and dim sum, which Western guests found hard to adjust to.

还有一个让外国游客不满的是餐厅定时开饭,过时不候。早上得早起赶吃饭, 晚上又没有专供客人喝酒聊天的酒吧间。

Another dissatisfaction among foreign tourists was the restaurant's set meal times. If you missed the time, you would not be served. They had to get up early in the morning to catch breakfast and there was no bar available in the evening for guests to have a drink and chat.

中国有“食在广州”ー说,天上飞的,地上爬的,水里游的,经过煎炒烹炸、蒸煮
炖煨,无不成了席上的佳肴。然而,那些精心烹饪的名菜端上来,外国游客问,这是什么?当得知这是某些飞禽走兽时,他们不吃了。餐厅说,你点的,我们做了,你怎么能不要?客人说,你写的不是这个东西。人家说得没错,我们写的“龙凤呈祥”，外国游客能知道那是什么?矛盾的焦点则是:有些“洋客人”反对屠杀动物。

In China, there's a saying “Food is in Guangzhou”, which means everything that flies in the sky, crawls on the ground, and swims in the water can be transformed into delicious dishes on the table through various cooking methods like frying, boiling, steaming, and braising. However, when those meticulously prepared dishes were served, foreign tourists would ask, “What is this?” Upon learning that it was some kind of animal, they would refuse to eat. The restaurant would respond, “You ordered it, we made it, how can you reject it?” The guests would reply, “What you wrote is not this.” They’re right. If we wrote “dragon and phoenix bring auspiciousness,” how could foreign tourists know what it is? The focus of the conflict was that some "foreign guests" opposed the killing of animals.

许多餐厅还没有菜单,更没有英文菜单。每次吃中餐,外宾好奇地询问各种菜名。我们的传统菜名写在小竹签上,高高ー排悬于墙,外国宾客不知那是什么。菜单可以充分展示一个餐厅的优势和特色,可惜那时我们还不知道利用。

Many restaurants didn't even have menus, let alone English menus. Each time they had Chinese meals, foreign guests would curiously inquire about the names of various dishes. Every time they had Chinese meals, foreign guests would curiously ask about the names of various dishes. Our traditional dish names were written on small bamboo sticks and hung high on the wall, leaving foreign guests in confusion about what they were. Menus can fully showcase the advantages and features of a restaurant, but unfortunately, we didn't know how to utilize that at the time.

有些问题ー经外宾指出,改起来并不难。很快,印有中英文的精美菜单出现在各宾馆的餐桌上;也有了夜间小吃部,备有各种名酒、饮料、点心、冷菜、热菜。就餐时间不再限定。街头相继出现酒吧间,并迅速增加。

Some of the issues were easy to address once foreign guests pointed them out. Soon, beautifully printed menus with both Chinese and English started appearing on the dining tables in various hotels; there were also night snack sections that provided a variety of famous wines, beverages, pastries, cold dishes, and hot dishes. Meal times were no longer restricted. Bars started to appear on the streets and rapidly increased in number.

在旅游点进餐,更大的问题是卫生差。某些餐馆苍蝇就像轰炸机ー样向饭菜袭来,外宾见了头皮发麻。有些餐馆厨房与餐厅只隔ー矮墙,客人可以看到师傅打赤膊在大锅台上烫面条,食欲大减。

The bigger problem with dining at tourist spots was poor hygiene. In some restaurants, flies swooped down on the food like bombers, making foreign guests shudder. Some restaurants had a low wall separating the kitchen from the dining area, and guests could see the chefs shirtless, blanching noodles on the large stoves, which greatly reduced their appetite.

别小看“吃”,一日三餐谁能少?没有好的餐饮企业,就没有好的旅游环境。ー个城市餐饮市场的成熟程度,反映了它的旅游接待カ和综合实カ。

Don't underestimate the importance of eating. Who can skip a meal three times a day? Without good catering enterprises, there won't be a good tourism environment. The maturity of a city's catering market reflects its tourism reception capability and overall strength.

为了让旅游外宾吃饱吃好,我们的餐厅师傅费尽了心思。常言道:“众口难调。”何况这“众口”来自不同国家和地区。甚至同一个团队,由于年龄、体质、职业、宗教信仰等不同,对饮食也有不同的要求,要细心地做到“看客做菜” 〇

In order to ensure foreign tourists are well-fed, our restaurant chefs put in a lot of effort. As the saying goes, “It's hard to please all tastes,” especially when these "tastes" come from different countries and regions. Even within the same group, due to differences in age, physique, occupation, and religious beliefs, there are different requirements for food, requiring careful attention to “tailor the dishes to the guest.”

师傅们很快了解到西欧人口味清淡,东欧人口味比较浓厚;非洲人以咸辣味为主,爱吃咖哩;法国客人吃点心,喜咸不喜甜;美国人饭前要喝饮料,日本人喜欢海鲜鱼虾;而尼泊尔等ー些内陆国家对海味和水产品都不太适应;朝鲜人则喜欢蒜味辣味,对花椒八角等香料不喜欢;川菜,酸、甜、苦、辣、麻,五味俱全,外宾就消受不了,得改进。连炒个鸡蛋也讲究,有的要荤烧,有的要素做。这鸡蛋本来就是荤的, 怎么个素做?荤的又分煎炒,素的还讲老嫩。

Chefs quickly understood that Western Europeans prefer light flavors, Eastern Europeans prefer stronger flavors; Africans prefer salty and spicy food, and love curry; French guests prefer savory pastries, not sweet; Americans like to drink beverages before meals, Japanese love seafood; while people from inland countries like Nepal are not quite adapted to seafood and aquatic products; Koreans love garlic and spicy flavors, and do not like spices like Sichuan pepper and star anise; Sichuan cuisine, with its sour, sweet, bitter, spicy, and numbing flavors, is too overwhelming for foreign guests, so adjustments need to be made. Even the frying of an egg requires particular attention, some require meat, some need to be made vegetarian. Eggs are inherently non-vegetarian, so how can they be made vegetarian? And for non-vegetarian ones, there are differences in frying, and for vegetarian ones, the tenderness is important.

北京饭店等许多涉外饭店让宾客吃得最为满意。餐厅中西餐齐备、品种俱全, 任君自选。中餐花样繁多,别具风格。山珍海味经高级名厨的妙手高技,做出色香味绝佳令人见而增欲的美味佳肴。包括茅台酒在内的多种饮料,任凭客人吃喝。咖啡、冰糕等冷饮都能及时送到。上菜、送酒、端饭,讲究礼貌,有条不紊。外宾们认为,在这里用餐是ー种美的享受。交口称赞:“中国菜是世界第一流的。”

Many hotels catering to foreign guests, such as the Beijing Hotel, have made their guests very satisfied. heir restaurants offer a wide range of Chinese and Western dishes, with a variety of options for guests to choose from. Chinese cuisine is diverse and unique in style. Mountain and sea delicacies, prepared by skilled chefs, create flavorful dishes that increase people's appetite upon seeing them. A variety of beverages, including Maotai liquor, are available for guests to enjoy. Coffee, ice cream and other cold drinks can be delivered promptly. Serving dishes, pouring wine, and serving meals are all done with manners and order. Foreign guests believe that dining here is a beautiful enjoyment. They unanimously praise, “Chinese food is world-class.”

但是,那时没有太多的地方能像北京饭店那样。

However, at that time, not too many places could match the standard of the Beijing Hotel.

5.情动中南海

Emotion Moves Zhongnanhai

那时的中国旅行游览事业管理局,频于应付各种难题,像救火的消防队。北京和各地持续的住宿难的呼声,惊动了中南海。党中央、国务院领导清楚地认识到: 住宿问题已严重制约、影响了旅游业的发展,乃至经济发展,得下决心解决住房“卡脖子”状况。临时建房来不及,原有的内部宾馆则是可利用的资源。1979年,国务院一声令下,决定将北京和全国各地的内部高级饭店对外开放,划归旅游局实行企业化经营,挣外汇。

The China Administration for Travel and Tourism at that time, was constantly dealing with various difficulties, much like a firefighting team. The continuous calls regarding accommodation difficulties in Beijing and other regions alarmed Zhongnanhai. The leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the State Council clearly realized that the accommodation issue had severely constrained and affected the development of the tourism industry, and even economic development, and it was determined to resolve the “bottleneck” condition of housing. There was no time to build temporary houses, and the existing internal guest houses were available resources. In 1979, the State Council issued a command to decide to open up high-level hotels for internal use in Beijing and all over the country to foreign visitors. These hotels were transferred to the management of the tourism bureau to operate as enterprises and earn foreign exchange.

于是,中共中央、国务院、总参内部使用的北戴河疗养区别墅院舍、钓鱼台国宾馆其中两幢楼,率先对外开放,接待自费旅游者。

Consequently, the Beidaihe Sanatorium villas and two buildings of the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, which were used internally by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the General Staff Department, were the first to be opened to the public, accommodating self-funded tourists.

北戴河疗养区一开放,日、美、英、法、瑞士、加拿大等国的外宾ー批批来到了北戴河,喜笑颜开地游山海关,在海滨沐浴阳光,划船游泳〇

When the Beidaihe Sanatorium was opened, visitors from Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Canada, and other countries came to Beidaihe in batches. They were overjoyed to tour Shanhaiguan, bask in the sunshine on the beach, and go boating and swimming.

北京钓鱼台宾馆是名闻中外的国宾馆。800多年前,金王朝迁都燕京后,金章宗皇帝常到大水池边钓鱼,流传下“钓鱼台”的名称。清朝,这里是皇帝行宫。中华人民共和国成立后,这里接待过许多元首级外宾。住房在湖水岸旁绿树丛中,环境幽静,高贵典雅。卧室宽敞、整洁,电冰箱、电视机等现代化的实用设备,ー应俱全。!979年8月1日,国宾馆首批接待了菲律宾首航旅行团,包括菲使馆人员共 70人。接着又连续接待了日本、美国的旅游客人。宾馆还向每位入住客人赠送绣有“钓鱼台迎宾馆”字样的桌布、檀香扇。外宾为能入住原来只有国家元首下榻的国宾馆而感到兴奋和荣耀。

The Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing is a state guesthouse known both domestically and abroad. More than 800 years ago, after the Jin Dynasty moved the capital to Yanjing, Emperor Zhangzong of Jin often went fishing by the large pool, which gave the name “Diaoyutai”. During the Qing Dynasty, this place was an imperial palace. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has received many foreign guests at the head-of-state level. The guest rooms are nestled among green trees by the lakeside, providing a quiet and elegant environment. The bedrooms are spacious and clean, equipped with modern practical equipment such as refrigerators and televisions, and are fully equipped. On August 1, 1979, the State Guesthouse received its first group of guests from the inaugural Philippine tour group, including 70 people from the Philippine Embassy. Subsequently, it continuously received tourists from Japan and the United States. The guesthouse also presented each guest with a tablecloth embroidered with the words “Diaoyutai State Guesthouse” and a sandalwood fan. Foreign guests were excited and honored to be able to stay in the state guesthouse where only national leaders had stayed before.

国务院开放国家“禁苑”,各省市争相仿效。

Following the State Council's decision to open up the national “forbidden gardens”, provinces and cities across the country began to follow suit.

行动最快的是山东,把当地最好的济南南郊宾馆、济南饭店拨出。随后河北、四川、云南、天津、黑龙江、吉林等1〇多个省市都将本地“禁苑”开放,拨给旅游部门管理使用,自己要开会时就住一般饭店和招待所。

Shandong was the fastest to act, allocating the best local hotels, Jinan South Suburb Guesthouse and Jinan Hotel. Subsequently, over 10 provinces and cities including Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, and Jilin opened up their local “forbidden gardens”, allocating them to the tourism department for management and use. When they needed to hold meetings, they would stay in ordinary hotels and guesthouses.

广东把白云宾馆和南湖宾馆拨给省旅游局管理使用,湖南省委将当地的“国宾馆”蓉园改为蓉园宾馆,接待旅游者。

Guangdong allocated Baiyun Guesthouse and Nanhu Guesthouse to the Provincial Tourism Bureau for management and use. The Hunan Provincial Committee turned the local "State Guesthouse", Rongyuan, into Rongyuan Guesthouse to accommodate tourists.

浙江省委规定,省委开会一律不准占用接待外宾的饭店和宾馆。同时,让省机关事务管理局所属的新新和大华两个饭店,按照先外后内的原则安排用房。

The Zhejiang Provincial Committee stipulated that meetings of the Provincial Committee should not occupy hotels and guesthouses that cater to foreign guests. At the same time, it allowed the Xin Xin and Dahua hotels, which belong to the Provincial Bureau of Government Offices Administration, to arrange rooms according to the principle of prioritizing foreign guests first, then local guests.

广西南宁的西园饭店,人称“南宁国宾馆”;湖南蓉园宾馆,重庆市渝州宾馆, 都是当地接待来华访问高级官员和中央首长的高级饭店,这些内部宾馆如无接待任务,都是常年空锁着。开放后,为国家挣到大笔外汇,结束了年年向财政部门要补贴的历史。

The Xiyuan Hotel in Nanning, Guangxi, also known as Nanning State Guesthouse; the Rongyuan Guesthouse in Hunan; and the Yuzhou Guesthouse in Chongqing city were all high-end hotels used locally to receive senior officials visiting China and central leaders. These internal guesthouses were usually left vacant and locked when they weren't being used for hosting tasks. Once these locations opened to the public, they earned a significant amount of foreign exchange for the country, ending the history of needing annual subsidies from the finance department.

上海先后开放兴国宾馆、西郊宾馆和锦江中楼。

Shanghai subsequently opened Xingguo Guesthouse, West Suburb Guesthouse, and Jinjiang Middle Building to the public.

兴国宾馆又名丁香花园,相传是清末李鸿章宠妾丁香居住的地方。园内有三

幢别墅式的建筑,内有苏州式的庭园,小桥流水,曲径幽回,假山亭榭,错落有致
西郊宾馆是上海最大的内部宾馆,“十里洋场”少有的幽静处所。

Xingguo Guesthouse, also known as Lilac Garden, is rumored to have been the residence of Li Hongzhang's favorite consort, Dingxiang, during the late Qing dynasty. Within the garden, there are three villa-style buildings, a Suzhou-style courtyard, small bridges over flowing water, winding paths, and well-arranged rockeries and pavilions. The West Suburb Guesthouse was the largest internal guesthouse in Shanghai, a rare quiet place in the ten-mile foreign concessions.

高级套房, 豪华的客厅和新颖别致的酒吧、茶座,此外还有百亩诱人水面,可供住客划船、垂钓。

These advanced guest rooms, luxurious living rooms and unique bars and tea houses, in addition to a hundred acres of attractive water surface for guests to boat and fish, have greatly added to the appeal.

锦江中楼原来是接待国家元首用的专用楼,使用率极低;遇有重要国宾,则不光是中楼,连整个饭店都要提前控制床位,其他外宾不接或少接;任务过后,中楼还要休整两天搞卫生,清规戒律很多,没有接待任务只准空着,亏损由国家财政补贴。

The Jinjiang Central Building was originally a dedicated building for hosting national leaders, and its usage rate was extremely low. When important foreign guests arrived, not only the Central Building, but the entire hotel had to control the number of beds in advance, accepting fewer or no other foreign guests. After the task was completed, the Central Building would still need to be cleaned for two days. There were many rules and regulations, and it was only allowed to be vacant when there was no reception task. The losses were subsidized by the state finance.

各地高级宾馆原有的规章,在1979年被彻底打破了。

In 1979, the original regulations of high-end hotels across the country were completely broken.

这些举措给旅游业发展吹来ー缕春风,从一定程度上缓解了外宾食宿困难的矛盾。更为国家挣得许多外汇,可谓ー举多得。

These measures brought a breath of spring to the development of the tourism industry and alleviated the difficulties of foreign guests in eating and accommodation to a certain extent. Earning more foreign exchange for the country, it can be said that the move was beneficial in multiple ways.

开放“禁苑”挣外汇,表明中国旅游开始从“外事接待型”向“积累外汇型”转轨,表明了中国高层领导支持搞旅游的决心。

Opening up the “forbidden gardens” to earn foreign exchange indicated that Chinese tourism began to transition from a “foreign affairs reception type” to a “foreign exchange accumulation type”, which demonstrated the determination of China's top leaders to support tourism.

除了开放全国各地“禁苑”外,国家旅游总局号召旅游部门紧急行动起来,改造原有招待所,解决住宿“卡脖子”问题。

In addition to opening up “forbidden gardens” across the country, the CNTA called on the tourism departments to take urgent action to transform the existing guest houses and solve the problem of accommodation bottlenecks.

当时提出的口号是:时间就是外汇,速度就是金钱。早一天改建成,为国家早一天收入外汇。

The slogan put forward at that time was: time is foreign exchange, speed is money. The earlier the transformation is completed, the earlier the country earns foreign exchange.

北京及全国各地都开始把老式的招待所住房,改造成带卫生间的套房。安装锅炉,整理床位,添置设备,疏通道路,组建车队,新建餐厅、礼堂、俱乐部……任务非常紧迫。

Beijing and other places across the country began to transform old guest houses into suites with bathrooms. Installing boilers, arranging beds, adding equipment, clearing roads, forming car fleets, building new restaurants, auditoriums, clubs... The task was very urgent.

上海提出“修好一间,布置ー间,安排ー间”的口号,大挖住房潜力。在短期内改造、扩建旅游标准床位3000多个。

Shanghai proposed the slogan, "repair one room, decorate one room, and use one room," greatly tapping into the housing potential. More than 3000 tourist standard beds were remodeled and expanded in a short time.

杭州马不停蹄,改造扩建2000多间标准接待用房。

Hangzhou worked non-stop, remodeling and expanding more than 2000 standard reception rooms.

有的地方“临时抱佛脚”,像救火ー样抢时间。江苏有4个团百余客人将到达, 住宿安排不下。如果临时打退堂鼓,既损坏信誉,又影响外汇收入。怎么办?省委听了汇报后指示:“接,决不能退!”马上组织人员装修双门楼宾馆三、四层。

Some places were seeking Buddha's help at the last moment, scrambling for time like firefighters. There were four groups of over a hundred guests arriving in Jiangsu, and the accommodation couldn't accommodate them all. If they backed down at the last minute, it would damage their reputation and affect foreign exchange income. So what to do? After hearing the report, the provincial committee instructed: “Accept, we cannot retreat!” Personnel were immediately organized to renovate the third and fourth floors of the Shuangmenlou Guesthouse.

这时,离接团的时间只有一周。楼体虽已建起,但还是个水泥框架,室内工程尚未动エ。那时人干起活来有股子冲劲,不分昼夜,不讲报酬。南京一建公司多エ种工人同时作业,安灯通水、油漆门窗、粘贴墙纸、为地板打蜡。无锡家具厂赶制的弹簧床、沙发,水运太慢,市城建部门抽出20多辆大卡车连夜送达。苏州提供灯具,镇江赶制拖鞋,扬州运来大浴巾,女工连夜缝被子。没服务员怎么办?调江苏旅游学校30名即将毕业的学员,提前上岗实习。

At that time, there was only one week left until the arrival of the groups. Although the building structure had been erected, it was still a concrete frame, and the interior work had not yet begun. But back then, when people worked, they had a spirit of urgency, working day and night without discussing remuneration. Numerous workers from a construction company in Nanjing worked simultaneously, installing lights and water, painting doors and windows, pasting wallpaper, and waxing floors. Spring beds and sofas rushed from a furniture factory in Wuxi were too slow to be transported by water, so the city's urban construction department dispatched over 20 large trucks to deliver them overnight. Suzhou provided lights, Zhenjiang rushed to make slippers, Yangzhou transported large bath towels, and female workers sewed quilts overnight. What to do without waitstaff? Thirty soon-to-graduate students from Jiangsu Tourism School were called up for early on-the-job training.

一周后,港沪119团等4个团如期到达,外宾们高兴地住进新楼。他们不知
大记录

—中国改革开放四十年报告文学选

道,为此许多人连日忙得顾不上吃饭,一周就瘦了一圈,有的工人累得晕倒在施工现场。

A week later, four groups including the Hong Kong-Shanghai 119 group arrived as scheduled, and the foreign guests happily moved into the new building. The guests were unaware that many people had been working non-stop for this, skipping meals and losing weight within a week, with some workers even fainting at the construction site due to exhaustion.

重庆是刚开放的城市,接待条件底子差。市委下决心拨出200余万元重新装修宾馆。加班加点,为每个房间装电话机,铺地毯,安装空调,装淋浴设备。每栋楼添置了制冰机和电冰箱,还在宾馆内设立了邮政、电信、兑换外币的服务点和小卖部等。

Chongqing, a newly opened city, initially had poor hospitality conditions. Determined to make a change, the city committee decided to allocate more than 20 million yuan to refurbish the hotels. Working tirelessly, each room was equipped with a telephone, carpet, air conditioning, and shower facilities. Each building was enhanced with ice makers and refrigerators. Additionally, service points for postal services, telecommunications, foreign currency exchange, and convenience stores were established within the hotel.

还有个办法,像打仗ー样争分夺秒投入“抢房间”战斗。

Another tactic was to wage a “room-grabbing” war, in a battle against time as if in a real combat situation.

什么叫“抢房间”？

What is “room-grabbing”?

比如上海锦江饭店,有一批南斯拉夫100多位外宾早上6时刚离店,紧接着澳大利亚“珊瑚公主号”游船外宾!00多人上午8时要入住,前后只有2小时空隙。 10多个服务员争分夺秒,打扫房间,重新换上被套、枕套、毛巾、浴巾,在客人到来前已把一切都整理得井井有条。这办法,后来就叫“提高住房周转率”。

This term refers to the intense competition to secure hotel rooms, particularly during peak travel periods or when hosting special events. Due to high demand and limited supply, acquiring hotel rooms can become quite a competitive endeavor, hence the term “room-grabbing”. This strategy later became known as “improving room turnover rate”.

这样的紧张战斗,实际上不只是“抢出了房间”,多赚了外汇。我们从前许多跟国际通用的经营管理方式不接轨的观念,在这些从省级领导到普通服务员合力的“战斗”中,被扫除了,更新了。旅游业,其实是最早努力跟国际接轨的行业。

This intense struggle was not just about “grabbing rooms” and earning more foreign exchange. Many of our previous notions that were not aligned with internationally accepted management methods were swept away and updated during this “battle” involving everyone from provincial leaders to ordinary service staff. The tourism industry, in fact, was one of the earliest sectors striving to align with international standards.

二、开放初年的阳光

Chapter 2. The Dawn of Early Years of Opening Up

20世纪的国际旅游业,在二次大战后开始重建。西班牙宣称:“向世界出售太阳和海滩。”新西兰的旅游业已成为本国最大的产业之一……这是ー个从旅游业开始恢复国际交往,进而重新结构各国实カ的时代。中国旅游业严重落后,但我们毕竟有了新的开始。虽然刚走出“文革”,改革开放初年,那时的人心和品德,仍有多少纯朴动人的美景,值得抚今追昔。记忆告诉我们,那时“硬件”很差,但爱国之情、纯朴善良之心等蕴蓄民间的“软实カ”却可以感动天地。

The international tourism industry of the 20th century began to rebuild after the Second World War. Spain proclaimed: “Selling the sun and beaches to the world.” The tourism industry in New Zealand has become one of the country's largest industries... This was an era when international interactions began to recover through tourism, and subsequently, the real structures of various countries were restructured. China's tourism industry was seriously lagging, but we had a new beginning after all. Although we had just come out of the Cultural Revolution and were in the early years of the reform and opening up, there were still some simple and moving scenes in people's hearts and morals that are worth remembering. Memory tells us that while the “hardware” was poor at that time, the “soft power” hidden among the people, such as patriotic sentiments and simple goodness, could move heaven and earth.

1.梦醒时分

1. The Moment of Awakening

在改革开放前的30年,中国人并非不努力。中国人自力更生、勒紧腰带苦干了 30年。但我们认识上出了偏差,我们对经济的认识严重不够,对旅游的认识就更加不到位,我们也还不懂得如何有效利用世界上的种种资源。

During the thirty years before the era of reform and opening up, the people of China were not without effort. They had striven to be self-reliant and had endured hardship and hard work for those three decades. However, we had some misconceptions in our understanding; we had a severe lack of understanding of the economy and an even more inadequate grasp of tourism. We also didn't know how to effectively use the various resources in the world.

世界旅游组织于!975年正式成立,总部设在西班牙的马德里,到1979年已有 101个成员国。同年,联合国报告说,旅游业现在是比钢铁与军备更大的企业。

The World Tourism Organization was officially established in 1975 with its headquarters in Madrid, Spain. By 1979, it had 101 member countries. In the same year, a United Nations report stated that tourism is now a bigger industry than steel and armaments.

改革开放之前的30年,我国旅游业几近于零,仅是为了扩大政治影响,搞些外交礼节性的接待,仅象征性收费。说白了,是贴钱的买卖。“文革”结束后,中国旅游业迈出了历史性的步伐。

In the 30 years before the reforms and opening up, China's tourism industry was virtually non-existent. During this time, we primarily expanded our political influence through ceremonial diplomatic receptions, and the fees collected were largely symbolic. To put it bluntly, it was a loss-making business. Following the end of the Cultural Revolution, China's tourism industry took a significant step forward.

外国旅游者第一次来中国,一下飞机,接触的第一个中国人就是导游。导游的ー举ー动、一言一行代表着中国人的形象。

As foreign tourists first set foot in China, the initial local they encounter is often a tour guide. Every action and word of these guides is representative of the image of Chinese people.

一位意大利的旅游者对导游说:“马可・波罗向我们介绍了古代的中国,你带领我们游了当代中国。”

One Italian tourist remarked to a guide, “Marco Polo introduced us to ancient China, and now you're leading us through modern China.”

导游被称作“民间大使”,当个好导游是个不简单的事。有人羡慕导游,但不知导游艰辛,以为导游整天坐飞机、游天下,吃风味,工作就是游玩,优哉,游哉。有人看不起导游,“不就是个带路拎包的吗?”把导游看作是“伺候洋人”的差使。

Tour guides are often referred to as ambassadors of the people, and being a good one is no simple task. While some may envy the life of a tour guide, imagining it as a constant whirl of travel, flavorful meals, and enjoyment, they are often unaware of the challenges and hard work that go into this profession. Some people underestimate tour guides, considering them merely as helpers who show the way and carry luggage, and view their role as simply serving foreigners.

导游有自己的自豪,最牛的语言当推这句:“在外宾面前,我是中国。在内宾面前,我是首都。”

However, tour guides have their own pride. As one guide famously declared, “In front of foreign guests, I represent China. In front of domestic guests, I represent the capital.”

王连义先生是河北人,大学毕业后一直在国旅从事导游、翻译工作,说话风趣幽默,是历届旅游大赛的裁判长。现在虽退休了,还在为培养旅游人オ奔忙,写了不少导游方面的文章,是中国著名导游翻译专家。他说,导游是ー项崇高的职业, 导游的好坏,关系到祖国的声誉和尊严。

Mr. Wang Lianyi, a native of Hebei, has been involved in guiding and interpreting work at the CITS since graduating from university. He is known for his witty and humorous speech and has been the chief judge of various tourism competitions. Even though he has retired now, he is still busy contributing to the training of travel industry professionals and has written many articles on guiding. He is recognized as a leading expert in tour guide translation and interpreting in China. He said, being a tour guide is a noble profession. The quality of a tour guide reflects the reputation and dignity of our homeland.

王连义还说,那时导游奇缺,特别是懂外语的导游更缺。在机场刚送走ー个团,不用回来,下一个团马上就飞到了。名单早已在怀里装着,得掏出来熟悉熟悉。一年365日,多是车马船上行。未婚的导游没机会与恋人见面,已婚的导游常常要听爱人的怨声。十天半月不着家,这家还像家吗?中年导游,上有父母下有小,更有一本难念的经。

Wang Lianyi also mentioned that at that time, there was a severe shortage of tour guides, especially those who were fluent in foreign languages. After sending off one group at the airport, there was no need to return, as the next group would immediately fly in. The list of names was already in hand, ready to be reviewed. Out of 365 days in a year, most were spent traveling by car, boat, or on foot. Unmarried guides had no opportunity to meet with their lovers, while married ones often had to listen to complaints from their spouses. Being away from home for days or even weeks, did home still feel like home? For middle-aged guides with elderly parents and young children, life was particularly challenging.

国旅总社有位日语女翻译,一年有200多天都在跑,年幼的孩子送“全托”,见到小孩时,孩子认不出妈。还有一对双职エ,常年在外带团,丈夫回家妻离家,妻子回家夫出发。两人只好靠纸条传递思念之情。有的导游一年中登了 300次长城, 跑细了腰,磨破了嘴,倒地而宿。但能让来华的旅游者带着好印象依依回归,一年到头累是累,却也是充实的。

There was a female Japanese translator at the CITS who spent more than 200 days on the road each year. Her young child was placed in full-time care, and when she came home, her child could not recognize her. There was also a couple both working as tour guides, constantly leading groups away from home. When the husband returned home, the wife left, and vice versa. The two could only express their longing for each other through notes. Some tour guides would climb the Great Wall 300 times a year, wearing thin their waists and wearing out their voices, falling asleep right on the spot. Yet they were able to leave a good impression on tourists visiting China, and despite the year-round exhaustion, they also felt a sense of fulfillment.

李维瑜大姐是中国旅游协会副秘书长,还是国家旅游局タ阳红舞蹈团的团长。 30年前,李瑞环动员她转入旅游行业工作,从此改变了她的后半生。多年从事旅游宣传工作的她,十分健谈,她讲了这样ー个故事:

Li Weiyu is the deputy secretary-general of the CNTA, as well as the leader of the "Yangyang Red" dance troupe of the National Tourism Administration. Thirty years ago, Li Ruihuan encouraged her to switch to the tourism industry, which changed the rest of her life. Having worked in tourism promotion for many years, she is very talkative and shared this story:

有个美国老太太步履蹒跚,拎着两个大包,特别大。那时候,美国人认为中国物资贫乏,什么都带,大包装有衣物、成打的一次性袜子,巧克力、饼干等各种零食, 各种药品,包括卫生纸,应有尽有。这个老太太的女儿也在这个团里,美国人的儿女是不大帮助父母提行李的,或许美国的老年人也喜欢自立。导游小张主动帮助老太太拎包,一路对她也特别关照,扶上扶下。

There was an elderly American lady who was shuffling along, carrying two large bags, which were exceptionally big. At that time, Americans believed that China was lacking in resources, so they brought everything: the large bags were packed with clothes, bulk disposable socks, chocolates, cookies and all sorts of snacks, various medicines, and even toilet paper – you name it. The old lady's daughter was also in this tour group. In America, children don't often help their parents with luggage, perhaps because older Americans like to be independent. Tour guide Zhang took the initiative to help the old lady with her bags, providing her with special care along the way.

1〇多天后,分别的时候到了。在首都机场安检处,这位80多岁的美国老太太, 动了真情,紧紧握住导游姑娘的手说:“你能不能够跟我去美国?我收你为女儿。我有好多个儿女,他们从来不管我。我有!0多处房产,可以送ー处给你。”

Ten or so days later, the time came for them to part. At the security checkpoint at the capital airport, this 80-year-old American lady, moved to tears, tightly held the hand of the tour guide and asked, "Could you come with me to America? I would take you in as my daughter.” “I have many children, but they never take care of me. I have over ten properties, I can give you one.” the old lady proposed.

姑娘回答说:“我们国家的旅游业现在需要我,我的父母也需要我照顾。”最后她俯在老人耳边说,“将来,有机会我会去美国看您,您多保重!”

The young lady replied, “Our country's tourism industry needs me now, and my parents need me to take care of them.” In the end, she leaned over to the old lady's ear and said, “In the future, if I get the chance, I will come to America to see you. Please take care of yourself!”

青旅接的100多人的华侨团,一路上住也住不好,吃也吃不好,汽车又颠簸,华侨很不满意。两个女导游急得不知怎么办オ好。忽然,她俩站起来说:“对不起大家,我们给你们唱支歌吧!”

There was a group of over 100 overseas Chinese being catered to by the China Youth Travel Service. They were not satisfied with the accommodations, the food, or the bumpy car ride. The two female tour guides were so worried that they didn't know what to do. Suddenly, they both stood up and said, “We're sorry, everyone. Let us sing a song for you.”

她俩ー起唱起了《我爱你中国》,ー边唱着歌,ー边流眼泪。华侨们被深深地感动了。最后导游说:“请你们喜欢我们唱的这支歌,我们的条件一定会好起来,欢迎你们再来。”全团人员热烈鼓掌,有人也掉下了泪水。

They began to sing “I Love You, China” together, and as they sang, they were moved to tears. The overseas Chinese were deeply moved. In the end, the tour guides said, “Please love the song we sang. Our conditions will surely improve, and we welcome you to come again.” Everyone in the group applauded enthusiastically, and some were moved to tears.

有一次,北京飞西安的飞机发生故障,机身晃动,飞机上乘客是个美国团,机舱顿时出现骚动。两位导游是从北京第二外国语学院借来的大三女学生小李和小燕,她们很镇静,在高空中微笑着应对突发事件。

Once, a flight from Beijing to Xi'an had a malfunction and the aircraft shook. The passengers on board were an American group, and there was immediate unrest in the cabin. Two guides, Li and Yan, who were third-year students borrowed from Beijing Foreign Studies University, remained calm and responded to the sudden event with a smile in the sky.

小李大声说:“有亲人的请举手「’

Li loudly asked, “Anyone who has loved ones, please raise your hand.”

一下子,大家举起了手臂。

Immediately, everyone raised their hands.

小李和小燕也举起了手。

Li and Yan also raised theirs.

小李举着手说:“我也有父母,还有一个小女儿。我不希望父母失去孩子,也不希望孩子失去父母。请你们相信,中国的航空是最安全的,中华人民共和国成立以来还没有掉过飞机呢!”

Li, with her hand raised, said, “I too have parents and a little daughter. I don't want my parents to lose a child, nor do I want a child to lose her parents. Please believe that China's aviation is the safest, and since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, no plane has ever crashed!”

经她这么ー说,大家的情绪安定下来。事后,人家问她们为什么那么镇定,两人都不慌神,配合挺好。她们也说不出为什么,但她们经历了有生以来最勇敢的时刻。

With her words, everyone’s emotions were settled down. Afterwards, when asked why they were so calm, both of them were not flustered and coordinated well. They couldn't explain why, but they had experienced the bravest moment of their lives.

这时,空姐出来告诉大家,飞机将降落在太原整修。在太原等待的时间,为调节情绪,导游小燕开口说:“我给你们说说我插队的故事吧!”她开始讲述怎样去北大荒,怎么学会干农活,怎么学会开拖拉机,怎么又考上了“二外” 〇

At this moment, the flight attendant came out and told everyone that the plane would land in Taiyuan for repair. While waiting in Taiyuan, to lighten the mood, the tour guide Xiao Yan began to speak: “Let me tell you about my story of joining a production team in the countryside!” She started to recount her journey to the Northern Wilderness, how she learned to do farm work, how she learned to drive a tractor, and how she eventually got accepted to the Second Foreign Languages Institute.

“有什么不理解,你们可以提问。”

“If there's anything you don't understand, feel free to ask.”

客人很感兴趣,气氛立刻活跃起来。有人问起了“文革”这个敏感话题。“文

革,,与，，改革”,一字之差,有着天壤之别。

The guests were very interested and the atmosphere immediately livened up. Someone brought up the sensitive topic of the Cultural Revolution. “Cultural Revolution” and “Reform” - a slight change in terminology, but the meanings are worlds apart.

两位插过队的导游,对“文革”灾难有自己的理解,并没被难住,做了理智的答复。

The two tour guides who had experienced life in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution had their own understanding of this disaster and weren't flustered, they provided rational responses.
有一老者感动地站起来说:“我们原来不敢问这些事,怕伤害你们。相信你们的国家,一定会一年年好起来〇”两小时后,飞机重新起飞。

An older gentleman stood up, moved, and said: “We were afraid to ask about these things before, for fear of hurting you. I believe your country will get better year after year.” Two hours later, the plane took off again.

“我现在连她们叫什么名字都记不起了。”坐在我们对面的李维瑜大姐,回忆起这段往事时,感情充沛,眼角眨出泪花。

“I can't even remember their names now.” said Mrs. Li Weiyu, who was sitting opposite us, her eyes moist as she recalled this past event.

2.穷得有志气

2. Poor But Spirited

英国有个旅行商曾经带队到过100多个国家,深有感触地说:“只有在中国,不用付小费,也不必担心自己的行李。”

An English tour operator who had led groups to more than 100 countries once remarked thoughtfully: “Only in China do you not have to tip, nor worry about your luggage.”

TIP（小费）是英语To Insure Promptness（为了保证迅速）的缩写词。在国外,凡想得到快捷、舒适的服务,就得额外付给小费。这渐渐成为国外旅游业中的惯例。国外服务员都渴望得到小费,而且小费收入往往超过エ资。

TIP, an abbreviation for “To Insure Promptness”, is customary in many cultures. In foreign countries, to ensure prompt and comfortable service, one often needs to provide additional tips. This has gradually become a norm in the global tourism industry. Foreign service staff always desire tips, and their tip income often exceeds their wages.

中国人不收小费,在当代是同“爱国主义、民族气节、外事纪律”糅合在ー起的。在旅游行业形成的共识是:为宾客服务是应该的,不能收受额外的小费,也不应接受旅客馈赠的礼物。刚开始,外宾对中国导游、翻译,包括行李员、清洁エ在内的饭店服务员一律不收小费,很不理解。

Chinese people not accepting tips is a contemporary practice that is intertwined with “patriotism, national pride, and diplomatic discipline”. A consensus has formed in the tourism industry: serving guests is expected, and one should not accept additional tips or gifts from guests. At first, foreign guests did not understand why Chinese guides, interpreters, including luggage carriers, cleaners, and other hotel staff uniformly refused to accept tips.

小刘是北京小天鹅酒家年轻的厕所保洁员,每当外宾塞给她小费时,她总是婉言谢绝。有位瘫痪的外国老太太,小刘小心地搀扶着老人上完厕所,帮老人穿好衣服,又把老人推回餐厅。老太太要给她小费,她坚决不要。老太太要回国时,不顾陪同的劝说,偏要专程到酒家卫生间再去看望一下“那个善良的姑娘”。

Liu, a young restroom cleaner at Beijing's Little Swan Hotel, always politely declines when foreign guests offer her tips. Once, she carefully helped an elderly foreign woman who was paralyzed to use the restroom, assisted her in dressing, and then wheeled her back to the dining room. The elderly woman wanted to give her a tip, but she firmly refused. When the old woman was about to return home, despite the persuasion of her companions, she insisted on making a special trip to the restroom at the restaurant to visit the “kind girl” again.

1979年6月的一天,国旅翻译小王全程陪同比利时华兹旅行团游长城、十三陵,十分劳累,正准备休息,一外宾请他到团长房间里去一下。小王心想还有什么事没办好,匆匆跑去。ー进团长房间,发现已有6位外宾坐在床边等他。团长拿出ー个大信封说:

“我们这次来中国旅行太愉快了。你对我们非常友好,十几天来一直陪我们参观,很辛苦。为了我们,你离开了你的妻子和孩子,我们很感动。这是大家拼凑的两千元钱,表示我们的一点心意。”

One day in June 1979, Wang, an interpreter from CITS, accompanied the Belgian Huaz Travel Group to visit the Great Wall and the Thirteen Tombs. He was very tired and was about to rest when a foreign guest asked him to come to the group leader's room. Wang wondered what else needed to be done and hurried over. Upon entering the group leader's room, he found that there were already six foreign tourists sitting by the bed waiting for him. The group leader took out a large envelope and said, “We've had a wonderful time traveling in China. You've been very kind to us. You've been accompanying us on our visits for the past few days and it must have been very hard. Because of us, you left your wife and child behind, and we are deeply touched. This is 2000 yuan collected by everyone, just a token of our gratitude.”

小王慌了,连忙摇头摆手谢绝:“钱我不能收,绝对不能收。你们的心意我领了。”他的回答使外宾们既惊讶又不安。

Wang was flustered and immediately shook his head and hands in refusal, saying, “I can't accept the money, absolutely not. I appreciate your kind intentions.” His response surprised and unsettled the foreign tourists. His response surprised and unsettled the foreign tourists.

国旅沈阳分社翻译小张陪ー个美国旅行团,该团领队几次要给她小费,小张都笑着谢绝了。在该团出境时,领队竟发了“火”,丢下装有美元的信封上了飞机。小张无奈,只好先收下,按规定上交给社里。

Zhang, an interpreter from the Shenyang Branch of the China National Tourist Office, was accompanying an American tour group. The tour leader tried to tip her several times, but Xiao Zhang always refused with a smile. When the group was leaving the country, the leader, seemingly frustrated, dropped an envelope filled with US dollars and boarded the plane. Zhang, left with no choice, had to accept it and turn it over to the agency as per the rules.

老干部们都说,当时导游都不收小费的,就是收ー支笔也上交。这是导游的天职。

The senior cadre all said that at that time, tour guides did not accept tips, even a pen received as a gift would be turned in. This was the innate duty of a tour guide.

“选择了导游这个职业,就等于选择了奉献。我们是中国人,要表现出有国格, 有人格。”那时,这话很普遍。

“Choosing the profession of a tour guide is akin to choosing dedication. We are Chinese and must display national character and personal integrity,” they said. At that time, this sentiment was widespread.

还有太多拾金不昧的故事。

There were also too many stories about honest actions.

香港同胞张送和夫妇到八达岭游长城,忙于拍照,过后发觉自己携带的黑色小皮包丢失了,里面有护照和全部随带钱物。午餐时,桌上气氛沉闷,同伴都在为他俩发愁。忽然,门帘拉起一角,八达岭交通警察彬彬有礼地探头询问:“你们这里有叫张送和的客人吗?”

Hong Kong compatriots Mr. and Mrs. Zhang Songhe went to visit the Great Wall at Badaling and, busy taking photos, they realized they had lost their small black bag containing their passports and all their cash. The atmosphere at the lunch table was gloomy, as everyone was worried for them. Suddenly, a corner of the door curtain was pulled up, and a courteous Badaling traffic policeman asked, “Is there a guest named Zhang Songhe here?”

张先生惊愣地站了起来:“我就是。”

Mr. Zhang stood up in shock, saying, “That's me.”

“您的皮包被解放军同志捡到了,请您清点一下吧!”

“Your bag was found by a comrade from the People's Liberation Army. Please check it!”

一句话顿时打破了室内沉闷许久的气氛,全队客人不约而同地站起来鼓掌,热烈地鼓掌。皮包内有万元港币、支票和有关证件,无ー缺少。张先生热泪夺眶,激动地紧紧握住交通警察的手说:“奇迹,奇迹,简直不可想象啊,太感谢解放军了 !”

This sentence immediately broke the long-standing gloomy atmosphere in the room. All the guests stood up and applauded enthusiastically. The bag contained more than ten thousand Hong Kong dollars, checks, and related documents, with nothing missing. Tears filled Mr. Zhang's eyes as he excitedly clasped the traffic policeman's hand and said, “It's a miracle, a miracle. It's unimaginable, thank you so much to the People's Liberation Army!”

对外友协参观团一位外宾,不知怎么把夫人结婚时赠予他的金手表丢了。他说这块金表的价值并不重要,重要的是他爱情的信物。正躺在床上郁闷时,帮助寻找的陪同翻译回来了,笑眯眯地向他伸出右手。天哪,他的“思念之物”居然在导游掌心上闪闪发光。外宾高兴得像孩子般从床上跳起来〇

In a visiting group organized by the Foreign Friendship Association, one of the guests somehow lost the gold watch his wife gave him when they got married. He said the value of the watch was not important; what was important was that it symbolized their love. As he was lying in bed feeling down, the accompanying interpreter who had helped him search for the watch returned, smiling broadly as he extended his right hand. My goodness, his item of affection was actually sparkling in the palm of the guide. The foreign visitor was so happy that he jumped up from the bed like a child.

“在哪里找到的?”他问。

“Where did you find it?” He asked.

“是两位重庆工人在大街上捡到的。”

“It was found by two workers from Chongqing on the street.”

“大街上?”

“On the street?”

“对呀!他们捡到,看这东西不像是当地人的,就马上送到这住外宾的宾馆里来了。”

“Yes! When they found it, they thought it didn't look like it belonged to a local person, so they immediately brought it to this hotel where foreign visitors stay.”

“上帝啊,中国人不可思议!”

“My God, Chinese people are unbelievable!”

法国全球旅行团卢尔丹勒夫妇走出王府井书店。

The Lueldanle couple from the French Global Tour Group walked out of the Wangfujing Bookstore.

闹市中,卢尔丹勒夫人忽然惊叫皮包不见了。只见有个中年人穿越人群快步朝他们跑来,手上挥动着她熟悉的法式小包。来人气喘吁吁地说:“刚オ,你们在我身边买磁带走后,我发现这个包,是你们的吗?”

In the bustling city, Mrs. Lueldanle suddenly screamed that her bag was missing. They saw a middle-aged man crossing through the crowd, running towards them quickly while waving her familiar French-style small bag. The man, panting heavily, said, “Just now, after you walked past me while buying cassettes, I found this bag. Is it yours?”

卢尔丹勒夫人连声说:“是,是。谢谢,谢谢!”

Mrs. Lueldanle kept saying, “Yes, it is. Thank you, thank you!”

陪同的翻译请他留下姓名和工作单位,他微微一笑:“我是北京小学老师。”说罢,颇有礼貌地用手势告别。

The accompanying interpreter asked him to leave his name and workplace, he smiled slightly and said, “I am a primary school teacher in Beijing.” After saying this, he politely bid farewell with a gesture.

卢尔丹勒先生说,西方这种事情已经很少见了,而偷窃在西方国家猖獗,使旅游者生畏。“中国人的美德,同你们的万里长城一样,太棒了!”

Mr. Lueldanle said that such incidents are now rare in the West, and theft is rampant in Western countries, making travelers apprehensive. “The virtues of the Chinese people, like your Great Wall, are just amazing!”

停泊在大连港的日中九州友好之船,晚上9点要起航出境。傍晚,一位老年团员神情紧张地对陪同老赵说:“我有40万日币忘在宾馆房间的床下面了,怎么好?”

The Japan-China Kyushu Friendship Ship was moored at Dalian Port and was to set sail for departure at 9 o'clock in the evening. In the evening, an elderly group member nervously told the accompanying Old Zhao, “I left 400,000 yen under the bed in the hotel room, what should I do?”

老赵很自信地说:“别焦急,只要您没有记错,就一定能找回来。”老赵当即把此事转告辽宁大厦保安部,大厦保安立刻到客人所住的305房间床底下寻来找去, 没找到。最后是在枕头套里找到了一叠日元,清点后不是40万,而是57万日元。国旅沈阳分社马上派专车将钱送上船,这时离开船还有一个多小时。

Old Zhao confidently said, “Don't panic, as long as you haven't remembered it wrong, you will definitely be able to find it.” Old Zhao immediately reported the matter to the security department of Liaoning Mansion. The mansion security immediately went to the guest's room 305 and searched under the bed, but they couldn't find it. In the end, they found a stack of yen in the pillowcase. After counting, it was not 400,000, but 570,000 yen. The Shenyang branch of China Travel Service immediately sent a special car to deliver the money to the ship. There was still more than an hour before the ship left.

失款复得的日本老人含泪鞠躬:“真是听说千遍,不如ー见。中国人的道德是世界上最高尚的。”他抽出一大叠日币,酬谢前去送钱的翻译。

The Japanese elder who had lost and then recovered his money bowed tearfully, “It's better to see once than hear a thousand times. The morals of the Chinese people are the most noble in the world.” He pulled out a large stack of yen to thank the interpretor who had delivered the money.

“这是我们的职责,您拿钱感谢是不合适的。”翻译说。

“It's our duty, and it's not appropriate for you to thank us with money,” said the interpretor.

“对不起,对不起!请原谅,我失礼了。”日本客人再次鞠躬,热泪滴在甲板上。

“I'm sorry, I'm sorry! Please forgive me, I was impolite.” The Japanese guest bowed again, his hot tears dropping onto the deck.

说起来宾客们也太粗心了。虽然陪同人员经常提醒客人妥善保管好随身物件,叮嘱客人不要将贵重物品和钱币随便乱放,但旅游途中遗忘钱物时有发生。有的把瑞士表留在洗手间,有的把珠宝掉在沙发缝中,有的把钱包丢在柜台,有的把装巨款的手提箱忘在餐厅……

Speaking of which, the guests were really careless. Even though the accompanying staff frequently remind guests to take good care of their personal belongings and not to leave valuable items and money around carelessly, there are still cases of lost money and items during travel. Some left Swiss watches in the bathroom, some dropped jewelry in the sofa crevices, some left wallets on the counter, some forgot suitcases with huge amounts of money in the restaurant...

北京饭店、民族饭店、友谊宾馆、和平宾馆等涉外宾馆,1979年来就有1500多起拾金不昧的事。多的ー个皮包就有数万美金,除了现金、旅行支票外,还有照相机、摄像机、录音机、手提箱、手表、金银珠宝等等。

Since 1979, more than 1500 instances of finding and returning lost items have occurred at foreign-related hotels such as the Beijing Hotel, Minzu Hotel, Friendship Guesthouse, and Peace Hotel. In addition to cash and traveler's checks, there were cameras, video cameras, tape recorders, suitcases, watches, gold and silver jewelry, and so on.

许多失主情真意切地拿出金钱财物表示感谢,但没有一人肯接受。一位饭店服务员,面对外宾3000元酬谢,淡淡地说了句“弯腰之劳不用谢”,继续埋头擦餐桌。

Many owners who had lost their belongings were sincere in offering money or valuables as a token of thanks, but no one accepted. One hotel waiter, faced with a 3,000 yuan reward from a foreign guest, simply said, “No need for thanks, it’s just a small favor,” and continued to wipe the tables.

那时,我们刚刚走出“文革”的岁月,大家都不富裕,但穷得有志气。这种“贫贱不移”,令外宾敬佩不已。

At that time, we had just emerged from the years of the Cultural Revolution. Everyone was not well-off, but their poverty was filled with dignity. This unyielding spirit in the face of poverty deeply impressed foreign visitors.

这些拾金不昧者都是些普通百姓,有领班、出租车司机、空姐、清洁エ、餐厅服务员,还有工人、农民、售货员。改革开放初期的人心人情中,有那么多的阳光。外国人听说中国有个雷锋,赞扬说“中国遍地雷锋”,这并不过分。尽管“文革”也给西方人留下复杂的记忆,但改革开放初期,许许多多的外国旅游者,就从遍布中国各地普普通通的拾金不昧者中,认识到真实的中国人,他们用不同的语言说出ー个共同的声音:“中国人,了不起!”

These individuals who found and returned lost property were ordinary citizens: leaders, taxi drivers, flight attendants, cleaning staff, restaurant servers, as well as workers, farmers, and sales clerks. In the early days of reform and opening up, there was so much warmth and goodwill in people's hearts. The foreigners heard that China had a person named Lei Feng, and they praised saying “China is full of Lei Fengs”, which wasn't an overstatement. Despite the Cultural Revolution leaving complex memories for Westerners, in the early days of the reform and opening up, countless foreign tourists recognized the real Chinese people from the ordinary people who were honest in all parts of China. They used different languages to voice a common sentiment: “Chinese people are incredible!”

3.世界需要热心肠

The World Needs Warmth and Kindness.

这里所述的故事,有些是救人性命的大事,更多还是生活中鸡毛蒜皮的小事,

The stories described here include some significant incidents of saving lives, and more often, they're about minor things in life.

无论大小,都在讲述:世界需要热心肠。

No matter how big or small, they all tell the same story: the world needs warmth and kindness.

70岁高龄的美国史密斯先生在攀登到长城第四座烽火台时,突然软瘫晕倒在地,脸色苍白,头冒冷汗。正在长城上执勤的某部警卫连指导员带领几名战士,把史密斯先生背到长城脚下休息室,又请八达岭特区医务室大夫赶来抢救。经诊断, 是高血压病突发,幸亏及时抢救,使史密斯先生病情缓和,转危为安,事后未收分文诊费。史密斯先生感动地说:“在美国,一点小病求医都是要付出昂贵医药费的,中国不可思议。”

Seventy-year-old Mr. Smith from the United States suddenly collapsed while climbing to the fourth beacon tower of the Great Wall. His face was pale and his forehead was covered in cold sweat. The instructor of a security company on duty on the Great Wall, along with several soldiers, carried Mr. Smith down to a rest room at the base of the Great Wall, and called a doctor from the Badaling Special Zone Medical Center for help. Upon diagnosis, it was found that Mr. Smith had a sudden onset of high blood pressure. Fortunately, the timely rescue eased Mr. Smith's condition, turning danger into safety, and no medical fees were charged afterwards. Moved, Mr. Smith said, "In the United States, even minor illnesses require paying expensive medical fees. China is incredible.”

有一年冬天,在西安旅游的日本游客高田先生,晚餐多喝了点酒,带着几分醉意,ー个人抱着刚买的“三彩马”走到宾馆湖边时不慎一脚踩空,连人带物跌入宾馆内的湖中。立刻有三个宾馆工作人员跳了下去,费了好大劲,オ把冻得发抖的高田先生救上来。当知道他买的“三彩马”还在湖中时,正在看电影的渔エ老雷赶来打捞。老雷在冰冷的湖水中,东摸西找,好一会オ找到。

One winter, Mr. Takada, a Japanese tourist traveling in Xi'an, had a bit too much to drink at dinner. Somewhat tipsy, he was carrying the "Tri-colored Horse" he had just purchased. As he walked alone to the lake beside the hotel, he carelessly stepped into thin air, falling into the hotel's lake, man and object together. Immediately, three hotel staff members jumped in. After much effort, they managed to rescue Mr. Takada, who was shivering from the cold. When they learned that the Tri-colored Horse he bought was still in the lake, Old Lei, a fisherman who was watching a movie, rushed over to help retrieve it. In the icy lake water, he fumbled around until he finally found it after a while.

“救人还救马”的故事传开后,团长杉木宽先生带领全团人员对全馆工作人员表示衷心感谢。高田先生激动地拉着救命恩人的手说:“中国伟大,中国人民伟大。”

After the story of "saving both man and horse" spread, Mr. Sugimoku Hiroshi, the tour leader, led the entire group in expressing their heartfelt gratitude to the hotel staff. Mr. Takada, moved, held the hands of his rescuers and said, “China is great, the Chinese people are great.”

希腊专家维内察努是个幽默的老太太,乘“伏波号”游船游漓江。午后天气骤然转寒,阵阵呼啸的江风掠过,维内察努上衣单薄,下身穿条绸裙子,全身冻得直打哆嗦。她躲进船舱,在胸前画着十字,闭着眼睛喃喃祈祷:“上帝呀,给你儿女ー盆火吧!”

Greek expert Vinenitsanou is a humorous old lady, who took a cruise on the “Fubo” to tour the Li River. In the afternoon, the weather suddenly turned cold, and gusts of howling river winds swept through. Vinenitsanou, in a thin upper garment and a silk skirt, was shivering all over from the cold. She hid in the cabin, making the sign of the cross in front of her chest, closing her eyes, and praying softly, “God, grant your daughter a basin of fire!”

没想到她的祈祷还真灵验,过一会儿,ー盆暖融融的炭火变魔术般地出现在她的面前。老人高兴得蹦起来,飞身旋转跳起希腊舞。原来是航运公司干部老周见她冻得不行,生了这盆火。

Unexpectedly, her prayer really worked, and after a while, a warm basin of charcoal fire magically appeared in front of her. The old lady was so happy that she sprang up and danced the Greek dance. It turned out that Old Zhou, an official from the shipping company, saw her freezing and started the fire.

日本CITC26-217团的翻译小吴下午在昆明西山游览时,突然发现该团成员安田正士先生走丢了,他是位73岁高龄的老人。小吴焦急地向国旅昆明分社报告。

In the afternoon, while touring Xishan in Kunming, Wu, the interpretor for the Japanese CITC26-217 group, suddenly realized that Mr. Yasuda Masashi, a member of the group, had gotten lost. He is a 73-year-old man. Wu anxiously reported to the Kunming branch of the CITS.

客人失踪这事非同小可。大家奔赴现场寻找,几个小时都没找到。正急得要向公安局报案时,出人意料,安田先生比寻找他的人先回到了昆明饭店。原来是ー位采草药的青年山农护送他回到饭店。分手时,安田先生把钱包里所有的钱倒出来,要送给他。青年人坚决推辞,连垫付的船、车、电话费也不收。

The disappearance of a guest was no small matter. Everyone rushed to the scene to search, but they didn't find him after several hours. Just as they were about to report the matter to the police, unexpectedly, Mr. Yasuda returned to the Kunming Hotel before those who were looking for him. It turned out that a young mountain farmer who was gathering herbs had escorted him back to the hotel. At parting, Mr. Yasuda emptied all the money from his wallet and wanted to give it to him. The young man firmly declined, even refusing to accept reimbursement for the boat, car, and phone expenses.

年轻人说:“你迷路了,人生地不熟,送你回来是应该的,不要感谢我,每个中国人都会这么做的。”

The young man said, “You were lost, in a place where you don't know anyone. It's only right that I bring you back. Don't thank me, every Chinese person would do the same.”

安田先生感到遗憾的是,他忘了问这个青年的姓名〇

What Mr. Yasuda regretted was that he forgot to ask the young man's name.

西欧旅游团正在无锡第一缥丝厂参观,兴致正浓时,大家发现ー个上了年纪叫瑞特的外宾不知上哪了。ー找,原来瑞特先生因为手术留下的后遗症,不方便蹲坑,大便拉在裤子里,困在厕所出不来了。陪同的是个大姑娘,急得团团转。

The Western European tour group was visiting the No.1 Silk Factory in Wuxi. Just as they were enjoying their visit, they noticed that an elderly guest named Reiter had disappeared. Upon searching, they found out that Mr. Reiter, due to the sequelae from a surgery, had trouble squatting and had defecated in his pants, leaving him trapped in the restroom. The accompanying guide, a young woman, was in a state of distress.

ー个工人师傅说了句:“交给我吧。”

A worker stepped forward and said, “Leave it to me.”

这位工人师傅带他去洗澡,又给他找来裤子换上,叫车送他回饭店休息。瑞特先生感激地说:“在无锡,我不仅游览了江南水乡美丽的风光,还领受了中国人的美好心灵。”

This worker helped him to take a shower, found him a pair of pants to change into, and then called a car to send him back to the hotel to rest. Mr. Reiter gratefully said, “In Wuxi, not only have I enjoyed the beautiful scenery of the southern water towns, but I have also experienced the beautiful soul of the Chinese people.”

4.百闻不如ー见

4. Seeing is Believing

北京全聚德宴会厅,青旅正宴请回国观光的香港同胞,酒过三巡,席间气氛达到高潮。

In the banquet hall of Quanjude in Beijing, the CYTS was hosting a banquet for visiting compatriots from Hong Kong. After a few rounds of drinks, the atmosphere at the banquet reached a climax.

ー个20多岁的年轻人,悄悄地把当时主管接待的董衡拉到ー边,说:“你猜我是哪来的?”

A young man in his twenties quietly pulled Dong Heng, who was in charge of the reception at the time, aside and said, “Guess where I'm from?”

董衡说:“你不是从香港来的?”

Dong Heng said, “Aren't you from Hong Kong?”

他神秘一笑:“不,我是从台湾来的。”

He gave a mysterious smile and said, “No, I'm from Taiwan.”

董衡当时是团中央青年旅行部部长,听了一愣,但马上反应过来:“那更要欢迎了!来了,有什么感受?”

At that time, Dong Heng was the Minister of the Youth Travel Department of the Central Committee. He was taken aback when he heard this but quickly responded, “That's even more welcome! How do you feel now that you're here?”

“我在台湾听说共产党都是青面獐牙的,很凶,六亲不认的。老百姓生活很苦, 现在我亲眼看到的,和以前听到的,完全是两回事。”

“I heard in Taiwan that all Communists have fierce faces and show no mercy, even to their own family. The common people live very hard lives. Now that I've seen it with my own eyes, it's completely different from what I heard before.”

数十年的封闭,造成世界不了解中国,中国也不了解世界。

Decades of isolation have resulted in the world not understanding China, and China not understanding the world.

1976年1月,邓小平的头像首次出现在美国《时代》周刊的封面上。封面左下角注明“周恩来的继承人:邓小平”,右上角的醒目标题则是:“中国:朋友还是敌人?”这种说法明白地在告诉世界:对于红色中国,他们还摸不透。

In January 1976, Deng Xiaoping's portrait appeared for the first time on the cover of “Time” magazine in the United States. The lower-left corner of the cover read “Zhou Enlai's successor: Deng Xiaoping,” while the eye-catching title in the upper-right corner asked, "China: Friend or Foe?" This clearly indicated to the world that they still didn't have a firm grasp of the situation in Red China.

很久了,西方人对中国一直有一种“神秘感”,对中国的认识还停留在几十年前甚至百年前的清末,不少国家的不少人,以为中国人穿着长袍马褂,瓜皮帽的后边还拖着一条长长的发辫。我们对外界也不了解。1972年“乒乓外交”之后,我们ォ改变“美帝纸老虎”的说法。

For a long time, Westerners have maintained a sense of mystery towards China, with their understanding of China still stuck in the situation decades, or even hundreds of years ago, during the late Qing Dynasty. Many people in many countries think that Chinese people still wear long gowns and skullcaps, with a long braid trailing from the back of their hats. We also didn't understand the outside world. After the Ping Pong Diplomacy in 1972, we changed our belief about “American imperialism being a paper tiger.”

因为封闭太久,在刚开放的ー些内地城市,金发碧眼的女郎,高鼻子白皮肤的外国人ー出现,常常有人围观看热闹。胆大的小孩,蹲在地上去摸外国人腿上长长的黄毛。

Due to our long isolation, when some mainland cities began to open up and blond-haired, blue-eyed girls or high-nosed, white-skinned foreigners started to appear, people would often gather around to watch the spectacle. Bold children would even squat down and touch the long blonde leg hair of these foreigners.

1982年,法国可尼旅行社一行26人来华旅游。该团大部分成员都是首次来华,带着对中国的种种猜疑而来,甚至有人认为中国还处于“文革”动乱之中,年轻人还戴着红袖章。

In 1982, a group of 26 people from the French travel agency Conny came to China for a tour. Most members of the group were visiting China for the first time, bringing with them various suspicions about China. Some even thought that China was still in the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, with young people still wearing red armbands.

十几天内,他们参观了エ厂,在农村用餐,漫步街道,同中国百姓交谈接触,他们的看法变了,惊叹不已。他们感受到中国人民是勤奋向上的,中国不简单,要保证十亿人民吃饭穿衣,维护着社会安定,这几乎是ー种奇迹。

Within a span of ten days or so, they visited factories, had meals in rural areas, strolled the streets, and interacted with the common Chinese people. Their perceptions were changed and they were astonished. They realized that the Chinese people are hardworking and always striving to improve, and that China is far more complex than they had imagined. The fact that it can ensure over a billion people have food to eat and clothes to wear, while maintaining social stability, seemed almost miraculous to them.

研究中国问题的学者,十分关心中国的人权问题、用人制度问题。改革开放后中国干部政策也有了变革,取消了用人看阶级成分的做法。上大学、分配工作、婚姻、考核等许多方面,阶级成分不再是考虑的因素。过去因所谓“出身不好”而受歧视,使之终生不与别人平等的现象已经得到纠正。这是改革开放以来政策上ー项最大的改革。这些情况让外宾们听了看了耳目一新。

Scholars studying issues related to China are very concerned about human rights and the employment system in China. After the reform and opening up, there have been changes in the cadre policy in China, and the practice of classifying people based on their class background has been abolished. n many aspects such as university enrollment, job allocation, marriage, and assessments, the consideration of one's class background is no longer a determining factor. The discrimination based on the so-called bad background in the past, which resulted in lifelong inequality, has been corrected. This is the most significant reform in policy since the beginning of the reform and opening up. These developments have greatly impressed the foreign visitors.

前西德旅游者古斯塔夫・穆里瑞说:“中国之行使人满意,作为一个从遥远的欧洲来到你们国家的旅游者,我看到了中国的希望。”

Gustav Müller, a former tourist from West Germany, remarked, “My trip to China has been satisfying. As a tourist coming from distant Europe to your country, I have seen the hope of China.”

有个由教授、医生31人组成的美国旅游团,带着各种偏见到中国来旅游。埃德先生是康斯坦丁大学教授,他一直认为中国人思想和行动都不自由,工作艰难, 生活困苦。其情形也有点像我们以为他们那儿的人民“生活在水深火热之中” 〇

There was a tourist group from the United States consisting of 31 members, including professors and doctors, who came to China with various biases. Mr. Ed, a professor from the University of Konstantin, had always believed that Chinese people lacked freedom in their thoughts and actions, and that they faced challenging work and a difficult life. It seemed that his perception was somewhat similar to our assumption that the people there were living in dire circumstances.

埃德先生为了证实自己的观点,带了 10打彩色胶卷,准备拍摄“证据”,以便回去说服不同意他观点的人。到北京的第一天,他起了个大早,自己一人从前门饭店走到虎坊路口,只见人行道上的行人和大街上的骑车人,都衣着整齐,精神愉快,有的还微笑着用英语友好地向他问候:“早晨好!”

To validate his viewpoint, Mr. Ed brought along 10 rolls of color film, prepared to capture evidence that would help convince those who disagreed with him. On his first day in Beijing, he got up early and walked alone from the Qianmen Hotel to the Hufang intersection. He found pedestrians on the sidewalks and cyclists on the streets, all neatly dressed and in high spirits. Some even greeted him warmly in English with a smile: “Good morning!”

埃德先生迷惑了。

This puzzled Mr. Ed.

最后,他说:“看来,过去听说的不是事实。”

In the end, he said, “It seems that what I've heard in the past is not true.”

这个团的狄先生是美国有名的医学博士,到上海患了感冒。陪同劝他去医院治病,狄先生摇摇头说:“中国还没有给我看病的设备。”

In the same group was Mr. Di, a renowned medical doctor from the United States who caught a cold when they arrived in Shanghai. When his companions suggested that he should go to the hospital, Mr. Di shook his head and said, “China doesn't have the equipment to treat me.”

陪同拿出自备的中药板蓝根,用开水冲开后对他说:“你试试,这种药与咖啡味道差不多,能解暑降温呢!”

One of the companions presented a self-prepared traditional Chinese medicine, Ban Lan Gen, and after dissolving it in hot water, he suggested, “You should try this. It has a taste similar to coffee and can help relieve heat and reduce fever.”

博士半信半疑地喝下去,没想到第二天一早就不打喷嚏了。狄先生夫妇笑着找到陪同又要了几包。事后狄先生说:“太神奇了！简直不可思议!”临别时,狄先生一下子买了 200包板蓝根带回国。

With a blend of skepticism and curiosity, the doctor drank the concoction. To his surprise, by the next morning, his sneezing had stopped. Mr. Di and his wife, amused and intrigued, approached the companion and asked for a few more. Reflecting on the incident later, Mr. Di said, “That's miraculous! Absolutely inconceivable!” When it was time to leave, Mr. Di bought 200 packets of Ban Lan Gen to take back to his home country.

这个团有个精神病老专家利奥奈德,在去云冈石窟的路上,洪水从公路漫过, 汽车过不去。正当游客们站在水边发愣时,有个过路农民微笑着走到利奥奈德先生身边,边说边打手势。

There was also a mental health expert named Leonard in the group. On their way to the Yungang Grottoes, a flood had covered the road, making it impassable for their vehicle. As the tourists stood by the water, bewildered, a passing farmer approached Leonard with a smile, speaking and gesturing to him.

老专家想想,掏出了钱包。

After some thought, Leonard reached for his wallet.

农民急得直摇头。

The farmer, however, responded with an urgent shake of his head.

陪同翻译赶忙解释:“他是说水不深,他可以背你过去。”

老专家为自己的误解感到内疚。

Quickly stepping in, the interpreter clarified, “He's saying the water isn't deep. He can carry you across.” Embarrassed by his misinterpretation, Leonard conceded.

农民背起利奥奈德先生涉水往前走,其他外宾纷纷脱鞋挽裤,兴奋地跟在后面,顺利地到了对岸。过后,利奥奈德先生告诉陪同,他的两个身强体壮的儿子也在这个团,但只是站在他的身边袖手旁观。

With that, the farmer hoisted Leonard onto his back and started wading through the water. The rest of the group, caught up in the excitement, followed suit by rolling up their pants, removing their shoes, and making their way across to the other side. Later, Leonard revealed to the interpreter that his two robust sons were also part of the group, but they had merely stood by, watching the events unfold without offering assistance.

百闻不如一见。这个团在中国经过短暂的17天行程,离境时他们坦率地承认,事实让他们改变了对中国的看法。

It was a profound lesson in the power of firsthand experience. After a brief 17-day journey through China, the group left the country with candid admissions that their experiences had fundamentally changed their perceptions of China. The truth they witnessed was far more compelling than any secondhand account.

美国哈佛大学5位美国大学生回国后给国旅总部寄来感谢信,信中说:“我们在美国听到的中国,同我们在北京亲眼看到的中国,完全不一样,中国人民十分友好厂’类似这样的海外来信,每个月能收到一大摞。

After returning to the United States, five students from Harvard University sent a letter of gratitude to the headquarters of the CITS. The letter read, “The China we heard about in the U.S. is completely different from the China we personally experienced in Beijing. The Chinese people are incredibly friendly.” Piles of similar letters from overseas pour in every month.

40多年前曾在北京生活过的泰国徐安纳女士故地重游,兴奋地说:“北京变得认不出了,比想象中还好。”

More than 40 years ago, Thai citizen Ms. Xu Anna lived in Beijing. Upon revisiting the city, she excitedly exclaimed, “Beijing has changed so much that it's unrecognizable, and it's even better than I imagined.”

世界已经看到ー个日益开放的中国。

The world is witnessing a China that is increasingly open.

5.公鸡太太汤

5. Mr. Rooster's Wife

当年,有许多友好人士对我国新兴的旅游业导游短缺、航班延误、火车晚点、服务欠缺等种种问题,提出过很多批评。

Back in the day, many well-wishers raised concerns about the emerging tourism industry in our country, citing a shortage of tour guides, flight delays, train lateness, and a lack of services. These issues have invited a great deal of criticism.

八达岭火车站没有候车亭,只有一块站牌,旅客上下火车非常不便。等候乘车的旅客,只能在空旷的野地里站着。烈日暴晒,下雨挨淋,外宾对此反映强烈。于是旅客候车亭相继出现,车站、码头、街口醒目的指示牌多了起来。

Badaling train station had no waiting area, just a signboard, which made getting on and off the train very inconvenient. Waiting passengers had no choice but to stand in the open field. The intense sunlight in the summer and the heavy rain at times brought strong complaints from foreign visitors. Consequently, waiting areas for passengers began to appear, and more noticeable signs were installed at stations, docks, and intersections.

飞机行李舱的门打开,舱里的行李哗啦啦都掉到接运卡车箱里。外宾看到这种“快速卸货法”,惊讶得张大了嘴巴。有人对这种野蛮方法提出批评,机场很快就改进了。

When the doors of the airplane cargo hold were opened, all the luggage inside would clatter down into the receiving cart. Foreign visitors would gape in surprise at this “fast unloading method.” Criticisms of such rough handling were raised, and the airport soon made improvements.

广州宾馆小卖部只收港币,美国、墨西哥外宾要喝可口可乐没港币便买不到。能否通融一下,用美元或人民币呢?服务员说:“上面规定,没办法。”反映到经理那里,死规定变活了,宾馆有了外币兑换窗口。

The convenience store at the Guangzhou Hotel only accepted Hong Kong dollars. Foreign visitors from the United States and Mexico, lacking the local currency, found themselves unable to buy a Coca-Cola. “Could we possibly use US dollars or yuan instead?” inquired a guest. The waiter replied, “The regulations dictate otherwise. I'm sorry, there's nothing I can do.” When these issues were brought to the manager's attention, the rigid rules became more flexible, and the hotel soon introduced a foreign currency exchange counter.

韩素音女士曾激动地问,为什么饭店服务员不帮助游客搬行李?起初,我们确实还没有这种观念,有人提出,也很快改进。

Ms. Han Suyin once passionately asked why hotel staff didn't assist guests with their luggage. Initially, we indeed lacked such a concept, but once it was suggested, improvements were quickly made.

有些服务员认为自己一天到晚伺候洋人,低人一等,这样的心理感觉也是存在的。如此,哪能有笑脸?干活也没劲。宾馆开展了“微笑服务”活动,我们开始懂得,如果出了差错,微笑能代表道歉。微笑是快乐的精灵,ー个微笑能使人快乐ー天。

Some staff felt that serving foreigners all day was demeaning, a sentiment that did exist. Under such a mindset, how could they serve with a smile? Their work would naturally lack enthusiasm. The hotel then initiated a "smile service" campaign. We began to understand that if a mistake occurs, a smile can serve as an apology. A smile is a sprite of joy, a single smile can bring happiness to someone for an entire day.

国外酒店同行热心地向我们介绍国际酒店十条标准:笑容、礼仪、整洁、责任、守时、忠诚、尊敬、服从、效率、勤勉。我们组织员工学习,开始认识到在客人眼中, “我就是酒店,酒店就是我”的道理。

Our international hotel counterparts kindly introduced us to the ten international hotel standards: a smile, courtesy, cleanliness, responsibility, punctuality, loyalty, respect, obedience, efficiency, and diligence. We organized staff training and began to realize the principle that in the eyes of the guest, “I am the hotel, and the hotel is me.”

刚从招待所转成外宾接待的,服务员带有招待所的老传统,把被子叠得方方正正,外宾一眼看去像到了军营。经指点也学会宾馆的做法,平铺于床,为客人掀好ー个角,这有如道一句“晚安”,使人安然入梦乡。

Those who had just transitioned from working in guest houses carried over old traditions, such as folding the blankets perfectly square, which to foreign guests resembled a military barracks. With some guidance, they learned the practices of the hotel, spreading the blanket flat on the bed, and folding back one corner for the guest. This gesture is akin to saying “Goodnight,” setting the stage for a peaceful night's sleep.

英语指示牌常出错,“游客止步”的地方挂着“自由出入”,甚至男女厕所英语的使用也不正确,使人哭笑不得。ー经提出,及时更换。

Errors often occurred with English signs. In places marked "No Entry for Visitors" hung signs reading “Free Entry” and even the English usage for men's and women's restrooms was incorrect, which was both amusing and frustrating. Once these issues were identified, they were promptly addressed.

问题总还是有很多。桂林一些宾馆水泵压カ不够,导致房间缺水,服务员就一桶桶提上楼去。但是,导游,特别是服务员外语水平差,一时却难以改变。

But, inevitably, problems still arose. Some hotels in Guilin had inadequate water pressure, causing a shortage of water in the rooms. Waitstaff had to carry buckets of water up the stairs. But their poor proficiency in foreign languages, especially among the waitstaff and tour guides, proved difficult to improve in the short term.

在外宾下榻的宾馆里,翻译不可能处处相陪,吃饭点菜、问讯、洗衣、打电话、拍电报、兑换外币、修理物件等,都找服务员。由于语言不通,只有靠比画、猜想办事, 闹过不少笑话。

In hotels where foreign guests were staying, it was not possible for interpretors to be present everywhere. For dining, inquiries, laundry, phone calls, telegrams, currency exchange, and repairs, guests had to rely on the waitstaff. Due to language barriers, communication often had to be done through gestures and guesses, which led to some amusing misunderstandings.

外宾想吃荔枝,端来了辣椒;想上洗手间,端来了一盆水。有位刚洗完澡的客人,向服务员要一个接线板,服务员却请来ー个医生。一位美国老太太怕冷,说要加一床毛毯,而领班听成白兰地,于是送去ー瓶酒,老太太掩嘴而笑。ー个日本游客反映暖气管漏水,服务员赶忙送来两壶开水,游客着急地说:“我不是要水!”

Guests who wanted to eat lychee were served chili peppers instead; a request to use the restroom resulted in a basin of water being brought. Once, a guest who had just finished taking a shower asked a staff member for a power strip. The staff member misunderstood and brought a doctor instead. An American elderly lady, feeling cold, requested an additional blanket. However, the manager misheard ‘blanket’ as 'brandy' and delivered a bottle of liquor to her room, causing the lady to cover her mouth in laughter. A Japanese guest reported a leak in his heating pipe, and a hotel staff quickly brought two pots of boiling water. The guest exclaimed in frustration, “I don't need water!”

在ー次宴会上,端上来ー盆“人参母鸡汤” 〇

During a banquet, a pot of “Ginseng Chicken Soup” was served.

日本客人问:“这是什么?”

A Japanese guest asked, “What is this?”

翻译忘了“母鸡”这个词日语该怎么说。灵机ー动,指着盆里的母鸡,笑着对客人介绍:“这是公鸡太太和人参做成的汤。”

The interpretor forgot how to say 'hen' in Japanese. Thinking on his feet, he pointed to the chicken in the pot and humorously introduced it to the guests as, “This is a soup made of Mr. Rooster's wife and ginseng.”

客人们听后全都捧腹大笑。

Everyone at the table burst into laughter upon hearing this.

有些不懂外语的服务员,见了外宾能躲就躲,能避就避,溜之大吉。不敢主动和外宾接触,怕外宾提问题自己听不懂,出洋相,外宾ー按电铃就发怵。有的宾馆为应急,把仅有的几个会外语的服务员调来借去,非常被动。

Some service staff, not understanding foreign languages, would avoid foreign guests whenever possible, dodging out of sight. They were reluctant to initiate contact with foreign guests for fear of not understanding their questions, and making a fool of themselves; they would be filled with dread at the sound of a doorbell. Some hotels, in a desperate response, shuffled around the few multilingual staff members they had, leaving them in a very passive situation.

国旅杭州分社想出救急办法,编写了 56句短小的日常用语,用英文、中文和汉语拼音分别印在56张状如扑克牌的卡纸上。当双方因语言障碍陷入窘境时,就可找出卡片中表达其意的那ー张,解决问题。

The Hangzhou branch of CITS came up with an emergency solution. They compiled 56 common phrases, each printed in English, Chinese, and Pinyin on playing card-sized paper. When a language barrier led to an awkward situation, they could find the card that expressed their meaning and solve the problem.

更好的办法是突击学外语。许多宾馆掀起了学外语高潮,服务员虽然文化水平都不高,但学习相当刻苦。利用一切空余时间,练ロ语,听外语广播。有个服务员已是两个孩子的母亲,东方刚放亮就起身学习,晚上躺在床上也念念不忘背单词。

But a better solution was to learn foreign languages intensively. Many hotels kicked off a fervor for learning languages. Although the educational background of the service staff was not good, they studied quite diligently. They took advantage of every spare moment to practice languages and listen to foreign language broadcasts. One of the service staff, a mother of two, would get up to study as soon as the day broke, and she would not forget to memorize words even when lying in bed at night.

冬季是旅游淡季,全国旅游行业掀起了冬季练兵热潮,餐厅服务员练端盘子基本功,客房服务员练清理房间卫生的速度,晚上又上夜校学外语。

Winter is the off-season for tourism, and a fervor for training swept across the tourism industry nationwide. Restaurant servers practiced their skills in carrying trays, room attendants honed their speed in cleaning rooms, and in the evenings they attended night school to learn foreign languages.

三、破冰之旅

Chapter 3 The Ice-Breaking Journey

ー个变革的时代,各种观念可以来自四面八方,但富有成效的行动,总是出自那些颠沛跋涉的实践者。谁曾想到,旅游业在开放初会如此艰难地为突破旧观念、旧体制,充当着开路先锋的角色……过去的年代,问题恐怕不在于观念陈旧,多少人应有的独立思考功能受损,就无法创造性开展工作。旅游业的破冰之旅不唯发展了旅游,在改变社会营造新风诸方面,可以用一句著名的诗来表述:“沉舟侧畔千帆过,病树前头万木春。”

In an era of transformation, various ideas can come from all directions, but effective actions always come from those who have journeyed through hardships. Who would have thought that the tourism industry, at the beginning of its opening up, would play the role of a pioneer in breaking through old concepts and systems... In days past, the problem was not so much that ideas were archaic, but that the capacity for independent thinking in many people had been subtly eroded, leaving them unable to bring creativity to their work. The ice-breaking journey of the tourism industry not only developed tourism but also changed society and created a new atmosphere. This can be expressed with a famous line of poetry: While the sunk boat lies submerged, thousands of sails pass by; at the sick tree's front, ten thousand trees spring.

1.传奇局长卢绪章

1. Legendary Director Lu Xuzhang

卢绪章这个名字你也许不熟悉,但提起电影《与魔鬼打交道的人》,许多人会想起影片中的男一号张公甫。张公甫的形象,就是依据卢绪章的传奇经历塑造的。

The name Lu Xuzhang might not ring a bell for you, but mention the film “The Man Who Dealt with the Devil”, and many will recall the leading male character, Zhang Gongfu. Zhang Gongfu's character was sculpted based on Lu Xuzhang's legendary journey.

卢绪章曾经长期从事共产党的地下秘密联络工作,公开身份是大老板。他与国民党上层人物陈果夫、陈立夫等打得火热,并取得了国民党少将参议的头衔,通过孙科等头面人物与苏联做生意,为共产党挣取了数十万港币的活动经费,国民党高官蒙在鼓里,中共也只有周恩来等极少数人知道他是“红色资本家” 〇中华人民共和国成立后,卢绪章出任中国第一任进出口公司经理,后担任外经贸部常务副部长,人们敬佩卢绪章,常在他面前拿电影《与魔鬼打交道的人》说事。他自己并不喜欢这个称呼,一切都已过去,他再也不是“与魔鬼打交道的人” 〇

For a long time, Lu Xuzhang was engaged in the secret underground liaison work of the Communist Party, publicly appearing as a prominent businessman. He was on excellent terms with senior figures of the Kuomintang like Chen Guofu and Chen Lifu, earning himself the title of Major General of the Kuomintang. He conducted business with the Soviet Union through leading figures like Sun Ke, raising hundreds of thousands of Hong Kong dollars in operational funds for the Communist Party. While high-ranking officials of the Kuomintang were kept in the dark, only a very few, like Zhou Enlai, knew that he was a "Red Capitalist". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Lu Xuzhang became the first manager of the China Import and Export Company and later served as the Executive Deputy Minister of Foreign Economic Trade. People admired Lu Xuzhang, often referring to the film “The Man Who Dealt with the Devil” in his presence. He didn't like this moniker, everything was already in the past, and he was no longer "the man who dealt with the devil.”

1978年10月17日,卢绪章走马上任。这时旅游面临的困难重重,他可说是 “受命于艰难之际” 〇贯彻对外开放、对内搞活的政策,搞好旅游业,是他的重任。我国有发展旅游业的丰富资源,首先要搞好铁路、机场、码头、电讯等基础设施,还要动员各方面力量来办旅游,大胆利用外资、侨资来办旅游。

On October 17, 1978, Lu Xuzhang assumed his new position. At this time, the tourism industry was facing numerous difficulties, and he could be said to have been "appointed at a time of hardship." His major responsibility was to implement the policy of opening up to the outside world and invigorating the domestic economy, and to do a good job in the tourism industry. China has abundant resources to develop the tourism industry. The first step is to improve basic facilities such as railways, airports, docks, and telecommunications, and also to mobilize all forces to run tourism, boldly utilizing foreign and overseas Chinese investments to manage tourism.

为加快引进外资步伐,小平授意国务院成立“利用侨资、外资建设旅游饭店领导小组” 〇由国务院副总理谷牧任组长,陈慕华、廖承志等人具体分管,办公室设在国家旅游总局内。

To accelerate the pace of introducing foreign investment, Deng Xiaoping instructed the State Council to establish a "Leadership Group for Building Tourist Hotels Using Overseas Chinese and Foreign Investment." The group was headed by Deputy Prime Minister Gu Mu, with Chen Muhua and Liao Chengzhi in charge of specific tasks. The office was located within the CNTA.

“小组”于1978年11月成立。名为“小组”,实为国家部级的机构。小组成员有国家计委、国家建委、外交部、轻工部、商业部、外贸部、铁道部、交通部、民航总局、财政部、中国人民银行等有关部门的负责人。可外商不理解,经常问:“你这个小组是什么级的?”为此还得费一番口舌。

The “group” was established in November 1978. Despite being called a “group”, it was actually a state department-level institution. The members of the group included the heads of relevant departments such as the National Development and Reform Commission, the National Construction Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Light Industry, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Transportation, the Civil Aviation Administration, the Ministry of Finance, and the People's Bank of China. However, foreign businessmen did not understand this and often asked: “What level is your group?” This question often required some explanation.

小组下设办公室,简称“侨外资办”,卢绪章兼任办公室主任。卢绪章熟谙市场经济经营之道,举止沉稳,丝毫没有“大干部”的派头。上任伊始,卢绪章动用自己的“老关系”,以国家旅游总局的名义,邀请ー批实业家、旅游专家组成海外旅游考察团到中国考察,目的就是请他们了解中国改革开放的好机遇,吸引他们前来中国投资,对中国旅游设施的改进提建议。考察团成员有美国波士顿财务公司、凯悦国际酒店集团等机构的负责人,夏威夷大学的校长和旅游学院的院长,还有世界著名的美籍华裔建筑师贝聿铭,香港企业家杨元龙、车家骐、朱民康、杨敏德及旅馆、酒店专业人士。

The “group” had an office, commonly referred to as the “Office of Overseas Chinese and Foreign Investment”, and Lu Xuzhang concurrently served as the director of the office. Lu Xuzhang, who was well-versed in the operation of the market economy, was calm and composed without any airs of a “senior official”. At the beginning of his tenure, Lu Xuzhang used his “old connections” and, in the name of the CNTA, invited a group of industrialists and tourism experts to form an overseas tourism inspection team to visit China. The purpose was to have them understand the great opportunities of China's reform and opening up, to attract them to invest in China, and to provide suggestions for the improvement of China's tourism facilities. The members of the inspection team included the heads of institutions such as Boston Financial Company and Hyatt Hotels Corporation, the president of the University of Hawaii and the dean of the School of Tourism, as well as the world-renowned Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei, Hong Kong entrepreneurs Yang Yuanlong, Che Jiaqi, Zhu Minkang, Yang Minde and other professionals from the hotel industry.

广州、上海、南京、扬州、无锡、苏州,夏威夷旅游学院院长朱卓任每到ー地,都向旅游同行们介绍世界旅游业的发展情况。朱民康先生从凯悦国际酒店集团选来了 !8套有关旅游接待、酒店管理和旅游从业人员训练等方面的影片,沿途放映,使各地的旅游业人员大开眼界。

In Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Wuxi, and Suzhou, the Dean of the University of Hawaii School of Tourism, Zhu Zhuoren, would introduce the development of the world tourism industry to his colleagues at every location. Mr. Zhu Minkang selected 18 sets of films related to tourism reception, hotel management, and tourism staff training from Hyatt International Hotel Group. These were screened along the way, greatly enlightening the local tourism industry personnel.

经卢绪章牵线和实地考察,国旅总社和香港侨美旅游事业有限公司于1978年 11月!3日签订了投资协议书。主要内容是在北京、上海、广州、杭州、南京、苏州、无锡、扬州等地分两期合作建造五万间房间的旅馆,全部利用外资,待旅馆建成后以部分房租逐年偿还。

Through Lu Xuzhang's facilitation and on-site inspection, the CITS and Overseas American Tourism Corporation Ltd. in Hong Kong signed an investment agreement on November 13, 1978. The main content of the agreement was to jointly build hotels with 50,000 rooms in two phases in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, and Yangzhou. The project would be entirely funded with foreign capital, and the room rent would be used to repay the investment annually after the hotels were built.

“老去又逢新岁月,春来更有好花枝”,这是多好的开端,卢绪章兴奋得睡不好觉,恨不得马上付诸行动。

“Facing new times as one ages, and encountering beautiful flowers when spring comes,” was a great start. Lu Xuzhang was so excited that he couldn't sleep well, wishing to put this into action immediately.

可是这时党的十一届三中全会还没召开,投资软环境还没形成。姓“社”姓 “资”还是个敏感的话题。什么能干,什么不能干,大家心中都没底。这ー协议在北京实施时就遇到阻碍,包括征集土地、税收标准、拆迁政策等等,当时都是一片空白。国家旅游总局碰到了难题,ー时无法进ー步商谈。

However, at that time, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party had not yet been convened, and the soft environment for investment had not been formed. Whether to follow a socialist or capitalist model was still a sensitive topic. What could be done and what couldn't be done, no one was really sure. The agreement encountered obstacles when implemented in Beijing, including land acquisition, tax standards, relocation policies, etc., all of which were then a blank slate. The CNTA encountered difficulties and was unable to proceed with further discussions for a time.

外宾来了,不是来上“五七干校”的。得让人家住好、吃好、玩好,他们オ愿意来。这就需要搞活旅游业,需要把旅游业作为ー种重要的产业来抓。

Foreign guests weren't coming to enroll in "May 7th Cadre Schools." We had to ensure they had good accommodations, food, and entertainment so they would want to come. This required revitalizing the tourism industry and treating it as an important industry to focus on.

为了争取时间,卢绪章当机立断,干不了大的干小的,建不了新的改旧的。马上促成侨美公司和北京市第一服务局合作,签订了北京香山、西苑两饭店的建设和民族饭店的加建、改造工程的合同。民族饭店率先请香港的名设计师改造装修了两间富有民族风味的样板房,供参观仿效,同时开始兴建燕京饭店。

In order to save time, Lu Xuzhang made a decisive move: if he couldn't work on large projects, he would focus on smaller ones; if he couldn't build new ones, he would renovate old ones. He immediately facilitated a cooperation between the Overseas Chinese American Company and Beijing's First Service Bureau, signing contracts for the construction of the Xiangshan and Xiyuan hotels in Beijing and the expansion and renovation project of the Minzu Hotel. The Minzu Hotel was the first to invite a famous designer from Hong Kong to remodel and decorate two sample rooms with ethnic flavor for observation and emulation, and at the same time began to build the Yanjing Hotel.

广东珠海最先展示出“大手笔”。自1979年以来,珠海先后引进ー亿五千多万港元的资金,以合作或合资、独资的形式兴建宾馆、酒店、游乐场、度假村等。1980 年1〇月最早建成的珠海石景山旅游中心,是国内第一家外资独资的饭店。

Zhuhai, Guangdong, was the first to display a big move. Since 1979, Zhuhai has introduced over 150 million Hong Kong dollars in funds, and built hotels, amusement parks, and resorts in the form of cooperation, joint ventures, or sole proprietorships. In October 1980, the earliest completed Zhuhai Shijing Mountain Tourist Center became the first wholly foreign-owned hotel in China.

1978年底,船王包玉刚先生提出要来观光。
当年参与接待的袁宗堂先生,如今已是76岁的古稀老人,先后担任过国家旅游局企业管理司、资源司司长兼北京兆龙饭店第一任总经理。如今他已是中外酒店业内的知名人士,如同“酒店活神仙”〇 2007年获得了 “中国酒店业终身成就奖”,中国获此殊荣的只有两人,另一位是侯锡九先生。

At the end of 1978, shipping tycoon Pao Yue-kong proposed to come for sightseeing. Yuan Zongtang, who participated in the reception that year, is now a 76-year-old elderly man who has served as the Director of the Enterprise Management Division and the Resource Division of the CNTA and the first general manager of the Beijing Zhaolong Hotel. He is now a well-known figure in the hotel industry at home and abroad, like a “hotel living god”. In 2007, he was awarded the "Lifetime Achievement Award of China's Hotel Industry". Only two people in China have received this honor, the other being Mr. Hou Xijiu.

袁宗堂回忆当年,说包玉刚要来的三天前,卢绪章就叫他去北京饭店要住房, 要不到,袁宗堂就坐在那儿等,还是没有。到晚上只好打电话向国务院反映,经过国务院同意,好不容易调整出ー间单人房。结果与包玉刚同来的妹夫李伯忠只能在他的房内打了个地铺。

Yuan Zongtang recalled that three days before Pao Yue-kong's arrival, Lu Xuzhang asked him to go to the Beijing Hotel for a room, but he couldn't get it. Yuan Zongtang had to sit there and wait, but still couldn't get a room. By evening, he had no choice but to report to the State Council. After the State Council's approval, a single room was finally arranged. As a result, Li Bozhong, Pao Yue-kong's brother-in-law who came with him, could only make a makeshift bed in his room.

包玉刚是世界船王包兆龙的接班掌门人,与卢绪章是姑舅亲,又都是宁波老乡,两人私交甚深。这对30多年未见面的亲戚加老乡见面时,没有“泪汪汪”。包玉刚直言不讳:“你这个旅游局长是怎么当的?连我来,房间还要加塞,如果传出去,岂不是天大笑话?”

Pao Yue-kong is the successor to the world shipping king Pao Shao-long and is a close relative and fellow Ningbo native of Lu Xuzhang, so they had a deep private relationship. There were no tears when these relatives and old friends, who hadn't seen each other for more than 30 years, met. Pao Yue-kong was blunt, "How are you being the director of this tourism bureau? Even when I come, the room has to be crowded. If this gets out, isn't it a big joke?"

卢绪章为人忠厚朴实,不善辞令。他充满歉意。

Lu Xuzhang is a man of integrity and simplicity, not good at eloquence. He was full of apology.

几天后,包玉刚了解到当时国内旅游宾馆出奇地困难,国家旅游总局办公场所也特别小,几十个人挤在ー起,两个人才ー张办公桌。两个副局长共一个办公室, 来个人谈事,另ー个还得主动回避一下。包玉刚表示,我出1000万美金,800万盖个饭店,200万给你们盖楼。此行他还捐资给上海交通大学建图书馆。
应该说这是“天上掉馅饼”的好事,但还是有人反对。

A few days later, Pao Yue-kong learned about the surprisingly difficult situation with the domestic tourist hotels at the time. The office space of the CNTA was also exceptionally small. Dozens of people were squeezed together, with two people sharing one desk. The two deputy directors shared one office. When someone came to talk about things, the other had to actively avoid it. Pao Yue-kong said, “I will give 10 million US dollars, 8 million to build a hotel, and 2 million for you to build a building.” During this trip, he also donated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University to build a library. One might consider this as a windfall, yet some still voiced opposition.

因为包玉刚提出,饭店的名字要用“兆龙饭店”。兆龙是包玉刚父亲的名字。反对者说:“这不是为资本家树碑立传吗?”

This was because Pao Yue-kong proposed to name the hotel “Zhao Long Hotel”. Zhao Long is the name of Pao Yue-kong’s father. The opponents said, “Isn't this erecting a monument and writing a biography for the capitalist?”

包兆龙为包拯第28代嫡孙,也是个爱国华侨,曾屡捐巨资赞助祖国建设。对那些反对者,我们今天能说什么呢?只能说,为什么总有些人的思想如此僵化、不开窍?

Pao Zhao Long, the 28th direct descendant of Bao Zheng, was also a patriotic overseas Chinese who had repeatedly donated huge sums of money to support the construction of the motherland. To those who opposed, what can we say today? Only that, why are some people's thinking so rigid and inflexible?

卢绪章很高兴,他说包玉刚的爱国不是挂在口头上,而是实实在在表现在行动上。他是继承中国传统美德的国际企业家。卢绪章直接想办法把消息报告给邓小平。邓小平明确表示支持,并说,人家要表示孝心,用父亲的名字,有什么不好?后来小平不仅会见了包玉刚,还亲自为“兆龙饭店”题写店名,亲自参加了 “兆龙饭店”开业庆典,此为后话。

Lu Xuzhang was very pleased. He said that Pao Yue-kong's patriotism was not just lip service, but was truly manifested in action. He is an international businessman who inherits Chinese traditional virtues. Lu Xuzhang directly found a way to report the news to Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping clearly expressed his support, saying, what's wrong with someone wanting to express filial piety by using their father's name. Later, Deng Xiaoping not only met with Pao Yue-kong, but also personally inscribed the name of the “Zhaolong Hotel”, and personally attended the opening ceremony of the "Zhaolong Hotel", but that's another story.

2.第一批旅游饭店

2. The First Batch of Tourist Hotels

李玉莺曾陪同宋庆龄访问苏联,见过斯大林。她还担任过郭沫若的外事秘书, 曾是国家旅游局的ー支“笔杆子”,人称才女,改革开放初期许多文件出自其手。她参与了建国饭店、长城饭店、金陵饭店、白天鹅饭店等涉外饭店的谈判,对中国引进外资建设的进程,可说是了如指掌。

Li Yuying, who once accompanied Song Qingling on a visit to the Soviet Union and met Stalin, also served as Guo Moruo's foreign affairs secretary. She was once one of the “penholders” of the CNTA, known as a talented woman, and many documents in the early stage of reform and opening up were written by her. She participated in the negotiation of foreign-related hotels such as the Jianguo Hotel, the Great Wall Hotel, the Jinling Hotel, and the White Swan Hotel, and can be said to have a thorough understanding of the process of China's introduction of foreign investment for construction.

2008年她78岁了,两鬓如霜,依然オ思敏捷。李玉莺大姐向我们敞开记忆之门,讲起了 30年前引进外资建饭店的艰辛故事。

In 2008, she is 78 years old, with frosty temples, but her mind was still sharp. Li Yuying opened the door to her memories and talked about the difficult story of introducing foreign investment to build hotels 30 years ago.

“第一个引进外资建造旅游饭店的意向书,是在北京饭店签订的。时间是 1978年10月8日。”李玉莺说。

“The first letter of intent to introduce foreign capital to build a tourist hotel was signed at the Beijing Hotel. The date was October 8, 1978,” said Li Yuying.

外方谈判代表是泛美航空所属的洲际饭店公司董事长保罗・希莱恩。小平同志对这次谈判非常关注,外方到达的第二天上午就亲自会见了泛美航空公司董事长西威尔和洲际饭店公司一行客人。

The foreign negotiation representative was Paul H. Schlein, the chairman of the Intercontinental Hotel Company, which belonged to Pan American World Airways. Comrade Xiaoping was very concerned about this negotiation. On the second morning after the arrival of the foreign party, he personally met with the chairman of Pan American World Airways, Mr. Westwil, and a delegation from the Intercontinental Hotel Company.

西威尔提出拟建5000个房间的饭店。

Mr. Westwil proposed to build a hotel with 5,000 rooms.

小平说:“我们要积极努力创造更多的条件,建5000个房间的旅馆是可以商量的,也可以再多一点。先建5000间,还要看建在什么地方。”

Xiaoping said, “We must actively strive to create more conditions. It is negotiable to build a hotel with 5,000 rooms, and it can be a bit more. First, build 5,000 rooms, but it also depends on where to build.”

小平还说:“这里边有些具体问题,建房条件要研究。”

Xiaoping also mentioned, “There are some specific problems in this that need to be studied regarding building conditions.”

但小平同志亲自过问的这个项目,却因种种原因再无进展。此后,最先谈成, 又经国务院批准的中外合资项目是北京建国饭店,接着有北京长城饭店和中日航空食品公司,这三个合资项目都是旅游企业。

However, this project that Comrade Xiaoping personally cared about had no further progress due to various reasons. Afterward, the first joint venture project to be negotiated and approved by the State Council was the Jianguo Hotel Beijing, followed by the Great Wall Hotel Beijing and the Sino-Japanese Aviation Food Company. These three joint ventures were all tourism enterprises.

李玉莺大姐说:“我说说建国饭店从审批到施工建成的过程,你们就会知道,开始引进外资的时候,有多么艰难。”

Li Yuying said, “If I talk about the process from the approval to the completion of the construction of the Jianguo Hotel, you will know how difficult it was to start introducing foreign investment.”

建国饭店外资方是美籍华人陈宣远,他是廖承志的远房表亲。廖承志举贤不避亲,动员他来中国投资。陈先生是个爱国的建筑师,在美国经营ー个建筑事务所,在美国加州旧金山拥有帕萨迪娜等四家假日饭店。他对投资中国充满信心, 1979年2月就到北京考察,有关建国饭店的谈判进展相对顺利。陈宣远真心诚意想为国家做点贡献,许多条款都做了让步。他甚至表态:饭店经营1〇年后,把他的股权以1美元价格,卖给中方。

The foreign investor of the Jianguo Hotel was Chen XuanYuan, an American Chinese who was a distant relative of Liao Chengzhi. Liao Chengzhi didn't avoid relatives when promoting virtuous people, so he mobilized him to invest in China. Mr. Chen was a patriotic architect who ran an architectural firm in the United States. He owned four Holiday Inns in places like Pasadena, San Francisco, California. Chen XuanYuan was full of confidence in investing in China. He came to Beijing for inspection in February 1979, and the negotiations concerning the Jianguo Hotel proceeded relatively smoothly. Chen XuanYuan sincerely wanted to make some contributions to the country and made many concessions in the terms. He even stated that after the hotel had been operated for ten years, he would sell his shares to the Chinese side at a price of one US dollar.

既然只卖1美元,那为什么不干脆白送呢?

If it's only sold for one dollar, why not just give it away?

陈宣远说,不能白送。按照美国的法律,在国外投资白送就是违法。但可以卖,至于卖多少钱由业主说了算。

Chen XuanYuan said that it couldn't be given away. According to US law, giving away overseas investments is illegal. But it can be sold, and the owner decides how much it is sold for.

如此说来,外方的条件是相当优惠了。可是,当时许多人,包括有些国家部委办的领导都不理解,对建国饭店建与不建的问题各持己见。国家某部委负责人说: “合资饭店都是亏本赔钱的,怎么能借钱干赔本的买卖?”

So it seems that the terms from the foreign side were quite favorable. However, at that time, many people, including some leaders from national ministries and commissions, did not understand and held their own opinions on whether to build the Jianguo Hotel. A person in charge of a certain national ministry said: “Joint venture hotels are all loss-making, how can we borrow money to engage in loss-making business?”

有人还拿出“可行性分析”,认为建国饭店经营22年后,要还清借贷的本息,还差2万美金。

Some people also brought out a feasibility analysis, suggesting that after 22 years of operation of the Jianguo Hotel, there would still be a deficit of 20,000 US dollars to clear the principal and interest of the loan.

这个“可行性分析”被作为ー种“科学论据”,有人据此反对上马

This feasibility analysis was used as a kind of "scientific argument", and some people opposed the project based on this.

反对呼声强烈!

The opposition was strong!

小平同志还是在关于同意建造建国饭店合资酒店的批文上签了字。今天我们仍能看到,在这份批文上,有国务院总理、14位副总理和全国人大常委会副委员长廖承志等共16位国家领导人的批字或圈阅,对建造ー个饭店如此慎重,是很少见的。

Still, Deng Xiaoping personally signed the approval for the construction of the Jianguo Hotel joint venture. Today, we can still see the approval from 16 national leaders, including the Prime Minister of the State Council, 14 deputy prime ministers, and Liao Chengzhi, the vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The unusual level of caution shown for the construction of a hotel is rare to see.

李玉莺大姐清楚地记得,审批的时间是!979年6月12日。批语中还强调: “这是我国与外资合作建造和经营的第一个旅游饭店,可以作为试点,创造点经验, 请各有关部门积极给予支持配合,争取尽快动エ建成。”

Li Yuying clearly remembers that the approval was given on June 12, 1979. The approval emphasized: “This is the first tourist hotel in our country to be constructed and operated in cooperation with foreign capital. It can be used as a pilot project to create some experience. Please actively support and cooperate with all relevant departments to strive for starting and completing the construction as soon as possible.”

有了“尚方宝剑”,事情看来可以一帆风顺地进展下去,哪知道阻カ依然很大。在设计、选址、拆迁、贷款、施工等过程中,依然困难重重,几乎每走ー步,都遇到阻カ。

With this “imperial sword,” it seemed that things could progress smoothly, but there were still substantial obstacles. During the process of design, site selection, demolition, loans, construction, etc., there were still numerous difficulties. Almost every step encountered resistance.

陈宣远本人就是建筑师,由他设计是顺理成章的事。反对意见来了 :“中国的饭店,为什么要外人来设计?”

Chen Xuan Yuan was himself an architect, so his design was a natural choice. Yet, opposition came: “Why should a Chinese hotel be designed by foreigners?”

庄炎林是归侨,时任国家旅游总局副局长,又是“侨外资办”常务副主任,许多具体事务得跑上跑下,忙前忙后,常常到下半夜オ进家门。多干事者多受气,种种飞短流长向他袭来:

“请客的钱加起来,就可以盖一座大楼了!”

Zhuang Yanlin, a returning overseas Chinese, was the Deputy Director of the CNTA at the time and also the Executive Deputy Director of the “Overseas Capital Office”. He had to run around handling many specific affairs, often not arriving home until midnight. Those who do more often face more criticisms, and all kinds of rumors came at him: “The money spent on treating guests could have built a tower by now!”

“建合资饭店是与外国资本家联盟,ー起赚中国人民的钱。”

“Building joint venture hotels is forming an alliance with foreign capitalists to make money off the Chinese people.”

“咱们卫星都能上天,还怕盖不成饭店?”

“We can send satellites into space, so why can't we build a hotel?”

“这点事,要去求洋人,岂不是丢中国人的脸吗！”

“Isn't it humiliating for us Chinese to seek help from foreigners for such a matter?”

还有人写匿名信,用语从“崇洋媚外”到“卖国主义”,还有“丧失阶级立场” “丧失民族气节”等等,引进外资建饭店,简直就是罪大恶极了。

Some people even sent anonymous letters, with phrases ranging from “worshipping foreigners and fawning over foreign things” to “traitorism”, as well as “losing class standing” and “losing national integrity”, etc. To them, bringing in foreign capital to build hotels was simply an egregious crime.

李大姐说,现在看来十分明白的道理,在那年月却是说不清。引进外资建饭店,面对四面八方的反对意见,有些声音可以置之不理,有些意见你还一定得去解释。

As Li said, what now seems so clear was so hard to explain back then. In the face of opposition from all directions to the introduction of foreign capital for hotel construction, some voices could be ignored, but some opinions had to be explained.

1980年9月五届人大三次会议期间,建国饭店已经开エ了,一些全国人大代表就引资建饭店提出质疑。庄炎林只得带着李玉莺等人去向人大代表作解释,就饭店的合作方式、建筑设计、材料装修、偿还能力等问题ーー作说明,并强调旅游住宿如何困难,争取人大代表的理解与同情。

During the Third Session of the Fifth National People's Congress in September 1980, the Jianguo Hotel had already started construction, and some National People's Congress delegates raised doubts about the hotel project funded by foreign capital. Zhuang Yanlin had no choice but to take Li Yuying and others to explain to the NPC delegates about the hotel's cooperation method, architectural design, material decoration, repayment ability, and other issues. They also stressed the difficulty of accommodation in tourism to gain the understanding and sympathy of the NPC delegates.

建设建国饭店的批文!979年6月就批了,到!980年6月20日オ正式破土动工。我们整整失去了一年宝贵时间。

The approval for the construction of Jianguo Hotel was issued in June 1979, but construction did not officially begin until June 20, 1980. We lost a full year of valuable time.

谷牧副总理当时分管旅游工作,他曾在国家旅游局情况汇报中批示:“我很同情旅游业,现在谁也没有否决权。”

Vice Premier Gu Mu, who was in charge of tourism work at the time, once commented during a report on the status of the CNTA, “I sympathize greatly with the tourism industry; at present, no one has the right to veto.”

施工期间又遭人为阻挠。原来建国饭店后面是国务院某部的宿舍楼,他们怕建成后会遮挡阳光,不让建。

During the construction period, there was deliberate obstruction. The dormitory building of a certain department of the State Council was behind the site of the Jianguo Hotel. They feared that once the hotel was built, it would block their sunlight, so they opposed the construction.

其实,原定方案已做了修改,在后面有宿舍的一方只建四层半楼房,以保证阳光能照到ー楼窗户。但有些人白天公然到工地吵闹,晚上把笨重的搅拌机掀翻,拆毁施工围墙。施工受阻,“侨外资办”只好向国务院求助。

In reality, the original plan had already been modified. On the side where there were dormitories, only four and a half floors of buildings were to be constructed to ensure that sunlight could reach the first floor windows. However, some people caused disturbances on the construction site during the day, and at night they overturned heavy mixers and destroyed the construction fences. When the construction was hindered, the Overseas Capital Office had to seek help from the State Council.

邓小平在百忙中批示:“有理也不能闹,何况无理ド’

In the midst of his busy schedule, Deng Xiaoping instructed, “One should not make trouble even when they're in the right, let alone when they're in the wrong.”

这オ平息事端。

This resolved the dispute.

与此同期,另一合资项目长城饭店,经过5次艰苦的谈判オ算成功。从立项到开エ建设,共有8位副总理先后做出重要指示或批示,最后是谷牧副总理批示:“我主张继续干。”

During the same period, another joint venture project, the Great Wall Hotel, was successful after five tough negotiations. From the initiation of the project to the start of construction, a total of 8 vice premiers successively gave important instructions or instructions, and finally Vice Premier Gu Mu instructed: “I advocate continuing.”

长城饭店的施工时间也延误了一年之久。

The construction time of the Great Wall Hotel was also delayed for a year.

北京丽都饭店是与新加坡侨商罗新权合作的项目。对方按照协议在国外设计和订购材料,花了不少美元,我方因此想告吹。罗新权没办法,写信给邓小平求助, 诉说情况。小平接信后立即批示:必须守信。当时有许多行将夭折的项目在小平的亲自关怀和支持下救活了。

Beijing Lido Hotel is a project in cooperation with Singaporean overseas Chinese businessman Luo Xinquan. The other party spent a lot of US dollars on design and material orders abroad according to the agreement, which made our side want to back out. Luo Xinquan had no choice but to write a letter to Deng Xiaoping for help, explaining the situation. Upon receiving the letter, Xiaoping immediately instructed that promises must be kept. At that time, many projects on the verge of failure were revived with Xiaoping's personal care and support.

李玉莺大姐说,建国饭店后来的事实,让反对者鸦雀无声,更重要的是为后来引进外资树起了榜样。饭店1982年4月开业,当年开业当年受益,全店员工人均创汇超过2万美元。此后,利润一年年往上翻。仅仅用了 4年时间,就连本带息全部还清了汇丰银行2000万美元贷款。10年所创的税利等于7.6个建国饭店的投资。

Li Yuying said that the subsequent facts of the Jianguo Hotel silenced the opposition, and more importantly, it set an example for the introduction of foreign capital later. The hotel opened in April 1982, and it made a profit in the year it opened. The per capita exchange rate for the entire hotel staff exceeded 20,000 US dollars. After that, the profit increased year by year. It took only 4 years to repay all the principal and interest of the 20 million US dollar loan from HSBC. The taxes and profits created in 10 years are equivalent to the investment in 7.6 Jianguo Hotels.

当初的改革开放基本是两个大思路:一个是农村家庭联产承包责任制,还有一个就是开始引进外资。“京字第一号”的建国饭店,其意义不仅是建了个饭店,而是开启了新时期中外合资的先河,为全国各行各业引进外资树起一个鲜明的标杆。

The initial reform and opening up were basically two major ideas: one was the rural family joint production contract responsibility system, and the other was the start of introducing foreign capital. The significance of the “Jianguo Hotel”, the first of its kind in Beijing, is not just a hotel, but the pioneering of Sino-foreign joint ventures in the new era, setting a distinct benchmark for various industries across the country to introduce foreign capital.

之后,北京长城饭店、兆龙饭店,广州白天鹅宾馆,南京金陵饭店,各地引进外资新建饭店如雨后春笋拔地而起。

After that, hotels newly built with foreign investment sprouted up like bamboo shoots after a rain, including the Great Wall Hotel and Zhaolong Hotel in Beijing, the White Swan Hotel in Guangzhou, the Jinling Hotel in Nanjing, and others across the country.

1988年3月,陈宣远在美国寓所渍然病逝。

In March 1988, Chen Xuanyuan passed away from illness at his residence in the United States.

国家旅游局发了唁电。大家没有忘记这位海外赤子。是他不惧风险,开拓了中国引进外资之路。人生一世,草木一秋。我们不知道他是否早有生命的预感,在 1979年的谈判桌上就提出“10年”这个限期,以“ 1美元”的价格把饭店股权卖给祖国。在这个圆满的句号画上后,他オ放心地离开人世,而他为中国旅游业发展所做的贡献,永载青史。

The CNTA sent a telegram of condolences. Let us not forget this devoted son of China from overseas. Fearless of risks, he paved the way for China to welcome foreign investment. A human life is as ephemeral as a season of growing grass or falling leaves. We can’t be sure whether he had some premonition of his life's timeline, when he proposed a ten-year limit in the negotiations of 1979, selling his hotel's equity back to his homeland for a symbolic ‘one dollar’. With this graceful conclusion, he peacefully departed from this world, his contributions to the development of China’s tourism industry forever etched in history.

往事已成历史,但大量的记忆令我们深思:为什么当初那么多饭店的建设都需要邓小平亲自过问、亲自批示,要总理和副总理,还有全国人大常委会副委员长批示、画圈,才能做成?国家领导人以下的不少干部,也是职权不小的领导干部,而且应该是具体担当职责的干部,为什么不敢担当,有的人还积极地成为阻碍者呢?仅仅用“当时人们思想观念不解放”来描述,是否真实?

The past has become history, but a wealth of memories provoke deep reflection. Why was it that the construction of so many hotels required the personal involvement and approval of Deng Xiaoping? Why did it require the signatures and approval of the Prime Minister and Vice Prime Minister, and even the Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to get things done? There were numerous officials below the national leaders, many of whom held significant powers and duties - why did they hesitate to take responsibility? Why did some even actively hinder progress? Is it truly accurate to describe this merely as ‘people’s mindset at the time was not liberalized enough’?

问题恐怕不在观念陈旧,也不是不聪明,而是作为ー个人、ー个领导者,在过去的年代中,应有的独立思考功能受损,无法创造性开展工作。

The issue likely isn't about being stuck in old ways of thinking or lacking intelligence. Instead, as individuals and leaders in those years, their capacity for independent thinking had been compromised, hindering their ability to work creatively.

邓小平为什么那么明智、高瞻远瞩?有一个重要因素是他能够独立思考。ー个民族,需要许许多多富有责任感且能够独立思考的人,オ可能大踏步地开展创造性工作,オ会复兴。

Why was Deng Xiaoping so wise and far-sighted? One key factor is his ability to think independently. A nation needs a multitude of responsible individuals capable of independent thought. Only then can they stride confidently in creative endeavors, leading to a renaissance.

3.韩克华走马上任

3. Han Kehua Took Office

1981年春,原任外交部副部长的韩克华调任国家旅游局局长兼党组书记,面对的首要问题是“局社分家”,这是在开放实践中悟出的必要变革。此前,从国家旅游局局领导到各司司长,经常担任“消防队”的角色,被住宿、机票等问题搞得焦头烂额,接待任务也主要在北京,因此被戏称为“管天子脚下” 〇

In the spring of 1981, Han Kehua, previously the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed as the Director and Party Group Secretary of the CNTA. His primary challenge was the separation of administrative and business operations within the Bureau, a crucial reform conceived from experiences with openness and reform. Before this, from the leaders of the CNTA to each department head, they often had to play the role of a “fire brigade”, constantly putting out fires caused by issues with accommodations, air tickets, and the like. They were so swamped that they had little time for anything else. Most reception tasks were mainly in Beijing, thus they were jokingly referred to as those “managing the land under the emperor’s feet”.

局社分家后,国旅总社统ー经营外国旅游者来华旅游业务,实行企业化管理; 国家旅游局作为管理全国旅游事业的行政机构,不再直接经营组团和接待任务,统ー管理全国旅游工作,就被称为“管天下” 了。

After the separation of administrative and business operations, the CITS took over the business of managing inbound tourism for foreign travelers, implementing a corporate management style. The CNTA, as the administrative body managing national tourism, no longer directly operated group tours and reception tasks. Its role transformed into overseeing national tourism affairs, which was colloquially referred to as “managing the world”.

这是ー项难度颇大的重要改革。经一年努力,1982年7月,国家旅游总局与国旅总社分开办公,各司其职,结束了自1964年以来长达18年的局社合一格局。8 月,中国旅行游览事业管理总局更名为中华人民共和国国家旅游局,由外交部代管局升格为国务院直属局。

This marked a significant reform that was challenging to implement. After a year of hard work, in July 1982, the office of the CNTA and CITS, each taking on its respective duties. This ended the 18-year-long model of unified management since 1964. In August, the General Administration of China Travel and Tourism was renamed the National Tourism Administration of the People's Republic of China, upgrading from being under the purview of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to being directly subordinate to the State Council.

从“管脚下”到“管天下”,标志着中国旅游业新的飞跃。韩克华感到肩上的担子重了。“天下”那么多问题,从何入手?如何才能运筹帷幄,决胜千里?

The shift from “managing the land under the emperor’s feet” to “managing the world” symbolized a new leap for China’s tourism industry. Han Kehua felt the weight of the responsibility on his shoulders. With so many issues in the entire tourism sector, where should he begin? How could he strategize and achieve success on such a grand scale?

国务院提出,今后一个时期发展旅游事业的方针是:“积极发展,量カ而行,稳步前进。”要做的事情很多,但韩克华没有料到,有一个亟待解决的问题是厕所问题。

The State Council proposed that the future policy for tourism development should be: “To actively develop, proceed according to capacity, and advance steadily.” There were numerous tasks to handle, but what Han Kehua hadn't anticipated was that a pressing issue needing resolution was the condition of public toilets.

今天有人说,旅游业在开放中抓了最难的两头建设,ー是冲击头脑的保守观念,二是管了最脏的厕所卫生。当年国外媒体则批评:“中国人只讲究进口（餐饮）,不讲究出口（厕所卫生）。”厕所的脏臭不改善,不仅直接影响旅游业发展,更直接损害礼仪之邦的文明形象。

Today, some say that in its evolution, the tourism industry tackled the two most challenging areas: shattering conservative mindsets, and managing the cleanliness of the most unsanitary places - public toilets. Foreign media at the time criticized, “Chinese people only care about importing (catering), but not exporting (toilet hygiene).” Without improving the unclean and smelly toilets, it would not only directly affect the development of the tourism industry, but also damage the civilized image of our nation, once known as a land of etiquette.

厕所非小事。修建公厕,成为当务之急,重中之重!

Public toilets were no trivial matter. Constructing public restrooms became a priority of priorities!

当年的旅游厕所,是个什么状况?

But what was the situation with public toilets in tourism back then?

旱厕居多,异味明显,无人看管。许多景区厕所年久失修。有的屋顶渗漏,蛛网盘结;有的厕门损坏,内墙剥离;有的地流黄水,难以插足。有些卫生状况好些的,又全是蹲坑,老年外宾很不习惯,特别是胖老太太,根本蹲不下去。

The majority of toilets were pit latrines, emitting a strong stench, with no one to maintain them. Many public restrooms at tourist sites had been neglected for years. Some had leaky roofs and were filled with cobwebs, others had broken doors and peeling inner walls, while others had dirty yellow water flowing across the floor, making them practically unusable. Even the relatively clean ones were all squat toilets, which were uncomfortable for elderly foreign tourists, particularly overweight older women who found it impossible to squat.

某些景区没有厕所,只是简陋至极的小“茅坑”,脏得简直无处踏脚,臭气冲鼻,坑下蛆虫蠕动,硬着头皮进去方便一下,能叫你恶心半天。京旅211团菲律宾籍的官女士在某风景点上厕所,刚进去就跳了出来,没走多远,在树下直吐。她的丈夫气得挥舞双臂说:“再也不能来这里了。”

Certain scenic spots didn't have proper restrooms, only rudimentary pit latrines that were so filthy it was hard to find a place to step. The overwhelming smell, the sight of maggots writhing at the bottom of the pit, and the mere thought of having to use these facilities were enough to turn one's stomach. A Filipino lady from the Beijing Tour 211 group had a particularly unpleasant experience. After using a restroom at a tourist site, she rushed out and didn’t get far before she started vomiting under a tree. Her husband, furious, waved his arms around and declared, “We can never come here again.”

在浙江某些区域,当地厕所都是“敞篷式”的,甚至建在街旁的厕所,无门无遮挡,ー览无余,外宾望而生“羞”〇当地彼此熟悉的男女上厕所时,还挺自然地互相说话,传递手纸。

In certain regions of Zhejiang, local toilets were of an “open-air” design, even those built beside the streets, completely exposed without doors or any form of screening. Foreign tourists blushed at the sight of such openness, while locals, familiar with one another, naturally chatted and passed toilet paper among themselves while using the facilities.

当时有个广为流传的笑话,说ー个外国游客,好不容易凭嗅觉找到了公厕。ー进门,只见坑槽污迹斑斑,气味刺鼻,赶紧跑出来“打的”往下榻的五星级宾馆,以解内急。许多地方都出现不同版本、内容相似的笑谈。报刊时而冒出“公厕臭名远扬”“如厕难于上青天”的批评文章。

A widely circulated joke at the time told of a foreign tourist who, after much difficulty, managed to locate a public toilet by its smell. Upon entering, he was greeted by a filthy pit and an overpowering stench. He hastily fled and hailed a taxi to return to his five-star hotel to relieve himself. Similar anecdotes abounded, with different versions popping up in many places. Criticisms such as “public toilets with a stinky reputation” and “going to the toilet is harder than ascending to the sky” occasionally appeared in newspapers.

再ー个问题是公厕严重不足。这种情况在热门风景名胜区和全国重点旅游城市尤为突出。厕所门口排队等候是许多风景区一道令人尴尬的“风景”。排队上厕所的窘况,比排别的队难堪。

Another issue was the serious shortage of public toilets. This was especially prominent in popular scenic spots and major tourist cities nationwide. Queuing up to use the toilet became an embarrassing “sight” at many tourist sites. Queuing for the toilet was more embarrassing than queuing for anything else.

上海冒出个新行当一“导厕”,因为在上海繁华街市找不到厕所的问题尤其突出,游客内急找不到厕所,没有人“导”,这事不得了。七转ハ弯,带到了游客的 “向往之地”,看到的是一列长队,还得等!这时刻游客往往满头大汗,女士化的妆也被汗水冲得容颜复杂,等啊等……经过万般着急难堪的等待,当你大气长舒走出厕门时,方觉天下什么是幸福。

A new profession even emerged in Shanghai called a “toilet guide”, as it was especially difficult for tourists to find public restrooms in Shanghai's bustling streets. When tourists urgently needed to find a toilet and no one was there to guide them, the situation was dire. After winding their way through seven turns and eight bends, they were led to their “desired destination,” only to be met by a long queue, and they had to wait! At these moments, tourists were often sweating profusely, with ladies' makeup smeared by the sweat, forming complex patterns on their faces as they waited... After enduring all this anxiety and embarrassment, the sense of relief when you finally walked out of the restroom made you realize what true happiness felt like.

韩克华下决心要解决厕所问题。

Han Kehua was determined to solve the toilet issue.

厕所问题并非难登大雅的话题。

Toilet issues were not an unseemly topic.

古有欧阳修构想文章来自“马上、枕上、厕上”之说,想其厕所必是洁净如居。康有为在《大同书》中就大谈理想之厕:“以机激水,淘荡秽气,花露喷射,花香扑鼻,有图画神仙之迹,令人超观思玄;有音乐微妙之音,令人和平清静。”

Ouyang Xiu, a famous Chinese literati of the Song Dynasty, once said that his essays originated from three places: horseback, pillow, and toilet. It’s clear that his toilet must have been as clean as his living space. Kang Youwei, in his book “The Book of Great Harmony”, described his ideal toilet: “With mechanisms triggering water, eliminating foul air, flower dew spraying, and floral fragrance striking the nose, the sight is like the footprint of an immortal, leading people to contemplate the profound; the sound of subtle music brings peace and tranquility.”

清末苏州人外出旅行,都要带便桶。因苏州人不习惯上厕所蹲坑,客栈又无马桶。讲究的人还带夜壶箱,四四方方像ー只小书箱,上面刻有诗句:“诗清只为饮茶多。”这诗句中的“诗”和“尿”,在吴方言里是同音。

In the late Qing Dynasty, people from Suzhou would carry portable toilets with them when they traveled. People from Suzhou were not accustomed to squatting in the toilet, and there were no chamber pots in the inns. Some refined individuals would even bring along a portable chamber pot box, square like a small book box, with a poem inscribed on it: “The clear poetry comes from drinking lots of tea.” In the Suzhou dialect, poetry and urine are homonyms.

厕所是人类日常生活的必备设施,也是人类社会文明进步的标志之一。法国设有电脑厕所,发行厕所报纸。日本有“厕所节”,每年举办一次“全国公厕日”,届时议员要亲临公厕现场办公。美国、新加坡等国定期评选“名厕”。

Toilets are an essential facility in human daily life and are also one of the signs of human societal progress. In France, there are computerized toilets and newspapers are distributed in toilets. Japan has a Toilet Festival, and there’s an annual “National Public Toilet Day”, during which lawmakers go to work in public toilets. In the United States, Singapore and other countries, there are regular competitions to elect the best toilets.

过去厕所常被说成“茅房”“茅坑”。开放后,我们也习惯称厕所为“洗手间”

In the past, toilets were often referred to as “straw huts” or “straw pits.” After opening up, we also got used to calling toilets “washrooms" or "bathrooms.”

“卫生间” 〇国内姑娘们早就把上厕所称为“上一号”“上高楼” 〇

Girls in China have long been referring to using the toilet as “going up to No.1” or “going up to the high-rise.”

国外对上厕所的说法更为艺术化。

Foreign expressions for using the toilet are even more artistic.

在人民大会堂宴会间,一位绅士派头十足的英国人走到导游跟前,俯下身子耳语:“May I answer the call of the nature?"（我能去响应一下大自然的召唤吗?）

During a banquet at the Great Hall of the People, a British man full of gentlemanly charm walked up to the tour guide, leaned down and whispered, “May I answer the call of the nature?”

一位澳大利亚人问:“Where is the hap-py-room?”（快乐的房间在哪里?）

An Australian asked, “Where is the hap-py-room?”

你要能听懂,就会忍不住快乐地笑出声来。

If you understand these euphemisms, you can't help but laugh with joy.

港澳同胞习惯把如厕称为“唱歌”,他们把这种说法传进国内,现在大部分导游带团时常说:“下车有唱歌的地方,唱完歌我带你们到更美的地方去游览。”

Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macau are accustomed to referring to going to the toilet as “singing.” They brought this expression to the mainland, and now most tour guides often say when leading groups, “There is a place to ‘sing’ when you get off the bus, and after you 'finish singing', I'll take you to more beautiful places to visit.”

当年兴致勃勃而来的中外游客,常因内急而兴致全无,内急心如焚,哪还有心情观美景?不少游客摇头说:“中国公厕不改善,我们再也不敢来了。”

Back in the day, tourists who came full of excitement often had their enthusiasm completely extinguished by the urgency of needing a restroom. In such distress, who would be in the mood to enjoy the beautiful scenery? Many tourists shook their heads and said, “If public toilets in China do not improve, we dare not come again.”

ー个外宾在批评信中尖刻地说:“你们中国可能有最好的大炮,但你们的厕所像这样,你们还是得不到世界的尊重。”

One foreign visitor pointedly said in a critique letter, “You Chinese may have the best artillery, but with toilets like this, you still won't get the world's respect.”

国家旅游局前所未有地郑重召开全国“涉外厕所会议” 〇随即分两批拨款458 万元,在长城、泰山、黄山、苏州园林等主要景区修建167座符合卫生标准的旅游地厕所,使厕所紧缺问题有所缓解。

The CNTA solemnly convened the unprecedented nationwide “Foreign-Related Toilet Conference”. Subsequently, it allocated 4.58 million yuan in two batches to build 167 tourist toilets in major scenic spots such as the Great Wall, Mount Tai, Huangshan, and Suzhou Gardens that meet hygiene standards, alleviating the problem of toilet shortage.

北京颐和园、天坛、碧云寺等处新建成一批卫生厕所。新建厕所有专人管理、合乎卫生标准,厕所内设有抽水马桶、单人小便池、洗手池、梳妆镜、挂衣钩,还提供卫生纸、香皂等,并有冬季供暖设备。

A batch of new sanitary toilets have been built in places such as Beijing's Summer Palace, Temple of Heaven, and Biyun Temple. The newly built toilets are managed by dedicated personnel and meet hygiene standards. The toilets are equipped with flush toilets, single urinals, sinks, makeup mirrors, coat hooks, and provide toilet paper, soap, etc., and have heating equipment for the winter.

颐和园是北京热点景区之一,日游客量多达数万人次,园内26个厕所,每天游客流量少的上千人次,多的达几千人次。保洁员已经有了一个崭新的意识:管理厕所要像管理客房那样精心。

The Summer Palace is one of the hotspots in Beijing, with a daily tourist volume of tens of thousands of people. There are 26 toilets in the park, with a daily passenger flow of a few thousand at the least, and several thousand at most. The cleaning staff have developed a brand new understanding: managing toilets should be as meticulous as managing guest rooms.

此后,国家旅游局采取出部分资金、地方财政配套的方式,促使各地旅游区都开始大抓厕所建设与改造。

Afterwards, the CNTA adopted the method of allocating some funds and matching local finance to prompt tourist areas across the country to pay great attention to the construction and renovation of toilets.

今天回头看30年前,我们确实还不知旅游业中有个多么大的世界。不懂要学,我们毕竟已经有很大的改善。1983年1月,全国旅游系统先进集体先进工作者表彰大会隆重开幕,这是国家旅游局召开的第一次群英会。时值隆冬,出席大会的304名代表心里都暖乎乎的,他们来自29个省、市、自治区和5个直属单位。

Looking back 30 years ago today, we really didn't know how big the world of the tourism industry was. We need to learn what we don't understand, but we have indeed made a lot of improvements. In January 1983, the grand opening of the commendation meeting for advanced collectives and advanced workers in the national tourism system took place. This was the first gathering of talents convened by the CNTA. In the midst of a severe winter, the 304 representatives attending the conference from 29 provinces, cities, autonomous regions, and 5 directly affiliated units felt warm inside.

广东深圳西沥水库度假村、苏州市旅游汽车公司、杭州饭店、国旅无锡支社等单位受到表彰。在受表彰的226名先进工作者中,有翻译导游人员、服务员、厨师、汽车驾驶员和后勤人员等。

Units such as Guangdong Shenzhen Xili Reservoir Resort, Suzhou City Tourism Automobile Company, Hangzhou Hotel, and CITS Wuxi Branch were commended. Among the 226 commended advanced workers were interpretors, tour guides, waiters, chefs, car drivers, and logistical personnel.

同年2月,国家旅游局首次在北京举办了中国国际旅游会议。大会将使用中、英、日、德、法、西班牙六种语言,需要安装国际电传、电话以及同声传译等设备,大家常常忙得连吃饭的时间都没有,几个烧饼就算是午餐。这是中国旅游界与世界旅游界首次在中国握手。

In February of the same year, the CNTA held the China International Tourism Conference in Beijing for the first time. The conference used six languages: Chinese, English, Japanese, German, French, and Spanish. International telegraphy, telephones, and simultaneous interpretation equipment needed to be installed. Everyone was often so busy that they didn't have time for meals, and a few baked buns were considered lunch. This was the first handshake between the Chinese tourism industry and the world tourism industry in China.

来自45个国家和地区的700多名代表中,有各国旅游部长、旅游局长、民航局长和其他高级官员,还有各国旅游协会和旅行社的负责人以及旅游记者。世界旅游组织秘书长罗伯特・洛纳蒂参加了大会,国内有关部门和各省、市、自治区有关方面的负责人和代表200多人也出席了会议,与会总人数超过千人。

Among the more than 700 representatives from 45 countries and regions, there were ministers of tourism, heads of tourism bureaus, heads of civil aviation bureaus, and other high-ranking officials from various countries, as well as the heads of various national tourism associations and travel agencies, and tourism journalists. Robert Lonati, Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization, attended the conference. More than 200 representatives and officials from domestic departments and provinces, cities, and autonomous regions also attended the meeting, and the total number of participants exceeded a thousand.

中国与世界的交往从此更加频繁。驻外办事机构从无到有,先后开设了东京、纽约、洛杉矶、伦敦、巴黎、法兰克福、悉尼7处。至今,增加到17处。

Contact between China and the world has become more frequent since then. Foreign offices were established from scratch, successively setting up in Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles, London, Paris, Frankfurt, and Sydney, totaling seven. Now, the number has increased to seventeen.

1986年1月,经国务院批准成立“中国旅游协会”,这是第一个全国综合性旅游全行业组织,其英文名称为China Tourism Association( СТА) 〇

In January 1986, the China Tourism Association was established with the approval of the State Council. This was the first comprehensive national tourism industry organization, its English name being the China Tourism Association (CTA).

但在发展过程中,旅游业出现了一些陆续冒出来的新问题,如收取回扣、索要小费、套汇倒汇等现象开始出现。国家旅游局开始抓旅游行业的道德规范教育。在体制改革方面,还存在许多运行不畅、管理不善的问题。要把中国旅游业搞得红红火火,还有许多难题。

However, in the process of development, the tourism industry encountered some emerging problems, such as receiving kickbacks, demanding tips, and phenomena like foreign currency manipulation began to appear. The CNTA began to focus on moral education within the tourism industry. However, in terms of systemic reforms, there were still many problems with inefficient operations and poor management. There were still many challenges in making China's tourism industry prosperous.

四、马超龙雀

Chapter 4. Ma Chao Long Que

“马超龙雀”是中国旅游业的图形标志。原形取自甘肃武威出土的东汉青铜马。昂首扬尾,四蹄腾空,自由奔放,马的速度超过天上的龙雀。此马也是个性的象征。旅游业由原来只有国家涉足,变为国家、地方、部门、集体、个人“五个ー起上” 〇最关键是开放了对“个人”的限制,纠正了对“个人”长达30年的偏见,这是思想观念开放的伟大变革。《周易》说:“挠万物者,莫疾乎风。”开放之风多又从旅游业刮起,推动、带动相关行业风起云涌。

"Ma Chao Long Que" is the graphic symbol of China's tourism industry. The original design is based on a bronze horse unearthed from Wuwei, Gansu during the Eastern Han Dynasty. With its head raised and tail pointed upwards, its four hooves galloping in the air, it is free and unrestrained. The horse's speed surpasses the dragon sparrow in the sky. This horse is also a symbol of individuality. Tourism has transitioned from being only state-involved to “five working together”: the state, localities, departments, collectives, and individuals. The most critical change is the opening of restrictions on "individuals", correcting the prejudice against “individuals” that had lasted for 30 years. This represents a great shift in open-mindedness. The “Book of Changes” says: “Among all things that stir, none is more swift than the wind.” The wind of opening up often blows from the tourism industry, pushing and driving related industries to surge forward.

1.花龙盘盘上紫云

1. A Purple Cloud with Winding Dragon

1986年,“七五计划”把旅游业列在第三十七章之内,这是旅游业第一次在国家计划中出现,旅游的产业地位首次得到确认,这是旅游产业发展的ー个重要标志。

In 1986, the Seventh Five-Year Plan included the tourism industry in Chapter 37, marking the first appearance of the tourism industry in a national plan. The status of tourism as an industry was recognized for the first time, which was an important milestone for the development of the tourism industry.

邓小平南方讲话,引发中国第二轮改革。中共中央、国务院《关于加快发展第三产业的决定》进ー步明确旅游业是第三产业的重点,旅游业的产业地位进ー步提升。

Deng Xiaoping's speeches in southern China sparked the second round of reform. The “Decision on Accelerating the Development of the Tertiary Industry” by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council further specified that tourism is a key sector within the tertiary industry, thus further raising the industry's status within the economy.

回首新时期30年对各产业的认识,变化最大的恐怕是旅游业。早先没人知道,旅游业每增加1人就业,可促进相关产业增加5人就业;接待一位外国游客的创汇,相当于出口 4台电视机;且是永远的朝阳产业,是最优秀的出口产业。旅游业不断超乎人们预料的发展,促使国家有关部门把它从接待型机构变成企业,又从确定为旅游产业到定位为支柱产业。

Looking back at the understanding of various industries over the past 30 years in the new era, the tourism industry might have undergone the most significant changes. It was initially unknown that every new job created in the tourism industry could lead to the addition of five jobs in related industries; and that the foreign exchange income from hosting a foreign tourist was equivalent to exporting four televisions. Moreover, tourism is an ever-growing sunrise industry and an outstanding export industry. The development of the tourism industry, which constantly exceeds expectations, has prompted the relevant national departments to transition it from a reception-oriented institution to an enterprise, and to position it from merely a tourism industry to a pillar industry.

下面这些数字有些枯燥,显示的快速发展却也一目了然。

The following numbers might seem dry, but they clearly illustrate rapid development.

1978年全国的“入境旅游”人数180万,2007年这一数据为1.3亿人次, 是1978年的73.3倍,中国成为全球第四大入境旅游接待国。

In 1978, the number of inbound tourists nationwide was 1.8 million; this figure rose to 130 million in 2007, which was 73.3 times that of 1978. China has become the fourth largest inbound tourist receiving country globally.

1978年中国旅游外汇收入2.62亿美元，1996年外汇收入超过100亿美元,2007年旅游外汇收入达419亿美元,是1978年的159倍。

In 1978, China's tourism foreign exchange income was 262 million US dollars; by 1996, the foreign exchange income exceeded 10 billion US dollars; and by 2007, the tourism foreign exchange income reached 41.9 billion US dollars, which was 159 times that of 1978.

中国旅游业在世界上的排名一路飙升。1978年中国旅游外汇收入在全世界排名第41位,2000年跃居世界第5位,2001年加入WTO后一直保持在世界第4位。

China's tourism industry has been soaring in the world rankings. In 1978, China's tourism foreign exchange income ranked 41st in the world, leaped to the 5th place in 2000, and has maintained the 4th place globally since joining the WTO in 2001.

2007年全国旅游业总收入出现历史性超越,突破1万亿元。这个“脚下的事业”,在国民经济收入中的确已占有举足轻重的地位。

In 2007, the total revenue of the national tourism industry achieved a historic breakthrough, exceeding 1 trillion yuan. This "footwork business" indeed holds a significant position in national economic income.

中国人出境游的发展速度,有人夸张地比喻为“像过山车”动人心魄。这“动人心魄”是不算夸张的。改革开放初,中国出国的人寥寥无几。1950年至1978 年,中国出国总人次30万。2005年一年中,中国出境人次达到3100万,是开放前 28年出境人数总和的100倍。2007年中国公民出境旅游人数已达4095万,成为亚洲最大的出境旅游客源国,出境人数跃至世界排名第3位。这是中国综合国力、居民生活水平提高,社会开放的直接、生动的证据。仅旅游ー项,就让世界看到中国改革开放的成就的确不小。

The development speed of Chinese outbound tourism has been exaggeratedly described as “like a roller coaster” - thrilling and exciting. The phrase “thrilling and exciting” is not an exaggeration. At the beginning of the reform and opening-up, very few Chinese citizens traveled abroad. From 1950 to 1978, the total number of outbound travelers from China was only 300,000. However, in 2005 alone, the number of outbound Chinese travelers reached 31 million, which is 100 times the total number of outbound travelers in the 28 years before the opening-up. By 2007, the number of Chinese citizens traveling abroad had reached 40.95 million, making China the largest source country of outbound tourists in Asia and ranking third globally in terms of outbound travelers. This serves as direct and vivid evidence of China's overall national strength, improved living standards of its residents, and the country's growing openness. Just for tourism alone, the world can see that China's achievements in reform and opening up are indeed not small.

中国出境旅游市场的发展壮大,日益增加了中国在国际社会的影响カ。“出境旅游”成为“官方外交”的一部分,签署旅游目的地（ADS ）仪式成为ー份“国礼”,也是谈判桌上一个有分量的筹码,为国家的外交战略、区域化合作和两岸和平统一事业做出了重要贡献。

The development and growth of China's outbound tourism market have increasingly increased China's influence in the international community. Outbound tourism has become a part of official diplomacy. The signing of the Approved Destination Status (ADS) agreement has become a kind of "state ceremony" and also a significant bargaining chip at the negotiation table. It has made important contributions to the country's foreign policy strategy, regional cooperation, and the cause of peaceful reunification across the strait.

中国在联合国世界旅游组织的影响迅速提高。2007年,中文正式成为世界旅游组织官方语言。中国被推举为世界旅游组织执委会成员国。

China's influence in the United Nations World Tourism Organization has rapidly increased. In 2007, Chinese officially became the official language of the World Tourism Organization. China was elected as a member country of the World Tourism Organization's Executive Council.

2008年6月17日,中国公民赴美旅游首发团250人从北京、上海、广东三地启程,飞往美国。这标志着中国公民赴美团队旅游正式启动。7月4日,中国大陆居民直接赴台湾省旅游首发团启程,首批游客760余人分别从北京、上海、南京、厦门、广州五地出发,搭乘两岸周末包机赴台。这是1949年以后,中国大陆居民首次从大陆直接飞抵台湾省,被称为“世纪首航”“世纪圆梦之旅”,它跨越了近60年的隔阻。

On June 17, 2008, the first group of 250 Chinese citizens departed from Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong, heading to the United States for tourism. This marked the official launch of Chinese citizens' group tourism to the United States. On July 4, the first group of Chinese‘s mainland residents directly traveled to Taiwan Province for tourism. Over 760 tourists from Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xiamen, and Guangzhou departed, taking chartered flights between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait for a weekend trip to Taiwan. This is the first time since 1949 that mainland Chinese residents have directly flown to Taiwan Province, and it is called the “Century's First Flight” or the "Dream Trip of the Century," overcoming nearly 60 years of separation.

30年间,中国旅游业的总收入正以年均约12%的速度增长,高于同期国内生产总值的平均增长率,也大大高于世界旅游业平均涨幅的速度。国外旅游同行对中国“从俯视到仰视”。全国旅游业展现出的新景象,可以借用一句古诗来形容: “飞香走红满天春,花龙盘盘上紫云。”

During the past 30 years, the total revenue of China's tourism industry has been growing at an average annual rate of about 12%, higher than the average growth rate of the domestic gross domestic product during the same period and significantly higher than the average growth rate of the global tourism industry. Foreign counterparts in the tourism industry regard China with admiration and respect. The new landscape presented by the national tourism industry can be described using a line from an ancient poem: “Fragrance soars, redness fills the sky in spring, like a purple cloud with winding dragon.”

2. ー业九鼎重千秋

2. Tourism's Enduring Significance

直到今天,即使我们不再把旅游看作“享乐主义”,但旅游在ー个民族的发展进步中,在每位“个人”的人生中,究竟占有多大的地位,仍未被充分认识。今天, 当我们获得“煮酒话当年”的良辰,还该看到旅游业的贡献远远不仅体现在经济效益上。

Even today, even if we no longer see tourism solely as hedonism, the true significance of tourism in the development and progress of a nation and in the life of each individual is still not fully recognized. Today, as we reminisce about the past with a glass of wine, we should recognize that the contributions of the tourism industry go far beyond economic benefits.

由于传统观念的影响,30年前,即使奉命搞旅游的人,自己也有点心虚气短。但是,自开放以来,确实是这个让人“在休闲中玩ー玩”的行当最早引进外资,最早中外合资,也最早经历打破“铁饭碗”,最早尝试改制……加入WT。后,旅游业对外开放幅度更大。旅游业一路走来,一路担当着开路先锋的风险,其艰辛与业绩, 大多鲜为人知。

Due to traditional beliefs, even those tasked with promoting tourism felt somewhat uncertain and hesitant thirty years ago. However, since the opening up, it was indeed this industry that first introduced foreign investment, engaged in Sino-foreign joint ventures, and experienced the breaking of “iron rice bowls” and attempted restructuring. It also joined the World Tourism Organization. Subsequently, the tourism industry has opened up to a greater extent. Throughout its journey, the tourism industry has shouldered the risks of being a pioneer, with its hardships and achievements largely unknown to many.

你可想过,新时期城市面貌的改变,多从建旅游饭店大厦开始。北京长城饭店初建如“鹤立鸡群”,上海静安希尔顿、广州白天鹅……天津、西安、桂林、杭州等ー批旅游城市都是从建涉外旅游饭店开始改观。直到今天,我们住过不少星级宾馆了,但不一定清楚是他们冲破各种束缚,把中国大大小小的招待所变成星级宾馆, ォ使我们的城市像一座现代城市。

Have you ever considered that the transformation of urban landscapes in the new era often starts with the construction of tourist hotels and high-rise buildings? The Great Wall Hotel in Beijing stood out like a "crane among chickens," while the Hilton in Jing'an, Shanghai, and the White Swan in Guangzhou were notable landmarks. Many other tourist cities, such as Tianjin, Xi'an, Guilin, and Hangzhou, underwent transformations starting with the establishment of foreign-related tourist hotels. Even today, we have stayed in numerous star-rated hotels, but we may not always realize that it was their efforts that broke various constraints and transformed small guesthouses throughout China into star-rated hotels, making our cities resemble modern metropolises.

有了星级宾馆,仍然不够。城市的活力从哪里来?我们不能生活在钢筋水泥的丛林中。缺少绿树、芳草、鲜花,就没有蝶飞鸟鸣。缺少上下几千年的文化风采, 也会缺少来自五洲四海的欣赏目光。国家旅游局启动创建优秀旅游城市工程,各大城市党政主要领导亲自挂帅,“创优”工作纳入城市经济和社会发展总体格局, 许多与旅游不搭界的部门通过创优捆到ー起,“横向到边,纵向到底”,创优热潮波及中小城市,强劲推动全国城市建设,ー个个城市神话改变着国家形象。

However, having star-rated hotels alone is not enough. Where does the vitality of a city come from? We cannot live in a concrete jungle. Without green trees, fragrant grass, and blooming flowers, there would be no butterflies fluttering or birds singing. Without the cultural splendor spanning thousands of years, we would also lack the appreciation from people all over the world. The CNTA initiated the project to create excellent tourist cities, with the top leaders of major cities personally taking charge. The "excellence" efforts were integrated into the overall framework of urban economic and social development. Many departments that were previously unrelated to tourism were brought together through this initiative, creating a cross-sector collaboration that reached all levels. This excellence trend extended to small and medium-sized cities, driving the overall construction of cities nationwide and transforming each city into a symbol of national pride.

秦砖汉瓦,唐诗宋词。在中国,每ー块热土都有过波澜壮阔的历史乐章,每ー种文化都有精神的故乡。遍布中国的古迹,多是旅游行业挖空心思地ー个个修复或再造,过去被批判为“腐朽的封建主义”的东西,变成恢宏的数千年中华文明,温情地回到了我们的山山水水,成为我们精神中辉煌的民族记忆。

From the Qin Dynasty's bricks and Han Dynasty's tiles to the poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties, in China, every inch of land has witnessed grand historical chapters, and every culture has its spiritual homeland. The ancient sites scattered throughout China have been meticulously restored or recreated by the tourism industry, transforming what was once criticized as "decaying feudalism" into the magnificent thousands of years of Chinese civilization. They have warmly returned to our mountains, rivers, and become the glorious national memories in our hearts.

旅游盘活的也远不只是古迹。单看艺术与旅游业“嫁接”,传统音乐、舞蹈,以及56个民族色彩斑斓的文化在旅游中复苏与创新。凡此种种,对增强ー个国家的文化软实カ,是沛然化雨渗透到亿万民众之中的。

The revitalization brought about by tourism is not limited to ancient relics. When we consider the fusion of art and the tourism industry, traditional music, dance, and the diverse cultures of the 56 ethnic groups experience revival and innovation within the realm of tourism. All of these endeavors enhance a country's cultural soft power, permeating through millions of people like nourishing rain.

中国加入WTO,机遇与挑战犹如阳光和风雨同时降临。美、日、德、英、法、澳等国的世界前十大旅游集团挺进中国,中国成为旅游企业全球化程度最高的地区之一。改制、资产整合、企业重组、上市融资……促进中国旅游企业集团应时而出, 并促使旅游业从“各踞一方”到“连线成片”,典型如泰山、华山、恒山、嵩山、衡山, 成立“五岳联盟”。中国旅游产业集群开始走出国门。

China's accession to the WTO brought both opportunities and challenges, much like the simultaneous arrival of sunshine and rain. The world's top ten tourism conglomerates from countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Australia entered China, making it one of the regions with the highest degree of globalization in the tourism industry. Restructuring, asset integration, corporate reorganization, and listing financing facilitated the emergence of Chinese tourism enterprise groups, leading the tourism industry from being fragmented to interconnected. An example of this is the establishment of the “Five Great Mountains Alliance” consisting of Mount Tai, Mount Hua, Mount Heng, Mount Song, and Mount Heng, which paved the way for Chinese tourism clusters to expand globally.

各省市“旅游大篷车”吆喝到国外。中国大型旅游促销团赴美,在美国行程四千多公里,沿途举行“中国之夜”演出推介会,不仅“营销”中国风情,还宣扬中国文化。“魅力四川”倾倒巴黎,自贡市彩灯点亮多伦多,峨眉山全球卖风景,开中国景区在外设旅游机构之先河。

Various provinces and cities in China are promoting tourism overseas like a “tourism caravan.” Large-scale tourism promotion groups from China travel to the United States, covering over 4,000 kilometers during their itinerary. Along the way, they hold "China Nights" showcasing performances and presentations, not only marketing the Chinese charm but also promoting Chinese culture. "Charming Sichuan" captivates Paris, Zigong City illuminates Toronto with colorful lanterns, and Mount Emei sells its scenery to the world, pioneering the establishment of Chinese scenic areas with tourism agencies abroad.

“捧出古国的盛情,迎接你走进东方的锦绣,体会ー个真情的中国。不要说世界太大,其实我们的心相距很近;不要说天涯太远,有意我们即刻就能相逢。”这是唱响世界许多著名城市的歌。

"Offering the hospitality of an ancient country, welcoming you to experience the splendid beauty of the East, and feel the genuine affection of China. Don't say the world is too vast; in reality, our hearts are close. Don't say the end of the world is too far; with intention, we can meet instantly.” This is the song that echoes in many famous cities around the world.

美国迈阿密市长号召市民:“请把到中国旅游立刻写在你的日程表上吧,这是ー个人一生中一定要完成的一件事!”

The mayor of Miami, USA, called on citizens, saying, "Please immediately put traveling to China on your agenda. It is something that you must do in your lifetime!”

2004年中国被评为全球最佳旅游目的地。中国已拥有世界文化遗产37处,中国已从ー个旅游资源大国发展为世界旅游大国。

In 2004, China was recognized as the best global tourist destination. With 37 World Heritage Sites, China has evolved from a major tourism resource country to a world tourism powerhouse.

把“旅馆”办到列车上,タ发朝至,节省时间和费用去旅游,火车提速促进中国高速度发展。丰盛的“吃”,令外国游客叹息胃太小。旅游“六字真言”促进行、游、住、食、购、娱六大经济文化领域全面发展。

Bringing "hotels" onto trains has saved time and costs for travel, and high-speed train development has facilitated China's rapid development. The abundant culinary offerings leave foreign tourists marveling at their small stomachs. The six-word mantra of tourism—travel, accommodation, dining, shopping, entertainment, and leisure—has promoted comprehensive development in the economic and cultural sectors.

鼠标点击新旅游,网络在颠覆传统营销模式的同时,成为大众获取话语权的重要途径。中国第一批互联网旅游企业诞生,如何通过资源共享,抑制过去的“竞争”方式?如何通过“透明”营造信息时代的文明?诸多陌生经历在旅游界多有 “先行ー步”的体验,旅游界在为建设世界旅游强国,也为民族进步,探索新路。

With just a click of a mouse, new tourism opportunities emerge. The internet, while disrupting traditional marketing models, has become a crucial platform for the public to express their opinions and access information. The first batch of internet tourism enterprises emerged in China, focusing on resource sharing and suppressing the previous "competitive" approach. They aim to create a transparent environment in the information age. The tourism industry has often been at the forefront of new experiences, exploring new paths for building China into a global tourism powerhouse and contributing to national progress.

世界上还没有一个产业,像旅游业这样与各国人们广泛接触,与民生休戚相关,与百业相连,岂止是经济支柱,更养育精神,承载如此宽广的社会担当,可谓一业九鼎重千秋。

There is no other industry in the world that has such extensive interactions with people from various countries, closely intertwined with people's livelihoods and connected to numerous sectors. It is not only an economic pillar but also nurtures the spirit and carries such a broad social responsibility. It can be said that tourism holds a significant position for ages to come.

21世纪的书记、市长若不懂旅游,就不是合格的领导者一这已是新理念。

In the 21st century, if a secretary or mayor does not understand tourism, they are not qualified leaders. This has become a new concept and requirement.

结语:最重要的开放是思想的开放。

In Conclusion: The Most Important Openness is that of the Mind

今天看来,30年前处于十字路口的中国,正是有了开放国门的胆识和决心,才复苏了旅游业,更迎来整个民族的新生。中国旅游业,一直是在开放中改革,在开放中发展,在开放中创新。中国旅游业发生的巨变,是中国30年改革开放史的一个缩影。

Looking back today, China at the crossroads 30 years ago was able to revive the tourism industry and experience a national rebirth because of the courage and determination to open its doors to the world. The Chinese tourism industry has consistently reformed, developed, and innovated through openness. The tremendous changes in the Chinese tourism industry are a microcosm of the 30-year history of reform and opening up in China.

它贯穿着一条清晰主线,就是不断地解放思想,不断地赋予思想解放以新的内容。因而最重要的开放是思想的开放,是人的解放和素质的提升。旅游业30年开放发展史,实际上是一部波澜壮阔的思想解放史。

It follows a clear main theme, which is the continuous liberation of thought and the constant infusion of new content into the liberation of thought. Therefore, the most important form of openness is the openness of thought, the liberation of individuals, and the enhancement of their quality. The 30-year history of openness and development in the tourism industry is, in fact, a magnificent history of intellectual liberation.

今天,面对国际金融危机和日益严峻的经济困境,国务院部署十大措施,以扩大内需促经济平稳较快增长。我们还将不断听到“拉动消费”“促进消费”的声音。人们可能认为,要是经济危机到来,大家将有过“紧日子”的思想意识,还怎么促进消费?贫困群体又拿什么去消费?这里需要分清,“消费”和“发展消费型经济”是两个概念。

Today, faced with the international financial crisis and increasingly severe economic challenges, the State Council has deployed ten measures to expand domestic demand and promote stable and rapid economic growth. We will continue to hear calls for boosting consumption and promoting consumerism. Some may think that during an economic crisis, people will have a mindset of tightening their belts, so how can consumption be promoted? And what will the impoverished groups have to consume? It is important to differentiate between "consumption" and "developing a consumer-driven economy."

由于旅游业是第三产业的龙头,是典型的消费型经济、休闲经济,我们在撰写本文中日益意识到:中国旅游业30年来以“马超龙雀”的发展速度营造出的巨大消费市场,已然是拯救眼前经济困境的ー支宏伟力量。

As the leading sector of the tertiary industry and a typical consumer-driven and leisure economy, the tourism industry has played a crucial role in creating a vast consumer market with its rapid development over the past 30 years. We increasingly realize that this market is a magnificent force that can help overcome the current economic challenges.

在开放的信息化时代,面对全球经济困境的挑战,中国旅游业正在谋求实现这样的转型一从观光产业走向休闲产业。

In the open and information-driven era, facing the challenges of the global economic crisis, the Chinese tourism industry is seeking to achieve a transformation: moving from being a sightseeing industry to a leisure industry.

就是说,从以往的参观游览型,转向生活休闲型。

This means shifting from the previous focus on visitation and sightseeing to a focus on enhancing the quality of life and leisure experiences.

从产业发展走向目的地提升。就是说,以往我们注重把旅游地搞起来,吸引人来参观,今后不能满足于此,而要注重让人们身心度假,而不是跑得更累。

It also entails a shift from industry development to destination enhancement. In other words, it is not enough to simply develop tourist sites and attract visitors; the emphasis should be on providing people with opportunities for relaxation and rejuvenation, rather than exhausting them further.

从规模时代走向质量时代。就是说,要让人在真正的“休养生息”中使人生质量得到提升。旅游业也不只是“朝阳产业”,它对自然与人的生态保护,还是ー个可以找回蓝天的产业。

Additionally, there is a transition from the era of scale to the era of quality. Instead of solely focusing on the quantity of tourists, there is an increasing emphasis on providing high-quality experiences and services to ensure visitor satisfaction and promote sustainable tourism development The tourism industry is not just a sunrise industry; it plays a crucial role in the protection of nature and the ecology of both the environment and people. It is an industry that can help restore the clear blue skies.

不能忽视这样的转型。在人类通过一次次“生产革命”“技术革命”营建生活的历史上,人类觉悟到可以通过发展“休闲经济”来促进社会各业趋向平衡,这是更高层面的可持续发展,并可望普遍地提升人类的生活质量。这无论从思想认识、精神境界和经济形式上都是深具革命性的。

We cannot overlook this transformation. Throughout human history, marked by multiple industrial revolutions and technological advancements, humans have realized that promoting a balanced society can be achieved through the development of the leisure economy. This represents a higher level of sustainable development and holds the potential to universally improve the quality of human life. This transformation is revolutionary in terms of ideology, spiritual state, and economic form. This is deeply revolutionary in terms of ideological understanding, spiritual realm, and economic form.

因此,“休息的革命”是个庄严的命题。它不只是对眼前全球性的经济困境而言,它对自然与人文环境的良性塑造、对给每个普通人带来的深刻影响而言,都有我们还想象不到的海阔天空。

Therefore, the “revolution of relaxation” is a solemn proposition. It goes beyond the current global economic challenges and holds immense potential for positively shaping the natural and cultural environment and making a profound impact on the lives of ordinary people that we can't even fully imagine.

联合国世界旅游组织最新预测,中国到2015年将成为世界最大的旅游目的地国家。中国旅游业至今方兴未艾,可谓“九万里风鹏正举”。

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, it is predicted that by 2015, China will emerge as the world’s largest tourist destination country.

（原载《北京文学》2009年第3期）

(Originally published in “Beijing Literature”, Issue 3, 2009)

Report CN EN 07

2023-05-31T14:23:17Z

Liang Xinlu: /* 卷三：2.昆山之路 */

Please translate from Chinese to English and use the [[Report_CN_EN#List_of_Common_Terms]]. Also, you can jump back to the course homepage here: [[Chinese_Classics_Translation_Spring_2023]]

=Contents=
1. Translator 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi《岭南万户皆春色》[[Lingnan Englisch]] Proofreader: 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi (translated until here: https://bou.de/u/wiki/Lingnan_Englisch#.E6.9D.8E.E6.A2.93.E7.8E.89_Li_Ziyu), rest: 76000 characters

2. Translator: 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi《金银潭抗疫纪事》[[Goldbank Englisch]] Proofreader: 李心田 Li Xintian (currently being translated by professionals), 120000 characters

3. Translator: 李心田 Li Xintian [[Report_CN_EN_01]] Proofreader: 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia (currently being translated by professionals), 120000 characters

4. Translator: 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia [[Report_CN_EN_02]] Proofreader: 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu 《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

5. Translator: 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu [[Report_CN_EN_03]] Proofreader: 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan 《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

6. Translator: 张玉燕 Zhang Yuyan [[Report_CN_EN_04]] Proofreader: 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

7. Translator: 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan [[Report_CN_EN_05]] Proofreader: 陈婧 Chen Jing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

8. Translator: 陈婧 Chen Jing [[Report_CN_EN_06]] Proofreader: 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

9. Translator: 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu [[Report_CN_EN_07]] Proofreader: 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

10. Translator: 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi [[Report_CN_EN_08]] Proofreader: 付静 Fu Jing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

11. Translator: 付静 Fu Jing [[Report_CN_EN_09]] Proofreader: 夏玲珑 Xia Linglong《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

12. Translator: 夏玲珑 Xia Linglong [[Report_CN_EN_10]] Proofreader: 李彦 Li Yan《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

13. Translator: 李彦 Li Yan [[Report_CN_EN_11]] Proofreader: 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

14. Translator: 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing [[Report_CN_EN_12]] Proofreader: 王芳玲 Wang Fanglin《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

15. Translator: 王芳玲 Wang Fanglin [[Report_CN_EN_13]] Proofreader: 胡欣怡 Hu Xinyi《大记录》 1087 pp., 1176110 characters

=Liang Xinlu=
==卷三：1.目录==

卷ー

序李炳银/001

哥德巴赫猜想徐迟/001

船长柯岩/021

痴情理由/040

中国姑娘鲁光/ 086

三门李逸闻乔迈Z 138

胡杨泪孟晓云/ 150

原野在呼唤王兆军/ 163

热血男儿李士非/ 183

卷二

中国农民大趋势（节选）李延国/219

理论狂人陈祖芬/261

神圣忧思录张敏/283

强国梦（节选）赵瑜/315

伐木者,醒来!（节选）徐刚Z358

步鑫生现象的反思周嘉俊Z397

昆山之路杨守松/ 425

飞向太空港（节选）李鸣生/465

东方风来满眼春陈锡添/526

好梦将圆时江永红/539

智慧风暴（节选）王宏甲/573

卷四

4万:400万的牵挂张雅文/ 625

香港回归祖国10周年回眸长江/ 670

木棉花开李春雷/695

休息的革命（缩写本）王宏甲刘建/716

闪着泪光的事业蒋巍/758

让百姓做主朱晓军李英/ 777

难回故里郭冬Z 817

卷五

国家何建明/855

蛟龙探海（节选）许晨/ 915

袁隆平的世界（节选）陈启文/950

“神舟”天路兰宁远/ 1011

智慧之翼李青松/ 1044

附录改革开放四十年优秀报告文学存目Z 1060

==卷三：2.昆山之路==

昆山之路

杨守松

开头（之一）

中国是ー个梦。

十月革命一声炮响,马列主义顺势而入,从此中国便做起了社会主义的梦。30 多年以后,有500年历史的故都北京在一夜之间,所有的城门钥匙都换了主人,共和国国旗在28响礼炮声中冉冉升起。

又过了 40年,东欧局势如雪山崩塌,中国梦也变得沉重,变得空前地艰难……

The Road to Kunshan
Yang Shousong
Beginning ( Part one )
China is a dream.
With the October Revolution, Marxism-Leninism followed the trend, and China has been dreaming of socialism ever since.
More than 30 years later, in Beijing, the ancient capital with a history of 500 years, all the city gate keys changed owners overnight, and the national flag of the Republic was raised gradually amidst the sound of 28 gun salutes.
After another 40 years, the situation in Eastern Europe collapsed like a snow mountain, and the Chinese dream became heavy and unprecedentedly difficult.
开头（之ニ）

1968年最后一天,ー辆破旧的三轮车把我从火车站拉进了破旧的小城。低矮的屋檐,窄窄的街道,随处可见歪斜的马桶刷子和飘零的裤裆片;冬日的太阳只是象征性地画了半个圆便匆匆归去了一ー6点不到,小城便寂寞地进入了梦乡。

第二天,我就到城东的西河村“接受贫下中农再教育” 〇

城边上也有不少草屋。全县有好几万户。

这就是“天堂”。这也叫“天堂”？

“穷山恶水血吸虫”,一位县委书记对苏州的昆山做了这个形象的概括。

忽然间这一切都飘逝了、消失了。老城焕然一新,新区拔地而起。西河的草棚变成了瓦屋,变成了楼房,又变成了厂房和办公楼。56米宽的马路横穿腹部,几十家企业变魔术一般相继出现。冰箱、彩电已进入寻常百姓家,录像机也正在悄然潜入农户家中……城乡处处欢声笑语,车水马龙;一年四季商贾云集,游人如织……

过去说,“小昆山”“小六子”,现在改了,叫“小上海”“小蛇口不是天堂,但可与天堂媲美。

Beginning (Part two)
On the last day of 1968, a dilapidated tricycle took me from the train station to a small, run-down county.
The low eaves, narrow streets, crooked toilet brushes and coarse cloth briefs are everywhere; the winter sun only symbolically drew a half circle before hurrying back - before six o’clock, the small county had quietly entered into a dreamland.
The next day, I went to Xihe Village in the east of the town to "re-educate the poor and lower-middle peasants".
There are also many thatched cottages on the edge of town.
The whole county1111 has several tens of thousands of households.
This is "paradise".
Can this also be called ‘heaven’?
"Schistosomes in poor mountains and bad waters", a county party secretary made this vivid summary of Kunshan in Suzhou.
Suddenly all of this has drifted away and disappeared.
The old city is new, and the new area is rising up.
The thatched huts in Xihe turned into tile houses, then into buildings, and then into factories and office buildings.
The 56-meter wide road crosses the midsection, and dozens of enterprises appear one after another magically.
Refrigerators and color TVs have become commonplace in ordinary households, while video recorders are quietly making their way into rural homes. Laughter and joy can be heard everywhere in both urban and rural areas, with bustling traffic and crowds of tourists all year round. Merchants gather from all over, and visitors come in droves.
In the past, we used to call it "Xiaokunshan" or "Xiaoluzi", but now this place is known as "Xiaoshanghai" or "Xiaoshekou".
Not paradise, but comparable to paradise.
开头（之三）

我和他的驾驶员周一起喝酒。假如他也在,我一定会敬他ー杯。尽管我知道他是滴酒不沾的。事实上,我也不会喝酒……我曾经做过他的秘书,只是连我自己也无法相信的是,近1〇年来,我和他说话的时间通通加起来也不到1分钟。我是跑跑写写而不会说说笑笑的那一类秘书。关于他,我从来没想到要说点什么或写点什么。但此时此刻,我却急于想见到他,并且想到应该说点什么也写点什么。这种强烈的欲望全是因为他的“退”而触发的。我忽然想到他的可贵,他的了不起。我甚至妄想和他讨论一下“社会主义”这个大题目一凭直觉,他是有自己的见解的。他一直在做,做的人最有发言权。

借着酒劲,我找到了他的家。因为坦诚,只几分钟,我们便各自理解了对方。

Beginning (Part three)
I had a drink with his driver, Zhou.
If he had been there, I would have toasted him.
Even though I know he doesn't drink at all.
In fact, I don't drink either. I was his secretary, but even I can't believe that in the past 10 years, I've spoken to him for less than a minute all together.
I'm the kind of secretary who runs and writes and doesn't talk and laugh.
I've never thought of anything to say or write about him.
But at this moment, I am anxious to see him and think of something to say or write.
This strong desire was triggered by his " withdrawal".
I suddenly thought of his preciousness and his greatness.
I even thought about discussing with him the big topic of "socialism" - intuitively, he has his own opinion.
He's been doing it, and those who do it have the most to say.
Under the influence of alcohol, I found his home.
Because of the honesty, it only took a few minutes for us to understand each other.

第一章借东风催开花千树

ー、1+! 乂2

大上海旁边有个小昆山。昆山虽小,每年却能卖几亿斤商品粮。“田多劳少, 产量不高,贡献不小,分配蛮好。”这是在全县流传的顺ロ溜。自给自足也自满自足。小昆山小乐胃也见出明显的小家子气。

忽然有一天,小昆山发现周围的世界大热闹也大变样了。江阴、无锡的乡镇企业突飞猛进。张家港、常熟也急起直追。唯独昆山自得其乐,稳坐钓鱼台……

1984年,姗姗来迟的春风例行公事一般给昆山抹了些许绿意,与往昔不同的倒是给年过半百的吴克铃捎来ー顶“县长”的乌纱帽。

这是ー个不寻常的年代。改革开放唤醒了沉睡5000余年的土地,蕴藏在10 亿人血液里的一切善和恶,一切积极因素和消极因素都释放出来了。国土热火朝天,国人眼花缭乱,国家日新月异……

无论如何,历史前进了,昆山也前进了,只是一个严峻的现实是:昆山比人家慢了一步。

ー步落后,步步脱节。无锡、江阴靠的是下放工人的机遇,张家港、常熟靠的是插队青年的机遇,而且他们都曾享受过税收上的优惠一这一切,昆山都没有!

然而,吴克铃却要上。昆山是顾炎武的家乡,“天下兴亡,匹夫有责”,这有气节也有气势的名句,昆山无人不知,昆山人更不会自甘落后……

可是昆山缺资金、缺技术、缺设备、缺人才、缺管理经验。

“缺”是事实,“上”只是ー个美丽的梦。

吴克铃从梦境中醒来面对现实,去找老书记,去找本地的工业行家,还去找满天飞的采购员

渐渐地,他脑子里浮出ー个思路:昆山缺的,东面的邻居上海都有。能不能借ー下“东风”,能不能和上海攀个亲?当然不是白借,也不是两手空空地巴结。昆山也有自己的优势:地理位置好,交通方便;土地多、水面多,农副产品开发潜カ大; 劳动カ多,而且廉价。这三个“优”正好是上海的三个“缺”。不是讲“优化组合” 吗?昆山和上海“组合”一下可不可以?

这里有个很容易被忽略的常识。生活本身就是加减乘除,就看你怎么做或者怎么“组合”。1+1,可能是2,可能是。,也可能是3或4或其他。“加”得好,可以有“乘”的效益,反之,则可能是“减”或“除”的结果。

所以,吴克铃反复宣传1+1尹2的道理,作为借“东风”、横向联合的“理论依据”。早在!983年,他做副县长时,就给县经济发展总公司出点子,在水泥厂搞补偿贸易,从上海市协作办公室引进了 500万元资金,使水泥厂的生产能力从4万吨提升到io万吨;同时,又竭カ促成了昆山印刷厂和上海少儿出版社联营建成了全国第一家儿童印刷厂。当时,他还开玩笑地对分管工业的副县长说:“我把你的权夺过来了。”

毕竟是副县长,他还不能完全放开手脚。

现在可以了,他要按照自己的思路借“东风”来设计昆山的经济了。

二、不准“自由恋爱”

万事开头难。诸葛亮借东风,靠的是“天意”。吴克铃借“东风”,却只能靠人为。

纺织厂的联营ー开始便是有意识的选择。

纺织厂是1958年“大跃进”的产物,可惜的是,20多年以后,它仍然破败不已。有人说它最要好的朋友是税务官,因为它是靠免税オ勉强维持生计的。纺工部ー个部长看过后说:“没有想到,国内还有这样落后的エ厂。希望抓紧技术改造,但最好能保留一块,作为纺织エ业的ー个文物……”

为了使这个“文物”进入现代文明,吴克铃想到了钱一平。这时他在上海担任经济协作办公室副主任。吴克铃毫无保留地介绍了纺织厂的情况,提出了合作的
意向。钱一平对吴克铃的想法十分欣赏,两个人越谈越投机,后来吴问:“龚兆源, 龚老,你熟悉不?”钱一平点点头说:“对了,他是你们昆山的地下党党员,他更应该为建设家乡出力!”

乌鲁木齐路,上海市经委顾问龚兆源家中来了两位不速之客。他是个热心人, 离休后在家也没ー天真的清闲过,常有家乡的人来找他办这办那。他看到自己和妻子杜淑珍还有许多共产党人冒着生命危险为之奋斗的故乡至今没有什么大的变化,心里总不是滋味;但他又十分清楚,解决点紧缺物资什么的,只能救急而不能救穷,现在家乡的人来找他,一杯茶喝出了味道!这一回,家乡可以“上路” 了 !

与此同时,县エ业局的局长也和上海二纺机的厂长严永生联系上了。

严是个有知识有眼光的企业家,但同时他也清楚现实环境。从一般人的想法来说,上海和昆山风马牛不相及,双方怎么可能共同去搞ー个企业的?所以他既感到昆山人能提出这个意向是个大胆的创造,但又怕条条框框紧箍着,即便开了花也不能结果。所以开头的接触是艰难的。

吴克铃心中清楚:这个世界高喊改革,但改革究竟是怎么回事心中都没底。于是无数改革者只好摸着石头过河。谁也不能保证自己不喝一口水就轻松地到达彼岸,第一个吃螃蟹的人总是要付出代价的。他说,不管怎么样,还要谈……

再说龚兆源,他和钱一平一起,亲自出马,跑到金山石油化工总厂,请他们提供切片。石化厂和昆山初次签约时,同意给300吨材料。后来吴克铃把钱一平请到金山来看。钱一平对这一行熟悉,他说:“老吴,300吨肯定不赚钱!”吴克铃心想, 就是要你说这句话,就问:“那你看怎么办?”钱一平快人快语:“这事你别说,我去找他们!”

果然,钱一平去找厂长,批评说:“这样搞,怎么能赢利?”对方知道瞒不了他, 就说:“300吨只能’开伙’罢了。”钱一平说:“再给300吨备用设备好不好?”对方笑了:“钱主任的话,我敢不听?”吴克铃又抓住这个机会提出,再搞300吨零部件 ……就这样,一下子搞了近1000吨！

耐人寻味的是,在这个过程中,龚兆源几度“重操旧业”,做起了秘密的“地下工作”,所不同的是,过去是为了政治上的解放,现在是为了经济上的开放;过去的斗争对象是腐朽的国民党反动派,现在的“对象”则是我们自己政策中某些保守僵化的条文。

终于,由吴克铃和龚兆源在龚老家中秘密磋商、逐字推敲修改的协议,被拿到谈判桌上半公开地进行讨论了。

1981年12月21日,上海二纺机厂、上海石油化工总厂涤纶ー厂和昆山工业二局正式草签了一份叫作《关于协作建设纺丝机实验エ场的协议》。

不知读者有没有注意到,这里面的字眼是极为考究的。首先是“协作”,ー个宽泛的、笼统的概念,谁都可以接受;接着,是“实验エ场”,是“实验”,不仅是原则性的,而且冠冕堂皇;又曰“エ场”,不是エ厂,是小工场小作坊,一点也不引人注目；最后,是“协议”,谦虚且得体,够谨慎的!

然而,就是这样ー份至今仍被人细心保存着的协议,在当时还是关关受阻,寸步难行

跑到苏州,苏州回答:上海是省级市,我批昆山县的企业可以,上海一方,我哪有权批?

到南京,南京答复:江苏还没有跨省市协作办エ厂（工场就是エ厂,这个“阴谋”被戳穿了）的先例,你和上海一起搞,那你就到上海去批吧!

到上海,上海答复:好哇,上海人不为上海办事,你跑到江苏去办什么“工场”？还有,我上海怎么好批你江苏的企业呢?即便批了,我也拿不到（部里的）计划。

这就像是自由恋爱,各自看中了,却没有地方领“结婚证” 〇

当时有句话说:“不准东张西望。”

吴克铃是个经济型人才,搞经济不可能离开市场,所以不可能不“东张西望” 〇小小一个昆山,无论如何不可能孤立地存在和前进。

他说,上海不行,南京不行,我们跑跑北京好不好?于是他们多次北上,到纺织工业部找处长、找司长、找部长

现在说来有些不可想象:从签订协议到批准项目,经过了整整两年的时间!

就在这个项目开始实施的时候,吴克铃担任了县长。也正是纺织厂,还有儿童印刷厂、水泥厂的实践,使他逐步形成了一个概念,找到了一种依托,寻思出来一条符合昆山实际的发展经济的路子。于是,他规划了一个梦一般的蓝图一

昆山要上14个500万元以上的重点项目,总投资1.5亿元。

国务院批准了 !4个沿海经济开发区,昆山不是开发区,但要上14个重点项目。

这是真的吗?

真的。

三、“吃大亏者”言

我们的人民从来不拒绝改革,但对改革又往往存有一种矛盾的心理。中国是ー个农业大国,农业人口多。聪明和愚昧、勤劳和懒散、伟大和渺小……这些都相伴相生着。把握住这一点是ー门艺术。只看一面,非左即右,或太快或太慢。其实中国的事情是不可不急,不可太急,不可不改革,也不能“ 一步到位”,一口吃出个胖子来。

昆山人也是矛盾的,既羡慕大上海的繁华,又嫉妒他们的“阔绰”一“高工资”的上海“阿拉”到昆山喜欢到市场“抢购”,有时会不问价钱只说一句“我全要了!”

现在吴克铃却要依托上海的优势来发展昆山的经济ーー和“阿拉”结为好友, 把“阿拉”们ー批ー批地请到昆山来待为座上宾!

于是有些人就表现出ー种情绪,说上海人太精,和他们打交道要吃亏。

吴克铃说,吃亏不吃亏,就如怕上海人来了会抬高物价ー样,这笔账,看你怎么算。

其实,首先感到“吃亏”的不是昆山而是上海。

说ー个很有一些传奇色彩的小故事。

一次,吴克铃到北京去,拜访国务院副秘书长顾明。顾明是昆山人,一来二去就熟悉了。顾明很看重吴克铃清醒独特的经济思路和务实精神,那一回还亲自送他到飞机场。就在机场候机室,顾明提到,上海金星电视机厂引进设备他出了不少カ。言者无意,听者有心。吴克铃马上接过话说:“秘书长能不能写个便条,我去上海找他们认识ー下,有可能的话,在我们昆山办个分厂。”顾明热心,当即就在北京飞机场的候机室里写了封信让吴克铃带着去找金星电视机厂的一个柯厂长。

好事多磨。厂长态度很积极,却有人认为大厂和小县联营是降低身份,要吃大亏。但他们又碍于顾明的面子,不好明确拒绝。吴克铃并不灰心,ー连跑了四五趟上海,反反复复,后来オ勉强有了个协议。好在柯厂长看得远,他认为扩大生产势在必行,而昆山最具建分厂的条件,他力排众议,不改初衷。

最后一次,吴克铃在他的小会议室里为协议的草签一直商量到夜里11点多钟。

上海方面理顺了,昆山自己又感到“吃亏”了。

吴克铃却开宗明义,公开宣称:就是要让投资者赚钱!

ー个简单得不能再简单的道理,没有好处,上海跑到你昆山来干什么?

推而广之,一切横向的联营,所有国内外的投资者,都是冲着有钱可赚、有利可图来的。

只想自己赚,只考虑自己的好处;对方只可“奉献”,只有“义务”,ー看人家有赚头或赚多一点就眼红,就咬紧牙关憋足了劲死不肯签约,表面上看这是“精”,是
“聪明”,是“原则性强”,实质上,这倒是最狭隘、最可怜、最没出息的小家子气,说到底,也是真正的吃亏者。

这个重点项目差一点就泡汤,成为ー个梦。

建分厂,要给上海一次性技术转让费15万元,每生产1台黑白电视机再给商标费15元。

有些人就喊“吃亏”,说这是“不平等条约”。

吴克铃说,技术就是金钱,人家的技术凭什么要无偿送给你昆山?昆山自己生产的电视机用自己的商标拿出去卖,人家买你昆山牌的还是买上海金星牌的?就是多花50块100块也还是要买金星的……这就是竞争。金星的牌子打出来了,名牌本身就是金钱!

竞争是平等的。之所以感到不平等,是因为还不知道什么叫作竞争。

从本质上说,只有竞争オ有平等。有多少竞争就有多少平等,没有竞争就没有平等。

自然界如此,社会上也ー样。

商品（产品）的竞争是血淋淋的。这里没有温情,没有谦让,也不讲“主义”,它只有一句话:优胜劣汰,不叫你死我活,至少也可以说是你上我下。

什么叫作吃亏?跳出谈判双方,看全局,看大局,生产发展了,经济上去了,全社会都有好处,谈不上谁吃亏。

有时候,在某个特定的情况下,“不平等条约”体现的倒是真平等、大平等!

干大事业者不仅能吃小亏,还要敢于吃大亏!

就是说,要在“不平等”里看到平等,要在“吃亏”里面看到便宜。

不然,怎么可能做到起步晚而起点高?

吴克铃的胆识、眼力、干大事业的大将风度,ー开始就咄咄逼人,并且始终表现出ー种不同凡响的既超前又实在的意识。

四、孤独的父母官

4 Lonely Parental Official

14个重点项目在全县城乡铺开了,那声音、那阵势、那气氛、那劲头,真有些像南泥湾大生产,又有些像20世纪50年代的“合作化”。

14 key projects have been launched in both urban and rural areas throughout the county. The atmosphere, momentum, and vigor are reminiscent of both the great production in Nan Ni Wan and the "collectivization” movement of the 1950s.

这是一片波滚浪翻、喧腾咆哮的土地,几天之前,还是沟渠纵横、青黄相间的田野,现在它已经成为金星电视机厂昆山分厂的基建工地。

This is a land of rolling waves and roaring tumult. Just a few days ago, it was a field crisscrossed by ditches and interwoven with green and yellow. Now, it has become the construction site for the Kunshan branch of the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory.

吴克铃站在这片新旧交替的土地上,脸上露出ー种创造者的笑容。然而,总是有人不高兴,总是有人不理解,当改革开放后第一次宏观控制的旋风刮下来的时候,金星电视机厂昆山分厂的筹建工作很快陷入困境,于是矛盾的焦点又一次集中到吴克铃身上。

Wu Kequan stands on this land where the old and the new intersect, with a smile on his face that reflects the pride of a creator. However, there are always people who are unhappy and who don't understand. When the first macroeconomic control measures were implemented after the reform and opening up, the preparatory work for the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory's Kunshan branch quickly fell into difficulty. As a result, the focus of the conflict once again centered on Wu Kequan.

一下子铺那么多摊子,是不是好大喜功?是不是头脑发热?

Trying to do too many things all at once, isn't that overly ambitious? Is it a case of getting carried away?

好社会主义之“大”,喜改革开放之“功”,这一点,他不否认。他始终觉得,作为ー个共产党员,他欠人民的太多太多,只要有机会,他就要为人民建功立业,做出最大的奉献。从这个意义上说,好大喜功的人不是多了而是少了,太少了。

He does not deny that his ambition stems from the "greatness" of socialism and the "achievement" of embracing reform and opening up. He always felt that, as a member of the Communist Party, he owed too much to the people, and as long as he had the opportunity, he had to build a career for the people and make the greatest dedication. In this sense, there are not too many overambitious people; in fact, there are too few of them.

头脑发热?他觉得有些好笑。1947年他15岁就到银行做练习生,共和国成立后始终在经济战线上南征北战,从无锡到上海,从广州到武汉,从国家计委到河西走廊再到五七干校的窑厂……正面的反面的、酸的甜的、苦的辣的,一切的一切都告诉他:无论如何都不能再搞政治运动,无论如何都不能再用搞政治运动的那ー套来搞经济建设。正是在把握这个基本点的前提下,他苦苦地寻觅出“东张西望”、横向联合的路子,在充分调查论证的基础上オ确定了 14个重点建设项目。

Getting carried away? He finds this somewhat amusing. In 1947, when he was 15 years old, he started as an apprentice in a bank. After the founding of the People's Republic, he fought on the economic front, from Wuxi to Shanghai, from Guangzhou to Wuhan, from the State Planning Commission to the Hexi Corridor, and finally to the kiln factory at the May 7 Cadre School. Both the positive and negative experiences, sweet and sour, bitter and spicy, everything told him: under no circumstances should political movements be pursued again, and under no circumstances should the methods of political movements be used for economic construction. It is precisely on the premise of grasping this fundamental point that he painstakingly explored the approach of "looking in all directions" and forming horizontal alliances. Based on thorough investigation and research, he identified 14 key construction projects.

他是县长是父母官,然而他也是ー个人,他不可能没有自己的想法、自己的顾虑,也不可能没有他的苦闷、他的孤独与彷徨!

He is the county chief and the Parental officer, but he is also an individual. He cannot possibly not have his own thoughts and concerns, and it is also impossible for him not to have his own frustrations, loneliness, and confusion!

白夜。黑昼。世界的迷离混沌和颠倒反差无情地扰乱了他的思绪。他居然找不到ー个说话的地方,当然只是ー个很短暂的过程。他生出来ー种少有的孤独感。这使他在家里不开心,影响了妻子的情绪,在外面也不开心,有时竟会莫名其妙地激动得脸红脖子粗。好在家里的、外面的,做官的、做老百姓的,一般也了解他的为人,理解他的艰难处境,所以谁也不会计较他。越是这样,他越是感到忧心如焚,苦闷无比。他真想飞到北京去,和中南海的决策者们做一番理论。

White night. Black day. The world's disorienting chaos and upside-down contrasts relentlessly disrupt his thoughts. He couldn't find a place to talk, but of course it was only a short process. He felt a sense of loneliness that he had rarely felt before. This made him unhappy at home, affecting his wife's mood. He was also unhappy outside, sometimes even inexplicably becoming agitated, with his face turning red and his neck swollen. The good thing is that the family and the outside, the officials and the people, generally understand his person, understand his difficult situation, so no one will take him seriously. The more this happens, the more he feels worried and miserable. He really wants to fly to Beijing and have a discussion with the decision-makers at Zhongnanhai.

唉!也只能是想想,中国的改革开放还没有到ー个七品芝麻官可以随时和总书记直接对话的地步。

It's just a thought, as China's reform and opening up haven't reached the point where a low-ranking official can directly communicate with the General Secretary at any time.

那么,和最基层的厂长书记们对话总可以吧?

So, it should be possible to have a dialogue with the most grassroots factory directors and secretaries, right?

阳澄湖畔的巴城镇,古镇旁边正在崛起一个新厂。这是全县14个重点项目之ー。厂长名叫陆大荣,曾经因为2000元的“经济问题”吃过官司。党委书记和镇长跑到人事局找方局长,又跑到组织部找沈部长,在分析了陆大荣的历史后提出:此人可不可转干?可不可当厂长?可以。又问:可以当一个投资1400万元的大厂的厂长吗?也可以。像这样的人还可以入党吗?根据你说的,当然可以。

Beside Yangcheng Lake's Bacheng Town, a new factory is emerging. This is one of the 14 key projects in the county. The factory director, named Lu Darong, once faced a lawsuit due to an "economic issue" involving 2,000 yuan. The Party Secretary and the town mayor ran to the Personnel Bureau to find Director Fang, and then went to the Organization Department to find Director Shen. After analyzing Lu Darong's history, they raised the question: can this person be transferred to a different position? Can he become the factory director? The answer was yes. They further asked: can he be the director of a large factory with an investment of 14 million yuan? The answer was also yes. Can someone like this join the Communist Party? Based on what you've said, of course he can.

就是这个陆大荣,用拼命三郎的精神创造了“巴城速度”：十天一层楼;工程保质保量保速度了,每上一层楼他就扛了一头杀好的猪送到工地犒赏“三军”！

It is this very Lu Darong who, with the spirit of a tireless worker, created the "Bacheng Speed": constructing one floor every ten days. He ensured the quality, quantity, and speed of the project. For every floor completed, he carried a slaughtered pig to the construction site to reward the "three armies" (workers).

吴克铃来到工地上,明显地感受到了一种气氛,ー种从群众内心深处诱发出来的巨大的积极性。

Wu Kequan arrived at the construction site and clearly felt an atmosphere, a tremendous enthusiasm that was evoked from deep within the hearts of the people.

我们的人民永远是可爱的。

Our people are always lovely.

人民迫切希望改变现状,他们欢迎并无条件地参加一切改革,只要这个改革能够给他们希望,给他们带来好处。

The people are eager to change the status quo, they welcome and unconditionally participate in all reforms, as long as this reform can give them hope and bring them benefits.

吴克铃问陆大荣:“你这速度是不是’太快’了?”

Wu Kequan asked Lu Darong, "Isn't your construction 'too fast'?”

答:“要不是下雨,还可再快一点〇”

Lu Darong replied, "If it weren't for the rain, we could have been even faster."

又问:“还有没有什么困难?”

Wu Kequan further asked, "Are there any other difficulties?”

答:“困难是有的,但同县里的比,就算不上什么了一我们别的不能做什么, 千方百计把这个项目建成,尽快见效就算是对县委县政府的ー种支持……”

Lu Darong replied, "There are difficulties, but compared to those in the county, they are not significant. We can't do much else, so we will do everything we can to complete this project and see results as soon as possible. That would be our way of supporting the county committee and the county government.”

吴克铃紧握住陆大荣的手,说:“谢谢!”

Wu Kequan firmly shook Lu Darong's hand and said, "Thank you!”

谢谢全县50万人民,谢谢全县上千名厂长、书记……

He would like to express gratitude to the 500,000 people in the county and the thousands of factory directors and Party secretaries throughout the county.

五、“老吴要高速度”

5 Old Wu Demands High Speed

不思量,自难忘,平生坎坷多少事,总把真情相向!

Even without dwelling on it, it's still hard to forget. Through all the ups and downs in life, always face each other with sincerity!

吴克铃从内心里感谢并永远记住那些在困难时候给予自己理解和支持的所有的人。

Wu Kequan sincerely thanks and will always remember all the people who provided understanding and support during difficult times.

14个重点项目,他ー个ー个跑过来,听汇报,看工程,和基层的厂长书记座谈。他看到的是ー批实实在在的奋斗者的足迹,感觉到的是ー种抓住了机会就拼命改变现状的热烈气氛。人民不是用语言而是用行动来称赞改革的。

He went to each of the 14 key projects, listened to the reports, inspected the construction progress, and had discussions with the grassroots factory directors and Party secretaries. He saw the footprints of a group of real fighters, and felt the fervent atmosphere of seizing opportunities and striving to change the current situation. The people praised the reform not with words but with actions.

人民拥护改革,改革属于人民。

The people support the reform, and the reform belongs to the people.

还有两个人,他要深深地感谢他们。

There are two other people to whom he is deeply grateful.

苏州市委书记戴心思来了,他也是听到ー些风声后跑来的。

Secretary of Suzhou Municipality. Dai Xinsi came after hearing some rumors.

平时都很忙,开会了,书记又要照应到各个县市,不可能只听你ー个昆山的县长说。

Normally, he was very busy, attending meetings and taking care of various counties and cities. It was not possible for him to only listen to the county mayor of Kunshan.

现在可以了。

Now it is possible.

先看,先问,边看边问,然后,在第一招待所,他听吴克铃的汇报。

He first looked and asked questions, and then at the first reception hall, he listened to Wu Kequan's report.

吴克铃还是第一次比较系统地向市委领导汇报自己的经济思路。

It was the first time that Wu Kequan had systematically reported his economic ideas to Secretary of Municipal Party Committee.

戴心思听得极为认真。在大的原则问题上,他是从来不轻易表态的,但这ー次,他却十分明确地说:“看起来,照你这个路子走下去,昆山有希望。”

Dai Xinshi listened extremely carefully. He never easily expressed his opinions on major issues of principle, but this time he was very clear and said: "It seems that if we continue down this path, Kunshan has hope.

市委书记一句话,使吴克铃挺直了腰杆。

The words of the Municipal Party Committee Secretary straightened Wu Kequan's back.

然而,由于宏观控制的影响,原定由上海金星厂投资的钱拿不出来了。

However, due to the impact of macro-control, the original investment by Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory factory money could not be obtained.

这个联营厂就这么半途而废了?

Would this joint venture factory be abandoned halfway?

多情总被无情恼。多少心血与汗水,到头来全付于一江春水东流去?吴克铃不相信,也不甘心。

Love is always troubled by the heartless. How much effort and sweat, only to be ultimately carried away by the eastward flowing spring river? Wu Kequan didn't believe it and couldn't accept it.

没有钱不可以借吗?你不好借,我们出面借行不行?

If there's no money, can't we get a loan? If it's difficult for them, how about we step in and secure the loan on their behalf?

吴克铃立刻赶到上海,说明来意:“婚姻”大事,不敢儿戏!联营厂总要办成办好,资金问题,上海一方的由昆山出面以上海的名义借。

Wu Kequan rushed to Shanghai immediately, explaining the purpose: The "marriage" is a significant matter, not to be taken lightly! The joint venture factory must be established and run well. As for the funding issue, the money that was supposed to be provided by Shanghai will be borrowed in Shanghai's name by Kunshan.

古今中外,不知有没有过这种先例。双方恋爱结婚,甲方应出的钱拿不出了, 就由乙方以甲方的名义去借……

In ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, no one knows if there has ever been such a precedent. In a love and marriage relationship between two parties, when Party A cannot provide the required funds, Party B borrows on behalf of Party A...

改革是ー个万花筒。改革时期人民的智慧和创造要比平时大大提升。

The reform is a kaleidoscope. During the reform era, people's wisdom and creativity are greatly enhanced compared to ordinary times.

心诚则灵,志坚则成。金星电视机厂昆山分厂就这样在一片风雨中建成投产了!

With a sincere heart and a determined will, anything can be achieved. In this way, amidst trials and tribulations, Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory's Kunshan branch was built and put into operation!

14个重点项目在克服难以想象的困难中又以难以想象的速度筹建、生产、发展。

The 14 key projects were planned, produced, and developed at an unimaginable speed amidst unimaginable difficulties.

14个重点项目是吴克铃的14个心思,14个心思编织着ー个彩色的梦:在适度风险中创造适宜的速度,让昆山的经济尽快起飞,使昆山的老百姓得到更多的好处

The 14 key projects were Wu Kequan's 14 concerns, and these concerns wove together a colorful dream: creating a suitable speed within moderate risks, allowing Kunshan's economy to take off as soon as possible, and bringing more benefits to the people of Kunshan.

然而我们的生活中总是有太多的“然而”,要是少一点,少到不至于让人遗恨终生,更不至于让民族后悔的地步就好了ーー然而,还是有人对他的路子表示“不理解”,并且有意无意地制造着ー种舆论、ー种压カ……

However, there are always too many "howevers" in our lives. If only there were fewer, to the point where they would not cause lifelong regrets or even make the nation regretful. Despite this, some people still expressed their "misunderstanding" of his approach, intentionally or unintentionally creating public opinion and pressure...

市委书记不是明确表示肯定了吗?

Didn't the Municipal Party Committee Secretary clearly express affirmation?

省委省政府不也给予关心和支持了吗?

Didn't the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government also provide care and support?

但这还不够,或者说还不足以说明问题。

But this is not enough, or not enough to explain the problem.

“大气候”或日大政策是压缩,是控制。

The "macro environment" or the popular policy is about compression and control.

昆山的“高速度”不是和中央唱“对台戏”吗?

Isn't Kunshan's "high speed" going against the central government's policy?

有一阵子,昆山是苏州市乃至更大范围内议论的重要话题。

For a while, Kunshan became an important topic of discussion in Suzhou and even in a larger scope.

薛暮桥到苏州来了,似乎他对这个话题也感兴趣。

Xue Muqiao came to Suzhou, and it seemed that he was also interested in this topic.

他是提出要实行宏观控制的经济学家之一。

He was one of the economists who proposed the implementation of macroeconomic control.

可是昆山却似乎不受这个“控制”的约束。

However, Kunshan seemed to be unaffected by this "control.”

昆山依然保持“高速度”！

Kunshan still maintained its "high speed"!

这是怎么回事?

What was going on?

他要问个究竟。

He wanted to get to the bottom of it.

吴克铃开始是谨慎的,他小心翼翼的,甚至不敢把昆山经济发展速度的百分比说出来。但他很快就发觉,这种顾虑是多余的,因为他感到,和经济学家谈经济,也许更加有利于阐明他的观点和思路。他条理清晰,如数家珍,从头至尾汇报了昆山的经济现状,14个重点项目的确立和筹建过程,还提出横向联合的依据,等等。

At first, Wu Kequan was cautious; he was very careful, and he even dared not to mention the percentage of Kunshan's economic growth rate. But he soon realized that such concerns were unnecessary because he felt that discussing economics with an economist might be even more beneficial in clarifying his views and thoughts. He presented his points in a clear and organized manner, recounting the current economic situation in Kunshan, the establishment and planning process of the 14 key projects, the rationale for horizontal alliances, and so on.

薛暮桥听了大为惊讶。他没想到ー个县长居然会独立思考创建适合本地情况的独特路子,也没想到在国家实行宏观控制的情况下这个县仍然能够稳中求快,迅速地改变着原先的经济面貌。他越听越觉得有滋有味,忍不住频频点头,说:“昆山搞得不错嘛!”

Xue Muqiao listened with great surprise. He hadn't expected a county mayor to independently think and create a unique path suited to local conditions, nor had he imagined that under the country's macroeconomic control, this county could still pursue steady progress and rapidly change its original economic landscape. The more he listened, the more fascinated he became, and he couldn't help but nod repeatedly, saying, "Kunshan is doing quite well!”

吴克铃接过话来:“现在中央批超高速度,我们完全拥护,宏观失控了,就得从宏观上去控制;但我也感到,再好的方针政策,都不能搞一刀切,不能仅仅从表面上去理解,也不能简单地生搬硬套,这样做,好像是’坚决照办’,实际上是偷懒,是教条,也是ー种对中央政策不尊重的表现……薛老,我的话可能说重了……”

Wu Kequan continued, "Now that the central government has approved the ultra-high speed. We fully support it. When macroeconomic control is lost, it needs to be controlled at the macro level. However, I also feel that no matter how good the policies and guidelines are, they cannot be applied uniformly. We cannot simply understand them superficially or mechanically apply them. Doing so may seem like 'resolutely following orders,' but in reality, it's laziness, dogmatism, and a lack of respect for central policies... Mr. Xue, My words might have been too harsh....”

薛暮桥连忙摆摆手。显然,身居高位的他是很难听到ー个七品芝麻官对他说真心话的,现在有人向他敞开了心扉,显然是对他的极大信任,他感到高兴,也觉得欣慰,忙说:“老吴,你说下去!”

Xue Muqiao hurriedly waved his hand. Apparently, it was rare for him, as a high-ranking official, to hear a junior official speak his mind to him. Now that someone had opened up to him, he felt happy and reassured by the great trust, and hurriedly said, "Mr, Wu, please continue!”

“举个简单的例子,我们昆山的ー些项目,已经投入了,厂也建成了,投入了而不产出,实际是ー种浪费,所以我们就克服困难让它产出。有人就说,这是超高速……”

"Let me give you a simple example. Some of our projects in Kunshan have already been invested in, and the factories have been built. To invest without producing is actually a waste, so we overcome difficulties to make them produce. Some people say that this is ultra-high speed Some people say, "This is ultra-high speed...”

批“超高速”,是薛暮桥的一贯主张,听到这么说,他不由得想了好一会,这オ说:“我不是笼统讲的,我是说’固定资产投入不能超高速’,而且,这是就全局就国家的宏观ー头来说的,像你们这样,从实际出发,走自己的路子,已经投入了,那就应该尽快见效嘛!”

Criticizing "ultra-high speed" has always been Xue Muqiao's consistent stance. Upon hearing this, he couldn't help but think for a while before saying, "I'm not talking about it in general terms. I mean 'fixed asset investment should not be ultra-high speed.' Moreover, this is from the perspective of the overall situation and the country's macroeconomics. In cases like yours, where you start from reality and take your own path, since you have already invested, you should see results as soon as possible!”

吴克铃心中一热,他感到两个人的心已经相通了。

Wu Kequan felt warmth in his heart, as if the two had reached a mutual understanding.

仿佛意犹未尽,薛暮桥又加重语气说:“老吴,要高速度。”

Seemingly not satisfied, Xue Muqiao added with emphasis, "Mr, Wu, you should aim for high speed.”

好痛快、好潇洒的薛暮桥!

What a forthright and unrestrained Xue Muqiao is!

吴克铃吃了 “定心丸”,薛暮桥也觉得不虚此行,两个人越谈越投机,越投机越想深谈,可惜薛暮桥不能逗留太久,吴克铃就请他题词留念,薛老略加思索,便提笔直书——

以上海为依托,发展横向经济联系,促使经济高速度发展。

Wu Kequan felt reassured, and Xue Muqiao also felt that his trip was worthwhile. The two found their conversation increasingly engaging and wanted to delve deeper into their discussion. Unfortunately, Xue Muqiao couldn't stay for too long, so Wu Kequan asked him to write an inscription as a memento. After some thought, Xue wrote the following:

毕竟是著名的经济学家,也毕竟是经过了太多的风风雨雨的人,薛暮桥绝没有因为自己批判宏观上的“超高速”就不加分析地一概否认微观上的“高速度”;相反,他实事求是地肯定了昆山的经验,并且用十分明确而又凝练的语言,把这个经验概括得恰到好处。

Rely on Shanghai, develop horizontal economic connections, and promote high-speed economic growth.

无论你是什么“家”,也无论你是什么权威,都得具备这种胆识,都得具有这种气量、这等胸怀オ行,否则,人民就不会尊重你,你这个“家”也就脆弱无比,ー碰即碎

After all, Xue Muqiao is a renowned economist and a person who has experienced many ups and downs. He never blindly denied the "high speed" at the micro-level just because he criticized the "ultra-high speed" at the macro-level. On the contrary, he pragmatically affirmed Kunshan's experience and summarized it aptly with clear and concise language.

社会主义不是也绝不可能只是ー个刻板的模式,社会主义是千百万人的永无止境的创造,你想用一把刀“切”出个社会主义,就如要一口吃成个胖子ー样,那オ是真正的虚幻真正的乌托邦。

No matter what kind of "expert" or authority one is, one must possess this courage, magnanimity, and broad-mindedness. Otherwise, the people will not respect them, and their position as an "expert" will be fragile, easily shattered upon impact.

第二章静静地孕育着辉疊

Chapter II Quietly Breeding Brilliance

依托上海,借“东风”,摸索出一条横向联合的路子,这是吴克铃艰苦思索冒险实践的重要贡献之一。但生活绝不可能也永远不会如作家笔下所描述的那么简单、那么平淡。昆山的路,究竟是怎么走过来的,我能够采访能够知道的也仅仅是一部分。创造者的痛苦又无形中转移到了创作者身上。ー个人要得到理解是多么艰难。人与人有许多共通之处,但人与人又绝对不ー样。天下父母官多如牛毛,如焦裕禄者几人?如吴克铃者又有几人?昆山走出了一条自己的路,走出特色,也走出了成效。社会主义不是乌托邦,就因为千百万人在那里默默地实践和创造。创造就意味着奉献,能够奉献的人是快乐的。于是吴克铃只字未提他曾经遭受到的压カ,实在避免不了时就轻描淡写一句带过,他只是平静地思路清晰地回忆着过去的岁月

Relying on Shanghai, taking advantage of the "east wind," and exploring a path of horizontal collaboration is one of the significant contributions from Wu Kequan's painstaking thinking and adventurous practice. However, life can never and will never be as simple and plain as described by the writer. But life can never be and will never be as simple and uneventful as described by the writer. The path of Kunshan, how it came to be, and what I can learn from interviews and knowledge is only a part of the story. The pain of the creator is invisibly transferred to the creator's shoulders. How difficult it is for a person to be understood. People have many commonalities, but they are also absolutely unique. There are countless parental officials in the world, but how many are like Jiao Yulu? How many are like Wu Kequan? Kunshan has taken its path, showing its uniqueness and achieving results. Socialism is not utopian, precisely because millions of people are silently practicing and creating. Creating means dedication, and those who can dedicate themselves are happy. Thus, Wu Kequan never mentioned the pressures he had faced, and only briefly touched upon them when it was unavoidable. He calmly and clearly recalled the past years.

六、并非异想天开

6 Not a Wild Fantasy

就在实行横向联合的同时,吴克铃开始构思另ー篇大文章,做起了自费开发经济技术开发区的梦。

While implementing horizontal collaboration, Wu Kequan began to conceive another grand plan: to establish a self-funded economic and technological development zone.

这在当时,一般人连想都不敢想。

At that time, it was something most people wouldn't even dare to think about.

他不仅想了,而且要做!

Yet, not only did he think about it, but he also took action!

金星电视机昆山分厂既是他形成开发区思路的契机,又是他最早的也是成功的ー个实践。

The establishment of the Kunshan branch of the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory was both the catalyst for his development zone idea and his first successful attempt.

批准了的开发区,是国家投资的,政策也是特别优惠的。你要我开发吗?那么,拿钱来给我用。于是,成千上万甚至是几个亿的人民币如雪花飘飘可以用车载船装堆成一座小山似的过来了 !

The approved development zones were funded by the state and had special preferential policies. Are you asking me to develop it? Then, give me the money to use. As a result, millions and even billions of RMB, like fluttering snowflakes, could be transported in trucks and boats and piled up like a small hill!

昆山自己搞开发区,初步匡算,基础设施要几千万元。县里财政少得可怜,吴克铃是两手空空一身“轻”的七品官,至于国家财政,你不在册,那一分钱也不能
给,优惠政策一条也不能有!

To establish a development zone in Kunshan, a preliminary estimate showed that tens of millions of yuan would be needed for infrastructure. The county's finances were pitifully scarce, and Wu Kequan, a low-ranking official with nothing to his name, had no access to national funding since the project was not officially listed. Consequently, not a single cent could be given, and no preferential policies could be applied!

这还不是主要的。

This is not the main issue.

要紧的是风险,这里有经济上的,更有政治上的。建设开发区,好大的口气,好大的胆子!你的“高速度”已经和中央唱“对台戏”了,难道还要别出心裁自作主张搞什么开发区吗?

What matters are the risks, which include not only economic ones but also political ones. Establishing a development zone required considerable ambition and courage. Wu Kequan's "high-speed" approach had already contradicted the central government's policies, so would he dare to go against the grain again by establishing a development zone?

当然,他已经找到了横向联合这条路子,但这还不够。作为昆山经济这个总的 “盘子”,方方面面都是联系在ー起的。你要“横联”,你就得具备横联的条件;你要 “外向”,你就得具备吸引外商外资的动人之处。所以开发区绝不是他突发奇想, 更不是心血来潮,一切都是事物本身发展的规律让人产生灵感产生欲望的。这里的关键就在于你能不能及时抓住这个契机,敢不敢超前ー步做出决策。

Of course, he had already found the path of horizontal collaboration, but that alone was not enough. As a comprehensive part of Kunshan's economy, all aspects were interconnected. To achieve horizontal collaboration, one must possess the necessary conditions; to be outward-oriented, one must have attractive features to draw in foreign investors and capital. Therefore, the idea of a development zone was not a whim, nor was it a sudden impulse. It was the inherent laws of development that inspired and motivated people. The key was whether one could seize the opportunity in time and dare to make a decision that was one step ahead of others.

这是需要胆识的。

This requires courage and insight.

钱从哪里来?不可能等,不可能要,也休想靠什么人的施舍,唯一的也是最可靠、最踏实的办法是自力更生

Where does the money come from? It's impossible to wait, ask for, or rely on anyone's charity; the only reliable and practical approach is self-reliance.

建设社会主义只能靠自力更生。建设社会主义不可能靠恩赐,也不可能依赖谁的支援。输血只能救急,而不可能创造ー个活生生的生命,只有依靠本身的机制增强造血功能才会有新鲜活泼的生命！

Building socialism can only be achieved through self-reliance. It's impossible to build socialism through someone's grace or by relying on support from others. Blood transfusion can only provide temporary relief, but it cannot create a vibrant life. Only by relying on one's own mechanisms to enhance hematopoietic functions can a fresh and lively life be achieved!

搞开发区,即便是国务院批准的,国家也只能给予少量投资。归根齿结底要靠自力更生,何况,昆山是自己的积极性、自己的要求呢?

Developing an economic zone, even if approved by the State Council, can only receive limited investment from the state. Ultimately, self-reliance is essential, not to mention that it is Kunshan's own initiative and demands.

他相信,过去有不少东西搞错了,但也有很多东西搞对了,不能因为错过就把对的也否定了。自力更生难道也不对?自力更生符合中国国情,搞社会主义也离不开自力更生！自力更生永远不会“过时”,自力更生必须也一定要延伸到现在延伸到将来。

He believes that in the past, many things were done wrong, but there were also many things done right. One should not negate the correct things just because some mistakes were made. Is self-reliance wrong? Self-reliance is in line with China's national conditions, and building socialism cannot be separated from self-reliance! Self-reliance will never be "outdated"; it must and will extend from the present into the future.

只有自力更生才能给昆山的开发区带来希望。

Only self-reliance can bring hope to Kunshan's development zone.

在县长办公会议上,他系统地谈了自己的设想和打算,又拿到县委常委会上去讨论。吴克铃的主张得到了一致认可。

At the county mayor's office meeting, he systematically discussed his ideas and plans, and then took them to County Party Standing Committee for further discussion. Wu Kequan's proposal received unanimous approval.

消息传开,有人反对,有人怀疑,风声雨声ー阵紧过ー阵,他呢,也有自己的主意:你说你的,我做我的。

News spread, some opposed, some doubted, and rumors came one after another. As for him, he had his own convictions: let others say what they want, and he would do what he believed in.

于是他开始选址,开始做多方面的调查和考察。

So, he began to choose the location and conduct various investigations and surveys.

昆山的还有外地的经验和教训给了他很多启示。首先在选址上,他果断地否定了在远离城区的地方,也否定了在老城区基础上的方案。远了,基础设施没有可以利用的条件,开发费用必然大大增加;近了,在老城区,也不行。老城区4平方公里,人口早已突破5万,按规定,人均100平方米,这个标准已经是超过了,怎么可能在旧址上再建造ー个新的开发区?

The experiences and lessons from Kunshan and other places provided him with many insights. First of all, in terms of site selection, he decisively rejected the idea of choosing a location far from the urban area, as well as the plan based on the old urban area. If it's too far, there would be no available infrastructure to utilize, and the development costs would inevitably increase significantly. If it's too close, in the old city, that wouldn't work either. The old city area covers 4 square kilometers, and the population has already exceeded 50,000. According to the regulations, the standard is 100 square meters per person. This standard has already been surpassed. How could it be possible to build a new development zone on the old site?

于是选择县城东边的一片土地。这里紧靠苏沪公路,交通极发达,又和老城区紧紧相连,有不少事可以借助现有的力量。再说,这里已经有了几个不大的工厂, 要发展,也算有一定的基础……

So, a piece of land on the east side of the county town was chosen. This location is close to the Su-Hu Expressway, which has highly developed transportation, and is closely connected to the old city area, allowing for many things to be accomplished with the help of existing resources. Moreover, there are already several small factories here, providing a certain foundation for development...

他把上海的、苏州的和南京的规划专家请了来,一遍遍地考察,一次次地论证。省里还在昆山召开规划论证会给予支持……

He invited planning experts from Shanghai, Suzhou, and Nanjing to conduct numerous field investigations and evaluations. The provincial government also held planning conferences in Kunshan to provide support...

七、沉重的搬迁

7 The Heavy Relocation

规划只是ー个梦、ー张纸上的蓝图,实施却是ー种艰苦卓绝的战斗一苦就苦在既要开发,而又不可能向上面要一分钱,苦就苦在既要与方方面面打交道争取他们的支持,而在事实上又只能偷偷摸摸地进行!

Planning is just a dream, a blueprint; implementation, however, is a bitter and arduous battle. The struggle lies in the need for development without expecting any funding from higher authorities. It is also difficult to secure support from various parties while in reality, everything has to be carried out covertly.

吴克铃担任了新区的总指挥。接着他调兵遣将,把城建局裴局长和陈副局长推到了第一线,后来王接任局长也被派到了新区。有的事做得很辛苦,但起点不高,他看了就不客气地批评,也正是伴随着各种议论和怨言,开发区一天天地在改变面貌。1988年,开发区从“地下”转到“地上”，6月4日,他又派县委副书记石泉忠担任常务副总指挥。

Wu Kequan took charge as the commander-in-chief of the development zone. He then made personnel arrangements, assigning the director and deputy director of the Urban Construction Bureau, Pei and Chen, to key positions in the new development zone. Later, Wang, who succeeded as the director, was also assigned to the new development zone. Some tasks were very challenging, and if the results were not up to his expectations, he would not hesitate to criticize candidly. As various discussions and complaints accompanied the process, the development zone gradually transformed day by day. In 1988, the development zone shifted from "underground" to "above ground." On June 4th, he appointed Shi Quan Zhong, the deputy secretary of the county committee, as the executive deputy commander-in-chief.

新区指挥部就设在娄江河边。只有几间平房,简陋得不如农民的灶屋。斜对面是金星电视机分厂,与那高大整齐的厂房、办公楼相比,它就显得更加寒酸。

The new development zone's headquarters were set up by the Loujiang River. It consisted of only a few simple single-story houses, even more rudimentary than the farmers' kitchen huts. Diagonally across was the Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory Kunshan branch, and compared to the tall and neatly arranged factory buildings and office buildings, it appeared even more humble.

这使我想起了延安的窑洞和“干打垒”。

This reminded me of the cave dwellings and "dry brick building" in Yan'an.

就在这里,吴克铃把ー张地图挂到了墙上,图上的线条如蛛网密布,每ー根线都意味着ー场耗人心血的苦斗。

It was here that Wu Kequan hung a map on the wall, with lines densely covering it like a spider web. Each line represented a painstaking battle that consumed a great deal of effort.

搬迁难,难于上青天!你说要开发エ业区,他不相信,以为是哄小孩,骗他们。封建和封闭是季生的ー对。对黄土地的眷恋和对新生活的怀疑使他们宁可选择过去也要抵制未来。以前因为规定一个范围内不准造房,农民结伙起哄,把大队办公室的桌子都掀翻过几次。

Relocation is difficult, as hard as ascending to the heavens! When people hear about the plan to develop an industrial zone, they don't believe it, thinking it's just a trick to deceive them like telling stories to children. Feudalism and isolation are twin constraints. Their attachment to the loess land and their doubts about a new life make them prefer to choose the past and resist the future. In the past, due to regulations prohibiting construction within a certain area, the farmers would band together, creating a commotion and overturning the tables in the collective's office several times.

搬迁,新区开发工作的一个不大的组成部分。但就是这,也不知要耗费多少精力!

Relocation is just a small part of the new development zone's work. However, it is not known how much effort will be expended on this!

最紧张、最困难的是朝阳路的拓宽改造,它牵涉到18个单位,拆除房屋面积达 6894平方米,绝大多数又是无偿拆除。为了保证工程的顺利进展,吴克铃亲自做了动员,又和石泉忠研究了具体的方案。这条路正好在苏沪交通要道上,每天7000 至8000辆的车流量！又不能断路,只好边通车边施工。下雨天,车的钢铁、路的泥泞,还有人的焦躁组合成一个现代的古战场。争吵摩擦、骂天骂地、拔拳相向也并非绝无仅有,但无论多么纷繁复杂,无论多么恨之入骨,到后来,说明了情由取得了谅解,双方一个“罢了”的眼神,ー支和解的香烟,还有握别时潇洒的一挥手,都见出来ー种“改革了”,大家都要忙自己的了。所以“请多关照”的务实精神,也正是这种精神,使得拓宽筑路始终没出ー个大的事故,这在专业部门看来,也是极为难能可贵的

The most tense and difficult task is the widening and renovation of Chaoyang Road, which involves 18 units and the demolition of 6,894 square meters of housing, the vast majority of which is non-compensated demolition. To ensure the smooth progress of the project, Wu Kequan personally carried out mobilization work and together with Shiquan Zhong, studied specific plans. This road is strategically located between Suzhou and Shanghai, with a daily traffic volume of 7,000 to 8,000 vehicles. Construction must proceed without disrupting traffic, so vehicles and construction coexist side by side. On rainy days, the combination of car steel, muddy roads, and people's irritability creates a modern version of an ancient battlefield. Arguments, curses, and even physical confrontations are not uncommon. However, no matter how chaotic or intense the conflict is, once the reasons are explained and forgiveness is granted, both parties exchange a "let it be" glance, share a reconciliatory cigarette, and wave goodbye with nonchalance. It demonstrates an understanding of the need for "reform," and that everyone has their own responsibilities to attend to. The practical spirit behind the Chinese saying "请多关照" (please take care of each other) is also what has kept the road expansion project accident-free, which is considered a valuable achievement by professional departments.

在“偷偷摸摸”的心境下埋头苦干,在得到认可之后便轰轰烈烈地建设。规划是富丽的,实施却是勤俭的、踏实的。只要隔个十天半月,新区就会给人ー种新鲜感。脚下的路,每时每刻都在延伸……

Under the mindset of working diligently and discreetly, construction proceeds with great enthusiasm once approval is granted. Planning is grand and luxurious, while implementation is frugal and down-to-earth. Every couple of weeks, the new zone brings a sense of freshness to people. The road beneath their feet is constantly extending...

新区并不是一座“孤岛”,它和老城区是ー个完整的构思。新区是在ー张白纸上画图,老区却要在画好的图纸上进行修改。从某种意义上说,老区的改造比新区的建设还要难。

The new development zone is not an "isolated island"; it is a part of a complete concept with the old urban area. The new development zone is designed on a blank canvas, while the old district needs modifications on an existing blueprint. In a sense, the transformation of the old district is even more challenging than the construction of the new one.

无论是新区还是老区,最基础、最关键的都是ー个字:路。

Regardless of whether it is a new or old district, the most fundamental and crucial element is one word: road.

路是线条路,是骨架路,是蓝图的筋络,甚至还可以说路就是规划本身。

Roads are lines, skeletons, the framework of a blueprint, and one could even say that roads are the planning itself.

在我的记忆中,老城多为“裤裆巷”。裤裆巷没有故事也没有风流,有的只是马桶刷子和“龙须沟”。不过,小城的人也习惯了,“文革” 1〇年,照样闹得天翻地覆;噩梦过去,也仍然一天一天地沾沾自喜着,活得自在、活得舒服、活得坦然。只是到了 !984年的元宵节,小城的平静オ被打破,于是小城也有了故事。

In my memory, the old town was filled with "crotch alleys.” These alleys had no stories or romantic charm, only toilet brushes and "dragon beard ditches.” However, the people of the small town were accustomed to it; they lived through the tumultuous ten years of the Cultural Revolution, and after the nightmare passed, they continued to live comfortably and contentedly day by day. It wasn't until the Lantern Festival in 1984 that the tranquility of the small town was disrupted, and thus the town began to have its stories.

元宵灯会,不算什么大的事,昆山的父母官们却专门开会,还成立了一个指挥部。县委书记蔡长林和吴克铃都是谨慎的,他们担心看灯的人太多而道路太窄,结果观灯的人数还是远远超过了事先的估计。倾城而出,一下子就把街道胀得饱嗝连天,老态龙钟的小城颤颤巍巍地发出了既快乐又痛苦的呻吟。现场指挥是副县长徐崇嘉,他提着报话机,站在粮管所的楼上喊得喉咙嘶哑也无济于事。拥挤不堪的观灯群众潮水一般在一瞬间就把整个小城的主要街道淹没了。据事后“清场” 的人说,被挤掉的鞋子收拢来能够装满ー辆小板车……

The Lantern Festival was not a significant event, yet the local parental officials in Kunshan held a special meeting and established a command center. The county party secretary, Cai Changlin, and Wu Kequan were both cautious, worrying that the large crowds coming to see the lanterns would overwhelm the narrow roads. In the end, the number of people who came to see the lanterns far exceeded their initial estimates. People swarmed the streets, quickly filling them to capacity, making the old town resonate with a mixture of joy and pain. The on-site commander, Deputy County Mayor Xu Chongjia, stood on the roof of the Grain Management Office with his megaphone, shouting until his throat was hoarse, but it was of no avail. The overwhelming crowd of lantern viewers flooded the main streets of the small town in an instant. According to those who cleared the scene afterward, the shoes that had been squeezed off could fill a small flatbed truck...

老城区非改造不可!

The old urban area had to be transformed!

吴克铃当副县长时,就做了两件事,第一件事是改造农民的草房,第二件事就是拓宽人民路。在县委和老县长孙福贵的支持下,他下决心在1〇米基础上翻ー番,扩到20米。虽然很难,有些人想不通,又有些人到上面告状,但吴克铃认为,昆山要起步,必须甩掉包袱,大拆大建一

东西向三条马路,南北向一条主要干道,再加上环城公路,“三横ー竖ー转圈”,这就是全城人都知道的道路改建规划。

When Wu Kequan was the Deputy County Mayor, he took on two tasks: the first was to renovate the farmers' thatched houses, and the second was to widen People's Road. With the support of the County Party Committee and the former county magistrate, Sun Fugui, he was determined to double the road's width from 10 meters to 20 meters. Although it was difficult and some people couldn't understand, and some even complained to higher authorities, Wu Kequan believed that for Kunshan to take off, it was necessary to shed its burdens and engage in large-scale demolition and construction. Three east-west roads, one main north-south artery, and a ring road formed the "three horizontal, one vertical, and one circular" pattern, which was the well-known road reconstruction plan for the entire city.

也许你很难相信县长会做“乞丐”,但我们所有的县长都做过“乞丐”。城建三年包干经费是600万元,实际支出是!480万元。还有880万元从哪里来?其中一条重要来源就是县长做“乞丐”讨来的!

You might find it hard to believe that a county mayor would act as a "beggar," but all of our county mayors have played the role of "beggar.” The three-year budget for urban construction was 6 million yuan, but the actual expenditure was 14.8 million yuan. Where would the remaining 8.8 million yuan come from? One important source was the county chiefs acting as "beggars" and soliciting funds!

吴克铃是第一个“乞丐”。

Wu Kequan was the first "beggar.”

他说,我既做“叫花子”,又做“强叫花子”。那意思很清楚:他晓得你底细,知道财政包干任务不重,你有钱,要是不给,那就不客气地摊你底牌,做“强叫花子”。所以,他讨钱,不敢不给。

He said that he played both the role of a "beggar" and a "demanding beggar.” The meaning was clear: he was aware of the financial situations of various parties, and if he knew they had money and didn't contribute, he wouldn't hesitate to expose their financial secrets and play the "demanding beggar.” As a result, when he asked for money, people dared not refuse. However, when it was Xu Chongjia's turn to solicit funds, it became more difficult.

轮到徐崇嘉讨钱时就难了。他只好反反复复苦巴巴地求情,说事情多么多么重要,而办事的人又多么多么可怜,所以希望局长行长厂长经理兄弟哥儿们,发发慈悲行行好给个三万五万也好把路铺下去……就这么说着他动了感情,当着那么多中层干部的面竟也忍不住流下泪来……

When it was Xu Chongjia's turn to solicit funds, it became more difficult. He had no choice but to repeatedly plead, explaining how important the matter was and how pitiful the people who were working on it were. He hoped that the bureau chiefs, bank chiefs, factory directors, and managers would show some compassion and contribute thirty or fifty thousand yuan to help pave the road. As he spoke, he became emotional and, in front of many middle-level cadres, he couldn't help but shed tears.

哦,县长哭了 !县长不为自己哭,他是为干事业哭,为人民谋幸福哭,ー个不想干事业不想为人民谋幸福的人,怎么肯去做“乞丐”?又怎么可能在这种场合流眼泪呢?

Oh, the county mayor cried! He didn't cry for himself; he cried for the cause, for the happiness of the people. A person who doesn't want to work for the cause or seek happiness for the people wouldn't be willing to become a "beggar" and wouldn't possibly shed tears in such a situation.

当然,资金也不全靠乞讨,必要时,就得看“吴老板”在资金上能不能给予支持。

Of course, funding didn't solely rely on begging; when necessary, they had to rely on the support of "Boss Wu" in terms of funding.

浦江路计划铺柏油路,后改为水泥路,这就要增加100万元。吴克铃一再强调,主要干道不能搞“裤裆巷”,不能三年两年破开了肠子再缝起来。这就要“一步到位” 〇徐的想法正合他意,他便说:“好,再给你!00万元。”

The plan for Pujiang Road was initially to pave it with asphalt, but it was later changed to concrete, which required an additional 1 million yuan. Wu Kequan repeatedly emphasized that the main roads should not be like "narrow alleys," and they couldn't be torn open and sewn back together every two or three years. This required getting it right in "one step." Xu's idea was in line with his thinking, so he said, "Alright, I'll give you another 100,000 yuan.”

这期间,玉山城建办公室两个副镇长全力以赴,ー个是周,技术型的实干家;另ー个就是潘,主要搞拆迁,3年动迁近千户人家,差不多平均ー天一户,那个烦,那个难,常人无法想象。好在两个人搭档,文戏武戏都唱得来。他们还有个后台“老板”一镇党委书记俞寿金,俞对他们说:“大胆放手去做,得罪人也不要怕,党委支持你们。”

During this period, two deputy town chiefs from the Yushan Urban Construction Office went all out. During this period, two deputy town mayors from the Yushan Urban Construction Office went all out. In three years, nearly a thousand households were relocated, averaging almost one household per day. The difficulties and challenges they faced were beyond the imagination of ordinary people. Fortunately, the two deputies formed a great partnership and were able to handle both civil and martial tasks effectively. They also had the support of their "boss" behind the scenes, the town party committee secretary, Yu Shoujin. Yu told them, "Go ahead and do your job boldly, don't be afraid of offending people, the party committee supports you.”

说是这么说,告状的人总是有,告潘也告周,告俞也告徐。徐的“后台老板”吴克铃知道了,他能够体会到ー个人在背后遭到暗算时的心情,就对徐说:“这没有什么,要告,叫他们来告我!”

Though that was the case, there were always people who would file complaints, against Pan, Zhou, Yu, and even Xu. When Xu's "boss" Wu Kequan found out, he was able to empathize with the feeling of being secretly targeted. He told Xu, "Don't worry about it; if they want to complain, let them come and complain to me!”

ハ、路的延伸

8 The Road Extension

新区和老区比翼齐飞,而从这里构思和铺开了头的道路也逐步朝乡区辐射,向 921平方公里的河湖港汉中延伸。

The new and old zones are thriving together, and the roads that originate and expand from here gradually radiate towards Chaoyang district, extending into the 921 square kilometers of rivers, lakes, and ports within the region.

昆山多水多桥,曲里拐弯的河、星罗棋布的湖以及成百上千的大小桥梁,把全县勾画成一幅旖旎无比的图画。在这里,田园便是公园,整个县城便是ー个园林式的“威尼斯”。美则美矣,但从发展经济的角度、从古老的封闭文明向现代的开放
文明过渡的需要来看,就有些美中不足,就生生地少了一个字:路。

Kunshan is rich in water and bridges, with winding rivers, a dense network of lakes, and hundreds of large and small bridges, drawing the entire county into an incomparably beautiful picture. Here, the countryside is a park, and the whole county is like a garden-style "Venice". It is indeed beautiful, but from the perspective of economic development and the need to transition from an ancient closed civilization to a modern open civilization, it is somewhat inadequate. One crucial word is missing: roads.

提起路,昆山无人不知老县长孙福贵走的乡路最多。他在当县长的几年中,带着秘书跑遍了全县每ー个大队（村）,无论刮风下雨,无论冰天雪地,也无论酷暑当头,他的办公室永远在田头路边。现在他已是县人大常委会主任。因为他走的路最多,体会特深,所以他对吴克铃关于路的规划也特别支持。在ー次人大常委会讨论这个问题时他突然中风,经过抢救好不容易オ脱离危险,但他仍然念念不忘农村公路的建设,还是抱病听汇报,ー起修订规划。他还和徐崇嘉一起带上秘书小陈, 多次下乡察看线路。有一次夏日如火,跑了 20多里后到ー个镇上停下来,秘书浑身乏力得不想进一粒米,病中的孙福贵累到什么地步更是可想而知。

When it comes to roads, everyone in Kunshan knows that the former county mayor Sun Fugui walked on the country roads the most.” During his years as county mayor, he traveled to every brigade(village) in the county with his secretary, regardless of wind, rain, ice, snow, or scorching heat. His office was always on the side of a field road. Now he is the director of the Standing Committee of the County People's Congress. Because he has walked the most roads and has a deep understanding, he strongly supports Wu Kequan's road planning. During the discussion of this issue at the next Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, he suddenly had a stroke. After a difficult rescue, he was finally out of danger, but he still couldn't forget the construction of rural highways and insisted on listening to reports and revising the plan even while ill. He also accompanied Xu Chongjia, along with his secretary Xiao Chen, on several trips to inspect the rural roads. Once, on a scorching summer day, they traveled more than 20 miles to a town and stopped. The secretary was so exhausted that he didn't want to eat anything, and one can only imagine how tired Sun Fugui, who was ill, must have been.

吴克铃深感路对于发展经济的重要性。他接任县长的第三年,就实现了乡乡通公路。交通局的两任局长陆宗敏和钱长明付出了艰苦的努力。到去年,总通车里程延长到186公里,其间修建、改造的大中小桥梁就有264座。

Wu Kequan deeply understood the importance of roads for economic development. In the third year after he took office as the county head, he managed to connect all the townships with highways. The two successive directors of the Transportation Bureau, Lu Zongmin and Qian Changming, put in tremendous efforts. By last year, the total highway distance reached 186 kilometers, with 264 large, medium, and small bridges built or renovated during this time.

多水多桥使昆山的公路要比别处多投入几倍甚至十几倍的资金。1公里柏油路要20万元,水泥混凝土路则要40万至45万元。路是用“大团结”ー张ー张地铺起来的!

Due to the numerous rivers and bridges in Kunshan, the investment required for building highways there is several times, or even more than ten times, higher than in other places. One kilometer of asphalt road costs 200,000 yuan, while a cement concrete road requires 400,000 to 450,000 yuan. The roads were built piece by piece through "great unity"!

钱不会从天上掉下来。国家只有一个口袋,你能“掏”多少?吴克铃来了一个 “四拼盘”:国家投入一点,地方负担一点,企业支持一点,交通部门挤出一点。人、财、物,全从这个“拼盘”里出。说得通俗一点,还是那句老话:自力更生。

Money doesn't fall from the sky. The state has only one pocket, so how much can you "take out"? Wu Kequan came up with a "four-part plan": the state invests a little, the local government bears some costs, enterprises provide support, and the transportation department contributes as well. Human resources, finances, and materials all come from this "four-part plan.” To put it simply, it's about self-reliance.

社会主义建设不搞自力更生只能是乌托邦,或者就必须换ー个称呼不叫社会主义而叫另外的一个什么“主义”。

In the construction of socialism, without self-reliance, it would only be a utopia, or we would have to change the name to something other than socialism.

偏僻的金家庄一条路筑通后,受益的农民取党委书记潘的谐音喊他“潘大人”,那么全县乡乡通公路,71%的村通公路并且是泥石路向黑色化（柏油路面）和灰色化（水泥混凝土路面）改造,对此,老百姓又该怎么称赞吴克铃呢?

When a remote road in Jinjiazhuang was built, benefiting the local farmers, they nicknamed the party committee secretary Pan as "Pan Daren," a name derived from the homophonic sound of his name. With highways connected in every township across the county and 71% of the villages connected by roads that were transformed from dirt to black asphalt or gray cement concrete surfaces, how should the people express their gratitude to Wu Kequan?

吴克铃的思路当然不仅仅是字面上所说的一条“路”,实际上,公路在向城区周围延伸的同时,政治、经济、观念和文化也由县城延伸和辐射到乡镇、村落。

Wu Kequan's approach is not limited to the literal meaning of a "road." In fact, as the highways extend towards the urban areas, politics, economy, ideas, and culture also spread and radiate from the county seat to the townships and villages.

经济开发区,无论上面知道不知道、承认不承认,也无论外面怎么议论、怎么评头论足,它的实际作用已经发挥出来,并且很快被其他乡镇领导所接受和效仿。路在延伸,其更深ー层意义上的效益在这里被聪明的昆山人做出了更为精彩的文章。

The economic development zone, regardless of whether it is recognized or acknowledged by the authorities or debated and evaluated by outsiders, has already demonstrated its practical impact and has been quickly accepted and emulated by other township leaders. As the roads extend, the deeper benefits are brilliantly demonstrated by the clever people of Kunshan.

全县20个乡镇,建起了 15个各具特色的自费经济开发区、220家企业,1989 年的产值有1〇亿多,占全县エ业总产值的25% 〇

In the 20 townships across the county, 15 self-funded economic development zones with unique features have been established, along with 220 enterprises. In 1989, their output value exceeded 10 billion yuan, accounting for 25% of the county's total industrial output value.

现在我们回过头来,看看由吴克铃直接管理的自费经济开发区的路是怎么走过来的。

Now, let's take a look back at how the self-funded economic development zones, which were directly managed by Wu Kequan, came about.

由于是“偷偷摸摸”,所以开发区一直在使暗劲,它默默地、悄悄地孕育着自己的辉煌。

Due to their "clandestine" nature, the development zones had been working discreetly, quietly nurturing their own brilliance.

然而,也正因为是自立、自建、自费开发,没有得到上面的认可,更谈不上批准在册,所以在没有得到权威性的肯定之前,吴克铃的心总是悬着的。

However, it was precisely this self-reliance, self-construction, and self-funding that left the development zone without official recognition or approval. As a result, Wu Kequan's mind was always filled with apprehension, awaiting authoritative affirmation.

不过,ー个开发区,ー个牵涉方方面面的经济区域,怎么可能始终保密,一点风声也不透出去呢?

But how could it be possible for an entire development zone, an economic area with intricate connections and multiple facets, to remain completely hidden without even a whisper of information getting out?

1986年秋,省委书记韩培信到了昆山。这可使蔡长林和吴克铃犯了难:开发区的事要不要向他汇报呢?那一片虽然就在县城东侧,但至今还小心翼翼地对外保密的地方要不要让他看ー看呢?

In the autumn of 1986, Han Peixin, the provincial Party Secretary, paid a visit to Kunshan. This visit placed Cai Changlin and Wu Kequan in a difficult position: should they reveal the existence of the development zone to Han Peixin? Should they allow him to take a glimpse of the area they had been meticulously keeping secret, situated just to the east of the county town?

再三犹豫,还是没敢汇报。

After much hesitation and deliberation, they ultimately decided against reporting the development zone.

但是陪同的市委副书记林瑞章说:“不要紧!去看看吧……”

However, Lin Ruizhang, the accompanying Deputy Party Secretary of the city, reassured them, saying, "Don't worry! Let's go take a look...”

吴克铃和蔡长林被“逼上梁山”,只好让“丑媳妇”去见“公婆”。

Feeling cornered, Wu Kequan and Cai Changlin had no choice but to reluctantly reveal their "ugly bride" - the secret development zone - to the "in-laws," the higher authorities.

韩培信边看边听汇报边思考,然后,回到招待所,对吴克铃说:“搞得不错嘛! 你把开发区的总体构思说说看。”

As Han Peixin toured the area, listened to reports, and contemplated the situation, he seemed impressed. After returning to the guesthouse, he told Wu Kequan, "You've done quite well! Tell me about the overall concept of the development zone.”

吴克铃已经感觉出来,韩培信丝毫没有要批评责备的意思,倒表现出了浓厚的兴趣,所以连数据都要反复问清楚。吴克铃有了这个小小的但是非常了不得的 “底”,说话就放开了,他如数家珍,从头至今,娓娓道来……

Wu Kequan could sense that Han Peixin had no intention of criticizing or blaming them. Instead, he displayed a strong interest, even inquiring about the details and data. With this small but incredibly significant "trump card," Wu Kequan became more confident in discussing the project. He recounted the entire story, from its inception until now, in great detail.

可以说,这次韩培信昆山之行是整个经济开发区从“地下”走向“公开”的转折点。

It could be said that Han Peixin's visit to Kunshan marked a turning point for the development zone, transitioning from being "underground" to becoming "public.”

回到南京,韩培信在省委常委会上讲了昆山自费搞开发区的事,建议有可能的话都到那里去看看……

After returning to Nanjing, Han Peixin discussed Kunshan's self-funded development zone at a provincial Party standing committee meeting, suggesting that others should visit the area if possible.

没过多久,省委副书记沈达人、省长顾秀莲、副书记孙家正先后到了昆山,县里的乡镇的开发区都看了,很高兴,很肯定。在当年的省人代会上,顾秀莲在省政府工作报告中还专门提到了昆山的经济技术开发区。

Before long, Deputy Party Secretary Shen Daren, Governor Gu Xiulian, and Deputy Secretary Sun Jiazheng visited Kunshan one after another. They toured the development zones in the county and townships, expressing satisfaction and affirmation. At that year's provincial People's Congress, Gu Xiulian even mentioned Kunshan's economic and technological development zone in the provincial government's work report.

吴克铃从此放开手脚了。他紧紧抓住这个好机会,立即打报告到市里、省里, 征用了土地,并且在原有开发3.75平方公里的基础上又向南区延扩,开发区的规划确定为6.18平方公里。

From then on, Wu Kequan seized the opportunity and proceeded without restraint. He quickly submitted reports to the city and provincial governments, requisitioned land, and expanded the original 3.75 square kilometers of development southward. The final plan for the development zone was set at 6.18 square kilometers.

也就在这年冬天,中央和上海的党政领导来到昆山,在县委书记毛阳青和县长吴克铃的陪同下参观了开发区,给予了充分的肯定和赞扬。

It was during that winter when the central and Shanghai party and government leaders visited Kunshan. Accompanied by County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing and County Mayor Wu Kequan, they toured the development zone and gave their full affirmation and praise.

开发区一炮打响,但开发区的设计者吴克铃的儿子却生病住进了医院。

The development zone made a great start, but Wu Kequan, its designer, faced a personal challenge as his son fell ill and was hospitalized.

九、“爸爸,快救救我”

9 "Dad, please save me”

横向联合的势头正旺,吴克铃紧张地穿梭于上海、苏州、南京、北京和“三线” 厂之间,洽谈接待的日程安排得满满的。偏偏这时候妻子又生病在上海住院,他照应不了妻子也顾不了儿子,儿子要考电大复习功课自然也顾不了爸爸,父子俩谁也顾不上谁。有时候很晚了,爸爸回家,看一眼神色疲惫的儿子就不忍心再打搅他, 而是自己动手下ー碗面条便休息。

Amidst the thriving momentum of horizontal collaboration, Wu Kequan was busy traveling between Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanjing, Beijing, and the "third tier" factories, with a packed schedule of negotiations and receptions. Just at this juncture, his wife fell seriously ill and had to be hospitalized in Shanghai. Amidst this crisis, he found himself unable to attend to his wife or his son. Meanwhile, his son, engrossed in his preparation for the university entrance exams, with a specific aim at Kunshan Radio & Television University, naturally found himself unable to care for his father. In these trying times, both father and son found themselves unable to look out for each other. Sometimes, when Wu Kequa n came home late at night, he would see his exhausted son and couldn't bring himself to disturb him. Instead, he would quietly make a bowl of noodles for himself and then rest.

这天,他接待了金星电视机厂的客人,因为双方的发展意向完全一致,所以大家都很开心,他不会喝酒,便用饮料表示自己的一片诚意。本来晚上他还要到陈墓镇去,不知是谁提醒他:明天还要做报告,是不是稍微早一点休息,是不是就别再下乡了?或许是冥冥之中有什么安排吧!按往常惯例他不会同意的,但这一次他居然点了下头,他让办公室主任沈到陈墓去,自己就回家了。

One day, he received guests from Shanghai Jin Xing Television Factory. As both parties had completely aligned development intentions, everyone was very happy. Wu Kequan didn't drink, so he used a beverage to express his sincerity. Originally, he was supposed to visit Chenmu Town that evening. However, someone reminded him that he had a presentation the next day, suggesting that he should rest a bit earlier and perhaps skip the visit to the countryside. Maybe it was fate that intervened! Normally, he wouldn't have agreed, but this time he surprisingly nodded in agreement. He asked his office director, Shen, to go to Chenmu instead while he returned home.

家在三楼,不算很高,但他爬得很吃カ。工作时再累也会聚精会神,一旦想到休息要放松一下,全身就像散了架似的一股脑儿往下瘫,他好不容易オ摸出钥匙开门。

His home was on the third floor, not too high, but he found going up the stairs especially tiring that day. When working, no matter how tired he was, he would always focus intently. But as soon as he thought of resting and relaxing, his entire body would feel like it was collapsing, as if all his energy was draining away. He barely managed to find his keys and unlock the door.

门开了,灯亮着,却没有声音。此时此刻,连日劳累的他多么需要有人端上来一杯茶,体贴地送上来ー个亲切温暖的微笑啊!但妻子在上海住院,病人更需要有人陪伴,他没有尽到这个义务,又怎么能奢望其他?

Upon opening the door, he found the lights on, but there was no sound. At this very moment, after days of exhaustion, he longed for someone to offer him a cup of tea and a warm, caring smile. However, with his wife hospitalized in Shanghai and needing even more companionship, he couldn't fulfill that responsibility, so how could he expect anything in return?

然而,儿子小江是在家的呀,往日回来了他总要招呼一声的,今天怎么不见人, 也没有声音?

Nevertheless, his son Xiaojiang was supposed to be home. Usually, when he returned, his son would greet him. But today, there was no sign of him and no sound.

他轻轻推开儿子的房门,不在。正诧异,隐约听得卫生间有微弱的呻吟声。他的心骤然ー紧,赶快过去ー看,只见小江脸色惨白地蜷曲在地上。小江看见爸爸, 泪水潸然直下,艰难而又急迫地哀求道:“爸爸,快救救我……”

He gently pushed open his son's bedroom door, but he wasn't there. Just as he was growing puzzled, he faintly heard weak groaning coming from the bathroom. His mind suddenly tightened, and he rushed over to see Xiaojiang curled up on the floor, his face deathly pale. Upon seeing his father, Xiaojiang's tears flowed freely, and he pleaded with difficulty and urgency, "Dad, please save me..."

秘书的门被县长敲开了 :“快,帮帮忙……”

The secretary's door was knocked open by the county chief, "Quick, please help...”

县人民医院急诊室,县长心急如焚地守候在已经痛得没有力气喊痛的儿子身边。只查出白细胞高,却不知是什么病;只晓得满肚满肠子的绞痛,却又吃不准到底痛在哪ー个部位。

In the emergency room of the county hospital, the county mayor anxiously waited by the side of his son, who was in so much pain that he had no strength left to cry out. The tests revealed elevated white blood cell levels, but the exact cause of the illness remained unknown. All they knew was that there was a severe pain throughout his stomach and intestines, but they couldn't pinpoint the exact location of the pain.

怎么办?他束手无策,只能用企盼和恳求的眼光望着医生,那神色分明在说: “求你们,救救我儿子……”

Feeling helpless, he could only look at the doctors with pleading eyes, as if saying, "Please, save my son...”

医生只好来个“急办法”，“中间开刀”,开出来再找病因,救人要紧,救命要紧啊!

The doctors, realizing the urgency of the situation, decided to perform an exploratory surgery to find the cause of the problem.

吴克铃也顾不上许多就急急地签了字。

Knowing that saving his son's life was the top priority, Wu Kequan hurriedly signed the consent form.

儿子被推进了手术室。

他的心他的一切也都被带进那个生死未卜的白色世界里去了。

His son was wheeled into the operating room, and Wu Kequan's heart and soul went with him into that uncertain world.

见惯了各种疑难险重病人的医生,这次却表现出惊愕与困惑:开刀后,见到的全是脓!血与脓、脓与肉一片模糊!

The experienced doctors, who had seen countless challenging cases, were astonished and baffled by what they found during the surgery: pus and blood everywhere!

县长的儿子病了怎么拖到这种可怕的地步オ来开刀?

How could the son of the county mayor have let his illness progress to such a terrifying state before seeking treatment?

阑尾穿孔成了严重的腹膜炎,要是再晚ー个小时来医院,就是华佗转世、扁鹊再生恐怕也无能为カ了。

The boy's appendix had ruptured, leading to severe peritonitis. If they had arrived at the hospital even an hour later, it might have been too late for even the most skilled doctors, such as Hua Tuo or Bian Que, to save him.

假如,吴克铃晚上到陈墓镇去了呢?

What would have happened if Wu Kequan had gone to Chenmu Town that night instead?

这一夜,他没有也不可能合眼,尽管他知道自己没有方法减轻儿子的痛苦,但他仍然要静静地守候在儿子的病床前,他觉得唯有如此,才能略微补偿ー下心中的愧疚。

That night, Wu Kequan couldn't and wouldn't close his eyes. Although he knew he couldn't alleviate his son's pain, he still chose to quietly stand by his bedside, hoping to slightly make up for the guilt he felt in his heart.

第二天一早,儿子在发高烧,昏迷中喊着“爸爸”和“妈妈”。妈妈在上海,也在住院,爸爸就在病床前,可是爸爸又不得不支撑着站起来一他还要去做报告〇

The next morning, his son was running a high fever, calling out for his father and mother in his delirium. His mother was in the hospital in Shanghai, and his father was right by his bedside. However, Wu Kequan had no choice but to stand up and continue with his responsibilities – he had to give a presentation.

他丢下病中的儿子,然后强制着平复了一下自己的心绪,就到电影院去做报告了。报告的内容不是别的,就是关于昆山的经济开发区一现在他不再担心什么了,再也用不着偷偷摸摸地搞了。他伸直了腰,理直气壮地宣讲建设开发区的必要性和可能性,讲开发区已经取得的成就、各方面的评价和今后的打算……

He left his sick son behind and forced himself to compose his emotions before heading to the theater to deliver his presentation. The content of the presentation was none other than the economic development zone in Kunshan. . At that moment, he no longer needed to worry or act covertly. He stood tall and confidently spoke about the necessity and possibilities of building the development zone, the achievements it had already made, the various evaluations, and future plans.

听得有滋有味、听得全身发热、听得忍不住要为昆山大声呼喊“哦,你真了不起”的听众们,你们是否知道,为开发区倾注了全部心血的吴克铃县长,此时此刻, 他的内心深处正在为两个病中的亲人流着血……

The captivated audience, who listened with great interest, felt their bodies heat up with excitement, and couldn't help but want to loudly exclaim, "Oh, Wu Kequan, you're truly amazing!" - were they aware that at that very moment, the county chief who had devoted his whole heart and soul to the development zone was silently bleeding inside for his two sick loved ones?

第三章昆山有玉玉在其人

Chapter 3 The Jade of Kunshan Lies in Its People

十、大学生多多益善

10. The More College Graduates, The Better

中国必须发展经济。经济上去了,什么话都好说,什么事都好办。离开这个 “中心”去奢谈其他,一切行动、一切思想都可能是“乌托邦” 〇

China must develop its economy. With a strong economy, it becomes easier to discuss issues and tackle problems. Talking about anything else without focusing on this "core" may lead to unrealistic utopian ideas.

发展经济需要奉献。不能一说改革就不讲奉献了。吴克铃的所得也许还不如ー个驾驶员或ー个乡镇企业的看门老大爷,但他做出了最大的奉献。奉献是ー种精神一人活在世上,总还是要有一点精神的。

Economic development requires dedication. We cannot stop talking about dedication when it comes to reform. Wu Kequan's income may be less than that of a driver or a gatekeeper in a township enterprise, but he has made the greatest dedication. Dedication is a spirit – people need to have some spirit to live in this world.

发展经济需要人オ。吴克铃当县长时,全县包括助理工程师在内的技术人员只有!50人,人才如此奇缺,要使昆山经济多快好省地发展是根本不可能的。吴克铃把人事局方长林、王桢禄找来,下硬任务:一年300个（引进200,分配100）,只许多不许少!

Economic development requires human resources. When Wu Kequan was the county mayor, there were only 150 technical personnel in the county, including assistant engineers. With such a shortage of talent, it was impossible to develop Kunshan's economy quickly and efficiently. Wu Kequan called in the head of the Personnel Bureau, Lin Fangzhang, and Wang Zhenlu, and gave them a tough assignment: within a year, they must bring in 300 talents (200 through recruitment and 100 through allocation), they were allowed to exceed the target but not fall short!

过去,外地人上门来求人事局想调昆山也调不进,现在,人事局到外地去觅宝

似的招聘人才,想方设法把你“挖”过来〇

In the past, people from other places who wanted to transfer to Kunshan couldn't get in through the Personnel Bureau. Now, the bureau is actively searching for talent outside the city, like treasure hunting, and trying various ways to "dig" you over to Kunshan.

读者也许还记得最早的联营企业“纺丝机实验エ场”,这个企业需要一个懂行的领导,开始,卢厂长通过上海方面关系三次去某化纤厂,把工程师张昌华借了来。这个北京化纤学院毕业的大学生,专业知识比较丰富,还翻译过《合成纤维加工手册》,与人合编过《日英汉纺织エ业词汇》。借用了几个月,便舍不得放了,想调过来,但张昌华在那边有自己的事业,ー时拿不定主意。吴克铃爱オ如命,他下决心要把张昌华“挖”过来〇留住人,更要留住心,考虑到张昌华在上海有老母,需要人照应,妻子出生在上海,到外地工作也不习惯,就采取了果断措施,把她调来昆山, 并且作为昆山常驻上海办事处的工作人员,又通过闸北区政府为其安排了两套房子,ー套作为办公用,ー套作为住宅用。他又亲自找张谈,诚心希望他能来昆山エ作。县长考虑得如此周到,他怎么好再推托?没多久,他办好手续调到了昆山……

Readers might recall the first joint venture, the "Spinning Machine Experimental Base," which needed an experienced leader. Initially, Factory Director Lu visited a particular synthetic fiber factory in Shanghai on three occasions, using his connections, Factory Director Lu managed to recruit Engineer Zhang Changhua. He is a college graduate from Beijing Institute of Synthetic Fibers had extensive professional knowledge. He had translated the "Synthetic Fiber Processing Handbook" and co-edited the "Japanese-English-Chinese Textile Industry Vocabulary" with others. After benefiting from his expertise for a few months, they were hesitant to part ways with him and hoped to bring him on board permanently. However, Zhang Changhua had his own career at his original company and was uncertain about staying for a while. Wu Kequan was determined to have Zhang Changhua join his team. In order to win his heart and keep him in Kunshan, he took decisive measures. Considering that Zhang had an elderly mother in Shanghai who needed care and that his wife was born in Shanghai and might not be comfortable working elsewhere, Wu arranged for her to be transferred to Kunshan and work as a staff member at Kunshan's permanent office in Shanghai. Through the Shanghai Zhabei District government, he also managed to secure two housing units for them, one for office use and the other as a residence. He personally approached Zhang once more, sincerely hoping that he would come to work in Kunshan. Given the thoughtfulness of the county mayor, how could Zhang decline? Before long, he had completed the necessary paperwork and transferred to Kunshan.

一旦转变了观念,人事工作就搞得有声有色。最多的一年引进了 300人。在吴克铃任县长的6年中,先后引进1300多人,加上分配的有3000多人。

Once the mindset was changed, the personnel work was conducted efficiently and effectively. In the busiest year, they recruited 300 people. During Wu Kequan's six-year tenure as the county mayor, more than 1,300 people were introduced, along with over 3,000 assigned personnel.

三千精兵,十万子弟,昆山的经济,就是这么起飞的。

With these elite members, Kunshan's economy took off.

这里还有个小小的插曲,有些人爱嚼舌头,听说外地调来个姓吴的,就说是吴克铃的亲戚,调来个姓张的,就说是他爱人张德森的亲戚。事实上,ー个也不是。在ー次会上,他说:“如果说是,也不错;只要能为昆山建设出力,所有引进的人才都是我的’亲戚’。”

Here was a small anecdote; some people loved gossiping. When they heard that someone with the last name Wu was transferred from another region, they claimed it was Wu Kequan's relative. If someone with the last name Zhang was transferred, they would say it was the relative of his spouse, Zhang Desen.

倒是真有一个亲戚,他的妻弟,想要调来昆山,但是他没有同意。

Interestingly, there was actually a relative who wanted to transfer to Kunshan – his brother-in-law. However, he did not approve of the transfer.

人才也有嫌多的时候,多的时候更能显出ー个领导者的水平。

There can be times when there are too many talents, and it's during these times that the capabilities of a leader truly stand out.

1989年,大学生分配成了一个难题,以前是“抢”,现在是“推”。吴克铃把王桢禄找去,说:“不能只考虑眼前,急功近利,从昆山经济发展的总体规划来看,眼前用不着的,将来可能要用,到时候,一下子也急不出来。平常我们和大城市争人才,争不过他们;现在人家不要,正是ー个机遇。”王和陆就到省人事局要了个名单,全是国家重点大学的毕业生,居然没人要!吴克铃说:“他们不要,我们要。”于是在计划外又要了 139个大学生! 1989年,昆山接受和分配的大学毕业生600多人,是历年来分得最多也是落实单位最快的！

In 1989, job placement for university graduates became a challenging issue. Previously, it was about competing for talents, but now it had become more about pushing them away. Wu Kequan spoke to Wang Zhenlu, saying, "We cannot only focus on the immediate needs and be shortsighted. Considering the overall plan for Kunshan's economic development, talents that may not be needed now could be necessary in the future. At that time, we won't be able to get them all at once.” Wang and Lu went to the provincial personnel bureau and requested a list of graduates from national key universities, who surprisingly were not in demand! Wu Kequan said, "If they don't want them, we will take them." As a result, they recruited an additional 139 university graduates outside of their original plan! In 1989, Kunshan accepted and assigned jobs to more than 600 university graduates, marking the highest number and fastest implementation in their history!

省人事局看到昆山有这种不俗的眼光和非凡的气魄,就到昆山开会,把全省的人事干部请了来,吴克铃两次到会上发言,他说:“大学生是个宝,人才是个宝,我们搞经济,建设社会主义,什么都缺,但最缺的还是人才,从很大的程度上说,有了人ォ就有了一切,所以我们欢迎大学生到昆山来工作……”

Upon seeing Kunshan's impressive vision and extraordinary boldness, the provincial personnel bureau held a meeting in Kunshan and invited personnel officials from across the province. Wu Kequan spoke twice at the meeting, saying, "University graduates are treasures, and talents are treasures. In developing our economy and building socialism, we lack many things, but what we lack most is talent. To a large extent, having talent means having everything. Therefore, we welcome university graduates to come and work in Kunshan...”

十ー、走出“误区”

10. Breaking out of the "Misconception”

靠分配和引进并不是吴克铃人才观的全部。他ー开始就把教育和培养自己的人才纳入“昆山之路”的总体构思。

Relying solely on allocation and recruitment was not the entirety of Wu Kequan's talent philosophy. From the beginning, he incorporated education and cultivating local talent into his overall plan for the "Kunshan Path.”

我请宣传部部长陈伯荣谈,他以前是文教局局长,这本账他最清楚。

I asked Minister Chen Borong from the Publicity Department to talk about it, as he was previously the director of the Bureau of Culture and Education and was most familiar with the situation.

昆山原先的基础很差,被称作“苏南的苏北”。吴克铃当县长后,和县委书记蔡长林一起,花了很大力气,使全县的教育总体水平赶上（有的还超过）了苏州发达地区,这在全省教育系统是一致认可的。

Kunshan had a poor foundation initially and was referred to as the "Northern Jiangsu of Southern Jiangsu.” After Wu Kequan became the county mayor, he and the county party secretary, Cai Changlin, made great efforts to raise the overall educational level of the entire county, catching up with (and even surpassing) the developed areas of Suzhou. This achievement was unanimously recognized within the province's education system.

如同经济上的突破ー样,在教育上,要没有独立的思考和独特的措施,怎么可能在几年中就有大的改观?

Just like the economic breakthrough, it would have been impossible to see significant improvements in education within a few years without independent thinking and unique measures.

1983年,昆山开始筹建职业中学,为了省钱,就和经委职校建在ー起,地址就选在昆山中学后面,共1〇亩地,已经在城建的规划图上圈好。对此,不少人都很满意,因为毕竟昆山也有了自己的职中,吴克铃却不满意。他和徐崇嘉、陈伯荣ー起到了现场,经过一番考察,他果断地说,昆中是县里“最高学府”,将来肯定要发展, 这里的土地,一寸也不能动;职业中学不是搞这一所,也不是就搞这么个小的,何况还有个经委职校,ー共10亩地,无论如何都不够。徐、陈巴不得他说这句话,搬到别处去,经费势必增加,吴克铃当然考虑到这个,他别的方面“精”得很,昆山人称 “ー支笔”,但对教育,他却是少见的充满大气魄的“大老板” !

In 1983, Kunshan began planning to establish a vocational high school. To save money, they decided to build it together with the Economic Commission vocational school, choosing a location behind Kunshan High School, with an allocated area of 10 acres already marked on the urban planning map. Many people were satisfied with this, as Kunshan finally had its own vocational high school. However, Wu Kequan was not content with it. Together with Xu Chongjia and Chen Borong, Wu Kequan visited the site. After a thorough investigation, he decisively stated that Kunshan Vocational High School was the county's "highest institution" and would definitely need to expand in the future. Therefore, not even an inch of its land should be touched. As for the vocational high school, it wasn't about establishing just one small school, especially since there was also an Economic Commission vocational school planned. The combined 10-acre area would not be enough, no matter how they looked at it. Xu and Chen were eager for him to say this, as moving to another location would inevitably increase expenses. Wu Kequan, of course, had considered this. In other aspects, he was known for being meticulous, and the people of Kunshan referred to him as "a single pen." However, when it came to education, he was a rarely seen, big-hearted "boss"!

两个职校都搬了,第一职中在朝阳新村,征地28亩,至今已投资了 200多万元;经委职校则另外划地50亩,和电大一起,已投入400多万元。

Both vocational schools were relocated. The first vocational high school was in Chaoyang New Village, with 28 acres of land requisitioned, and more than 2 million yuan invested to date. The Economic Commission vocational school was given another 50 acres of land, together with the radio and Kunshan Radio & Television University, and over 40 million yuan has been invested.

“教育方面像模像样地花钱,是在吴克铃当县长之后。”陈伯荣这样说,“比如, 全县校舍32万平方米,其中22万平方米主要是1984年以后新建改建的。光!989 年,校舍和教学设备的投资就有1038万元!”

"Significant spending on education began after Wu Kequan became the county mayor," said Chen Borong. "For example, the county's school buildings cover a total area of 320,000 square meters, with 220,000 square meters primarily built or renovated after 1984. In 1989 alone, the investment in school buildings and teaching equipment amounted to 10.38 million yuan!”

教师住房,是一大难题,吴克铃下令,每年解决100套! 1985-1987年,真的造了 300套。但矛盾仍然突出,吴克铃又调度资金,重点投入,1988—1989年两年就造了 300套。这不仅在昆山历史上从未有过,在整个苏州地区也是罕见的。

Housing for teachers was a significant challenge. Wu Kequan ordered the resolution of 100 housing units per year! From 1985 to 1987, 300 units were indeed built. However, the problem remained prominent, so Wu Kequan allocated more funds, prioritizing investment. In just two years, from 1988 to 1989, another 300 units were built. This accomplishment was not only unprecedented in Kunshan's history, but also rare in the entire Suzhou.

公办教师的各项补贴,全部纳入县里财政解决,每人每年600元上下,全县近 4000人,一年就是200多万元一这ー点,苏州各县市包括市区在内,做到的也只有昆山一家!

All subsidies for public school teachers were fully covered by the county's finances, amounting to around 600 yuan per person per year. With nearly 4,000 teachers in the county, this amounted to more than 2 million yuan per year. Among all the counties and cities in Suzhou, including the urban area, Kunshan was the only one to achieve this feat!

民办教师历来“低人一等”,但昆山从!988年开始,对民办教师经济上各项补贴（副食品补贴除外,因为民办教师都有菜地）和公办教师ー样对待,并且ー样实行结构エ资制,ー样发给岗位责任奖金……仅这一条,民办教师每人每年收入就提高500元左右。

Private school teachers had always been considered "inferior" to others. However, starting in 1988, Kunshan began treating private school teachers on par with public school teachers in terms of various economic subsidies (excluding food subsidies, as private school teachers had their own vegetable plots). They implemented the same salary structure system and awarded the same performance bonuses. With this policy alone, the annual income of private school teachers increased by around 500 yuan per person.

公费医疗,实行财政包干后,每人60元,有些人超过了的,个别乡镇就不肯报, 把发票压在口袋里。吴克铃听说后,就明确规定:教师医疗费的改革和机关同步进行,在目前情况下,超过的部分不能由学校承担,更不应由教师本人承担,而一律由乡财政解决,确有困难的,再向县财政申请补助。后来,在ー次乡镇党委书记会议上,吴克铃说:“如果以后再有教师看病的发票没地方报,就叫他们到财政局去报销,报过后县财政再向乡财政去要「'这ー项措施,也只有昆山实行,别的县市都没有实行。

For public healthcare, after implementing a fiscal contracting system from the government, each person was allocated 60 yuan. Some people exceeded this amount, and certain townships were unwilling to report it, keeping the invoices hidden in their pockets. Upon hearing about this, Wu Kequan clearly stipulated that the reform of teachers' medical expenses should be carried out in sync with that of government institutions. Under the current circumstances, the exceeded portion should not be borne by the schools, nor should it be the responsibility of the teachers themselves. Instead, the township finances should take it, and if there are difficulties, they should apply for subsidies from the county finances. Later, at a township party committee secretary meeting, Wu Kequan said, "If teachers can't reimburse medical bills, let them go to the County finance will claim the funds from the township Finance Bureau. After reimbursement, the county finance will claim the funds from the township finance. This is only done in Kunshan, not in other counties or cities.”

十二、请“老虎”下山

12 Inviting the "Tiger" Down the Mountain

昆山的教育正在走出“误区”,人才的观念超前,这オ使全县的文化素质有了明显的提高,也オ使吴克铃不是永久的孤独者,不是“鹤立鸡群”而仅仅是众多的人才的一个代表。也正因为此,在这里オ形成了一种氛围,ー种你追我赶争先恐后创新创优的氛围。从县委、县政府、人大和政协的领导到工厂企业、乡镇干部,平时都有一种紧迫感,思想的机器总在不停地转动,认为已有的成绩不是终点而是起点,独创的经验不会终结,而是在实践中不断完善、不断丰富……

Kunshan's education is moving out of the "misguided zone," and its advanced talent concept has significantly improved the overall cultural quality of the county. This has also ensured that Wu Kequan is not a permanent loner, not a "crane standing among chickens" (meaning standing out from the crowd), but merely a representative of the numerous talents. Precisely because of this, an atmosphere has formed here – a competitive environment where everyone strives to innovate and excel, pushing each other to new heights. From the leaders of the county Party committee, county government, People's Congress, and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference to the factory enterprises and township officials, there is always a sense of urgency. Their minds are constantly working, considering that their current achievements are not the endpoint but the starting point. The unique experiences will not end but will be continuously improved and enriched in practice.

于是横向联合的路子,新区开发的路子,苏州第一家中外合资企业所提供的路子……条条大路通罗马,条条大路都在吴克铃的构思中发出越来越明丽的亮色。

As a result, various approaches emerge: horizontal collaboration, the development of new districts, and the path provided by Suzhou's first Sino-foreign joint venture. Like the saying "all roads lead to Rome," each of these paths shines brighter and more vividly in Wu Kequan's vision and strategy.

昆山有个寒山牌冰箱厂,开头还不错,到后来,冰箱行业名牌迭出,寒山就逐渐显得“寒酸” 了。ー个副厂长到上海出差,住在旅馆里谈起这件事,旁边有人说: “你们不可以和贵州风华冰箱厂谈谈吗?他们是航天部的,技术、设备的力量都很雄厚。”那人还告诉他,风华厂的厂长这几天正在上海探亲,可以去找找他……副厂长立刻赶回昆山向许厂长汇报,许ー听,马上飞车东去,找到了风华厂的吴明展厂长,对他说:“我们想请你到昆山去看看。”吴明展望着这个不速之客,两手ー摊,抱歉地说:“我昆山无亲无友,去做啥?”许厂长说:“我们小县小厂,请您去指导指导。”终于把吴明展拉到了昆山。

Kunshan has a refrigerator factory called Hanshan, which started off quite well. However, as more and more well-known brands emerged in the refrigerator industry, Hanshan gradually began to appear less competitive and somewhat outdated. A deputy factory director went on a business trip to Shanghai and discussed this issue while staying at a hotel. Someone nearby suggested, "Why don't you talk to the Guizhou Fenghua Refrigerator Factory? They are affiliated with the Ministry of Aerospace and have great technical and equipment capabilities." That person also told him that the director of Fenghua Factory was visiting relatives in Shanghai these days and could be contacted. The deputy director immediately returned to Kunshan to report to Director Xu. Upon hearing the news, Xu hurriedly traveled east, found Director Wu Mingzhan of Fenghua Factory, and said, "We would like to invite you to visit Kunshan.” Wu Mingzhan looked at this unexpected guest, spreading his hands apologetically, and said, "I have no relatives or friends in Kunshan, why should I go?" Director Xu replied, "We are a small factory in a small county, and we'd like to invite you to provide some guidance.” In the end, Wu Mingzhan was persuaded to visit Kunshan.

不看则已,ー看还真来劲。原来上海旁边还有这么ー个好地方!昆山的冰箱厂就在新区,有一定基础,发展前途很广,要是把贵州那边的技术和设备拉过来,这厂不用花多少钱就可以跃上一个新的档次。

Once he arrived and had a look around, he became genuinely interested and engaged. It turned out that there was such a great place right next to Shanghai! The refrigerator factory in Kunshan was located in the new district and had a solid foundation with a broad prospect for development. If the technology and equipment from Guizhou could be brought over, the factory could leap to a new level without spending much money.

吴克铃得到消息,立刻和吴明展见面。他全面介绍了昆山经济发展的路子,明确提出要和风华厂联营……

Upon hearing the news, Wu Kequan immediately met with Wu Mingzhan. He comprehensively introduced the path of Kunshan's economic development and explicitly proposed the idea of a joint venture with Fenghua Factory.

这时吴明展心中已经有了意向,他却开玩笑说:“早知你们有这个’阴谋’,我就不到昆山了!”

At this point, Wu Mingzhan already had intentions of cooperation, but he jokingly said, "If I had known you guys had this 'plot,' I wouldn't have come to Kunshan!”

不多久,副县长郑慧珍和皇甫等人ー起到贵州风华厂,向全厂的领导介绍了昆山的情况,引起对方极大兴趣,联营的事很快进入了洽谈具体项目阶段……

It wasn't long before Deputy County Governor Zheng Huijin and Huangfu and others went to Guizhou Fenghua Machinery Factory together. They introduced the situation in Kunshan to the factory's leadership, which aroused great interest on their part. The joint venture discussions quickly moved into the stage of negotiating specific projects.

大“三线”大有文章可做!吴克铃准确及时地抓住“三线”扩散的时机,一方面亲自出马,到贵州等地去宣传昆山的优势和横向联营的诚意,同时,在全县号召大家“把眼光看得远ー些”，“把手伸得长一点”,只要有线索有路子,就千方百计去争取。

There is much to be done with the "Third Tier" strategy! Wu Kequan accurately and promptly seized the opportunity of "Third Line" diffusion. On the one hand, he personally went to places like Guizhou to promote Kunshan's advantages and the sincerity of horizontal collaboration. At the same time, he called on everyone in the county to "look farther" and "reach out further." As long as there were clues and approaches, they would do everything possible to strive for them.

于是就引出又一个故事。

This led to another story

重庆汽车厂党委书记陈世生,昆山人,他到上海一带考察汽车销售情况,打算开辟ー个窗口,顺道回家探亲,也拜访了他的老师金达。

Chen Shisheng, the party secretary of Chongqing Automobile Factory and a native of Kunshan, went to Shanghai and its surrounding areas to investigate the automobile sales. He planned to open a new sales channel and took the opportunity to visit his hometown and his former teacher, Jin Da.

退休了的金达也知道昆山出了个横向联合的经验,看到自己的学生是大企业的领导,灵机ー动,就去告诉吴克铃,吴克铃叫协作办公室的王顺保去找陈世生,邀请他去看看几个厂。吴克铃说:“你看看昆山有没有可以为你们厂服务（配套）的地方?”陈世生觉得这是不可能的,他印象中的故乡エ业基础太薄弱,与重汽不可同日而语。但他看了几个厂以后,这种想法改变了。于是在中午吃饭时吴克铃就介绍了昆山的投资环境,透露了想联营的意向。陈世生说:“我回去商量一下,就给你答复。”

Jin Da, who was retired, knew about Kunshan's successful experience in horizontal collaboration. Seeing that his former student was a leader in a large enterprise, he was inspired and went to inform Wu Kequan. Wu Kequan then asked Wang Shunbao from the collaborative office to find Chen Shisheng and invite him to visit several factories in the area. Wu Kequan asked, "Can you see if there are any places in Kunshan that can provide services or support for your factory?" Chen Shisheng felt that this was impossible, as his impression of his hometown's industrial foundation was too weak and could not be compared to that of Chongqing Automobile Factory. However, after visiting several factories in Kunshan, his perspective changed. During lunch, Wu Kequan introduced the investment environment in Kunshan and revealed his intention to seek collaboration. Chen Shisheng replied, "I'll go back and discuss it with my colleagues, and then I'll tell you.”

没多久,电报来了,陈世生请昆山派人去谈联营的事。郑慧珍和金达ー起赶去,到了红岩汽车厂。原来这个厂在荒无人烟的山沟里,军エ改民用,产品生产了很多,但都积压在仓库里,销售上有许多难处,比如他们的汽车就进不了上海市区。郑慧珍说:“我们可以做工作,争取上海放宽政策,为重汽打开方便之门。”重汽的人将信将疑,心想,我重汽是国家一级企业,实カ和声誉不可谓不小,但努力了多少年也没能进入上海,你小小的昆山一个县就有这么大能耐?郑慧珍笑笑,没有把话说满,但说一定尽最大努力……

Not long after, a telegram arrived. Chen Shisheng invited Kunshan representatives to discuss the collaboration. Zheng Huijin and Jin Da went together and arrived at the Hongyan Automobile Factory. It turned out that this factory was located in a desolate mountain valley. It had transitioned from military to civilian use, and produced many products, but they were all stuck in the warehouse due to various sales difficulties. For example, their vehicles were not allowed to enter Shanghai. Zheng Huizhen said, "We can work hard to persuade Shanghai to relax its policies, opening a convenient path for Chongqing Automobile Factory.” People from the Chongqing Automobile Factory were skeptical, thinking that their factory was a national first-class enterprise with a considerable scale and reputation. Despite their efforts for many years, they still couldn't enter Shanghai. Could a small county like Kunshan really have such great capabilities? Zheng Hui Zhen just smiled, not making any promises, but assuring them that she would do her best.

回到昆山,郑慧珍向吴克铃汇报,吴说:“我们ー起做工作。”

Back in Kunshan, Zheng Huizhen reported to Wu Kequan, who said, "Let's work together on this.”

信不信由你,重汽的车进上海市区,这路就是昆山人打通的!

Believe it or not, it was the people of Kunshan who paved the way for Chongqing Automobile Factory to enter Shanghai's city center.

车子能进上海,不等于就有人要买你的车。这时候,昆山的农机二厂已濒临倒闭,双方谈妥,就在这个厂的基础上办联营厂。8月签约,9月就在昆山以联营厂名义开订货会。郑慧珍当场保证订货会销5辆。陈世生一听,瞪大了吃惊的眼睛,怀疑自己是不是听错了,然后就找个机会,偷偷地对她说:“你的口气是不是太大啊? 只要你能销2辆,我这个家乡人脸上就有了面子。”郑慧珍笑笑说:“陈书记您放心, 我不会给您丢脸的,到时候要销不了 5辆,我昆山也要把它吃下来!”
ー个月后,订货会开始了。这时的联营厂还没有成型,还没有牌子,就匆匆忙忙做了个木牌子,挂在农机二厂的大门口。重汽的人看了,不觉心灰意冷,对订货会根本就不抱多大希望。因为就在这个订货会前,他们在峨眉山也开过订货会,总共没有订出去三四辆,现在到昆山,在这么简陋可怜的ー个厂里开订货会,能有人要吗?

But just because the vehicles could enter Shanghai didn't mean people would buy them. At this time, Kunshan's Agricultural Machinery Factory No. 2 was on the verge of closing down. After negotiations between both parties, they decided to establish a joint venture factory based on the existing foundation of this factory. After signing the contract in August, a purchasing fair was held in September under the name of a joint venture factory. Zheng Huizhen promised on the spot to sell 5 cars at the fair. Chen Shisheng was very surprised when he heard this and began to doubt whether he had misheard. He quietly said to her, "Are you being too ambitious? As long as you can sell 2 cars, it will be a face-saving achievement for me as a local.” Zheng Huizhen smiled and said, "Secretary Chen, don't worry, I won't embarrass you. If I can't sell 5 cars, I'll bear the consequences myself." One month later, the purchasing fair began. At that time, the joint venture factory was not yet established and did not have a brand name. They hastily made a wooden sign and hung it at the entrance of the Kunshan's Agricultural Machinery Factory No. 2. The people from Chongqing Automobile Factory looked at the situation and felt disheartened, with little hope for the fair. This was because they had recently held a fair at Mount Emei, where only three or four vehicles were ordered. Now they were in Kunshan, holding another fair in a shabby and poor factory, and they wondered if anyone would even be interested in buying their trucks.

但是奇迹出现了:昆山的订货会签售60多辆,当年兑现的就有10多辆!

However, a miracle happened: the fair in Kunshan resulted in over 60 vehicles being sold, and over 10 of them were delivered that year!

“小昆山”ー鸣惊人!双方的“恋爱”以闪电式的速度结婚了,并且很快有了 “结晶”:双方各投资50%,由重汽提供汽车底盘,在昆山进行改装,1987年到!989 年,3年改装230辆之多;上海宝钢一期工程全是进ロ的“日野”,二期工程则全部采用昆山的改装汽车……

"Little Kunshan" - a marvel that resounds far and wide! The whirlwind romance between the two parties culminated in a lightning-fast marriage, and soon, a precious "crystallization" was born. Both parties invested 50% each, with Chongqing Automobile Factory providing the vehicle chassis, and modifications took place in Kunshan. From 1987 to 1989, an impressive 230 vehicles were modified over three years. While the first phase of the Shanghai Baosteel project exclusively used imported "Hino" vehicles, the second phase entirely adopted Kunshan's modified vehicles...

十三、昆山的“秘密武器”

13 Kunshan's "Secret Weapon”

横向联合的思路在吴克铃手里是ー篇得心应手永远也作不完的大文章。

The concept of horizontal collaboration effortlessly flourishes in the hands of Wu Kequan, like an endless masterpiece.

当昆山和上海联营的经验在外地推广以后,人们统统把“目标”集中到了上海,这时,吴克铃又把联合的思路延伸到了“三线”军エ企业,扩散到了全国各地; 而有些人在浅尝辄止小有所得就沾沾自喜的时候,吴克铃又把ー厂一品联合上升到全行业的联营,并在这个基础上又进ー步建立了纺织品出口基地。

After the successful joint venture between Kunshan and Shanghai was promoted in other regions, people's attention turned to Shanghai. At this point, Wu Kequan extended the idea of collaboration to "third-tier" military enterprises and spread it across the country. While some were content with their limited achievements after only having a small portion of success, Wu Kequan raised the collaboration from a single factory to an entire industry, and on this foundation, he took it a step further by establishing a textile export base.

这里先要说一下花桥镇新浦村的杨秋林。开始他带几个人到上海龙桥乡,在鸭棚里开出来一片整烫衬衫的工场。不久工场搬回新浦,一次农忙,有3万件美国童装急需整烫,他借了一台拖拉机,来回运货。一天一夜ー万件,三天三夜全部完成!后来周贵积担任上海衬衫总厂厂长,他看准大势,意欲扩大加工面。杨秋林听说,和乡长贝聿综ー起,主动提出,在花桥建联营厂。周贵积说:“要搞,就大刀阔斧,像模像样地干!”

First, we must mention Yang Qiulin from Xinpu Village, Huaqiao Town. Initially, he led a few people to Longqiao Township in Shanghai, where they set up a workshop for ironing shirts in a duck shed. Soon, the workshop was moved back to Xinpu. During a busy farming season, there was an urgent need to iron 30,000 American children's garments. He borrowed a tractor and transported the goods. In one day and one night, they finished 10,000 pieces, and in three days and three nights, they completed all of them! Later, when Zhou Guiji became the director of the Shanghai Shirt Factory, he saw the bigger picture and wanted to expand the processing scope. Upon hearing this, Yang Qiulin, along with the village head Bei Yuzong, took the initiative to propose building a joint venture factory in Huaqiao. Zhou Guiji said, "If you want to do it, do it boldly and make it decent!”

机不可失。回来后,他们先后征地30.5亩,同时到县里去贷款。黄继忠、郑慧珍两个副县长还有县政府办公室曾勇、经委宣炳龙、计委戴修良等,拧成一股劲,全カ以赴跑上海,疏通关节,筹集资金,忙得不亦乐乎。当年9月,就草签协议,双方各投资100万元,联营办厂生产出口衬衫。

Not wanting to miss the opportunity, they returned and successively requisitioned 30.5 acres of land, while also applying for loans from the county. Deputy county chiefs Huang Jizhong and Zheng Huizhen, along with Zeng Yong from the county government office, Xuan Binglong from the Economic Commission, and Dai Xiuliang from the Planning Commission, joined forces and went all out to visit Shanghai. They cleared obstacles, raised funds, and busied themselves with great enthusiasm. In September of that year, a preliminary agreement was signed, with both parties investing one million yuan each to establish a joint venture factory producing shirts for exportation.

年底,周贵积厂长带了一批人到昆山来专门看望吴克铃,表示衷心的感谢。他说:“我在上海要搞这么个分厂,别的不说,光图章就要盖72个,72个圆图章至少要跑3年。”这就是说,在上海3年办不成的事,昆山3个月就办成了。

By the end of the year, Factory Director Zhou Guiji brought a group of people to Kunshan to visit Wu Kequan personally, expressing their heartfelt gratitude. He said, "If I were to set up such a branch factory in Shanghai, I would have to get 72 official seals at least, and it would take at least three years.” This means that what couldn't be accomplished in Shanghai in three years was achieved in Kunshan in just three months.

吴克铃想的却是另一面,他真诚地说:“要我们自己搞,3年也达不到出口水平;在你们的帮助下,3个月就全部出口了,所以应该是我们感谢你们

This means that what couldn't be accomplished in Shanghai in three years was achieved in Kunshan in just three months. Wu Kequan, however, saw another aspect of the situation. He sincerely said, "If we were to do it ourselves, it would take us three years to meet the export standards; with your help, we've managed to do it within three months. Therefore, it should be us who are grateful to you.”

真心实意,又是互惠互利,衬衫厂的前途越发光明了。吴克铃抓住这个契机, 几次奔走于上海和昆山之间,力主把衬衫厂办成上海的分厂。上海方面也感到和昆山打交道可信可靠,便让衬衫厂!985年7月15日正式挂牌:上海衬衫厂分厂。

With sincerity and mutual benefit, the future of the shirt factory became even brighter. Wu Kequan seized this opportunity and traveled several times between Shanghai and Kunshan, advocating for the shirt factory to become a branch of the Shanghai factory. The Shanghai side also felt that dealing with Kunshan was trustworthy and reliable, so on July 15, 1985, the shirt factory was officially designated as the Shanghai Shirt Factory Branch.

吴克铃请上海派人来当厂长。

Wu Kequan invited someone from Shanghai to serve as the factory director.

有人不理解:一个杨秋林就够了 ,为什么还要请个上海人?

Some people didn't understand, arguing that Yang Qiulin was enough, so why bring in someone from Shanghai?

吴克铃说:“上海的管理水平高,再说,人总是要面子的。来了厂长,就会更加用心出力,联营就会更牢靠,分厂就会办得更好……”

Wu Kequan explained, "Shanghai has a high level of management, and besides, people always care about their reputation. With the arrival of the new factory director, they will be more dedicated and make greater efforts, the joint venture will be more stable, and the branch factory will operate even better..."

事实证明,他的观点是正确的。这一年,新上两条流水线,生产衬衫54万件, 产值540万元,创利50万元,创汇125万美元;截至1989年已经有8条流水线,产值1540万元,创利270万元,创汇850万美元,均为全市村办企业之冠。

The facts proved that his viewpoint was correct. In that year, two new assembly lines were set up, producing 540,000 shirts with a production value of 5.4 million yuan, generating a profit of 500,000 yuan, and earning 1.25 million US dollars in foreign exchange. By 1989, there were already eight assembly lines, with a production value of 15.4 million yuan, generating a profit of 2.7 million yuan, and earning 8.5 million US dollars in foreign exchange, ranking first among all village-run enterprises in the city.

吴克铃明确宣布:“所有的联营厂,凡是条件具备的,都请上海（或其他省市）人当厂长。”

Wu Kequan explicitly announced, "For all joint venture factories that meet the conditions, we will invite people from Shanghai (or other provinces and cities) to serve as factory directors.”

苏州市有个领导说:“这是昆山的’秘密武器’厂’

A leader from Suzhou commented, "This is Kunshan's 'secret weapon.'”

为什么昆山的联营厂一般不是貌合神离而是貌联神合?为什么都说上海人很 “精”不好打交道,而昆山和上海的联营却越来越广泛、越来越紧密?

Why is it that Kunshan's joint venture factories are generally united in spirit, rather than only in appearance? Why is it that despite people saying that Shanghai people are cunning and difficult to deal with, the collaboration between Kunshan and Shanghai is becoming more extensive and closer?

因为吴克铃不俗,所以昆山人不俗。

It's because Wu Kequan is extraordinary, and so are the people of Kunshan.

俗,可能精明,但不可能高明;不俗,可能不精明,但可能高明。

Ordinary people might be smart, but not necessarily brilliant; extraordinary people might not be cunning, but they can be brilliant.

高人不多。

There are not many brilliant people.

高人在,能人幸;高人无,能人再多也无用。

When a brilliant person is present, capable people are fortunate; without a brilliant person, even a large number of capable people will be of no use.

ー县如此,一市一省一国也如此。

The same applies to a county, a city, a province, or even a nation.

昆山人不俗,吴克铃不俗,上海人也不俗,梅寿椿、王金林也不俗,所以有了一个衬衫分厂,接着又有了五个纺织行业的联营厂。

The people of Kunshan are extraordinary, as are Wu Kequan, the people of Shanghai, Mei Shouchun, and Wang Jinlin. Thus, a shirt factory was established, followed by five joint-venture textile factories.

六个厂,虽然少得可怜,但作为ー种努力方向,上海和昆山的纺织行业实行了全行业的联营。

Despite being only six factories, a humble number, they marked a new direction in the joint efforts of Shanghai and Kunshan's textile industries, which pursued collaboration across the entire sector.

当然,吴克铃想的是下ー步。

Naturally, Wu Kequan was thinking about the next step.

1986年4月,昆山县人民政府与上海市纺织エ业局开始商谈建立纺织出口基地的事。

In April 1986, the Kunshan County People's Government and the Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau began discussions on establishing a textile export base.

3月15日,吴克铃和王金林专程去南京,向省长顾秀莲汇报了这个打算。顾秀莲给予充分的肯定,她说:“昆山与上海联合,起步迟,起点高,效果好,对国家、对上海、对昆山都有好处,路子是对的。”

On March 15th, Wu Kequan and Wang Jinlin made a special trip to Nanjing to report their plans to Gu Xiulian, Governor of Jiangsu province. Gu Xiulian gave her full affirmation, saying: "The collaboration between Kunshan and Shanghai, though late in its start, has a high starting point and has yielded excellent results. It benefits the nation, Shanghai, and Kunshan. This is the right path."

顾秀莲又及时向省委书记韩培信汇报。韩培信明确表示支持,并指示省里有关部门主动配合,不要“打坝”。

Gu Xiulian also promptly reported to the Provincial Party Secretary Han Peixin. Han Peixin expressed his clear support and instructed the relevant departments in the province to actively cooperate and not to "block" the initiative.

在这期间,纺织エ业部何副部长也积极做工作,促成昆山和上海的联营升级。

During this period, Deputy Director He of the Textile Industry Department also worked actively to promote the upgrade of the joint venture between Kunshan and Shanghai.

4月3日到4日,上海市纺织エ业局局长梅寿椿、副局长王金林,昆山县委书记毛阳青,县长吴克铃,副县长汪国兴、郑慧珍,还有上海市经委顾问龚兆源,ー起在昆山进行了为期两天的会谈。作为这个会谈的结果,签订了在昆山建立“上海纺织品出口联合生产基地”的协议。

On April 3rd and 4th, Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau Director Mei Shouchun, Deputy Director Wang Jinlin, Kunshan County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing, County Mayor Wu Kequan, Deputy County Mayors Wang Guoxing and Zheng Huizhen, as well as Shanghai Economic Commission consultant Gong Zhaoyuan, all gathered in Kunshan for a two-day conference. As a result of this meeting, an agreement was signed to establish the "Shanghai Textile Products Export Joint Production Base" in Kunshan.

联营的作用,合作的威力,ー个正确的思路所能够释放出来的能量是没有止境的。正是依靠这条路子以及这条路子所积累的实カ和思想,1987年,在全县14个重点项目全部完成并投产见效的基础上,吴克铃又组织了第二个大的“战役”一再上29个重点建设项目。除极个别外,已陆续竣工投产……

The impact of joint ventures, the power of cooperation, and the energy that can be unleashed by a correct approach are boundless. It is precisely by relying on this path and the practical experience and ideas it has accumulated that in 1987, Wu Kequan organized the second major "campaign" – launching 29 core projects – on the basis of completing and achieving results for all 14 key projects across the county. With only a few exceptions, these projects have been successively completed and put into operation...

十四、费孝通说“很好”

14 Fei Xiaotong Says "Very Good”

去年10月,吴克铃在苏州向费孝通先生汇报他的经济思路,在讲到“三线”エ业时说:“过去那些地方我们不能看,保密厂,谁敢去?中央提出搞活国有企业, ’三线‘的军エ厂要扩散,我们就主动去看了。有些厂的设备封存20年了,从来没人动过,人呢,也ー样,等于封存。我说,我们拿产品来生产,行不行?他们不积极; 到我们这里来做,他们愿意了。我们环境好,位置优越,所以他们有积极性。我认为,国家应该支持他们出来。”

In October last year, Wu Kequan reported his economic ideas to Mr. Fei Xiaotong in Suzhou. Speaking about the "Third Tier" industries, he said: "In the past, we could not visit those places, as they were confidential factories; who would dare to go? When the central government proposed revitalizing state-owned enterprises, the 'Third Tier' military factories were to be dispersed, and we took the initiative to visit them. Some factory equipment had been sealed for 20 years, never touched by anyone. The same applies to the people, who were virtually in storage as well.” I asked, 'Can we use these products for production, is it feasible?' They were not enthusiastic; but when we invited them to work with us, they were willing. Our environment is good, and our location is advantageous, so they were motivated. I believe our country should support their integration into the broader economy.”

费孝通点点头,赞同他的意见。

Fei Xiaotong nodded his head, agreeing with Wu Kequan's opinion.

吴克铃进ー步阐述自己的想法:“开始我们也担心,与’三线‘军エ企业合资办企业,会不会动摇’三线’大本营军心?实践证明,搞了联营,非但没有动摇军心, 反而更稳定了。比如,我们与航天部风华机器厂联营办了风华冰箱厂昆山分厂,开始贵州有些担心,实际上,这个厂有不少技术人员是南方人,比如上海人,在贵州好多年,一直想回来,但调动很困难,有的工作也不安心。现在办了分厂,一些工程技术人员可以来昆山安家落户,到上海也很近,可以早晨来昆山上班,傍晚回到家里休息,这样大家都很满意。而且,国家一旦需要,这些人还可以回到大本营。”

Wu Kequan further elaborated on his thoughts: "At the beginning, we were also worried that establishing joint ventures with 'Third Tier' military enterprises might shake the foundation of the 'Third Tier' military spirit. However, practice has shown that forming joint ventures not only didn't undermine the military spirit but, in fact, made it more stable.” For instance, we established a joint venture with the Aerospace Department's Fenghua Machinery Factory to create the Fenghua Refrigerator Factory's Kunshan branch. Initially, there was some concern from Guizhou, but in reality, many of the factory's technical staff were from the south, such as Shanghai natives. They had been in Guizhou for many years and had always wanted to return but found it difficult to relocate, which affected their focus on work. Now that the branch factory has been established, some of the engineering and technical personnel can settle down in Kunshan. It's also close to Shanghai, so they can commute to Kunshan for work in the morning and return home to rest in the evening. This arrangement has left everyone satisfied. Moreover, if our country needs them, these people can return to their original posts."

费孝通高兴地说:“你支持了我的’三线’军エ企业扩散论!”

Fei Xiaotong happily responded, "You have supported my theory of the dispersion of 'Third Tier' military enterprises!”

第二天,费孝通就到了昆山。临行前,他就说:“可以让新华社发个消息,说我到昆山实地调查,开发区的情况很好。”

The next day, Fei Xiaotong arrived in Kunshan. Before leaving, he said, "You can let Xinhua News Agency release a news item, saying that I have come to Kunshan for an on-site investigation, and the situation in the development zone is very good.”

考察的结果是十分满意的。昆山的实践、吴克铃的思路,与费孝通长期研究所形成的理论框架不谋而合。昆山之路就是强国之路。要强国,就必须把经济搞上去,而发展经济只能靠自力更生。昆山之路之所以可贵,就在于不是你要我发展经济搞开发区,而是我自己要改革开放要搞开发区,所以オ不是眼睛向上伸手要钱, 而是眼睛向下动手苦干!不在编、不正名、不给政策也干,只要对国家有利、于人民有益、符合改革开放的大势就坚决地干。缺人才、缺资金、缺技术就“横向”联营, 把东西南北风都借来。没有条件自己创造条件,创造出ー个实实在在生机勃勃的开发区,然后让你大吃ー惊,不得不佩服,也不得不承认:昆山之路是成功之路,也是强国之路……

The inspection results were highly satisfactory. The practice in Kunshan and Wu Kequan's ideas coincided with the theoretical framework formed by Fei Xiaotong's long-term research. The path of Kunshan is the path to a strong country. To strengthen the nation, it is essential to boost the economy, which can only be achieved through self-reliance. The value of the Kunshan path lies in the fact that it is not about others urging us to develop the economy and create development zones; instead, it is about our own desire for reform and opening up and our commitment to establishing development zones. As a result, we do not look up and ask for money, but instead, look down and work hard! We will persevere in our efforts, even without official approval, formal recognition, or policy support, as long as they are beneficial to the country, the people, and in line with the general trend of reform and opening up. When facing a lack of talent, funds, or technology, we resort to "horizontal" joint ventures, borrowing resources from all directions. Without existing conditions, we create our own and establish a thriving development zone. Then, we surprise everyone, making them admire and acknowledge that the Kunshan path is a path to success and a path to a strong country...

在考察中,费老还发现,昆山不但有吴克铃这样经验丰富、思路明晰的决策者和身体カ行的领导,还有一批能量都极其充沛的人。昆山虽小,却不可等闲视之; 昆山起步虽迟,但是一旦觉醒,就疾步起飞,因为在这里有一群不凡不俗、锐意进取的能人志士。

During the investigation, Mr. Fei also discovered that not only did Kunshan have experienced and clear-minded decision-makers like Wu Kequan and hands-on leaders, but also a group of people with immense energy. Although Kunshan is small, it should not be taken lightly. Though Kunshan's start was late, once awakened, it quickly takes off, as there is a group of extraordinary, ambitious, and enterprising talents here.

费老高龄,难得有机会到昆山一回,吴克铃诚恳地请他题词留念。一向不喜欢多题字的费孝通先生,这次却毫不吝惜地写下了八个字:

昆山有玉玉在其人

Because of his advanced age, Mr. Fei rarely had the opportunity to visit Kunshan. Wu Kequan sincerely asked him to write an inscription as a memento. Mr. Fei Xiaotong, who usually didn't like to write many inscriptions, generously wrote eight characters this time: 昆山有玉玉在其人 (Kunshan has talents, and they are the true treasures)

十五、“借鸡生蛋”的风波

15 The "Borrowing to Create Wealth" Philosophy

1985年1月,王金华担任城北乡党委书记。他遇到的第一个问题就是学校老师纷纷要求调动。学校条件太差了,中学建造在泥潭之中,下雨上班自行车没法推,只好扛在肩上……这当然是由来已久的问题,他却感到有愧,为此想到要为老百姓办点事。

In January 1985, Wang Jinhua took office as the Party Secretary of the northern part of the county Township. The first problem he encountered was that schoolteachers were requesting transfers in large numbers. The school's conditions were too poor, with the middle school built in a muddy area where it was impossible to walk their bicycles when it rained, leaving teachers no choice but to carry them on their shoulders. This longstanding problem weighed on him, and he wanted to do something for the people.

但是城北没有钱,穷。过去说“白手起家”,而真正的“白手”是根本不可能起家的。无米之炊,无鸡生蛋,岂不是天方夜谭?

However, the northern part of the county was financially struggling and had no money to spare. In the past, people talked about "starting from scratch," but in reality, it was nearly impossible to achieve anything with truly empty hands. How could one cook without rice or lay eggs without chickens? Wasn't it just a pipe dream?

这时候,吴克铃也面临着同样ー个问题:昆山要发展,开发区要实施,没有钱, 只好唱“空城计”。在综合分析和冷静思考的基础上,他提出借钱办企业,办好企业再还债,边借债、边生产、边还债。他明确倡导的横向联合,其动因或说是目的之一,就是通过横联引进资金。借鸡生蛋,有了蛋就可以孵小鸡,鸡可还鸡,也可以再生蛋。深奥的经济学原理被他用浅显的比喻说得让很多人开了窍。从此“借鸡生蛋”伴随着横向联合的构思,成为昆山发展经济的又一个公开的秘密。

At that time, Wu Kequan faced a similar problem: Kunshan needed development, and the development zone had to be implemented. Without money, the only option was to rely on a "bluffing strategy.” Based on comprehensive analysis and calm consideration, he proposed borrowing money to run enterprises, repaying debts after the enterprises were well-established, and continuously borrowing, producing, and repaying debts. He explicitly advocated for horizontal collaboration, and one of the driving forces or objectives was to introduce capital. Borrowing chickens to lay eggs allowed one to hatch chicks from the eggs, repay the borrowed chickens, and even produce more eggs. He explained the profound economic principles with a simple analogy, enlightening many people. From then on, "borrowing chickens to lay eggs" accompanied the concept of horizontal collaboration, becoming another public secret in Kunshan's economic development.

王金华就是照这个思路去做的,只是他做得比别人更大胆、更彻底,也更富有创造性。

Wang Jinhua followed this train of thought, but he was bolder, more thorough, and more creative than others.

党委九个人,六个搞经济。他们用艰苦拼命的精神、用诚恳专ー的信誉、用使人信服的效益东进上海,北去京都,四面八方,筹借资金。别人摸不着的门槛,他们
熟门熟路;别人不敢进的单位,他们被待若上宾;别人连想都不敢想的资金,他们照样能借得来……

Out of the nine members of the party committee, six were engaged in economic work. With their relentless determination, sincere dedication, and convincing achievements, Wu Kequan and their team managed to expand their influence in various directions, from Shanghai in the east to Beijing in the north, raising funds from all sides. They were familiar with thresholds others couldn't touch, welcomed as esteemed guests in places others dared not enter, and able to borrow funds others couldn't even imagine.

有了钱就办企业,办好企业赚了钱就好还债,也好发展生产为当地老百姓做实事。

With money in hand, they established businesses. By running successful businesses, they repaid their debts and contributed to local development, benefiting the common people.

原先,这里沟沟坎坎、坑坑洼洼,只有几家零散的小企业和几个不成型的村落, 如今,这里已经是个名副其实的“昆山大世界” 了。

What was once a place filled with ditches, potholes, a few scattered small enterprises, and underdeveloped villages, has now become a thriving "Kunshan World" in its true sense.

苏州市委副书记周治华在城北调查后,总结出这么几句:教育为本,科技兴乡, 文化搭台,经济唱戏。

After investigating the northern part of Suzhou, the Deputy Secretary of Suzhou Municipality Zhou Zhihua summarized the key elements of their success: "Education as the foundation, technology for rural prosperity, culture as the stage, and economy as the performance.”

然而,就是这么ー个乡,就是在短短几年中使城北发生了几乎是不可思议的变化的王金华,却遭到了强烈的非议。

However, despite the almost unbelievable transformation of the area in just a few years, Wang Jinhua, who played a crucial role in the development, has faced strong criticism.

非议和责难的焦点集中在借债上。

The focus of the criticism and blame centers on the debt.

吴克铃再清楚不过,发难的由头在城北,而真正的矛头还在县委县政府,在于他这个领头人。

Wu Kequan is well aware that the real issue lies not only in the northern part of the city but also in the county party committee and the county government, as well as in their own leadership, himself.

再说,基层的干部辛辛苦苦拼命工作遭到不公正的议论和责难时,作为上ー级的党委和政府,如漠不关心听之任之的话,其后果必将挫伤积极性,再要继续实现昆山经济的稳步高速发展就不可能了一谁还愿做出头椽子,谁还肯拼命卖カ呢?

Furthermore, when grassroots officials who have worked tirelessly face unfair criticism and blame, if the higher-level party committee and government remain indifferent and unresponsive, the consequences will inevitably dampen enthusiasm. In such a situation, it would be impossible to continue realizing the steady and rapid economic development of Kunshan, as no one would be willing to take the lead or put in their utmost effort.

这当然不是一般性的工作方法上的分歧。

This is certainly not just a general disagreement in work methods.

1988年11月,吴克铃带了顾厚德,“不带任何框框”,到城北实地调查。他们先听汇报,然后要王金华和乡长余增荣把几张报表拿出来,当然是正规的统计报表。而且,在昆山谁都知道,吴克铃是经济上的行家、通オ,无论怎么样也是无法瞒过他的眼睛的。他这次来,就是要掌握第一手资料,就是要看ー看,他构思中的ー个必要环节一“借鸡生蛋”到底效果如何,值不值得推广?

In November 1988, Wu Kequan, accompanied by Gu Houde, conducted a field investigation in the northern part of the city without any preconceptions. They first listened to a report and then asked Wang Jinhua and Township Mayor Yu Zengrong to present several statistical reports, which were, of course, official and standardized. In Kunshan, everyone knew that Wu Kequan was an expert in economics and had a keen eye; it would be impossible to deceive him. His purpose for this visit was to obtain firsthand information and to assess the effectiveness of a crucial element in his plan – "borrowing to create wealth." He wanted to determine whether this approach was worth promoting.

看了报表,不看企业。吴克铃心中有底了。

After reviewing the reports, Wu Kequan didn't even need to visit the enterprises, as he already had a clear understanding.

外面说欠几个亿,实际上当时只有几千万。

Contrary to the rumors of owing billions, the actual debt at that time was only tens of millions.

还有生的“蛋”呢?

What about the "wealth" created?

还有城北乡的老百姓得到的实惠和好处呢?

What about the tangible benefits and advantages enjoyed by the local people in the northern part?

还有企业的后劲、企业的未来、企业的经济效益呢?

What about the enterprises' potential, future, and economic returns?

如果不借债,如果不联营,城北绝不可能有今天,更不可能有将来!

Without borrowing and forming partnerships, the northern part of the city would not have been able to achieve what it has today, let alone have a future.

吴克铃从城北的经验中进ー步确认和丰富了自己的路子,他和顾ー起草拟了提纲,吴克铃的观点、思路、对城北的肯定和支持,全都由顾写成了一篇长稿。

Wu Kequan's experiences in the northern part of the county further confirmed and enriched his approach. He and Gu drafted an outline, and Gu wrote a detailed report reflecting Wu Kequan's viewpoints, thoughts, and affirmation and support for the northern part of the county.

县委常委就这事做了专门讨论后,决定在城北召开ー个现场会,把全县的乡镇长和党委书记,还有县机关部委办局的头头们都召集到城北,到那里看企业,听介绍,各自发表意见,进行开放式的讨论。然后,县委书记毛阳青根据吴克铃的调查代表县委县政府做了总结报告。

After a special discussion among the members of the County Party Committee, it was decided to hold a field meeting in the northern part of the county. Township mayors, party committee secretaries from the entire county, as well as leaders from county-level departments, bureaus, and offices were all invited. There, they would visit the enterprises, listen to introductions, express their opinions, and engage in open discussions. Subsequently, County Party Secretary Mao Yangqing made a summary report on behalf of the county party committee and the county government, based on Wu Kequan's investigation.

明朗而坚决的态度给王金华撑了腰,给全县基层干部鼓了劲,也给了吴克铃本人ー种启示:作为领导,无论在什么情况下,总要站在实干的同志一边,要理解他们、支持他们、保护他们、提拔他们……

The clear and resolute attitude bolstered Wang Jinhua, motivated grassroots officials throughout the county, and also provided Wu Kequan with personal inspiration: As a leader, under any circumstances, they must always stand by those who are dedicated to their work, understanding, supporting, protecting, and promoting them.

于是昆山把城北作为ー个典型报到苏州市委,市委书记高德正到城北调查之后,又把城北作为苏州市的典型加以推广……

As a result, Kunshan presented the northern part of the county as a model to the Suzhou Municipal Party Committee. After the Suzhou Municipal Party Secretary Gao Dezheng visited the northern part of the city for an investigation, the city also promoted it as a model for Suzhou.

今年春,吴克铃在谈到这件事时,仍然记忆犹新。高德正说,借债问题,其实是从小农经济向社会主义集体化生产转变的ー个观念问题。中国农民祖祖辈辈梦想的只是ー头老牛一方田,自给自足,一旦负债,就要卖儿卖女,每到年关,就提心吊胆。共和国成立后,互助组合作化,后来“共产风”走极端,翻来覆去,总没把社会主义这个题目说清楚,也没有从西方的发展中吸取有益成分,所以ー听说借债,就怕得不得了,几十万、几百万哪!哪年哪月还得清? 一个包袱压得直不起腰抬不起头。其实,不在于借不借债,也不在于借多借少,关键是项目有没有吃准,吃准了, 再多再大的债也应该借!

This spring, Wu Kequan still vividly remembers the incident when talking about it. Gao Dezheng said that the issue of borrowing is actually a conceptual problem in the transition from a small-scale peasant economy to socialist collective production. For generations, Chinese farmers have dreamed of having just an ox and a piece of land, being self-sufficient. Once in debt, they would have to sell their children, and they would be anxious every year-end. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, mutual aid groups were formed, and then extreme "communist winds" blew. Through it all, the issue of socialism was never clarified, and useful elements from Western development were not absorbed. Therefore, when people heard about borrowing, they became extremely fearful. How could they ever repay hundreds of thousands or millions of debt? It would weigh heavily on them, preventing them from standing tall and raising their heads. In fact, the issue is not about whether to borrow or not, nor is it about the amount of borrowing. The key is whether the projects are accurately assessed. If they are, then even large debts should be borrowed!

高德正又说到,小农经济思想是改革的一大阻カ,昆山也是农业县,现在要改革开放,从某种意义上来说,就是要跳出昆山这个小圈子、小天地,不跳出这个小圈子、小天地,就永远是小生产、小经济、小家子气,也永远不可能把昆山这个小地方建设好。

Gao Dezheng also mentioned that the small-scale peasant economy mindset is a significant obstacle to reform. As an agricultural county, Kunshan needs to break free from this narrow perspective as it undergoes reform and opening up. Without transcending this limited mindset, Kunshan will always be characterized by small-scale production, a modest economy, and narrow-mindedness, making it impossible to fully develop and prosper.

高德正还说到和吴克铃说过的大同小异的ー些观点:改革也是政治,改革需要思想,改革不可能只是单纯的经济;没有思想,不懂政治的人,不可能搞好改革,不可能搞好经济,相反还会影响经济的发展,阻碍改革的前进。

Gao Dezheng also mentioned some similar views to those expressed by Wu Kequan: Reform is political, it requires thought, and it cannot be purely economic. Without ideas and understanding of politics, one cannot carry out successful reforms or manage the economy well. On the contrary, it would hinder economic development and obstruct reform progress.

用小农经济的思想来参加改革、建设社会主义,恐怕这オ是中国最大的悲哀, 也是最大的误区。

Participating in reform and building socialism with a small-scale peasant economy mindset is perhaps China's greatest tragedy and the biggest misconception.

为什么ー些人把社会主义称作，，乌托邦，，？

Why do some people refer to socialism as a "utopia"?

因为中国选择了社会主义而社会主义给中国的好处来得太慢也太少。

It's because China chose socialism, and the benefits it brought to China have been slow and scarce.

要告别乌托邦赶走乌托邦这个令人丧气的乌鸦,那就必须告别小生产的观念, 首先把封建封闭和保守愚昧这个恶魔赶走!

To move away from the utopian ideal and eliminate the discouraging aspect of utopia, we must first abandon the concept of small-scale production, and drive away the demons of feudalism, closed-mindedness, and conservative ignorance!

好在从中央到地方（比如昆山）已经有越来越多的人想到了这一点,并且正在用顽强的毅カ和坚忍不拔的意志朝着既定的方向跋涉攀缘。

Fortunately, the increasing awareness, from both central and local governments (such as Kunshan), is encouraging, and with persistence and resilience, they are moving forward in the right direction.

吴克铃的思路或者说昆山之路,正是与这个基本点吻合,否则,他就不会花那
么大的精力和财カ办教育,也不会不惜一切引进人才、培养人才,更不会在风雨浪头上挺身而出,关怀和保护每ー个为社会主义增添光色的人才。

Wu Kequan's approach, or the "Kunshan Path," aligns with this fundamental point. Otherwise, he would not have invested so much energy and resources in education, nor would he have spared no effort to introduce and cultivate talent. Moreover, he would not have stood up in the face of adversity to care for and protect every individual who contributes to the vibrancy of socialism.

第四章拥有了千万个笑容

Chapter 4 A Million Smiles

十六、第一个吃螃蟹的人

16 The First One to Taste the Crab

岁月是ー张网,人总是在ー张网的世界里生活。大网如天,恢宏无比,你要冲破这张网犹如揪住自己的头发离开地球ー样地不可能,而且网眼到处都是,漏洞随时可见,于是乎青春和爱情包括机会和机遇,都在默默地不知不觉中漏掉了、失落了……

Time is like a net, and people always live in a world woven by this net. Time is like a net, and people always live in a world woven by this net. The vast net is as expansive as the sky, and breaking through it is as impossible as lifting oneself off the earth by pulling one's hair. The net's openings are everywhere, with flaws visible at any time. As a result, youth, love, opportunities, and chances slip away unnoticed and are lost...

1984年秋,一位患过小儿麻痹症的中年人在昆山城区东侧的泥路上踽踽行走。他永远随身携带着他的公文包,也总有一副近视眼镜伴随着他。他站定,用ー条健康的腿支撑着他的身体,又用ー只结实的手在半空中虚画了一个圆圈,嘴里不由得念念有词

In the autumn of 1984, a middle-aged man who had suffered from polio walked alone on a muddy road in the eastern Kunshan. He always carried his briefcase with him and was always accompanied by a pair of nearsighted glasses. He stood still, supporting his body with one healthy leg, and with a strong hand, he drew an imaginary circle in the air while murmuring to himself.

他是日本苏旺你有限公司的老板三好先生。

He was Mr. Miyoshi, the owner of the Japanese Suwang Co., Ltd.

他怎么到昆山来的?

How did he end up in Kunshan?

这又是ー个偶然而又必然的结果。

This was a result of both chance and inevitability.

那天,吴克铃接到ー个电话,是计委汤帆打来的,汤帆说他和银行何副行长到苏州去,偶然听说苏州中国银行的人说昆山有手套厂,日本人搞合资联合生产手套,怎么到XX县而不到昆山?这个信息立刻使吴克铃想到了经济开发区的未来, 第二天,他就跑苏州,到轻エ局,然后到计委找主任陈辉。陈辉也是第一次和外国人谈项目,就说,昆山和XX竞争,谁条件好就给谁。

One day, Wu Kequan received a phone call from Tang Fan of the Planning Commission. Tang Fan said that he and Vice President He from the bank went to Suzhou, and they accidentally heard from the Bank of China in Suzhou that there was a glove factory in Kunshan. A Japanese company was involved in a joint venture for glove production, but why did they go to XX County instead of Kunshan? This information immediately made Wu Kequan think of the future of the Economic Development Zone. The next day, he went to Suzhou, visited the Light Industry Bureau, and then went to the Planning Commission to find Director Chen Hui. It was also the first time that Chen Hui had discussed a project with foreigners, and he said that Kunshan and XX County were competing, and the project would go to whoever had better conditions.

吴克铃的高明之处就在于,一旦看准了,就死抓住不放。

Wu Kequan's brilliance was that once he set his sights on something, he would hold on to it relentlessly.

他ー连跑了七趟苏州!

He made seven trips to Suzhou!

正式谈判开始了。副县长李锦舫、郑慧珍、夏梁鑫先后出场。谈得很艰苦,有一次,好动感情的三好先生竟然激动得哭了起来〇

The formal negotiations began. Vice county mayors Li Jinfang, Zheng Huijin, and Xia Liangxin took turns participating in the discussions. The negotiations were tough. At one point, the emotional Mr. Miyoshi was even moved to tears.

最后,吴克铃出面拍板,很快达成了协议,于是双方设宴庆祝,三好在和吴克铃碰杯时,突然激动得放声大哭!

In the end, Wu Kequan stepped in and quickly reached an agreement. The two parties held a celebratory banquet, and Mr. Miyoshi burst into tears again when he toasted with Wu Kequan.

吴克铃是个绝对经济型人才,但他又绝对不是个纯经济学家。在中国,除了搞专门研究的理论家和学者教授外,你要做个“纯粹”的经济领导或企业家是根本不可能的。政治是经济的集中表现,经济是政治的物质基础。搞经济不可能完全脱离政治,没有思想没有政治头脑是不可能搞好经济的。改革开放,是政治还是经济?既有政治也有经济。如果ー个人的目光仅仅囿于ー个厂ー个县的小范围,那归根结底也只能是小生产小农经济,又怎么可能和社会主义大生产大经济搭得上边?所以吴克铃着眼在经济,而又清楚大政策的导向;着眼在昆山,又把握着大经济的趋势。也正因此,他能够抓住契机,办成了这个合资企业。

Wu Kequan was an exceptional economic talent, but he was not a pure economist. In China, apart from specialized theorists and scholars, it is virtually impossible to be a "pure" economic leader or entrepreneur. Politics is the concentrated expression of economics, and economics is the material basis of politics. Economics cannot be completely separated from politics, and it is impossible to manage the economy well without ideas and political acumen. Is reform and opening up primarily political or economic? In fact, it encompasses aspects of both politics and economics. If one's vision is limited to the small scope of a single factory or county, then ultimately, it can only be small-scale production and a peasant economy. How can that possibly be compatible with the large-scale production and economy of socialism? Therefore, Wu Kequan focused on economics while clearly understanding the direction of major policies; he concentrated on Kunshan while keeping an eye on the broader economic trends. It was precisely for this reason that he was able to seize the opportunity and establish this joint venture.

是的,三好接触过不少中方官员和企业界人士,但他很难遇到像吴克铃这样的人一既懂经济,人又厚道;既不会让你无代价地占便宜,又要让你得到好处……

Indeed, Mr. Miyoshi had encountered many Chinese officials and business people, but it was difficult for him to find someone like Wu Kequan – someone who understood economics and was also a person of integrity; someone who would not let you take advantage without giving something in return but would still ensure you benefited from the cooperation.

跟这样的官员打交道,他有一种安全感。

Dealing with such an official, Mr. Miyoshi felt a sense of security.

他说:“吴先生,我很高兴能结识你……”

He said, "Mr. Wu, I am delighted to have met you...”

吴克铃说:“祝我们合作愉快,让我们双方都能赚大钱!”

1985年3月,苏州市也是江苏省县级第一家中外合资企业“中国苏旺你有限公司”正式开エ投产了。

现在,我们似乎可以对“昆山之路”或吴克铃的思路做一个简单明确的表述

东依上海,西托“三线”。内联乡村,面向全国,走向世界。

因为在实践中逐步形成了这样ー个比较完整的思路,所以吴克铃“敢为天下先”。“先”不是出格,“先”是在总体上把握住国情国策和改革开放的大势,因而 “先”得不俗、“先”得不凡、“先”得有板有眼、“先”得有声有色。也正因为此,别人不敢想的他想了,别人不敢做的他做了,等到别人也想到也做到的时候,他又把文章做活了、做深了、做得更加丰富多彩得心应手了……

紧接着,吴克铃又率先搞了土地有偿出让和企业兼并……

至1990年初,全市已有40多家企业被外地大企业或本地优势企业兼并,效益普遍看好。

跟着感觉走

紧抓住梦的手

脚步越来越轻越来越快活

尽情挥洒自己的笑容

当ー个人的思路、ー个人的オ干趋于成熟的时候,犹如一个成熟而又具有自己个性的作家,做起文章来就不会打疙瘩,就会“尽情挥洒自己的笑容”,就会敢于出奇兵,用大笔横书,做无人敢做的文章。土地转让,企业兼并,就如开头的横向联合、自费经济开发区ー样,无不出人意料,细想却又在情理之中……

十七、“昆山之路”

写到这里,我们可以对“昆山之路”做ー个数字上的表述了。

1978年,昆山的工业产值只有2.2亿元。

1983年,增加到5.7亿元,5年翻了一番多。

1984年,吴克铃担任县长,从此昆山的经济发展纳入了他的思路之中。

1989年,エ业产值4〇. 34亿元,比1983年增长6倍;外贸收购额4. 092亿元, 比1983年增长近20倍;财政收入1.23亿元,比!983年增长!21% ;人均生产总值 3256 元,增长 290%。

全市工业固定资产总额1〇个亿,1。亿富翁,是1978年的!3倍。

还要特别提一下的是,6年粮食总产262万吨,比前6年总产增1.09%,成为全国交售粮食先进县（市）；多种经营产值7.37亿元,增长152.4%。1989年农民人均收入1233元,比1983年增长40〇. 6元。

经济的发展尤其是工业生产的发展,并没有以牺牲农业为代价,相反,昆山的农业在稳定中有了新的发展。

市财政局局长严文奎说,这是难能可贵的,是ー个十分了不起的贡献。

这也恰恰是作为科学的“昆山之路”的又一个有力的佐证。

六年,一台有声有色的戏!

六年,ー场多姿多彩的梦!

六年,走出了一条“昆山之路”,为建设具有中国特色的社会主义做出了一篇独立思考的好文章!

六年,还是那山那水那些人,但昆山人自己都不认识自己了一ー无论是衣着、风度、言谈举止,也无论是思想观念、文明程度,都有了明显变化,跃上了一个更高的层次……

这一切,都是和自费经济技术开发区紧紧地联系在ー起的。

商业局罗局长说得好:“不是开发区沾了昆山人的光,而是昆山人沾了开发区的光。”

开发区是吴克铃的也是全昆山人民的骄傲。

开发区属于昆山也属于江苏省属于全中国,甚至还可以说她属于整个社会

大聪明者既非庸碌的俗物又不是出世的神仙。大聪明者总是实事求是的。中国有11亿人,中国“封建”了几千年,这是中国的最基本的国情。在这里,愤世嫉俗、杞人忧天都无济于事,关键还是要把经济搞上去。只有发展经济才能埋葬封建主义,也只有发展经济才能建成社会主义。吴克铃懂得这个国情,所以他的思路很实在,他的思路始终围绕着发展经济这个中心,而且实实在在地使昆山的经济前进了一大步。

有人对我说:“外面的文章你写了不少,不能为昆山宣传宣传吗?”

然而本地的文章不好写。“不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。”越是接触得多,越是难以把握。更难的是,文章有文章的规律,写人写事都得从文章的构思出发,而且写ー个人的ー些事不等于肯定他的一切,更不等于就否定或贬低他人…… 总之,文章就是文章,而有人却偏会把文章误解成为是组织的决定或是按官方的表彰名单论功行赏……

正是从这一顾虑出发,加上其他ー些原因,我没有贸然动笔,而是把新华社和《人民日报》的记者请了来,让他们从“旁观者”的角度进行采访。这两个记者都是大手笔,看到我提供的资料后就一心要做篇大文章。果然,1988年7月,《人民日报》头版登出来了,是专写自费开发区的,还特别地配了一篇评论,题目就叫作《“昆山之路”三评》。

昆山立刻名声大噪。

1988年冬天,国务院经济技术开发区在天津召开理论讨论会,一年以后,又在烟台召开同一专题的政策研究会,有资格参加会议的当然只是国务院批准的14个开发区,但昆山作为唯一的ー个“特邀代表”,两次都出席了会议。

吴克铃走不开,他让办公室的顾厚德去参加,他自己则有个书面发言。

让我们看看下ー个意味深长的比较一

全国14个开发区,第一期工程40平方公里,已花41亿元,每平方公里1亿多;昆山第一期开发3.75平方公里,到去年年底,花了 4700万元,基础设施已达到七通一平（通路、电、水、讯、排水、煤气、蒸气,道路平整）,每平方公里1200万元,相当于国批开发区的12%。

见效之快也令人瞩目。昆山开发区已有30个企业,其中有外商投资的11家, 国内联营的16家,1985年到1989年,完成工业产值!5. 39亿元,出口创汇4079万美元,累计利润4541万元,上缴税金5383万元,税利合计1.1亿元!其中,1989年产值5亿多,超过1983年全县エ业产值的总和。倘再把全国14个国批开发区的产值排列个名次,那么,昆山这个不在编的自费开发区名列第三,仅次于广州和上海! 1989年,江苏两个国批开发区上缴国家税金,ー个是200万元,ー个是300万元,而昆山这个自费开发区却上缴了 800万元!

“昆山之路”在会议期间引起了极大的震动,1988年那一次,11期会议简报5 期提到并热烈称赞昆山的路子:“他们的经验主要是自力更生,量カ而行,勤俭开发,先主后辅,先生产后生活,先向外后向内……”

南开大学国际经济研究所陈荫方教授说:“国家没有投资,也没有给一条优惠政策,昆山能够取得这么好的成绩,的确令人振奋……”

还有一些专家和教授则从纯理论的海洋中跳出来大声疾呼:，，必须重视，昆山之路’,让我们的开发区尽快走出误区!”

需要走出误区的也许不仅仅是ー个经济技术开发区,“昆山之路”不正是对强国之路的ー个重要启迪吗?！

十八、给我ー点空闲

ー辆普通的深蓝色皇冠轿车平稳地朝上海开去,平稳中又隐含着些许焦虑。驾驶员十分清楚,这趟车早该开了,可是一直拖着,ー拖就是3年,6年一啊,不, 是9年

3年副县长、6年县长,ー共9年。

现在他是市长。

1989年9月28日,昆山撤县建市。作为昆山历史上的第一任市长,他在100 面彩旗、1〇万盆鲜花和50多万张笑脸的簇拥中显得异常地平静。他感到幸福,为昆山;他觉得慰藉,为自己。他深深感谢改革开放的政策,感谢全市人民的艰苦奋斗,感谢各个部门和单位的理解和支持,感谢上海的、北京的、南京的、苏州的、三线的、国内国外的领导和朋友们的关心帮助和友好合作……

我终于让千百个企业纳入了我的思路。

我终于拥有了千千万万个真诚热烈的笑容。

啊！往事如梦如烟,往事苦乐酸甜,往事又有太多的失落和遗憾,人道是世事总难全！

给我ー点空闲,让我想一想遗憾。

经济技术开发区,至今还在另册,在国批14个开发区之外。

1989年、1990年费孝通先生两次考察昆山的经济发展,他说,昆山的开发区要 “正名”，“已经成功了,要给予承认,承认昆山开发区应该享有的权利……”

1988年1月13日,江苏省委、省政府向党中央、国务院报送了《关于加快发展
外向型经济若干政策问题的请示报告》（苏政发〔!988〕1号文件）,要求批准昆山经济技术开发区享受沿海开放城市经济技术开发区的同等待遇。

1990年2月7日,江苏省政府再次向国务院报送了《关于要求批准昆山经济技术开发区的请示》（苏政发〔1990〕16号文件）……

什么时候昆山的开发区才能编入“正册”呢?

他多么希望这一天能够尽快地到来。（天遂人愿。就在这篇稿子准备发出的 6月20日前后,省长陈焕友、副省长高德正,率领全省11个市的市长和省政府各个职能部门的主要领导,参观和视察了开发区,听取了昆山市委书记吴克铃和市长周振华、副市长王金华的汇报,并且正式宣布:省委、省政府决定,把昆山列为江苏省重点经济技术开发区,加快改革开放的步伐……）

吴克铃露出了从未有过的欣慰笑容。

昆山的经济技术开发区得到了省委、省政府和党中央、国务院有关领导的高度评价,吴克铃的思路在更加广泛更加深入的意义上得到了延伸和发展,他的梦他的追求带上了更加绚丽多姿也更加辉煌的色彩……

倘说梦,还有很多很多遗憾,还有很多很多没有成为现实一

外向型经济,1985年的政府工作报告,就放到了第一条的重要位置,但是想到了而没有做好,至今创汇还很少……

企业集团,像点样子的只有一个。还有几家可以做到的,但还没有重视还没有成型

还有,昆山虽可,也并非尽如人意,以权谋私、送礼行贿、滥吃滥喝、贪污腐败……那些人那些事那些丑恶的现象,还没有彻底查处,也不可能很快就从根本上加以杜绝

别忘了,还有他自己。人非完人,他也是留下了很多遗憾的。为了工作,他顶撞过也得罪过一些人,有时说话让人接受不了,叫人不愉快;在ー些问题上,他会使人觉得固执

啊,过去了,全过去了,“ー阵风,吹落了恩恩怨怨”,无论谁对谁错,都不必要记着什么,计较什么了……

人的政治生命是短暂的,只有事业永存。

腰又生疼,他艰难地挪动了一下,可惜没带三合板。他外出开会,总要带三合板。南京的昆山办事处,就有一块木板。他去省里开会,就得把那块显然是削窄了ー些的木板拿到住处去。席梦思他没福享受,腰身下垫块木板才能睡。沙发也不行,坐硬靠背椅反而好一点。烟也不抽,酒也不沾,回到家里,除了面最好是ー碗白

粥

吴克铃,你到底图什么?

他不答。他默默地但是执着地追求,为社会主义添砖加瓦,为人生旅途充实内容。他想他做到了这一点,所以回首往事,他觉得有一种问心无愧的慰藉。

于是他想到了家,想到了自己的病,他提出了退下来的请求。省委、市委原意都是让他接任即将空缺的昆山市委书记,而他则建议由年轻的同志“组阁”。终于得到了理解,于是他带着这个小小的秘密对妻子张德森说:“我可以松一ロ气了,我要到上海去检查身体了。”

张德森快人快语,这时却很少说话。对于昆山所取得的成绩,她由衷地高兴, 这里总有她丈夫的ー份心血啊!然而平心而论,她又觉得跟他结婚真是吃了一辈子的苦:结婚时半间草屋六块钱（ー块钱结婚证、五块钱喜糖）,她生两个孩子时都没吃到过ー只整鸡。丈夫当县长后她就更苦了,一次结肠发炎,没人照应,只好自己拎了痰盂到玉山医院去。挂盐水没人陪,同病房的妇女说:“县长家属看病连我们农民都不如呀!”她是20世纪50年代的大专生,当时就是培养对象,因为跟了他从广州到武汉到北京到甘肃河西走廊……多年漂泊天涯,人到中年オ稍有安定之所,偏偏他又当了县长,ー头扎进他的“思路”之中。如今,她虽然拿到了财务工作 30年的荣誉证书,但除此之外一无所有,只有太多的遗憾……

有时候,两个人ー起说心里话,她就忍不住要发牢骚,要说说心中的委屈:“老吴啊,你对得起党,对得起人民,但是你对不起我,对不起儿女,也对不起你自己……”

他理解妻子的话,体谅她的苦衷,他低头无语,惭愧难言。

现在好了,他退下来了,他就想要补回对妻子儿女包括对他自己欠下的情分一先看病,然后尽一点做丈夫做父亲的义务。因为天伦之乐对于ー个党员干部来说同样是不可或缺,缺了就该补上的啊!

于是他到上海去检查身体。

结果使全家人都感到震惊:腰椎炎,肩椎炎,心脏病,萎缩性胃炎,早期肝硬化!

更加使他震惊的还在后面:从上海回来后没几天,上级派人找他谈话,要他接任市委书记,过渡一下,然后再说……

没能退,反而进了一步。

那么,他的家他的身体呢?他什么时候才能对得起妻子儿女,也对得起他自己呢?

结尾（之一）

南方的冬比北方的冬还要冷。

摊开稿纸手就发抖,心也发抖,笔尖就在纸上打滑。

找到第一招待所,想借个有暖气的房间,偏偏客满了。小吴所长只好把办公室旁边尘封的仓库打开。这里依然像ー个冰屋。好不容易挤出了一个有太阳的房间,于是我喜不自禁一气呵成。晚上,在家里誉抄。半天一夜,近7000字的稿子第二天就送走了。

不到ー个月,《人民日报》打样拼上了版面。

想了一下,还是和他打个招呼,就写了个字条告诉他这件事。

电话打来:“我是吴克铃。《人民日报》的稿子不要发。”

我不能理解,我想说服他。

不行。说了一个多小时,最后当场拿起电话要北京的记者。记者有些不悦。《人民日报》上篇报告文学并不是那么容易的。但……

我让他和记者直接通话。

最后,稿子还是撤了下来。

结尾（之ニ）

以前昆山人外出,总觉得低人一等,哪方面都硬不起来,只好缩在角落里。

现在不同了。讲经济有开发区,有横向联合;讲文化有“大世界”,在全国也有有影响力的代表人物……昆山人终于也有了自己的神气,也有了自己的骄傲。“朋友,请到昆山看ー看——不是说建设有中国特色的社会主义吗?昆山可以给你启发。”

什么时候,中国人在外国也能这样实在、这样神气就好了。

这就是我的“中国梦”。

结尾（之三）

回到本文开头。

东欧局势的变化,显然是一次撼动全球、震惊数十亿人心灵的历史大事件。社
会主义从一国实践到多国实践,又从一国失败到多国失败,悲壮还是悲哀?伟大还是可怜?是滑铁卢还是奥斯特里茨?凄凄切切的挽歌还是振奋人心的进行曲?是 “始兴终亡”的验证还是优胜劣汰的规律?

马翁如何回答?列宁做何感想?毛泽东还会用他那如椽大笔再次挥洒雄文, 在宇宙的天幕中亮出一句“只有社会主义才能救中国”吗?我问三位市（县）长。

吴克铃之前的县长孙福贵为官一任,两袖清风。吴当县长后他做人大常委会主任,不久前因年事已高全退了,在宣布这件事的时候,全国劳模竟动了感情,差点哭出来……

但孙福贵还是退了。不会很久,吴克铃也要退。

他们走了,

走向辉煌的タ阳深处……

现在的市长是周振华。

我和三位市（县）长讨论:社会主义是不是乌托邦?

他们的看法综合整理如下。

无论是中国选择了社会主义还是社会主义选择了中国,这都无关紧要,要紧的是,只有社会主义才能救中国。在中国,其他任何“主义”都不能代替社会主义,任何政党都不能代替共产党,因为其他任何“主义”、任何政党都不能把中国11亿人凝聚到ー起。

社会主义不比别的任何“主义”差,问题是社会主义的优越性没有充分发挥。 1985年,吴克铃到日本厚木市去,ー了解,30年前,厚木市还不如当时的昆山,但现在有17万人口,很发达。他就想,同样的基础搞发展,你搞资本主义,我搞社会主义,我肯定用不了 30年就可以超过你的水平。所以说,要是没有那些翻来覆去的折腾,中国的建设不会比西方慢。

ー些年轻人只说外国好,中国一无是处,干部腐败,没ー个好人。一次过年时, 吴克铃请合资企业的日方经理吃饭,家里地方太小就拆拆空,腾出地方,连台子都是临时向招待所借的。尽管这样,日方经理还是大为惊讶:县长家就这么点地方、这么点东西?后来他对人说:“我知道中国的政府官员是什么样子的了!”当然,人家说我们好,不等于我们没有问题。不管怎么说,搞社会主义得有社会主义思想, 不能一改革就不讲奉献精神了,用封建主义、资本主义思想来搞社会主义是不行的。

建设社会主义不能教条,更不能一刀切。一刀切就乱了,就完了。“昆山之路”也只有在昆山这块土地上オ产生得出来。昆山有昆山的特点,苏州有苏州的特点,各市县都有各市县的特点。但这里有个基本点,就是实事求是,自力更生也要实事求是。世界是多元的,世界上没有也不可能只有或只允许ー个“主义”。就是在ー个“主义”中,也有不同的模式。世上的路并非只有一条,条条大路通罗马。不管白猫黑猫,只要能使全社会富裕并且和平就是好猫。

社会主义是不是乌托邦?能做到两条就不是:ー要把经济搞上去,经济上去了,什么都会改变,否则,一切都是“乌托邦”;二是党要管好自己。管好自己的关键就是要摆正公仆和主人的位置,就是公仆要为人民服务。吴语中有句民谚:“一代鲜鲜一代烟,代代鲜鲜碰着天。”社会主义要一代一代搞下去オ行。

大江东流去,几度タ阳红。问苍山黄土,说千古兴亡。我忽然莫名其妙地想到了一句话:江山不会生癌。又莫名其妙地想到了自己写的一首诗一

在你手中

有一块金子

这块金子永远属于你

不管海枯石烂

也不管天崩地裂

你千万千万

不要把它抛弃

中国梦

永远属于你

（原载《雨花》1990年第10期）

==卷四：5.休息的革命==

休息的革命（缩写本）

Revolution of Rest (Abridged Version)

王宏甲刘建

Wang Hongjia Liu Jan

序言

Preface

人类经历了远古的“农业革命”、近代的“エ业革命”、当代的“高技术革命”,到了今天,因高技术支持的生产カ空前发达,人类オ第一次有可能,并需要经历“休息的革命”,为今天和未来的生活质量开辟新路。但是,非常难,因近代以来资本与技术结盟的经济发展模式依然统治着世界。巨大的困难,并不在经济领域,而在精神领域。所以,这是文学关心的命题。

Humanity has experienced the ancient ‘Agricultural Revolution’ the modern ‘Industrial Revolution’, and the contemporary ‘High-tech Revolution’. Today, with the unprecedented development of production supported by high technology, humanity for the first time has the opportunity and the need to experience a ‘Revolution of Rest’ to open up new paths for today and future quality of life. However, it is very difficult because the economic development model that has been dominated by the alliance of capital and technology since modern times still rules the world. The great difficulty lies not in the economic field, but in the spiritual field. So, this is the topic that literature cares about.

“休息”在中国古代文化中意为“休养生息”。从剧烈的秦统ー战争结束再到秦朝覆灭,西汉采取“与民休息”政策,使经济复苏、社会发展,并使中华多民族国家的统ー在汉朝得到巩固。这“休息”所蕴含的社会和人生智慧,至今仍可探寻。

In ancient Chinese culture, “休息” means “rest and recuperate”. From the end of the fierce Qin-Tang war to the fall of the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty adopted a policy of “resting with the people”, which promoted economic recovery and social development, and consolidated the unity of the multi-ethnic country of China under the Han Dynasty. The social and life wisdom contained in the word ‘rest’ can still be explored today.

当今所称的国际金融危机,其实并非孤立地发生在金融领域,几乎所有生产领域的困境都不是由于生产能力不足,而是过剩。科技的迅猛发展及其在生产中的广泛应用,已使人类不需很多人员挤在工业生产中进行相互耗损性竞争,但这场危机却使人们陷入更激烈的竞争。

The so-called international financial crisis today is not isolated to the financial sector. Almost all production sectors are facing difficulties not because of insufficient production capacity, but rather due to overcapacity. The rapid development of technology and its widespread application in production has eliminated the need for many people to compete with each other in industrial production, but this crisis has plunged people into even more intense competition.

难道别无道路?审视三大产业结构,当发达国家的农业人口缩小到5%左右时,中国有80%的农业人口 ;当发达国家工业人口缩小到10%以下时,中国工业人ロ接近50%。今天,第三产业正在发达国家成为容纳最多就业人员的产业,中国第三产业则是薄弱环节。倘能看清形势向第三产业转移,也不失为ー种理性选择。

Does this imply that there are no other options? If we examine the three major industrial sectors, we can see that while the agricultural population in developed countries has decreased to around 5%, in China, around 80% of the population is still engaged in agriculture. Similarly, while the industrial workforce in developed countries has shrunk to less than 10%, in China, the industrial workforce still accounts for close to 50% of the population. Today, the tertiary sector has become the industry employing the most people in developed countries, while in China, the tertiary sector is a weak link. If we can see clearly the trend of shifting to the tertiary industry, it is also a rational choice.

旅游业是第三产业的龙头,是典型的消费型经济。文化产业亦然,而旅游业与文化产业的“联姻”正在创造出前所未有的绚丽奇景。今天和未来,“休息的革命” 可首先在第三产业开拓的“休闲经济”里获得一种启蒙,这是值得全社会关注的。

The tourism industry is the leading industry of the tertiary sector and is a typical consumer-oriented economy. The cultural industry is the same, and the ‘marriage’ between the tourism industry and the cultural industry is creating unprecedented and magnificent scenery. Today and in the future, the ‘resting revolution’ can first be enlightened in the ‘leisure economy’ developed in the tertiary industry, which is worthy of attention from the whole society.

“休息的革命”当然不是不干活。本书以旅游业为主要描述对象,可以从中看到最为典型的实践。30年前中国发展旅游业,正是从“走出去,玩ー玩”的“休息” 中发展出一片很大的天地。

“Revolution of Rest” certainly does not mean not working. This book primarily describes the tourism industry, from which we can see the most typical practices. Thirty years ago, China developed its tourism industry, which created a huge new market through the “go out and play” mentality of “resting”.

由于我们长期重视科技、经济、教育等等,很多人对旅游这个“吃喝玩乐”的行业究竟有多大作为不大关注。迄今很少人知道,中国旅游业正以年均约12%的速度增长,高于同期国内生产总值的平均增长率,已是国民经济重要支柱产业。而且,贡献远远不只体现在经济效益方面。

Due to our long-standing focus on technology, economy, education, and so on, many people have not paid much attention to the potential of the tourism industry, which is often seen as a sector for “eating, drinking, and having fun.” To this day, few people know that China's tourism industry is growing at an average annual rate of around 12%, higher than the average growth rate of the gross domestic product during the same period, and has become an important pillar of the national economy. Moreover, the contribution of the tourism industry is not only reflected in economic benefits.

遍布中国的古迹,多是旅游行业挖空心思地ー个个修复或再造,然后就像“王婆卖瓜”那样不遗余力地吆喝那“瓜”有多么好!因他们的吆喝,过去被批判为“腐朽的封建主义”的东西,变成恢宏的数千年中华文明,温情地回到了我们的山山水水,成为我们精神中辉煌的民族记忆。

The numerous historical relics scattered across China are tirelessly restored or recreated by the tourism industry, and then they enthusiastically promote these “melons” like “Wang Po selling melons”, touting how great they are! Because of their promotion, what was once criticized as the “decaying feudalism” has been transformed into the grand representation of thousands of years of Chinese civilization, warmly embraced in our landscapes, becoming the brilliant national memory in our hearts.

旅游盘活的也远不只是古迹。单看艺术与旅游业“嫁接”,传统音乐、舞蹈以及56个民族色彩斑斓的文化在旅游中复苏与创新,书画家的作品价格飙升,凡此种种,对增强ー个国家的文化カ,是沛然化雨渗透到万万民众之中的。各省市“旅游大篷车”还吆喝到国外,对中华风景与悠久文明的“推销”,规模和影响都是空前的。直到这时,旅游业的重大作用仍未被足够认识。很少人知道,旅游业每增加1 人就业,可促进相关产业增加5人就业。世界上还没有一个产业,像旅游业这样与各国人们广泛接触,与民生休戚相关,与百业相连。岂止是经济支柱?更养育精神,承载如此宽广的社会担当,可谓ー业九鼎重千秋。

The revitalization brought about by tourism is not limited to ancient relics. Looking just at the combination of art and tourism, traditional music, dance, and the colorful cultures of the 56 ethnic groups have been revived and innovated in the tourism industry. The works of painters and calligraphers have also skyrocketed in price. All of these initiatives have contributed to enhancing the cultural confidence of a nation and have penetrated into the hearts of millions of people. Provinces and cities have even taken their “tourism caravans” abroad to promote China's landscapes and rich history, resulting in unprecedented scale and influence. Even at this point, the significant role of the tourism industry has not been fully recognized. Few people are aware that for every additional person employed in the tourism industry, it has the potential to stimulate employment for five individuals in related sectors. There is no industry in the world that has such extensive interaction with people from different countries, such close ties to people's livelihoods, and such deep connections to various sectors as the tourism industry. It is not just an economic pillar, but it also nurtures the spirit and carries such a broad social responsibility. It can be described as an industry of great significance and enduring importance.

今天回头看看,中国旅游业30年来以“马超龙雀”的发展速度营造出的巨大消费市场,已然是拯救金融危机时期经济困境的ー支宏伟力量。联合国世界旅游组织预测中国到2015年将成为世界最大的旅游目的地国家。中国旅游业方兴未艾, 可谓“九万里风鹏正举” 〇本书的完成并非给中国旅游业过去的30年画个句号,而是为促进当今和未来社会各业的和谐运转,提供ー个新的起点、新的观念。换句话说,这是一本为今天和明天写的书。

Upon reflection, the Chinese tourism industry's remarkable growth over the past 30 years has generated a massive consumer market, akin to a magnificent force capable of alleviating economic distress during periods of financial crises. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, it is predicted that by 2015, China will emerge as the world's largest tourist destination country. The Chinese tourism industry is still thriving, as one could describe it as “a phoenix soaring over a distance of nine thousand miles” (meaning it is in a period of rapid and impressive development). The completion of this book does not signify the end of the past 30 years for China's tourism industry, but rather a new start and a new perspective aimed at promoting the harmonious functioning of various sectors in today's society and the future. In other words, this book is written for today and tomorrow.

“休息的革命”,不只是对眼前的全球性经济困境而言。

The “Revolution of Rest” goes beyond the current global economic challenges.

从欧洲国家开发殖民地以来,到现代科技迅猛发展,“优胜劣汰”“以强汰弱” 的意识影响到世界各地。由此形成的快速发展、争先发展的意识和行为,促使工业时代对资源的掠夺性开采把地球刨挖凿钻得百孔千疮,到20世纪人类的生存环境发生了全面危机。为了不被别人灭掉,仍然要绞尽脑汁争强夺胜,奋カ竞争。这是个无休无止没有宁日的人生消耗战。许多好时光都折腾进去了,各种压カ无孔不入地摧残着人的健康。人类到底在被什么驱赶?生活本身的乐趣在哪儿?生命的
尊严、美好在哪儿?

Since European countries began expanding their colonial influence and with the rapid advancement of modern technology, the awareness of survival of the fittest and strong prevail over the weak has influenced regions worldwide. As a result, there has been a prevailing mindset and behavior of rapid development and striving for advancement, which has led to exploitative resource extraction and inflicted extensive damage upon the Earth, culminating in a comprehensive crisis in the human living environment in the 20th century. To avoid being wiped out by others, one must still rack their brains and strive to win, fiercely competing. It is an endless, relentless battle of life with no respite or peaceful days. Many good times are consumed, and various pressures infiltrate, relentlessly affecting people's health. What exactly drives humanity? Where is the joy of life? Where is the dignity and beauty of life?

人类并不是生产的奴隶。人类需要从疯狂地追逐发展速度中觉醒,从疯狂的相互耗损性竞争中觉醒,以新的生活方式和精神,给自己疲惫的生活、受伤的心灵放假。

Human beings are not slaves of production. Humanity needs to awaken from the relentless pursuit of rapid development, from the frantic and depleting competition, and find new ways of living and nourishing the spirit, granting respite to their weary lives and wounded souls.

今天人们寻求“可持续发展”,在我看来,更智慧的意识该是中国古典智慧中重视的“和谐运转”。当生产能力过剩,运转失衡,重要的就不是哪个行业如何发展,而是整个社会如何和谐运转,不能和谐运转就有危机。过去的30年,中国重视发展贫困地区的旅游业,这里就有强弱结合,资源互补,并不是“以强汰弱”,而是重视相互依存。这渊源联系着中国古老的智慧,君不见中国远古就有阴阳和谐观吗?和谐运转不仅包括解决产业结构的失衡,还包括如何解决贫富差距等问题。

In today's world, there is a growing pursuit of sustainable development. From my perspective, a deeper understanding rooted in Chinese classical wisdom places emphasis on the concept of “harmonious coexistence”. When there is overcapacity and imbalance in production, the crucial focus shifts from the development of specific industries to how the entire society can achieve harmonious functioning. In the past 30 years, China has placed emphasis on developing the tourism industry in impoverished regions. This approach fosters a combination of strengths, resource complementarity, and values interdependence, rather than a “survival of the fittest” mentality. This connection is rooted in ancient Chinese wisdom. Have you not heard of the ancient Chinese concept of Yin and Yang and their harmonious coexistence? The notion of harmonious functioning encompasses not only addressing imbalances in industrial structure but also addressing issues such as wealth disparity.

所谓“休养生息”,就是在激烈的争锋中,在人类付出的惨痛代价中,要冷静地寻找有利于人类生息相存的生活智慧来拯救自己。在科技发达、生产能力也空前发达的当代世界,人类需要发展休闲经济来革新发展经济的方式。

The concept of “rest and recuperation” refers to the need to calmly seek life wisdom that benefits the coexistence of humanity amidst fierce competition and the painful cost paid by human beings. In the contemporary world, characterized by advanced technology and unprecedented productive capacity, humanity needs to develop the leisure economy to revolutionize the way economic development is pursued.

在人类通过一次次“生产革命” “技术革命”来营建生活的历史进程中,倘能觉悟到可以通过发展休闲经济来促进社会各业趋向平衡,这是更高层面的可持续发展,并可望普遍地提升人类的生活质量。这无论从思想认识、精神境界和经济形式上都是深具革命性的。在这个世界性的背景上来审视“休息的革命”,将发现这是个庄严的命题,具有值得我们去深究的丰富内涵。

Throughout the historical progression of human civilization, marked by various “industrial revolutions” and “technological revolutions,” there is an opportunity for us to realize that the development of the leisure economy can contribute to a more balanced and sustainable society. This is deeply revolutionary in terms of ideological understanding, spiritual realm, and economic form. By examining the concept of the “Revolution of Rest” within the global context, we recognize its profound significance and rich implications, deserving further in-depth exploration.

“休息的革命”无疑需要人们以清醒的头脑智慧地参与,这需要认识它为人生带来的好处。仍以人类以往走向旅游的经历为例,可以看到游历对于人生的全面发展有多么重要。

Undoubtedly, the “revolution of rest” requires active and wise participation from individuals, which necessitates recognizing the benefits it brings to one's life. Taking the past experiences of humanity's inclination towards travel as an example, we can see how important exploring the world is for comprehensive personal development.

人生之旅,就得去“履”。ー个人在ー个地方待久了,生活环境会对自己造成封闭。人们还可能把习惯当真理,这就需要走出去。所谓“履历”,不应限于读书工作的经历,这“履”是穿着鞋天南海北去游历。世界因此而广阔,人间因此而亲近。没有旅游的经历怎有履历?

Life is a journey that requires us to “step” forward. When we stay in one place for too long, the environment can create a sense of enclosure within ourselves. People may also mistake their habits for truths, and that's when we need to venture out. The concept of “resume” goes beyond academic and professional experiences; it encompasses the act of venturing out and exploring far and wide, immersing oneself in diverse places and cultures. The world becomes vast as a result, and humanity becomes more connected. How can one have a well-rounded resume without the experience of travel?

“博览群书”（未必要读万卷书）与“行万里路”同等重要。闭门读书会读成书呆子。鞋里存储的记忆,比在学校读十几年书更牢靠、立体、开阔而有用。

The act of “broadening one's knowledge through reading” (not necessarily reading thousands of books) is equally important as “traveling thousands of miles.” Merely confining oneself to reading books in seclusion can lead to a narrow-minded approach. The memories stored in the “shoes”, are more reliable, vivid, expansive, and useful than many years of schooling.

孔子周游列国,丰富了识见。司马迁游踪达半个神州,オ有生动翔实的《史记》。李白年纪轻轻仗剑去国,辞亲远游。“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。” 他的诗歌自由如云,得益于山川造化。和尚云游四海,弘扬了佛教文化。《西游记》取材于玄奘取经,而玄奘游记显然不只是传播了佛经。

Confucius enriched his knowledge through his travels across different states, which expanded his insights and understanding. Sima Qian traveled extensively across half of ancient China, resulting in the creation of the vivid and detailed “Records of the Grand Historian.”

Li Bai, at a young age, embarked on a journey with his sword, bidding farewell to his family and traveling afar. “Like a cascading waterfall descending three thousand feet, it appears as if the Milky Way has fallen from the heavens.” His poetry was as free-flowing as the clouds, greatly influenced by the natural wonders of mountains and rivers. Similarly, Buddhist monks traveling across the four seas spread and promoted Buddhist culture. “The Journey to the West” draws inspiration from Xuanzang's pilgrimage to obtain Buddhist scriptures, but Xuanzang's travelogue clearly encompassed more than just the dissemination of Buddhist texts.

曹孟德观沧海,陈子昂登幽州台,王勃过滕王阁,很多人生识见在行旅中领悟得到。湖光塔影,海浪江涛,能引起诗人的遐想,也能启迪书法家的胸怀。王羲之将郊游视为“游目骋怀”，“仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛”,オ留下不朽的《兰亭集序》。

Cao Mengde (Cao Cao) gazed upon the boundless sea, Chen Ziang ascended the tower in Youzhou, and Wang Bo passed by the Terrace of Tengwang. Many individuals have gained profound insights and understanding of life through their experiences and journeys. The shimmering reflections on the lake, the crashing waves of the sea, not only evoke poetic reverie but also inspire calligraphers’ hearts. Wang Xizhi regarded outings as a way to “broaden the gaze and expand the mind,” as he wrote in his immortal “Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection.”

宋代游记名篇辈出。王安石《游褒禅山记》,范仲淹《岳阳楼记》,欧阳修《醉翁亭记》,都是极好的散文名篇。苏东坡在逆境中也是开开心心的,登山临水,写字画画,喝酒吃肉,吟诗赏月。“一点浩然气,千里快哉风。”举手投足间洋溢着超凡而不脱俗的大度,支撑他的是心中广博的中华文化。

The Song Dynasty witnessed the emergence of numerous outstanding travelogues and famous works. Wang Anshi's “Record of the Visit to the Mount Baochan,” Fan Zhongyan's “Record of the Yueyang Tower,” and Ouyang Xiu's “Record of the Pavilion of the Drunken Old Man” are all excellent masterpieces of prose. Su Dongpo remained cheerful even in adversity, climbing mountains, enjoying the waters, writing and painting, indulging in food and drink, and composing poems while appreciating the moon. “With a trace of vast righteousness, I am as swift as the wind, traveling a thousand miles.” With every gesture and movement, he exuded extraordinary and yet unassuming magnanimity, supported by his profound knowledge of Chinese culture.

徐霞客22岁开始步行远游,成为伟大的地理学家。郑和七下西洋,更是令世界震撼的壮游!“天下兴亡,匹夫有责。”这是顾炎武的名言。顾炎武一年中有一半时间在旅店里住宿,每到一处,把实地考察与书本上的记载对照研究,《京东考古录》《昌平山水记》等书,就是他旅游治学的成果。孙中山游历美国,萌生了他的新思想。蔡元培游历欧洲,回国出任北大校长。周恩来游学法国,那“难酬蹈海亦英雄”的豪情,是容纳中外也是承前启后的。

Xu Xiake, starting at the age of 22, embarked on extensive journeys on foot, ultimately becoming a great geographer. Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Seas were an awe-inspiring feat that shook the world. “The rise and fall of nations concerns every individual,” is a famous quote by Gu Yanwu. He spent half of the year staying in inns, comparing firsthand observations with recorded accounts from books in every place he visited. His works, such as “Records of Archaeological Exploration in Jingdong” and “Scenic Memoirs of Changping,” were the fruits of his scholarly travels. Sun Yat-sen’s journey to the United States sparked his new ideology. Cai Yuanpei traveled to Europe and returned to China to assume the presidency of Peking University. Zhou Enlai studied in France, and his heroic spirit of “Unfulfilled, I’d brave the sea, as heroes did with bravery.” encompasses both embracing the world and carrying on the past to inspire the future.

因远行而打开识见,提升的不仅是个人。四大文明古国中没有希腊,但古希腊人被称为“全然的旅行者”,正是旅游使他们走到了发达的两河流域和古埃及,吸收他人文明而使希腊成为欧洲文明的发祥地。

By embarking on distant journeys, one not only broadens their horizons but also experiences personal growth. Among the four ancient civilizations, Greece was not included, but the ancient Greeks were known as “complete travelers”. It was through travel that they were able to reach the prosperous regions of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, absorbing the culture of others and making Greece the birthplace of European civilization.

中国历史岁月中的旅游,其实多么悠久绚丽。中国话“观光”,语出《易经》。谓“观国之光”,意为观览国之光辉。3000年前周穆王巡游非只游山玩水。一国之主,不游历国土,不知国情与民情,何以治国?周穆王远游波斯（今伊朗）,最早踏出中国通往西域的道路。秦修大道,车同轨,沟通天下,与其说为秦始皇出游带来方便,莫如说为中国的统ー开辟了大道。汉武帝七登泰山,六出萧关,出游打破诸侯封闭,九州热土,千秋归汉。隋炀帝扬帆出游,促进了大运河开发。游历会大大开阔君王眼界,以及当代领导者的智识和胸怀,从而影响ー个民族或ー个企业。

The history of tourism in China is also remarkably extensive and splendid. The Chinese term for “sightseeing” originates from the Book of Changes (Yi Jing). It refers to “observing the light of a nation” and signifies the admiration of a nation's brilliance. Three thousand years ago, King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty's royal tour was not merely for leisurely pursuits like enjoying mountains and rivers. The ruler of a nation who does not travel across the land and remains unaware of the state of the country and its people, how can they effectively govern? King Mu of Zhou embarked on a distant journey to Persia (modern-day Iran), thus pioneering the earliest route from China to the Western Regions. The construction of the Great Wall by the Qin Dynasty, with its standardized roads and unified carriages, facilitated communication throughout the empire. It can be said that it not only brought convenience to Emperor Qin Shi Huang's travels but also opened up a grand pathway for the unification of China. Emperor Wu of Han ascended Mount Tai seven times, ventured beyond the Xiao Pass six times, and through his travels, broke the seclusion of the feudal lords. His actions stirred up the entire land of the nine provinces, leading to a period where all regions ultimately acknowledged the Han rule. Emperor Yang of Sui set sail on his travels, promoting the development of the Grand Canal. Traveling can greatly broaden the horizons of kings, as well as the wisdom and vision of contemporary leaders, thereby affecting a nation or a corporation.

古典时代先人走向旅游,或许有“天人合一”的更多默契。那里的“天”,包括自然也包括社会。到现代,我们可能以“革命加拼命”的方式覆盖了先人丰富生命质量的智慧。游历对于人生与社会的全面发展是深具意义的。可以肯定地说:不读书不能治愚,不远行难有出息。为人父母要有意识地带孩子去远行。如果你依然埋头于读书或工作,尚未意识到旅游对于人生举足轻重的塑造功能,其实是ー种损失。一旦体会到,你也将会从这种“休息”中感受到ー种“革命”的心灵震动。

In the classical era, our ancestors embarked on journeys, perhaps with a deeper understanding of the harmony between heaven and man. The “heavens” there, encompass both nature and society. In the modern era, we may have overlaid the wisdom of our ancestors on enriching the quality of life with a “revolution plus hard work” approach. Travel is deeply meaningful for the holistic development of life and society. It can be affirmed that without reading, ignorance cannot be cured, and without traveling far, it is hard to achieve anything significant. As parents, we need to consciously take our children on long journeys. If you are still immersed in reading or work and have not realized the significant shaping function of travel on life, it is actually a kind of loss. Once you experience it, you will also feel a kind of “revolutionary” spiritual shock from this kind of “rest”.

ー、开放之门

Chapter 1 Opening the Gate

国门在哪儿?在天上? 1978年,中国民航飞机的日利用时间オ1.9个小时。国门刚开一条缝,西方人就来了。住宿难惊动中南海!开放国家“禁苑”迎游客, 调军用飞机把旅客送往天津住宿,这事反映国情也反映人情。紧张状况延续到 1982年,空军部队还派出1800多架次飞机协助空运游客,此种情景举世无双。

Where is the national gate? In the sky? In 1978, the daily utilization time of Chinese civil aircraft was 1.9 hours. As soon as the national gate opened a crack, Westerners came. Difficulty in accommodation shocked Zhongnanhai! Opening the national “forbidden city” to welcome tourists, and arranging military aircraft to send tourists to Tianjin for accommodation, this situation reflected both national conditions and human nature. The tense situation continued until 1982 when the Air Force dispatched more than 1,800 flights to assist in the air transport of tourists, a scenario unique in the world.

1.国门开启一条缝

1. A Sliver Opens in the Nation's Gate

2.关于改革,人们常说是从小岗村实行承包制开始的。很少人想过,开放,是从旅游业打开国门拉开序幕的。

About reform, people often say it started with the contract system implemented in Xiaogang Village. Few people have thought that opening up began with the tourism industry opening the national gate.

1978年3月5日,中共中央下发红头文件,增加对外开放城市,成立旅游机构, 发展旅游业。当时人们并未感到有多大动静,这却是件历史性的大事。这意味着对外开放,意味着封闭多年的国门由此打开。外电评价:这是“红色中国”第一次公开允许外国人以旅游者身份进入中国。

On March 5, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a official document, expanding the number of cities open to the world, establishing tourism agencies, and developing the tourism industry. At the time, people didn't feel much of a stir, but this was a historical event. This implied opening up to the outside world, signifying the opening of the nation's gate that had been closed for many years. Foreign media commentary: This is the first time that “Red China” has openly allowed foreigners to enter China as tourists.

此时,中共中央十一届三中全会尚未召开,安徽凤阳小岗村18户农民也尚未召开那个按手印的“大包干”秘密会议。

At that time, the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had not yet been held, and the 18 farmers of Xiaogang Village in Fengyang, Anhui, had not yet held that secret “contract responsibility system” meeting with handprints.

今天人们常说,改革开放,国门大开。

Today, people often say, with reform and opening up, the country's doors are wide open.

其实,1978年,国门只是刚刚开启一条缝。

Actually, in 1978, the national door was just slightly ajar.

那时候,还不是你想来就能来的,有名额限制和一套内控条例。在签证时,对入境的外国人卡得很严格,记者就不让进。那时候,西方称苏联是“铁幕”,称中国是“竹幕”。

At that time, it was not the case that you could come if you wanted to, there were quota restrictions and a set of internal control regulations. During the visa application, the scrutiny for foreigners entering the country was very strict, journalists were not allowed in. At that time, the West referred to the Soviet Union as the “Iron Curtain”, and China was called the “Bamboo Curtain”.

对世界来说,中国还是个巨大的谜。这大门里生活着1〇多亿人呢!所以,国门初开一条缝,国外的捷足先登者挤进来了,还有更多的外国人挤在这条缝外,进不来。

To the world, China was a vast mystery. Over a billion people live behind this big door! Therefore, when the national door was just slightly open, foreign early adopters squeezed in, and many more foreigners were squeezed outside this gap, unable to come.

虽然,国务院已经下发了发展旅游、挣取外汇的文件,但在对外开放的问题上, 当时某些高层领导还有种种疑虑:

Although the State Council had already issued documents on developing tourism and earning foreign exchange, there were still various doubts among some senior leaders at the time regarding the issue of opening up:

“是不是开放得太早了?”

“Did we open up too early?”

“会不会把特务放进来,窃取了情报怎么办?”

“What if spies are let in and steal our intelligence?”

“国外资产阶级生活方式会不会腐蚀我们的干部?”

“Will the bourgeois lifestyle from abroad corrupt our officials?”

“会不会把我们的干部带出去?”

“Will they take our officials away?”

“我们落后的地方,不能给外人看。”

“We can't let foreigners see our underdeveloped aspects.”

在十一届三中全会召开之前,1978年10月9日,邓小平会见美国泛美航空公司董事长西威尔,就对陪同会见的国家旅游局和民航总局的负责人说:“民航、旅游这两个行业很值得搞。”

Before the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee was convened, on October 9, 1978, Deng Xiaoping met with the Chairman of Pan American World Airways, Seawell, and said to the heads of the China National Tourism Administration and the Civil Aviation Administration who accompanied the meeting: “The civil aviation and tourism industries are very worth developing.”

小平还说:“ー个旅行者花费1000美元,一年接待1000万旅行者,就可以赚 100亿美元。就算接待一半,也可以赚50亿美元。要力争本世纪末达到这个创汇目标。”

Xiaoping also said, “If one traveler spends 1000 dollars, receiving 10 million travelers a year would earn us 10 billion dollars. Even if we receive only half, we can still earn 5 billion dollars. We should strive to achieve this foreign exchange goal by the end of this century.”

1979年1月到7月,邓小平又连续发表了《旅游业要变成综合性的行业》《旅游事业大有文章可做》《发展旅游事业,增加国家收入》《把黄山的牌子打出去》等四篇讲话。他毫不犹豫地说:“旅游事业大有文章可做,要突出地搞,加快地搞。旅游赚钱多,来得快,没有还不起外债的问题,为什么不能大搞呢「’

From January to July in 1979, Deng Xiaoping successively gave four speeches: “The Tourism Industry Should Become a Comprehensive Industry”, “There is Much Potential in the Tourism Industry”, “Develop the Tourism Industry to Increase National Income”, and “Promote Huangshan to the World”. He confidently stated, “There is much potential in the tourism industry, and it should be promoted and accelerated. Tourism is profitable and quick to yield returns, it doesn't create unpayable foreign debts. Why can't we promote it more aggressively?”

于是,门缝拉大了。

Thus, the gap in the door widened.

中国向世界旅游者打开了一扇门。

China opened a door to tourists from around the world.

“到中国去!”这是近百年来第一次出现的国际时髦声音。

“Visit China!” This became a trendy international call for the first time in nearly a century.

不同国家、不同种族的四海宾朋蜂拥而来。一种世界性的冲动,开放的大戏, 在中国旅游领域拉开了序幕。

Guests of different nationalities and races from all over the world came in droves. A global urge, the grand spectacle of openness, has commenced in China's tourism sector.

当五洲四海语言不同、肤色各异的朋友三五成群频频出现在长安街时,相当多人还不明白是怎么回事,念叨着:这不是“文革”中要打倒的“帝国主义”吗?怎么跑到长安街来了?还有人说,八国联军的后代,怎么成了 “义和团”后代的“座上宾”?我们还坚持社会主义吗?

When friends from all around the world, speaking different languages and having different skin colors, began to appear frequently in groups on Chang’an Street, many people didn’t understand what was happening. They wondered: Aren't these the “imperialists” we were supposed to overthrow during the “Cultural Revolution”? How did they end up on Chang’an Street? Others said, how did the descendants of the Eight-Nation Alliance become honored guests of the descendants of the “Boxers”? Are we still upholding socialism?

但中国毕竟有礼仪之邦的悠久传统,大多数国人具有与生俱来的好客古风,所以也有很多人向外宾送去友好的微笑。

However, China, after all, has a long tradition of being a country of etiquette. Most Chinese people have an inherent hospitality, so many people also greeted the foreign guests with friendly smiles.

从接待来说,“内紧外松”,接待者的心情也很复杂。因为内部还绷着“阶级斗争”之弦,中国国际旅行社的导游每次陪团都得花几小时写出“情况报告”。导游小心翼翼,如履薄冰,不能有任何疏忽和闪失。

From a reception perspective, it was a situation of “tight on the inside, relaxed on the outside”, and the feelings of the hosts were complex. Since the “class struggle” was still a tense issue domestically, tour guides from China International Travel Service(CITS) had to spend several hours writing “situation reports” each time they accompanied a group. The tour guides were very cautious, like walking on thin ice, with no room for negligence or mistakes.

ー对台湾老夫妻跟随香港旅行团入了境。公安局担心他们是“特务”,嘱告导游“不要给他们单独活动的机会”。实际上,这对时隔30年オ返乡的老夫妻也在思忖:“共产党会不会对我们怎么样?”

An elderly couple from Taiwan entered the country with a Hong Kong tour group. The Public Security Bureau, worried they might be spies, instructed the tour guide to “not give them opportunities for independent activities.” In reality, this couple, who were returning home after 30 years, were also pondering, “Will the Communist Party do something to us?”

1979年了,我们的国门是打开了,但我们的意识还很不开放。我们开放的步伐,还没有迈开大步。

It was 1979, our national doors were open, but our mind was not very open yet. Our steps toward openness had not yet been taken in strides.

“当时外国人要进来不容易,首先要取得国旅的指标,而国旅指标是有控制的,
像发粮票ー样,年初分配名额给法国、英国、美国等各国的旅行商。旅行商为争取到更多的名额,经常与国旅争得面红耳赤。”王尔康说。

“At that time, it was not easy for foreigners to enter. Firstly, they needed to obtain a quota from the CITS, which was controlled like ration coupons, with quotas being allocated to travel agents from countries like France, Britain, and the United States at the beginning of the year. Travel agents often argued fiercely with the CITS to secure more quotas,” said Wang Erkang.

王尔康原是个外交官,一身文气,早年担任国旅总经理,是中国旅游业的“活档案”。他清瘦挺直的身材,敏锐的眼睛,让人过目难忘。他说国外旅行商常抱怨说: “我们是拼命发展旅游,你们是限制旅游。”

Wang Erkang, a former diplomat with a scholarly demeanor, served as the general manager of the CITS in his early years and is considered a “living archive” of the Chinese tourism industry. His slim and upright figure, and keen eyes, are unforgettable. He said that foreign travel agents often complained, “We are desperately developing tourism, but you are restricting it.”

1979年,美国有17万人申请来华旅游,只有2万人获准。在日本年轻人中,4 个人就有3个想到中国旅游,报名到西安的就有120万人。各国要求来华旅游的人数都远远超过国旅定额。海外华侨来华,归中国旅行社负责统筹,也有名额限制。有些华侨登记排队好多年了,还没有获得签证。五洲四海的声音都在问:“你们不是也想挣外汇吗?为什么有钱不赚?”

In 1979, 170,000 Americans applied to travel to China, but only 20,000 were approved. Among young people in Japan, three out of four wanted to travel to China, with 1.2 million signing up for trips to Xi'an. The number of people from various countries who requested to travel to China far exceeded the quota set by the CITS. Overseas Chinese coming to China were managed by CITS, and they also had quota restrictions. Some overseas Chinese had been on the waiting list for many years and still had not received a visa. People from all over the world were asking, “Don't you also want to earn foreign exchange? Why are you not taking the money?”

在当年还相当简陋的会议室、办公室里,国家旅游总局组织学习小平讲话精神的春夏秋冬,大家都还记忆犹新。这记忆告诉我们,封闭久了,打开我们的观念之门,并不比下个文件打开国门容易。

In the rather rudimentary meeting rooms and offices of that year, the memory of studying Deng Xiaoping's speeches during the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter under the organization of the China National Tourism Administration(CNTA) is still fresh in everyone's mind. This memory tells us that after being closed for a long time, opening the doors of our mindset is not any easier than issuing a document to open the national doors.

春夏秋冬,我们像大扫除那样,一次次地清除旅游工作就是“吃喝玩乐”“洋奴思想”“为资产阶级服务”等“文革”遗留的影响。大扫除后,我们的会议室、办公室里也布置出新的景观。新景观能形象地说明,我们已经认识到,旅游业是“无烟エ业”,是“无形贸易”,是投资少、见效快、多创外汇的综合性经济事业。我们还记住了陈云同志的话:“旅游收入实际上是'风景出口 ’,比外贸出口收入来得快。”

Throughout the seasons, we, like conducting a major cleanup, repeatedly eliminated the influence left by the “Cultural Revolution” that suggested tourism work was merely about “indulgence”, “subservience to foreigners”, and “serving the bourgeoisie”. After the major cleanup, our meeting rooms and offices also took on a new look. The new scenery vividly shows that we have recognized that the tourism industry is a “smokeless industry”, an “invisible trade”, and a comprehensive economic venture that requires little investment, yields quick results, and generates much foreign exchange. We also remember Comrade Chen Yun's words: "Tourism income is essentially ‘scenery export’, which generates income faster than traditional exports.”

那时,很多人还不了解外汇,但开始对有外汇的人刮目相看。搞旅游工作的则开始懂得,外汇储备是ー个国家在国际经济活动中实カ的象征。国家持有的外汇储备可以保障国家进口重要战略物资、关键技术,还能保障金融体系的安全。万一发生战争、灾害,或者国际经济形势突然变化,国家银行可以用充足的外汇储备来应对突发的金融风险。

At that time, many people still didn't understand foreign exchange, but they started to look up to those who had foreign exchange. Those involved in the tourism industry began to understand that foreign exchange reserves are a real symbol of a country's participation in international economic activities. The foreign exchange reserves held by a country can ensure the import of important strategic materials and key technologies, as well as safeguard the security of the financial system. In case of war, disaster, or sudden changes in the international economic situation, the national bank can use ample foreign exchange reserves to cope with sudden financial risks.

旅游外汇换汇率比出口物资换汇率高。按1978年计算,出口的物资,平均约二元七八角人民币的东西换回一美元。有些轻エ业产品由于花色品种不适应国际市场的需要,卖不出好价格,往往要用四五元人民币的东西才能换回一美元外汇, 而旅游外汇,只需要一元五角多人民币就可以换回一美元。

The exchange rate for tourism foreign exchange is higher than that for exported goods. Based on calculations from 1978, on average, goods worth about 2.7-2.8 RMB could be exchanged for one US dollar in exports. Some light industry products, due to their designs and varieties not meeting the needs of the international market, couldn't be sold at a good price, often needing goods worth four or five RMB to exchange for one US dollar in foreign exchange. However, for tourism foreign exchange, only a bit over 1.5 RMB was needed to exchange for one US dollar.

中国地域辽阔,山水风光、文物古迹、民俗风情等旅游资源丰富,是世界旅游资源大国,发展旅游有独特的优势。国务院成立了以主管副总理为首的旅游工作领导小组,各地政府也相继成立领导小组。不管怎么说,旅游业开始从“贴钱”转向挣钱。这个进步很重要。

China, with its vast territory, rich natural landscapes, cultural relics, folk customs, and other tourism resources, is a major tourism resource country in the world, with unique advantages in developing tourism. The State Council established a tourism work leadership group headed by the deputy prime minister in charge, and local governments also successively established leadership groups. No matter how you look at it, the tourism industry has started to transition from losing money to making money. This progress is very significant.

“莫畏途难时日远,鸡鸣林角现晨曦。”ー个旅游业的新的早晨苏醒了。但就像夏日的北京仿佛没有早晨似的,大街上很快就车水马龙。这时,“旅游业工作者”都感到自身压カ重重了,而且很快就感到“压得喘不过气来”

“Do not fear the long and difficult journey, as the crowing of the rooster signals the break of dawn.” A new morning for the tourism industry has awakened. But like summer mornings in Beijing, which seem non-existent, the streets quickly become bustling. At this time, “tourism workers” all felt a heavy burden on themselves, and soon felt "so pressured they could hardly breathe".

2. 今夜宿何方

Where to Stay Tonight?

有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?当四海旅游者蜂拥而至时,我们却乱了方寸,慌了手脚。我们还没有建起与此相适应的旅游市场秩序,面临的突出困难一下子就推到了我们鼻子跟前:条件简陋、住房奇缺、交通困阻。

Isn't it joyful to have friends coming from afar? When tourists from all over the world flocked in, we were thrown into confusion and panic. We hadn't yet established a tourism market order that was commensurate with this influx, and the outstanding difficulties were suddenly pushed right in front of us: basic conditions, severe shortage of accommodation, and transportation difficulties.

旅游工作者们竭尽全力,想让外宾住好吃好,可是1978年的北京,只有7家涉外饭店,能拿得出手的床位充其量还不上2000张。从全国来说,也只有137家有点样子的饭店。

Tourism workers tried their best to provide good accommodations and food for foreign guests, but in 1978, Beijing only had 7 hotels that catered to foreigners, with no more than 2000 decent beds. Nationally, there were only 137 somewhat decent hotels.

北京国旅、中旅捉襟见肘,天天愁的就是客房。饭店走廊全都住满,标准间中间加铺,会议室打起通铺,还有客人等待在大堂。饭店里再也没地方可塞床位了, 大厅乱哄哄的,客人翘首盼等,怎么办?

Beijing CITS were stretched to their limits, with their daily concern being the shortage of guest rooms. Corridors of hotels were all filled with people, extra beds were added to standard rooms, conference rooms were made into shared accommodations, and there were still guests waiting in the lobby. There was no longer any space to squeeze in extra beds in the hotels, the lobby was chaotic, and guests were eagerly waiting. What could be done?

有的把客人拉到北京“上海西餐厅”,把吃西餐的小桌子拼起来当大床;或拉到“莫斯科餐厅”打地铺,男女屏风挡隔,权且将就。当时来华观光的旅游者,有很多是腰缠万贯的富翁,叫人住在这种条件的地方,也真觉得丢了国家的面子。

Some would take guests to Beijing's “Shanghai Western Restaurant”, where small dining tables were put together to serve as a big bed, or they would go to the “Moscow Restaurant” for makeshift sleeping arrangements, with screens separating men and women. At that time, many tourists visiting China were wealthy tycoons, and having them stay in such conditions really made us feel as if we were losing face for our country.

还有个办法是用“缓兵之计”。这批外宾下了飞机,前批宾客还没退房。于是先把客人连行李ー起拉到故宫、颐和园去游览,这边紧张地腾房间。那时外宾旅游也真够累的,你想想,乘了 20多个小时飞机,到达北京后,时差还没有倒过来,就要拖着疲惫的身子去参观。到晚上,等上一批客人走了,才能入住宾馆。

Another strategy was to use a “delaying tactic”. When one group of foreign guests landed, the previous group of guests had not yet checked out. So, the new guests and their luggage were taken straight to sightseeing spots like the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, while hotel rooms were urgently being vacated on the other end. At that time, foreign tourists were indeed tired. Just imagine, after a 20-hour flight, they arrived in Beijing and before they could even adjust to the time difference, they had to go sightseeing while exhausted. It wasn't until the evening, when the previous group of guests had left, that they could check into the hotel.

像这样当晚能入住的旅游团,还算是幸运的。

Tourist groups that were able to check into a hotel on the same day they arrived were actually considered lucky.

有一次,青旅接了一个美国团,北京实在无处下榻了,打电话向时任团中央书记的李瑞环汇报。李瑞环也没法子,硬着头皮给小平打电话。小平打电话给空军, 动用军用飞机连夜把外宾运送到天津去过夜,第二天又用飞机运回北京来观光。

Once, China Youth Travel Service(CYTS) received a group from the United States, but there were simply no accommodations available in Beijing. They reported this to Li Ruihuan, who was then the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Li Ruihuan had no solution, and had to call Deng Xiaoping directly. Deng Xiaoping contacted the Air Force to arrange military aircraft to fly the guests overnight to Tianjin, where they could spend the night. The next day, they were flown back to Beijing for sightseeing.

坐飞机易地投宿,现在来说是不可思议的事。而那时,为解决住宿问题,通过国务院李先念、陈慕华等副总理调军用飞机把客人送往天津等地住宿,是常有的事,最远的送到南京。

This kind of extraordinary arrangement - flying guests to a different city for overnight accommodation - is simply unimaginable today. Back then, to solve the accommodation problem, it was common for Vice Premiers like Li Xianian and Chen Muhua to arrange for guests to be flown to places like Tianjin and even as far as Nanjing using military aircraft.

1978年,全国旅游入境人数超过!80万人次,比以往20年宾客总和还要多。到1979年,客人成倍增加,而宾馆不能像孙悟空拔根毫毛那样呼之即出,住宿矛盾更加突显。外国游客在大厅里打地铺已不奇怪,戏称在东方野营;在机场里围着毛毯候飞机,犹如战后在某个边境机场等待联军来接难民。

In 1978, the total number of inbound tourists in China exceeded 1.8 million, which was more than the total number of guests in the previous 20 years. By 1979, the number of guests had multiplied, and the contradiction between the growing demand and the limited hotel supply became even more prominent. Unlike Sun Wukong (the Monkey King) who could summon something out of thin air by plucking a single hair, we couldn't magically produce hotels. It was no longer surprising to see foreign tourists sleeping on the floor in the lobby, jokingly calling it "camping in the East"; or wrapping themselves in blankets at the airport, waiting for flights like refugees waiting for Allied forces at a border airport after a war.

京城缺旅社,今夜宿何家?这个问号,就是深深的记忆。

Where would they stay in Beijing, a city lacking hotels? This question is a deep memory.

北京东长安街6号,当年是国家旅游局和国旅总社所在地,经常有蓝眼睛、高鼻梁的洋人坐在门口的台阶上,等住所,等机票。这样的风景,在当时大国中,恐怕绝无仅有。

No. 6 East Chang’an Street in Beijing, where the CNTA and CITS were located, often saw blue-eyed, high-nosed foreigners sitting on the steps at the entrance, waiting for accommodation, waiting for plane tickets. Such a sight, in a big country like China at that time, was probably unprecedented.

早在美国总统尼克松访华前タ,北京饭店新建了一座23层的大厦,现在远远安排不下蜂拥而至的宾客。北京饭店总经理手头只有7间住房的机动权,其他房子的钥匙掌控在国务院谷牧、陈慕华、余秋里、王震4位副总理的手里。先给谁得副总理协调发话,ー时成为天下奇闻。

Before President Nixon's visit to China, a 23-story building was constructed at the Beijing Hotel. But now, it's far from enough to accommodate the influx of guests. The General Manager of Beijing Hotel only had the flexibility to allocate 7 rooms, and the keys to the rest of the rooms were in the hands of the four Deputy Prime Ministers, Gu Mu, Chen Muhua, Yu Qiuli, and Wang Zhen. Deciding who should receive the rooms upon the coordination of the Deputy Prime Ministers was a curious issue at the time.

ー些客人久仰北京饭店的大名,宁肯在大堂静等,也不愿去别处投宿。有一次全部客人都安顿好了,还剩一个没着落,怎么办?结果他在同行者卫生间的浴缸里,蜷曲着过了一夜。

Some guests, having heard of the great reputation of the Beijing Hotel, preferred to wait patiently in the lobby rather than seek accommodations elsewhere. Once, when all guests were accommodated, one person was left without a place to stay. What to do? In the end, he curled up in the bathtub of his fellow travelers' bathroom and spent the night there.

不仅住宿难,而且条件差。

Not only was it difficult to find accommodation, but the conditions were also poor.

中国旅游协会副会长兼秘书长李玉莺,说起她当年带一批美国客人去招待所住宿,她说美国人ー看,缩了回来,不肯入住,认为条件比美国监狱还差,当即给美国使馆打电话,使馆人员叫他们先去使馆。李玉莺苦口婆心劝阻。天又下起了雨, 她就把这批客人拉到北京饭店大堂,每人发个毯子,在沙发上过夜。她也陪着外宾在椅子上度过漫长的夜晚。

Li Yuying, Vice President and Secretary-General of the China Tourism Association, spoke about the time she brought a group of American guests to stay in a guesthouse. Upon seeing the conditions, the Americans recoiled, refusing to stay. They believed that the conditions were worse than those in American prisons, and immediately called the U.S. embassy, which suggested they go to the embassy instead. Li Yuying tried her best to persuade them otherwise. It started raining also, so she took this group of guests to the lobby of the Beijing Hotel, handed each person a blanket, and let them spend the night on the sofas. She also accompanied the guests, spending the long night on a chair.

这是发生在20世纪80年代初的事。不能怪美国人挑剔,与国外饭店相比,我们的条件确实差太多。那时的招待所是个什么状况?几乎所有招待所的房间都没有卫生间,ー个楼层两大排客房,走廊尽头有个公用厕所,散发出的异味弥漫整个走廊。洗澡间大多设在厕所隔壁,你脱掉衣服洗澡的时候,感觉隔壁的臭气直接侵袭你的全身,让你感觉全身都有洗不掉的臭味。而且,每天只供应两小时热水,你进去洗澡的时候也许已经供水1个小时50分钟,但你并不知道,你脱光衣服擦上香皂,突然热水没了,你只好光着身子干着急。餐厅实行8小时工作制,过时恕不恭候。

This happened in the early 1980s. One can't blame the Americans for being picky. Compared to hotels abroad, our conditions were indeed far behind. What was the condition of the guesthouses at that time? Almost all guesthouse rooms didn't have a bathroom. On each floor, there were two large rows of guest rooms, with a shared toilet at the end of the hallway. The smell from the toilet filled the entire corridor. Most of the bathing areas were next to the toilet. When you undressed to take a bath, you could feel the unpleasant smell from the next door directly invading your body, leaving you with a feeling of an unremovable stench. Moreover, hot water was only available for two hours every day. You might go in to take a bath after hot water had already been supplied for 1 hour and 50 minutes, but you wouldn't know it. Once you had taken off your clothes and applied soap, the hot water might suddenly run out, leaving you naked and in a bind. The restaurant adhered to an 8-hour operation policy, and latecomers were not accommodated.

条件略好的涉外宾馆,也存在许多问题。耗子夜袭旅客,外宾彻夜辗转。宾客带的食品常被老鼠啃得乱七八糟,连照相机的皮背带也被咬断。有时半尺长的大老鼠突然从空飞降,“啪”的一下正落在宾客的床上,于是有外宾称中国饭店为“老鼠饭店”。

This happened in the early 1980s. One can't blame the Americans for being picky. Compared to hotels abroad, our conditions were indeed far behind. What was the condition of the guesthouses at that time? Almost all guesthouse rooms didn't have a bathroom. On each floor, there were two large rows of guest rooms, with a shared toilet at the end of the hallway. The smell from the toilet filled the entire corridor. Most of the bathing areas were next to the toilet. When you undressed to take a bath, you could feel the unpleasant smell from the next door directly invading your body, leaving you with a feeling of an unremovable stench. Moreover, hot water was only available for two hours every day. You might go in to take a bath after hot water had already been supplied for 1 hour and 50 minutes, but you wouldn't know it. Once you had taken off your clothes and applied soap, the hot water might suddenly run out, leaving you naked and in a bind. The restaurant adhered to an 8-hour operation policy, and latecomers were not accommodated.

一位外宾就绘声绘色地讲述:“晚上我看见老鼠在我眼前跳舞。”他随身带着老鼠咬过留有牙痕的巧克カ,拿出来作为介绍“老鼠饭店”的证据。

One guest vividly described: “At night, I saw rats dancing right in front of my eyes.” He carried with him a piece of chocolate that bore the teeth marks of a rat, which he presented as evidence of the “Rat Hotel”.

靳羽西来了,这位海外名人也被老鼠闹得夜不安宁。住的房间没有天花板,老
鼠在房梁上东蹿西跳,灰尘洒落。一开灯,老鼠逃走,ー关灯又出来了。几只老鼠还从她的床上爬过,吓得她一夜都不敢入睡。

When the famous overseas celebrity, Jin Yuxi, came, she too was disturbed by the rats at night. She lived in a room without a ceiling, mice scampered back and forth on the rafters, scattering dust. As soon as she turned on the light, the mice fled, but when the light was off, they returned. ome mice even crawled across her bed, frightening her to the point where she dared not sleep all night.

武汉某饭店,浴室遍地是水,每个旅客都在为马桶漏水发愁。桂林旅馆水泥屋顶竖着蓄水塔,只见水头不见水,所有客人又都为断水而抱怨。成都某涉外宾馆房间壁橱里灰尘厚积,地毯又黑又硬,床单、被子、枕套都脏兮兮的,令人恶心。卫生间墙上镜子破成两块,一条发黑的胶布刺眼地粘在上面,败陋状况令客人感觉好像来到战后的城市。

In a certain hotel in Wuhan, the bathroom was flooded with water, every guest was worried about the leaking toilet. In Guilin, the motel had cement roofs with water tanks perched on top, water could be seen but not used, causing all guests to complain about the water outage. In a certain foreign-related hotel in Chengdu, the closet in the room was thick with dust, the carpet was black and hard, and the sheets, quilts, and pillowcases were all filthy, making one feel nauseated. The mirror in the bathroom was broken into two pieces, with a piece of blackened tape glaringly sticking to it, the decrepit condition made guests feel like they had arrived in a post-war city.

ー个美国旅行团的领队柯娜・梅・邱夫人,致函中国国际旅行社,尖锐批评饭店卫生不佳现象,其中写道:

Mrs. Kona Mei Qiu, the leader of an American tour group, wrote a sharp critique to the CITS criticizing the poor hygiene in the hotels. She wrote:

“客房的蟬螂钻进我的行李包从北京运到兰州。在乌鲁木齐,蟬螂更严重,竟爬到床上来。对此,我只能置之一笑。卫生间不起作用,马桶在漏水。不干净的设施和爬虫之害,可以直接影响旅行者对中国的特殊好感。”

“Cockroaches from the guest room crawled into my suitcase and were transported from Beijing to Lanzhou. In Urumqi, the cockroach situation was even worse, they actually crawled onto the bed. To this, I can only laugh it off. The bathroom facilities are not working, particularly the toilet, which is leaking. Dirty facilities and pest problems can directly affect travelers' special fondness for China.”

今夜不知何处宿,不只是在北京。

“I don't know where to stay tonight,” wasn't just a problem in Beijing.

热点旅游城市,饭店都人满为患,床位紧缺。

In popular tourist cities, hotels were overcrowded, and there was a shortage of beds.

在桂林,海外侨胞和港澳台同胞有的被安排在大礼堂的舞台上,男男女女都打地铺。有一首打油诗流传很广:“桂林山水甲天下,我到桂林住地下……”

In Guilin, some overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were arranged to sleep on the stage of the auditorium, with men and women alike sleeping on the floor. A popular ditty was widely circulated: “Guilin's landscape tops those elsewhere, here in Guilin, I sleep on the floor...”

在上海,当时虽有锦江、和平等7家上档次的饭店,但有时几千名外宾同一天要在上海过夜,急得上海市旅游局茫然无措。安置不下的宾朋,常常临时拉到杭州、苏州去过夜。忙得顾不上吃饭的导游姑娘,跳上跳下地解释着,经常急得泪汪汪的。

In Shanghai, despite having high-end hotels like Jinjiang and Peace Hotel among seven others, there were times when thousands of foreign guests needed to spend the night in Shanghai on the same day, which often left the Shanghai Tourism Bureau at a loss. Guests who couldn't be accommodated were often hastily relocated to Hangzhou or Suzhou to spend the night. The tour guide girls, too busy to even eat, would hop up and down explaining the situation, often to the brink of tears.

3.票!票!票!

Tickets! Tickets! Tickets!

1979年春,桂林机场。浓雾迷天。

Spring of 1979, Guilin Airport. The sky was filled with dense fog.

一天,两天,桂林的雾,依旧那么浓。10多个航班延误了,宾客焦急的情绪,也像雾一般在候机室内外弥漫,机场一片混乱。

One day, two days, the fog in Guilin remained as dense as ever. More than 10 flights were delayed, and the anxiety of the guests, like the fog, filled the waiting room and the airport was in chaos.

外宾是有日程的,签证到期该回国了,回国机票也早买了,可是卡在桂林出不来,怎么不焦急上火? 3天后,天空终于开雾了。几天滞留下来的旅客黑压压ー片,机场乱哄哄的。每个团都想先走。协调、安慰,增调航班,喧闹数天的游客最后总算都散了出去。

Foreign guests had schedules to keep, their visas were expiring and they needed to return to their home countries. They had bought their return tickets long ago, but they were stuck in Guilin and couldn't leave, how could they not be anxious and upset? Three days later, the sky finally cleared up. The travelers who had been stranded for several days were a mass of dark figures, the airport was in an uproar. Every group wanted to leave first. Through coordination, consolation, and adding additional flights, the noisy tourists who had been there for several days eventually all dispersed.

中国民航从1979年4月1日起,在国内对外开放的城市中相继开辟了 8条新航线,每周共安排了 545个航班。外宾最集中的北京、上海两地,班机由原来每周

的15班增加到24班。

Starting from April 1, 1979, the Civil Aviation Administration of China successively opened eight new routes in cities open to foreigners domestically, scheduling a total of 545 flights per week. The number of flights in Beijing and Shanghai, where most foreign guests were concentrated, increased from the original 15 flights per week to 24.

桂林是最热门的景区,要求去桂林游览的外宾越来越多。民航广州管理局已把从广州到桂林的航班,由原来每周!5班增加到24班。北京、上海、杭州、贵阳、天津、重庆、成都、武汉、长沙等地,每周都有班机进出桂林。

Guilin was the most popular tourist area, and the number of foreign guests requesting to visit Guilin increased. The Civil Aviation Administration of Guangzhou had increased the number of flights from Guangzhou to Guilin from the original 15 flights per week to 24. Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guiyang, Tianjin, Chongqing, Chengdu, Wuhan, Changsha, and other cities all had flights to and from Guilin every week.

在当时情况下,民航已竭尽全力,但还是无法满足旅游班机需求。1978年底, 中国民航只有162条航线,飞机的日利用时间オ1.9个小时,民航的运输总周转量世界排名第33位。飞机性能差,30年前乘坐过中国民航飞机的人,对当年那颠簸的飞机和轰鸣的噪音记忆犹新。

Given the circumstances at the time, the Civil Aviation Administration had done its utmost, but it still could not meet the demand for tourist flights. By the end of 1978, China's Civil Aviation Administration only had 162 routes, the daily usage time of aircraft was 1.9 hours, and the total turnover of civil aviation ranked 33rd in the world. The aircraft's performance was poor, and those who had flown on China's civil aviation aircraft 30 years ago still had vivid memories of the bumpy aircraft and roaring noise.

票!票!票!机票、火车票,两票难求。外宾进得来,出不去,成为主要矛盾。外国、侨胞旅行团因购不到机票而被打乱行程,滞留、改线现象经常发生。

Tickets! Tickets! Tickets! Both flight tickets and train tickets were hard to come by. Foreign guests could get in, but they couldn't get out, which became a major problem. Tour groups from foreign countries and overseas Chinese often had their schedules disrupted because they couldn't buy flight tickets, and incidents of delay or route changes happened frequently.

有一次在桂林,ー个美国团班机延误,眼见签证即将到期却走不了,客人闹了起来了,挥舞拳头抗议。全陪导游老黄想,打电话向国旅总部反映,时间都来不及了。急中生智,他直接把电话打到分管旅游工作的陈慕华副总理办公室。陈慕华连夜向空军司令张廷发求助,临时调军用飞机救急,オ平息ー场风波。

Once in Guilin, a flight delay for an American group led to a scene where the guests, seeing their visas about to expire but unable to leave, started to protest. The accompanying guide, Old Huang, thought to call the headquarters of the CITS, but there wasn't enough time. Thinking quickly, he directly called the office of Deputy Premier Chen Muhua, who was in charge of tourism work. Chen Muhua sought help from Air Force Commander Zhang Tingfa overnight and arranged for a military plane to be used in an emergency, which quelled the unrest.

当时缓解航班紧缺的办法,只有通过国务院、中央军委高层领导找空军司令张廷发特批空军包机。紧张状况一直延续到1982年。空军部队1982年共派出1800 多架次飞机,协助旅游部门空运游客近6万人次。1985年,空军正式成立旅游包机公司,飞机短缺的状况稍有缓解。

At that time, the only way to alleviate the shortage of flights was to seek special permission from Air Force Commander Zhang Tingfa through the State Council and the senior leadership of the Central Military Commission. he tense situation continued until 1982. In 1982, the Air Force dispatched more than 1,800 flights, assisting the tourism department in transporting nearly 60,000 tourists by air. In 1985, the Air Force formally established a charter company for tourism, which somewhat alleviated the shortage of aircraft.

火车票同样紧缺,卧铺票更是难求。常常是ー个团只能分到几张卧铺票,而旅游团中年龄偏大者居多,ー个团下飞机,多数是白发老人,被称为“银发族”。导游陪同常为拿不出足够的卧铺票而内疚。

Train tickets were also in short supply, and sleeper tickets were even harder to find. Often, a group could only get a few sleeper tickets, and the majority of those in the tour groups were older, most of them were elderly with white hair, referred to as the “silver-haired tribe”. The accompanying guides often felt guilty for not being able to provide enough sleeper tickets.

法国飞行78团凭票到火车站上车,车站告知走不了,要改乘凌晨2时的火车。等到凌晨2时,铁路方面又通知说这班车次取消了,要9时オ有火车。旅客通宵未眠,遇上这种情况,怎能不生气！

The French Flying 78 Group arrived at the train station with tickets only to be told by the station that they couldn't leave and had to take the train at 2 am. When it got to 2 am, the railway informed them that this train was cancelled and they had to wait until 9 am for the next train. The tourists had been up all night. Under such circumstances, how could they not get angry!

有一次火车途经昔日丝绸之路走过的名城,有个法国旅游团上车。因没有软卧,客人和陪同发生争执,团队中有80多岁的老太太。列车长也很为难。正在无可奈何之际,甘肃省委一行人知道情况后,带队的领导对列车长说:“这样吧,我们 12人的软卧全部让给旅游外宾。”说着就招呼人从软卧车厢把东西拿了出来。

Once, a train was passing through a famous city on the old Silk Road, and a French tour group got on. Because there were no soft sleepers available, a dispute arose between the guests and the accompanying staff, with an elderly lady in her 80s in the group. The train conductor was also in a difficult position. Just when they were at a loss, the Gansu Provincial Party Committee members who were on the train learnt about the situation. The leader of the group said to the train conductor, “Let's do this, we will give all our 12 soft sleepers to the foreign guests.” Then, they called their people to take their belongings out of the soft sleeper carriage.

法国客人进入软卧车厢后,迷惑不解地问:“他们怎么愿意把软卧让出来?”当得知为他们让出卧铺的是省级领导,顿时感动不已。

When the French guests entered the soft sleeper carriage, they asked in confusion, “Why are they willing to give up their soft sleepers?” When they learned that the people who gave up their berths for them were provincial leaders, they were deeply moved.

“在有限的条件下,解决宾客交通困难,我们尽心尽力。”王尔康给我们讲了个

导航轮的故事。

“We did our best to solve the guests’ transportation difficulties under limited conditions.” Wang Erkang told us a story about a navigation wheel. The story took place in the early 1980s.

故事发生在20世纪80年代初。这天王尔康刚上班,总经理室的电话就响起来了。空军机场告知,原定明晨6时起飞的一架图ー154包机导航轮要更换。图ー 154是苏联产的飞机,早已从苏联采购、用火车托运的ー批导航轮,却因东北嫩江发大水,失去了联系,火车皮现不知道在哪儿。如果不更换导航轮,飞机就不能起飞。王尔康一听急了,飞机延误就要打乱客人下ー站的旅行计划,这150多人的旅游团,ー处乱就一路乱,怎么办?

This happened in the early 1980s. One day, as soon as Wang Erkang arrived at work, the phone in the general manager's office rang. The Air Force airport informed them that the navigation wheel of a Tu-154 charter plane, which was scheduled to take off at 6 am the next morning, needed to be replaced. The Tu-154 is a Soviet-made aircraft. A batch of navigation wheels had already been purchased from the Soviet Union and shipped by train, but due to severe flooding in the Nen River in Northeast China, they had lost contact, and they didn't know where the train carriage was now. If the navigation wheel wasn't replaced, the plane wouldn't be able to take off. Upon hearing this, Wang Erkang was alarmed. If the flight was delayed, it would disrupt the travel plans of the next stop for the guests. For this tour group of more than 150 people, if one place was chaotic, the chaos would follow them the whole way. What should he do?

空军也在想办法。全国发电报寻找,终于在空军所属的乌鲁木齐机场找到ー个备用导航轮,但是得有专人去拿。王尔康一看飞乌鲁木齐航班还赶得上,马上派人出发赶飞机。如同一场争分夺秒的“战斗”,终于在当晚!2点前把导航轮送到空军机场,机械师连夜装换。第二天黎明,一声轰鸣,飞机按时冲上蓝天。王尔康与在场的国旅总社人员一直悬着的心,总算平静下来,脸上有了欣慰的微笑。

The Air Force was also trying to find a solution. They sent telegrams nationwide to find a spare navigation wheel and finally located one at their Urumqi Airport. However, they needed someone to pick it up. Seeing that there was still time to catch a flight to Urumqi, Wang Erkang immediately dispatched someone to rush to the airport. Like a race against time, the navigation wheel was finally delivered to the Air Force airport before midnight, and the mechanics worked overnight to replace it. At dawn the next day, with a loud roar, the plane took off on time. The hearts of Wang Erkang and the other staff from the China International Travel Service, which had been hanging in the balance, finally calmed down, and a relieved smile appeared on their faces.

1978年到20世纪80年代初,中国民航、铁路都极其薄弱,交通与住宿,同时成为发展旅游的主要瓶颈,外宾对此啧有烦言。抗议呀,叫喊呀,但由于条件限制,都难以较快改善。当这些外宾回国后,形成的舆论却相当可怕,给中国的国际声誉造成的不良影响,还不容易改变。

From 1978 to the early 1980s, both air and rail transportation in China were extremely weak, and transportation and accommodation became major bottlenecks for the development of tourism. Foreign visitors often complained about these issues. Despite protests and complaints, rapid improvements were difficult to achieve due to various constraints. After these foreign visitors returned to their home countries, the public opinion formed was rather negative, creating an unfavorable impact on China's international reputation, which was not easy to change.

20世纪80年代初,连续5批130多个美国客人在中国住不好,吃不好,特别是又因机票受困走不了,问题从民间反映到官方。不久,美国官方公开发布消息,说美国人到中国出不来,没地方住,对中国之旅亮出红灯。随即美国旅客骤减。美国旅行商说:“等到你们条件改善,我们再来。”

In the early 1980s, over 130 American visitors in five consecutive groups had unpleasant experiences in China, facing poor accommodations and food. Particularly troubling was the difficulty they experienced in obtaining flight tickets, which led to their being stranded. These issues escalated from the public domain to official levels. Soon after, the U.S. government publicly announced that Americans were having difficulty leaving China, and that there were inadequate accommodations. This warning signaled a red light for trips to China, leading to a significant decrease in American tourists. merican travel agencies said, "We will return when your conditions have improved."

中国旅游业,是在种种尴尬的情况下起步。

The tourism industry in China started amid various awkward circumstances.

4. 意想不到的尴尬

4. Unexpected Embarrassments

“民以食为天。”中国美食天下扬,正宗的有鲁菜、徽菜、浙菜、苏菜、闽菜、粤菜、川菜、湘菜等八大菜系,还有满、蒙、回、朝鲜等民族的特色口味,如烧、烤、涮。高档的有燕窝、鱼翅;中档的有甲鱼、螃蟹;北京烤鸭,杭州宋嫂鱼,四川太白鸭…… 任君享用,更不消说还有天南海北形形色色的风味小吃。说到吃,在中国总没问题了吧?

“People regard food as their primary need.” Chinese cuisine is famous worldwide. The authentic Chinese cuisine includes eight major culinary traditions: Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, and Hunan, as well as the special tastes of ethnic groups such as the Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Korean, which include techniques like roasting, grilling, and hotpot. There are high-end delicacies like bird's nest and shark fin; mid-range options like turtle and crab; Beijing roast duck, Hangzhou Song Sao Fish, Sichuan Taibai duck... The choice is yours. Not to mention, there are a variety of local snacks from all over the country. When it comes to eating, there should be no problem in China, right?

“你们想错了。”程文栋先生说,“当时在餐桌上出现过不少尴尬。”程文栋曾任国家旅游局副局长,担任过中国驻意大利大使,获过意大利“大十字骑士勋章”。他身材高大,声音洪亮而浑厚。他向我们讲述当年陪美国内务部次长一行人游桂林的事。

“You're mistaken,” said Mr. Cheng Wendong. “There were quite a few embarrassing incidents at the dining table.” Cheng Wendong served as the Deputy Director of the National Tourism Administration, was China's ambassador to Italy, and was awarded the “Knight Grand Cross” by Italy. With a tall stature and a deep, resonant voice, he shared with us his experience of accompanying a delegation led by the US Deputy Secretary of the Interior on a tour of Guilin.

美国客人到餐厅坐下,提出要喝啤酒。

When the American guests sat down at the restaurant, they asked for beer.

“对不起,没有了。”

“Sorry, we're out of beer.”

“那就来点冰激凌。”

“Well, bring some ice cream then.”

冰激凌是什么?服务员还是第一次听说,去问餐厅经理。经理脸红了,知道是知道,但餐厅目前还不会做。最后,客人说:“那就来杯冰水吧!”

What is ice cream? It was the first time the waiter had heard of it, so he asked the restaurant manager. The manager blushed, he knew what ice cream was, but the restaurant was not currently equipped to make it. In the end, the guests said, “Well, bring a glass of ice water then!”

经理派人出去跑,打电话到处联系,就是找不到冰水。

The manager dispatched someone to go out and make phone calls to various contacts, but they simply couldn't find any ice water.

美国宾客耸耸肩,疑惑地瞪大眼睛问程先生:“冰水也没有?”

The American guests shrugged and widened their eyes in confusion, asking Mr. Cheng: “You don't have ice water either?”

程文栋说起话来中气十足,说到这里,仰面哈哈大笑起来:“你看现在,要什么饮料没有?那时候连啤酒都没有呀!青岛啤酒,年初就拿钱去预定的,按计划供应。需求上报了,但只批下极少量。”

Cheng Wendong spoke with great vigour, and when he got to this part, he threw his head back and laughed heartily: “Just look at the present times, is there any drink that we don't have? Back then, even beer was scarce! For Tsingtao Beer, we had to place an advance payment at the beginning of the year and it was supplied as per plan. The demand was reported, but only a very small quantity was approved.”

1979年,14个省市54个涉外饭店有个统计,每年短缺啤酒2778吨,而且多数啤酒质量很差,外国旅游者对喝不到啤酒很有意见。美国人晚餐想喝鸡尾酒,更让我们的餐厅经理傻了眼。那时只有少数涉外宾馆オ有调配鸡尾酒的人才。

In 1979, a statistic from 54 foreign-related hotels in 14 provinces and cities revealed a shortage of 2778 tons of beer annually. Moreover, the quality of most beers was very poor, which displeased foreign tourists who couldn't get their hands on any. If American guests wanted to drink a cocktail for dinner, it would leave our restaurant managers completely flabbergasted. At that time, only a few foreign-related hotels had staff who could mix cocktails.

还有香槟酒问题。香槟酒是礼仪用酒,国外宴会大开香槟酒助兴,以显示宴会的隆重。可是,我们的餐厅香槟酒也奇缺,喝都不够,更别说是弄得“香槟喷溅宾朋乐”。

There was also the issue of champagne. Champagne is a ceremonial drink. At foreign banquets, it's customary to open champagne for toasting, signifying the grandeur of the event. However, our restaurants were severely short of champagne. There was barely enough for consumption, let alone to create a “champagne-spraying, guest-delighting” scene.

除了物资紧俏,由于对外国饮食忌讳不了解,也闹出ー些不愉快的事。比如泰国游客忌吃牛肉,事先已通过陪同向餐厅打了招呼。数分钟后,服务员忙中出错, 偏偏把ー盘牛肉端上桌。

Besides the scarcity of supplies, some unpleasant incidents arose due to a lack of understanding of foreign food taboos. For example, Thai tourists avoid eating beef, and this had been communicated in advance to the restaurant through accompanying staff. A few minutes later, a server made a mistake during a busy period and mistakenly served a plate of beef.

“哎,我们不是说了吗,不吃牛肉。”ー桌人都火了,因为这被视为对客人信仰的侮辱！

“Hey, didn't we say that we don't eat beef?” Everyone at the table was angry, as this was viewed as an insult to the guests' beliefs!

港澳游客忌讳“炒觥鱼”,因为在他们那里炒觥鱼”是失业的代名词。但餐厅服务员对炒觥鱼这道菜叫惯了,上菜就大声唱道:“炒觥鱼了！”

Tourists from Hong Kong and Macao have a taboo against “fried goby”, because in their culture, “fried goby” is synonymous with unemployment. But restaurant servers were accustomed to calling out this dish loudly: “Fried goby!”

海员忌讳“翻”。某餐厅服务员帮忙,把下半边未吃的鱼翻了个身,谁知外国海员无法容忍,把筷子ー摔离席而去。

Seamen have a taboo against “flipping”. A restaurant server wanted to help and flipped a half-eaten fish, but a foreign sailor couldn't tolerate it and slammed his chopsticks down, leaving the table.

在饮食习惯上,国内外存在很大差异。外宾喜欢分餐制,中国餐厅总是老规矩,10人ー桌,合而食之,有时不足10人还不上菜,客人面面相觑,饥腹以待。

There were significant differences in dietary habits between domestic and foreign guests. Foreign guests prefer separate dining, but Chinese restaurants usually adhere to the old rule of serving 10 people per table, serving food when the table is full. Sometimes if there are less than 10 people, they don't serve food at all, leaving the guests to glance at each other and wait with hunger.

大多数外宾早上爱吃西餐,而许多餐厅还做不了西餐。早餐通常是稀饭、冷菜、点心,西方宾客很不适应。

Most foreign guests prefer Western breakfast, but many restaurants couldn't make Western food at that time. Breakfast was usually porridge, cold dishes, and dim sum, which Western guests found hard to adjust to.

还有一个让外国游客不满的是餐厅定时开饭,过时不候。早上得早起赶吃饭, 晚上又没有专供客人喝酒聊天的酒吧间。

Another dissatisfaction among foreign tourists was the restaurant's set meal times. If you missed the time, you would not be served. They had to get up early in the morning to catch breakfast and there was no bar available in the evening for guests to have a drink and chat.

中国有“食在广州”ー说,天上飞的,地上爬的,水里游的,经过煎炒烹炸、蒸煮
炖煨,无不成了席上的佳肴。然而,那些精心烹饪的名菜端上来,外国游客问,这是什么?当得知这是某些飞禽走兽时,他们不吃了。餐厅说,你点的,我们做了,你怎么能不要?客人说,你写的不是这个东西。人家说得没错,我们写的“龙凤呈祥”，外国游客能知道那是什么?矛盾的焦点则是:有些“洋客人”反对屠杀动物。

In China, there's a saying “Food is in Guangzhou”, which means everything that flies in the sky, crawls on the ground, and swims in the water can be transformed into delicious dishes on the table through various cooking methods like frying, boiling, steaming, and braising. However, when those meticulously prepared dishes were served, foreign tourists would ask, “What is this?” Upon learning that it was some kind of animal, they would refuse to eat. The restaurant would respond, “You ordered it, we made it, how can you reject it?” The guests would reply, “What you wrote is not this.” They’re right. If we wrote “dragon and phoenix bring auspiciousness,” how could foreign tourists know what it is? The focus of the conflict was that some "foreign guests" opposed the killing of animals.

许多餐厅还没有菜单,更没有英文菜单。每次吃中餐,外宾好奇地询问各种菜名。我们的传统菜名写在小竹签上,高高ー排悬于墙,外国宾客不知那是什么。菜单可以充分展示一个餐厅的优势和特色,可惜那时我们还不知道利用。

Many restaurants didn't even have menus, let alone English menus. Each time they had Chinese meals, foreign guests would curiously inquire about the names of various dishes. Every time they had Chinese meals, foreign guests would curiously ask about the names of various dishes. Our traditional dish names were written on small bamboo sticks and hung high on the wall, leaving foreign guests in confusion about what they were. Menus can fully showcase the advantages and features of a restaurant, but unfortunately, we didn't know how to utilize that at the time.

有些问题ー经外宾指出,改起来并不难。很快,印有中英文的精美菜单出现在各宾馆的餐桌上;也有了夜间小吃部,备有各种名酒、饮料、点心、冷菜、热菜。就餐时间不再限定。街头相继出现酒吧间,并迅速增加。

Some of the issues were easy to address once foreign guests pointed them out. Soon, beautifully printed menus with both Chinese and English started appearing on the dining tables in various hotels; there were also night snack sections that provided a variety of famous wines, beverages, pastries, cold dishes, and hot dishes. Meal times were no longer restricted. Bars started to appear on the streets and rapidly increased in number.

在旅游点进餐,更大的问题是卫生差。某些餐馆苍蝇就像轰炸机ー样向饭菜袭来,外宾见了头皮发麻。有些餐馆厨房与餐厅只隔ー矮墙,客人可以看到师傅打赤膊在大锅台上烫面条,食欲大减。

The bigger problem with dining at tourist spots was poor hygiene. In some restaurants, flies swooped down on the food like bombers, making foreign guests shudder. Some restaurants had a low wall separating the kitchen from the dining area, and guests could see the chefs shirtless, blanching noodles on the large stoves, which greatly reduced their appetite.

别小看“吃”,一日三餐谁能少?没有好的餐饮企业,就没有好的旅游环境。ー个城市餐饮市场的成熟程度,反映了它的旅游接待カ和综合实カ。

Don't underestimate the importance of eating. Who can skip a meal three times a day? Without good catering enterprises, there won't be a good tourism environment. The maturity of a city's catering market reflects its tourism reception capability and overall strength.

为了让旅游外宾吃饱吃好,我们的餐厅师傅费尽了心思。常言道:“众口难调。”何况这“众口”来自不同国家和地区。甚至同一个团队,由于年龄、体质、职业、宗教信仰等不同,对饮食也有不同的要求,要细心地做到“看客做菜” 〇

In order to ensure foreign tourists are well-fed, our restaurant chefs put in a lot of effort. As the saying goes, “It's hard to please all tastes,” especially when these "tastes" come from different countries and regions. Even within the same group, due to differences in age, physique, occupation, and religious beliefs, there are different requirements for food, requiring careful attention to “tailor the dishes to the guest.”

师傅们很快了解到西欧人口味清淡,东欧人口味比较浓厚;非洲人以咸辣味为主,爱吃咖哩;法国客人吃点心,喜咸不喜甜;美国人饭前要喝饮料,日本人喜欢海鲜鱼虾;而尼泊尔等ー些内陆国家对海味和水产品都不太适应;朝鲜人则喜欢蒜味辣味,对花椒八角等香料不喜欢;川菜,酸、甜、苦、辣、麻,五味俱全,外宾就消受不了,得改进。连炒个鸡蛋也讲究,有的要荤烧,有的要素做。这鸡蛋本来就是荤的, 怎么个素做?荤的又分煎炒,素的还讲老嫩。

Chefs quickly understood that Western Europeans prefer light flavors, Eastern Europeans prefer stronger flavors; Africans prefer salty and spicy food, and love curry; French guests prefer savory pastries, not sweet; Americans like to drink beverages before meals, Japanese love seafood; while people from inland countries like Nepal are not quite adapted to seafood and aquatic products; Koreans love garlic and spicy flavors, and do not like spices like Sichuan pepper and star anise; Sichuan cuisine, with its sour, sweet, bitter, spicy, and numbing flavors, is too overwhelming for foreign guests, so adjustments need to be made. Even the frying of an egg requires particular attention, some require meat, some need to be made vegetarian. Eggs are inherently non-vegetarian, so how can they be made vegetarian? And for non-vegetarian ones, there are differences in frying, and for vegetarian ones, the tenderness is important.

北京饭店等许多涉外饭店让宾客吃得最为满意。餐厅中西餐齐备、品种俱全, 任君自选。中餐花样繁多,别具风格。山珍海味经高级名厨的妙手高技,做出色香味绝佳令人见而增欲的美味佳肴。包括茅台酒在内的多种饮料,任凭客人吃喝。咖啡、冰糕等冷饮都能及时送到。上菜、送酒、端饭,讲究礼貌,有条不紊。外宾们认为,在这里用餐是ー种美的享受。交口称赞:“中国菜是世界第一流的。”

Many hotels catering to foreign guests, such as the Beijing Hotel, have made their guests very satisfied. heir restaurants offer a wide range of Chinese and Western dishes, with a variety of options for guests to choose from. Chinese cuisine is diverse and unique in style. Mountain and sea delicacies, prepared by skilled chefs, create flavorful dishes that increase people's appetite upon seeing them. A variety of beverages, including Maotai liquor, are available for guests to enjoy. Coffee, ice cream and other cold drinks can be delivered promptly. Serving dishes, pouring wine, and serving meals are all done with manners and order. Foreign guests believe that dining here is a beautiful enjoyment. They unanimously praise, “Chinese food is world-class.”

但是,那时没有太多的地方能像北京饭店那样。

However, at that time, not too many places could match the standard of the Beijing Hotel.

5.情动中南海

Emotion Moves Zhongnanhai

那时的中国旅行游览事业管理局,频于应付各种难题,像救火的消防队。北京和各地持续的住宿难的呼声,惊动了中南海。党中央、国务院领导清楚地认识到: 住宿问题已严重制约、影响了旅游业的发展,乃至经济发展,得下决心解决住房“卡脖子”状况。临时建房来不及,原有的内部宾馆则是可利用的资源。1979年,国务院一声令下,决定将北京和全国各地的内部高级饭店对外开放,划归旅游局实行企业化经营,挣外汇。

The China Administration for Travel and Tourism at that time, was constantly dealing with various difficulties, much like a firefighting team. The continuous calls regarding accommodation difficulties in Beijing and other regions alarmed Zhongnanhai. The leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the State Council clearly realized that the accommodation issue had severely constrained and affected the development of the tourism industry, and even economic development, and it was determined to resolve the “bottleneck” condition of housing. There was no time to build temporary houses, and the existing internal guest houses were available resources. In 1979, the State Council issued a command to decide to open up high-level hotels for internal use in Beijing and all over the country to foreign visitors. These hotels were transferred to the management of the tourism bureau to operate as enterprises and earn foreign exchange.

于是,中共中央、国务院、总参内部使用的北戴河疗养区别墅院舍、钓鱼台国宾馆其中两幢楼,率先对外开放,接待自费旅游者。

Consequently, the Beidaihe Sanatorium villas and two buildings of the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, which were used internally by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the General Staff Department, were the first to be opened to the public, accommodating self-funded tourists.

北戴河疗养区一开放,日、美、英、法、瑞士、加拿大等国的外宾ー批批来到了北戴河,喜笑颜开地游山海关,在海滨沐浴阳光,划船游泳〇

When the Beidaihe Sanatorium was opened, visitors from Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Canada, and other countries came to Beidaihe in batches. They were overjoyed to tour Shanhaiguan, bask in the sunshine on the beach, and go boating and swimming.

北京钓鱼台宾馆是名闻中外的国宾馆。800多年前,金王朝迁都燕京后,金章宗皇帝常到大水池边钓鱼,流传下“钓鱼台”的名称。清朝,这里是皇帝行宫。中华人民共和国成立后,这里接待过许多元首级外宾。住房在湖水岸旁绿树丛中,环境幽静,高贵典雅。卧室宽敞、整洁,电冰箱、电视机等现代化的实用设备,ー应俱全。!979年8月1日,国宾馆首批接待了菲律宾首航旅行团,包括菲使馆人员共 70人。接着又连续接待了日本、美国的旅游客人。宾馆还向每位入住客人赠送绣有“钓鱼台迎宾馆”字样的桌布、檀香扇。外宾为能入住原来只有国家元首下榻的国宾馆而感到兴奋和荣耀。

The Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing is a state guesthouse known both domestically and abroad. More than 800 years ago, after the Jin Dynasty moved the capital to Yanjing, Emperor Zhangzong of Jin often went fishing by the large pool, which gave the name “Diaoyutai”. During the Qing Dynasty, this place was an imperial palace. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has received many foreign guests at the head-of-state level. The guest rooms are nestled among green trees by the lakeside, providing a quiet and elegant environment. The bedrooms are spacious and clean, equipped with modern practical equipment such as refrigerators and televisions, and are fully equipped. On August 1, 1979, the State Guesthouse received its first group of guests from the inaugural Philippine tour group, including 70 people from the Philippine Embassy. Subsequently, it continuously received tourists from Japan and the United States. The guesthouse also presented each guest with a tablecloth embroidered with the words “Diaoyutai State Guesthouse” and a sandalwood fan. Foreign guests were excited and honored to be able to stay in the state guesthouse where only national leaders had stayed before.

国务院开放国家“禁苑”,各省市争相仿效。

Following the State Council's decision to open up the national “forbidden gardens”, provinces and cities across the country began to follow suit.

行动最快的是山东,把当地最好的济南南郊宾馆、济南饭店拨出。随后河北、四川、云南、天津、黑龙江、吉林等1〇多个省市都将本地“禁苑”开放,拨给旅游部门管理使用,自己要开会时就住一般饭店和招待所。

Shandong was the fastest to act, allocating the best local hotels, Jinan South Suburb Guesthouse and Jinan Hotel. Subsequently, over 10 provinces and cities including Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, and Jilin opened up their local “forbidden gardens”, allocating them to the tourism department for management and use. When they needed to hold meetings, they would stay in ordinary hotels and guesthouses.

广东把白云宾馆和南湖宾馆拨给省旅游局管理使用,湖南省委将当地的“国宾馆”蓉园改为蓉园宾馆,接待旅游者。

Guangdong allocated Baiyun Guesthouse and Nanhu Guesthouse to the Provincial Tourism Bureau for management and use. The Hunan Provincial Committee turned the local "State Guesthouse", Rongyuan, into Rongyuan Guesthouse to accommodate tourists.

浙江省委规定,省委开会一律不准占用接待外宾的饭店和宾馆。同时,让省机关事务管理局所属的新新和大华两个饭店,按照先外后内的原则安排用房。

The Zhejiang Provincial Committee stipulated that meetings of the Provincial Committee should not occupy hotels and guesthouses that cater to foreign guests. At the same time, it allowed the Xin Xin and Dahua hotels, which belong to the Provincial Bureau of Government Offices Administration, to arrange rooms according to the principle of prioritizing foreign guests first, then local guests.

广西南宁的西园饭店,人称“南宁国宾馆”;湖南蓉园宾馆,重庆市渝州宾馆, 都是当地接待来华访问高级官员和中央首长的高级饭店,这些内部宾馆如无接待任务,都是常年空锁着。开放后,为国家挣到大笔外汇,结束了年年向财政部门要补贴的历史。

The Xiyuan Hotel in Nanning, Guangxi, also known as Nanning State Guesthouse; the Rongyuan Guesthouse in Hunan; and the Yuzhou Guesthouse in Chongqing city were all high-end hotels used locally to receive senior officials visiting China and central leaders. These internal guesthouses were usually left vacant and locked when they weren't being used for hosting tasks. Once these locations opened to the public, they earned a significant amount of foreign exchange for the country, ending the history of needing annual subsidies from the finance department.

上海先后开放兴国宾馆、西郊宾馆和锦江中楼。

Shanghai subsequently opened Xingguo Guesthouse, West Suburb Guesthouse, and Jinjiang Middle Building to the public.

兴国宾馆又名丁香花园,相传是清末李鸿章宠妾丁香居住的地方。园内有三

幢别墅式的建筑,内有苏州式的庭园,小桥流水,曲径幽回,假山亭榭,错落有致
西郊宾馆是上海最大的内部宾馆,“十里洋场”少有的幽静处所。

Xingguo Guesthouse, also known as Lilac Garden, is rumored to have been the residence of Li Hongzhang's favorite consort, Dingxiang, during the late Qing dynasty. Within the garden, there are three villa-style buildings, a Suzhou-style courtyard, small bridges over flowing water, winding paths, and well-arranged rockeries and pavilions. The West Suburb Guesthouse was the largest internal guesthouse in Shanghai, a rare quiet place in the ten-mile foreign concessions.

高级套房, 豪华的客厅和新颖别致的酒吧、茶座,此外还有百亩诱人水面,可供住客划船、垂钓。

These advanced guest rooms, luxurious living rooms and unique bars and tea houses, in addition to a hundred acres of attractive water surface for guests to boat and fish, have greatly added to the appeal.

锦江中楼原来是接待国家元首用的专用楼,使用率极低;遇有重要国宾,则不光是中楼,连整个饭店都要提前控制床位,其他外宾不接或少接;任务过后,中楼还要休整两天搞卫生,清规戒律很多,没有接待任务只准空着,亏损由国家财政补贴。

The Jinjiang Central Building was originally a dedicated building for hosting national leaders, and its usage rate was extremely low. When important foreign guests arrived, not only the Central Building, but the entire hotel had to control the number of beds in advance, accepting fewer or no other foreign guests. After the task was completed, the Central Building would still need to be cleaned for two days. There were many rules and regulations, and it was only allowed to be vacant when there was no reception task. The losses were subsidized by the state finance.

各地高级宾馆原有的规章,在1979年被彻底打破了。

In 1979, the original regulations of high-end hotels across the country were completely broken.

这些举措给旅游业发展吹来ー缕春风,从一定程度上缓解了外宾食宿困难的矛盾。更为国家挣得许多外汇,可谓ー举多得。

These measures brought a breath of spring to the development of the tourism industry and alleviated the difficulties of foreign guests in eating and accommodation to a certain extent. Earning more foreign exchange for the country, it can be said that the move was beneficial in multiple ways.

开放“禁苑”挣外汇,表明中国旅游开始从“外事接待型”向“积累外汇型”转轨,表明了中国高层领导支持搞旅游的决心。

Opening up the “forbidden gardens” to earn foreign exchange indicated that Chinese tourism began to transition from a “foreign affairs reception type” to a “foreign exchange accumulation type”, which demonstrated the determination of China's top leaders to support tourism.

除了开放全国各地“禁苑”外,国家旅游总局号召旅游部门紧急行动起来,改造原有招待所,解决住宿“卡脖子”问题。

In addition to opening up “forbidden gardens” across the country, the CNTA called on the tourism departments to take urgent action to transform the existing guest houses and solve the problem of accommodation bottlenecks.

当时提出的口号是:时间就是外汇,速度就是金钱。早一天改建成,为国家早一天收入外汇。

The slogan put forward at that time was: time is foreign exchange, speed is money. The earlier the transformation is completed, the earlier the country earns foreign exchange.

北京及全国各地都开始把老式的招待所住房,改造成带卫生间的套房。安装锅炉,整理床位,添置设备,疏通道路,组建车队,新建餐厅、礼堂、俱乐部……任务非常紧迫。

Beijing and other places across the country began to transform old guest houses into suites with bathrooms. Installing boilers, arranging beds, adding equipment, clearing roads, forming car fleets, building new restaurants, auditoriums, clubs... The task was very urgent.

上海提出“修好一间,布置ー间,安排ー间”的口号,大挖住房潜力。在短期内改造、扩建旅游标准床位3000多个。

Shanghai proposed the slogan, "repair one room, decorate one room, and use one room," greatly tapping into the housing potential. More than 3000 tourist standard beds were remodeled and expanded in a short time.

杭州马不停蹄,改造扩建2000多间标准接待用房。

Hangzhou worked non-stop, remodeling and expanding more than 2000 standard reception rooms.

有的地方“临时抱佛脚”,像救火ー样抢时间。江苏有4个团百余客人将到达, 住宿安排不下。如果临时打退堂鼓,既损坏信誉,又影响外汇收入。怎么办?省委听了汇报后指示:“接,决不能退!”马上组织人员装修双门楼宾馆三、四层。

Some places were seeking Buddha's help at the last moment, scrambling for time like firefighters. There were four groups of over a hundred guests arriving in Jiangsu, and the accommodation couldn't accommodate them all. If they backed down at the last minute, it would damage their reputation and affect foreign exchange income. So what to do? After hearing the report, the provincial committee instructed: “Accept, we cannot retreat!” Personnel were immediately organized to renovate the third and fourth floors of the Shuangmenlou Guesthouse.

这时,离接团的时间只有一周。楼体虽已建起,但还是个水泥框架,室内工程尚未动エ。那时人干起活来有股子冲劲,不分昼夜,不讲报酬。南京一建公司多エ种工人同时作业,安灯通水、油漆门窗、粘贴墙纸、为地板打蜡。无锡家具厂赶制的弹簧床、沙发,水运太慢,市城建部门抽出20多辆大卡车连夜送达。苏州提供灯具,镇江赶制拖鞋,扬州运来大浴巾,女工连夜缝被子。没服务员怎么办?调江苏旅游学校30名即将毕业的学员,提前上岗实习。

At that time, there was only one week left until the arrival of the groups. Although the building structure had been erected, it was still a concrete frame, and the interior work had not yet begun. But back then, when people worked, they had a spirit of urgency, working day and night without discussing remuneration. Numerous workers from a construction company in Nanjing worked simultaneously, installing lights and water, painting doors and windows, pasting wallpaper, and waxing floors. Spring beds and sofas rushed from a furniture factory in Wuxi were too slow to be transported by water, so the city's urban construction department dispatched over 20 large trucks to deliver them overnight. Suzhou provided lights, Zhenjiang rushed to make slippers, Yangzhou transported large bath towels, and female workers sewed quilts overnight. What to do without waitstaff? Thirty soon-to-graduate students from Jiangsu Tourism School were called up for early on-the-job training.

一周后,港沪119团等4个团如期到达,外宾们高兴地住进新楼。他们不知
大记录

—中国改革开放四十年报告文学选

道,为此许多人连日忙得顾不上吃饭,一周就瘦了一圈,有的工人累得晕倒在施工现场。

A week later, four groups including the Hong Kong-Shanghai 119 group arrived as scheduled, and the foreign guests happily moved into the new building. The guests were unaware that many people had been working non-stop for this, skipping meals and losing weight within a week, with some workers even fainting at the construction site due to exhaustion.

重庆是刚开放的城市,接待条件底子差。市委下决心拨出200余万元重新装修宾馆。加班加点,为每个房间装电话机,铺地毯,安装空调,装淋浴设备。每栋楼添置了制冰机和电冰箱,还在宾馆内设立了邮政、电信、兑换外币的服务点和小卖部等。

Chongqing, a newly opened city, initially had poor hospitality conditions. Determined to make a change, the city committee decided to allocate more than 20 million yuan to refurbish the hotels. Working tirelessly, each room was equipped with a telephone, carpet, air conditioning, and shower facilities. Each building was enhanced with ice makers and refrigerators. Additionally, service points for postal services, telecommunications, foreign currency exchange, and convenience stores were established within the hotel.

还有个办法,像打仗ー样争分夺秒投入“抢房间”战斗。

Another tactic was to wage a “room-grabbing” war, in a battle against time as if in a real combat situation.

什么叫“抢房间”？

What is “room-grabbing”?

比如上海锦江饭店,有一批南斯拉夫100多位外宾早上6时刚离店,紧接着澳大利亚“珊瑚公主号”游船外宾!00多人上午8时要入住,前后只有2小时空隙。 10多个服务员争分夺秒,打扫房间,重新换上被套、枕套、毛巾、浴巾,在客人到来前已把一切都整理得井井有条。这办法,后来就叫“提高住房周转率”。

This term refers to the intense competition to secure hotel rooms, particularly during peak travel periods or when hosting special events. Due to high demand and limited supply, acquiring hotel rooms can become quite a competitive endeavor, hence the term “room-grabbing”. This strategy later became known as “improving room turnover rate”.

这样的紧张战斗,实际上不只是“抢出了房间”,多赚了外汇。我们从前许多跟国际通用的经营管理方式不接轨的观念,在这些从省级领导到普通服务员合力的“战斗”中,被扫除了,更新了。旅游业,其实是最早努力跟国际接轨的行业。

This intense struggle was not just about “grabbing rooms” and earning more foreign exchange. Many of our previous notions that were not aligned with internationally accepted management methods were swept away and updated during this “battle” involving everyone from provincial leaders to ordinary service staff. The tourism industry, in fact, was one of the earliest sectors striving to align with international standards.

二、开放初年的阳光

Chapter 2. The Dawn of Early Years of Opening Up

20世纪的国际旅游业,在二次大战后开始重建。西班牙宣称:“向世界出售太阳和海滩。”新西兰的旅游业已成为本国最大的产业之一……这是ー个从旅游业开始恢复国际交往,进而重新结构各国实カ的时代。中国旅游业严重落后,但我们毕竟有了新的开始。虽然刚走出“文革”,改革开放初年,那时的人心和品德,仍有多少纯朴动人的美景,值得抚今追昔。记忆告诉我们,那时“硬件”很差,但爱国之情、纯朴善良之心等蕴蓄民间的“软实カ”却可以感动天地。

The international tourism industry of the 20th century began to rebuild after the Second World War. Spain proclaimed: “Selling the sun and beaches to the world.” The tourism industry in New Zealand has become one of the country's largest industries... This was an era when international interactions began to recover through tourism, and subsequently, the real structures of various countries were restructured. China's tourism industry was seriously lagging, but we had a new beginning after all. Although we had just come out of the Cultural Revolution and were in the early years of the reform and opening up, there were still some simple and moving scenes in people's hearts and morals that are worth remembering. Memory tells us that while the “hardware” was poor at that time, the “soft power” hidden among the people, such as patriotic sentiments and simple goodness, could move heaven and earth.

1.梦醒时分

1. The Moment of Awakening

在改革开放前的30年,中国人并非不努力。中国人自力更生、勒紧腰带苦干了 30年。但我们认识上出了偏差,我们对经济的认识严重不够,对旅游的认识就更加不到位,我们也还不懂得如何有效利用世界上的种种资源。

During the thirty years before the era of reform and opening up, the people of China were not without effort. They had striven to be self-reliant and had endured hardship and hard work for those three decades. However, we had some misconceptions in our understanding; we had a severe lack of understanding of the economy and an even more inadequate grasp of tourism. We also didn't know how to effectively use the various resources in the world.

世界旅游组织于!975年正式成立,总部设在西班牙的马德里,到1979年已有 101个成员国。同年,联合国报告说,旅游业现在是比钢铁与军备更大的企业。

The World Tourism Organization was officially established in 1975 with its headquarters in Madrid, Spain. By 1979, it had 101 member countries. In the same year, a United Nations report stated that tourism is now a bigger industry than steel and armaments.

改革开放之前的30年,我国旅游业几近于零,仅是为了扩大政治影响,搞些外交礼节性的接待,仅象征性收费。说白了,是贴钱的买卖。“文革”结束后,中国旅游业迈出了历史性的步伐。

In the 30 years before the reforms and opening up, China's tourism industry was virtually non-existent. During this time, we primarily expanded our political influence through ceremonial diplomatic receptions, and the fees collected were largely symbolic. To put it bluntly, it was a loss-making business. Following the end of the Cultural Revolution, China's tourism industry took a significant step forward.

外国旅游者第一次来中国,一下飞机,接触的第一个中国人就是导游。导游的ー举ー动、一言一行代表着中国人的形象。

As foreign tourists first set foot in China, the initial local they encounter is often a tour guide. Every action and word of these guides is representative of the image of Chinese people.

一位意大利的旅游者对导游说:“马可・波罗向我们介绍了古代的中国,你带领我们游了当代中国。”

One Italian tourist remarked to a guide, “Marco Polo introduced us to ancient China, and now you're leading us through modern China.”

导游被称作“民间大使”,当个好导游是个不简单的事。有人羡慕导游,但不知导游艰辛,以为导游整天坐飞机、游天下,吃风味,工作就是游玩,优哉,游哉。有人看不起导游,“不就是个带路拎包的吗?”把导游看作是“伺候洋人”的差使。

Tour guides are often referred to as ambassadors of the people, and being a good one is no simple task. While some may envy the life of a tour guide, imagining it as a constant whirl of travel, flavorful meals, and enjoyment, they are often unaware of the challenges and hard work that go into this profession. Some people underestimate tour guides, considering them merely as helpers who show the way and carry luggage, and view their role as simply serving foreigners.

导游有自己的自豪,最牛的语言当推这句:“在外宾面前,我是中国。在内宾面前,我是首都。”

However, tour guides have their own pride. As one guide famously declared, “In front of foreign guests, I represent China. In front of domestic guests, I represent the capital.”

王连义先生是河北人,大学毕业后一直在国旅从事导游、翻译工作,说话风趣幽默,是历届旅游大赛的裁判长。现在虽退休了,还在为培养旅游人オ奔忙,写了不少导游方面的文章,是中国著名导游翻译专家。他说,导游是ー项崇高的职业, 导游的好坏,关系到祖国的声誉和尊严。

Mr. Wang Lianyi, a native of Hebei, has been involved in guiding and interpreting work at the CITS since graduating from university. He is known for his witty and humorous speech and has been the chief judge of various tourism competitions. Even though he has retired now, he is still busy contributing to the training of travel industry professionals and has written many articles on guiding. He is recognized as a leading expert in tour guide translation and interpreting in China. He said, being a tour guide is a noble profession. The quality of a tour guide reflects the reputation and dignity of our homeland.

王连义还说,那时导游奇缺,特别是懂外语的导游更缺。在机场刚送走ー个团,不用回来,下一个团马上就飞到了。名单早已在怀里装着,得掏出来熟悉熟悉。一年365日,多是车马船上行。未婚的导游没机会与恋人见面,已婚的导游常常要听爱人的怨声。十天半月不着家,这家还像家吗?中年导游,上有父母下有小,更有一本难念的经。

Wang Lianyi also mentioned that at that time, there was a severe shortage of tour guides, especially those who were fluent in foreign languages. After sending off one group at the airport, there was no need to return, as the next group would immediately fly in. The list of names was already in hand, ready to be reviewed. Out of 365 days in a year, most were spent traveling by car, boat, or on foot. Unmarried guides had no opportunity to meet with their lovers, while married ones often had to listen to complaints from their spouses. Being away from home for days or even weeks, did home still feel like home? For middle-aged guides with elderly parents and young children, life was particularly challenging.

国旅总社有位日语女翻译,一年有200多天都在跑,年幼的孩子送“全托”,见到小孩时,孩子认不出妈。还有一对双职エ,常年在外带团,丈夫回家妻离家,妻子回家夫出发。两人只好靠纸条传递思念之情。有的导游一年中登了 300次长城, 跑细了腰,磨破了嘴,倒地而宿。但能让来华的旅游者带着好印象依依回归,一年到头累是累,却也是充实的。

There was a female Japanese translator at the CITS who spent more than 200 days on the road each year. Her young child was placed in full-time care, and when she came home, her child could not recognize her. There was also a couple both working as tour guides, constantly leading groups away from home. When the husband returned home, the wife left, and vice versa. The two could only express their longing for each other through notes. Some tour guides would climb the Great Wall 300 times a year, wearing thin their waists and wearing out their voices, falling asleep right on the spot. Yet they were able to leave a good impression on tourists visiting China, and despite the year-round exhaustion, they also felt a sense of fulfillment.

李维瑜大姐是中国旅游协会副秘书长,还是国家旅游局タ阳红舞蹈团的团长。 30年前,李瑞环动员她转入旅游行业工作,从此改变了她的后半生。多年从事旅游宣传工作的她,十分健谈,她讲了这样ー个故事:

Li Weiyu is the deputy secretary-general of the CNTA, as well as the leader of the "Yangyang Red" dance troupe of the National Tourism Administration. Thirty years ago, Li Ruihuan encouraged her to switch to the tourism industry, which changed the rest of her life. Having worked in tourism promotion for many years, she is very talkative and shared this story:

有个美国老太太步履蹒跚,拎着两个大包,特别大。那时候,美国人认为中国物资贫乏,什么都带,大包装有衣物、成打的一次性袜子,巧克力、饼干等各种零食, 各种药品,包括卫生纸,应有尽有。这个老太太的女儿也在这个团里,美国人的儿女是不大帮助父母提行李的,或许美国的老年人也喜欢自立。导游小张主动帮助老太太拎包,一路对她也特别关照,扶上扶下。

There was an elderly American lady who was shuffling along, carrying two large bags, which were exceptionally big. At that time, Americans believed that China was lacking in resources, so they brought everything: the large bags were packed with clothes, bulk disposable socks, chocolates, cookies and all sorts of snacks, various medicines, and even toilet paper – you name it. The old lady's daughter was also in this tour group. In America, children don't often help their parents with luggage, perhaps because older Americans like to be independent. Tour guide Zhang took the initiative to help the old lady with her bags, providing her with special care along the way.

1〇多天后,分别的时候到了。在首都机场安检处,这位80多岁的美国老太太, 动了真情,紧紧握住导游姑娘的手说:“你能不能够跟我去美国?我收你为女儿。我有好多个儿女,他们从来不管我。我有!0多处房产,可以送ー处给你。”

Ten or so days later, the time came for them to part. At the security checkpoint at the capital airport, this 80-year-old American lady, moved to tears, tightly held the hand of the tour guide and asked, "Could you come with me to America? I would take you in as my daughter.” “I have many children, but they never take care of me. I have over ten properties, I can give you one.” the old lady proposed.

姑娘回答说:“我们国家的旅游业现在需要我,我的父母也需要我照顾。”最后她俯在老人耳边说,“将来,有机会我会去美国看您,您多保重!”

The young lady replied, “Our country's tourism industry needs me now, and my parents need me to take care of them.” In the end, she leaned over to the old lady's ear and said, “In the future, if I get the chance, I will come to America to see you. Please take care of yourself!”

青旅接的100多人的华侨团,一路上住也住不好,吃也吃不好,汽车又颠簸,华侨很不满意。两个女导游急得不知怎么办オ好。忽然,她俩站起来说:“对不起大家,我们给你们唱支歌吧!”

There was a group of over 100 overseas Chinese being catered to by the China Youth Travel Service. They were not satisfied with the accommodations, the food, or the bumpy car ride. The two female tour guides were so worried that they didn't know what to do. Suddenly, they both stood up and said, “We're sorry, everyone. Let us sing a song for you.”

她俩ー起唱起了《我爱你中国》,ー边唱着歌,ー边流眼泪。华侨们被深深地感动了。最后导游说:“请你们喜欢我们唱的这支歌,我们的条件一定会好起来,欢迎你们再来。”全团人员热烈鼓掌,有人也掉下了泪水。

They began to sing “I Love You, China” together, and as they sang, they were moved to tears. The overseas Chinese were deeply moved. In the end, the tour guides said, “Please love the song we sang. Our conditions will surely improve, and we welcome you to come again.” Everyone in the group applauded enthusiastically, and some were moved to tears.

有一次,北京飞西安的飞机发生故障,机身晃动,飞机上乘客是个美国团,机舱顿时出现骚动。两位导游是从北京第二外国语学院借来的大三女学生小李和小燕,她们很镇静,在高空中微笑着应对突发事件。

Once, a flight from Beijing to Xi'an had a malfunction and the aircraft shook. The passengers on board were an American group, and there was immediate unrest in the cabin. Two guides, Li and Yan, who were third-year students borrowed from Beijing Foreign Studies University, remained calm and responded to the sudden event with a smile in the sky.

小李大声说:“有亲人的请举手「’

Li loudly asked, “Anyone who has loved ones, please raise your hand.”

一下子,大家举起了手臂。

Immediately, everyone raised their hands.

小李和小燕也举起了手。

Li and Yan also raised theirs.

小李举着手说:“我也有父母,还有一个小女儿。我不希望父母失去孩子,也不希望孩子失去父母。请你们相信,中国的航空是最安全的,中华人民共和国成立以来还没有掉过飞机呢!”

Li, with her hand raised, said, “I too have parents and a little daughter. I don't want my parents to lose a child, nor do I want a child to lose her parents. Please believe that China's aviation is the safest, and since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, no plane has ever crashed!”

经她这么ー说,大家的情绪安定下来。事后,人家问她们为什么那么镇定,两人都不慌神,配合挺好。她们也说不出为什么,但她们经历了有生以来最勇敢的时刻。

With her words, everyone’s emotions were settled down. Afterwards, when asked why they were so calm, both of them were not flustered and coordinated well. They couldn't explain why, but they had experienced the bravest moment of their lives.

这时,空姐出来告诉大家,飞机将降落在太原整修。在太原等待的时间,为调节情绪,导游小燕开口说:“我给你们说说我插队的故事吧!”她开始讲述怎样去北大荒,怎么学会干农活,怎么学会开拖拉机,怎么又考上了“二外” 〇

At this moment, the flight attendant came out and told everyone that the plane would land in Taiyuan for repair. While waiting in Taiyuan, to lighten the mood, the tour guide Xiao Yan began to speak: “Let me tell you about my story of joining a production team in the countryside!” She started to recount her journey to the Northern Wilderness, how she learned to do farm work, how she learned to drive a tractor, and how she eventually got accepted to the Second Foreign Languages Institute.

“有什么不理解,你们可以提问。”

“If there's anything you don't understand, feel free to ask.”

客人很感兴趣,气氛立刻活跃起来。有人问起了“文革”这个敏感话题。“文

革,,与，，改革”,一字之差,有着天壤之别。

The guests were very interested and the atmosphere immediately livened up. Someone brought up the sensitive topic of the Cultural Revolution. “Cultural Revolution” and “Reform” - a slight change in terminology, but the meanings are worlds apart.

两位插过队的导游,对“文革”灾难有自己的理解,并没被难住,做了理智的答复。

The two tour guides who had experienced life in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution had their own understanding of this disaster and weren't flustered, they provided rational responses.
有一老者感动地站起来说:“我们原来不敢问这些事,怕伤害你们。相信你们的国家,一定会一年年好起来〇”两小时后,飞机重新起飞。

An older gentleman stood up, moved, and said: “We were afraid to ask about these things before, for fear of hurting you. I believe your country will get better year after year.” Two hours later, the plane took off again.

“我现在连她们叫什么名字都记不起了。”坐在我们对面的李维瑜大姐,回忆起这段往事时,感情充沛,眼角眨出泪花。

“I can't even remember their names now.” said Mrs. Li Weiyu, who was sitting opposite us, her eyes moist as she recalled this past event.

2.穷得有志气

2. Poor But Spirited

英国有个旅行商曾经带队到过100多个国家,深有感触地说:“只有在中国,不用付小费,也不必担心自己的行李。”

An English tour operator who had led groups to more than 100 countries once remarked thoughtfully: “Only in China do you not have to tip, nor worry about your luggage.”

TIP（小费）是英语To Insure Promptness（为了保证迅速）的缩写词。在国外,凡想得到快捷、舒适的服务,就得额外付给小费。这渐渐成为国外旅游业中的惯例。国外服务员都渴望得到小费,而且小费收入往往超过エ资。

TIP, an abbreviation for “To Insure Promptness”, is customary in many cultures. In foreign countries, to ensure prompt and comfortable service, one often needs to provide additional tips. This has gradually become a norm in the global tourism industry. Foreign service staff always desire tips, and their tip income often exceeds their wages.

中国人不收小费,在当代是同“爱国主义、民族气节、外事纪律”糅合在ー起的。在旅游行业形成的共识是:为宾客服务是应该的,不能收受额外的小费,也不应接受旅客馈赠的礼物。刚开始,外宾对中国导游、翻译,包括行李员、清洁エ在内的饭店服务员一律不收小费,很不理解。

Chinese people not accepting tips is a contemporary practice that is intertwined with “patriotism, national pride, and diplomatic discipline”. A consensus has formed in the tourism industry: serving guests is expected, and one should not accept additional tips or gifts from guests. At first, foreign guests did not understand why Chinese guides, interpreters, including luggage carriers, cleaners, and other hotel staff uniformly refused to accept tips.

小刘是北京小天鹅酒家年轻的厕所保洁员,每当外宾塞给她小费时,她总是婉言谢绝。有位瘫痪的外国老太太,小刘小心地搀扶着老人上完厕所,帮老人穿好衣服,又把老人推回餐厅。老太太要给她小费,她坚决不要。老太太要回国时,不顾陪同的劝说,偏要专程到酒家卫生间再去看望一下“那个善良的姑娘”。

Liu, a young restroom cleaner at Beijing's Little Swan Hotel, always politely declines when foreign guests offer her tips. Once, she carefully helped an elderly foreign woman who was paralyzed to use the restroom, assisted her in dressing, and then wheeled her back to the dining room. The elderly woman wanted to give her a tip, but she firmly refused. When the old woman was about to return home, despite the persuasion of her companions, she insisted on making a special trip to the restroom at the restaurant to visit the “kind girl” again.

1979年6月的一天,国旅翻译小王全程陪同比利时华兹旅行团游长城、十三陵,十分劳累,正准备休息,一外宾请他到团长房间里去一下。小王心想还有什么事没办好,匆匆跑去。ー进团长房间,发现已有6位外宾坐在床边等他。团长拿出ー个大信封说:

“我们这次来中国旅行太愉快了。你对我们非常友好,十几天来一直陪我们参观,很辛苦。为了我们,你离开了你的妻子和孩子,我们很感动。这是大家拼凑的两千元钱,表示我们的一点心意。”

One day in June 1979, Wang, an interpreter from CITS, accompanied the Belgian Huaz Travel Group to visit the Great Wall and the Thirteen Tombs. He was very tired and was about to rest when a foreign guest asked him to come to the group leader's room. Wang wondered what else needed to be done and hurried over. Upon entering the group leader's room, he found that there were already six foreign tourists sitting by the bed waiting for him. The group leader took out a large envelope and said, “We've had a wonderful time traveling in China. You've been very kind to us. You've been accompanying us on our visits for the past few days and it must have been very hard. Because of us, you left your wife and child behind, and we are deeply touched. This is 2000 yuan collected by everyone, just a token of our gratitude.”

小王慌了,连忙摇头摆手谢绝:“钱我不能收,绝对不能收。你们的心意我领了。”他的回答使外宾们既惊讶又不安。

Wang was flustered and immediately shook his head and hands in refusal, saying, “I can't accept the money, absolutely not. I appreciate your kind intentions.” His response surprised and unsettled the foreign tourists. His response surprised and unsettled the foreign tourists.

国旅沈阳分社翻译小张陪ー个美国旅行团,该团领队几次要给她小费,小张都笑着谢绝了。在该团出境时,领队竟发了“火”,丢下装有美元的信封上了飞机。小张无奈,只好先收下,按规定上交给社里。

Zhang, an interpreter from the Shenyang Branch of the China National Tourist Office, was accompanying an American tour group. The tour leader tried to tip her several times, but Xiao Zhang always refused with a smile. When the group was leaving the country, the leader, seemingly frustrated, dropped an envelope filled with US dollars and boarded the plane. Zhang, left with no choice, had to accept it and turn it over to the agency as per the rules.

老干部们都说,当时导游都不收小费的,就是收ー支笔也上交。这是导游的天职。

The senior cadre all said that at that time, tour guides did not accept tips, even a pen received as a gift would be turned in. This was the innate duty of a tour guide.

“选择了导游这个职业,就等于选择了奉献。我们是中国人,要表现出有国格, 有人格。”那时,这话很普遍。

“Choosing the profession of a tour guide is akin to choosing dedication. We are Chinese and must display national character and personal integrity,” they said. At that time, this sentiment was widespread.

还有太多拾金不昧的故事。

There were also too many stories about honest actions.

香港同胞张送和夫妇到八达岭游长城,忙于拍照,过后发觉自己携带的黑色小皮包丢失了,里面有护照和全部随带钱物。午餐时,桌上气氛沉闷,同伴都在为他俩发愁。忽然,门帘拉起一角,八达岭交通警察彬彬有礼地探头询问:“你们这里有叫张送和的客人吗?”

Hong Kong compatriots Mr. and Mrs. Zhang Songhe went to visit the Great Wall at Badaling and, busy taking photos, they realized they had lost their small black bag containing their passports and all their cash. The atmosphere at the lunch table was gloomy, as everyone was worried for them. Suddenly, a corner of the door curtain was pulled up, and a courteous Badaling traffic policeman asked, “Is there a guest named Zhang Songhe here?”

张先生惊愣地站了起来:“我就是。”

Mr. Zhang stood up in shock, saying, “That's me.”

“您的皮包被解放军同志捡到了,请您清点一下吧!”

“Your bag was found by a comrade from the People's Liberation Army. Please check it!”

一句话顿时打破了室内沉闷许久的气氛,全队客人不约而同地站起来鼓掌,热烈地鼓掌。皮包内有万元港币、支票和有关证件,无ー缺少。张先生热泪夺眶,激动地紧紧握住交通警察的手说:“奇迹,奇迹,简直不可想象啊,太感谢解放军了 !”

This sentence immediately broke the long-standing gloomy atmosphere in the room. All the guests stood up and applauded enthusiastically. The bag contained more than ten thousand Hong Kong dollars, checks, and related documents, with nothing missing. Tears filled Mr. Zhang's eyes as he excitedly clasped the traffic policeman's hand and said, “It's a miracle, a miracle. It's unimaginable, thank you so much to the People's Liberation Army!”

对外友协参观团一位外宾,不知怎么把夫人结婚时赠予他的金手表丢了。他说这块金表的价值并不重要,重要的是他爱情的信物。正躺在床上郁闷时,帮助寻找的陪同翻译回来了,笑眯眯地向他伸出右手。天哪,他的“思念之物”居然在导游掌心上闪闪发光。外宾高兴得像孩子般从床上跳起来〇

In a visiting group organized by the Foreign Friendship Association, one of the guests somehow lost the gold watch his wife gave him when they got married. He said the value of the watch was not important; what was important was that it symbolized their love. As he was lying in bed feeling down, the accompanying interpreter who had helped him search for the watch returned, smiling broadly as he extended his right hand. My goodness, his item of affection was actually sparkling in the palm of the guide. The foreign visitor was so happy that he jumped up from the bed like a child.

“在哪里找到的?”他问。

“Where did you find it?” He asked.

“是两位重庆工人在大街上捡到的。”

“It was found by two workers from Chongqing on the street.”

“大街上?”

“On the street?”

“对呀!他们捡到,看这东西不像是当地人的,就马上送到这住外宾的宾馆里来了。”

“Yes! When they found it, they thought it didn't look like it belonged to a local person, so they immediately brought it to this hotel where foreign visitors stay.”

“上帝啊,中国人不可思议!”

“My God, Chinese people are unbelievable!”

法国全球旅行团卢尔丹勒夫妇走出王府井书店。

The Lueldanle couple from the French Global Tour Group walked out of the Wangfujing Bookstore.

闹市中,卢尔丹勒夫人忽然惊叫皮包不见了。只见有个中年人穿越人群快步朝他们跑来,手上挥动着她熟悉的法式小包。来人气喘吁吁地说:“刚オ,你们在我身边买磁带走后,我发现这个包,是你们的吗?”

In the bustling city, Mrs. Lueldanle suddenly screamed that her bag was missing. They saw a middle-aged man crossing through the crowd, running towards them quickly while waving her familiar French-style small bag. The man, panting heavily, said, “Just now, after you walked past me while buying cassettes, I found this bag. Is it yours?”

卢尔丹勒夫人连声说:“是,是。谢谢,谢谢!”

Mrs. Lueldanle kept saying, “Yes, it is. Thank you, thank you!”

陪同的翻译请他留下姓名和工作单位,他微微一笑:“我是北京小学老师。”说罢,颇有礼貌地用手势告别。

The accompanying interpreter asked him to leave his name and workplace, he smiled slightly and said, “I am a primary school teacher in Beijing.” After saying this, he politely bid farewell with a gesture.

卢尔丹勒先生说,西方这种事情已经很少见了,而偷窃在西方国家猖獗,使旅游者生畏。“中国人的美德,同你们的万里长城一样,太棒了!”

Mr. Lueldanle said that such incidents are now rare in the West, and theft is rampant in Western countries, making travelers apprehensive. “The virtues of the Chinese people, like your Great Wall, are just amazing!”

停泊在大连港的日中九州友好之船,晚上9点要起航出境。傍晚,一位老年团员神情紧张地对陪同老赵说:“我有40万日币忘在宾馆房间的床下面了,怎么好?”

The Japan-China Kyushu Friendship Ship was moored at Dalian Port and was to set sail for departure at 9 o'clock in the evening. In the evening, an elderly group member nervously told the accompanying Old Zhao, “I left 400,000 yen under the bed in the hotel room, what should I do?”

老赵很自信地说:“别焦急,只要您没有记错,就一定能找回来。”老赵当即把此事转告辽宁大厦保安部,大厦保安立刻到客人所住的305房间床底下寻来找去, 没找到。最后是在枕头套里找到了一叠日元,清点后不是40万,而是57万日元。国旅沈阳分社马上派专车将钱送上船,这时离开船还有一个多小时。

Old Zhao confidently said, “Don't panic, as long as you haven't remembered it wrong, you will definitely be able to find it.” Old Zhao immediately reported the matter to the security department of Liaoning Mansion. The mansion security immediately went to the guest's room 305 and searched under the bed, but they couldn't find it. In the end, they found a stack of yen in the pillowcase. After counting, it was not 400,000, but 570,000 yen. The Shenyang branch of China Travel Service immediately sent a special car to deliver the money to the ship. There was still more than an hour before the ship left.

失款复得的日本老人含泪鞠躬:“真是听说千遍,不如ー见。中国人的道德是世界上最高尚的。”他抽出一大叠日币,酬谢前去送钱的翻译。

The Japanese elder who had lost and then recovered his money bowed tearfully, “It's better to see once than hear a thousand times. The morals of the Chinese people are the most noble in the world.” He pulled out a large stack of yen to thank the interpretor who had delivered the money.

“这是我们的职责,您拿钱感谢是不合适的。”翻译说。

“It's our duty, and it's not appropriate for you to thank us with money,” said the interpretor.

“对不起,对不起!请原谅,我失礼了。”日本客人再次鞠躬,热泪滴在甲板上。

“I'm sorry, I'm sorry! Please forgive me, I was impolite.” The Japanese guest bowed again, his hot tears dropping onto the deck.

说起来宾客们也太粗心了。虽然陪同人员经常提醒客人妥善保管好随身物件,叮嘱客人不要将贵重物品和钱币随便乱放,但旅游途中遗忘钱物时有发生。有的把瑞士表留在洗手间,有的把珠宝掉在沙发缝中,有的把钱包丢在柜台,有的把装巨款的手提箱忘在餐厅……

Speaking of which, the guests were really careless. Even though the accompanying staff frequently remind guests to take good care of their personal belongings and not to leave valuable items and money around carelessly, there are still cases of lost money and items during travel. Some left Swiss watches in the bathroom, some dropped jewelry in the sofa crevices, some left wallets on the counter, some forgot suitcases with huge amounts of money in the restaurant...

北京饭店、民族饭店、友谊宾馆、和平宾馆等涉外宾馆,1979年来就有1500多起拾金不昧的事。多的ー个皮包就有数万美金,除了现金、旅行支票外,还有照相机、摄像机、录音机、手提箱、手表、金银珠宝等等。

Since 1979, more than 1500 instances of finding and returning lost items have occurred at foreign-related hotels such as the Beijing Hotel, Minzu Hotel, Friendship Guesthouse, and Peace Hotel. In addition to cash and traveler's checks, there were cameras, video cameras, tape recorders, suitcases, watches, gold and silver jewelry, and so on.

许多失主情真意切地拿出金钱财物表示感谢,但没有一人肯接受。一位饭店服务员,面对外宾3000元酬谢,淡淡地说了句“弯腰之劳不用谢”,继续埋头擦餐桌。

Many owners who had lost their belongings were sincere in offering money or valuables as a token of thanks, but no one accepted. One hotel waiter, faced with a 3,000 yuan reward from a foreign guest, simply said, “No need for thanks, it’s just a small favor,” and continued to wipe the tables.

那时,我们刚刚走出“文革”的岁月,大家都不富裕,但穷得有志气。这种“贫贱不移”,令外宾敬佩不已。

At that time, we had just emerged from the years of the Cultural Revolution. Everyone was not well-off, but their poverty was filled with dignity. This unyielding spirit in the face of poverty deeply impressed foreign visitors.

这些拾金不昧者都是些普通百姓,有领班、出租车司机、空姐、清洁エ、餐厅服务员,还有工人、农民、售货员。改革开放初期的人心人情中,有那么多的阳光。外国人听说中国有个雷锋,赞扬说“中国遍地雷锋”,这并不过分。尽管“文革”也给西方人留下复杂的记忆,但改革开放初期,许许多多的外国旅游者,就从遍布中国各地普普通通的拾金不昧者中,认识到真实的中国人,他们用不同的语言说出ー个共同的声音:“中国人,了不起!”

These individuals who found and returned lost property were ordinary citizens: leaders, taxi drivers, flight attendants, cleaning staff, restaurant servers, as well as workers, farmers, and sales clerks. In the early days of reform and opening up, there was so much warmth and goodwill in people's hearts. The foreigners heard that China had a person named Lei Feng, and they praised saying “China is full of Lei Fengs”, which wasn't an overstatement. Despite the Cultural Revolution leaving complex memories for Westerners, in the early days of the reform and opening up, countless foreign tourists recognized the real Chinese people from the ordinary people who were honest in all parts of China. They used different languages to voice a common sentiment: “Chinese people are incredible!”

3.世界需要热心肠

The World Needs Warmth and Kindness.

这里所述的故事,有些是救人性命的大事,更多还是生活中鸡毛蒜皮的小事,

The stories described here include some significant incidents of saving lives, and more often, they're about minor things in life.

无论大小,都在讲述:世界需要热心肠。

No matter how big or small, they all tell the same story: the world needs warmth and kindness.

70岁高龄的美国史密斯先生在攀登到长城第四座烽火台时,突然软瘫晕倒在地,脸色苍白,头冒冷汗。正在长城上执勤的某部警卫连指导员带领几名战士,把史密斯先生背到长城脚下休息室,又请八达岭特区医务室大夫赶来抢救。经诊断, 是高血压病突发,幸亏及时抢救,使史密斯先生病情缓和,转危为安,事后未收分文诊费。史密斯先生感动地说:“在美国,一点小病求医都是要付出昂贵医药费的,中国不可思议。”

Seventy-year-old Mr. Smith from the United States suddenly collapsed while climbing to the fourth beacon tower of the Great Wall. His face was pale and his forehead was covered in cold sweat. The instructor of a security company on duty on the Great Wall, along with several soldiers, carried Mr. Smith down to a rest room at the base of the Great Wall, and called a doctor from the Badaling Special Zone Medical Center for help. Upon diagnosis, it was found that Mr. Smith had a sudden onset of high blood pressure. Fortunately, the timely rescue eased Mr. Smith's condition, turning danger into safety, and no medical fees were charged afterwards. Moved, Mr. Smith said, "In the United States, even minor illnesses require paying expensive medical fees. China is incredible.”

有一年冬天,在西安旅游的日本游客高田先生,晚餐多喝了点酒,带着几分醉意,ー个人抱着刚买的“三彩马”走到宾馆湖边时不慎一脚踩空,连人带物跌入宾馆内的湖中。立刻有三个宾馆工作人员跳了下去,费了好大劲,オ把冻得发抖的高田先生救上来。当知道他买的“三彩马”还在湖中时,正在看电影的渔エ老雷赶来打捞。老雷在冰冷的湖水中,东摸西找,好一会オ找到。

One winter, Mr. Takada, a Japanese tourist traveling in Xi'an, had a bit too much to drink at dinner. Somewhat tipsy, he was carrying the "Tri-colored Horse" he had just purchased. As he walked alone to the lake beside the hotel, he carelessly stepped into thin air, falling into the hotel's lake, man and object together. Immediately, three hotel staff members jumped in. After much effort, they managed to rescue Mr. Takada, who was shivering from the cold. When they learned that the Tri-colored Horse he bought was still in the lake, Old Lei, a fisherman who was watching a movie, rushed over to help retrieve it. In the icy lake water, he fumbled around until he finally found it after a while.

“救人还救马”的故事传开后,团长杉木宽先生带领全团人员对全馆工作人员表示衷心感谢。高田先生激动地拉着救命恩人的手说:“中国伟大,中国人民伟大。”

After the story of "saving both man and horse" spread, Mr. Sugimoku Hiroshi, the tour leader, led the entire group in expressing their heartfelt gratitude to the hotel staff. Mr. Takada, moved, held the hands of his rescuers and said, “China is great, the Chinese people are great.”

希腊专家维内察努是个幽默的老太太,乘“伏波号”游船游漓江。午后天气骤然转寒,阵阵呼啸的江风掠过,维内察努上衣单薄,下身穿条绸裙子,全身冻得直打哆嗦。她躲进船舱,在胸前画着十字,闭着眼睛喃喃祈祷:“上帝呀,给你儿女ー盆火吧!”

Greek expert Vinenitsanou is a humorous old lady, who took a cruise on the “Fubo” to tour the Li River. In the afternoon, the weather suddenly turned cold, and gusts of howling river winds swept through. Vinenitsanou, in a thin upper garment and a silk skirt, was shivering all over from the cold. She hid in the cabin, making the sign of the cross in front of her chest, closing her eyes, and praying softly, “God, grant your daughter a basin of fire!”

没想到她的祈祷还真灵验,过一会儿,ー盆暖融融的炭火变魔术般地出现在她的面前。老人高兴得蹦起来,飞身旋转跳起希腊舞。原来是航运公司干部老周见她冻得不行,生了这盆火。

Unexpectedly, her prayer really worked, and after a while, a warm basin of charcoal fire magically appeared in front of her. The old lady was so happy that she sprang up and danced the Greek dance. It turned out that Old Zhou, an official from the shipping company, saw her freezing and started the fire.

日本CITC26-217团的翻译小吴下午在昆明西山游览时,突然发现该团成员安田正士先生走丢了,他是位73岁高龄的老人。小吴焦急地向国旅昆明分社报告。

In the afternoon, while touring Xishan in Kunming, Wu, the interpretor for the Japanese CITC26-217 group, suddenly realized that Mr. Yasuda Masashi, a member of the group, had gotten lost. He is a 73-year-old man. Wu anxiously reported to the Kunming branch of the CITS.

客人失踪这事非同小可。大家奔赴现场寻找,几个小时都没找到。正急得要向公安局报案时,出人意料,安田先生比寻找他的人先回到了昆明饭店。原来是ー位采草药的青年山农护送他回到饭店。分手时,安田先生把钱包里所有的钱倒出来,要送给他。青年人坚决推辞,连垫付的船、车、电话费也不收。

The disappearance of a guest was no small matter. Everyone rushed to the scene to search, but they didn't find him after several hours. Just as they were about to report the matter to the police, unexpectedly, Mr. Yasuda returned to the Kunming Hotel before those who were looking for him. It turned out that a young mountain farmer who was gathering herbs had escorted him back to the hotel. At parting, Mr. Yasuda emptied all the money from his wallet and wanted to give it to him. The young man firmly declined, even refusing to accept reimbursement for the boat, car, and phone expenses.

年轻人说:“你迷路了,人生地不熟,送你回来是应该的,不要感谢我,每个中国人都会这么做的。”

The young man said, “You were lost, in a place where you don't know anyone. It's only right that I bring you back. Don't thank me, every Chinese person would do the same.”

安田先生感到遗憾的是,他忘了问这个青年的姓名〇

What Mr. Yasuda regretted was that he forgot to ask the young man's name.

西欧旅游团正在无锡第一缥丝厂参观,兴致正浓时,大家发现ー个上了年纪叫瑞特的外宾不知上哪了。ー找,原来瑞特先生因为手术留下的后遗症,不方便蹲坑,大便拉在裤子里,困在厕所出不来了。陪同的是个大姑娘,急得团团转。

The Western European tour group was visiting the No.1 Silk Factory in Wuxi. Just as they were enjoying their visit, they noticed that an elderly guest named Reiter had disappeared. Upon searching, they found out that Mr. Reiter, due to the sequelae from a surgery, had trouble squatting and had defecated in his pants, leaving him trapped in the restroom. The accompanying guide, a young woman, was in a state of distress.

ー个工人师傅说了句:“交给我吧。”

A worker stepped forward and said, “Leave it to me.”

这位工人师傅带他去洗澡,又给他找来裤子换上,叫车送他回饭店休息。瑞特先生感激地说:“在无锡,我不仅游览了江南水乡美丽的风光,还领受了中国人的美好心灵。”

This worker helped him to take a shower, found him a pair of pants to change into, and then called a car to send him back to the hotel to rest. Mr. Reiter gratefully said, “In Wuxi, not only have I enjoyed the beautiful scenery of the southern water towns, but I have also experienced the beautiful soul of the Chinese people.”

4.百闻不如ー见

4. Seeing is Believing

北京全聚德宴会厅,青旅正宴请回国观光的香港同胞,酒过三巡,席间气氛达到高潮。

In the banquet hall of Quanjude in Beijing, the CYTS was hosting a banquet for visiting compatriots from Hong Kong. After a few rounds of drinks, the atmosphere at the banquet reached a climax.

ー个20多岁的年轻人,悄悄地把当时主管接待的董衡拉到ー边,说:“你猜我是哪来的?”

A young man in his twenties quietly pulled Dong Heng, who was in charge of the reception at the time, aside and said, “Guess where I'm from?”

董衡说:“你不是从香港来的?”

Dong Heng said, “Aren't you from Hong Kong?”

他神秘一笑:“不,我是从台湾来的。”

He gave a mysterious smile and said, “No, I'm from Taiwan.”

董衡当时是团中央青年旅行部部长,听了一愣,但马上反应过来:“那更要欢迎了!来了,有什么感受?”

At that time, Dong Heng was the Minister of the Youth Travel Department of the Central Committee. He was taken aback when he heard this but quickly responded, “That's even more welcome! How do you feel now that you're here?”

“我在台湾听说共产党都是青面獐牙的,很凶,六亲不认的。老百姓生活很苦, 现在我亲眼看到的,和以前听到的,完全是两回事。”

“I heard in Taiwan that all Communists have fierce faces and show no mercy, even to their own family. The common people live very hard lives. Now that I've seen it with my own eyes, it's completely different from what I heard before.”

数十年的封闭,造成世界不了解中国,中国也不了解世界。

Decades of isolation have resulted in the world not understanding China, and China not understanding the world.

1976年1月,邓小平的头像首次出现在美国《时代》周刊的封面上。封面左下角注明“周恩来的继承人:邓小平”,右上角的醒目标题则是:“中国:朋友还是敌人?”这种说法明白地在告诉世界:对于红色中国,他们还摸不透。

In January 1976, Deng Xiaoping's portrait appeared for the first time on the cover of “Time” magazine in the United States. The lower-left corner of the cover read “Zhou Enlai's successor: Deng Xiaoping,” while the eye-catching title in the upper-right corner asked, "China: Friend or Foe?" This clearly indicated to the world that they still didn't have a firm grasp of the situation in Red China.

很久了,西方人对中国一直有一种“神秘感”,对中国的认识还停留在几十年前甚至百年前的清末,不少国家的不少人,以为中国人穿着长袍马褂,瓜皮帽的后边还拖着一条长长的发辫。我们对外界也不了解。1972年“乒乓外交”之后,我们ォ改变“美帝纸老虎”的说法。

For a long time, Westerners have maintained a sense of mystery towards China, with their understanding of China still stuck in the situation decades, or even hundreds of years ago, during the late Qing Dynasty. Many people in many countries think that Chinese people still wear long gowns and skullcaps, with a long braid trailing from the back of their hats. We also didn't understand the outside world. After the Ping Pong Diplomacy in 1972, we changed our belief about “American imperialism being a paper tiger.”

因为封闭太久,在刚开放的ー些内地城市,金发碧眼的女郎,高鼻子白皮肤的外国人ー出现,常常有人围观看热闹。胆大的小孩,蹲在地上去摸外国人腿上长长的黄毛。

Due to our long isolation, when some mainland cities began to open up and blond-haired, blue-eyed girls or high-nosed, white-skinned foreigners started to appear, people would often gather around to watch the spectacle. Bold children would even squat down and touch the long blonde leg hair of these foreigners.

1982年,法国可尼旅行社一行26人来华旅游。该团大部分成员都是首次来华,带着对中国的种种猜疑而来,甚至有人认为中国还处于“文革”动乱之中,年轻人还戴着红袖章。

In 1982, a group of 26 people from the French travel agency Conny came to China for a tour. Most members of the group were visiting China for the first time, bringing with them various suspicions about China. Some even thought that China was still in the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, with young people still wearing red armbands.

十几天内,他们参观了エ厂,在农村用餐,漫步街道,同中国百姓交谈接触,他们的看法变了,惊叹不已。他们感受到中国人民是勤奋向上的,中国不简单,要保证十亿人民吃饭穿衣,维护着社会安定,这几乎是ー种奇迹。

Within a span of ten days or so, they visited factories, had meals in rural areas, strolled the streets, and interacted with the common Chinese people. Their perceptions were changed and they were astonished. They realized that the Chinese people are hardworking and always striving to improve, and that China is far more complex than they had imagined. The fact that it can ensure over a billion people have food to eat and clothes to wear, while maintaining social stability, seemed almost miraculous to them.

研究中国问题的学者,十分关心中国的人权问题、用人制度问题。改革开放后中国干部政策也有了变革,取消了用人看阶级成分的做法。上大学、分配工作、婚姻、考核等许多方面,阶级成分不再是考虑的因素。过去因所谓“出身不好”而受歧视,使之终生不与别人平等的现象已经得到纠正。这是改革开放以来政策上ー项最大的改革。这些情况让外宾们听了看了耳目一新。

Scholars studying issues related to China are very concerned about human rights and the employment system in China. After the reform and opening up, there have been changes in the cadre policy in China, and the practice of classifying people based on their class background has been abolished. n many aspects such as university enrollment, job allocation, marriage, and assessments, the consideration of one's class background is no longer a determining factor. The discrimination based on the so-called bad background in the past, which resulted in lifelong inequality, has been corrected. This is the most significant reform in policy since the beginning of the reform and opening up. These developments have greatly impressed the foreign visitors.

前西德旅游者古斯塔夫・穆里瑞说:“中国之行使人满意,作为一个从遥远的欧洲来到你们国家的旅游者,我看到了中国的希望。”

Gustav Müller, a former tourist from West Germany, remarked, “My trip to China has been satisfying. As a tourist coming from distant Europe to your country, I have seen the hope of China.”

有个由教授、医生31人组成的美国旅游团,带着各种偏见到中国来旅游。埃德先生是康斯坦丁大学教授,他一直认为中国人思想和行动都不自由,工作艰难, 生活困苦。其情形也有点像我们以为他们那儿的人民“生活在水深火热之中” 〇

There was a tourist group from the United States consisting of 31 members, including professors and doctors, who came to China with various biases. Mr. Ed, a professor from the University of Konstantin, had always believed that Chinese people lacked freedom in their thoughts and actions, and that they faced challenging work and a difficult life. It seemed that his perception was somewhat similar to our assumption that the people there were living in dire circumstances.

埃德先生为了证实自己的观点,带了 10打彩色胶卷,准备拍摄“证据”,以便回去说服不同意他观点的人。到北京的第一天,他起了个大早,自己一人从前门饭店走到虎坊路口,只见人行道上的行人和大街上的骑车人,都衣着整齐,精神愉快,有的还微笑着用英语友好地向他问候:“早晨好!”

To validate his viewpoint, Mr. Ed brought along 10 rolls of color film, prepared to capture evidence that would help convince those who disagreed with him. On his first day in Beijing, he got up early and walked alone from the Qianmen Hotel to the Hufang intersection. He found pedestrians on the sidewalks and cyclists on the streets, all neatly dressed and in high spirits. Some even greeted him warmly in English with a smile: “Good morning!”

埃德先生迷惑了。

This puzzled Mr. Ed.

最后,他说:“看来,过去听说的不是事实。”

In the end, he said, “It seems that what I've heard in the past is not true.”

这个团的狄先生是美国有名的医学博士,到上海患了感冒。陪同劝他去医院治病,狄先生摇摇头说:“中国还没有给我看病的设备。”

In the same group was Mr. Di, a renowned medical doctor from the United States who caught a cold when they arrived in Shanghai. When his companions suggested that he should go to the hospital, Mr. Di shook his head and said, “China doesn't have the equipment to treat me.”

陪同拿出自备的中药板蓝根,用开水冲开后对他说:“你试试,这种药与咖啡味道差不多,能解暑降温呢!”

One of the companions presented a self-prepared traditional Chinese medicine, Ban Lan Gen, and after dissolving it in hot water, he suggested, “You should try this. It has a taste similar to coffee and can help relieve heat and reduce fever.”

博士半信半疑地喝下去,没想到第二天一早就不打喷嚏了。狄先生夫妇笑着找到陪同又要了几包。事后狄先生说:“太神奇了！简直不可思议!”临别时,狄先生一下子买了 200包板蓝根带回国。

With a blend of skepticism and curiosity, the doctor drank the concoction. To his surprise, by the next morning, his sneezing had stopped. Mr. Di and his wife, amused and intrigued, approached the companion and asked for a few more. Reflecting on the incident later, Mr. Di said, “That's miraculous! Absolutely inconceivable!” When it was time to leave, Mr. Di bought 200 packets of Ban Lan Gen to take back to his home country.

这个团有个精神病老专家利奥奈德,在去云冈石窟的路上,洪水从公路漫过, 汽车过不去。正当游客们站在水边发愣时,有个过路农民微笑着走到利奥奈德先生身边,边说边打手势。

There was also a mental health expert named Leonard in the group. On their way to the Yungang Grottoes, a flood had covered the road, making it impassable for their vehicle. As the tourists stood by the water, bewildered, a passing farmer approached Leonard with a smile, speaking and gesturing to him.

老专家想想,掏出了钱包。

After some thought, Leonard reached for his wallet.

农民急得直摇头。

The farmer, however, responded with an urgent shake of his head.

陪同翻译赶忙解释:“他是说水不深,他可以背你过去。”

老专家为自己的误解感到内疚。

Quickly stepping in, the interpreter clarified, “He's saying the water isn't deep. He can carry you across.” Embarrassed by his misinterpretation, Leonard conceded.

农民背起利奥奈德先生涉水往前走,其他外宾纷纷脱鞋挽裤,兴奋地跟在后面,顺利地到了对岸。过后,利奥奈德先生告诉陪同,他的两个身强体壮的儿子也在这个团,但只是站在他的身边袖手旁观。

With that, the farmer hoisted Leonard onto his back and started wading through the water. The rest of the group, caught up in the excitement, followed suit by rolling up their pants, removing their shoes, and making their way across to the other side. Later, Leonard revealed to the interpreter that his two robust sons were also part of the group, but they had merely stood by, watching the events unfold without offering assistance.

百闻不如一见。这个团在中国经过短暂的17天行程,离境时他们坦率地承认,事实让他们改变了对中国的看法。

It was a profound lesson in the power of firsthand experience. After a brief 17-day journey through China, the group left the country with candid admissions that their experiences had fundamentally changed their perceptions of China. The truth they witnessed was far more compelling than any secondhand account.

美国哈佛大学5位美国大学生回国后给国旅总部寄来感谢信,信中说:“我们在美国听到的中国,同我们在北京亲眼看到的中国,完全不一样,中国人民十分友好厂’类似这样的海外来信,每个月能收到一大摞。

After returning to the United States, five students from Harvard University sent a letter of gratitude to the headquarters of the CITS. The letter read, “The China we heard about in the U.S. is completely different from the China we personally experienced in Beijing. The Chinese people are incredibly friendly.” Piles of similar letters from overseas pour in every month.

40多年前曾在北京生活过的泰国徐安纳女士故地重游,兴奋地说:“北京变得认不出了,比想象中还好。”

More than 40 years ago, Thai citizen Ms. Xu Anna lived in Beijing. Upon revisiting the city, she excitedly exclaimed, “Beijing has changed so much that it's unrecognizable, and it's even better than I imagined.”

世界已经看到ー个日益开放的中国。

The world is witnessing a China that is increasingly open.

5.公鸡太太汤

5. Mr. Rooster's Wife

当年,有许多友好人士对我国新兴的旅游业导游短缺、航班延误、火车晚点、服务欠缺等种种问题,提出过很多批评。

Back in the day, many well-wishers raised concerns about the emerging tourism industry in our country, citing a shortage of tour guides, flight delays, train lateness, and a lack of services. These issues have invited a great deal of criticism.

八达岭火车站没有候车亭,只有一块站牌,旅客上下火车非常不便。等候乘车的旅客,只能在空旷的野地里站着。烈日暴晒,下雨挨淋,外宾对此反映强烈。于是旅客候车亭相继出现,车站、码头、街口醒目的指示牌多了起来。

Badaling train station had no waiting area, just a signboard, which made getting on and off the train very inconvenient. Waiting passengers had no choice but to stand in the open field. The intense sunlight in the summer and the heavy rain at times brought strong complaints from foreign visitors. Consequently, waiting areas for passengers began to appear, and more noticeable signs were installed at stations, docks, and intersections.

飞机行李舱的门打开,舱里的行李哗啦啦都掉到接运卡车箱里。外宾看到这种“快速卸货法”,惊讶得张大了嘴巴。有人对这种野蛮方法提出批评,机场很快就改进了。

When the doors of the airplane cargo hold were opened, all the luggage inside would clatter down into the receiving cart. Foreign visitors would gape in surprise at this “fast unloading method.” Criticisms of such rough handling were raised, and the airport soon made improvements.

广州宾馆小卖部只收港币,美国、墨西哥外宾要喝可口可乐没港币便买不到。能否通融一下,用美元或人民币呢?服务员说:“上面规定,没办法。”反映到经理那里,死规定变活了,宾馆有了外币兑换窗口。

The convenience store at the Guangzhou Hotel only accepted Hong Kong dollars. Foreign visitors from the United States and Mexico, lacking the local currency, found themselves unable to buy a Coca-Cola. “Could we possibly use US dollars or yuan instead?” inquired a guest. The waiter replied, “The regulations dictate otherwise. I'm sorry, there's nothing I can do.” When these issues were brought to the manager's attention, the rigid rules became more flexible, and the hotel soon introduced a foreign currency exchange counter.

韩素音女士曾激动地问,为什么饭店服务员不帮助游客搬行李?起初,我们确实还没有这种观念,有人提出,也很快改进。

Ms. Han Suyin once passionately asked why hotel staff didn't assist guests with their luggage. Initially, we indeed lacked such a concept, but once it was suggested, improvements were quickly made.

有些服务员认为自己一天到晚伺候洋人,低人一等,这样的心理感觉也是存在的。如此,哪能有笑脸?干活也没劲。宾馆开展了“微笑服务”活动,我们开始懂得,如果出了差错,微笑能代表道歉。微笑是快乐的精灵,ー个微笑能使人快乐ー天。

Some staff felt that serving foreigners all day was demeaning, a sentiment that did exist. Under such a mindset, how could they serve with a smile? Their work would naturally lack enthusiasm. The hotel then initiated a "smile service" campaign. We began to understand that if a mistake occurs, a smile can serve as an apology. A smile is a sprite of joy, a single smile can bring happiness to someone for an entire day.

国外酒店同行热心地向我们介绍国际酒店十条标准:笑容、礼仪、整洁、责任、守时、忠诚、尊敬、服从、效率、勤勉。我们组织员工学习,开始认识到在客人眼中, “我就是酒店,酒店就是我”的道理。

Our international hotel counterparts kindly introduced us to the ten international hotel standards: a smile, courtesy, cleanliness, responsibility, punctuality, loyalty, respect, obedience, efficiency, and diligence. We organized staff training and began to realize the principle that in the eyes of the guest, “I am the hotel, and the hotel is me.”

刚从招待所转成外宾接待的,服务员带有招待所的老传统,把被子叠得方方正正,外宾一眼看去像到了军营。经指点也学会宾馆的做法,平铺于床,为客人掀好ー个角,这有如道一句“晚安”,使人安然入梦乡。

Those who had just transitioned from working in guest houses carried over old traditions, such as folding the blankets perfectly square, which to foreign guests resembled a military barracks. With some guidance, they learned the practices of the hotel, spreading the blanket flat on the bed, and folding back one corner for the guest. This gesture is akin to saying “Goodnight,” setting the stage for a peaceful night's sleep.

英语指示牌常出错,“游客止步”的地方挂着“自由出入”,甚至男女厕所英语的使用也不正确,使人哭笑不得。ー经提出,及时更换。

Errors often occurred with English signs. In places marked "No Entry for Visitors" hung signs reading “Free Entry” and even the English usage for men's and women's restrooms was incorrect, which was both amusing and frustrating. Once these issues were identified, they were promptly addressed.

问题总还是有很多。桂林一些宾馆水泵压カ不够,导致房间缺水,服务员就一桶桶提上楼去。但是,导游,特别是服务员外语水平差,一时却难以改变。

But, inevitably, problems still arose. Some hotels in Guilin had inadequate water pressure, causing a shortage of water in the rooms. Waitstaff had to carry buckets of water up the stairs. But their poor proficiency in foreign languages, especially among the waitstaff and tour guides, proved difficult to improve in the short term.

在外宾下榻的宾馆里,翻译不可能处处相陪,吃饭点菜、问讯、洗衣、打电话、拍电报、兑换外币、修理物件等,都找服务员。由于语言不通,只有靠比画、猜想办事, 闹过不少笑话。

In hotels where foreign guests were staying, it was not possible for interpretors to be present everywhere. For dining, inquiries, laundry, phone calls, telegrams, currency exchange, and repairs, guests had to rely on the waitstaff. Due to language barriers, communication often had to be done through gestures and guesses, which led to some amusing misunderstandings.

外宾想吃荔枝,端来了辣椒;想上洗手间,端来了一盆水。有位刚洗完澡的客人,向服务员要一个接线板,服务员却请来ー个医生。一位美国老太太怕冷,说要加一床毛毯,而领班听成白兰地,于是送去ー瓶酒,老太太掩嘴而笑。ー个日本游客反映暖气管漏水,服务员赶忙送来两壶开水,游客着急地说:“我不是要水!”

Guests who wanted to eat lychee were served chili peppers instead; a request to use the restroom resulted in a basin of water being brought. Once, a guest who had just finished taking a shower asked a staff member for a power strip. The staff member misunderstood and brought a doctor instead. An American elderly lady, feeling cold, requested an additional blanket. However, the manager misheard ‘blanket’ as 'brandy' and delivered a bottle of liquor to her room, causing the lady to cover her mouth in laughter. A Japanese guest reported a leak in his heating pipe, and a hotel staff quickly brought two pots of boiling water. The guest exclaimed in frustration, “I don't need water!”

在ー次宴会上,端上来ー盆“人参母鸡汤” 〇

During a banquet, a pot of “Ginseng Chicken Soup” was served.

日本客人问:“这是什么?”

A Japanese guest asked, “What is this?”

翻译忘了“母鸡”这个词日语该怎么说。灵机ー动,指着盆里的母鸡,笑着对客人介绍:“这是公鸡太太和人参做成的汤。”

The interpretor forgot how to say 'hen' in Japanese. Thinking on his feet, he pointed to the chicken in the pot and humorously introduced it to the guests as, “This is a soup made of Mr. Rooster's wife and ginseng.”

客人们听后全都捧腹大笑。

Everyone at the table burst into laughter upon hearing this.

有些不懂外语的服务员,见了外宾能躲就躲,能避就避,溜之大吉。不敢主动和外宾接触,怕外宾提问题自己听不懂,出洋相,外宾ー按电铃就发怵。有的宾馆为应急,把仅有的几个会外语的服务员调来借去,非常被动。

Some service staff, not understanding foreign languages, would avoid foreign guests whenever possible, dodging out of sight. They were reluctant to initiate contact with foreign guests for fear of not understanding their questions, and making a fool of themselves; they would be filled with dread at the sound of a doorbell. Some hotels, in a desperate response, shuffled around the few multilingual staff members they had, leaving them in a very passive situation.

国旅杭州分社想出救急办法,编写了 56句短小的日常用语,用英文、中文和汉语拼音分别印在56张状如扑克牌的卡纸上。当双方因语言障碍陷入窘境时,就可找出卡片中表达其意的那ー张,解决问题。

The Hangzhou branch of CITS came up with an emergency solution. They compiled 56 common phrases, each printed in English, Chinese, and Pinyin on playing card-sized paper. When a language barrier led to an awkward situation, they could find the card that expressed their meaning and solve the problem.

更好的办法是突击学外语。许多宾馆掀起了学外语高潮,服务员虽然文化水平都不高,但学习相当刻苦。利用一切空余时间,练ロ语,听外语广播。有个服务员已是两个孩子的母亲,东方刚放亮就起身学习,晚上躺在床上也念念不忘背单词。

But a better solution was to learn foreign languages intensively. Many hotels kicked off a fervor for learning languages. Although the educational background of the service staff was not good, they studied quite diligently. They took advantage of every spare moment to practice languages and listen to foreign language broadcasts. One of the service staff, a mother of two, would get up to study as soon as the day broke, and she would not forget to memorize words even when lying in bed at night.

冬季是旅游淡季,全国旅游行业掀起了冬季练兵热潮,餐厅服务员练端盘子基本功,客房服务员练清理房间卫生的速度,晚上又上夜校学外语。

Winter is the off-season for tourism, and a fervor for training swept across the tourism industry nationwide. Restaurant servers practiced their skills in carrying trays, room attendants honed their speed in cleaning rooms, and in the evenings they attended night school to learn foreign languages.

三、破冰之旅

Chapter 3 The Ice-Breaking Journey

ー个变革的时代,各种观念可以来自四面八方,但富有成效的行动,总是出自那些颠沛跋涉的实践者。谁曾想到,旅游业在开放初会如此艰难地为突破旧观念、旧体制,充当着开路先锋的角色……过去的年代,问题恐怕不在于观念陈旧,多少人应有的独立思考功能受损,就无法创造性开展工作。旅游业的破冰之旅不唯发展了旅游,在改变社会营造新风诸方面,可以用一句著名的诗来表述:“沉舟侧畔千帆过,病树前头万木春。”

In an era of transformation, various ideas can come from all directions, but effective actions always come from those who have journeyed through hardships. Who would have thought that the tourism industry, at the beginning of its opening up, would play the role of a pioneer in breaking through old concepts and systems... In days past, the problem was not so much that ideas were archaic, but that the capacity for independent thinking in many people had been subtly eroded, leaving them unable to bring creativity to their work. The ice-breaking journey of the tourism industry not only developed tourism but also changed society and created a new atmosphere. This can be expressed with a famous line of poetry: While the sunk boat lies submerged, thousands of sails pass by; at the sick tree's front, ten thousand trees spring.

1.传奇局长卢绪章

1. Legendary Director Lu Xuzhang

卢绪章这个名字你也许不熟悉,但提起电影《与魔鬼打交道的人》,许多人会想起影片中的男一号张公甫。张公甫的形象,就是依据卢绪章的传奇经历塑造的。

The name Lu Xuzhang might not ring a bell for you, but mention the film “The Man Who Dealt with the Devil”, and many will recall the leading male character, Zhang Gongfu. Zhang Gongfu's character was sculpted based on Lu Xuzhang's legendary journey.

卢绪章曾经长期从事共产党的地下秘密联络工作,公开身份是大老板。他与国民党上层人物陈果夫、陈立夫等打得火热,并取得了国民党少将参议的头衔,通过孙科等头面人物与苏联做生意,为共产党挣取了数十万港币的活动经费,国民党高官蒙在鼓里,中共也只有周恩来等极少数人知道他是“红色资本家” 〇中华人民共和国成立后,卢绪章出任中国第一任进出口公司经理,后担任外经贸部常务副部长,人们敬佩卢绪章,常在他面前拿电影《与魔鬼打交道的人》说事。他自己并不喜欢这个称呼,一切都已过去,他再也不是“与魔鬼打交道的人” 〇

For a long time, Lu Xuzhang was engaged in the secret underground liaison work of the Communist Party, publicly appearing as a prominent businessman. He was on excellent terms with senior figures of the Kuomintang like Chen Guofu and Chen Lifu, earning himself the title of Major General of the Kuomintang. He conducted business with the Soviet Union through leading figures like Sun Ke, raising hundreds of thousands of Hong Kong dollars in operational funds for the Communist Party. While high-ranking officials of the Kuomintang were kept in the dark, only a very few, like Zhou Enlai, knew that he was a "Red Capitalist". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Lu Xuzhang became the first manager of the China Import and Export Company and later served as the Executive Deputy Minister of Foreign Economic Trade. People admired Lu Xuzhang, often referring to the film “The Man Who Dealt with the Devil” in his presence. He didn't like this moniker, everything was already in the past, and he was no longer "the man who dealt with the devil.”

1978年10月17日,卢绪章走马上任。这时旅游面临的困难重重,他可说是 “受命于艰难之际” 〇贯彻对外开放、对内搞活的政策,搞好旅游业,是他的重任。我国有发展旅游业的丰富资源,首先要搞好铁路、机场、码头、电讯等基础设施,还要动员各方面力量来办旅游,大胆利用外资、侨资来办旅游。

On October 17, 1978, Lu Xuzhang assumed his new position. At this time, the tourism industry was facing numerous difficulties, and he could be said to have been "appointed at a time of hardship." His major responsibility was to implement the policy of opening up to the outside world and invigorating the domestic economy, and to do a good job in the tourism industry. China has abundant resources to develop the tourism industry. The first step is to improve basic facilities such as railways, airports, docks, and telecommunications, and also to mobilize all forces to run tourism, boldly utilizing foreign and overseas Chinese investments to manage tourism.

为加快引进外资步伐,小平授意国务院成立“利用侨资、外资建设旅游饭店领导小组” 〇由国务院副总理谷牧任组长,陈慕华、廖承志等人具体分管,办公室设在国家旅游总局内。

To accelerate the pace of introducing foreign investment, Deng Xiaoping instructed the State Council to establish a "Leadership Group for Building Tourist Hotels Using Overseas Chinese and Foreign Investment." The group was headed by Deputy Prime Minister Gu Mu, with Chen Muhua and Liao Chengzhi in charge of specific tasks. The office was located within the CNTA.

“小组”于1978年11月成立。名为“小组”,实为国家部级的机构。小组成员有国家计委、国家建委、外交部、轻工部、商业部、外贸部、铁道部、交通部、民航总局、财政部、中国人民银行等有关部门的负责人。可外商不理解,经常问:“你这个小组是什么级的?”为此还得费一番口舌。

The “group” was established in November 1978. Despite being called a “group”, it was actually a state department-level institution. The members of the group included the heads of relevant departments such as the National Development and Reform Commission, the National Construction Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Light Industry, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Transportation, the Civil Aviation Administration, the Ministry of Finance, and the People's Bank of China. However, foreign businessmen did not understand this and often asked: “What level is your group?” This question often required some explanation.

小组下设办公室,简称“侨外资办”,卢绪章兼任办公室主任。卢绪章熟谙市场经济经营之道,举止沉稳,丝毫没有“大干部”的派头。上任伊始,卢绪章动用自己的“老关系”,以国家旅游总局的名义,邀请ー批实业家、旅游专家组成海外旅游考察团到中国考察,目的就是请他们了解中国改革开放的好机遇,吸引他们前来中国投资,对中国旅游设施的改进提建议。考察团成员有美国波士顿财务公司、凯悦国际酒店集团等机构的负责人,夏威夷大学的校长和旅游学院的院长,还有世界著名的美籍华裔建筑师贝聿铭,香港企业家杨元龙、车家骐、朱民康、杨敏德及旅馆、酒店专业人士。

The “group” had an office, commonly referred to as the “Office of Overseas Chinese and Foreign Investment”, and Lu Xuzhang concurrently served as the director of the office. Lu Xuzhang, who was well-versed in the operation of the market economy, was calm and composed without any airs of a “senior official”. At the beginning of his tenure, Lu Xuzhang used his “old connections” and, in the name of the CNTA, invited a group of industrialists and tourism experts to form an overseas tourism inspection team to visit China. The purpose was to have them understand the great opportunities of China's reform and opening up, to attract them to invest in China, and to provide suggestions for the improvement of China's tourism facilities. The members of the inspection team included the heads of institutions such as Boston Financial Company and Hyatt Hotels Corporation, the president of the University of Hawaii and the dean of the School of Tourism, as well as the world-renowned Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei, Hong Kong entrepreneurs Yang Yuanlong, Che Jiaqi, Zhu Minkang, Yang Minde and other professionals from the hotel industry.

广州、上海、南京、扬州、无锡、苏州,夏威夷旅游学院院长朱卓任每到ー地,都向旅游同行们介绍世界旅游业的发展情况。朱民康先生从凯悦国际酒店集团选来了 !8套有关旅游接待、酒店管理和旅游从业人员训练等方面的影片,沿途放映,使各地的旅游业人员大开眼界。

In Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Wuxi, and Suzhou, the Dean of the University of Hawaii School of Tourism, Zhu Zhuoren, would introduce the development of the world tourism industry to his colleagues at every location. Mr. Zhu Minkang selected 18 sets of films related to tourism reception, hotel management, and tourism staff training from Hyatt International Hotel Group. These were screened along the way, greatly enlightening the local tourism industry personnel.

经卢绪章牵线和实地考察,国旅总社和香港侨美旅游事业有限公司于1978年 11月!3日签订了投资协议书。主要内容是在北京、上海、广州、杭州、南京、苏州、无锡、扬州等地分两期合作建造五万间房间的旅馆,全部利用外资,待旅馆建成后以部分房租逐年偿还。

Through Lu Xuzhang's facilitation and on-site inspection, the CITS and Overseas American Tourism Corporation Ltd. in Hong Kong signed an investment agreement on November 13, 1978. The main content of the agreement was to jointly build hotels with 50,000 rooms in two phases in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, and Yangzhou. The project would be entirely funded with foreign capital, and the room rent would be used to repay the investment annually after the hotels were built.

“老去又逢新岁月,春来更有好花枝”,这是多好的开端,卢绪章兴奋得睡不好觉,恨不得马上付诸行动。

“Facing new times as one ages, and encountering beautiful flowers when spring comes,” was a great start. Lu Xuzhang was so excited that he couldn't sleep well, wishing to put this into action immediately.

可是这时党的十一届三中全会还没召开,投资软环境还没形成。姓“社”姓 “资”还是个敏感的话题。什么能干,什么不能干,大家心中都没底。这ー协议在北京实施时就遇到阻碍,包括征集土地、税收标准、拆迁政策等等,当时都是一片空白。国家旅游总局碰到了难题,ー时无法进ー步商谈。

However, at that time, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party had not yet been convened, and the soft environment for investment had not been formed. Whether to follow a socialist or capitalist model was still a sensitive topic. What could be done and what couldn't be done, no one was really sure. The agreement encountered obstacles when implemented in Beijing, including land acquisition, tax standards, relocation policies, etc., all of which were then a blank slate. The CNTA encountered difficulties and was unable to proceed with further discussions for a time.

外宾来了,不是来上“五七干校”的。得让人家住好、吃好、玩好,他们オ愿意来。这就需要搞活旅游业,需要把旅游业作为ー种重要的产业来抓。

Foreign guests weren't coming to enroll in "May 7th Cadre Schools." We had to ensure they had good accommodations, food, and entertainment so they would want to come. This required revitalizing the tourism industry and treating it as an important industry to focus on.

为了争取时间,卢绪章当机立断,干不了大的干小的,建不了新的改旧的。马上促成侨美公司和北京市第一服务局合作,签订了北京香山、西苑两饭店的建设和民族饭店的加建、改造工程的合同。民族饭店率先请香港的名设计师改造装修了两间富有民族风味的样板房,供参观仿效,同时开始兴建燕京饭店。

In order to save time, Lu Xuzhang made a decisive move: if he couldn't work on large projects, he would focus on smaller ones; if he couldn't build new ones, he would renovate old ones. He immediately facilitated a cooperation between the Overseas Chinese American Company and Beijing's First Service Bureau, signing contracts for the construction of the Xiangshan and Xiyuan hotels in Beijing and the expansion and renovation project of the Minzu Hotel. The Minzu Hotel was the first to invite a famous designer from Hong Kong to remodel and decorate two sample rooms with ethnic flavor for observation and emulation, and at the same time began to build the Yanjing Hotel.

广东珠海最先展示出“大手笔”。自1979年以来,珠海先后引进ー亿五千多万港元的资金,以合作或合资、独资的形式兴建宾馆、酒店、游乐场、度假村等。1980 年1〇月最早建成的珠海石景山旅游中心,是国内第一家外资独资的饭店。

Zhuhai, Guangdong, was the first to display a big move. Since 1979, Zhuhai has introduced over 150 million Hong Kong dollars in funds, and built hotels, amusement parks, and resorts in the form of cooperation, joint ventures, or sole proprietorships. In October 1980, the earliest completed Zhuhai Shijing Mountain Tourist Center became the first wholly foreign-owned hotel in China.

1978年底,船王包玉刚先生提出要来观光。
当年参与接待的袁宗堂先生,如今已是76岁的古稀老人,先后担任过国家旅游局企业管理司、资源司司长兼北京兆龙饭店第一任总经理。如今他已是中外酒店业内的知名人士,如同“酒店活神仙”〇 2007年获得了 “中国酒店业终身成就奖”,中国获此殊荣的只有两人,另一位是侯锡九先生。

At the end of 1978, shipping tycoon Pao Yue-kong proposed to come for sightseeing. Yuan Zongtang, who participated in the reception that year, is now a 76-year-old elderly man who has served as the Director of the Enterprise Management Division and the Resource Division of the CNTA and the first general manager of the Beijing Zhaolong Hotel. He is now a well-known figure in the hotel industry at home and abroad, like a “hotel living god”. In 2007, he was awarded the "Lifetime Achievement Award of China's Hotel Industry". Only two people in China have received this honor, the other being Mr. Hou Xijiu.

袁宗堂回忆当年,说包玉刚要来的三天前,卢绪章就叫他去北京饭店要住房, 要不到,袁宗堂就坐在那儿等,还是没有。到晚上只好打电话向国务院反映,经过国务院同意,好不容易调整出ー间单人房。结果与包玉刚同来的妹夫李伯忠只能在他的房内打了个地铺。

Yuan Zongtang recalled that three days before Pao Yue-kong's arrival, Lu Xuzhang asked him to go to the Beijing Hotel for a room, but he couldn't get it. Yuan Zongtang had to sit there and wait, but still couldn't get a room. By evening, he had no choice but to report to the State Council. After the State Council's approval, a single room was finally arranged. As a result, Li Bozhong, Pao Yue-kong's brother-in-law who came with him, could only make a makeshift bed in his room.

包玉刚是世界船王包兆龙的接班掌门人,与卢绪章是姑舅亲,又都是宁波老乡,两人私交甚深。这对30多年未见面的亲戚加老乡见面时,没有“泪汪汪”。包玉刚直言不讳:“你这个旅游局长是怎么当的?连我来,房间还要加塞,如果传出去,岂不是天大笑话?”

Pao Yue-kong is the successor to the world shipping king Pao Shao-long and is a close relative and fellow Ningbo native of Lu Xuzhang, so they had a deep private relationship. There were no tears when these relatives and old friends, who hadn't seen each other for more than 30 years, met. Pao Yue-kong was blunt, "How are you being the director of this tourism bureau? Even when I come, the room has to be crowded. If this gets out, isn't it a big joke?"

卢绪章为人忠厚朴实,不善辞令。他充满歉意。

Lu Xuzhang is a man of integrity and simplicity, not good at eloquence. He was full of apology.

几天后,包玉刚了解到当时国内旅游宾馆出奇地困难,国家旅游总局办公场所也特别小,几十个人挤在ー起,两个人才ー张办公桌。两个副局长共一个办公室, 来个人谈事,另ー个还得主动回避一下。包玉刚表示,我出1000万美金,800万盖个饭店,200万给你们盖楼。此行他还捐资给上海交通大学建图书馆。
应该说这是“天上掉馅饼”的好事,但还是有人反对。

A few days later, Pao Yue-kong learned about the surprisingly difficult situation with the domestic tourist hotels at the time. The office space of the CNTA was also exceptionally small. Dozens of people were squeezed together, with two people sharing one desk. The two deputy directors shared one office. When someone came to talk about things, the other had to actively avoid it. Pao Yue-kong said, “I will give 10 million US dollars, 8 million to build a hotel, and 2 million for you to build a building.” During this trip, he also donated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University to build a library. One might consider this as a windfall, yet some still voiced opposition.

因为包玉刚提出,饭店的名字要用“兆龙饭店”。兆龙是包玉刚父亲的名字。反对者说:“这不是为资本家树碑立传吗?”

This was because Pao Yue-kong proposed to name the hotel “Zhao Long Hotel”. Zhao Long is the name of Pao Yue-kong’s father. The opponents said, “Isn't this erecting a monument and writing a biography for the capitalist?”

包兆龙为包拯第28代嫡孙,也是个爱国华侨,曾屡捐巨资赞助祖国建设。对那些反对者,我们今天能说什么呢?只能说,为什么总有些人的思想如此僵化、不开窍?

Pao Zhao Long, the 28th direct descendant of Bao Zheng, was also a patriotic overseas Chinese who had repeatedly donated huge sums of money to support the construction of the motherland. To those who opposed, what can we say today? Only that, why are some people's thinking so rigid and inflexible?

卢绪章很高兴,他说包玉刚的爱国不是挂在口头上,而是实实在在表现在行动上。他是继承中国传统美德的国际企业家。卢绪章直接想办法把消息报告给邓小平。邓小平明确表示支持,并说,人家要表示孝心,用父亲的名字,有什么不好?后来小平不仅会见了包玉刚,还亲自为“兆龙饭店”题写店名,亲自参加了 “兆龙饭店”开业庆典,此为后话。

Lu Xuzhang was very pleased. He said that Pao Yue-kong's patriotism was not just lip service, but was truly manifested in action. He is an international businessman who inherits Chinese traditional virtues. Lu Xuzhang directly found a way to report the news to Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping clearly expressed his support, saying, what's wrong with someone wanting to express filial piety by using their father's name. Later, Deng Xiaoping not only met with Pao Yue-kong, but also personally inscribed the name of the “Zhaolong Hotel”, and personally attended the opening ceremony of the "Zhaolong Hotel", but that's another story.

2.第一批旅游饭店

2. The First Batch of Tourist Hotels

李玉莺曾陪同宋庆龄访问苏联,见过斯大林。她还担任过郭沫若的外事秘书, 曾是国家旅游局的ー支“笔杆子”,人称才女,改革开放初期许多文件出自其手。她参与了建国饭店、长城饭店、金陵饭店、白天鹅饭店等涉外饭店的谈判,对中国引进外资建设的进程,可说是了如指掌。

Li Yuying, who once accompanied Song Qingling on a visit to the Soviet Union and met Stalin, also served as Guo Moruo's foreign affairs secretary. She was once one of the “penholders” of the CNTA, known as a talented woman, and many documents in the early stage of reform and opening up were written by her. She participated in the negotiation of foreign-related hotels such as the Jianguo Hotel, the Great Wall Hotel, the Jinling Hotel, and the White Swan Hotel, and can be said to have a thorough understanding of the process of China's introduction of foreign investment for construction.

2008年她78岁了,两鬓如霜,依然オ思敏捷。李玉莺大姐向我们敞开记忆之门,讲起了 30年前引进外资建饭店的艰辛故事。

In 2008, she is 78 years old, with frosty temples, but her mind was still sharp. Li Yuying opened the door to her memories and talked about the difficult story of introducing foreign investment to build hotels 30 years ago.

“第一个引进外资建造旅游饭店的意向书,是在北京饭店签订的。时间是 1978年10月8日。”李玉莺说。

“The first letter of intent to introduce foreign capital to build a tourist hotel was signed at the Beijing Hotel. The date was October 8, 1978,” said Li Yuying.

外方谈判代表是泛美航空所属的洲际饭店公司董事长保罗・希莱恩。小平同志对这次谈判非常关注,外方到达的第二天上午就亲自会见了泛美航空公司董事长西威尔和洲际饭店公司一行客人。

The foreign negotiation representative was Paul H. Schlein, the chairman of the Intercontinental Hotel Company, which belonged to Pan American World Airways. Comrade Xiaoping was very concerned about this negotiation. On the second morning after the arrival of the foreign party, he personally met with the chairman of Pan American World Airways, Mr. Westwil, and a delegation from the Intercontinental Hotel Company.

西威尔提出拟建5000个房间的饭店。

Mr. Westwil proposed to build a hotel with 5,000 rooms.

小平说:“我们要积极努力创造更多的条件,建5000个房间的旅馆是可以商量的,也可以再多一点。先建5000间,还要看建在什么地方。”

Xiaoping said, “We must actively strive to create more conditions. It is negotiable to build a hotel with 5,000 rooms, and it can be a bit more. First, build 5,000 rooms, but it also depends on where to build.”

小平还说:“这里边有些具体问题,建房条件要研究。”

Xiaoping also mentioned, “There are some specific problems in this that need to be studied regarding building conditions.”

但小平同志亲自过问的这个项目,却因种种原因再无进展。此后,最先谈成, 又经国务院批准的中外合资项目是北京建国饭店,接着有北京长城饭店和中日航空食品公司,这三个合资项目都是旅游企业。

However, this project that Comrade Xiaoping personally cared about had no further progress due to various reasons. Afterward, the first joint venture project to be negotiated and approved by the State Council was the Jianguo Hotel Beijing, followed by the Great Wall Hotel Beijing and the Sino-Japanese Aviation Food Company. These three joint ventures were all tourism enterprises.

李玉莺大姐说:“我说说建国饭店从审批到施工建成的过程,你们就会知道,开始引进外资的时候,有多么艰难。”

Li Yuying said, “If I talk about the process from the approval to the completion of the construction of the Jianguo Hotel, you will know how difficult it was to start introducing foreign investment.”

建国饭店外资方是美籍华人陈宣远,他是廖承志的远房表亲。廖承志举贤不避亲,动员他来中国投资。陈先生是个爱国的建筑师,在美国经营ー个建筑事务所,在美国加州旧金山拥有帕萨迪娜等四家假日饭店。他对投资中国充满信心, 1979年2月就到北京考察,有关建国饭店的谈判进展相对顺利。陈宣远真心诚意想为国家做点贡献,许多条款都做了让步。他甚至表态:饭店经营1〇年后,把他的股权以1美元价格,卖给中方。

The foreign investor of the Jianguo Hotel was Chen XuanYuan, an American Chinese who was a distant relative of Liao Chengzhi. Liao Chengzhi didn't avoid relatives when promoting virtuous people, so he mobilized him to invest in China. Mr. Chen was a patriotic architect who ran an architectural firm in the United States. He owned four Holiday Inns in places like Pasadena, San Francisco, California. Chen XuanYuan was full of confidence in investing in China. He came to Beijing for inspection in February 1979, and the negotiations concerning the Jianguo Hotel proceeded relatively smoothly. Chen XuanYuan sincerely wanted to make some contributions to the country and made many concessions in the terms. He even stated that after the hotel had been operated for ten years, he would sell his shares to the Chinese side at a price of one US dollar.

既然只卖1美元,那为什么不干脆白送呢?

If it's only sold for one dollar, why not just give it away?

陈宣远说,不能白送。按照美国的法律,在国外投资白送就是违法。但可以卖,至于卖多少钱由业主说了算。

Chen XuanYuan said that it couldn't be given away. According to US law, giving away overseas investments is illegal. But it can be sold, and the owner decides how much it is sold for.

如此说来,外方的条件是相当优惠了。可是,当时许多人,包括有些国家部委办的领导都不理解,对建国饭店建与不建的问题各持己见。国家某部委负责人说: “合资饭店都是亏本赔钱的,怎么能借钱干赔本的买卖?”

So it seems that the terms from the foreign side were quite favorable. However, at that time, many people, including some leaders from national ministries and commissions, did not understand and held their own opinions on whether to build the Jianguo Hotel. A person in charge of a certain national ministry said: “Joint venture hotels are all loss-making, how can we borrow money to engage in loss-making business?”

有人还拿出“可行性分析”,认为建国饭店经营22年后,要还清借贷的本息,还差2万美金。

Some people also brought out a feasibility analysis, suggesting that after 22 years of operation of the Jianguo Hotel, there would still be a deficit of 20,000 US dollars to clear the principal and interest of the loan.

这个“可行性分析”被作为ー种“科学论据”,有人据此反对上马

This feasibility analysis was used as a kind of "scientific argument", and some people opposed the project based on this.

反对呼声强烈!

The opposition was strong!

小平同志还是在关于同意建造建国饭店合资酒店的批文上签了字。今天我们仍能看到,在这份批文上,有国务院总理、14位副总理和全国人大常委会副委员长廖承志等共16位国家领导人的批字或圈阅,对建造ー个饭店如此慎重,是很少见的。

Still, Deng Xiaoping personally signed the approval for the construction of the Jianguo Hotel joint venture. Today, we can still see the approval from 16 national leaders, including the Prime Minister of the State Council, 14 deputy prime ministers, and Liao Chengzhi, the vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The unusual level of caution shown for the construction of a hotel is rare to see.

李玉莺大姐清楚地记得,审批的时间是!979年6月12日。批语中还强调: “这是我国与外资合作建造和经营的第一个旅游饭店,可以作为试点,创造点经验, 请各有关部门积极给予支持配合,争取尽快动エ建成。”

Li Yuying clearly remembers that the approval was given on June 12, 1979. The approval emphasized: “This is the first tourist hotel in our country to be constructed and operated in cooperation with foreign capital. It can be used as a pilot project to create some experience. Please actively support and cooperate with all relevant departments to strive for starting and completing the construction as soon as possible.”

有了“尚方宝剑”,事情看来可以一帆风顺地进展下去,哪知道阻カ依然很大。在设计、选址、拆迁、贷款、施工等过程中,依然困难重重,几乎每走ー步,都遇到阻カ。

With this “imperial sword,” it seemed that things could progress smoothly, but there were still substantial obstacles. During the process of design, site selection, demolition, loans, construction, etc., there were still numerous difficulties. Almost every step encountered resistance.

陈宣远本人就是建筑师,由他设计是顺理成章的事。反对意见来了 :“中国的饭店,为什么要外人来设计?”

Chen Xuan Yuan was himself an architect, so his design was a natural choice. Yet, opposition came: “Why should a Chinese hotel be designed by foreigners?”

庄炎林是归侨,时任国家旅游总局副局长,又是“侨外资办”常务副主任,许多具体事务得跑上跑下,忙前忙后,常常到下半夜オ进家门。多干事者多受气,种种飞短流长向他袭来:

“请客的钱加起来,就可以盖一座大楼了!”

Zhuang Yanlin, a returning overseas Chinese, was the Deputy Director of the CNTA at the time and also the Executive Deputy Director of the “Overseas Capital Office”. He had to run around handling many specific affairs, often not arriving home until midnight. Those who do more often face more criticisms, and all kinds of rumors came at him: “The money spent on treating guests could have built a tower by now!”

“建合资饭店是与外国资本家联盟,ー起赚中国人民的钱。”

“Building joint venture hotels is forming an alliance with foreign capitalists to make money off the Chinese people.”

“咱们卫星都能上天,还怕盖不成饭店?”

“We can send satellites into space, so why can't we build a hotel?”

“这点事,要去求洋人,岂不是丢中国人的脸吗！”

“Isn't it humiliating for us Chinese to seek help from foreigners for such a matter?”

还有人写匿名信,用语从“崇洋媚外”到“卖国主义”,还有“丧失阶级立场” “丧失民族气节”等等,引进外资建饭店,简直就是罪大恶极了。

Some people even sent anonymous letters, with phrases ranging from “worshipping foreigners and fawning over foreign things” to “traitorism”, as well as “losing class standing” and “losing national integrity”, etc. To them, bringing in foreign capital to build hotels was simply an egregious crime.

李大姐说,现在看来十分明白的道理,在那年月却是说不清。引进外资建饭店,面对四面八方的反对意见,有些声音可以置之不理,有些意见你还一定得去解释。

As Li said, what now seems so clear was so hard to explain back then. In the face of opposition from all directions to the introduction of foreign capital for hotel construction, some voices could be ignored, but some opinions had to be explained.

1980年9月五届人大三次会议期间,建国饭店已经开エ了,一些全国人大代表就引资建饭店提出质疑。庄炎林只得带着李玉莺等人去向人大代表作解释,就饭店的合作方式、建筑设计、材料装修、偿还能力等问题ーー作说明,并强调旅游住宿如何困难,争取人大代表的理解与同情。

During the Third Session of the Fifth National People's Congress in September 1980, the Jianguo Hotel had already started construction, and some National People's Congress delegates raised doubts about the hotel project funded by foreign capital. Zhuang Yanlin had no choice but to take Li Yuying and others to explain to the NPC delegates about the hotel's cooperation method, architectural design, material decoration, repayment ability, and other issues. They also stressed the difficulty of accommodation in tourism to gain the understanding and sympathy of the NPC delegates.

建设建国饭店的批文!979年6月就批了,到!980年6月20日オ正式破土动工。我们整整失去了一年宝贵时间。

The approval for the construction of Jianguo Hotel was issued in June 1979, but construction did not officially begin until June 20, 1980. We lost a full year of valuable time.

谷牧副总理当时分管旅游工作,他曾在国家旅游局情况汇报中批示:“我很同情旅游业,现在谁也没有否决权。”

Vice Premier Gu Mu, who was in charge of tourism work at the time, once commented during a report on the status of the CNTA, “I sympathize greatly with the tourism industry; at present, no one has the right to veto.”

施工期间又遭人为阻挠。原来建国饭店后面是国务院某部的宿舍楼,他们怕建成后会遮挡阳光,不让建。

During the construction period, there was deliberate obstruction. The dormitory building of a certain department of the State Council was behind the site of the Jianguo Hotel. They feared that once the hotel was built, it would block their sunlight, so they opposed the construction.

其实,原定方案已做了修改,在后面有宿舍的一方只建四层半楼房,以保证阳光能照到ー楼窗户。但有些人白天公然到工地吵闹,晚上把笨重的搅拌机掀翻,拆毁施工围墙。施工受阻,“侨外资办”只好向国务院求助。

In reality, the original plan had already been modified. On the side where there were dormitories, only four and a half floors of buildings were to be constructed to ensure that sunlight could reach the first floor windows. However, some people caused disturbances on the construction site during the day, and at night they overturned heavy mixers and destroyed the construction fences. When the construction was hindered, the Overseas Capital Office had to seek help from the State Council.

邓小平在百忙中批示:“有理也不能闹,何况无理ド’

In the midst of his busy schedule, Deng Xiaoping instructed, “One should not make trouble even when they're in the right, let alone when they're in the wrong.”

这オ平息事端。

This resolved the dispute.

与此同期,另一合资项目长城饭店,经过5次艰苦的谈判オ算成功。从立项到开エ建设,共有8位副总理先后做出重要指示或批示,最后是谷牧副总理批示:“我主张继续干。”

During the same period, another joint venture project, the Great Wall Hotel, was successful after five tough negotiations. From the initiation of the project to the start of construction, a total of 8 vice premiers successively gave important instructions or instructions, and finally Vice Premier Gu Mu instructed: “I advocate continuing.”

长城饭店的施工时间也延误了一年之久。

The construction time of the Great Wall Hotel was also delayed for a year.

北京丽都饭店是与新加坡侨商罗新权合作的项目。对方按照协议在国外设计和订购材料,花了不少美元,我方因此想告吹。罗新权没办法,写信给邓小平求助, 诉说情况。小平接信后立即批示:必须守信。当时有许多行将夭折的项目在小平的亲自关怀和支持下救活了。

Beijing Lido Hotel is a project in cooperation with Singaporean overseas Chinese businessman Luo Xinquan. The other party spent a lot of US dollars on design and material orders abroad according to the agreement, which made our side want to back out. Luo Xinquan had no choice but to write a letter to Deng Xiaoping for help, explaining the situation. Upon receiving the letter, Xiaoping immediately instructed that promises must be kept. At that time, many projects on the verge of failure were revived with Xiaoping's personal care and support.

李玉莺大姐说,建国饭店后来的事实,让反对者鸦雀无声,更重要的是为后来引进外资树起了榜样。饭店1982年4月开业,当年开业当年受益,全店员工人均创汇超过2万美元。此后,利润一年年往上翻。仅仅用了 4年时间,就连本带息全部还清了汇丰银行2000万美元贷款。10年所创的税利等于7.6个建国饭店的投资。

Li Yuying said that the subsequent facts of the Jianguo Hotel silenced the opposition, and more importantly, it set an example for the introduction of foreign capital later. The hotel opened in April 1982, and it made a profit in the year it opened. The per capita exchange rate for the entire hotel staff exceeded 20,000 US dollars. After that, the profit increased year by year. It took only 4 years to repay all the principal and interest of the 20 million US dollar loan from HSBC. The taxes and profits created in 10 years are equivalent to the investment in 7.6 Jianguo Hotels.

当初的改革开放基本是两个大思路:一个是农村家庭联产承包责任制,还有一个就是开始引进外资。“京字第一号”的建国饭店,其意义不仅是建了个饭店,而是开启了新时期中外合资的先河,为全国各行各业引进外资树起一个鲜明的标杆。

The initial reform and opening up were basically two major ideas: one was the rural family joint production contract responsibility system, and the other was the start of introducing foreign capital. The significance of the “Jianguo Hotel”, the first of its kind in Beijing, is not just a hotel, but the pioneering of Sino-foreign joint ventures in the new era, setting a distinct benchmark for various industries across the country to introduce foreign capital.

之后,北京长城饭店、兆龙饭店,广州白天鹅宾馆,南京金陵饭店,各地引进外资新建饭店如雨后春笋拔地而起。

After that, hotels newly built with foreign investment sprouted up like bamboo shoots after a rain, including the Great Wall Hotel and Zhaolong Hotel in Beijing, the White Swan Hotel in Guangzhou, the Jinling Hotel in Nanjing, and others across the country.

1988年3月,陈宣远在美国寓所渍然病逝。

In March 1988, Chen Xuanyuan passed away from illness at his residence in the United States.

国家旅游局发了唁电。大家没有忘记这位海外赤子。是他不惧风险,开拓了中国引进外资之路。人生一世,草木一秋。我们不知道他是否早有生命的预感,在 1979年的谈判桌上就提出“10年”这个限期,以“ 1美元”的价格把饭店股权卖给祖国。在这个圆满的句号画上后,他オ放心地离开人世,而他为中国旅游业发展所做的贡献,永载青史。

The CNTA sent a telegram of condolences. Let us not forget this devoted son of China from overseas. Fearless of risks, he paved the way for China to welcome foreign investment. A human life is as ephemeral as a season of growing grass or falling leaves. We can’t be sure whether he had some premonition of his life's timeline, when he proposed a ten-year limit in the negotiations of 1979, selling his hotel's equity back to his homeland for a symbolic ‘one dollar’. With this graceful conclusion, he peacefully departed from this world, his contributions to the development of China’s tourism industry forever etched in history.

往事已成历史,但大量的记忆令我们深思:为什么当初那么多饭店的建设都需要邓小平亲自过问、亲自批示,要总理和副总理,还有全国人大常委会副委员长批示、画圈,才能做成?国家领导人以下的不少干部,也是职权不小的领导干部,而且应该是具体担当职责的干部,为什么不敢担当,有的人还积极地成为阻碍者呢?仅仅用“当时人们思想观念不解放”来描述,是否真实?

The past has become history, but a wealth of memories provoke deep reflection. Why was it that the construction of so many hotels required the personal involvement and approval of Deng Xiaoping? Why did it require the signatures and approval of the Prime Minister and Vice Prime Minister, and even the Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to get things done? There were numerous officials below the national leaders, many of whom held significant powers and duties - why did they hesitate to take responsibility? Why did some even actively hinder progress? Is it truly accurate to describe this merely as ‘people’s mindset at the time was not liberalized enough’?

问题恐怕不在观念陈旧,也不是不聪明,而是作为ー个人、ー个领导者,在过去的年代中,应有的独立思考功能受损,无法创造性开展工作。

The issue likely isn't about being stuck in old ways of thinking or lacking intelligence. Instead, as individuals and leaders in those years, their capacity for independent thinking had been compromised, hindering their ability to work creatively.

邓小平为什么那么明智、高瞻远瞩?有一个重要因素是他能够独立思考。ー个民族,需要许许多多富有责任感且能够独立思考的人,オ可能大踏步地开展创造性工作,オ会复兴。

Why was Deng Xiaoping so wise and far-sighted? One key factor is his ability to think independently. A nation needs a multitude of responsible individuals capable of independent thought. Only then can they stride confidently in creative endeavors, leading to a renaissance.

3.韩克华走马上任

3. Han Kehua Took Office

1981年春,原任外交部副部长的韩克华调任国家旅游局局长兼党组书记,面对的首要问题是“局社分家”,这是在开放实践中悟出的必要变革。此前,从国家旅游局局领导到各司司长,经常担任“消防队”的角色,被住宿、机票等问题搞得焦头烂额,接待任务也主要在北京,因此被戏称为“管天子脚下” 〇

In the spring of 1981, Han Kehua, previously the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed as the Director and Party Group Secretary of the CNTA. His primary challenge was the separation of administrative and business operations within the Bureau, a crucial reform conceived from experiences with openness and reform. Before this, from the leaders of the CNTA to each department head, they often had to play the role of a “fire brigade”, constantly putting out fires caused by issues with accommodations, air tickets, and the like. They were so swamped that they had little time for anything else. Most reception tasks were mainly in Beijing, thus they were jokingly referred to as those “managing the land under the emperor’s feet”.

局社分家后,国旅总社统ー经营外国旅游者来华旅游业务,实行企业化管理; 国家旅游局作为管理全国旅游事业的行政机构,不再直接经营组团和接待任务,统ー管理全国旅游工作,就被称为“管天下” 了。

After the separation of administrative and business operations, the CITS took over the business of managing inbound tourism for foreign travelers, implementing a corporate management style. The CNTA, as the administrative body managing national tourism, no longer directly operated group tours and reception tasks. Its role transformed into overseeing national tourism affairs, which was colloquially referred to as “managing the world”.

这是ー项难度颇大的重要改革。经一年努力,1982年7月,国家旅游总局与国旅总社分开办公,各司其职,结束了自1964年以来长达18年的局社合一格局。8 月,中国旅行游览事业管理总局更名为中华人民共和国国家旅游局,由外交部代管局升格为国务院直属局。

This marked a significant reform that was challenging to implement. After a year of hard work, in July 1982, the office of the CNTA and CITS, each taking on its respective duties. This ended the 18-year-long model of unified management since 1964. In August, the General Administration of China Travel and Tourism was renamed the National Tourism Administration of the People's Republic of China, upgrading from being under the purview of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to being directly subordinate to the State Council.

从“管脚下”到“管天下”,标志着中国旅游业新的飞跃。韩克华感到肩上的担子重了。“天下”那么多问题,从何入手?如何才能运筹帷幄,决胜千里?

The shift from “managing the land under the emperor’s feet” to “managing the world” symbolized a new leap for China’s tourism industry. Han Kehua felt the weight of the responsibility on his shoulders. With so many issues in the entire tourism sector, where should he begin? How could he strategize and achieve success on such a grand scale?

国务院提出,今后一个时期发展旅游事业的方针是:“积极发展,量カ而行,稳步前进。”要做的事情很多,但韩克华没有料到,有一个亟待解决的问题是厕所问题。

The State Council proposed that the future policy for tourism development should be: “To actively develop, proceed according to capacity, and advance steadily.” There were numerous tasks to handle, but what Han Kehua hadn't anticipated was that a pressing issue needing resolution was the condition of public toilets.

今天有人说,旅游业在开放中抓了最难的两头建设,ー是冲击头脑的保守观念,二是管了最脏的厕所卫生。当年国外媒体则批评:“中国人只讲究进口（餐饮）,不讲究出口（厕所卫生）。”厕所的脏臭不改善,不仅直接影响旅游业发展,更直接损害礼仪之邦的文明形象。

Today, some say that in its evolution, the tourism industry tackled the two most challenging areas: shattering conservative mindsets, and managing the cleanliness of the most unsanitary places - public toilets. Foreign media at the time criticized, “Chinese people only care about importing (catering), but not exporting (toilet hygiene).” Without improving the unclean and smelly toilets, it would not only directly affect the development of the tourism industry, but also damage the civilized image of our nation, once known as a land of etiquette.

厕所非小事。修建公厕,成为当务之急,重中之重!

Public toilets were no trivial matter. Constructing public restrooms became a priority of priorities!

当年的旅游厕所,是个什么状况?

But what was the situation with public toilets in tourism back then?

旱厕居多,异味明显,无人看管。许多景区厕所年久失修。有的屋顶渗漏,蛛网盘结;有的厕门损坏,内墙剥离;有的地流黄水,难以插足。有些卫生状况好些的,又全是蹲坑,老年外宾很不习惯,特别是胖老太太,根本蹲不下去。

The majority of toilets were pit latrines, emitting a strong stench, with no one to maintain them. Many public restrooms at tourist sites had been neglected for years. Some had leaky roofs and were filled with cobwebs, others had broken doors and peeling inner walls, while others had dirty yellow water flowing across the floor, making them practically unusable. Even the relatively clean ones were all squat toilets, which were uncomfortable for elderly foreign tourists, particularly overweight older women who found it impossible to squat.

某些景区没有厕所,只是简陋至极的小“茅坑”,脏得简直无处踏脚,臭气冲鼻,坑下蛆虫蠕动,硬着头皮进去方便一下,能叫你恶心半天。京旅211团菲律宾籍的官女士在某风景点上厕所,刚进去就跳了出来,没走多远,在树下直吐。她的丈夫气得挥舞双臂说:“再也不能来这里了。”

Certain scenic spots didn't have proper restrooms, only rudimentary pit latrines that were so filthy it was hard to find a place to step. The overwhelming smell, the sight of maggots writhing at the bottom of the pit, and the mere thought of having to use these facilities were enough to turn one's stomach. A Filipino lady from the Beijing Tour 211 group had a particularly unpleasant experience. After using a restroom at a tourist site, she rushed out and didn’t get far before she started vomiting under a tree. Her husband, furious, waved his arms around and declared, “We can never come here again.”

在浙江某些区域,当地厕所都是“敞篷式”的,甚至建在街旁的厕所,无门无遮挡,ー览无余,外宾望而生“羞”〇当地彼此熟悉的男女上厕所时,还挺自然地互相说话,传递手纸。

In certain regions of Zhejiang, local toilets were of an “open-air” design, even those built beside the streets, completely exposed without doors or any form of screening. Foreign tourists blushed at the sight of such openness, while locals, familiar with one another, naturally chatted and passed toilet paper among themselves while using the facilities.

当时有个广为流传的笑话,说ー个外国游客,好不容易凭嗅觉找到了公厕。ー进门,只见坑槽污迹斑斑,气味刺鼻,赶紧跑出来“打的”往下榻的五星级宾馆,以解内急。许多地方都出现不同版本、内容相似的笑谈。报刊时而冒出“公厕臭名远扬”“如厕难于上青天”的批评文章。

A widely circulated joke at the time told of a foreign tourist who, after much difficulty, managed to locate a public toilet by its smell. Upon entering, he was greeted by a filthy pit and an overpowering stench. He hastily fled and hailed a taxi to return to his five-star hotel to relieve himself. Similar anecdotes abounded, with different versions popping up in many places. Criticisms such as “public toilets with a stinky reputation” and “going to the toilet is harder than ascending to the sky” occasionally appeared in newspapers.

再ー个问题是公厕严重不足。这种情况在热门风景名胜区和全国重点旅游城市尤为突出。厕所门口排队等候是许多风景区一道令人尴尬的“风景”。排队上厕所的窘况,比排别的队难堪。

Another issue was the serious shortage of public toilets. This was especially prominent in popular scenic spots and major tourist cities nationwide. Queuing up to use the toilet became an embarrassing “sight” at many tourist sites. Queuing for the toilet was more embarrassing than queuing for anything else.

上海冒出个新行当一“导厕”,因为在上海繁华街市找不到厕所的问题尤其突出,游客内急找不到厕所,没有人“导”,这事不得了。七转ハ弯,带到了游客的 “向往之地”,看到的是一列长队,还得等!这时刻游客往往满头大汗,女士化的妆也被汗水冲得容颜复杂,等啊等……经过万般着急难堪的等待,当你大气长舒走出厕门时,方觉天下什么是幸福。

A new profession even emerged in Shanghai called a “toilet guide”, as it was especially difficult for tourists to find public restrooms in Shanghai's bustling streets. When tourists urgently needed to find a toilet and no one was there to guide them, the situation was dire. After winding their way through seven turns and eight bends, they were led to their “desired destination,” only to be met by a long queue, and they had to wait! At these moments, tourists were often sweating profusely, with ladies' makeup smeared by the sweat, forming complex patterns on their faces as they waited... After enduring all this anxiety and embarrassment, the sense of relief when you finally walked out of the restroom made you realize what true happiness felt like.

韩克华下决心要解决厕所问题。

Han Kehua was determined to solve the toilet issue.

厕所问题并非难登大雅的话题。

Toilet issues were not an unseemly topic.

古有欧阳修构想文章来自“马上、枕上、厕上”之说,想其厕所必是洁净如居。康有为在《大同书》中就大谈理想之厕:“以机激水,淘荡秽气,花露喷射,花香扑鼻,有图画神仙之迹,令人超观思玄;有音乐微妙之音,令人和平清静。”

Ouyang Xiu, a famous Chinese literati of the Song Dynasty, once said that his essays originated from three places: horseback, pillow, and toilet. It’s clear that his toilet must have been as clean as his living space. Kang Youwei, in his book “The Book of Great Harmony”, described his ideal toilet: “With mechanisms triggering water, eliminating foul air, flower dew spraying, and floral fragrance striking the nose, the sight is like the footprint of an immortal, leading people to contemplate the profound; the sound of subtle music brings peace and tranquility.”

清末苏州人外出旅行,都要带便桶。因苏州人不习惯上厕所蹲坑,客栈又无马桶。讲究的人还带夜壶箱,四四方方像ー只小书箱,上面刻有诗句:“诗清只为饮茶多。”这诗句中的“诗”和“尿”,在吴方言里是同音。

In the late Qing Dynasty, people from Suzhou would carry portable toilets with them when they traveled. People from Suzhou were not accustomed to squatting in the toilet, and there were no chamber pots in the inns. Some refined individuals would even bring along a portable chamber pot box, square like a small book box, with a poem inscribed on it: “The clear poetry comes from drinking lots of tea.” In the Suzhou dialect, poetry and urine are homonyms.

厕所是人类日常生活的必备设施,也是人类社会文明进步的标志之一。法国设有电脑厕所,发行厕所报纸。日本有“厕所节”,每年举办一次“全国公厕日”,届时议员要亲临公厕现场办公。美国、新加坡等国定期评选“名厕”。

Toilets are an essential facility in human daily life and are also one of the signs of human societal progress. In France, there are computerized toilets and newspapers are distributed in toilets. Japan has a Toilet Festival, and there’s an annual “National Public Toilet Day”, during which lawmakers go to work in public toilets. In the United States, Singapore and other countries, there are regular competitions to elect the best toilets.

过去厕所常被说成“茅房”“茅坑”。开放后,我们也习惯称厕所为“洗手间”

In the past, toilets were often referred to as “straw huts” or “straw pits.” After opening up, we also got used to calling toilets “washrooms" or "bathrooms.”

“卫生间” 〇国内姑娘们早就把上厕所称为“上一号”“上高楼” 〇

Girls in China have long been referring to using the toilet as “going up to No.1” or “going up to the high-rise.”

国外对上厕所的说法更为艺术化。

Foreign expressions for using the toilet are even more artistic.

在人民大会堂宴会间,一位绅士派头十足的英国人走到导游跟前,俯下身子耳语:“May I answer the call of the nature?"（我能去响应一下大自然的召唤吗?）

During a banquet at the Great Hall of the People, a British man full of gentlemanly charm walked up to the tour guide, leaned down and whispered, “May I answer the call of the nature?”

一位澳大利亚人问:“Where is the hap-py-room?”（快乐的房间在哪里?）

An Australian asked, “Where is the hap-py-room?”

你要能听懂,就会忍不住快乐地笑出声来。

If you understand these euphemisms, you can't help but laugh with joy.

港澳同胞习惯把如厕称为“唱歌”,他们把这种说法传进国内,现在大部分导游带团时常说:“下车有唱歌的地方,唱完歌我带你们到更美的地方去游览。”

Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macau are accustomed to referring to going to the toilet as “singing.” They brought this expression to the mainland, and now most tour guides often say when leading groups, “There is a place to ‘sing’ when you get off the bus, and after you 'finish singing', I'll take you to more beautiful places to visit.”

当年兴致勃勃而来的中外游客,常因内急而兴致全无,内急心如焚,哪还有心情观美景?不少游客摇头说:“中国公厕不改善,我们再也不敢来了。”

Back in the day, tourists who came full of excitement often had their enthusiasm completely extinguished by the urgency of needing a restroom. In such distress, who would be in the mood to enjoy the beautiful scenery? Many tourists shook their heads and said, “If public toilets in China do not improve, we dare not come again.”

ー个外宾在批评信中尖刻地说:“你们中国可能有最好的大炮,但你们的厕所像这样,你们还是得不到世界的尊重。”

One foreign visitor pointedly said in a critique letter, “You Chinese may have the best artillery, but with toilets like this, you still won't get the world's respect.”

国家旅游局前所未有地郑重召开全国“涉外厕所会议” 〇随即分两批拨款458 万元,在长城、泰山、黄山、苏州园林等主要景区修建167座符合卫生标准的旅游地厕所,使厕所紧缺问题有所缓解。

The CNTA solemnly convened the unprecedented nationwide “Foreign-Related Toilet Conference”. Subsequently, it allocated 4.58 million yuan in two batches to build 167 tourist toilets in major scenic spots such as the Great Wall, Mount Tai, Huangshan, and Suzhou Gardens that meet hygiene standards, alleviating the problem of toilet shortage.

北京颐和园、天坛、碧云寺等处新建成一批卫生厕所。新建厕所有专人管理、合乎卫生标准,厕所内设有抽水马桶、单人小便池、洗手池、梳妆镜、挂衣钩,还提供卫生纸、香皂等,并有冬季供暖设备。

A batch of new sanitary toilets have been built in places such as Beijing's Summer Palace, Temple of Heaven, and Biyun Temple. The newly built toilets are managed by dedicated personnel and meet hygiene standards. The toilets are equipped with flush toilets, single urinals, sinks, makeup mirrors, coat hooks, and provide toilet paper, soap, etc., and have heating equipment for the winter.

颐和园是北京热点景区之一,日游客量多达数万人次,园内26个厕所,每天游客流量少的上千人次,多的达几千人次。保洁员已经有了一个崭新的意识:管理厕所要像管理客房那样精心。

The Summer Palace is one of the hotspots in Beijing, with a daily tourist volume of tens of thousands of people. There are 26 toilets in the park, with a daily passenger flow of a few thousand at the least, and several thousand at most. The cleaning staff have developed a brand new understanding: managing toilets should be as meticulous as managing guest rooms.

此后,国家旅游局采取出部分资金、地方财政配套的方式,促使各地旅游区都开始大抓厕所建设与改造。

Afterwards, the CNTA adopted the method of allocating some funds and matching local finance to prompt tourist areas across the country to pay great attention to the construction and renovation of toilets.

今天回头看30年前,我们确实还不知旅游业中有个多么大的世界。不懂要学,我们毕竟已经有很大的改善。1983年1月,全国旅游系统先进集体先进工作者表彰大会隆重开幕,这是国家旅游局召开的第一次群英会。时值隆冬,出席大会的304名代表心里都暖乎乎的,他们来自29个省、市、自治区和5个直属单位。

Looking back 30 years ago today, we really didn't know how big the world of the tourism industry was. We need to learn what we don't understand, but we have indeed made a lot of improvements. In January 1983, the grand opening of the commendation meeting for advanced collectives and advanced workers in the national tourism system took place. This was the first gathering of talents convened by the CNTA. In the midst of a severe winter, the 304 representatives attending the conference from 29 provinces, cities, autonomous regions, and 5 directly affiliated units felt warm inside.

广东深圳西沥水库度假村、苏州市旅游汽车公司、杭州饭店、国旅无锡支社等单位受到表彰。在受表彰的226名先进工作者中,有翻译导游人员、服务员、厨师、汽车驾驶员和后勤人员等。

Units such as Guangdong Shenzhen Xili Reservoir Resort, Suzhou City Tourism Automobile Company, Hangzhou Hotel, and CITS Wuxi Branch were commended. Among the 226 commended advanced workers were interpretors, tour guides, waiters, chefs, car drivers, and logistical personnel.

同年2月,国家旅游局首次在北京举办了中国国际旅游会议。大会将使用中、英、日、德、法、西班牙六种语言,需要安装国际电传、电话以及同声传译等设备,大家常常忙得连吃饭的时间都没有,几个烧饼就算是午餐。这是中国旅游界与世界旅游界首次在中国握手。

In February of the same year, the CNTA held the China International Tourism Conference in Beijing for the first time. The conference used six languages: Chinese, English, Japanese, German, French, and Spanish. International telegraphy, telephones, and simultaneous interpretation equipment needed to be installed. Everyone was often so busy that they didn't have time for meals, and a few baked buns were considered lunch. This was the first handshake between the Chinese tourism industry and the world tourism industry in China.

来自45个国家和地区的700多名代表中,有各国旅游部长、旅游局长、民航局长和其他高级官员,还有各国旅游协会和旅行社的负责人以及旅游记者。世界旅游组织秘书长罗伯特・洛纳蒂参加了大会,国内有关部门和各省、市、自治区有关方面的负责人和代表200多人也出席了会议,与会总人数超过千人。

Among the more than 700 representatives from 45 countries and regions, there were ministers of tourism, heads of tourism bureaus, heads of civil aviation bureaus, and other high-ranking officials from various countries, as well as the heads of various national tourism associations and travel agencies, and tourism journalists. Robert Lonati, Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization, attended the conference. More than 200 representatives and officials from domestic departments and provinces, cities, and autonomous regions also attended the meeting, and the total number of participants exceeded a thousand.

中国与世界的交往从此更加频繁。驻外办事机构从无到有,先后开设了东京、纽约、洛杉矶、伦敦、巴黎、法兰克福、悉尼7处。至今,增加到17处。

Contact between China and the world has become more frequent since then. Foreign offices were established from scratch, successively setting up in Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles, London, Paris, Frankfurt, and Sydney, totaling seven. Now, the number has increased to seventeen.

1986年1月,经国务院批准成立“中国旅游协会”,这是第一个全国综合性旅游全行业组织,其英文名称为China Tourism Association( СТА) 〇

In January 1986, the China Tourism Association was established with the approval of the State Council. This was the first comprehensive national tourism industry organization, its English name being the China Tourism Association (CTA).

但在发展过程中,旅游业出现了一些陆续冒出来的新问题,如收取回扣、索要小费、套汇倒汇等现象开始出现。国家旅游局开始抓旅游行业的道德规范教育。在体制改革方面,还存在许多运行不畅、管理不善的问题。要把中国旅游业搞得红红火火,还有许多难题。

However, in the process of development, the tourism industry encountered some emerging problems, such as receiving kickbacks, demanding tips, and phenomena like foreign currency manipulation began to appear. The CNTA began to focus on moral education within the tourism industry. However, in terms of systemic reforms, there were still many problems with inefficient operations and poor management. There were still many challenges in making China's tourism industry prosperous.

四、马超龙雀

Chapter 4. Ma Chao Long Que

“马超龙雀”是中国旅游业的图形标志。原形取自甘肃武威出土的东汉青铜马。昂首扬尾,四蹄腾空,自由奔放,马的速度超过天上的龙雀。此马也是个性的象征。旅游业由原来只有国家涉足,变为国家、地方、部门、集体、个人“五个ー起上” 〇最关键是开放了对“个人”的限制,纠正了对“个人”长达30年的偏见,这是思想观念开放的伟大变革。《周易》说:“挠万物者,莫疾乎风。”开放之风多又从旅游业刮起,推动、带动相关行业风起云涌。

"Ma Chao Long Que" is the graphic symbol of China's tourism industry. The original design is based on a bronze horse unearthed from Wuwei, Gansu during the Eastern Han Dynasty. With its head raised and tail pointed upwards, its four hooves galloping in the air, it is free and unrestrained. The horse's speed surpasses the dragon sparrow in the sky. This horse is also a symbol of individuality. Tourism has transitioned from being only state-involved to “five working together”: the state, localities, departments, collectives, and individuals. The most critical change is the opening of restrictions on "individuals", correcting the prejudice against “individuals” that had lasted for 30 years. This represents a great shift in open-mindedness. The “Book of Changes” says: “Among all things that stir, none is more swift than the wind.” The wind of opening up often blows from the tourism industry, pushing and driving related industries to surge forward.

1.花龙盘盘上紫云

1. A Purple Cloud with Winding Dragon

1986年,“七五计划”把旅游业列在第三十七章之内,这是旅游业第一次在国家计划中出现,旅游的产业地位首次得到确认,这是旅游产业发展的ー个重要标志。

In 1986, the Seventh Five-Year Plan included the tourism industry in Chapter 37, marking the first appearance of the tourism industry in a national plan. The status of tourism as an industry was recognized for the first time, which was an important milestone for the development of the tourism industry.

邓小平南方讲话,引发中国第二轮改革。中共中央、国务院《关于加快发展第三产业的决定》进ー步明确旅游业是第三产业的重点,旅游业的产业地位进ー步提升。

Deng Xiaoping's speeches in southern China sparked the second round of reform. The “Decision on Accelerating the Development of the Tertiary Industry” by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council further specified that tourism is a key sector within the tertiary industry, thus further raising the industry's status within the economy.

回首新时期30年对各产业的认识,变化最大的恐怕是旅游业。早先没人知道,旅游业每增加1人就业,可促进相关产业增加5人就业;接待一位外国游客的创汇,相当于出口 4台电视机;且是永远的朝阳产业,是最优秀的出口产业。旅游业不断超乎人们预料的发展,促使国家有关部门把它从接待型机构变成企业,又从确定为旅游产业到定位为支柱产业。

Looking back at the understanding of various industries over the past 30 years in the new era, the tourism industry might have undergone the most significant changes. It was initially unknown that every new job created in the tourism industry could lead to the addition of five jobs in related industries; and that the foreign exchange income from hosting a foreign tourist was equivalent to exporting four televisions. Moreover, tourism is an ever-growing sunrise industry and an outstanding export industry. The development of the tourism industry, which constantly exceeds expectations, has prompted the relevant national departments to transition it from a reception-oriented institution to an enterprise, and to position it from merely a tourism industry to a pillar industry.

下面这些数字有些枯燥,显示的快速发展却也一目了然。

The following numbers might seem dry, but they clearly illustrate rapid development.

1978年全国的“入境旅游”人数180万,2007年这一数据为1.3亿人次, 是1978年的73.3倍,中国成为全球第四大入境旅游接待国。

In 1978, the number of inbound tourists nationwide was 1.8 million; this figure rose to 130 million in 2007, which was 73.3 times that of 1978. China has become the fourth largest inbound tourist receiving country globally.

1978年中国旅游外汇收入2.62亿美元，1996年外汇收入超过100亿美元,2007年旅游外汇收入达419亿美元,是1978年的159倍。

In 1978, China's tourism foreign exchange income was 262 million US dollars; by 1996, the foreign exchange income exceeded 10 billion US dollars; and by 2007, the tourism foreign exchange income reached 41.9 billion US dollars, which was 159 times that of 1978.

中国旅游业在世界上的排名一路飙升。1978年中国旅游外汇收入在全世界排名第41位,2000年跃居世界第5位,2001年加入WTO后一直保持在世界第4位。

China's tourism industry has been soaring in the world rankings. In 1978, China's tourism foreign exchange income ranked 41st in the world, leaped to the 5th place in 2000, and has maintained the 4th place globally since joining the WTO in 2001.

2007年全国旅游业总收入出现历史性超越,突破1万亿元。这个“脚下的事业”,在国民经济收入中的确已占有举足轻重的地位。

In 2007, the total revenue of the national tourism industry achieved a historic breakthrough, exceeding 1 trillion yuan. This "footwork business" indeed holds a significant position in national economic income.

中国人出境游的发展速度,有人夸张地比喻为“像过山车”动人心魄。这“动人心魄”是不算夸张的。改革开放初,中国出国的人寥寥无几。1950年至1978 年,中国出国总人次30万。2005年一年中,中国出境人次达到3100万,是开放前 28年出境人数总和的100倍。2007年中国公民出境旅游人数已达4095万,成为亚洲最大的出境旅游客源国,出境人数跃至世界排名第3位。这是中国综合国力、居民生活水平提高,社会开放的直接、生动的证据。仅旅游ー项,就让世界看到中国改革开放的成就的确不小。

The development speed of Chinese outbound tourism has been exaggeratedly described as “like a roller coaster” - thrilling and exciting. The phrase “thrilling and exciting” is not an exaggeration. At the beginning of the reform and opening-up, very few Chinese citizens traveled abroad. From 1950 to 1978, the total number of outbound travelers from China was only 300,000. However, in 2005 alone, the number of outbound Chinese travelers reached 31 million, which is 100 times the total number of outbound travelers in the 28 years before the opening-up. By 2007, the number of Chinese citizens traveling abroad had reached 40.95 million, making China the largest source country of outbound tourists in Asia and ranking third globally in terms of outbound travelers. This serves as direct and vivid evidence of China's overall national strength, improved living standards of its residents, and the country's growing openness. Just for tourism alone, the world can see that China's achievements in reform and opening up are indeed not small.

中国出境旅游市场的发展壮大,日益增加了中国在国际社会的影响カ。“出境旅游”成为“官方外交”的一部分,签署旅游目的地（ADS ）仪式成为ー份“国礼”,也是谈判桌上一个有分量的筹码,为国家的外交战略、区域化合作和两岸和平统一事业做出了重要贡献。

The development and growth of China's outbound tourism market have increasingly increased China's influence in the international community. Outbound tourism has become a part of official diplomacy. The signing of the Approved Destination Status (ADS) agreement has become a kind of "state ceremony" and also a significant bargaining chip at the negotiation table. It has made important contributions to the country's foreign policy strategy, regional cooperation, and the cause of peaceful reunification across the strait.

中国在联合国世界旅游组织的影响迅速提高。2007年,中文正式成为世界旅游组织官方语言。中国被推举为世界旅游组织执委会成员国。

China's influence in the United Nations World Tourism Organization has rapidly increased. In 2007, Chinese officially became the official language of the World Tourism Organization. China was elected as a member country of the World Tourism Organization's Executive Council.

2008年6月17日,中国公民赴美旅游首发团250人从北京、上海、广东三地启程,飞往美国。这标志着中国公民赴美团队旅游正式启动。7月4日,中国大陆居民直接赴台湾省旅游首发团启程,首批游客760余人分别从北京、上海、南京、厦门、广州五地出发,搭乘两岸周末包机赴台。这是1949年以后,中国大陆居民首次从大陆直接飞抵台湾省,被称为“世纪首航”“世纪圆梦之旅”,它跨越了近60年的隔阻。

On June 17, 2008, the first group of 250 Chinese citizens departed from Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong, heading to the United States for tourism. This marked the official launch of Chinese citizens' group tourism to the United States. On July 4, the first group of Chinese‘s mainland residents directly traveled to Taiwan Province for tourism. Over 760 tourists from Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xiamen, and Guangzhou departed, taking chartered flights between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait for a weekend trip to Taiwan. This is the first time since 1949 that mainland Chinese residents have directly flown to Taiwan Province, and it is called the “Century's First Flight” or the "Dream Trip of the Century," overcoming nearly 60 years of separation.

30年间,中国旅游业的总收入正以年均约12%的速度增长,高于同期国内生产总值的平均增长率,也大大高于世界旅游业平均涨幅的速度。国外旅游同行对中国“从俯视到仰视”。全国旅游业展现出的新景象,可以借用一句古诗来形容: “飞香走红满天春,花龙盘盘上紫云。”

During the past 30 years, the total revenue of China's tourism industry has been growing at an average annual rate of about 12%, higher than the average growth rate of the domestic gross domestic product during the same period and significantly higher than the average growth rate of the global tourism industry. Foreign counterparts in the tourism industry regard China with admiration and respect. The new landscape presented by the national tourism industry can be described using a line from an ancient poem: “Fragrance soars, redness fills the sky in spring, like a purple cloud with winding dragon.”

2. ー业九鼎重千秋

2. Tourism's Enduring Significance

直到今天,即使我们不再把旅游看作“享乐主义”,但旅游在ー个民族的发展进步中,在每位“个人”的人生中,究竟占有多大的地位,仍未被充分认识。今天, 当我们获得“煮酒话当年”的良辰,还该看到旅游业的贡献远远不仅体现在经济效益上。

Even today, even if we no longer see tourism solely as hedonism, the true significance of tourism in the development and progress of a nation and in the life of each individual is still not fully recognized. Today, as we reminisce about the past with a glass of wine, we should recognize that the contributions of the tourism industry go far beyond economic benefits.

由于传统观念的影响,30年前,即使奉命搞旅游的人,自己也有点心虚气短。但是,自开放以来,确实是这个让人“在休闲中玩ー玩”的行当最早引进外资,最早中外合资,也最早经历打破“铁饭碗”,最早尝试改制……加入WT。后,旅游业对外开放幅度更大。旅游业一路走来,一路担当着开路先锋的风险,其艰辛与业绩, 大多鲜为人知。

Due to traditional beliefs, even those tasked with promoting tourism felt somewhat uncertain and hesitant thirty years ago. However, since the opening up, it was indeed this industry that first introduced foreign investment, engaged in Sino-foreign joint ventures, and experienced the breaking of “iron rice bowls” and attempted restructuring. It also joined the World Tourism Organization. Subsequently, the tourism industry has opened up to a greater extent. Throughout its journey, the tourism industry has shouldered the risks of being a pioneer, with its hardships and achievements largely unknown to many.

你可想过,新时期城市面貌的改变,多从建旅游饭店大厦开始。北京长城饭店初建如“鹤立鸡群”,上海静安希尔顿、广州白天鹅……天津、西安、桂林、杭州等ー批旅游城市都是从建涉外旅游饭店开始改观。直到今天,我们住过不少星级宾馆了,但不一定清楚是他们冲破各种束缚,把中国大大小小的招待所变成星级宾馆, ォ使我们的城市像一座现代城市。

Have you ever considered that the transformation of urban landscapes in the new era often starts with the construction of tourist hotels and high-rise buildings? The Great Wall Hotel in Beijing stood out like a "crane among chickens," while the Hilton in Jing'an, Shanghai, and the White Swan in Guangzhou were notable landmarks. Many other tourist cities, such as Tianjin, Xi'an, Guilin, and Hangzhou, underwent transformations starting with the establishment of foreign-related tourist hotels. Even today, we have stayed in numerous star-rated hotels, but we may not always realize that it was their efforts that broke various constraints and transformed small guesthouses throughout China into star-rated hotels, making our cities resemble modern metropolises.

有了星级宾馆,仍然不够。城市的活力从哪里来?我们不能生活在钢筋水泥的丛林中。缺少绿树、芳草、鲜花,就没有蝶飞鸟鸣。缺少上下几千年的文化风采, 也会缺少来自五洲四海的欣赏目光。国家旅游局启动创建优秀旅游城市工程,各大城市党政主要领导亲自挂帅,“创优”工作纳入城市经济和社会发展总体格局, 许多与旅游不搭界的部门通过创优捆到ー起,“横向到边,纵向到底”,创优热潮波及中小城市,强劲推动全国城市建设,ー个个城市神话改变着国家形象。

However, having star-rated hotels alone is not enough. Where does the vitality of a city come from? We cannot live in a concrete jungle. Without green trees, fragrant grass, and blooming flowers, there would be no butterflies fluttering or birds singing. Without the cultural splendor spanning thousands of years, we would also lack the appreciation from people all over the world. The CNTA initiated the project to create excellent tourist cities, with the top leaders of major cities personally taking charge. The "excellence" efforts were integrated into the overall framework of urban economic and social development. Many departments that were previously unrelated to tourism were brought together through this initiative, creating a cross-sector collaboration that reached all levels. This excellence trend extended to small and medium-sized cities, driving the overall construction of cities nationwide and transforming each city into a symbol of national pride.

秦砖汉瓦,唐诗宋词。在中国,每ー块热土都有过波澜壮阔的历史乐章,每ー种文化都有精神的故乡。遍布中国的古迹,多是旅游行业挖空心思地ー个个修复或再造,过去被批判为“腐朽的封建主义”的东西,变成恢宏的数千年中华文明,温情地回到了我们的山山水水,成为我们精神中辉煌的民族记忆。

From the Qin Dynasty's bricks and Han Dynasty's tiles to the poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties, in China, every inch of land has witnessed grand historical chapters, and every culture has its spiritual homeland. The ancient sites scattered throughout China have been meticulously restored or recreated by the tourism industry, transforming what was once criticized as "decaying feudalism" into the magnificent thousands of years of Chinese civilization. They have warmly returned to our mountains, rivers, and become the glorious national memories in our hearts.

旅游盘活的也远不只是古迹。单看艺术与旅游业“嫁接”,传统音乐、舞蹈,以及56个民族色彩斑斓的文化在旅游中复苏与创新。凡此种种,对增强ー个国家的文化软实カ,是沛然化雨渗透到亿万民众之中的。

The revitalization brought about by tourism is not limited to ancient relics. When we consider the fusion of art and the tourism industry, traditional music, dance, and the diverse cultures of the 56 ethnic groups experience revival and innovation within the realm of tourism. All of these endeavors enhance a country's cultural soft power, permeating through millions of people like nourishing rain.

中国加入WTO,机遇与挑战犹如阳光和风雨同时降临。美、日、德、英、法、澳等国的世界前十大旅游集团挺进中国,中国成为旅游企业全球化程度最高的地区之一。改制、资产整合、企业重组、上市融资……促进中国旅游企业集团应时而出, 并促使旅游业从“各踞一方”到“连线成片”,典型如泰山、华山、恒山、嵩山、衡山, 成立“五岳联盟”。中国旅游产业集群开始走出国门。

China's accession to the WTO brought both opportunities and challenges, much like the simultaneous arrival of sunshine and rain. The world's top ten tourism conglomerates from countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Australia entered China, making it one of the regions with the highest degree of globalization in the tourism industry. Restructuring, asset integration, corporate reorganization, and listing financing facilitated the emergence of Chinese tourism enterprise groups, leading the tourism industry from being fragmented to interconnected. An example of this is the establishment of the “Five Great Mountains Alliance” consisting of Mount Tai, Mount Hua, Mount Heng, Mount Song, and Mount Heng, which paved the way for Chinese tourism clusters to expand globally.

各省市“旅游大篷车”吆喝到国外。中国大型旅游促销团赴美,在美国行程四千多公里,沿途举行“中国之夜”演出推介会,不仅“营销”中国风情,还宣扬中国文化。“魅力四川”倾倒巴黎,自贡市彩灯点亮多伦多,峨眉山全球卖风景,开中国景区在外设旅游机构之先河。

Various provinces and cities in China are promoting tourism overseas like a “tourism caravan.” Large-scale tourism promotion groups from China travel to the United States, covering over 4,000 kilometers during their itinerary. Along the way, they hold "China Nights" showcasing performances and presentations, not only marketing the Chinese charm but also promoting Chinese culture. "Charming Sichuan" captivates Paris, Zigong City illuminates Toronto with colorful lanterns, and Mount Emei sells its scenery to the world, pioneering the establishment of Chinese scenic areas with tourism agencies abroad.

“捧出古国的盛情,迎接你走进东方的锦绣,体会ー个真情的中国。不要说世界太大,其实我们的心相距很近;不要说天涯太远,有意我们即刻就能相逢。”这是唱响世界许多著名城市的歌。

"Offering the hospitality of an ancient country, welcoming you to experience the splendid beauty of the East, and feel the genuine affection of China. Don't say the world is too vast; in reality, our hearts are close. Don't say the end of the world is too far; with intention, we can meet instantly.” This is the song that echoes in many famous cities around the world.

美国迈阿密市长号召市民:“请把到中国旅游立刻写在你的日程表上吧,这是ー个人一生中一定要完成的一件事!”

The mayor of Miami, USA, called on citizens, saying, "Please immediately put traveling to China on your agenda. It is something that you must do in your lifetime!”

2004年中国被评为全球最佳旅游目的地。中国已拥有世界文化遗产37处,中国已从ー个旅游资源大国发展为世界旅游大国。

In 2004, China was recognized as the best global tourist destination. With 37 World Heritage Sites, China has evolved from a major tourism resource country to a world tourism powerhouse.

把“旅馆”办到列车上,タ发朝至,节省时间和费用去旅游,火车提速促进中国高速度发展。丰盛的“吃”,令外国游客叹息胃太小。旅游“六字真言”促进行、游、住、食、购、娱六大经济文化领域全面发展。

Bringing "hotels" onto trains has saved time and costs for travel, and high-speed train development has facilitated China's rapid development. The abundant culinary offerings leave foreign tourists marveling at their small stomachs. The six-word mantra of tourism—travel, accommodation, dining, shopping, entertainment, and leisure—has promoted comprehensive development in the economic and cultural sectors.

鼠标点击新旅游,网络在颠覆传统营销模式的同时,成为大众获取话语权的重要途径。中国第一批互联网旅游企业诞生,如何通过资源共享,抑制过去的“竞争”方式?如何通过“透明”营造信息时代的文明?诸多陌生经历在旅游界多有 “先行ー步”的体验,旅游界在为建设世界旅游强国,也为民族进步,探索新路。

With just a click of a mouse, new tourism opportunities emerge. The internet, while disrupting traditional marketing models, has become a crucial platform for the public to express their opinions and access information. The first batch of internet tourism enterprises emerged in China, focusing on resource sharing and suppressing the previous "competitive" approach. They aim to create a transparent environment in the information age. The tourism industry has often been at the forefront of new experiences, exploring new paths for building China into a global tourism powerhouse and contributing to national progress.

世界上还没有一个产业,像旅游业这样与各国人们广泛接触,与民生休戚相关,与百业相连,岂止是经济支柱,更养育精神,承载如此宽广的社会担当,可谓一业九鼎重千秋。

There is no other industry in the world that has such extensive interactions with people from various countries, closely intertwined with people's livelihoods and connected to numerous sectors. It is not only an economic pillar but also nurtures the spirit and carries such a broad social responsibility. It can be said that tourism holds a significant position for ages to come.

21世纪的书记、市长若不懂旅游,就不是合格的领导者一这已是新理念。

In the 21st century, if a secretary or mayor does not understand tourism, they are not qualified leaders. This has become a new concept and requirement.

结语:最重要的开放是思想的开放。

In Conclusion: The Most Important Openness is that of the Mind

今天看来,30年前处于十字路口的中国,正是有了开放国门的胆识和决心,才复苏了旅游业,更迎来整个民族的新生。中国旅游业,一直是在开放中改革,在开放中发展,在开放中创新。中国旅游业发生的巨变,是中国30年改革开放史的一个缩影。

Looking back today, China at the crossroads 30 years ago was able to revive the tourism industry and experience a national rebirth because of the courage and determination to open its doors to the world. The Chinese tourism industry has consistently reformed, developed, and innovated through openness. The tremendous changes in the Chinese tourism industry are a microcosm of the 30-year history of reform and opening up in China.

它贯穿着一条清晰主线,就是不断地解放思想,不断地赋予思想解放以新的内容。因而最重要的开放是思想的开放,是人的解放和素质的提升。旅游业30年开放发展史,实际上是一部波澜壮阔的思想解放史。

It follows a clear main theme, which is the continuous liberation of thought and the constant infusion of new content into the liberation of thought. Therefore, the most important form of openness is the openness of thought, the liberation of individuals, and the enhancement of their quality. The 30-year history of openness and development in the tourism industry is, in fact, a magnificent history of intellectual liberation.

今天,面对国际金融危机和日益严峻的经济困境,国务院部署十大措施,以扩大内需促经济平稳较快增长。我们还将不断听到“拉动消费”“促进消费”的声音。人们可能认为,要是经济危机到来,大家将有过“紧日子”的思想意识,还怎么促进消费?贫困群体又拿什么去消费?这里需要分清,“消费”和“发展消费型经济”是两个概念。

Today, faced with the international financial crisis and increasingly severe economic challenges, the State Council has deployed ten measures to expand domestic demand and promote stable and rapid economic growth. We will continue to hear calls for boosting consumption and promoting consumerism. Some may think that during an economic crisis, people will have a mindset of tightening their belts, so how can consumption be promoted? And what will the impoverished groups have to consume? It is important to differentiate between "consumption" and "developing a consumer-driven economy."

由于旅游业是第三产业的龙头,是典型的消费型经济、休闲经济,我们在撰写本文中日益意识到:中国旅游业30年来以“马超龙雀”的发展速度营造出的巨大消费市场,已然是拯救眼前经济困境的ー支宏伟力量。

As the leading sector of the tertiary industry and a typical consumer-driven and leisure economy, the tourism industry has played a crucial role in creating a vast consumer market with its rapid development over the past 30 years. We increasingly realize that this market is a magnificent force that can help overcome the current economic challenges.

在开放的信息化时代,面对全球经济困境的挑战,中国旅游业正在谋求实现这样的转型一从观光产业走向休闲产业。

In the open and information-driven era, facing the challenges of the global economic crisis, the Chinese tourism industry is seeking to achieve a transformation: moving from being a sightseeing industry to a leisure industry.

就是说,从以往的参观游览型,转向生活休闲型。

This means shifting from the previous focus on visitation and sightseeing to a focus on enhancing the quality of life and leisure experiences.

从产业发展走向目的地提升。就是说,以往我们注重把旅游地搞起来,吸引人来参观,今后不能满足于此,而要注重让人们身心度假,而不是跑得更累。

It also entails a shift from industry development to destination enhancement. In other words, it is not enough to simply develop tourist sites and attract visitors; the emphasis should be on providing people with opportunities for relaxation and rejuvenation, rather than exhausting them further.

从规模时代走向质量时代。就是说,要让人在真正的“休养生息”中使人生质量得到提升。旅游业也不只是“朝阳产业”,它对自然与人的生态保护,还是ー个可以找回蓝天的产业。

Additionally, there is a transition from the era of scale to the era of quality. Instead of solely focusing on the quantity of tourists, there is an increasing emphasis on providing high-quality experiences and services to ensure visitor satisfaction and promote sustainable tourism development The tourism industry is not just a sunrise industry; it plays a crucial role in the protection of nature and the ecology of both the environment and people. It is an industry that can help restore the clear blue skies.

不能忽视这样的转型。在人类通过一次次“生产革命”“技术革命”营建生活的历史上,人类觉悟到可以通过发展“休闲经济”来促进社会各业趋向平衡,这是更高层面的可持续发展,并可望普遍地提升人类的生活质量。这无论从思想认识、精神境界和经济形式上都是深具革命性的。

We cannot overlook this transformation. Throughout human history, marked by multiple industrial revolutions and technological advancements, humans have realized that promoting a balanced society can be achieved through the development of the leisure economy. This represents a higher level of sustainable development and holds the potential to universally improve the quality of human life. This transformation is revolutionary in terms of ideology, spiritual state, and economic form. This is deeply revolutionary in terms of ideological understanding, spiritual realm, and economic form.

因此,“休息的革命”是个庄严的命题。它不只是对眼前全球性的经济困境而言,它对自然与人文环境的良性塑造、对给每个普通人带来的深刻影响而言,都有我们还想象不到的海阔天空。

Therefore, the “revolution of relaxation” is a solemn proposition. It goes beyond the current global economic challenges and holds immense potential for positively shaping the natural and cultural environment and making a profound impact on the lives of ordinary people that we can't even fully imagine.

联合国世界旅游组织最新预测,中国到2015年将成为世界最大的旅游目的地国家。中国旅游业至今方兴未艾,可谓“九万里风鹏正举”。

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, it is predicted that by 2015, China will emerge as the world’s largest tourist destination country.

（原载《北京文学》2009年第3期）

(Originally published in “Beijing Literature”, Issue 3, 2009)