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User:Lin Zhiyi

2026-02-03T09:51:50Z

Lin Zhiyi:

==The Final Paper==

===World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain===

====Introduction====
Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. It is one of China's first sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. It boasts multiple titles, including a national key nature reserve and a national scenic spot. In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The heritage site covers a total area of 999.75 square kilometers, with a core area of 635.75 square kilometers and a buffer zone of 364 square kilometers.

Its unique Danxia landform, the clear and meandering Nine-Bend Stream, and the picturesque peaks are well-known for their natural beauty. However, what truly makes Wuyi Mountain brilliant is its profound and far-reaching cultural heritage.

====Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture====
Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. This magical land seems to have been endowed by nature with a unique mission to nurture the fragrance of tea. Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate zone, Wuyi Mountain enjoys a warm and humid climate with distinct seasons, providing highly favorable conditions for the growth of tea trees. The mountains are often shrouded in mist, which, like a delicate veil, drapes over the tea gardens. This not only shields the tea trees from intense sunlight, preventing the leaves from being scorched, but also maintains an ideal air humidity, allowing the tea leaves to fully absorb moisture and thrive.

The history of Wuyi tea can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties (479 - 502 AD), spanning over a thousand years. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Qiao praised Wuyi tea as "Late Sweetness Marquis"（晚甘候） in his letter "Sending Tea to Jiao Xingbu". During the Song Dynasty, scholars such as Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi left behind poems like "The extraordinary tea by the stream surpasses all others in the world," indicating its widespread fame.

The unique geographical environment and climatic conditions of Wuyi Mountain have created the unparalleled quality of Wuyi rock tea. The soil here is mainly composed of decomposed rock and gravel, which has a unique structure and excellent air permeability. This allows the roots of the tea trees to stretch freely and fully absorb nutrients from the soil. With a deep accumulation of organic matter, warm winters and cool summers, and appropriate sunlight and rainfall, the tea trees are provided with a continuous supply of energy, enabling the tea leaves to grow more robustly. The decomposed rock and gravel soil of the Danxia landform, the warm winters and cool summers, and the micro-environment where "every rock has tea" jointly nurture the unique flavor of rock tea, known as "rocky bone and floral fragrance." Its appearance features tightly twisted strips with a dark brown and glossy color. After brewing, the leaves show a "green leaf with a red edge," and the liquor is golden, orange, or amber-colored, clear and bright. The aroma is predominantly floral and fruity, with hints of floral, milky, and fruity notes. The taste is mellow, sweet, and lively, fully displaying the unique ”rocky charm.”(岩韵）

Not only is the quality of Wuyi tea outstanding, but its production techniques are also unparalleled. From the picking 采摘 stage onwards, every step in the production of Da Hong Pao tea has strict standards. Picking is done on sunny days, selecting plump buds and leaves with a fresh color. After picking, the leaves are quickly spread out to dry, allowing the moisture to dissipate. Next comes the shaking 摇青 process, which damages the edge cells of the leaves, promoting the transformation of internal substances into unique aromas and flavors. The intensity and duration of shaking are flexibly adjusted according to the tea variety and environment, testing the experience and skill of the tea masters. The fixing 杀青 process uses high temperatures to stop enzymatic reactions, fixing the quality and aroma of the tea. The rolling 揉捻 process makes the tea leaves tightly twisted, breaking the cells to allow the juice to seep out, enhancing the flavor and aroma. Finally, the roasting 烘焙process is crucial, with light roasting resulting in a delicate aroma and a fresh taste, while heavy roasting produces a rich aroma and a mellow taste. The production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao is the only one among Chinese tea categories to be included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, marking the widespread recognition and high praise of Wuyi rock tea production techniques by the international community and making it a shared cultural treasure of humanity.

Throughout history, Wuyi tea has held a significant position. During the Song Dynasty, it became an important part of the Beiyuan tribute tea（北苑贡茶）. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court established a royal tea garden, supervising the production of tribute tea for 255 years. In the 17th century, Wuyi black tea (such as Lapsang Souchong （正山小种) was exported to Europe along the Tea Road, becoming the origin of British afternoon tea culture. The Swedish botanist Linnaeus used "Wuyi variety" (VAR BOHEA) to represent Chinese tea in his "Species Plantarum," highlighting the important international status of Wuyi tea.

Da Hong Pao, as the representative variety of Wuyi rock tea, has attracted much attention. There are six existing mother trees, which are over 350 years old. In 2006, the picking of mother tree Da Hong Pao was stopped, and the last 20 grams of tea leaves picked were auctioned for as high as 208,000 yuan.

Today, the tea industry in Wuyi Mountain is thriving. By 2025, the tea garden area in Wuyi Mountain will reach 148,000 mu (about 9,867 hectares), with the total output value of the tea industry chain reaching 13.5 billion yuan. Nearly half of the farmers' per capita income comes from tea. The vast tea gardens, like a green ocean, complement the Danxia landform of Wuyi Mountain, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

====Wuyi Mountain Neo-Confucian Culture====
Wuyi Mountain, known as the "Cradle of Neo-Confucianism in the South of the Yangtze River"（道南理窟） and the "Confucian Center of Fujian," （闽邦邹鲁）is the birthplace of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi formed an indelible bond with Wuyi Mountain, spending nearly 50 years of his life here, where he carried out his most important academic activities.

Zhu Xi first arrived in Wuyi Mountain at the age of 14 and returned in his later years. He chose Wuyi Mountain not only for its secluded scenery and remoteness from war but also because the charm of its mountains and waters resonated with his philosophical pursuits of "investigating things to gain knowledge" （格物致知）and "the unity of principle in multiplicity." （理一分殊） In 1183 AD, Zhu Xi founded the "Wuyi Academy" (later known as Ziyang Academy) at the foot of Yinping Peak by the Nine-Bend Stream in Wuyi Mountain. This seemingly simple academy quickly became a national academic hub. Zhu Xi lived in Chong'an for over 40 years, where he lived, wrote books, and gave lectures. He attracted over 200 scholars, including Cai Yuanding and Huang Gan, who came from far and wide. The influx of scholars made Wuyi Mountain a center of Neo-Confucianism on par with Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy, forming the influential Min School of Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi, as a master of Neo-Confucianism, and his question-and-answer sessions and debates with students constituted an important part of the Neo-Confucian thought system.

Here, Zhu Xi completed his masterpiece, "The Collected Commentaries on the Four Books"《四书章句集注》, which later became the standard textbook for the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, shaping the Chinese way of thinking and values for nearly eight hundred years. Neo-Confucian thought thus spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe and America, giving rise to schools such as Japanese Zhu Xi School and Korean Tui Xi School, demonstrating its wide and far-reaching influence.

The ideas advocated by Zhu Xi, such as "investigating things to gain knowledge" and "subduing human desires to uphold the heavenly principle"（存天理灭人欲）, have profoundly shaped the social ethics and cultural landscape of Wuyi Mountain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuyi Mountain became a renowned mountain of Neo-Confucianism, with scholars from past dynasties building houses and giving lectures here, creating a spectacle where "every streamside and peak base housed an academy."To this day, Wuyi Mountain still preserves over 450 inscriptions on cliffs by ancient outstanding figures such as Zhu Xi, which are valuable relics for studying ancient philosophy, thought, and culture and art.

The contemporary scholar Cai Shangsi once commented, "In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Confucius; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Zhu Xi. Chinese ancient culture is represented by Mount Tai and Wuyi Mountain." It fully demonstrates the important position of Zhu Xi and his Neo-Confucian thought in Chinese cultural history and highlights the unique charm of Wuyi Mountain as a sacred site of Neo-Confucianism.

===Reference===
[1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[2]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[3]武夷山市人民政府官网https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D
[4]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[5]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[6]福建省文物局. 文物里的福丨武夷精舍——为往圣继绝学!他被尊称为“朱子”，中华文化，传承有福[EB/OL]. http://wwj.wlt.fujian.gov.cn/wwzy/wwgy/zsgzlm/202512/t20251212_7045632.htm, 2025-12-12.
[7]武夷山文旅. 「茶灶」石刻:朱熹的诗意茶事与千年文脉[EB/OL]. https://m.toutiao.com/group/7485540661110899238/?upstream_biz=doubao, 2025-03-25.

===Terms and Expressions===
Dual World Heritage of Culture and Nature - 世界文化与自然双重遗产
National Key Nature Reserve - 国家重点自然保护区
National Scenic Area - 国家风景名胜区
buffer zone - 缓冲区
Danxia landform - 丹霞地貌
Jiuqu Stream - 九曲溪
Wuyi rock tea - 武夷岩茶
rock bone and floral fragrance - 岩骨花香
green leaves with red edges - 绿叶红镶边
Lapsang Souchong - 正山小种
Beiyuan tribute tea - 北苑贡茶
royal tea garden - 御茶园
fixing - 杀青
rolling - 揉捻
roasting - 烘焙
light roasting - 轻火烘焙
heavy roasting - 重火烘焙
investigating things to gain knowledge - 格物致知
the unity of principle and the diversity of its manifestations - 理一分殊
cliff inscriptions - 摩崖题刻

===Questions===
1.When was Wuyi Mountain inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
2.What two types of tea is Wuyi Mountain the birthplace of?
3.What is the special status of the production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao?
4.Who was the Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain?
5.What was the original name of the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain?

===Answers===
1.In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
2.Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea.
3.It is the only tea-making technique in China included in the national intangible cultural heritage.
4.The Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain was Zhu Xi.
5.In 1183 AD, the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain was originally named Wuyi Jingshe, later renamed Ziyang Academy.

===世界文化与自然双重遗产——武夷山===
====简介====
武夷山位于福建省西北部、闽赣两省交界处。是中国首批世界文化与自然双重遗产地，拥有国家重点自然保护区、国家风景名胜区等多张名片。1999年12月，武夷山被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。遗产区总面积999.75平方公里，其中核心区面积635.75平方公里，缓冲区面积364平方公里。
其独特的丹霞地貌、九曲溪的澄碧流转与群峰竞秀的自然景观久负盛名，然而更令武夷山熠熠生辉的，是它深厚悠远、影响深远的文化积淀。
====武夷山茶文化====
武夷山是乌龙茶与红茶的发源地。这片神奇的土地，仿佛被大自然赋予了孕育茶香的独特使命。武夷山地处亚热带季风气候区，温暖湿润，四季分明，为茶树的生长提供了极为适宜的气候条件。山间云雾缭绕，宛如轻纱般弥漫在茶园之上，既为茶树遮挡了强烈的阳光，避免茶叶被灼伤，又使得空气湿度保持在一个理想的范围，让茶叶能够充分吸收水分，茁壮成长。

武夷茶历史悠久，可追溯至南朝（公元479 - 502年），至今已有1000多年。唐代孙樵在《送茶与焦刑部书》中以“晚甘侯”称颂武夷茶，宋代范仲淹、苏轼等文人留下“溪边奇茗冠天下”等诗篇，足见其声名远扬。
武夷山独特的地理环境与气候条件，造就了武夷岩茶独一无二的品质。这里土壤以烂石砾壤为主，这种土壤结构独特，透气性极佳，能够让茶树的根系自由伸展，充分吸收土壤中的养分。有机物积累深厚，冬暖夏凉，光照与雨量适宜，为茶树提供了源源不断的能量，使得茶叶生长得更加茁壮。武夷山丹霞地貌的烂石砾壤、冬暖夏凉的气候，以及“岩岩有茶”的微域环境，共同孕育出岩茶“岩骨花香”的独特韵味。其外形条索紧结，色泽乌褐油润；冲泡后，叶底呈“绿叶红镶边”状，汤色金黄、橙黄或带琥珀色，清澈明亮；香气以花果香为主，兼有花香、乳香、果香等，滋味醇厚甘活，尽显独特岩韵。

武夷茶不仅品质卓越，制作技艺也堪称一绝。从采摘起，大红袍茶叶制作每个环节都有严格标准。采摘选晴朗天，挑芽叶肥壮、色泽鲜嫩的。采后迅速摊晾，散发水分。接着摇青，损伤边缘细胞，促内部物质转化成独特香气滋味，力度和时间依品种、环境等灵活调整，考验师傅经验技艺。杀青用高温停止酶促反应，固定品质香气。揉捻让茶叶紧结，破坏细胞使汁液渗出增滋味香气。最后烘焙，轻火烘焙香气清幽、口感鲜爽，重火烘焙香气浓郁、口感醇厚。武夷山大红袍制作技艺是中国茶类中唯一列入国家非物质文化遗产的制作技艺，标志着武夷岩茶制作技艺得到了国际社会的广泛认可和高度赞誉，成为了全人类共同的文化财富。

在历史的长河中，武夷茶地位斐然。宋代，它成为北苑贡茶的重要组成部分；元代，朝廷设立御茶园，督制贡茶长达255年；17世纪，武夷红茶（如正山小种）沿着万里茶道远销欧洲，成为英国下午茶文化的源头。瑞典植物学家林奈在《植物种类》中以“武夷种”（VAR BOHEA）代表中国茶，彰显了武夷茶在国际上的重要地位。
大红袍作为武夷岩茶的代表品种，备受瞩目。现存母树6株，已有350多年树龄。2006年，母树大红袍停止采摘，最后一次采摘的20克茶叶拍卖价高达20.8万元人民币。

如今，武夷山茶产业发展蓬勃。2025年，武夷山茶园面积达14.8万亩，茶叶全产业链产值达135亿元，农民人均收入近五成来自茶叶。漫山遍野的茶园宛如一片绿色的海洋，与武夷山的丹霞地貌相互映衬，构成了一幅美丽的田园画卷。
====武夷山理学文化====
武夷山，这座被誉为“道南理窟”“闽邦邹鲁”的文化圣地，是朱子理学的摇篮。南宋时期，理学家朱熹与武夷山结下了不解之缘，他在此度过了近50年的时光，人生中最重要的学术活动都在此展开。

朱熹14岁初到武夷山，晚年又重返此地。他之所以选择武夷山，不仅因为这里景色幽绝、远离战乱，更因为这山水的气韵与他所追求的“格物致知”“理一分殊”的哲学境界相契合。公元1183年，朱熹在武夷山九曲溪畔的隐屏峰下，创建了“武夷精舍”（后称紫阳书院）。这座看似简朴的书院，迅速成为当时全国的学术高地。朱熹寓居崇安40余年，在此生活、著书、讲学，吸引了蔡元定、黄干等200余名学者慕名而来，四方学者云集，使得武夷山一时俨然成为与岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院齐名的理学中心，形成了影响深远的闽学学派。朱熹集理学之大成，他与学生们的问答、辩难，构成了理学思想体系的重要部分。

朱熹在此完成了其代表作《四书章句集注》，这部著作后来成为元、明、清三朝科举考试的标准教材，塑造了此后近八百年来中国人的思维方式和价值观念。理学思想由此传播至东亚、东南亚及欧美，形成了日本朱子学、朝鲜退溪学等流派，彰显了其广泛而深远的影响力。

朱熹倡导的“格物致知”“存天理灭人欲”等思想，深刻塑造了武夷山的社会伦理与文化风貌。明清时期，武夷山成为理学名山，历代学者在此筑室讲学，形成了“溪畔峰麓皆书院”的盛况。至今，武夷山还留存着朱熹等古代杰出人物的450多处摩崖题刻，这些珍贵的遗迹是研究古代哲学思想和文化艺术的重要源头。

当代学者蔡尚思曾评价：“东周出孔丘，南宋有朱熹，中国古文化，泰山与武夷。”这一评价充分彰显了朱熹及其理学思想在中国文化史上的重要地位，也凸显了武夷山作为理学圣地的独特魅力。

===问题===
1. 武夷山是何时被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》的？
2. 武夷山是哪两种茶叶的发源地？
3. 武夷山大红袍制作技艺有着怎样的特殊地位？
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是谁？
5. 朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初的名称是什么？
===答案===
1. 1999 年 12 月，武夷山被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
2. 武夷山是乌龙茶和红茶的发源地。
3. 它是中国茶类中唯一被列入国家级非物质文化遗产的制作技艺。
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是朱熹。
5. 公元 1183 年，朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初名为武夷精舍，后更名为紫阳书院。

User:Lin Zhiyi

2026-02-03T09:49:57Z

Lin Zhiyi:

==期末论文==

===World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain===

====Introduction====
Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. It is one of China's first sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. It boasts multiple titles, including a national key nature reserve and a national scenic spot. In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The heritage site covers a total area of 999.75 square kilometers, with a core area of 635.75 square kilometers and a buffer zone of 364 square kilometers.

Its unique Danxia landform, the clear and meandering Nine-Bend Stream, and the picturesque peaks are well-known for their natural beauty. However, what truly makes Wuyi Mountain brilliant is its profound and far-reaching cultural heritage.

====Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture====
Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. This magical land seems to have been endowed by nature with a unique mission to nurture the fragrance of tea. Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate zone, Wuyi Mountain enjoys a warm and humid climate with distinct seasons, providing highly favorable conditions for the growth of tea trees. The mountains are often shrouded in mist, which, like a delicate veil, drapes over the tea gardens. This not only shields the tea trees from intense sunlight, preventing the leaves from being scorched, but also maintains an ideal air humidity, allowing the tea leaves to fully absorb moisture and thrive.

The history of Wuyi tea can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties (479 - 502 AD), spanning over a thousand years. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Qiao praised Wuyi tea as "Late Sweetness Marquis"（晚甘候） in his letter "Sending Tea to Jiao Xingbu". During the Song Dynasty, scholars such as Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi left behind poems like "The extraordinary tea by the stream surpasses all others in the world," indicating its widespread fame.

The unique geographical environment and climatic conditions of Wuyi Mountain have created the unparalleled quality of Wuyi rock tea. The soil here is mainly composed of decomposed rock and gravel, which has a unique structure and excellent air permeability. This allows the roots of the tea trees to stretch freely and fully absorb nutrients from the soil. With a deep accumulation of organic matter, warm winters and cool summers, and appropriate sunlight and rainfall, the tea trees are provided with a continuous supply of energy, enabling the tea leaves to grow more robustly. The decomposed rock and gravel soil of the Danxia landform, the warm winters and cool summers, and the micro-environment where "every rock has tea" jointly nurture the unique flavor of rock tea, known as "rocky bone and floral fragrance." Its appearance features tightly twisted strips with a dark brown and glossy color. After brewing, the leaves show a "green leaf with a red edge," and the liquor is golden, orange, or amber-colored, clear and bright. The aroma is predominantly floral and fruity, with hints of floral, milky, and fruity notes. The taste is mellow, sweet, and lively, fully displaying the unique ”rocky charm.”(岩韵）

Not only is the quality of Wuyi tea outstanding, but its production techniques are also unparalleled. From the picking 采摘 stage onwards, every step in the production of Da Hong Pao tea has strict standards. Picking is done on sunny days, selecting plump buds and leaves with a fresh color. After picking, the leaves are quickly spread out to dry, allowing the moisture to dissipate. Next comes the shaking 摇青 process, which damages the edge cells of the leaves, promoting the transformation of internal substances into unique aromas and flavors. The intensity and duration of shaking are flexibly adjusted according to the tea variety and environment, testing the experience and skill of the tea masters. The fixing 杀青 process uses high temperatures to stop enzymatic reactions, fixing the quality and aroma of the tea. The rolling 揉捻 process makes the tea leaves tightly twisted, breaking the cells to allow the juice to seep out, enhancing the flavor and aroma. Finally, the roasting 烘焙process is crucial, with light roasting resulting in a delicate aroma and a fresh taste, while heavy roasting produces a rich aroma and a mellow taste. The production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao is the only one among Chinese tea categories to be included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, marking the widespread recognition and high praise of Wuyi rock tea production techniques by the international community and making it a shared cultural treasure of humanity.

Throughout history, Wuyi tea has held a significant position. During the Song Dynasty, it became an important part of the Beiyuan tribute tea（北苑贡茶）. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court established a royal tea garden, supervising the production of tribute tea for 255 years. In the 17th century, Wuyi black tea (such as Lapsang Souchong （正山小种) was exported to Europe along the Tea Road, becoming the origin of British afternoon tea culture. The Swedish botanist Linnaeus used "Wuyi variety" (VAR BOHEA) to represent Chinese tea in his "Species Plantarum," highlighting the important international status of Wuyi tea.

Da Hong Pao, as the representative variety of Wuyi rock tea, has attracted much attention. There are six existing mother trees, which are over 350 years old. In 2006, the picking of mother tree Da Hong Pao was stopped, and the last 20 grams of tea leaves picked were auctioned for as high as 208,000 yuan.

Today, the tea industry in Wuyi Mountain is thriving. By 2025, the tea garden area in Wuyi Mountain will reach 148,000 mu (about 9,867 hectares), with the total output value of the tea industry chain reaching 13.5 billion yuan. Nearly half of the farmers' per capita income comes from tea. The vast tea gardens, like a green ocean, complement the Danxia landform of Wuyi Mountain, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

====Wuyi Mountain Neo-Confucian Culture====
Wuyi Mountain, known as the "Cradle of Neo-Confucianism in the South of the Yangtze River"（道南理窟） and the "Confucian Center of Fujian," （闽邦邹鲁）is the birthplace of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi formed an indelible bond with Wuyi Mountain, spending nearly 50 years of his life here, where he carried out his most important academic activities.

Zhu Xi first arrived in Wuyi Mountain at the age of 14 and returned in his later years. He chose Wuyi Mountain not only for its secluded scenery and remoteness from war but also because the charm of its mountains and waters resonated with his philosophical pursuits of "investigating things to gain knowledge" （格物致知）and "the unity of principle in multiplicity." （理一分殊） In 1183 AD, Zhu Xi founded the "Wuyi Academy" (later known as Ziyang Academy) at the foot of Yinping Peak by the Nine-Bend Stream in Wuyi Mountain. This seemingly simple academy quickly became a national academic hub. Zhu Xi lived in Chong'an for over 40 years, where he lived, wrote books, and gave lectures. He attracted over 200 scholars, including Cai Yuanding and Huang Gan, who came from far and wide. The influx of scholars made Wuyi Mountain a center of Neo-Confucianism on par with Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy, forming the influential Min School of Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi, as a master of Neo-Confucianism, and his question-and-answer sessions and debates with students constituted an important part of the Neo-Confucian thought system.

Here, Zhu Xi completed his masterpiece, "The Collected Commentaries on the Four Books"《四书章句集注》, which later became the standard textbook for the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, shaping the Chinese way of thinking and values for nearly eight hundred years. Neo-Confucian thought thus spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe and America, giving rise to schools such as Japanese Zhu Xi School and Korean Tui Xi School, demonstrating its wide and far-reaching influence.

The ideas advocated by Zhu Xi, such as "investigating things to gain knowledge" and "subduing human desires to uphold the heavenly principle"（存天理灭人欲）, have profoundly shaped the social ethics and cultural landscape of Wuyi Mountain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuyi Mountain became a renowned mountain of Neo-Confucianism, with scholars from past dynasties building houses and giving lectures here, creating a spectacle where "every streamside and peak base housed an academy."To this day, Wuyi Mountain still preserves over 450 inscriptions on cliffs by ancient outstanding figures such as Zhu Xi, which are valuable relics for studying ancient philosophy, thought, and culture and art.

The contemporary scholar Cai Shangsi once commented, "In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Confucius; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Zhu Xi. Chinese ancient culture is represented by Mount Tai and Wuyi Mountain." It fully demonstrates the important position of Zhu Xi and his Neo-Confucian thought in Chinese cultural history and highlights the unique charm of Wuyi Mountain as a sacred site of Neo-Confucianism.

===Reference===
[1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[2]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[3]武夷山市人民政府官网https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D
[4]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[5]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[6]福建省文物局. 文物里的福丨武夷精舍——为往圣继绝学!他被尊称为“朱子”，中华文化，传承有福[EB/OL]. http://wwj.wlt.fujian.gov.cn/wwzy/wwgy/zsgzlm/202512/t20251212_7045632.htm, 2025-12-12.
[7]武夷山文旅. 「茶灶」石刻:朱熹的诗意茶事与千年文脉[EB/OL]. https://m.toutiao.com/group/7485540661110899238/?upstream_biz=doubao, 2025-03-25.

===Terms and Expressions===
Dual World Heritage of Culture and Nature - 世界文化与自然双重遗产
National Key Nature Reserve - 国家重点自然保护区
National Scenic Area - 国家风景名胜区
buffer zone - 缓冲区
Danxia landform - 丹霞地貌
Jiuqu Stream - 九曲溪
Wuyi rock tea - 武夷岩茶
rock bone and floral fragrance - 岩骨花香
green leaves with red edges - 绿叶红镶边
Lapsang Souchong - 正山小种
Beiyuan tribute tea - 北苑贡茶
royal tea garden - 御茶园
fixing - 杀青
rolling - 揉捻
roasting - 烘焙
light roasting - 轻火烘焙
heavy roasting - 重火烘焙
investigating things to gain knowledge - 格物致知
the unity of principle and the diversity of its manifestations - 理一分殊
cliff inscriptions - 摩崖题刻

===Questions===
1.When was Wuyi Mountain inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
2.What two types of tea is Wuyi Mountain the birthplace of?
3.What is the special status of the production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao?
4.Who was the Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain?
5.What was the original name of the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain?

===Answers===
1.In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
2.Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea.
3.It is the only tea-making technique in China included in the national intangible cultural heritage.
4.The Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain was Zhu Xi.
5.In 1183 AD, the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain was originally named Wuyi Jingshe, later renamed Ziyang Academy.

===世界文化与自然双重遗产——武夷山===
====简介====
武夷山位于福建省西北部、闽赣两省交界处。是中国首批世界文化与自然双重遗产地，拥有国家重点自然保护区、国家风景名胜区等多张名片。1999年12月，武夷山被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。遗产区总面积999.75平方公里，其中核心区面积635.75平方公里，缓冲区面积364平方公里。
其独特的丹霞地貌、九曲溪的澄碧流转与群峰竞秀的自然景观久负盛名，然而更令武夷山熠熠生辉的，是它深厚悠远、影响深远的文化积淀。
====武夷山茶文化====
武夷山是乌龙茶与红茶的发源地。这片神奇的土地，仿佛被大自然赋予了孕育茶香的独特使命。武夷山地处亚热带季风气候区，温暖湿润，四季分明，为茶树的生长提供了极为适宜的气候条件。山间云雾缭绕，宛如轻纱般弥漫在茶园之上，既为茶树遮挡了强烈的阳光，避免茶叶被灼伤，又使得空气湿度保持在一个理想的范围，让茶叶能够充分吸收水分，茁壮成长。

武夷茶历史悠久，可追溯至南朝（公元479 - 502年），至今已有1000多年。唐代孙樵在《送茶与焦刑部书》中以“晚甘侯”称颂武夷茶，宋代范仲淹、苏轼等文人留下“溪边奇茗冠天下”等诗篇，足见其声名远扬。
武夷山独特的地理环境与气候条件，造就了武夷岩茶独一无二的品质。这里土壤以烂石砾壤为主，这种土壤结构独特，透气性极佳，能够让茶树的根系自由伸展，充分吸收土壤中的养分。有机物积累深厚，冬暖夏凉，光照与雨量适宜，为茶树提供了源源不断的能量，使得茶叶生长得更加茁壮。武夷山丹霞地貌的烂石砾壤、冬暖夏凉的气候，以及“岩岩有茶”的微域环境，共同孕育出岩茶“岩骨花香”的独特韵味。其外形条索紧结，色泽乌褐油润；冲泡后，叶底呈“绿叶红镶边”状，汤色金黄、橙黄或带琥珀色，清澈明亮；香气以花果香为主，兼有花香、乳香、果香等，滋味醇厚甘活，尽显独特岩韵。

武夷茶不仅品质卓越，制作技艺也堪称一绝。从采摘起，大红袍茶叶制作每个环节都有严格标准。采摘选晴朗天，挑芽叶肥壮、色泽鲜嫩的。采后迅速摊晾，散发水分。接着摇青，损伤边缘细胞，促内部物质转化成独特香气滋味，力度和时间依品种、环境等灵活调整，考验师傅经验技艺。杀青用高温停止酶促反应，固定品质香气。揉捻让茶叶紧结，破坏细胞使汁液渗出增滋味香气。最后烘焙，轻火烘焙香气清幽、口感鲜爽，重火烘焙香气浓郁、口感醇厚。武夷山大红袍制作技艺是中国茶类中唯一列入国家非物质文化遗产的制作技艺，标志着武夷岩茶制作技艺得到了国际社会的广泛认可和高度赞誉，成为了全人类共同的文化财富。

在历史的长河中，武夷茶地位斐然。宋代，它成为北苑贡茶的重要组成部分；元代，朝廷设立御茶园，督制贡茶长达255年；17世纪，武夷红茶（如正山小种）沿着万里茶道远销欧洲，成为英国下午茶文化的源头。瑞典植物学家林奈在《植物种类》中以“武夷种”（VAR BOHEA）代表中国茶，彰显了武夷茶在国际上的重要地位。
大红袍作为武夷岩茶的代表品种，备受瞩目。现存母树6株，已有350多年树龄。2006年，母树大红袍停止采摘，最后一次采摘的20克茶叶拍卖价高达20.8万元人民币。

如今，武夷山茶产业发展蓬勃。2025年，武夷山茶园面积达14.8万亩，茶叶全产业链产值达135亿元，农民人均收入近五成来自茶叶。漫山遍野的茶园宛如一片绿色的海洋，与武夷山的丹霞地貌相互映衬，构成了一幅美丽的田园画卷。
====武夷山理学文化====
武夷山，这座被誉为“道南理窟”“闽邦邹鲁”的文化圣地，是朱子理学的摇篮。南宋时期，理学家朱熹与武夷山结下了不解之缘，他在此度过了近50年的时光，人生中最重要的学术活动都在此展开。

朱熹14岁初到武夷山，晚年又重返此地。他之所以选择武夷山，不仅因为这里景色幽绝、远离战乱，更因为这山水的气韵与他所追求的“格物致知”“理一分殊”的哲学境界相契合。公元1183年，朱熹在武夷山九曲溪畔的隐屏峰下，创建了“武夷精舍”（后称紫阳书院）。这座看似简朴的书院，迅速成为当时全国的学术高地。朱熹寓居崇安40余年，在此生活、著书、讲学，吸引了蔡元定、黄干等200余名学者慕名而来，四方学者云集，使得武夷山一时俨然成为与岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院齐名的理学中心，形成了影响深远的闽学学派。朱熹集理学之大成，他与学生们的问答、辩难，构成了理学思想体系的重要部分。

朱熹在此完成了其代表作《四书章句集注》，这部著作后来成为元、明、清三朝科举考试的标准教材，塑造了此后近八百年来中国人的思维方式和价值观念。理学思想由此传播至东亚、东南亚及欧美，形成了日本朱子学、朝鲜退溪学等流派，彰显了其广泛而深远的影响力。

朱熹倡导的“格物致知”“存天理灭人欲”等思想，深刻塑造了武夷山的社会伦理与文化风貌。明清时期，武夷山成为理学名山，历代学者在此筑室讲学，形成了“溪畔峰麓皆书院”的盛况。至今，武夷山还留存着朱熹等古代杰出人物的450多处摩崖题刻，这些珍贵的遗迹是研究古代哲学思想和文化艺术的重要源头。

当代学者蔡尚思曾评价：“东周出孔丘，南宋有朱熹，中国古文化，泰山与武夷。”这一评价充分彰显了朱熹及其理学思想在中国文化史上的重要地位，也凸显了武夷山作为理学圣地的独特魅力。

===问题===
1. 武夷山是何时被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》的？
2. 武夷山是哪两种茶叶的发源地？
3. 武夷山大红袍制作技艺有着怎样的特殊地位？
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是谁？
5. 朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初的名称是什么？
===答案===
1. 1999 年 12 月，武夷山被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
2. 武夷山是乌龙茶和红茶的发源地。
3. 它是中国茶类中唯一被列入国家级非物质文化遗产的制作技艺。
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是朱熹。
5. 公元 1183 年，朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初名为武夷精舍，后更名为紫阳书院。

User:Lin Zhiyi

2026-02-03T09:47:54Z

Lin Zhiyi: /* The Coexistence of Aesthetic and Practical Value */

==The Final Paper==

==World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain==

===Introduction===

Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. It is one of China's first sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. It boasts multiple titles, including a national key nature reserve and a national scenic spot. In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The heritage site covers a total area of 999.75 square kilometers, with a core area of 635.75 square kilometers and a buffer zone of 364 square kilometers.
Its unique Danxia landform, the clear and meandering Nine-Bend Stream, and the picturesque peaks are well-known for their natural beauty. However, what truly makes Wuyi Mountain shine is its profound and far-reaching cultural heritage.

===Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture===

Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. This magical land seems to have been endowed by nature with a unique mission to nurture the fragrance of tea. Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate zone, Wuyi Mountain enjoys a warm and humid climate with distinct seasons, providing highly favorable conditions for the growth of tea trees. The mountains are often shrouded in mist, which, like a delicate veil, drapes over the tea gardens. This not only shields the tea trees from intense sunlight, preventing the leaves from being scorched, but also maintains an ideal air humidity, allowing the tea leaves to fully absorb moisture and thrive.
The history of Wuyi tea can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties (479 - 502 AD), spanning over a thousand years. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Qiao praised Wuyi tea as "Late Sweetness Marquis"（晚甘候） in his letter "Sending Tea to Jiao Xingbu". During the Song Dynasty, literati such as Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi left behind poems like "The extraordinary tea by the stream surpasses all others in the world," indicating its widespread fame.
The unique geographical environment and climatic conditions of Wuyi Mountain have created the unparalleled quality of Wuyi rock tea. The soil here is mainly composed of decomposed rock and gravel, which has a unique structure and excellent air permeability. This allows the roots of the tea trees to stretch freely and fully absorb nutrients from the soil. With a deep accumulation of organic matter, warm winters and cool summers, and appropriate sunlight and rainfall, the tea trees are provided with a continuous supply of energy, enabling the tea leaves to grow more robustly. The decomposed rock and gravel soil of the Danxia landform, the warm winters and cool summers, and the micro-environment where "every rock has tea" jointly nurture the unique flavor of rock tea, known as "rocky bone and floral fragrance." Its appearance features tightly twisted strips with a dark brown and glossy color. After brewing, the leaves show a "green leaf with a red edge," and the liquor is golden, orange, or amber-colored, clear and bright. The aroma is predominantly floral and fruity, with hints of floral, milky, and fruity notes. The taste is mellow, sweet, and lively, fully displaying the unique ”rocky charm.”(岩韵）
Not only is the quality of Wuyi tea outstanding, but its production techniques are also unparalleled. From the picking 采摘 stage onwards, every step in the production of Da Hong Pao tea has strict standards. Picking is done on sunny days, selecting plump buds and leaves with a fresh color. After picking, the leaves are quickly spread out to dry, allowing the moisture to dissipate. Next comes the shaking 摇青 process, which damages the edge cells of the leaves, promoting the transformation of internal substances into unique aromas and flavors. The intensity and duration of shaking are flexibly adjusted according to the tea variety and environment, testing the experience and skill of the tea masters. The fixing 杀青 process uses high temperatures to stop enzymatic reactions, fixing the quality and aroma of the tea. The rolling 揉捻 process makes the tea leaves tightly twisted, breaking the cells to allow the juice to seep out, enhancing the flavor and aroma. Finally, the roasting 烘焙process is crucial, with light roasting resulting in a delicate aroma and a fresh taste, while heavy roasting produces a rich aroma and a mellow taste. The production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao is the only one among Chinese tea categories to be included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, marking the widespread recognition and high praise of Wuyi rock tea production techniques by the international community and making it a shared cultural treasure of humanity.
Throughout history, Wuyi tea has held a significant position. During the Song Dynasty, it became an important part of the Beiyuan tribute tea（北苑贡茶）. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court established a royal tea garden, supervising the production of tribute tea for 255 years. In the 17th century, Wuyi black tea (such as Lapsang Souchong 正山小种) was exported to Europe along the Tea Road, becoming the origin of British afternoon tea culture. The Swedish botanist Linnaeus used "Wuyi variety" (VAR BOHEA) to represent Chinese tea in his "Species Plantarum," highlighting the important international status of Wuyi tea.
Da Hong Pao, as the representative variety of Wuyi rock tea, has attracted much attention. There are six existing mother trees, which are over 350 years old. In 2006, the picking of mother tree Da Hong Pao was stopped, and the last 20 grams of tea leaves picked were auctioned for as high as 208,000 yuan.
Today, the tea industry in Wuyi Mountain is thriving. By 2025, the tea garden area in Wuyi Mountain will reach 148,000 mu (about 9,867 hectares), with the total output value of the tea industry chain reaching 13.5 billion yuan. Nearly half of the farmers' per capita income comes from tea. The vast tea gardens, like a green ocean, complement the Danxia landform of Wuyi Mountain, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

===Wuyi Mountain Neo-Confucian Culture===

Wuyi Mountain, known as the "Cradle of Neo-Confucianism in the South of the Yangtze River"“道南理窟” and the "Confucian Center of Fujian," “闽邦邹鲁”is the birthplace of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi formed an indelible bond with Wuyi Mountain, spending nearly 50 years of his life here, where he carried out his most important academic activities.
Zhu Xi first arrived in Wuyi Mountain at the age of 14 and returned in his later years. He chose Wuyi Mountain not only for its secluded scenery and remoteness from war but also because the charm of its mountains and waters resonated with his philosophical pursuits of "investigating things to gain knowledge" （格物致知）and "the unity of principle in multiplicity." “理一分殊” In 1183 AD, Zhu Xi founded the "Wuyi Academy" (later known as Ziyang Academy) at the foot of Yinping Peak by the Nine-Bend Stream in Wuyi Mountain. This seemingly simple academy quickly became a national academic hub. Zhu Xi lived in Chong'an for over 40 years, where he lived, wrote books, and gave lectures. He attracted over 200 scholars, including Cai Yuanding and Huang Gan, who came from far and wide. The influx of scholars made Wuyi Mountain a center of Neo-Confucianism on par with Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy, forming the influential Min School of Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi, as a master of Neo-Confucianism, and his question-and-answer sessions and debates with students constituted an important part of the Neo-Confucian thought system.
Here, Zhu Xi completed his masterpiece, "The Collected Commentaries on the Four Books"《四书章句集注》, which later became the standard textbook for the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, shaping the Chinese way of thinking and values for nearly eight hundred years. Neo-Confucian thought thus spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe and America, giving rise to schools such as Japanese Zhu Xi School and Korean Tui Xi School, demonstrating its wide and far-reaching influence.
The ideas advocated by Zhu Xi, such as "investigating things to gain knowledge" and "subduing human desires to uphold the heavenly principle"“存天理灭人欲”, have profoundly shaped the social ethics and cultural landscape of Wuyi Mountain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuyi Mountain became a renowned mountain of Neo-Confucianism, with scholars from past dynasties building houses and giving lectures here, creating a spectacle where "every streamside and peak base housed an academy."To this day, Wuyi Mountain still preserves over 450 inscriptions on cliffs by ancient outstanding figures such as Zhu Xi, which are valuable relics for studying ancient philosophy, thought, and culture and art.
The contemporary scholar Cai Shangsi once commented, "In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Confucius; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Zhu Xi. Chinese ancient culture is represented by Mount Tai and Wuyi Mountain." It fully demonstrates the important position of Zhu Xi and his Neo-Confucian thought in Chinese cultural history and highlights the unique charm of Wuyi Mountain as a sacred site of Neo-Confucianism.

===Terms and Expressions===

Dual World Heritage of Culture and Nature - 世界文化与自然双重遗产
National Key Nature Reserve - 国家重点自然保护区
National Scenic Area - 国家风景名胜区
core area - 核心区
buffer zone - 缓冲区
Danxia landform - 丹霞地貌
Jiuqu Stream - 九曲溪
oolong tea - 乌龙茶
black tea - 红茶
Wuyi rock tea - 武夷岩茶
rock bone and floral fragrance - 岩骨花香
green leaves with red edges - 绿叶红镶边
Lapsang Souchong - 正山小种
Beiyuan tribute tea - 北苑贡茶
royal tea garden - 御茶园
the Tea Road - 万里茶道
fixing - 杀青
rolling - 揉捻
roasting - 烘焙
Zhuzi Neo-Confucianism - 朱子理学
investigating things to gain knowledge - 格物致知
the unity of principle and the diversity of its manifestations - 理一分殊
upholding heavenly principles and eliminating human desires - 存天理灭人欲
Min School of Neo-Confucianism - 闽学学派
cliff inscriptions - 摩崖题刻
Commentaries on the Four Books - 四书章句集注

===Questions===

1.When was Wuyi Mountain inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
2.What two types of tea is Wuyi Mountain the birthplace of?
3.What is the special status of the production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao?
4.Who was the Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain?
5.What was the original name of the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain?

===Answers===

1.In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
2.Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea.
3.It is the only tea-making technique in China included in the national intangible cultural heritage.
4.The Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain was Zhu Xi.
5.In 1183 AD, the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain was originally named Wuyi Jingshe, later renamed Ziyang Academy.

===Reference===

[1]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[2]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[3][1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[4][1]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[5]https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D武夷山市人民政府官网

==世界文化与自然双重遗产——武夷山==
===基本介绍===
武夷山位于福建省西北部、闽赣两省交界处。是中国首批世界文化与自然双重遗产地，拥有国家重点自然保护区、国家风景名胜区等多张名片。1999年12月，武夷山被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。遗产区总面积999.75平方公里，其中核心区面积635.75平方公里，缓冲区面积364平方公里。
其独特的丹霞地貌、九曲溪的澄碧流转与群峰竞秀的自然景观久负盛名，然而更令武夷山熠熠生辉的，是它深厚悠远、影响深远的文化积淀。

===武夷山茶文化===

武夷山是乌龙茶与红茶的发源地。这片神奇的土地，仿佛被大自然赋予了孕育茶香的独特使命。武夷山地处亚热带季风气候区，温暖湿润，四季分明，为茶树的生长提供了极为适宜的气候条件。山间云雾缭绕，宛如轻纱般弥漫在茶园之上，既为茶树遮挡了强烈的阳光，避免茶叶被灼伤，又使得空气湿度保持在一个理想的范围，让茶叶能够充分吸收水分，茁壮成长。
武夷茶历史悠久，可追溯至南朝（公元479 - 502年），至今已有1000多年。唐代孙樵在《送茶与焦刑部书》中以“晚甘侯”称颂武夷茶，宋代范仲淹、苏轼等文人留下“溪边奇茗冠天下”等诗篇，足见其声名远扬。
武夷山独特的地理环境与气候条件，造就了武夷岩茶独一无二的品质。这里土壤以烂石砾壤为主，这种土壤结构独特，透气性极佳，能够让茶树的根系自由伸展，充分吸收土壤中的养分。有机物积累深厚，冬暖夏凉，光照与雨量适宜，为茶树提供了源源不断的能量，使得茶叶生长得更加茁壮。武夷山丹霞地貌的烂石砾壤、冬暖夏凉的气候，以及“岩岩有茶”的微域环境，共同孕育出岩茶“岩骨花香”的独特韵味。其外形条索紧结，色泽乌褐油润；冲泡后，叶底呈“绿叶红镶边”状，汤色金黄、橙黄或带琥珀色，清澈明亮；香气以花果香为主，兼有花香、乳香、果香等，滋味醇厚甘活，尽显独特岩韵。
武夷茶不仅品质卓越，制作技艺也堪称一绝。从采摘起，大红袍茶叶制作每个环节都有严格标准。采摘选晴朗天，挑芽叶肥壮、色泽鲜嫩的。采后迅速摊晾，散发水分。接着摇青，损伤边缘细胞，促内部物质转化成独特香气滋味，力度和时间依品种、环境等灵活调整，考验师傅经验技艺。杀青用高温停止酶促反应，固定品质香气。揉捻让茶叶紧结，破坏细胞使汁液渗出增滋味香气。最后烘焙，轻火烘焙香气清幽、口感鲜爽，重火烘焙香气浓郁、口感醇厚。武夷山大红袍制作技艺是中国茶类中唯一列入国家非物质文化遗产的制作技艺，标志着武夷岩茶制作技艺得到了国际社会的广泛认可和高度赞誉，成为了全人类共同的文化财富。

在历史的长河中，武夷茶地位斐然。宋代，它成为北苑贡茶的重要组成部分；元代，朝廷设立御茶园，督制贡茶长达255年；17世纪，武夷红茶（如正山小种）沿着万里茶道远销欧洲，成为英国下午茶文化的源头。瑞典植物学家林奈在《植物种类》中以“武夷种”（VAR BOHEA）代表中国茶，彰显了武夷茶在国际上的重要地位。
大红袍作为武夷岩茶的代表品种，备受瞩目。现存母树6株，已有350多年树龄。2006年，母树大红袍停止采摘，最后一次采摘的20克茶叶拍卖价高达20.8万元人民币。
如今，武夷山茶产业发展蓬勃。2025年，武夷山茶园面积达14.8万亩，茶叶全产业链产值达135亿元，农民人均收入近五成来自茶叶。漫山遍野的茶园宛如一片绿色的海洋，与武夷山的丹霞地貌相互映衬，构成了一幅美丽的田园画卷。

===武夷山理学文化===

武夷山，这座被誉为“道南理窟”“闽邦邹鲁”的文化圣地，是朱子理学的摇篮。南宋时期，理学家朱熹与武夷山结下了不解之缘，他在此度过了近50年的时光，人生中最重要的学术活动都在此展开。
朱熹14岁初到武夷山，晚年又重返此地。他之所以选择武夷山，不仅因为这里景色幽绝、远离战乱，更因为这山水的气韵与他所追求的“格物致知”“理一分殊”的哲学境界相契合。公元1183年，朱熹在武夷山九曲溪畔的隐屏峰下，创建了“武夷精舍”（后称紫阳书院）。这座看似简朴的书院，迅速成为当时全国的学术高地。朱熹寓居崇安40余年，在此生活、著书、讲学，吸引了蔡元定、黄干等200余名学者慕名而来，四方学者云集，使得武夷山一时俨然成为与岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院齐名的理学中心，形成了影响深远的闽学学派。朱熹集理学之大成，他与学生们的问答、辩难，构成了理学思想体系的重要部分。
朱熹在此完成了其代表作《四书章句集注》，这部著作后来成为元、明、清三朝科举考试的标准教材，塑造了此后近八百年来中国人的思维方式和价值观念。理学思想由此传播至东亚、东南亚及欧美，形成了日本朱子学、朝鲜退溪学等流派，彰显了其广泛而深远的影响力。
朱熹倡导的“格物致知”“存天理灭人欲”等思想，深刻塑造了武夷山的社会伦理与文化风貌。明清时期，武夷山成为理学名山，历代学者在此筑室讲学，形成了“溪畔峰麓皆书院”的盛况。至今，武夷山还留存着朱熹等古代杰出人物的450多处摩崖题刻，这些珍贵的遗迹是研究古代哲学思想和文化艺术的重要源头。
当代学者蔡尚思曾评价：“东周出孔丘，南宋有朱熹，中国古文化，泰山与武夷。”这一评价充分彰显了朱熹及其理学思想在中国文化史上的重要地位，也凸显了武夷山作为理学圣地的独特魅力。

===问题===

1. 武夷山是何时被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》的？
2. 武夷山是哪两种茶叶的发源地？
3. 武夷山大红袍制作技艺有着怎样的特殊地位？
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是谁？
5. 朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初的名称是什么？

===答案===

1. 1999 年 12 月，武夷山被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
2. 武夷山是乌龙茶和红茶的发源地。
3. 它是中国茶类中唯一被列入国家级非物质文化遗产的制作技艺。
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是朱熹。
5. 公元 1183 年，朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初名为武夷精舍，后更名为紫阳书院。

===参考文献===

[1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[2]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[3]武夷山市人民政府官网https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D
[4]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[5]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[6]福建省文物局. 文物里的福丨武夷精舍——为往圣继绝学!他被尊称为“朱子”，中华文化，传承有福[EB/OL]. http://wwj.wlt.fujian.gov.cn/wwzy/wwgy/zsgzlm/202512/t20251212_7045632.htm, 2025-12-12.
[7]武夷山文旅. 「茶灶」石刻:朱熹的诗意茶事与千年文脉[EB/OL]. https://m.toutiao.com/group/7485540661110899238/?upstream_biz=doubao, 2025-03-25.

User:Lin Zhiyi

2026-02-03T09:47:20Z

Lin Zhiyi: Created page with "==The Final Paper== ==World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain== ===Introduction=== Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at..."

==The Final Paper==

==World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain==

===Introduction===

Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. It is one of China's first sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. It boasts multiple titles, including a national key nature reserve and a national scenic spot. In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The heritage site covers a total area of 999.75 square kilometers, with a core area of 635.75 square kilometers and a buffer zone of 364 square kilometers.
Its unique Danxia landform, the clear and meandering Nine-Bend Stream, and the picturesque peaks are well-known for their natural beauty. However, what truly makes Wuyi Mountain shine is its profound and far-reaching cultural heritage.

===Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture===

====The Coexistence of Aesthetic and Practical Value====

Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. This magical land seems to have been endowed by nature with a unique mission to nurture the fragrance of tea. Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate zone, Wuyi Mountain enjoys a warm and humid climate with distinct seasons, providing highly favorable conditions for the growth of tea trees. The mountains are often shrouded in mist, which, like a delicate veil, drapes over the tea gardens. This not only shields the tea trees from intense sunlight, preventing the leaves from being scorched, but also maintains an ideal air humidity, allowing the tea leaves to fully absorb moisture and thrive.
The history of Wuyi tea can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties (479 - 502 AD), spanning over a thousand years. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Qiao praised Wuyi tea as "Late Sweetness Marquis"（晚甘候） in his letter "Sending Tea to Jiao Xingbu". During the Song Dynasty, literati such as Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi left behind poems like "The extraordinary tea by the stream surpasses all others in the world," indicating its widespread fame.
The unique geographical environment and climatic conditions of Wuyi Mountain have created the unparalleled quality of Wuyi rock tea. The soil here is mainly composed of decomposed rock and gravel, which has a unique structure and excellent air permeability. This allows the roots of the tea trees to stretch freely and fully absorb nutrients from the soil. With a deep accumulation of organic matter, warm winters and cool summers, and appropriate sunlight and rainfall, the tea trees are provided with a continuous supply of energy, enabling the tea leaves to grow more robustly. The decomposed rock and gravel soil of the Danxia landform, the warm winters and cool summers, and the micro-environment where "every rock has tea" jointly nurture the unique flavor of rock tea, known as "rocky bone and floral fragrance." Its appearance features tightly twisted strips with a dark brown and glossy color. After brewing, the leaves show a "green leaf with a red edge," and the liquor is golden, orange, or amber-colored, clear and bright. The aroma is predominantly floral and fruity, with hints of floral, milky, and fruity notes. The taste is mellow, sweet, and lively, fully displaying the unique ”rocky charm.”(岩韵）
Not only is the quality of Wuyi tea outstanding, but its production techniques are also unparalleled. From the picking 采摘 stage onwards, every step in the production of Da Hong Pao tea has strict standards. Picking is done on sunny days, selecting plump buds and leaves with a fresh color. After picking, the leaves are quickly spread out to dry, allowing the moisture to dissipate. Next comes the shaking 摇青 process, which damages the edge cells of the leaves, promoting the transformation of internal substances into unique aromas and flavors. The intensity and duration of shaking are flexibly adjusted according to the tea variety and environment, testing the experience and skill of the tea masters. The fixing 杀青 process uses high temperatures to stop enzymatic reactions, fixing the quality and aroma of the tea. The rolling 揉捻 process makes the tea leaves tightly twisted, breaking the cells to allow the juice to seep out, enhancing the flavor and aroma. Finally, the roasting 烘焙process is crucial, with light roasting resulting in a delicate aroma and a fresh taste, while heavy roasting produces a rich aroma and a mellow taste. The production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao is the only one among Chinese tea categories to be included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, marking the widespread recognition and high praise of Wuyi rock tea production techniques by the international community and making it a shared cultural treasure of humanity.
Throughout history, Wuyi tea has held a significant position. During the Song Dynasty, it became an important part of the Beiyuan tribute tea（北苑贡茶）. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court established a royal tea garden, supervising the production of tribute tea for 255 years. In the 17th century, Wuyi black tea (such as Lapsang Souchong 正山小种) was exported to Europe along the Tea Road, becoming the origin of British afternoon tea culture. The Swedish botanist Linnaeus used "Wuyi variety" (VAR BOHEA) to represent Chinese tea in his "Species Plantarum," highlighting the important international status of Wuyi tea.
Da Hong Pao, as the representative variety of Wuyi rock tea, has attracted much attention. There are six existing mother trees, which are over 350 years old. In 2006, the picking of mother tree Da Hong Pao was stopped, and the last 20 grams of tea leaves picked were auctioned for as high as 208,000 yuan.
Today, the tea industry in Wuyi Mountain is thriving. By 2025, the tea garden area in Wuyi Mountain will reach 148,000 mu (about 9,867 hectares), with the total output value of the tea industry chain reaching 13.5 billion yuan. Nearly half of the farmers' per capita income comes from tea. The vast tea gardens, like a green ocean, complement the Danxia landform of Wuyi Mountain, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

===Wuyi Mountain Neo-Confucian Culture===

Wuyi Mountain, known as the "Cradle of Neo-Confucianism in the South of the Yangtze River"“道南理窟” and the "Confucian Center of Fujian," “闽邦邹鲁”is the birthplace of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi formed an indelible bond with Wuyi Mountain, spending nearly 50 years of his life here, where he carried out his most important academic activities.
Zhu Xi first arrived in Wuyi Mountain at the age of 14 and returned in his later years. He chose Wuyi Mountain not only for its secluded scenery and remoteness from war but also because the charm of its mountains and waters resonated with his philosophical pursuits of "investigating things to gain knowledge" （格物致知）and "the unity of principle in multiplicity." “理一分殊” In 1183 AD, Zhu Xi founded the "Wuyi Academy" (later known as Ziyang Academy) at the foot of Yinping Peak by the Nine-Bend Stream in Wuyi Mountain. This seemingly simple academy quickly became a national academic hub. Zhu Xi lived in Chong'an for over 40 years, where he lived, wrote books, and gave lectures. He attracted over 200 scholars, including Cai Yuanding and Huang Gan, who came from far and wide. The influx of scholars made Wuyi Mountain a center of Neo-Confucianism on par with Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy, forming the influential Min School of Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi, as a master of Neo-Confucianism, and his question-and-answer sessions and debates with students constituted an important part of the Neo-Confucian thought system.
Here, Zhu Xi completed his masterpiece, "The Collected Commentaries on the Four Books"《四书章句集注》, which later became the standard textbook for the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, shaping the Chinese way of thinking and values for nearly eight hundred years. Neo-Confucian thought thus spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe and America, giving rise to schools such as Japanese Zhu Xi School and Korean Tui Xi School, demonstrating its wide and far-reaching influence.
The ideas advocated by Zhu Xi, such as "investigating things to gain knowledge" and "subduing human desires to uphold the heavenly principle"“存天理灭人欲”, have profoundly shaped the social ethics and cultural landscape of Wuyi Mountain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuyi Mountain became a renowned mountain of Neo-Confucianism, with scholars from past dynasties building houses and giving lectures here, creating a spectacle where "every streamside and peak base housed an academy."To this day, Wuyi Mountain still preserves over 450 inscriptions on cliffs by ancient outstanding figures such as Zhu Xi, which are valuable relics for studying ancient philosophy, thought, and culture and art.
The contemporary scholar Cai Shangsi once commented, "In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Confucius; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Zhu Xi. Chinese ancient culture is represented by Mount Tai and Wuyi Mountain." It fully demonstrates the important position of Zhu Xi and his Neo-Confucian thought in Chinese cultural history and highlights the unique charm of Wuyi Mountain as a sacred site of Neo-Confucianism.

===Terms and Expressions===

Dual World Heritage of Culture and Nature - 世界文化与自然双重遗产
National Key Nature Reserve - 国家重点自然保护区
National Scenic Area - 国家风景名胜区
core area - 核心区
buffer zone - 缓冲区
Danxia landform - 丹霞地貌
Jiuqu Stream - 九曲溪
oolong tea - 乌龙茶
black tea - 红茶
Wuyi rock tea - 武夷岩茶
rock bone and floral fragrance - 岩骨花香
green leaves with red edges - 绿叶红镶边
Lapsang Souchong - 正山小种
Beiyuan tribute tea - 北苑贡茶
royal tea garden - 御茶园
the Tea Road - 万里茶道
fixing - 杀青
rolling - 揉捻
roasting - 烘焙
Zhuzi Neo-Confucianism - 朱子理学
investigating things to gain knowledge - 格物致知
the unity of principle and the diversity of its manifestations - 理一分殊
upholding heavenly principles and eliminating human desires - 存天理灭人欲
Min School of Neo-Confucianism - 闽学学派
cliff inscriptions - 摩崖题刻
Commentaries on the Four Books - 四书章句集注

===Questions===

1.When was Wuyi Mountain inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
2.What two types of tea is Wuyi Mountain the birthplace of?
3.What is the special status of the production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao?
4.Who was the Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain?
5.What was the original name of the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain?

===Answers===

1.In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
2.Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea.
3.It is the only tea-making technique in China included in the national intangible cultural heritage.
4.The Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain was Zhu Xi.
5.In 1183 AD, the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain was originally named Wuyi Jingshe, later renamed Ziyang Academy.

===Reference===

[1]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[2]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[3][1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[4][1]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[5]https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D武夷山市人民政府官网

==世界文化与自然双重遗产——武夷山==
===基本介绍===
武夷山位于福建省西北部、闽赣两省交界处。是中国首批世界文化与自然双重遗产地，拥有国家重点自然保护区、国家风景名胜区等多张名片。1999年12月，武夷山被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。遗产区总面积999.75平方公里，其中核心区面积635.75平方公里，缓冲区面积364平方公里。
其独特的丹霞地貌、九曲溪的澄碧流转与群峰竞秀的自然景观久负盛名，然而更令武夷山熠熠生辉的，是它深厚悠远、影响深远的文化积淀。

===武夷山茶文化===

武夷山是乌龙茶与红茶的发源地。这片神奇的土地，仿佛被大自然赋予了孕育茶香的独特使命。武夷山地处亚热带季风气候区，温暖湿润，四季分明，为茶树的生长提供了极为适宜的气候条件。山间云雾缭绕，宛如轻纱般弥漫在茶园之上，既为茶树遮挡了强烈的阳光，避免茶叶被灼伤，又使得空气湿度保持在一个理想的范围，让茶叶能够充分吸收水分，茁壮成长。
武夷茶历史悠久，可追溯至南朝（公元479 - 502年），至今已有1000多年。唐代孙樵在《送茶与焦刑部书》中以“晚甘侯”称颂武夷茶，宋代范仲淹、苏轼等文人留下“溪边奇茗冠天下”等诗篇，足见其声名远扬。
武夷山独特的地理环境与气候条件，造就了武夷岩茶独一无二的品质。这里土壤以烂石砾壤为主，这种土壤结构独特，透气性极佳，能够让茶树的根系自由伸展，充分吸收土壤中的养分。有机物积累深厚，冬暖夏凉，光照与雨量适宜，为茶树提供了源源不断的能量，使得茶叶生长得更加茁壮。武夷山丹霞地貌的烂石砾壤、冬暖夏凉的气候，以及“岩岩有茶”的微域环境，共同孕育出岩茶“岩骨花香”的独特韵味。其外形条索紧结，色泽乌褐油润；冲泡后，叶底呈“绿叶红镶边”状，汤色金黄、橙黄或带琥珀色，清澈明亮；香气以花果香为主，兼有花香、乳香、果香等，滋味醇厚甘活，尽显独特岩韵。
武夷茶不仅品质卓越，制作技艺也堪称一绝。从采摘起，大红袍茶叶制作每个环节都有严格标准。采摘选晴朗天，挑芽叶肥壮、色泽鲜嫩的。采后迅速摊晾，散发水分。接着摇青，损伤边缘细胞，促内部物质转化成独特香气滋味，力度和时间依品种、环境等灵活调整，考验师傅经验技艺。杀青用高温停止酶促反应，固定品质香气。揉捻让茶叶紧结，破坏细胞使汁液渗出增滋味香气。最后烘焙，轻火烘焙香气清幽、口感鲜爽，重火烘焙香气浓郁、口感醇厚。武夷山大红袍制作技艺是中国茶类中唯一列入国家非物质文化遗产的制作技艺，标志着武夷岩茶制作技艺得到了国际社会的广泛认可和高度赞誉，成为了全人类共同的文化财富。

在历史的长河中，武夷茶地位斐然。宋代，它成为北苑贡茶的重要组成部分；元代，朝廷设立御茶园，督制贡茶长达255年；17世纪，武夷红茶（如正山小种）沿着万里茶道远销欧洲，成为英国下午茶文化的源头。瑞典植物学家林奈在《植物种类》中以“武夷种”（VAR BOHEA）代表中国茶，彰显了武夷茶在国际上的重要地位。
大红袍作为武夷岩茶的代表品种，备受瞩目。现存母树6株，已有350多年树龄。2006年，母树大红袍停止采摘，最后一次采摘的20克茶叶拍卖价高达20.8万元人民币。
如今，武夷山茶产业发展蓬勃。2025年，武夷山茶园面积达14.8万亩，茶叶全产业链产值达135亿元，农民人均收入近五成来自茶叶。漫山遍野的茶园宛如一片绿色的海洋，与武夷山的丹霞地貌相互映衬，构成了一幅美丽的田园画卷。

===武夷山理学文化===

武夷山，这座被誉为“道南理窟”“闽邦邹鲁”的文化圣地，是朱子理学的摇篮。南宋时期，理学家朱熹与武夷山结下了不解之缘，他在此度过了近50年的时光，人生中最重要的学术活动都在此展开。
朱熹14岁初到武夷山，晚年又重返此地。他之所以选择武夷山，不仅因为这里景色幽绝、远离战乱，更因为这山水的气韵与他所追求的“格物致知”“理一分殊”的哲学境界相契合。公元1183年，朱熹在武夷山九曲溪畔的隐屏峰下，创建了“武夷精舍”（后称紫阳书院）。这座看似简朴的书院，迅速成为当时全国的学术高地。朱熹寓居崇安40余年，在此生活、著书、讲学，吸引了蔡元定、黄干等200余名学者慕名而来，四方学者云集，使得武夷山一时俨然成为与岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院齐名的理学中心，形成了影响深远的闽学学派。朱熹集理学之大成，他与学生们的问答、辩难，构成了理学思想体系的重要部分。
朱熹在此完成了其代表作《四书章句集注》，这部著作后来成为元、明、清三朝科举考试的标准教材，塑造了此后近八百年来中国人的思维方式和价值观念。理学思想由此传播至东亚、东南亚及欧美，形成了日本朱子学、朝鲜退溪学等流派，彰显了其广泛而深远的影响力。
朱熹倡导的“格物致知”“存天理灭人欲”等思想，深刻塑造了武夷山的社会伦理与文化风貌。明清时期，武夷山成为理学名山，历代学者在此筑室讲学，形成了“溪畔峰麓皆书院”的盛况。至今，武夷山还留存着朱熹等古代杰出人物的450多处摩崖题刻，这些珍贵的遗迹是研究古代哲学思想和文化艺术的重要源头。
当代学者蔡尚思曾评价：“东周出孔丘，南宋有朱熹，中国古文化，泰山与武夷。”这一评价充分彰显了朱熹及其理学思想在中国文化史上的重要地位，也凸显了武夷山作为理学圣地的独特魅力。

===问题===

1. 武夷山是何时被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》的？
2. 武夷山是哪两种茶叶的发源地？
3. 武夷山大红袍制作技艺有着怎样的特殊地位？
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是谁？
5. 朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初的名称是什么？

===答案===

1. 1999 年 12 月，武夷山被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
2. 武夷山是乌龙茶和红茶的发源地。
3. 它是中国茶类中唯一被列入国家级非物质文化遗产的制作技艺。
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是朱熹。
5. 公元 1183 年，朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初名为武夷精舍，后更名为紫阳书院。

===参考文献===

[1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[2]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[3]武夷山市人民政府官网https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D
[4]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[5]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[6]福建省文物局. 文物里的福丨武夷精舍——为往圣继绝学!他被尊称为“朱子”，中华文化，传承有福[EB/OL]. http://wwj.wlt.fujian.gov.cn/wwzy/wwgy/zsgzlm/202512/t20251212_7045632.htm, 2025-12-12.
[7]武夷山文旅. 「茶灶」石刻:朱熹的诗意茶事与千年文脉[EB/OL]. https://m.toutiao.com/group/7485540661110899238/?upstream_biz=doubao, 2025-03-25.

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2026-02-03T08:35:29Z

Lin Zhiyi:

==Final Exam Paper==

===World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain===

====Introduction====

Fengdu Ghost City, formerly known as Fengdu Ghost City, was historically known as "Bazibie Capital". It was established as a county in the second year of Emperor He's reign in the Eastern Han Dynasty, boasting a history of nearly 2,000 years. Located on the north bank of the Yangtze River in Fengdu County, downstream of Chongqing, it faces the new county seat of Fengdu across the river and covers an area of 0.45 square kilometers. The famous mountains in Fengdu Ghost City include Fengdu Mingshan, Guiguo Shrine, and Shuanggui Mountain. There are numerous ancient temples on the mountains, with a total of 27 temples. The later-built Guiguo Shrine is a dynamic man-made landscape. Inside the shrine, modern sound, light, motion, electricity, plastic, laser, and other means are used to vividly display nearly 200 "ghost" stories of Fengdu "Ghost City". The architectural style of the Ghost City adopts many traditional Chinese architectural styles, giving it an antique and charming appearance.

====History and Origin====

According to historical records such as Ge Hong's "Biography of Immortals" during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the "Fengdu County Annals" throughout history, the Han Dynasty alchemists Yin Changsheng and Wang Fangping achieved enlightenment and immortality on Pingdu Mountain (now a famous mountain in Fengdu), making it one of the centers of Taoist practice. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Du Guangting listed Pingdu Mountain in Fengdu as one of the seventy-two blessed places in his book "Dongtian Fudi Ji". During the Northern Song Dynasty, Pingdu Mountain attracted many literati and scholars due to its beautiful scenery and large number of temple visitors. Su Shi's "Pingdu Ancient Mountain" was widely praised. During the Tang and Song dynasties, influenced by Buddhist and Taoist religious culture, there emerged a fictional concept of the "Fengdu" ghost realm in society. At that time, Fengdu County was called "Fengdu", but according to historical records, since the Southern Song Dynasty, Taoist people began to associate the actual "Fengdu" with the "Fengdu" of the Ghost Realm, as reflected in Fan Chengda's "Wu Chuanlu" and Hong Mai's "Yijian Zhizhi". In the 13th year of the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty, the name of Fengdu County was changed from "Fengdu" to "Fengdu". In addition, a large number of ghost themed novels and dramas emerged, directly linking Fengdu County with the "ghost city".

In 1958, during the "Great Steel Smelting Campaign", some steel statues and cultural relics such as bell and drum on the mountain were smashed into scrap metal for "steel smelting". On March 4th of the same year, Premier Zhou Enlai, Vice Premiers Li Xiannian and Li Fuchun, accompanied by Sichuan Provincial Party Secretary Yan Hongyan, arrived in Fengdu by the "Jiangxia Ferry" to inspect the "Ghost City" of Fengdu. Premier Zhou immediately instructed that attention should be paid to the maintenance and protection of the scenic spots and historical sites of the famous mountain. In 1966, the cultural relics of the famous mountain were once again destroyed by the Red Guards and others, and various statues were completely destroyed.

In 1981, the "Ghost City" tourist attraction was established in Fengdu, Chongqing. In 1982, the Mingshan Scenic Area, with its abundant natural resources, excellent ecological environment, and profound cultural heritage, became one of China's first batch of national key scenic spots. On the third day of the third lunar month in 1988, Fengdu County held the first "Ghost City" temple fair since the founding of the People's Republic of China, attracting participants from neighboring districts and counties as well as from home and abroad, creating an unprecedented grand occasion.

In June 2007, Fengdu County signed a cooperation agreement with Chongqing Transportation and Tourism Group to develop the Fengdu Famous Mountain Scenic Area as a whole. The development project of Mingshan Scenic Area was planned and designed by an American company through international bidding. The company has proposed a preliminary conceptual plan, involving areas such as Mingshan, Shuanggui Mountain, Wuyu Mountain, etc. The project is invested by the enterprise and operated by the market, with an estimated total investment of 650 million yuan.

On July 17, 2022, the total investment of the Tang King's Soul Tour of the underworld project was 1 billion yuan. The project is located in the Fengdu Ghost City Scenic Area, and will rely on the culture of the underworld in the Fengdu Ghost City Scenic Area as its core cultural support. The story of "Tang King's Tour of the underworld" will be the main thread, and through the technology of sound, light, and electricity, the project will use scene construction, holographic space, mechanical devices, and other means to create an immersive fantasy experience tourism project for tourists.

====Parts of Ghost City====

Tianzi Hall

The Tianzi Hall was first built in the Western Jin Dynasty, named "Qianzhu Hall", renamed "Xiandu Temple" in the Tang Dynasty, "Jingde Temple" in the Song Dynasty, also known as "Baihe Temple" and "Fengdu Temple", renamed "Yanjun Hall" in the early Qing Dynasty, later changed to "Yaoling Hall", and later changed to "Tianzi Hall". It has a long history to this day. Due to various reasons, this temple has undergone multiple renovations and reconstructions over its more than 1700 year history. The existing Tianzi Hall was rebuilt in the third year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1664), and the Bell and Drum Tower was renovated in the 27th year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1901). The Tianzi Hall is the oldest, largest, and most well preserved temple on the famous mountain, and is the core attraction of the Ghost City.

Memorial archway

Memorial archway is the only way to enter Fengdu Ghost City. The memorial archway is inscribed with four characters, "World famous mountain", which is a poem left by Su Shi, a great writer of the Northern Song Dynasty, when climbing the mountain. The poem on both sides of the memorial archway, "Laugh at the world sergeant, sink your soul into the north Fengdu", means the trial after death.

Shanxiao Pavilion

Shanxiao Pavilion is a place for pilgrims and tourists to rest on the mountain. It is called "Shanxiao Pavilion" because Fengdu has eight scenic spots, one of which is "Pingdu Shanxiao". In the morning of Pingdu Mountain, the mist lingers, the ancient trees are lush and green, and the roofs of temples, with their upturned corners appearing and disappearing in the green trees, seem like a fairyland on earth.

The Hall of Gratitude

The Hall of Gratitude enshrines the Ksitigarbha King Mulian. Mulian was one of the top ten disciples of Buddha Shakyamuni, known as the "Number One in Divine Skills" and "Number One in Filial Piety". The name Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva represents that he, like the earth, contains countless seeds of goodness. Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, Manjusri Bodhisattva, Samantabhadra Bodhisattva, and Guanyin Bodhisattva are collectively known as the four great bodhisattvas of Buddhism. Manjusri is called "Great Wisdom", Samantabhadra is called "Great Action", Guanyin is called "Great Compassion", and Ksitigarbha is called "Great Aspiration". According to Buddhism, Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva's "Great Vows" are entrusted by Shakyamuni to undertake the responsibility of educating sentient beings in the six realms after Shakyamuni's death and before the future reincarnation of Buddha Maitreya. Under this heavy trust, Ksitigarbha made a vow in front of the Buddha, pledging to exhaust all sentient beings from the six realms, save all suffering, until hell is emptied and no more "sinful ghosts" suffer, and then he becomes a Buddha. According to Buddhism, the cycle of reincarnation in the six realms is endless, so Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva can only do endless educational work in hell without complaint or regret.

Temple of Wealth

There are two God of Wealth enshrined in the Temple of Wealth, one is the Wen God of Wealth Bi Gan, and the other is the Wu God of Wealth Zhao Gongming. There are many people in China, and there are also many gods of wealth. The God of Wealth, Wen, had the Bi Gan of the Shang Dynasty and the Fan Li of the Warring States Period; The God of Wealth in martial arts includes Zhao Gongming from Taoism and Guan Yu from the Three Kingdoms period. In addition, there are five gods of wealth, namely Zhao Gongming, the commander-in-chief of Zhao AD, Xiao Sheng, the heavenly lord of Zhaobao, Cao Bao, the heavenly lord of Nazhen, Chen Jiugong, the messenger of wealth, and Yao Shaosi, the immortal official of Lishi.

Naihe Bridge

The Naihe Bridge was originally an annex building of the Liaoyang Hall, built in the Ming Dynasty, and later became the Naihe Bridge. The water pool under the bridge is called the "Blood River Pool". The word 'Naihe' is a transliteration of Sanskrit, meaning 'hell'. Legend has it that it is a bridge from the mortal world to the underworld of Yin Cao, with a length of 7.2 meters and a width of 2.5 meters. The Naihe Bridge is not only a passage to the underworld, but also a gateway to test whether a person is good or evil during their lifetime. After a hundred years, good people can pass through the Naihe Bridge smoothly, while evil people will be knocked down by the bridge guarding ghost soldiers with sharp knives and forks, and then bitten and swallowed by copper snakes and iron dogs. There is also a stone bridge on each side of the Naihe Bridge, with a golden bridge on the left and a silver bridge on the right. People who are upright and virtuous in their lifetime are guided by gods and Buddhas, and can smoothly ascend to immortality through the Golden Bridge; Those who accumulate virtue in the World Bank are welcomed by Bai Impermanence, who can smoothly pass through the Silver Bridge and then reincarnate into a wealthy family through the Yin Emperor.

The Starry Sky Pier

The Starry Sky Pier consists of two parts, the iron on top is called "Heart and Mind Iron", which is a hemisphere with a weight of 182.5 kilograms; The base below is called 'Iron Spirit Root'. Legend has it that during the Tang Dynasty, Wei Chi Jingde supervised the construction of a temple on a famous mountain and cast it for the purpose of practicing wrist strength. It is said that he was able to spin and stack the upper part of the broken star onto it, making it stand on top of the central protrusion, which can cure heart disease. Treating heart disease is not about treating heart disease, but about the kind of heart disease that is plagued by worries and anxieties.

Jade Emperor Temple

Ascending the Thirty Three Heavens, is the residence of the Jade Emperor - the Jade Emperor Hall. The Jade Emperor Palace, formerly known as Lingxiao Palace, was renovated in the fourth year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1665) and named "Jade Emperor Temple". It was renamed "Jade Emperor Palace" in the late Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty and remains so to this day.

The Hundred-kids Hall

The Hundred-kids Hall was a place where pilgrims used to pray for bodhisattvas to send their children and bless their growth. Inside, there are three great bodhisattvas, Guanyin, Samantabhadra, and Manjusri, as well as the Goddess of Sending off Children and the Goddess of Fertility.

Guimen Pass

Legend has it that Guimen Pass is a necessary checkpoint for entering the Ghost Kingdom, and anyone who comes here must undergo a check to see if they hold a Ghost Kingdom pass, also known as a "guide". This is the basis for reporting to the ghost country after death. The pass is 3 feet long and 2 feet wide, printed on yellow soft paper, and reads: 'This is a necessary guide for the people of the earth to be reincarnated and ascend to heaven, given to Yama the Great by the Heavenly Capital.'. The pass is stamped with three seals: "Yinsi Chenghuang, Fengdu County Government". When a person is buried or cremated after death and burned, it will follow the soul to the underworld, and wherever it goes, it will be unobstructed.

====Sixteen Ghosts and Gods====

The sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu refer to the sixteen ghosts and gods who play important roles in the underworld, each with their own responsibilities and characteristics.

1. Black impermanence

Black Impermanence is the leader of the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu, and also the enforcer of the underworld. He was dressed in a black military robe, holding an iron chain and talisman paper, responsible for welcoming the souls of death. Black Impermanence is powerful and one of the most formidable ghosts and gods in Fengdu.

2. White impermanence

White impermanence, like black impermanence, is also one of the enforcers of the underworld. He was wearing white clothes, holding a large official document, and always had a serious expression on his face. White impermanence has great power and strong judgment ability.

3. Plague gentleman

The Plague Gentleman is in charge of epidemics and plagues. He usually wears a mask and spiritual talisman to stop the Plague God. In the underworld, he holds a high position and sometimes struggles with the deceased under the guidance of black and white impermanence, controlling their fate.

4. God of Wealth

The God of Wealth is the head of the finance department of the King of Yan, responsible for managing all the money and property in the world. The fan in his hand has magical powers that can bring wealth and good luck. However, he also enjoys playing with people, especially those who are superstitious about the God of Wealth.

5. Cow Head Horse Face

Cow Head Horse face is the underworld mounted police of the Sixteen Ghosts and Gods in Fengdu. The whips they use can guide the soul towards the path of justice. They are important members of the underworld.

6. Yama King

Yama is the right arm of the most powerful Yama prince among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu, responsible for adjudicating cases and deciding people's whereabouts. In the underworld, his power is immense and he is one of the highest judges.

7. Red Brushed Lady

Red Brushed Lady is a beautiful swordsman among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu. She is good at tempting men, capturing their hearts, and making them her servants. Her charming appearance and natural talent have captivated many men.

8. Old man with white hair

The old man with white hair is a weapon master among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu, responsible for making the Blade of Death and teaching the underworld generals how to use it. His weapon manufacturing technology is extremely advanced, and the weapons he manufactures are more powerful than other weapons.

9. Optimus Prime

Optimus Prime is the authority among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu, capable of manipulating the infinite power of the human world to control human affairs. In hell, his roar can gather ghosts and obey his commands.

10. Ksitigarbha King

The Ksitigarbha King is a guard among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu, and all his belongings are of the three elements of fire, gold, and earth. He possesses powerful energy that can save the vengeful souls in hell and reincarnate them to the human world to save their lives.

11. Li Jing

Li Jing is a great general under the command of Yan Wangye, one of the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu. He is completely enveloped in spiritual power and is extremely powerful. His sword can reach the sky and guide the Fengdu army to move quickly.

12. Iron Fan Princess

Princess Iron Fan is a beautiful ghost woman among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu. She is dressed in a red robe and has a sinister expression on her face. She is able to control every killed soul and holds a high reputation in the underworld.

13. Little King Kong

Little King Kong is a little devil among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu, responsible for helping Black and White Impermanence intercept the defendant's soul. He can control the actions of certain ghosts through language.

14. Obsidian

Obsidian is the mediator among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu, responsible for resolving conflicts and disputes in the underworld. He possesses powerful abilities and can use dark elements to eliminate enemies.

15. Judge Ruan

Judge Ruan is the judge among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu. He can see through everyone's true thoughts and make them confess. He is the main right-hand man of Yan Wangye and plays an important role in the underworld.

16、Thunder God

Thunder God is the last ghost army among the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu, wielding the fierce power of lightning. He can punish evil deeds and ensure that good and evil are rewarded.

The sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu each perform their duties, and they are the most powerful ghost soldiers of the King of Hell in the underworld. Although many people do not believe in the existence of the underworld, in ancient times, they were the most feared nightmares for people. If your behavior is improper, perhaps you will be captured by these ghost soldiers and put on trial in the underworld.

====Cultural Connotation====

The "Ghost City" in Fengdu has a history of over 2000 years, from myths and legends to the construction of physical objects. In the long historical process, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and China's ghost and god culture have been organically combined. Ba Yu culture, Central Plains culture, and foreign cultures have been organically combined. Folk myths and legends, imagination, and real life have been organically combined. Various art forms such as architecture, sculpture, and painting have been organically combined to form a unique ghost city culture, which has become a typical representative of the profound and extensive folk culture. Its practical value cannot be underestimated. At the same time, the "Ghost City" gathers various architectural, sculptural, and painting works since the Tang Dynasty, showcasing rich Eastern ghost and god culture. It presents the mythical and legendary Yin Cao Di Fu and the eighteen story hell in the form of ethnic architecture, and also has high historical and cultural value.

The 'ghost city' depicts a fully organized and functionally complete underworld kingdom, and the ghost city culture is a convincing system for the process of a person's soul entering the underworld after death. After death, good people are welcomed by White Impermanence, while evil people are captured by Black Impermanence. Passing through the Yin Yang realm, taking the Yellow Spring Road, entering the Ghost Gate, crossing the Naihe Bridge, climbing the Wangxiang Terrace, and finally looking away from the Yang world, the judge will make a judgment based on the materials provided by the Inspectorate. The underworld institutions established in the 'ghost city' are all punishing those heinous criminals, so that their grievances can be cleared and justice can be upheld. Ghost city culture uses ghosts to symbolize things and people, educates sentient beings, abandons evil and follows good, and has the original intention of educating and punishing evil and promoting good.

With the spread of the legend of "ghost town" throughout the country, Fengdu government has created many specialties, such as ghost mask, Suppress Evil umbrella, Mengpo enchanting tea, Fairy fermented bean curd, ghost town spicy chicken pieces, which have attracted a large number of tourists and brought good economic benefits. Especially with the annual Ghost City Temple Fair, it has promoted economic development and greatly increased the popularity of Fengdu.

===References===

[1] Tian Xuezhi: A Study on the Cultural Tourism Imagery of Fengdu Ghost City [D]. Chongqing Normal University, 2017

[2] Edited by Liu Chengli: Fengdu Tourism. Chongqing University Press, June 2019, pages 63-73

[3] Fengdu Ghost City: a magical destination for the souls of the deceased hidden on famous mountains. Phoenix Tourism Network, Aug 16, 2022

[4] The Three Gorges Dam and other attractions have been selected as the top 30 new tourist attractions in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. People's Daily Online, August 16, 2022

[5] Giant Ying Xu's mud painter. Cleverly sculpting the "Ghost City" statue in Fengdu. Situation in Sichuan Province, 2022-08-16

===Terms===

Pingdu Mountain

Temple fair

Ming Mountain/Famous Mountain

The bridge to Hell/Naihe Bridge

Guimen Pass

Ghostly and Divine Culture

Punish evil-doers and encourage people to do good

===Questions===

1. Which dynasty did Fengdu Ghost City originate from?

2. What is the necessary route to Fengdu Ghost City?

3. What is the bridge that can judge good deeds and evil?

4. What are the four great bodhisattvas in Buddhism?

5. What are the necessary checkpoints to enter the Ghost Kingdom?

6. What are the two immortals in charge of illness and wealth?

7. Who is the leader of the sixteen ghosts and gods in Fengdu?

8. What was the original intention of establishing a ghost city?

===Answers===

1. Eastern Han Dynasty

2. Ghost City memorial archway

3. Naihe Bridge

4. Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, Samantabhadra Bodhisattva, Manjusri Bodhisattva and Guanyin Bodhisattva

5. Guimen Pass

6. Plague gentleman and God of Wealth

7. Black impermanence

8. Punish evil and promote good.

==期末论文==

===丰都鬼城===

====简介====

丰都鬼城，旧名酆都鬼城，古为“巴子别都”，东汉和帝永元二年置县，已有近2000年的历史，位于重庆市下游丰都县的长江北岸，与丰都新县城隔江相望，占地面积0.45平方千米。丰都鬼城名山包括丰都名山、鬼国神宫、双桂山。山上古刹众多，庙宇达27座。后人造鬼国神宫，是动态人造景观，宫内利用现代声、光、动、电、塑、激光等手段将丰都“鬼城”的近200个“鬼”故事活灵活现地展示出来。鬼城的建筑形式采用了诸多中国传统建筑风格，古色古香。

====历史起源====

东晋葛洪《神仙传》、历代《酆都县志》等史料记载，汉代方士阴长生、王方平在平都山（今丰都名山）得道成仙，使其成为道教传习中心之一。唐末杜光庭在《洞天福地记》中，将丰都平都山列为七十二福地之一。北宋时，平都山因景色秀丽、寺观众多，吸引了诸多文人墨客，苏轼的“平都天下古名山”更是广为传颂。唐宋之际，受佛道宗教文化影响，社会上出现虚构的鬼域“酆都”说法。当时丰都县名为“豐都”，但据所见史料记载，自南宋起，道教中人开始将实有的“豐都”与鬼域“酆都”附会，范成大《吴船录》、洪迈《夷坚支志》等均有体现。明朝洪武十三年，丰都县名由“豐都”改为“酆都”，加之大量以鬼神为主题的神魔小说、戏曲涌现，丰都县与“鬼城”直接关联起来。

1958年，“大战钢铁”时，山上部分钢铁铸像和钟磐等文物，被砸成废金属“炼钢”。同年3月4日，国务院总理周恩来，副总理李先念、李富春，在四川省委书记阎红彦陪同下，乘“江峡轮”抵达丰都，视察了丰都“鬼城”。周总理当即指示，要注意维修、保护名山的名胜古迹。1966年，名山文物复遭红卫兵等捣毁，各种神像荡然无存。

1981年，重庆丰都建“鬼城”旅游景区。1982年，名山风景区凭借丰富的自然资源、良好的生态环境以及深厚的文化底蕴，成为中国首批国家重点风景名胜区。1988年农历三月初三，丰都县举办了新中国成立以来的首届丰都“鬼城"庙会，吸引了周边区县及海内外参加，盛况空前。

2007年6月，丰都县与重庆交旅集团签订合作协议，由重庆交旅集团对丰都名山景区进行整体打造。名山风景区开发项目通过国际招标，由美国一家公司进行规划设计。该
公司提出了概念性规划初步方案，涉及区域包括名山、双桂山、五鱼山等，项目由企业投入、市场运作，估算总投资六点五亿元人民币。

2022年7月17日，唐王魂游地府项目总投资10亿元，该项目位于丰都鬼城景区内，项目将以丰都鬼城景区地府文化为核心文化依托，以《唐王游地府》的故事为主要脉络，通过声光电的科技光影手段，以场景搭建、全息空间、机械装置等手段为游客打造一个沉浸式的地府奇幻体验旅游项目。

====鬼城各部分====

天子殿

天子殿始建于西晋，名“乾竺殿”，唐代改名“仙都观”，宋朝名“景德观”，又名“白鹤观”“酆都观”，清初更名为“阎君殿”，后改“曜灵殿”，再后改“天子殿”至今，历史悠久。由于各种原因，这座庙宇在1700多年历史中多次改建重修，现存天子殿是清康熙三年（1664年）重修的，其中的钟鼓楼是清光绪二十七年（1901年）修的。天子殿是名山年代最久，规模最大，保存最完整的庙宇，是鬼城的核心景点。

鬼城牌坊

鬼城牌坊是进入丰都鬼城的必经之路。牌坊上刻有“天下名山”四个大字，这是北宋大文豪苏轼登山时留下的诗句，牌坊两旁的诗句“下笑世上士，沉魂北丰都”意味着死后的审判。

山晓亭

山晓亭是供香客、游客上山休息的地方。它之所以叫“山晓亭”，是因为丰都有八景，其中一景为“平都山晓”。平都山的早晨，薄雾萦绕，古木苍翠，庙宇之屋顶，翘角在绿树丛中时隐时现，恍如人间仙境。

报恩殿

报恩殿里供奉的是地藏王目连。目连是佛祖释迦牟尼的十大弟子之一，称“神通第一”“孝行第一”。地藏菩萨的名字代表着他如同大地一样含藏着无数善根种子。地藏菩萨与文殊菩萨、普贤菩萨、观音菩萨合称为佛教四大菩萨。文殊称为“大智”，普贤称为“大行”，观音称为“大悲”，而地藏称为“大愿”。地藏菩萨的“大愿”按照佛教的说法，地藏菩萨受释迦牟尼托付，在释迦牟尼寂灭后而未来佛弥勒下世前担当起教化六道众生的重任。地藏受此重托，在佛祖前立下誓愿，要度尽六道众生，拯救众苦，直到地狱撤空，再没有任何一个“罪鬼”受苦，自己才成佛。按佛教的说法，六道轮回永无休止，所以地藏菩萨只能在地狱中无怨无悔地做着永无止境的教化工作。

财神殿

财神殿里面供奉的是两位财神，一位是文财神比干、一位是武财神赵公明。中国的人多，财神也多。文财神有商朝的比干，战国时的范蠡；武财神有道教中的赵公明、三国时的关羽。另外，还有五路财神，即赵公元帅赵公明，招宝天尊萧升，纳珍天尊曹宝，招财使者陈九公，利市仙官姚少司。

奈何桥

奈何桥原是寥阳殿的附属建筑，建于明代，后被附会成奈何桥，桥下的水池被称作“血河池”。“奈何”二字系梵文的音译，意即“地狱”，传说是阳间通往阴曹地府之桥，桥长7.2米、宽2.5米。奈何桥不仅是通往阴曹地府的通道，也是检验人在世时是善是恶的关口。“百年”之后，善人过奈何桥能顺利通过，恶人过奈何桥就会被守桥鬼卒用利刀尖叉打落到血河池中，再被铜蛇铁狗撕咬吞食。奈何桥两边还各有一座石桥，左为金桥，右为银桥。在世为官清廉、德行高尚的人有神佛接引，能顺利通过金桥飞升成仙；在世行善积德的人有白无常迎接，能顺利通过银桥，再经阴天子发落转世投胎到富贵人家。

星辰礅

星辰礅由上下两部分组成，上面的铁暾叫“心神铁”，是个半球形，重182.5千克；下面底座叫“铁灵根”。传说是唐代尉迟敬德在名山监修寺庙，为练腕力而铸的，据说能将星辰破上部分旋摞上去，使之立于中心凸起部位之上，就可以治心病。治心病并非治心脏病，而是那种心中有忧、焦虑成疾的心病。

玉皇殿

登上三十三重天，是玉皇大帝住的地方——玉皇殿。玉皇殿古名“凌霄宫”，清康熙四年（1665年）重修，名为“玉皇观”，清康熙末年更名“玉皇殿”至今。

百子殿

百子殿是以前香客们求菩萨送子和保佑孩子成长的地方，里面供奉着观音﹑普贤、文殊三大菩萨，还有送子娘娘和催生娘娘。

鬼门关

传说鬼门关是进入鬼国的必经关卡，无论是谁来到这里都必须接受检查是否持有鬼国通行证，也就是“路引”。这是人死后到鬼国报到的依据。通行证长3尺，宽2尺，是用黄色的软纸印做的，写有“为丰都天予阎罗大帝发给路引和普天下人必备此引，方能到地府转世升天”。通行证上面盖有“阴司城隍、丰都县府”三个印章。凡是人死后入殓或火化时烧掉它，就会随灵魂来到地府，所到之处才能畅通无阻。

====十六鬼神====

丰都十六鬼神是指在冥府中担任重要角色的十六位鬼神，他们分别有着各自的职责和特点。

1、黑无常

黑无常是丰都十六鬼神中的首领，也是阴间的执法者。他身穿黑色军袍，手持铁链和符纸，负责迎送死亡的灵魂。黑无常实力强大，是丰都中最厉害的鬼神之一。

2、白无常

白无常与黑无常一样，也是冥府的执法者之一。他穿着白衣，手持大公文书，脸上总是带着严肃的表情。白无常的力量很大，审判能力也非常强。

3、瘟君子

瘟君子掌管着流行病和瘟疫，他通常带着口罩和灵符，用来阻挡瘟神。在地府中，他的地位很高，有时会在黑白无常的指导下与死者作斗争，控制他们的命运。

4、财神爷

财神爷是阎王爷财务部门的主管，负责掌管天下所有的金钱、财物。他手上的蒲扇具有神奇力量，能带来财运和好运。然而，他也喜欢玩弄人，尤其是那些迷信财神的人。

5、牛头马面

牛头马面是丰都十六鬼神中的地府骑警，他们使用的拖鞭能够引导灵魂走向正义之路。他们是地府中的一员重要角色。

6、阎罗王

阎罗王是丰都十六鬼神中的权力最大的阎王爷的右臂，负责审案，决定人们的去向。在地府中，他的权力极大，是最高审判员之一。

7、红拂女

红拂女是丰都十六鬼神中的舞刀佳人，她善于诱惑男人，抓住他们的心灵，使他们成为她的仆人。她的迷人外表和天赋才能，让许多男子为之倾倒。

8、白头老者

白头老者是丰都十六鬼神中的武器师，负责制造死神之刃，并教授阴间武将如何使用。他的武器制造技术非常高超，所制造的武器比其他武器更强大。

9、擎天柱

擎天柱是丰都十六鬼神中的权威，能够操纵人间的无尽力量来控制人事。在地狱中，他的一声吼叫就能使鬼魂汇聚，听从他的命令。

10、地藏王

地藏王是丰都十六鬼神中的警卫，全身的器物都是火金土三行之物。他拥有强大的能量，能够拯救地狱中的冤魂，并将他们轮回到人间去济度生命。

11、李靖

李靖是丰都十六鬼神中的阎王爷手下的大将，他全身被灵力所包裹，非常强大。他的剑能够通天，指引丰都军队快速移动。

12、铁扇公主

铁扇公主是丰都十六鬼神中的美丽鬼女子，她身穿红袍，脸上带着邪气的表情。她能够掌控每个遇害的灵魂，在地府中拥有极高的威望。

13、小金刚

小金刚是丰都十六鬼神中的小鬼，负责帮助黑白无常拦截被告魂魄。他可以通过语言来控制某些鬼魂的行动。

14、黑曜日

黑曜日是丰都十六鬼神中的调解者，负责解决地府中的矛盾纷争。他拥有强大的力量，能够运用黑暗元素来消灭敌人。

15、判官阮

判官阮是丰都十六鬼神中的审判者，他能够透视每个人的真实想法，并使之认罪。他是阎王爷的主要左右手，在地府中担任重要角色。

16、雷公爷

雷公爷是丰都十六鬼神中的最后一个鬼军，他掌握着猛烈的雷电之力。他能够惩罚恶行，使善恶有报。

丰都十六鬼神各司其职，是阎王爷在冥府中最强大的鬼兵。虽然很多人不相信阴间的存在，但在古代，他们是人们最为恐惧的梦魇。如果你的行为不端，也许你就会被这些鬼兵抓到地府接受审判。

====文化内涵====

丰都“鬼城”从神话传说到陆续用实物建造，已有2000余年的历史。在漫长的历史进程中，将佛教、道教、儒教学说以及中国的鬼神文化有机结合起来，将巴渝文化、中原文化和域外文化有机结合起来，将民间神话传说、想象与现实生活有机结合起来，将建筑、雕塑、绘画等多种艺术形式有机结合起来，形成了独树一帜的鬼城文化，成为博大精深的民俗文化的典型代表，其现实价值不可低估。同时，“鬼城”汇集了自唐代以来的各类建筑、雕塑、绘画作品，集中表现了丰富的东方鬼神文化，将神话传说中的阴曹地府、十八层地狱通过民族建筑的形式展现在人们面前，也具有很高的历史文化价值。

“鬼城”描绘的是机构完整、职能齐全的一个阴间国度，鬼城文化对人死后灵魂到阴间的过程，是一个完整的体系，令人信服。人死后善人由白无常迎接，恶人由黑无常捉拿。过阴阳界，走黄泉路，入鬼门关，过奈何桥，登望乡台，最后望别阳间，然后由判官根据查察司提供的材料进行判决。“鬼城”设立的阴间机构都在惩罚那些十恶不赦分子，使冤屈得到昭雪，正义得到伸张。鬼城文化是以鬼喻事，以鬼说人，教化众生，弃恶从善，具有教化从善、惩恶扬善的本意。

随着“鬼城”的传说在全国流传，丰都政府打造了鬼脸谱、镇邪伞、孟婆迷魂茶、仙家豆腐乳、鬼城麻辣鸡块等众多特产，吸引了大量游客前来参观，带来了良好的经济效益。特别是延续了一年一届的鬼城庙会，更是推动了经济发展，丰都的知名度也大大地提升。

===参考文献===

[1]田学芝.丰都鬼城文化旅游意象研究[D].重庆师范大学,2017.

[2]刘程利主编.丰都旅游.重庆大学出版社,2019.06,第63-73页.

[3]丰都鬼城:名山之上藏着魔幻色彩的亡灵归宿之地.凤凰旅游网,2022-08-16.

[4]三峡大坝等入选长江三峡30最佳旅游新景观.人民网,2022-08-16.

[5]大英徐氏泥彩匠.巧塑丰都“鬼城”塑像．四川省情网,2022-08-16.

===术语===

平都山

庙会

名山

奈何桥

鬼门关

鬼神文化

惩恶扬善

===问题===

1、丰都鬼城起源于哪个朝代？

2、丰都鬼城的必经之路是什么？

3、能够审判善行与罪恶的桥是什么桥？

4、佛教四大菩萨是哪几位？

5、进入鬼国的必经关卡是什么？

6、掌管疾病和财富的两位神仙分别是什么？

7、丰都十六鬼神的首领是谁？

8、设立鬼城的初衷是什么？

===答案===

1、东汉

2、鬼城牌坊

3、奈何桥

4、地藏菩萨、普贤菩萨、文殊菩萨、观音菩萨

5、鬼门关

6、瘟君子、财神爷

7、黑无常

8、惩恶扬善

Uvu/index.php/User:Lin Zhiyi

2025-12-29T13:52:49Z

Lin Zhiyi: /* Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture */

Uvu/index.php/User:Lin Zhiyi

2025-12-29T13:51:00Z

Lin Zhiyi: /* Introduction */

==期末论文==

===World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain===

====Introduction====
Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. It is one of China's first sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. It boasts multiple titles, including a national key nature reserve and a national scenic spot. In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The heritage site covers a total area of 999.75 square kilometers, with a core area of 635.75 square kilometers and a buffer zone of 364 square kilometers.

Its unique Danxia landform, the clear and meandering Nine-Bend Stream, and the picturesque peaks are well-known for their natural beauty. However, what truly makes Wuyi Mountain brilliant is its profound and far-reaching cultural heritage.

====Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture====
Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. This magical land seems to have been endowed by nature with a unique mission to nurture the fragrance of tea. Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate zone, Wuyi Mountain enjoys a warm and humid climate with distinct seasons, providing highly favorable conditions for the growth of tea trees. The mountains are often shrouded in mist, which, like a delicate veil, drapes over the tea gardens. This not only shields the tea trees from intense sunlight, preventing the leaves from being scorched, but also maintains an ideal air humidity, allowing the tea leaves to fully absorb moisture and thrive.

The history of Wuyi tea can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties (479 - 502 AD), spanning over a thousand years. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Qiao praised Wuyi tea as "Late Sweetness Marquis"（晚甘候） in his letter "Sending Tea to Jiao Xingbu". During the Song Dynasty, literati such as Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi left behind poems like "The extraordinary tea by the stream surpasses all others in the world," indicating its widespread fame.

The unique geographical environment and climatic conditions of Wuyi Mountain have created the unparalleled quality of Wuyi rock tea. The soil here is mainly composed of decomposed rock and gravel, which has a unique structure and excellent air permeability. This allows the roots of the tea trees to stretch freely and fully absorb nutrients from the soil. With a deep accumulation of organic matter, warm winters and cool summers, and appropriate sunlight and rainfall, the tea trees are provided with a continuous supply of energy, enabling the tea leaves to grow more robustly. The decomposed rock and gravel soil of the Danxia landform, the warm winters and cool summers, and the micro-environment where "every rock has tea" jointly nurture the unique flavor of rock tea, known as "rocky bone and floral fragrance." Its appearance features tightly twisted strips with a dark brown and glossy color. After brewing, the leaves show a "green leaf with a red edge," and the liquor is golden, orange, or amber-colored, clear and bright. The aroma is predominantly floral and fruity, with hints of floral, milky, and fruity notes. The taste is mellow, sweet, and lively, fully displaying the unique ”rocky charm.”(岩韵）

Not only is the quality of Wuyi tea outstanding, but its production techniques are also unparalleled. From the picking 采摘 stage onwards, every step in the production of Da Hong Pao tea has strict standards. Picking is done on sunny days, selecting plump buds and leaves with a fresh color. After picking, the leaves are quickly spread out to dry, allowing the moisture to dissipate. Next comes the shaking 摇青 process, which damages the edge cells of the leaves, promoting the transformation of internal substances into unique aromas and flavors. The intensity and duration of shaking are flexibly adjusted according to the tea variety and environment, testing the experience and skill of the tea masters. The fixing 杀青 process uses high temperatures to stop enzymatic reactions, fixing the quality and aroma of the tea. The rolling 揉捻 process makes the tea leaves tightly twisted, breaking the cells to allow the juice to seep out, enhancing the flavor and aroma. Finally, the roasting 烘焙process is crucial, with light roasting resulting in a delicate aroma and a fresh taste, while heavy roasting produces a rich aroma and a mellow taste. The production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao is the only one among Chinese tea categories to be included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, marking the widespread recognition and high praise of Wuyi rock tea production techniques by the international community and making it a shared cultural treasure of humanity.

Throughout history, Wuyi tea has held a significant position. During the Song Dynasty, it became an important part of the Beiyuan tribute tea（北苑贡茶）. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court established a royal tea garden, supervising the production of tribute tea for 255 years. In the 17th century, Wuyi black tea (such as Lapsang Souchong （正山小种) was exported to Europe along the Tea Road, becoming the origin of British afternoon tea culture. The Swedish botanist Linnaeus used "Wuyi variety" (VAR BOHEA) to represent Chinese tea in his "Species Plantarum," highlighting the important international status of Wuyi tea.

Da Hong Pao, as the representative variety of Wuyi rock tea, has attracted much attention. There are six existing mother trees, which are over 350 years old. In 2006, the picking of mother tree Da Hong Pao was stopped, and the last 20 grams of tea leaves picked were auctioned for as high as 208,000 yuan.

Today, the tea industry in Wuyi Mountain is thriving. By 2025, the tea garden area in Wuyi Mountain will reach 148,000 mu (about 9,867 hectares), with the total output value of the tea industry chain reaching 13.5 billion yuan. Nearly half of the farmers' per capita income comes from tea. The vast tea gardens, like a green ocean, complement the Danxia landform of Wuyi Mountain, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

====Wuyi Mountain Neo-Confucian Culture====
Wuyi Mountain, known as the "Cradle of Neo-Confucianism in the South of the Yangtze River"（道南理窟） and the "Confucian Center of Fujian," （闽邦邹鲁）is the birthplace of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi formed an indelible bond with Wuyi Mountain, spending nearly 50 years of his life here, where he carried out his most important academic activities.

Zhu Xi first arrived in Wuyi Mountain at the age of 14 and returned in his later years. He chose Wuyi Mountain not only for its secluded scenery and remoteness from war but also because the charm of its mountains and waters resonated with his philosophical pursuits of "investigating things to gain knowledge" （格物致知）and "the unity of principle in multiplicity." （理一分殊） In 1183 AD, Zhu Xi founded the "Wuyi Academy" (later known as Ziyang Academy) at the foot of Yinping Peak by the Nine-Bend Stream in Wuyi Mountain. This seemingly simple academy quickly became a national academic hub. Zhu Xi lived in Chong'an for over 40 years, where he lived, wrote books, and gave lectures. He attracted over 200 scholars, including Cai Yuanding and Huang Gan, who came from far and wide. The influx of scholars made Wuyi Mountain a center of Neo-Confucianism on par with Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy, forming the influential Min School of Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi, as a master of Neo-Confucianism, and his question-and-answer sessions and debates with students constituted an important part of the Neo-Confucian thought system.

Here, Zhu Xi completed his masterpiece, "The Collected Commentaries on the Four Books"《四书章句集注》, which later became the standard textbook for the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, shaping the Chinese way of thinking and values for nearly eight hundred years. Neo-Confucian thought thus spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe and America, giving rise to schools such as Japanese Zhu Xi School and Korean Tui Xi School, demonstrating its wide and far-reaching influence.

The ideas advocated by Zhu Xi, such as "investigating things to gain knowledge" and "subduing human desires to uphold the heavenly principle"（存天理灭人欲）, have profoundly shaped the social ethics and cultural landscape of Wuyi Mountain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuyi Mountain became a renowned mountain of Neo-Confucianism, with scholars from past dynasties building houses and giving lectures here, creating a spectacle where "every streamside and peak base housed an academy."To this day, Wuyi Mountain still preserves over 450 inscriptions on cliffs by ancient outstanding figures such as Zhu Xi, which are valuable relics for studying ancient philosophy, thought, and culture and art.

The contemporary scholar Cai Shangsi once commented, "In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Confucius; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Zhu Xi. Chinese ancient culture is represented by Mount Tai and Wuyi Mountain." It fully demonstrates the important position of Zhu Xi and his Neo-Confucian thought in Chinese cultural history and highlights the unique charm of Wuyi Mountain as a sacred site of Neo-Confucianism.

===Reference===
[1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[2]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[3]武夷山市人民政府官网https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D
[4]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[5]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[6]福建省文物局. 文物里的福丨武夷精舍——为往圣继绝学!他被尊称为“朱子”，中华文化，传承有福[EB/OL]. http://wwj.wlt.fujian.gov.cn/wwzy/wwgy/zsgzlm/202512/t20251212_7045632.htm, 2025-12-12.
[7]武夷山文旅. 「茶灶」石刻:朱熹的诗意茶事与千年文脉[EB/OL]. https://m.toutiao.com/group/7485540661110899238/?upstream_biz=doubao, 2025-03-25.

===Terms and Expressions===
Dual World Heritage of Culture and Nature - 世界文化与自然双重遗产
National Key Nature Reserve - 国家重点自然保护区
National Scenic Area - 国家风景名胜区
buffer zone - 缓冲区
Danxia landform - 丹霞地貌
Jiuqu Stream - 九曲溪
Wuyi rock tea - 武夷岩茶
rock bone and floral fragrance - 岩骨花香
green leaves with red edges - 绿叶红镶边
Lapsang Souchong - 正山小种
Beiyuan tribute tea - 北苑贡茶
royal tea garden - 御茶园
fixing - 杀青
rolling - 揉捻
roasting - 烘焙
light roasting - 轻火烘焙
heavy roasting - 重火烘焙
investigating things to gain knowledge - 格物致知
the unity of principle and the diversity of its manifestations - 理一分殊
cliff inscriptions - 摩崖题刻

===Questions===
1.When was Wuyi Mountain inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
2.What two types of tea is Wuyi Mountain the birthplace of?
3.What is the special status of the production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao?
4.Who was the Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain?
5.What was the original name of the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain?

===Answers===
1.In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
2.Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea.
3.It is the only tea-making technique in China included in the national intangible cultural heritage.
4.The Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain was Zhu Xi.
5.In 1183 AD, the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain was originally named Wuyi Jingshe, later renamed Ziyang Academy.

===世界文化与自然双重遗产——武夷山===
====简介====
武夷山位于福建省西北部、闽赣两省交界处。是中国首批世界文化与自然双重遗产地，拥有国家重点自然保护区、国家风景名胜区等多张名片。1999年12月，武夷山被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。遗产区总面积999.75平方公里，其中核心区面积635.75平方公里，缓冲区面积364平方公里。
其独特的丹霞地貌、九曲溪的澄碧流转与群峰竞秀的自然景观久负盛名，然而更令武夷山熠熠生辉的，是它深厚悠远、影响深远的文化积淀。
====武夷山茶文化====
武夷山是乌龙茶与红茶的发源地。这片神奇的土地，仿佛被大自然赋予了孕育茶香的独特使命。武夷山地处亚热带季风气候区，温暖湿润，四季分明，为茶树的生长提供了极为适宜的气候条件。山间云雾缭绕，宛如轻纱般弥漫在茶园之上，既为茶树遮挡了强烈的阳光，避免茶叶被灼伤，又使得空气湿度保持在一个理想的范围，让茶叶能够充分吸收水分，茁壮成长。

武夷茶历史悠久，可追溯至南朝（公元479 - 502年），至今已有1000多年。唐代孙樵在《送茶与焦刑部书》中以“晚甘侯”称颂武夷茶，宋代范仲淹、苏轼等文人留下“溪边奇茗冠天下”等诗篇，足见其声名远扬。
武夷山独特的地理环境与气候条件，造就了武夷岩茶独一无二的品质。这里土壤以烂石砾壤为主，这种土壤结构独特，透气性极佳，能够让茶树的根系自由伸展，充分吸收土壤中的养分。有机物积累深厚，冬暖夏凉，光照与雨量适宜，为茶树提供了源源不断的能量，使得茶叶生长得更加茁壮。武夷山丹霞地貌的烂石砾壤、冬暖夏凉的气候，以及“岩岩有茶”的微域环境，共同孕育出岩茶“岩骨花香”的独特韵味。其外形条索紧结，色泽乌褐油润；冲泡后，叶底呈“绿叶红镶边”状，汤色金黄、橙黄或带琥珀色，清澈明亮；香气以花果香为主，兼有花香、乳香、果香等，滋味醇厚甘活，尽显独特岩韵。

武夷茶不仅品质卓越，制作技艺也堪称一绝。从采摘起，大红袍茶叶制作每个环节都有严格标准。采摘选晴朗天，挑芽叶肥壮、色泽鲜嫩的。采后迅速摊晾，散发水分。接着摇青，损伤边缘细胞，促内部物质转化成独特香气滋味，力度和时间依品种、环境等灵活调整，考验师傅经验技艺。杀青用高温停止酶促反应，固定品质香气。揉捻让茶叶紧结，破坏细胞使汁液渗出增滋味香气。最后烘焙，轻火烘焙香气清幽、口感鲜爽，重火烘焙香气浓郁、口感醇厚。武夷山大红袍制作技艺是中国茶类中唯一列入国家非物质文化遗产的制作技艺，标志着武夷岩茶制作技艺得到了国际社会的广泛认可和高度赞誉，成为了全人类共同的文化财富。

在历史的长河中，武夷茶地位斐然。宋代，它成为北苑贡茶的重要组成部分；元代，朝廷设立御茶园，督制贡茶长达255年；17世纪，武夷红茶（如正山小种）沿着万里茶道远销欧洲，成为英国下午茶文化的源头。瑞典植物学家林奈在《植物种类》中以“武夷种”（VAR BOHEA）代表中国茶，彰显了武夷茶在国际上的重要地位。
大红袍作为武夷岩茶的代表品种，备受瞩目。现存母树6株，已有350多年树龄。2006年，母树大红袍停止采摘，最后一次采摘的20克茶叶拍卖价高达20.8万元人民币。

如今，武夷山茶产业发展蓬勃。2025年，武夷山茶园面积达14.8万亩，茶叶全产业链产值达135亿元，农民人均收入近五成来自茶叶。漫山遍野的茶园宛如一片绿色的海洋，与武夷山的丹霞地貌相互映衬，构成了一幅美丽的田园画卷。
====武夷山理学文化====
武夷山，这座被誉为“道南理窟”“闽邦邹鲁”的文化圣地，是朱子理学的摇篮。南宋时期，理学家朱熹与武夷山结下了不解之缘，他在此度过了近50年的时光，人生中最重要的学术活动都在此展开。

朱熹14岁初到武夷山，晚年又重返此地。他之所以选择武夷山，不仅因为这里景色幽绝、远离战乱，更因为这山水的气韵与他所追求的“格物致知”“理一分殊”的哲学境界相契合。公元1183年，朱熹在武夷山九曲溪畔的隐屏峰下，创建了“武夷精舍”（后称紫阳书院）。这座看似简朴的书院，迅速成为当时全国的学术高地。朱熹寓居崇安40余年，在此生活、著书、讲学，吸引了蔡元定、黄干等200余名学者慕名而来，四方学者云集，使得武夷山一时俨然成为与岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院齐名的理学中心，形成了影响深远的闽学学派。朱熹集理学之大成，他与学生们的问答、辩难，构成了理学思想体系的重要部分。

朱熹在此完成了其代表作《四书章句集注》，这部著作后来成为元、明、清三朝科举考试的标准教材，塑造了此后近八百年来中国人的思维方式和价值观念。理学思想由此传播至东亚、东南亚及欧美，形成了日本朱子学、朝鲜退溪学等流派，彰显了其广泛而深远的影响力。

朱熹倡导的“格物致知”“存天理灭人欲”等思想，深刻塑造了武夷山的社会伦理与文化风貌。明清时期，武夷山成为理学名山，历代学者在此筑室讲学，形成了“溪畔峰麓皆书院”的盛况。至今，武夷山还留存着朱熹等古代杰出人物的450多处摩崖题刻，这些珍贵的遗迹是研究古代哲学思想和文化艺术的重要源头。

当代学者蔡尚思曾评价：“东周出孔丘，南宋有朱熹，中国古文化，泰山与武夷。”这一评价充分彰显了朱熹及其理学思想在中国文化史上的重要地位，也凸显了武夷山作为理学圣地的独特魅力。

===问题===
1. 武夷山是何时被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》的？
2. 武夷山是哪两种茶叶的发源地？
3. 武夷山大红袍制作技艺有着怎样的特殊地位？
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是谁？
5. 朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初的名称是什么？
===答案===
1. 1999 年 12 月，武夷山被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
2. 武夷山是乌龙茶和红茶的发源地。
3. 它是中国茶类中唯一被列入国家级非物质文化遗产的制作技艺。
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是朱熹。
5. 公元 1183 年，朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初名为武夷精舍，后更名为紫阳书院。

Uvu/index.php/User:Lin Zhiyi

2025-12-29T08:05:43Z

Lin Zhiyi: /* Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture */

==期末论文==

===World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain===

====Introduction====
Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. It is one of China's first sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. It boasts multiple titles, including a national key nature reserve and a national scenic spot. In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The heritage site covers a total area of 999.75 square kilometers, with a core area of 635.75 square kilometers and a buffer zone of 364 square kilometers.

Its unique Danxia landform, the clear and meandering Nine-Bend Stream, and the picturesque peaks are well-known for their natural beauty. However, what truly makes Wuyi Mountain shine is its profound and far-reaching cultural heritage.

====Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture====
Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. This magical land seems to have been endowed by nature with a unique mission to nurture the fragrance of tea. Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate zone, Wuyi Mountain enjoys a warm and humid climate with distinct seasons, providing highly favorable conditions for the growth of tea trees. The mountains are often shrouded in mist, which, like a delicate veil, drapes over the tea gardens. This not only shields the tea trees from intense sunlight, preventing the leaves from being scorched, but also maintains an ideal air humidity, allowing the tea leaves to fully absorb moisture and thrive.

The history of Wuyi tea can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties (479 - 502 AD), spanning over a thousand years. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Qiao praised Wuyi tea as "Late Sweetness Marquis"（晚甘候） in his letter "Sending Tea to Jiao Xingbu". During the Song Dynasty, literati such as Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi left behind poems like "The extraordinary tea by the stream surpasses all others in the world," indicating its widespread fame.

The unique geographical environment and climatic conditions of Wuyi Mountain have created the unparalleled quality of Wuyi rock tea. The soil here is mainly composed of decomposed rock and gravel, which has a unique structure and excellent air permeability. This allows the roots of the tea trees to stretch freely and fully absorb nutrients from the soil. With a deep accumulation of organic matter, warm winters and cool summers, and appropriate sunlight and rainfall, the tea trees are provided with a continuous supply of energy, enabling the tea leaves to grow more robustly. The decomposed rock and gravel soil of the Danxia landform, the warm winters and cool summers, and the micro-environment where "every rock has tea" jointly nurture the unique flavor of rock tea, known as "rocky bone and floral fragrance." Its appearance features tightly twisted strips with a dark brown and glossy color. After brewing, the leaves show a "green leaf with a red edge," and the liquor is golden, orange, or amber-colored, clear and bright. The aroma is predominantly floral and fruity, with hints of floral, milky, and fruity notes. The taste is mellow, sweet, and lively, fully displaying the unique ”rocky charm.”(岩韵）

Not only is the quality of Wuyi tea outstanding, but its production techniques are also unparalleled. From the picking 采摘 stage onwards, every step in the production of Da Hong Pao tea has strict standards. Picking is done on sunny days, selecting plump buds and leaves with a fresh color. After picking, the leaves are quickly spread out to dry, allowing the moisture to dissipate. Next comes the shaking 摇青 process, which damages the edge cells of the leaves, promoting the transformation of internal substances into unique aromas and flavors. The intensity and duration of shaking are flexibly adjusted according to the tea variety and environment, testing the experience and skill of the tea masters. The fixing 杀青 process uses high temperatures to stop enzymatic reactions, fixing the quality and aroma of the tea. The rolling 揉捻 process makes the tea leaves tightly twisted, breaking the cells to allow the juice to seep out, enhancing the flavor and aroma. Finally, the roasting 烘焙process is crucial, with light roasting resulting in a delicate aroma and a fresh taste, while heavy roasting produces a rich aroma and a mellow taste. The production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao is the only one among Chinese tea categories to be included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, marking the widespread recognition and high praise of Wuyi rock tea production techniques by the international community and making it a shared cultural treasure of humanity.

Throughout history, Wuyi tea has held a significant position. During the Song Dynasty, it became an important part of the Beiyuan tribute tea（北苑贡茶）. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court established a royal tea garden, supervising the production of tribute tea for 255 years. In the 17th century, Wuyi black tea (such as Lapsang Souchong （正山小种) was exported to Europe along the Tea Road, becoming the origin of British afternoon tea culture. The Swedish botanist Linnaeus used "Wuyi variety" (VAR BOHEA) to represent Chinese tea in his "Species Plantarum," highlighting the important international status of Wuyi tea.

Da Hong Pao, as the representative variety of Wuyi rock tea, has attracted much attention. There are six existing mother trees, which are over 350 years old. In 2006, the picking of mother tree Da Hong Pao was stopped, and the last 20 grams of tea leaves picked were auctioned for as high as 208,000 yuan.

Today, the tea industry in Wuyi Mountain is thriving. By 2025, the tea garden area in Wuyi Mountain will reach 148,000 mu (about 9,867 hectares), with the total output value of the tea industry chain reaching 13.5 billion yuan. Nearly half of the farmers' per capita income comes from tea. The vast tea gardens, like a green ocean, complement the Danxia landform of Wuyi Mountain, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

====Wuyi Mountain Neo-Confucian Culture====
Wuyi Mountain, known as the "Cradle of Neo-Confucianism in the South of the Yangtze River"（道南理窟） and the "Confucian Center of Fujian," （闽邦邹鲁）is the birthplace of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi formed an indelible bond with Wuyi Mountain, spending nearly 50 years of his life here, where he carried out his most important academic activities.

Zhu Xi first arrived in Wuyi Mountain at the age of 14 and returned in his later years. He chose Wuyi Mountain not only for its secluded scenery and remoteness from war but also because the charm of its mountains and waters resonated with his philosophical pursuits of "investigating things to gain knowledge" （格物致知）and "the unity of principle in multiplicity." （理一分殊） In 1183 AD, Zhu Xi founded the "Wuyi Academy" (later known as Ziyang Academy) at the foot of Yinping Peak by the Nine-Bend Stream in Wuyi Mountain. This seemingly simple academy quickly became a national academic hub. Zhu Xi lived in Chong'an for over 40 years, where he lived, wrote books, and gave lectures. He attracted over 200 scholars, including Cai Yuanding and Huang Gan, who came from far and wide. The influx of scholars made Wuyi Mountain a center of Neo-Confucianism on par with Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy, forming the influential Min School of Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi, as a master of Neo-Confucianism, and his question-and-answer sessions and debates with students constituted an important part of the Neo-Confucian thought system.

Here, Zhu Xi completed his masterpiece, "The Collected Commentaries on the Four Books"《四书章句集注》, which later became the standard textbook for the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, shaping the Chinese way of thinking and values for nearly eight hundred years. Neo-Confucian thought thus spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe and America, giving rise to schools such as Japanese Zhu Xi School and Korean Tui Xi School, demonstrating its wide and far-reaching influence.

The ideas advocated by Zhu Xi, such as "investigating things to gain knowledge" and "subduing human desires to uphold the heavenly principle"（存天理灭人欲）, have profoundly shaped the social ethics and cultural landscape of Wuyi Mountain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuyi Mountain became a renowned mountain of Neo-Confucianism, with scholars from past dynasties building houses and giving lectures here, creating a spectacle where "every streamside and peak base housed an academy."To this day, Wuyi Mountain still preserves over 450 inscriptions on cliffs by ancient outstanding figures such as Zhu Xi, which are valuable relics for studying ancient philosophy, thought, and culture and art.

The contemporary scholar Cai Shangsi once commented, "In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Confucius; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Zhu Xi. Chinese ancient culture is represented by Mount Tai and Wuyi Mountain." It fully demonstrates the important position of Zhu Xi and his Neo-Confucian thought in Chinese cultural history and highlights the unique charm of Wuyi Mountain as a sacred site of Neo-Confucianism.

===Reference===
[1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[2]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[3]武夷山市人民政府官网https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D
[4]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[5]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[6]福建省文物局. 文物里的福丨武夷精舍——为往圣继绝学!他被尊称为“朱子”，中华文化，传承有福[EB/OL]. http://wwj.wlt.fujian.gov.cn/wwzy/wwgy/zsgzlm/202512/t20251212_7045632.htm, 2025-12-12.
[7]武夷山文旅. 「茶灶」石刻:朱熹的诗意茶事与千年文脉[EB/OL]. https://m.toutiao.com/group/7485540661110899238/?upstream_biz=doubao, 2025-03-25.

===Terms and Expressions===
Dual World Heritage of Culture and Nature - 世界文化与自然双重遗产
National Key Nature Reserve - 国家重点自然保护区
National Scenic Area - 国家风景名胜区
buffer zone - 缓冲区
Danxia landform - 丹霞地貌
Jiuqu Stream - 九曲溪
Wuyi rock tea - 武夷岩茶
rock bone and floral fragrance - 岩骨花香
green leaves with red edges - 绿叶红镶边
Lapsang Souchong - 正山小种
Beiyuan tribute tea - 北苑贡茶
royal tea garden - 御茶园
fixing - 杀青
rolling - 揉捻
roasting - 烘焙
light roasting - 轻火烘焙
heavy roasting - 重火烘焙
investigating things to gain knowledge - 格物致知
the unity of principle and the diversity of its manifestations - 理一分殊
cliff inscriptions - 摩崖题刻

===Questions===
1.When was Wuyi Mountain inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
2.What two types of tea is Wuyi Mountain the birthplace of?
3.What is the special status of the production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao?
4.Who was the Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain?
5.What was the original name of the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain?

===Answers===
1.In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
2.Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea.
3.It is the only tea-making technique in China included in the national intangible cultural heritage.
4.The Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain was Zhu Xi.
5.In 1183 AD, the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain was originally named Wuyi Jingshe, later renamed Ziyang Academy.

===世界文化与自然双重遗产——武夷山===
====简介====
武夷山位于福建省西北部、闽赣两省交界处。是中国首批世界文化与自然双重遗产地，拥有国家重点自然保护区、国家风景名胜区等多张名片。1999年12月，武夷山被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。遗产区总面积999.75平方公里，其中核心区面积635.75平方公里，缓冲区面积364平方公里。
其独特的丹霞地貌、九曲溪的澄碧流转与群峰竞秀的自然景观久负盛名，然而更令武夷山熠熠生辉的，是它深厚悠远、影响深远的文化积淀。
====武夷山茶文化====
武夷山是乌龙茶与红茶的发源地。这片神奇的土地，仿佛被大自然赋予了孕育茶香的独特使命。武夷山地处亚热带季风气候区，温暖湿润，四季分明，为茶树的生长提供了极为适宜的气候条件。山间云雾缭绕，宛如轻纱般弥漫在茶园之上，既为茶树遮挡了强烈的阳光，避免茶叶被灼伤，又使得空气湿度保持在一个理想的范围，让茶叶能够充分吸收水分，茁壮成长。

武夷茶历史悠久，可追溯至南朝（公元479 - 502年），至今已有1000多年。唐代孙樵在《送茶与焦刑部书》中以“晚甘侯”称颂武夷茶，宋代范仲淹、苏轼等文人留下“溪边奇茗冠天下”等诗篇，足见其声名远扬。
武夷山独特的地理环境与气候条件，造就了武夷岩茶独一无二的品质。这里土壤以烂石砾壤为主，这种土壤结构独特，透气性极佳，能够让茶树的根系自由伸展，充分吸收土壤中的养分。有机物积累深厚，冬暖夏凉，光照与雨量适宜，为茶树提供了源源不断的能量，使得茶叶生长得更加茁壮。武夷山丹霞地貌的烂石砾壤、冬暖夏凉的气候，以及“岩岩有茶”的微域环境，共同孕育出岩茶“岩骨花香”的独特韵味。其外形条索紧结，色泽乌褐油润；冲泡后，叶底呈“绿叶红镶边”状，汤色金黄、橙黄或带琥珀色，清澈明亮；香气以花果香为主，兼有花香、乳香、果香等，滋味醇厚甘活，尽显独特岩韵。

武夷茶不仅品质卓越，制作技艺也堪称一绝。从采摘起，大红袍茶叶制作每个环节都有严格标准。采摘选晴朗天，挑芽叶肥壮、色泽鲜嫩的。采后迅速摊晾，散发水分。接着摇青，损伤边缘细胞，促内部物质转化成独特香气滋味，力度和时间依品种、环境等灵活调整，考验师傅经验技艺。杀青用高温停止酶促反应，固定品质香气。揉捻让茶叶紧结，破坏细胞使汁液渗出增滋味香气。最后烘焙，轻火烘焙香气清幽、口感鲜爽，重火烘焙香气浓郁、口感醇厚。武夷山大红袍制作技艺是中国茶类中唯一列入国家非物质文化遗产的制作技艺，标志着武夷岩茶制作技艺得到了国际社会的广泛认可和高度赞誉，成为了全人类共同的文化财富。

在历史的长河中，武夷茶地位斐然。宋代，它成为北苑贡茶的重要组成部分；元代，朝廷设立御茶园，督制贡茶长达255年；17世纪，武夷红茶（如正山小种）沿着万里茶道远销欧洲，成为英国下午茶文化的源头。瑞典植物学家林奈在《植物种类》中以“武夷种”（VAR BOHEA）代表中国茶，彰显了武夷茶在国际上的重要地位。
大红袍作为武夷岩茶的代表品种，备受瞩目。现存母树6株，已有350多年树龄。2006年，母树大红袍停止采摘，最后一次采摘的20克茶叶拍卖价高达20.8万元人民币。

如今，武夷山茶产业发展蓬勃。2025年，武夷山茶园面积达14.8万亩，茶叶全产业链产值达135亿元，农民人均收入近五成来自茶叶。漫山遍野的茶园宛如一片绿色的海洋，与武夷山的丹霞地貌相互映衬，构成了一幅美丽的田园画卷。
====武夷山理学文化====
武夷山，这座被誉为“道南理窟”“闽邦邹鲁”的文化圣地，是朱子理学的摇篮。南宋时期，理学家朱熹与武夷山结下了不解之缘，他在此度过了近50年的时光，人生中最重要的学术活动都在此展开。

朱熹14岁初到武夷山，晚年又重返此地。他之所以选择武夷山，不仅因为这里景色幽绝、远离战乱，更因为这山水的气韵与他所追求的“格物致知”“理一分殊”的哲学境界相契合。公元1183年，朱熹在武夷山九曲溪畔的隐屏峰下，创建了“武夷精舍”（后称紫阳书院）。这座看似简朴的书院，迅速成为当时全国的学术高地。朱熹寓居崇安40余年，在此生活、著书、讲学，吸引了蔡元定、黄干等200余名学者慕名而来，四方学者云集，使得武夷山一时俨然成为与岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院齐名的理学中心，形成了影响深远的闽学学派。朱熹集理学之大成，他与学生们的问答、辩难，构成了理学思想体系的重要部分。

朱熹在此完成了其代表作《四书章句集注》，这部著作后来成为元、明、清三朝科举考试的标准教材，塑造了此后近八百年来中国人的思维方式和价值观念。理学思想由此传播至东亚、东南亚及欧美，形成了日本朱子学、朝鲜退溪学等流派，彰显了其广泛而深远的影响力。

朱熹倡导的“格物致知”“存天理灭人欲”等思想，深刻塑造了武夷山的社会伦理与文化风貌。明清时期，武夷山成为理学名山，历代学者在此筑室讲学，形成了“溪畔峰麓皆书院”的盛况。至今，武夷山还留存着朱熹等古代杰出人物的450多处摩崖题刻，这些珍贵的遗迹是研究古代哲学思想和文化艺术的重要源头。

当代学者蔡尚思曾评价：“东周出孔丘，南宋有朱熹，中国古文化，泰山与武夷。”这一评价充分彰显了朱熹及其理学思想在中国文化史上的重要地位，也凸显了武夷山作为理学圣地的独特魅力。

===问题===
1. 武夷山是何时被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》的？
2. 武夷山是哪两种茶叶的发源地？
3. 武夷山大红袍制作技艺有着怎样的特殊地位？
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是谁？
5. 朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初的名称是什么？
===答案===
1. 1999 年 12 月，武夷山被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
2. 武夷山是乌龙茶和红茶的发源地。
3. 它是中国茶类中唯一被列入国家级非物质文化遗产的制作技艺。
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是朱熹。
5. 公元 1183 年，朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初名为武夷精舍，后更名为紫阳书院。

Uvu/index.php/User:Lin Zhiyi

2025-12-29T08:02:58Z

Lin Zhiyi: /* 期末论文 */

==期末论文==

===World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain===

====Introduction====
Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. It is one of China's first sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. It boasts multiple titles, including a national key nature reserve and a national scenic spot. In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The heritage site covers a total area of 999.75 square kilometers, with a core area of 635.75 square kilometers and a buffer zone of 364 square kilometers.

Its unique Danxia landform, the clear and meandering Nine-Bend Stream, and the picturesque peaks are well-known for their natural beauty. However, what truly makes Wuyi Mountain shine is its profound and far-reaching cultural heritage.

====Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture====
Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. This magical land seems to have been endowed by nature with a unique mission to nurture the fragrance of tea. Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate zone, Wuyi Mountain enjoys a warm and humid climate with distinct seasons, providing highly favorable conditions for the growth of tea trees. The mountains are often shrouded in mist, which, like a delicate veil, drapes over the tea gardens. This not only shields the tea trees from intense sunlight, preventing the leaves from being scorched, but also maintains an ideal air humidity, allowing the tea leaves to fully absorb moisture and thrive.

The history of Wuyi tea can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties (479 - 502 AD), spanning over a thousand years. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Qiao praised Wuyi tea as "Late Sweetness Marquis"（晚甘候） in his letter "Sending Tea to Jiao Xingbu". During the Song Dynasty, literati such as Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi left behind poems like "The extraordinary tea by the stream surpasses all others in the world," indicating its widespread fame.

The unique geographical environment and climatic conditions of Wuyi Mountain have created the unparalleled quality of Wuyi rock tea. The soil here is mainly composed of decomposed rock and gravel, which has a unique structure and excellent air permeability. This allows the roots of the tea trees to stretch freely and fully absorb nutrients from the soil. With a deep accumulation of organic matter, warm winters and cool summers, and appropriate sunlight and rainfall, the tea trees are provided with a continuous supply of energy, enabling the tea leaves to grow more robustly. The decomposed rock and gravel soil of the Danxia landform, the warm winters and cool summers, and the micro-environment where "every rock has tea" jointly nurture the unique flavor of rock tea, known as "rocky bone and floral fragrance." Its appearance features tightly twisted strips with a dark brown and glossy color. After brewing, the leaves show a "green leaf with a red edge," and the liquor is golden, orange, or amber-colored, clear and bright. The aroma is predominantly floral and fruity, with hints of floral, milky, and fruity notes. The taste is mellow, sweet, and lively, fully displaying the unique ”rocky charm.”(岩韵）

Not only is the quality of Wuyi tea outstanding, but its production techniques are also unparalleled. From the picking 采摘 stage onwards, every step in the production of Da Hong Pao tea has strict standards. Picking is done on sunny days, selecting plump buds and leaves with a fresh color. After picking, the leaves are quickly spread out to dry, allowing the moisture to dissipate. Next comes the shaking 摇青 process, which damages the edge cells of the leaves, promoting the transformation of internal substances into unique aromas and flavors. The intensity and duration of shaking are flexibly adjusted according to the tea variety and environment, testing the experience and skill of the tea masters. The fixing 杀青 process uses high temperatures to stop enzymatic reactions, fixing the quality and aroma of the tea. The rolling 揉捻 process makes the tea leaves tightly twisted, breaking the cells to allow the juice to seep out, enhancing the flavor and aroma. Finally, the roasting 烘焙process is crucial, with light roasting resulting in a delicate aroma and a fresh taste, while heavy roasting produces a rich aroma and a mellow taste. The production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao is the only one among Chinese tea categories to be included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, marking the widespread recognition and high praise of Wuyi rock tea production techniques by the international community and making it a shared cultural treasure of humanity.

Throughout history, Wuyi tea has held a significant position. During the Song Dynasty, it became an important part of the Beiyuan tribute tea（北苑贡茶）. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court established a royal tea garden, supervising the production of tribute tea for 255 years. In the 17th century, Wuyi black tea (such as Lapsang Souchong 正山小种) was exported to Europe along the Tea Road, becoming the origin of British afternoon tea culture. The Swedish botanist Linnaeus used "Wuyi variety" (VAR BOHEA) to represent Chinese tea in his "Species Plantarum," highlighting the important international status of Wuyi tea.

Da Hong Pao, as the representative variety of Wuyi rock tea, has attracted much attention. There are six existing mother trees, which are over 350 years old. In 2006, the picking of mother tree Da Hong Pao was stopped, and the last 20 grams of tea leaves picked were auctioned for as high as 208,000 yuan.

Today, the tea industry in Wuyi Mountain is thriving. By 2025, the tea garden area in Wuyi Mountain will reach 148,000 mu (about 9,867 hectares), with the total output value of the tea industry chain reaching 13.5 billion yuan. Nearly half of the farmers' per capita income comes from tea. The vast tea gardens, like a green ocean, complement the Danxia landform of Wuyi Mountain, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

====Wuyi Mountain Neo-Confucian Culture====
Wuyi Mountain, known as the "Cradle of Neo-Confucianism in the South of the Yangtze River"（道南理窟） and the "Confucian Center of Fujian," （闽邦邹鲁）is the birthplace of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi formed an indelible bond with Wuyi Mountain, spending nearly 50 years of his life here, where he carried out his most important academic activities.

Zhu Xi first arrived in Wuyi Mountain at the age of 14 and returned in his later years. He chose Wuyi Mountain not only for its secluded scenery and remoteness from war but also because the charm of its mountains and waters resonated with his philosophical pursuits of "investigating things to gain knowledge" （格物致知）and "the unity of principle in multiplicity." （理一分殊） In 1183 AD, Zhu Xi founded the "Wuyi Academy" (later known as Ziyang Academy) at the foot of Yinping Peak by the Nine-Bend Stream in Wuyi Mountain. This seemingly simple academy quickly became a national academic hub. Zhu Xi lived in Chong'an for over 40 years, where he lived, wrote books, and gave lectures. He attracted over 200 scholars, including Cai Yuanding and Huang Gan, who came from far and wide. The influx of scholars made Wuyi Mountain a center of Neo-Confucianism on par with Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy, forming the influential Min School of Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi, as a master of Neo-Confucianism, and his question-and-answer sessions and debates with students constituted an important part of the Neo-Confucian thought system.

Here, Zhu Xi completed his masterpiece, "The Collected Commentaries on the Four Books"《四书章句集注》, which later became the standard textbook for the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, shaping the Chinese way of thinking and values for nearly eight hundred years. Neo-Confucian thought thus spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe and America, giving rise to schools such as Japanese Zhu Xi School and Korean Tui Xi School, demonstrating its wide and far-reaching influence.

The ideas advocated by Zhu Xi, such as "investigating things to gain knowledge" and "subduing human desires to uphold the heavenly principle"（存天理灭人欲）, have profoundly shaped the social ethics and cultural landscape of Wuyi Mountain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuyi Mountain became a renowned mountain of Neo-Confucianism, with scholars from past dynasties building houses and giving lectures here, creating a spectacle where "every streamside and peak base housed an academy."To this day, Wuyi Mountain still preserves over 450 inscriptions on cliffs by ancient outstanding figures such as Zhu Xi, which are valuable relics for studying ancient philosophy, thought, and culture and art.

The contemporary scholar Cai Shangsi once commented, "In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Confucius; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Zhu Xi. Chinese ancient culture is represented by Mount Tai and Wuyi Mountain." It fully demonstrates the important position of Zhu Xi and his Neo-Confucian thought in Chinese cultural history and highlights the unique charm of Wuyi Mountain as a sacred site of Neo-Confucianism.

===Reference===
[1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[2]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[3]武夷山市人民政府官网https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D
[4]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[5]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[6]福建省文物局. 文物里的福丨武夷精舍——为往圣继绝学!他被尊称为“朱子”，中华文化，传承有福[EB/OL]. http://wwj.wlt.fujian.gov.cn/wwzy/wwgy/zsgzlm/202512/t20251212_7045632.htm, 2025-12-12.
[7]武夷山文旅. 「茶灶」石刻:朱熹的诗意茶事与千年文脉[EB/OL]. https://m.toutiao.com/group/7485540661110899238/?upstream_biz=doubao, 2025-03-25.

===Terms and Expressions===
Dual World Heritage of Culture and Nature - 世界文化与自然双重遗产
National Key Nature Reserve - 国家重点自然保护区
National Scenic Area - 国家风景名胜区
buffer zone - 缓冲区
Danxia landform - 丹霞地貌
Jiuqu Stream - 九曲溪
Wuyi rock tea - 武夷岩茶
rock bone and floral fragrance - 岩骨花香
green leaves with red edges - 绿叶红镶边
Lapsang Souchong - 正山小种
Beiyuan tribute tea - 北苑贡茶
royal tea garden - 御茶园
fixing - 杀青
rolling - 揉捻
roasting - 烘焙
light roasting - 轻火烘焙
heavy roasting - 重火烘焙
investigating things to gain knowledge - 格物致知
the unity of principle and the diversity of its manifestations - 理一分殊
cliff inscriptions - 摩崖题刻

===Questions===
1.When was Wuyi Mountain inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
2.What two types of tea is Wuyi Mountain the birthplace of?
3.What is the special status of the production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao?
4.Who was the Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain?
5.What was the original name of the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain?

===Answers===
1.In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
2.Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea.
3.It is the only tea-making technique in China included in the national intangible cultural heritage.
4.The Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain was Zhu Xi.
5.In 1183 AD, the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain was originally named Wuyi Jingshe, later renamed Ziyang Academy.

===世界文化与自然双重遗产——武夷山===
====简介====
武夷山位于福建省西北部、闽赣两省交界处。是中国首批世界文化与自然双重遗产地，拥有国家重点自然保护区、国家风景名胜区等多张名片。1999年12月，武夷山被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。遗产区总面积999.75平方公里，其中核心区面积635.75平方公里，缓冲区面积364平方公里。
其独特的丹霞地貌、九曲溪的澄碧流转与群峰竞秀的自然景观久负盛名，然而更令武夷山熠熠生辉的，是它深厚悠远、影响深远的文化积淀。
====武夷山茶文化====
武夷山是乌龙茶与红茶的发源地。这片神奇的土地，仿佛被大自然赋予了孕育茶香的独特使命。武夷山地处亚热带季风气候区，温暖湿润，四季分明，为茶树的生长提供了极为适宜的气候条件。山间云雾缭绕，宛如轻纱般弥漫在茶园之上，既为茶树遮挡了强烈的阳光，避免茶叶被灼伤，又使得空气湿度保持在一个理想的范围，让茶叶能够充分吸收水分，茁壮成长。

武夷茶历史悠久，可追溯至南朝（公元479 - 502年），至今已有1000多年。唐代孙樵在《送茶与焦刑部书》中以“晚甘侯”称颂武夷茶，宋代范仲淹、苏轼等文人留下“溪边奇茗冠天下”等诗篇，足见其声名远扬。
武夷山独特的地理环境与气候条件，造就了武夷岩茶独一无二的品质。这里土壤以烂石砾壤为主，这种土壤结构独特，透气性极佳，能够让茶树的根系自由伸展，充分吸收土壤中的养分。有机物积累深厚，冬暖夏凉，光照与雨量适宜，为茶树提供了源源不断的能量，使得茶叶生长得更加茁壮。武夷山丹霞地貌的烂石砾壤、冬暖夏凉的气候，以及“岩岩有茶”的微域环境，共同孕育出岩茶“岩骨花香”的独特韵味。其外形条索紧结，色泽乌褐油润；冲泡后，叶底呈“绿叶红镶边”状，汤色金黄、橙黄或带琥珀色，清澈明亮；香气以花果香为主，兼有花香、乳香、果香等，滋味醇厚甘活，尽显独特岩韵。

武夷茶不仅品质卓越，制作技艺也堪称一绝。从采摘起，大红袍茶叶制作每个环节都有严格标准。采摘选晴朗天，挑芽叶肥壮、色泽鲜嫩的。采后迅速摊晾，散发水分。接着摇青，损伤边缘细胞，促内部物质转化成独特香气滋味，力度和时间依品种、环境等灵活调整，考验师傅经验技艺。杀青用高温停止酶促反应，固定品质香气。揉捻让茶叶紧结，破坏细胞使汁液渗出增滋味香气。最后烘焙，轻火烘焙香气清幽、口感鲜爽，重火烘焙香气浓郁、口感醇厚。武夷山大红袍制作技艺是中国茶类中唯一列入国家非物质文化遗产的制作技艺，标志着武夷岩茶制作技艺得到了国际社会的广泛认可和高度赞誉，成为了全人类共同的文化财富。

在历史的长河中，武夷茶地位斐然。宋代，它成为北苑贡茶的重要组成部分；元代，朝廷设立御茶园，督制贡茶长达255年；17世纪，武夷红茶（如正山小种）沿着万里茶道远销欧洲，成为英国下午茶文化的源头。瑞典植物学家林奈在《植物种类》中以“武夷种”（VAR BOHEA）代表中国茶，彰显了武夷茶在国际上的重要地位。
大红袍作为武夷岩茶的代表品种，备受瞩目。现存母树6株，已有350多年树龄。2006年，母树大红袍停止采摘，最后一次采摘的20克茶叶拍卖价高达20.8万元人民币。

如今，武夷山茶产业发展蓬勃。2025年，武夷山茶园面积达14.8万亩，茶叶全产业链产值达135亿元，农民人均收入近五成来自茶叶。漫山遍野的茶园宛如一片绿色的海洋，与武夷山的丹霞地貌相互映衬，构成了一幅美丽的田园画卷。
====武夷山理学文化====
武夷山，这座被誉为“道南理窟”“闽邦邹鲁”的文化圣地，是朱子理学的摇篮。南宋时期，理学家朱熹与武夷山结下了不解之缘，他在此度过了近50年的时光，人生中最重要的学术活动都在此展开。

朱熹14岁初到武夷山，晚年又重返此地。他之所以选择武夷山，不仅因为这里景色幽绝、远离战乱，更因为这山水的气韵与他所追求的“格物致知”“理一分殊”的哲学境界相契合。公元1183年，朱熹在武夷山九曲溪畔的隐屏峰下，创建了“武夷精舍”（后称紫阳书院）。这座看似简朴的书院，迅速成为当时全国的学术高地。朱熹寓居崇安40余年，在此生活、著书、讲学，吸引了蔡元定、黄干等200余名学者慕名而来，四方学者云集，使得武夷山一时俨然成为与岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院齐名的理学中心，形成了影响深远的闽学学派。朱熹集理学之大成，他与学生们的问答、辩难，构成了理学思想体系的重要部分。

朱熹在此完成了其代表作《四书章句集注》，这部著作后来成为元、明、清三朝科举考试的标准教材，塑造了此后近八百年来中国人的思维方式和价值观念。理学思想由此传播至东亚、东南亚及欧美，形成了日本朱子学、朝鲜退溪学等流派，彰显了其广泛而深远的影响力。

朱熹倡导的“格物致知”“存天理灭人欲”等思想，深刻塑造了武夷山的社会伦理与文化风貌。明清时期，武夷山成为理学名山，历代学者在此筑室讲学，形成了“溪畔峰麓皆书院”的盛况。至今，武夷山还留存着朱熹等古代杰出人物的450多处摩崖题刻，这些珍贵的遗迹是研究古代哲学思想和文化艺术的重要源头。

当代学者蔡尚思曾评价：“东周出孔丘，南宋有朱熹，中国古文化，泰山与武夷。”这一评价充分彰显了朱熹及其理学思想在中国文化史上的重要地位，也凸显了武夷山作为理学圣地的独特魅力。

===问题===
1. 武夷山是何时被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》的？
2. 武夷山是哪两种茶叶的发源地？
3. 武夷山大红袍制作技艺有着怎样的特殊地位？
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是谁？
5. 朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初的名称是什么？
===答案===
1. 1999 年 12 月，武夷山被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
2. 武夷山是乌龙茶和红茶的发源地。
3. 它是中国茶类中唯一被列入国家级非物质文化遗产的制作技艺。
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是朱熹。
5. 公元 1183 年，朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初名为武夷精舍，后更名为紫阳书院。

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2025-12-29T07:59:57Z

Lin Zhiyi: Created page with "==期末论文== ===World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain=== ====Introduction==== Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at..."

==期末论文==

===World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain===

====Introduction====
Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. It is one of China's first sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. It boasts multiple titles, including a national key nature reserve and a national scenic spot. In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The heritage site covers a total area of 999.75 square kilometers, with a core area of 635.75 square kilometers and a buffer zone of 364 square kilometers.

Its unique Danxia landform, the clear and meandering Nine-Bend Stream, and the picturesque peaks are well-known for their natural beauty. However, what truly makes Wuyi Mountain shine is its profound and far-reaching cultural heritage.

====Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture====
Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. This magical land seems to have been endowed by nature with a unique mission to nurture the fragrance of tea. Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate zone, Wuyi Mountain enjoys a warm and humid climate with distinct seasons, providing highly favorable conditions for the growth of tea trees. The mountains are often shrouded in mist, which, like a delicate veil, drapes over the tea gardens. This not only shields the tea trees from intense sunlight, preventing the leaves from being scorched, but also maintains an ideal air humidity, allowing the tea leaves to fully absorb moisture and thrive.

The history of Wuyi tea can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties (479 - 502 AD), spanning over a thousand years. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Qiao praised Wuyi tea as "Late Sweetness Marquis"（晚甘候） in his letter "Sending Tea to Jiao Xingbu". During the Song Dynasty, literati such as Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi left behind poems like "The extraordinary tea by the stream surpasses all others in the world," indicating its widespread fame.

The unique geographical environment and climatic conditions of Wuyi Mountain have created the unparalleled quality of Wuyi rock tea. The soil here is mainly composed of decomposed rock and gravel, which has a unique structure and excellent air permeability. This allows the roots of the tea trees to stretch freely and fully absorb nutrients from the soil. With a deep accumulation of organic matter, warm winters and cool summers, and appropriate sunlight and rainfall, the tea trees are provided with a continuous supply of energy, enabling the tea leaves to grow more robustly. The decomposed rock and gravel soil of the Danxia landform, the warm winters and cool summers, and the micro-environment where "every rock has tea" jointly nurture the unique flavor of rock tea, known as "rocky bone and floral fragrance." Its appearance features tightly twisted strips with a dark brown and glossy color. After brewing, the leaves show a "green leaf with a red edge," and the liquor is golden, orange, or amber-colored, clear and bright. The aroma is predominantly floral and fruity, with hints of floral, milky, and fruity notes. The taste is mellow, sweet, and lively, fully displaying the unique ”rocky charm.”(岩韵）

Not only is the quality of Wuyi tea outstanding, but its production techniques are also unparalleled. From the picking 采摘 stage onwards, every step in the production of Da Hong Pao tea has strict standards. Picking is done on sunny days, selecting plump buds and leaves with a fresh color. After picking, the leaves are quickly spread out to dry, allowing the moisture to dissipate. Next comes the shaking 摇青 process, which damages the edge cells of the leaves, promoting the transformation of internal substances into unique aromas and flavors. The intensity and duration of shaking are flexibly adjusted according to the tea variety and environment, testing the experience and skill of the tea masters. The fixing 杀青 process uses high temperatures to stop enzymatic reactions, fixing the quality and aroma of the tea. The rolling 揉捻 process makes the tea leaves tightly twisted, breaking the cells to allow the juice to seep out, enhancing the flavor and aroma. Finally, the roasting 烘焙process is crucial, with light roasting resulting in a delicate aroma and a fresh taste, while heavy roasting produces a rich aroma and a mellow taste. The production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao is the only one among Chinese tea categories to be included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, marking the widespread recognition and high praise of Wuyi rock tea production techniques by the international community and making it a shared cultural treasure of humanity.

Throughout history, Wuyi tea has held a significant position. During the Song Dynasty, it became an important part of the Beiyuan tribute tea（北苑贡茶）. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court established a royal tea garden, supervising the production of tribute tea for 255 years. In the 17th century, Wuyi black tea (such as Lapsang Souchong 正山小种) was exported to Europe along the Tea Road, becoming the origin of British afternoon tea culture. The Swedish botanist Linnaeus used "Wuyi variety" (VAR BOHEA) to represent Chinese tea in his "Species Plantarum," highlighting the important international status of Wuyi tea.

Da Hong Pao, as the representative variety of Wuyi rock tea, has attracted much attention. There are six existing mother trees, which are over 350 years old. In 2006, the picking of mother tree Da Hong Pao was stopped, and the last 20 grams of tea leaves picked were auctioned for as high as 208,000 yuan.

Today, the tea industry in Wuyi Mountain is thriving. By 2025, the tea garden area in Wuyi Mountain will reach 148,000 mu (about 9,867 hectares), with the total output value of the tea industry chain reaching 13.5 billion yuan. Nearly half of the farmers' per capita income comes from tea. The vast tea gardens, like a green ocean, complement the Danxia landform of Wuyi Mountain, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

====Wuyi Mountain Neo-Confucian Culture====
Wuyi Mountain, known as the "Cradle of Neo-Confucianism in the South of the Yangtze River"（道南理窟） and the "Confucian Center of Fujian," （闽邦邹鲁）is the birthplace of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi formed an indelible bond with Wuyi Mountain, spending nearly 50 years of his life here, where he carried out his most important academic activities.

Zhu Xi first arrived in Wuyi Mountain at the age of 14 and returned in his later years. He chose Wuyi Mountain not only for its secluded scenery and remoteness from war but also because the charm of its mountains and waters resonated with his philosophical pursuits of "investigating things to gain knowledge" （格物致知）and "the unity of principle in multiplicity." （理一分殊） In 1183 AD, Zhu Xi founded the "Wuyi Academy" (later known as Ziyang Academy) at the foot of Yinping Peak by the Nine-Bend Stream in Wuyi Mountain. This seemingly simple academy quickly became a national academic hub. Zhu Xi lived in Chong'an for over 40 years, where he lived, wrote books, and gave lectures. He attracted over 200 scholars, including Cai Yuanding and Huang Gan, who came from far and wide. The influx of scholars made Wuyi Mountain a center of Neo-Confucianism on par with Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy, forming the influential Min School of Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi, as a master of Neo-Confucianism, and his question-and-answer sessions and debates with students constituted an important part of the Neo-Confucian thought system.

Here, Zhu Xi completed his masterpiece, "The Collected Commentaries on the Four Books"《四书章句集注》, which later became the standard textbook for the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, shaping the Chinese way of thinking and values for nearly eight hundred years. Neo-Confucian thought thus spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe and America, giving rise to schools such as Japanese Zhu Xi School and Korean Tui Xi School, demonstrating its wide and far-reaching influence.

The ideas advocated by Zhu Xi, such as "investigating things to gain knowledge" and "subduing human desires to uphold the heavenly principle"（存天理灭人欲）, have profoundly shaped the social ethics and cultural landscape of Wuyi Mountain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuyi Mountain became a renowned mountain of Neo-Confucianism, with scholars from past dynasties building houses and giving lectures here, creating a spectacle where "every streamside and peak base housed an academy."To this day, Wuyi Mountain still preserves over 450 inscriptions on cliffs by ancient outstanding figures such as Zhu Xi, which are valuable relics for studying ancient philosophy, thought, and culture and art.

The contemporary scholar Cai Shangsi once commented, "In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Confucius; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Zhu Xi. Chinese ancient culture is represented by Mount Tai and Wuyi Mountain." It fully demonstrates the important position of Zhu Xi and his Neo-Confucian thought in Chinese cultural history and highlights the unique charm of Wuyi Mountain as a sacred site of Neo-Confucianism.

====Reference====
[1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88.
[2]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59.
[3]武夷山市人民政府官网https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D
[4]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668.
[5]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30.
[6]福建省文物局. 文物里的福丨武夷精舍——为往圣继绝学!他被尊称为“朱子”，中华文化，传承有福[EB/OL]. http://wwj.wlt.fujian.gov.cn/wwzy/wwgy/zsgzlm/202512/t20251212_7045632.htm, 2025-12-12.
[7]武夷山文旅. 「茶灶」石刻:朱熹的诗意茶事与千年文脉[EB/OL]. https://m.toutiao.com/group/7485540661110899238/?upstream_biz=doubao, 2025-03-25.

====Terms and Expressions====
Dual World Heritage of Culture and Nature - 世界文化与自然双重遗产
National Key Nature Reserve - 国家重点自然保护区
National Scenic Area - 国家风景名胜区
buffer zone - 缓冲区
Danxia landform - 丹霞地貌
Jiuqu Stream - 九曲溪
Wuyi rock tea - 武夷岩茶
rock bone and floral fragrance - 岩骨花香
green leaves with red edges - 绿叶红镶边
Lapsang Souchong - 正山小种
Beiyuan tribute tea - 北苑贡茶
royal tea garden - 御茶园
fixing - 杀青
rolling - 揉捻
roasting - 烘焙
light roasting - 轻火烘焙
heavy roasting - 重火烘焙
investigating things to gain knowledge - 格物致知
the unity of principle and the diversity of its manifestations - 理一分殊
cliff inscriptions - 摩崖题刻

====Questions====
1.When was Wuyi Mountain inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
2.What two types of tea is Wuyi Mountain the birthplace of?
3.What is the special status of the production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao?
4.Who was the Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain?
5.What was the original name of the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain?

====Answers====
1.In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
2.Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea.
3.It is the only tea-making technique in China included in the national intangible cultural heritage.
4.The Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain was Zhu Xi.
5.In 1183 AD, the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain was originally named Wuyi Jingshe, later renamed Ziyang Academy.

====世界文化与自然双重遗产——武夷山====
====简介====
武夷山位于福建省西北部、闽赣两省交界处。是中国首批世界文化与自然双重遗产地，拥有国家重点自然保护区、国家风景名胜区等多张名片。1999年12月，武夷山被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。遗产区总面积999.75平方公里，其中核心区面积635.75平方公里，缓冲区面积364平方公里。
其独特的丹霞地貌、九曲溪的澄碧流转与群峰竞秀的自然景观久负盛名，然而更令武夷山熠熠生辉的，是它深厚悠远、影响深远的文化积淀。
====武夷山茶文化====
武夷山是乌龙茶与红茶的发源地。这片神奇的土地，仿佛被大自然赋予了孕育茶香的独特使命。武夷山地处亚热带季风气候区，温暖湿润，四季分明，为茶树的生长提供了极为适宜的气候条件。山间云雾缭绕，宛如轻纱般弥漫在茶园之上，既为茶树遮挡了强烈的阳光，避免茶叶被灼伤，又使得空气湿度保持在一个理想的范围，让茶叶能够充分吸收水分，茁壮成长。

武夷茶历史悠久，可追溯至南朝（公元479 - 502年），至今已有1000多年。唐代孙樵在《送茶与焦刑部书》中以“晚甘侯”称颂武夷茶，宋代范仲淹、苏轼等文人留下“溪边奇茗冠天下”等诗篇，足见其声名远扬。
武夷山独特的地理环境与气候条件，造就了武夷岩茶独一无二的品质。这里土壤以烂石砾壤为主，这种土壤结构独特，透气性极佳，能够让茶树的根系自由伸展，充分吸收土壤中的养分。有机物积累深厚，冬暖夏凉，光照与雨量适宜，为茶树提供了源源不断的能量，使得茶叶生长得更加茁壮。武夷山丹霞地貌的烂石砾壤、冬暖夏凉的气候，以及“岩岩有茶”的微域环境，共同孕育出岩茶“岩骨花香”的独特韵味。其外形条索紧结，色泽乌褐油润；冲泡后，叶底呈“绿叶红镶边”状，汤色金黄、橙黄或带琥珀色，清澈明亮；香气以花果香为主，兼有花香、乳香、果香等，滋味醇厚甘活，尽显独特岩韵。

武夷茶不仅品质卓越，制作技艺也堪称一绝。从采摘起，大红袍茶叶制作每个环节都有严格标准。采摘选晴朗天，挑芽叶肥壮、色泽鲜嫩的。采后迅速摊晾，散发水分。接着摇青，损伤边缘细胞，促内部物质转化成独特香气滋味，力度和时间依品种、环境等灵活调整，考验师傅经验技艺。杀青用高温停止酶促反应，固定品质香气。揉捻让茶叶紧结，破坏细胞使汁液渗出增滋味香气。最后烘焙，轻火烘焙香气清幽、口感鲜爽，重火烘焙香气浓郁、口感醇厚。武夷山大红袍制作技艺是中国茶类中唯一列入国家非物质文化遗产的制作技艺，标志着武夷岩茶制作技艺得到了国际社会的广泛认可和高度赞誉，成为了全人类共同的文化财富。

在历史的长河中，武夷茶地位斐然。宋代，它成为北苑贡茶的重要组成部分；元代，朝廷设立御茶园，督制贡茶长达255年；17世纪，武夷红茶（如正山小种）沿着万里茶道远销欧洲，成为英国下午茶文化的源头。瑞典植物学家林奈在《植物种类》中以“武夷种”（VAR BOHEA）代表中国茶，彰显了武夷茶在国际上的重要地位。
大红袍作为武夷岩茶的代表品种，备受瞩目。现存母树6株，已有350多年树龄。2006年，母树大红袍停止采摘，最后一次采摘的20克茶叶拍卖价高达20.8万元人民币。

如今，武夷山茶产业发展蓬勃。2025年，武夷山茶园面积达14.8万亩，茶叶全产业链产值达135亿元，农民人均收入近五成来自茶叶。漫山遍野的茶园宛如一片绿色的海洋，与武夷山的丹霞地貌相互映衬，构成了一幅美丽的田园画卷。
====武夷山理学文化====
武夷山，这座被誉为“道南理窟”“闽邦邹鲁”的文化圣地，是朱子理学的摇篮。南宋时期，理学家朱熹与武夷山结下了不解之缘，他在此度过了近50年的时光，人生中最重要的学术活动都在此展开。

朱熹14岁初到武夷山，晚年又重返此地。他之所以选择武夷山，不仅因为这里景色幽绝、远离战乱，更因为这山水的气韵与他所追求的“格物致知”“理一分殊”的哲学境界相契合。公元1183年，朱熹在武夷山九曲溪畔的隐屏峰下，创建了“武夷精舍”（后称紫阳书院）。这座看似简朴的书院，迅速成为当时全国的学术高地。朱熹寓居崇安40余年，在此生活、著书、讲学，吸引了蔡元定、黄干等200余名学者慕名而来，四方学者云集，使得武夷山一时俨然成为与岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院齐名的理学中心，形成了影响深远的闽学学派。朱熹集理学之大成，他与学生们的问答、辩难，构成了理学思想体系的重要部分。

朱熹在此完成了其代表作《四书章句集注》，这部著作后来成为元、明、清三朝科举考试的标准教材，塑造了此后近八百年来中国人的思维方式和价值观念。理学思想由此传播至东亚、东南亚及欧美，形成了日本朱子学、朝鲜退溪学等流派，彰显了其广泛而深远的影响力。

朱熹倡导的“格物致知”“存天理灭人欲”等思想，深刻塑造了武夷山的社会伦理与文化风貌。明清时期，武夷山成为理学名山，历代学者在此筑室讲学，形成了“溪畔峰麓皆书院”的盛况。至今，武夷山还留存着朱熹等古代杰出人物的450多处摩崖题刻，这些珍贵的遗迹是研究古代哲学思想和文化艺术的重要源头。

当代学者蔡尚思曾评价：“东周出孔丘，南宋有朱熹，中国古文化，泰山与武夷。”这一评价充分彰显了朱熹及其理学思想在中国文化史上的重要地位，也凸显了武夷山作为理学圣地的独特魅力。

===问题===
1. 武夷山是何时被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》的？
2. 武夷山是哪两种茶叶的发源地？
3. 武夷山大红袍制作技艺有着怎样的特殊地位？
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是谁？
5. 朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初的名称是什么？
===答案===
1. 1999 年 12 月，武夷山被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
2. 武夷山是乌龙茶和红茶的发源地。
3. 它是中国茶类中唯一被列入国家级非物质文化遗产的制作技艺。
4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是朱熹。
5. 公元 1183 年，朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初名为武夷精舍，后更名为紫阳书院。

Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-19T16:01:26Z

Lin Zhiyi: /* 2025-11-27 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 */

Welcome to our course website [[Chinese Language and Culture - 2025]]! The AI website for our course is: https://dcg.de/ai/uni/chinese_language_culture.php

=Overview about this semester's student presentations=

== 📅 Presentation Schedule ==

=== 2025-10-16 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Luó Yǔyān || 罗语嫣 || 202570081748 || 275. Zhuazhou [[Media:Zhuazhou_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Qū Yuèníng || 曲悦宁 || 202570081750 || 267. Mazu culture
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Zhuóshàn || 李卓善 || 202570081692 || 282. Black Myth: Wukong [[Media:Black Myth: Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Mǐnjié || 张敏杰 || 202570081730 || 153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Qín Míngwén || 秦铭雯 || 202570081704 || 19. Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac [[Media:Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Zēng Lín || 曾琳 || 202570081670 || 27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy [[Media: calligraphy 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Dèng Xuě || 邓雪 || 202570081742 || Panda
|-
| 8 || Guō Xiǎopèi || 郭晓佩 || 202570081678 || 25. Body movements performance: traditional Chinese dance[[Media:Body_movements_performance_traditional_Chinese_dance.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Zhāng Xiāorán || 张潇然 || 202570081759 || Chinese Ancient Weapons
|}

=== 2025-10-23 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zēng Língkǎi || 曾凌楷 || 202570081774 || 213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) [[Media:Chinese Dreamcore 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Chén Kěxīn || 陈可心 || 202570081671 || The Five Famous Mountains [[Media:The_Five_Famous_Mountains_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Liú Jiāqí || 刘嘉琪 || 202570081696 || Chinese liquor culture
|-
| 4 || Wáng Guóshū || 王国姝 || 202570081753 || Red envelope and lucky money
|-
| 5 || Chén Qiānyùn || 陈仟运 || 202570081673 || 203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 [[Media:Chinese_horror_movies_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Hé Yí || 何怡 || 202570081743 || 262. The four pillars of destiny [[Media:The four pillars of destiny.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Zhāng Méiróng || 张梅容 || 202570081729 || 227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama (中国式霸总小说&短剧) [[Media:Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Lǐ Wénqīng || 李文清 || 202570081690 || 132. Porcelain [[Media:Chinese Porcelain.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Liú Zǐlíng || 刘紫玲 || 202570081699 || 185. Opera: Huangmei opera 黄梅戏[[Media:Opera:Huangmei opera.pptx]]
|-

=== 2025-10-24 (周五) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wēng Lánlín || 翁岚淋 || 202570081712 || 217. Cha Bai Xi / Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) [[Media:Cha_Bai_Xi_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Huáng Yàngyàng || 黄样样 || 202570081682 || 234. Dragon Lantern Dance [[Media:Dragondance.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Yòu || 李又 || 202570081691 || Kite-flying (放风筝)
|-
| 4 || Mǎ Yījiāo || 马一礁 || 202570081700 || 242. Hunan Rice Noodles (湖南米粉)[[Media:Hu Nan Rice Noodles.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Zhū Zhū || 朱珠 || 202570081738 || 37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy-Reading the Analects [[Media:Analects_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Wáng Rǎnrǎn || 王冉冉 || 202570081709 || Shandong cuisine 鲁菜
|-
| 7 || Yáng Shūwén || 杨淑雯 || 202570081722 || Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan [[Media: Breakfast_Culture_of_Wuhan_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Méi Xīléi || 梅希雷 || 202570081701 || 69. Language: Chinese Dialects[[Media:Language_Chinese_Dialects_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Liú Huì || 刘慧 || 202570081695 || 204. Stand-up Comedy [[Media:Stand-up Comedy.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-10-30 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Cáo Wén || 曹文 || 202570081669 || 171. Science and Technology: Taobao（淘宝）[[Media: Science and Technology: Taobao. pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Chén Míngbō || 陈明菠 || 202570081672 || Education: training Schools
|-
| 3 || Dèng Xīnyǔ || 邓欣雨 || 202570081674 || 253. Yuelu mountain 岳麓山[[Media:Yuelu Mountain（岳麓山）.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Dèng Xīn || 邓鑫 || 202570081675 || 196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles [[Media: Chinese Electric Vehicles.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Fāng Xiān || 方鲜 || 202570081676 || 100. Money Culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) [[Media:Money_Culture_Currency_Jiaozi_A_Paper_Currency_ in_Northern_Song_Dynasty_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Fú Róng || 符蓉 || 202570081677 || 225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（"村超"：中国乡村足球联赛）
|-
| 7 || Guō Yùróng || 郭玉熔 || 202570081679 || 14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese architecture [[Media:Fengshui_in_Architecture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Hè Jìngtóng || 贺婧童 || 202570081680 || 13. Three Great Towers in China[[Media:Three Great Towers in China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Hú Lěi || 胡磊 || 202570081681 || 193. Science and Technology: Buy together (PDD)[[Media:Science and Technology(PDD).pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Huáng Yáo || 黄瑶 || 202570081683 || Cheongsam
|-
| 11 || Martin Woesler || 吴漠汀 || xxx || Teacher presentation [[Media:02.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-06 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

周四换成：6 Wáng Zǐxīn 王紫新 202570081710 138.Round Table Culture；

周五换成：7 Líng Xīaoyáo 凌逍遥 202570081693 43.Chinese Folk Argot

Teacher presentation [[Media:02a.pptx]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Huáng Yīlín || 黄伊琳 || 202570081684 || Chinese incense culture
|-
| 2 || Jiǎng Kèyǔ || 蒋克雨 || 202570081686 || 221. Zhongyuan festival [[Media:Zhongyuan_Festival_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Kǒng Xiángyǎ || 孔祥雅 || 202570081687 || 266. Hui culture [[Media:Hui_culture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Lǐ Mèngxiá || 李孟霞 || 202570081688 || 243. Chinese names [[Media:Chinese_Names_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Lǐ Pàn || 李盼 || 202570081689 || 175. The Photo Retouching Culture in China [[Media:The_Photo_Retouching_Culture_in_China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Wáng Zǐxīn || 王紫新 || 202570081710 || 138.Round Table Culture [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Liú Dān || 刘丹 || 202570081694 || 232. Sun Wukong (孙悟空) [[Media:Sun_Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Liú Xīn || 刘欣 || 202570081697 || 170. Chinese Paper-cutting [[Media:Chinese_Paper-cutting_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Liú Yuán || 刘缘 || 202570081698 || Language: Hakka Dialect 1845
|}

=== 2025-11-07 (周五) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

Forum Discussion: Concept of Tianxia https://dcg.de/ai/uni/chinese_language_culture.php#tianxia

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Pān Liànyàn || 潘恋艳 || 202570081702 || 283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture [[Media:Guangdong morning tea.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Péng Xiāngrú || 彭湘茹 || 202570081703 || 5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia [[Media:Crying Marriage of Tujia.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Qū Yìyǐng || 曲奕颖 || 202570081705 || 216. The Story of Ming Lan 知否知否应是绿肥红瘦
|-
| 4 || Rèn Yàrú || 任亚茹 || 202570081706 || 63. Mogao Grottoes
|-
| 5 || Rèn Yíngyíng || 任盈盈 || 202570081707 || 263. Shaolin Temple
|-
| 6 || Shū Yǔlù || 舒雨璐 || 202570081708 || 133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song《青花瓷》
|-
| 7 || Líng Xiāoyáo || 凌逍遥 || 202570081693 || 70. Chinese folk argot
|-
| 8 || Wèi Fāngxīn || 魏方鑫 || 202570081711 || 152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks [[Media:Chopsticks_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Wú Hóngpíng || 吴洪萍 || 202570081713 || 31. Chinese clothing [[Media:Chinese Clothing_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Xiàng Xīnlěi || 向馨磊 || 202570081714 || 179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love
|}

=== 2025-11-13 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Xiàng Xuěbīng || 向雪冰 || 202570081715 || TBD - Xiàng Xuěbīng
|-
| 2 || Xiào Sūqín || 肖苏秦 || 202570081716 || 197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua-Velvet Flowers 绒花[[Media:The culture of Ronghua-Velvet Flowers 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Xióng Ruòyáo || 熊若瑶 || 202570081717 || 169. Cuisine: Luosifen [[Media: Luosifen_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Yán Zhéwén || 严哲文 || 202570081718 || 9. Architecture: The Forbidden City [[Media: Architecture The Forbidden City.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Yáng Hàodān || 杨皓丹 || 202570081719 || 209. Tofu meatball with pig blood(猪血丸子）[[Media: Tofu meatball with pig blood_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Yáng Jīnyǔ || 杨金雨 || 202570081720 || 96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine
|-
| 7 || Yáng Jìngwèi || 杨婧蔚 || 202570081721 || 45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera [[Media:Facial Make-up Face Changing in Sichuan Opera.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Yáng Xīrán || 杨晰然 || 202570081723 || 191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers [[Media: 191. The Culture of Flowers.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Yáng Yǔxuān || 杨宇轩 || 202570081724 || 20. Milk tea 奶茶[[Media:Milk Tea-.pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Yì Yǎlán || 易雅兰 || 202570081725 || 235.Bamboo Weaving 竹编 [[Media:Bamboo_Weaving_2025.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-20 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yú Chēn || 余琛 || 202570081726 || 174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 饺子 [[Media: Jiaozi.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Yuè Ziháo || 岳子豪 || 202570081727 || 108. Opera: Peking Opera (京剧)
|-
| 3 || Zhāng Lì || 张丽 || 202570081728 || 180. Tangyuan (汤圆)[[Media:Tangyuan_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Shuàichāo || 张帅超 || 202570081731 || Ancient Chinese education
|-
| 5 || Zhāng Yǔméng || 张雨蒙 || 202570081732 || 208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao (步摇)[[Media: Buyao_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Zhào Jǐntāo || 赵锦涛 || 202570081733 || Culture of Chinese Electric Car
|-
| 7 || Zhào Mǐn || 赵敏 || 202570081734 || Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China [[Media: Wu Zetian_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Zhào Yíxiāo || 赵怡潇 || 202570081735 || 205. Bride-price
|-
| 9 || Zhèng Shān || 郑珊 || 202570081736 || 278. The Beef Board Noodle
|-
| 10 || Zhōu Wénxuān || 周文萱 || 202570081737 || 23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing [[Media: Chinese Lion Dance.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-27 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zhù Yèhuī || 祝烨晖 || 202570081739 || 251. Rice Noodle Roll 肠粉 [[Media:251. Rice Noodle Roll.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǎqí || 陈雅琪 || 202570081740 || 157. Traditional Cuisine—hotpot [[Media: Traditional Cuisine— hotpot. pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Chén Yǔfēi || 陈宇飞 || 202570081741 || 91. Martial Arts: Wushu
|-
| 4 || Huáng Yǎqiàn || 黄雅倩 || 202570081745 || 93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) [[Media:Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Lín Zhǐyí || 林芷怡 || 202570081746 || 92. Frolics of the Five Animals (wuqinxi)[[Media:Frolics of the Five Animals (wuqinxi).pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Liú Kāngyí || 刘康怡 || 202570081747 || 112. Huagu Opera (花鼓戏)[[Media:Hunan Huagu Opera. pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Lǚ Píng || 吕萍 || 202570081749 || 102. Music and instruments: guzheng
|-
| 8 || Shěn Yàn || 沈燕 || 202570081751 || 241. Abacus (珠算)
|-
| 9 || Tán Tíngtíng || 谭婷婷 || 202570081752 || 202. The Legend of Zhen Huan《甄嬛传》[[Media:The Legend of Zhen Huan.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-12-04 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wèi Méng || 魏萌 || 202570081754 || Zhang Zhongjing
|-
| 2 || Xiè Xuán || 谢璇 || 202570081755 || 02. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese marriage customs (中式婚礼)
|-
| 3 || Yáng Tíng || 杨婷 || 202570081756 || 254. Traditional Crafts: Tie-Dye
|-
| 4 || Yáng Yǔqíng || 杨雨晴 || 202570081757 || 259. Female writers
|-
| 5 || Yáng Yuàn || 杨媛 || 202570081758 || 188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)
|-
| 6 || Zhāng Yuè || 张悦 || 202570081760 || 265. Cuisine: Changde Spicy Salted Duck
[[media: Cuisine：Changde Spicy Salted Duck.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Zhōu Xuán || 周璇 || 202570081761 || 186. The "reference" of Chinese Music (中国音乐的"借鉴")[[Media:The "reference" of Chinese Music.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Zhōu Yáng || 周洋 || 202570081762 || 148. Handcraft—Chinese knots
|-
| 9 || Guō Yǔtíng || 郭雨婷 || 202570081763 || 238. Three famous chinese mountains 中国三山
|-
| 10 || Jiāng Wǎnlíng || 姜宛灵 || 202570081685 || 1.Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development
|}

=== 2025-12-11 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Lǐ Fán || 李凡 || 202570081764 || 150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft 点翠
|-
| 2 || Péng Lùxī || 彭露曦 || 202570081765 || 52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play
|-
| 3 || Hú Mínghào || 胡明浩 || 202570081766 || 270. The Yingge Dance (英歌舞)
|-
| 4 || Huáng Lèlè || 黄乐乐 || 202570081767 || 6.The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China [[media: The Four Great male Beauties in Ancient China.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Jiāng Jiāyǔ || 姜佳宇 || 202570081768 || 224. Jiangxi Cuisine (赣菜) [[media: Jiangxi Cuisine (gancai).pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Liáng Yǔtóng || 梁羽彤 || 202570081769 || 256. Danmu (弹幕)
|-
| 7 || Péng Ruǐmiáo || 彭蕊苗 || 202570081770 || 178.Erhu(二胡）
|-
| 8 || Qín Níng || 秦宁 || 202570081771 || 28.The Evolution of Calligraphy(汉字的演变）
|-
| 9 || Wú Jǐnxuán || 吴瑾璇 || 202570081772 || 274. God of Wealth (财神)
|-
| 10 || Hé Yǐng || 何颖 || 202570081744 || 276. Nail art (美甲)[[media: Nail Art.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-12-18 (周四) - 共 8 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yǐn Ziháo || 尹子豪 || 202570081773 || Yǐn Ziháo
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǔjiā || 陈雨佳 || 202570081775 || 203. Beverages: Tea
|-
| 3 || Wāng Jīnyán || 汪金妍 || 202570081776 || 158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking
|-
| 4 || Yì Yǔtíng || 易雨婷 || 202570081777 || 268. Table manners
|-
| 5 || Hán Jiāyàn || 韩佳燕 || 202570081778 || 236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World[[Media:Landscapes and Tourism Harbin Ice and Snow World_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Liào Rútíng || 廖如婷 || 202570081779 || 255.Chinese style - sun protection[[Media:Chinese style - sun protection_2025.pptx]]
|
| 7 || Wáng Huìān || 王慧安 || 202570081780 || 128. TikTok (Douyin)[[Media:Douyin_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Wú Héng || 吴姮 || 202570081781 || 215. Live Streaming E-commerce (直播电商)[[Media:Live-streaming e-commerce_2025.pptx]]
|}

=Session 1 Thu Sep 25 19:00-21:35 room 613 - Organizational issues=

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 1 pptx presentations of 5 min. (without AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a interactive quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are 283 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

----
==Homework for every session==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook (if you have not much time, you can read it in Chinese), learn the vocabulary and make yourself familiar with the questions asked under the text.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

==Homework for Session 2==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve. You can click on https://bou.de/u and then "Register" in the top right corner, then input two times your pinyin name for username and real name in the way "Wang Jianguo", type in some info about yourself and submit the form with accepting the terms and conditions. More detailed instructions for registration you find in the powerpoint presentation which you can download from here ("Teacher presentation").

==Prepare ppt (10 students)==
Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations

Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?

Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)

Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?

Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?

Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?

Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?

Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?

Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?

Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?

Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?

Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?

Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?

Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on, plus an interactive quiz: The first ten presenters will have to present in two weeks!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197

21. Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai)

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246 (Tang Yan)

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi）

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606（Qin Yi)

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao)

77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841（Miao Yunlong）

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang)

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191 (Yang Yue2)

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272 (Fei Xinyu)

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283(Wang Huaixing)

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating)

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325

140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348

143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386（Zhang Huifang）

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480(Liu Peini)

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491(Xiao Zixin)

157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang)

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518……

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558 (She Xiao)

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573 Lv Jiahao

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 （Chen Sisi)

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644 （Liu Pei）

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694 (Liu Yunxi)

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719 (Fu Sihui)

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727 （Wang Xinyu）

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783(Du JIangping)

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845(Lu Wei)

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845 (Yang Jing)

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845 （Li Ting2）

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2)

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845 (Zhang Zixi)

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845 (Cai Yichun)

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845 (Tao Yao)

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845 (Ye Sitong)

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845 （Yang Jiahong2)

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845(Gao Xiaoqing)

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845(Huang Qiaoqiao)

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845 （Dong Jiating）

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845 （Ou Huang）

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845 （Lu Jiahui）

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845 (Liao Dan)

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845 (Shen Shuai)

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845 (Xiao Luyu)

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845 (Zhang Meiling)

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845 (Wang Yuxin)

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845 （Li Yuan2）

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845 (Cao Yuan)

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845 （Jin Yichen）

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845 (Chen Anqi)

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845 (Xu Xinwen)

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845 （Li Zihan2）

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845（Liu Chang）

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845 (Song Xin)

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845 (Chen Lin)

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845 (Gong Wei)

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845(Xiao Yikang)

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845(Li Linyao)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845（Du Yuan）

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845 （Liu Qi）

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845 （Yu Jingfang）

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845 ( Li Mingfeng )

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845（Liu Shutian）

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845（Chen Ting）

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845（Zhang Qi）

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845（Zhao Yashi）

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845 (Zhou Le)

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845 (Zhou Tianyi)

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845 (Liu Chao)

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) (Li Jiayi) 1845

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845 (Zuo Fang)

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Liu Jianan)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845 (Yan Jidong)

268. Table Manners 1845（Luo Yan）

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845 （Jiang Xinyue)

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845 （Shao Keyuan）

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845 (Zeng Zhi）

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845(Luo Sicheng)[[File:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845 （Zeng Xiaohui）

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845 （Luo Jiaxin）

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845 (Cheng Sixiang)

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845(Yan Xiang)

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845 （Luo Jingyan）

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845 (Guo Cili)

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845（Dai Yexun）

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845 （Zheng Jinlian）

=Session 02 Fri Feb 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Topics for today==
Please copy and paste your presentation topic, your name here and add your powerpoint file (size limit 10 MB)

You need to copy all the topics for the whole semester to the sessions NOW. If you do not do it sufficiently in advance, how can the fellow students prepare the texts?

Please remember that you have to indicate the 10 topics for Friday on the course website under "Session 2" with the topic name, student name, powerpoint uploaded (max size 10 MB), all presentations will be each on 1 topic only and cannot exceed 5 minutes. They have to be interactive and helpful from the perspective of an interpreter or translator who needs to prepare his/her work on this topic.

27. Chinese Calligraphy (Tang Yan) [[Media:Chinese_Calligraphy.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）[[Media:Mahjong-Jiang_Ziqiang.pptx]]

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）[[Media:The Summer Palace - Li Mei.pptx]]

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao) [[Media:Duan_Binyao_-76Su_Shi_and_Delegation_Literature.pptx]]

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Miao Yunlong)[[Media:Qian_Zhongshu_Miao_Yunlong.pptx]]

Tea Latte Art (Xiang Jianning)

Topic 7

Topic 8

Topic 9

Topic 10

=Session 03 Fri Mar 07 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Presentations==
1. Topic 21: Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai) [[Media:Tea_Spring_2025.pptx]] 86

2. Topic 64: Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606 (Qin Yi) [[Media:Mount_Tai_Spring_2025.pptx]]

3. Topic 101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang) [[Media:Lucky_Money_Spring_2025.pptx]]

4. Topic 107:National Symbols: Culture of the National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）[[Media:Culture_of_the_National_Flag_Spring_2025.pptx]]

5. Topic 155:Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480 (Liu Peini) [[Media:Wuhan_Breakfast_Spring_2025.pptx]]

6. Topic 157:Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang) [[Media:Hot_Pot_Spring_2025.pptx]]

7. Topic 126: China's four new inventions 1191(Yang Yue2).) [[Media:China's_Four_New_Great_Inventions_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Notes on presentations==
Most students did not do their homework. 素质 in Chinese and international culture. Taking over responsibility. Being independent. Making sure that things run. Taking care of others. Not to do the homework in time (displaying the 13 presentations of each session) has disadvantages also for the other students, who cannot prepare.

1. 14:43-49 Only Chinese tradition explained, not Indian, Egyptian etc. "Black tea" (in English all "hong cha" is called "black tea"), British tea culture (add milk)

2. 14:55-15:00 Personal origin: Shandong, personal experience: climbed Mount Tai 4 times, Sacrificial Culture, Culture of Literati, Folk Belief: God of Mount Tai, Blue Rosy Cloud Fairy; Spiritual Symbolism

3. 15:04-15:10 Legend, Tradition and Contrast, Significance; Sui Monster ya sui qian; contrast in the West: Giving money as a present is considered not as good as a present itself, giving money in an envelope has the bad taste of bribing (transparency.org); in China you can even go to the temple and pray for money

4. 15:29-15:34 historical details of design, red meaning “stop” internationally, “achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” (maybe a newer concept than the flag?), connection with earlier historical flags and other flags like of the communist movement, North Korea, ancient Soviet Union

5. 15:41-15:46 dialect terms (don’t use pinyin), analogy, breakfast is one of the most resilient cultural elements a person sticks to, guozao, 热干面, missing: characteristics like that it needs to be prepared quickly because the tradition of the dock workers

6. 15:56-16:01 hot pot history originated in China (?), regional differences within China 87

7. 16:02-16:06 4 new inventions - not explained that these inventions were invented in other countries. 86

==Student grades: 平时成绩/签到==

75/103 students, 24级 MA翻译, class representative: Zhang Jiaxin
# Jin Yichen
# lu jiahui
# li yuan
# cao yuan
# xiao luyu
# zhang jiaxin +5
# ye sitong
# zhao yashi
# jiang xinyue
# yan xiang
# fei xinyu
# zhang qi
# dai shiru
# zhang zixi
# zheng kaiwu
# cai yichun
# yang jing
# liao dan
# luo yan
# qin yi
# shao keyuan
# cao chunyang
# xu yangyang
# liao zuoyun
# cheng sixiang
# du jiangping
# liu qi
# miao yunlong
# huang qiaoqiao
# chen lin
# duan binyao
# li ting
# zeng zhi
# xing xueqing
# luo jingyan
# liu shutian
# gao xiaoqing
# chen zhen
# luo guoqiang -1-1-1
# she xiao
# he yunfeng
# liu ying
# du yuan
# li jiayi
# tao yao
# xu xinwen
# ou huang
# liu peini
# jiang ziqiang
# zhang huifang
# liu chao
# liu yunxi
# luo jiaxin
# li mei
# zeng xiaohui
# huang yixuan
# chen anqi
# chen ting
# zhang mai
# yuan xiaolin -1-1
# li mingfeng
# dai yexun-1-1
# yang pei -1
# tang yan
# xiang jianning-1
# liu chang -1
# wang yuxin
# lv jiahao-1
# dong jiating
# lu wei
# yang yue
# guo cili
# shen shuai
# Ouyang yihong
# li zihan -1
# zuo fang
# fu sihui
# xiao zixin -1
# zhou tianyi -1
# qi zhiyang -1-1
# liu pei
# gong wei
# chen sisi
# huang sinan
# xiao yikang
# yu jingfang
# luo sicheng
# yang jiahong
# yan jidong
# xiao yawen
# geng hongmei
# zhou le
# qiu ping
# wang huaixing
# wang xinyu
# chu hanqi
# wu jiating
# zhang meiling
# liu jianan
# song xin
# zhao qi
# zheng jinlian
# li linyao

=Session 04 Fri Mar 14 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 260：Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty(Liu Chao)[[Media:260 The Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty.pptx]]
#Topic 146: Traditional crafts: Xiang embroidery 1386(Zhang Huifang) [[Media:Hunan_embroidery_spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 153:Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)[[Media:Media Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx]]
#Topic 233: Traditional Chinese Pigments (Cao Yuan)[[Media:Traditional Chinese Pigments.pptx]]
#Topic 182: Chinese Economy: rich businessmen (Fu Sihui) [[Media:Rich_Businessmen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 156: Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick p. 1491 (Xiao Zixin) [[Media:Tanghulu_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 138: Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating) [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 174: Jiaozi (Liu Pei) [[Media:Dumplings_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing)

=Session 05 Fri Mar 21 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 50: Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi） [[Media:Weiqi_Go_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 110:Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)[[Media:Opera Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang.pptx]]
# Topic 131: Silk and porcelain: Silk (Fei Xinyu) [[Media:Silk_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 224: Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜）(Liao Dan) [[Media:Jiangxi_Cuisine.pptx]]
# Topic 169: Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 (Chen Sisi) ） [[Media:Luosifen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 167: History: Wang Shouren 1573 （Lv Jiahao)[[Media:History_Wang_Shouren_.pptx]]
# Topic 183: Jiangxi Gan Opera （Wang Xinyu） [[Media:Jiangxi Gan opera.pptx]]
# Topic 165: Worship: Chinese Incense Culture (She Xiao) [[Media:Chinese Incense Culture.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing) [Media: Silk and Porcelain]

=Session 06 Fri Mar 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=

#Topic 188:Mobile Games 手游 1783 （Du Jiangping）[[Media:Mobile_Game.pptx]]
#Topic 191:Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）)[[Media:Aesthetic_ideals_and_social_customs-_The_Culture_of_Flowers.pptx]]
#Topic 193:Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)
#Topic 195:Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)[[Media: Cuju.pptx]]
#Topic 202:The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)[[Media: The Legend of Zhen Huan.pptx]]
#Topic 203:Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)[[Media: Chinese Horror Movies.pptx]]
#Topic 185:Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）)[[Media: Huangmei Opera.pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

=HOLIDAY Session 07 Fri Apr 04 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Fri Apr 11 14:30-16:10 Zhishan Bldg. room 303 - Student presentations=
#Topic 133:Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing）
#Topic 179:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love（Liu Yunxi）[[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey(Xiao Yawen)
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]
#Topic 204:Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）
#Topic 220:Rice cake 年糕 (Dong Jiating)
#Topic 208:Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao(Yang Jing)[[Media:Chinese Traditional Ornament-Buyao.pptx]]
#Topic 209:Tofu meatball with nia blood(Li Ting2)[[Media:Pig_Blood_Balls.pptx]]
#Topic 212:Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2) [[Media:Training classes .pptx]]

=Session 09 Fri Apr 18 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 213: Chinese Dreamcore (Zhang Zixi)[[Media:Chinese Dreamcore.pptx]]
#Topic 215: Live-streaming e-commerce (Tao Yao)[[Media:Live-Streaming E-Commerce.pptx]]
#Topic 216: The Story of Ming Lan (Ye Sitong)[[Media:The Story of Minglan.pptx]]
#Topic 218: Guangdong Herbal tea (Gao Xiaoqing)
#Topic 219: Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） (Huang Qiaoqiao)[[Media:Seal carving.pptx]]
#Topic 207: Shan Dong Cuisine (Lu Wei) [[Media:Lu_Wei-207-Shandong_Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 221: Zhongyuan Festival (Ou Huang)[[Media:The Zhongyuan Festival.pptx]]
#Topic 223: The Return of the Pearl Princess (Lu Jiahui)[[Media:The Return of the Pearl Princess.pptx]]

=Session 10 Fri Apr 25 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 217: Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art（茶百戏）(Yang Jiahong)[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]
#Topic 225: Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）(Shen Shuai)
#Topic 227: Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)[[Media:Chinese_Bossy_Fictions_and_Microdramas.pptx]]
#Topic 229: Jingdezhen Porcelain(Xiao Luyu)[[Media:Jingdezhen Porcelain.pptx]]
#Topic 230: Gayageum（伽倻琴）(Zhang Meiling) [[Media:Gayageum.pptx]]
#Topic 231: The plague and couplet in Chinese garden(Wang Yuxin)[[Media:The Plague and Couplets in Chinese Garden.pptx]]
#Topic 232: Sun Wukong(Li Yuan)[[Media:0425 Sun Wukong.pptx]]
#Topic 234: Dragon Lantern Dance(Jin Yichen)[[Media:Jin Yichen Dragon Lantern Dance.pptx]]
#Topic 235: Bamboo Weaving(Chen Anqi)[[Media:Bamboo Weaving.pptx]]
#Topic 236: Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World(Xu Xinwen)[[Media:Harbin Ice and Snow World.pptx]]

==Please enroll in ai platform==
Please enroll (register) in the platform https://dcg.de/ai/

=HOLIDAY Session 11 Fri May 02 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
劳动节5月1日——5月5日

=Session 12 Tue May 06 10:00-11:40 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 238: Three Famous Chinese Mountains(Liu Chang)
#Topic 239: Female emperor-Wu Zetian(女皇武则天)(Song Xin) [[Media:Wu Zetian.pptx]]
#Topic 240: Clay sculpture (泥塑）(Chen Lin)[[Media:Clay Sculpture.pptx]]
#Topic 242: Hunan Rice Noodles(Gong Wei)[[Media:Hunan Rice Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 244: Chinese Popular Memes(中国网络流行热梗）(Xiao Yikang)[[Media:Chinese popular Memes.pptx]]
#Topic 245: Douzhi (豆汁)(Li Linyao)[[Media:Douzhi.pptx]]
#Topic 246: New Year Wood-block Paintings(Du Yuan)[[Media:Du Yuan New Year Wood-block Painting.pptx]]
#Topic 247: Carved lacquer（雕漆）(Liu Qi)[[Media:Carved lacquer.pptx]]
#Topic 237: Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)(Li Zihan)

==Regarding Wu Zetian‘s blank Steele==
关于武则天的“无字碑”（又称“无字碑记”）为何没有刻字，学界和民间流传着几种主要的假设：
#功过自有后人评说（最广为流传）：武则天希望后世自己来评价她的一生，不愿由自己或当时的人定论。这种说法强调了她的自信与超越常规。
#避讳批评或争议：武则天是中国历史上唯一的女皇帝，争议颇多。她可能认为无论写什么内容都容易引发非议，因此选择不刻字以避免争议。
#彰显佛教思想：她信奉佛教，而佛教讲究“空”与“无”，无字碑可能象征“空性”或“无常”，体现她的宗教哲学。
#未来自我书写：也有人猜测她原计划晚年或死前再刻碑文，但去世后未及实现，遂留下空碑。
#彰显权力与独特性：无字碑作为一种非同寻常的表达形式，也可视为权力和个性的象征，显示她与众不同的统治地位。

⸻

English Translation:

There are several main hypotheses about why Wu Zetian’s stele (often called the “Wordless Stele”) bears no inscription:
#“Let future generations judge” (most popular view): Wu Zetian may have wanted her life and legacy to be judged by later generations rather than writing her own praise. This interpretation highlights her confidence and forward-thinking.
#To avoid criticism or controversy: As the only female emperor in Chinese history, Wu Zetian was a controversial figure. She may have felt that any written content could provoke criticism, so she left it blank.
#Reflecting Buddhist philosophy: A devout Buddhist, she may have chosen to leave the stele blank as a symbol of “emptiness” or impermanence, ideas central to Buddhist thought.
#Intended to write later: Some believe she planned to inscribe it later in life but passed away before doing so, leaving the monument unfinished.
#Symbol of power and uniqueness: A blank stele could also serve as a unique and powerful statement, emphasizing her exceptional status and breaking with traditional forms.

=Session 13 Fri May 09 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 248: Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山）(Yu Jingfang) [[Media:Jing_Gang_Mountain_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 251: Rice noodle roll (Li Mingfeng)[[File:Rice Noodle Roll.pptx]]
#Topic 252: Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine (Liu Shutian)[[Media:Northeastern Chinese Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 253: Yuelu Mountain (Chen Ting) [[Media:Yuelu_Mountain.pptx]]
#Topic 254: Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye (Zhang Qi)[[Media:Traditional_Crafts_Tie-Dye.pptx]]
#Topic 255: Chinese-style sun protection (Zhao Yashi)[[ File:Chinese-style Sun Protection.pdf]]
#Topic 256: Danmu（弹幕）(Zhou Le)[[Media:Danmu.pptx]]
#Topic 259: Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua (Zhou Tianyi)[[Media:Voices of Chinese Female Writers.pptx]]
#Topic 214: Luban China's inventor (Cai Yichun)[[Media:Luban_China's_Inventor.pptx]]

=Session 14 Fri May 23 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 262: The Four Pillars of Destiny(Li Jiayi) [[Media:Eight Characters.pptx]]
#Topic 263: Shaolin Temple(Zuo Fang) [[Media:Shaolin Temple.pptx]]
#Topic 265: Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck(Xing Xueqing)[[Media:Changde spicy salted duck.pptx]]
#15:25-15:30 Topic 266: Hui Culture (徽文化)(Liu Jianan)[[Media:Hui Culture.pptx]]
#15:30- Topic 267: Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化)(Yan Jidong)[[Media:Mazu culture.pptx]]
#15:35- Topic 268: Table manner(Luo Yan)[[Media:Table manner.pptx]]
#15:40- Topic 270: Yingge Dance(Jiang Xinyue)[[Media:Yingge Dance.pptx]]
#15:45- Topic 271: Palace Lantern(Shao Keyuan)[[Media:Palace_Lantern.pptx]]
#15:50- Topic 272: Chinese Endearing Terms(Zeng Zhi)[[Media:Chinese Endearing Terms.pptx]]

15:55-16:10 Check final exam paper topics

=Session 15 Tue May 27 10:00-11:30 中和楼 213 (moved from Fri May 30 14:30-16:10 room 613) - Student presentations=
#Topic 273: Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐）(Luo Sicheng)[[Media:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]
#<nowiki>Topic 274:</nowiki> God of wealth(Liu Ying)[[Media:God of Wealth.pptx]]
#Topic 275: Zhua zhou (抓周）(Zeng Xiaohui) [[Media:Zhuazhou.pptx]]
#Topic 276: Nail art(Luo Jiaxin)[[Media:Nail_Art.pptx]]
#Topic 277: Mirror(Cheng Sixiang)[[Media:Mirror_Cheng Sixiang.pptx]]
#Topic 278: The Beef Board Noodles(Yan Xiang)[[Media:Beef Board Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 279: Huo Qubing(Luo Jingyan)
#Topic 280: Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院）(Guo Cili)[[Media:Chinese Courtyard Houses-Guo Cili.pptx]]
#Topic 281: yangqin(Dai Yexun)[[Media:Yangqin.pptx]]

=Session 16 Fri Jun 6 14:30-16:10 room 613=
#Topic 282: Black Myth: Wukong (Chen Zhen)
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture (Yuan Xiaolin)[[Media:Guangdong_Morning_Tea.pptx]]
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化）(Zheng Jinlian)[[Media:Guangdong Morning Tea Culture-Zheng Jinlian.pptx]]
#Topic:(Luo Guoqiang) Liuyang Fireworks

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。

=Deadline extended to June 20, 2025 - Final Exam=
<span style="color:red">Please upload your ppt if you not have done so so far.</span>
[[Media:282_Black_Myth_Wukong_Chen_Zhen.pptx]]

Topic 196:[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]

==Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations==
#Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?
#Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)
#Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?
#Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?
#Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?
#Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?
#Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?
#Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?
#Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?
#Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?
#Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?
#Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?
#Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。
自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。

File:Frolics of the Five Animals (wuqinxi).pptx

2025-12-19T15:39:09Z

Lin Zhiyi:

Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-19T15:35:32Z

Lin Zhiyi: /* 2025-11-27 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 */

Welcome to our course website [[Chinese Language and Culture - 2025]]! The AI website for our course is: https://dcg.de/ai/uni/chinese_language_culture.php

=Overview about this semester's student presentations=

== 📅 Presentation Schedule ==

=== 2025-10-16 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Luó Yǔyān || 罗语嫣 || 202570081748 || 275. Zhuazhou [[Media:Zhuazhou_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Qū Yuèníng || 曲悦宁 || 202570081750 || 267. Mazu culture
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Zhuóshàn || 李卓善 || 202570081692 || 282. Black Myth: Wukong [[Media:Black Myth: Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Mǐnjié || 张敏杰 || 202570081730 || 153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Qín Míngwén || 秦铭雯 || 202570081704 || 19. Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac [[Media:Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Zēng Lín || 曾琳 || 202570081670 || 27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy [[Media: calligraphy 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Dèng Xuě || 邓雪 || 202570081742 || Panda
|-
| 8 || Guō Xiǎopèi || 郭晓佩 || 202570081678 || 25. Body movements performance: traditional Chinese dance[[Media:Body_movements_performance_traditional_Chinese_dance.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Zhāng Xiāorán || 张潇然 || 202570081759 || Chinese Ancient Weapons
|}

=== 2025-10-23 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zēng Língkǎi || 曾凌楷 || 202570081774 || 213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) [[Media:Chinese Dreamcore 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Chén Kěxīn || 陈可心 || 202570081671 || The Five Famous Mountains [[Media:The_Five_Famous_Mountains_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Liú Jiāqí || 刘嘉琪 || 202570081696 || Chinese liquor culture
|-
| 4 || Wáng Guóshū || 王国姝 || 202570081753 || Red envelope and lucky money
|-
| 5 || Chén Qiānyùn || 陈仟运 || 202570081673 || 203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 [[Media:Chinese_horror_movies_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Hé Yí || 何怡 || 202570081743 || 262. The four pillars of destiny [[Media:The four pillars of destiny.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Zhāng Méiróng || 张梅容 || 202570081729 || 227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama (中国式霸总小说&短剧) [[Media:Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Lǐ Wénqīng || 李文清 || 202570081690 || 132. Porcelain [[Media:Chinese Porcelain.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Liú Zǐlíng || 刘紫玲 || 202570081699 || 185. Opera: Huangmei opera 黄梅戏[[Media:Opera:Huangmei opera.pptx]]
|-

=== 2025-10-24 (周五) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wēng Lánlín || 翁岚淋 || 202570081712 || 217. Cha Bai Xi / Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) [[Media:Cha_Bai_Xi_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Huáng Yàngyàng || 黄样样 || 202570081682 || 234. Dragon Lantern Dance [[Media:Dragondance.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Yòu || 李又 || 202570081691 || Kite-flying (放风筝)
|-
| 4 || Mǎ Yījiāo || 马一礁 || 202570081700 || 242. Hunan Rice Noodles (湖南米粉)[[Media:Hu Nan Rice Noodles.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Zhū Zhū || 朱珠 || 202570081738 || 37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy-Reading the Analects [[Media:Analects_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Wáng Rǎnrǎn || 王冉冉 || 202570081709 || Shandong cuisine 鲁菜
|-
| 7 || Yáng Shūwén || 杨淑雯 || 202570081722 || Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan [[Media: Breakfast_Culture_of_Wuhan_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Méi Xīléi || 梅希雷 || 202570081701 || 69. Language: Chinese Dialects[[Media:Language_Chinese_Dialects_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Liú Huì || 刘慧 || 202570081695 || 204. Stand-up Comedy [[Media:Stand-up Comedy.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-10-30 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Cáo Wén || 曹文 || 202570081669 || 171. Science and Technology: Taobao（淘宝）[[Media: Science and Technology: Taobao. pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Chén Míngbō || 陈明菠 || 202570081672 || Education: training Schools
|-
| 3 || Dèng Xīnyǔ || 邓欣雨 || 202570081674 || 253. Yuelu mountain 岳麓山[[Media:Yuelu Mountain（岳麓山）.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Dèng Xīn || 邓鑫 || 202570081675 || 196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles [[Media: Chinese Electric Vehicles.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Fāng Xiān || 方鲜 || 202570081676 || 100. Money Culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) [[Media:Money_Culture_Currency_Jiaozi_A_Paper_Currency_ in_Northern_Song_Dynasty_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Fú Róng || 符蓉 || 202570081677 || 225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（"村超"：中国乡村足球联赛）
|-
| 7 || Guō Yùróng || 郭玉熔 || 202570081679 || 14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese architecture [[Media:Fengshui_in_Architecture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Hè Jìngtóng || 贺婧童 || 202570081680 || 13. Three Great Towers in China[[Media:Three Great Towers in China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Hú Lěi || 胡磊 || 202570081681 || 193. Science and Technology: Buy together (PDD)[[Media:Science and Technology(PDD).pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Huáng Yáo || 黄瑶 || 202570081683 || Cheongsam
|-
| 11 || Martin Woesler || 吴漠汀 || xxx || Teacher presentation [[Media:02.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-06 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

周四换成：6 Wáng Zǐxīn 王紫新 202570081710 138.Round Table Culture；

周五换成：7 Líng Xīaoyáo 凌逍遥 202570081693 43.Chinese Folk Argot

Teacher presentation [[Media:02a.pptx]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Huáng Yīlín || 黄伊琳 || 202570081684 || Chinese incense culture
|-
| 2 || Jiǎng Kèyǔ || 蒋克雨 || 202570081686 || 221. Zhongyuan festival [[Media:Zhongyuan_Festival_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Kǒng Xiángyǎ || 孔祥雅 || 202570081687 || 266. Hui culture [[Media:Hui_culture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Lǐ Mèngxiá || 李孟霞 || 202570081688 || 243. Chinese names [[Media:Chinese_Names_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Lǐ Pàn || 李盼 || 202570081689 || 175. The Photo Retouching Culture in China [[Media:The_Photo_Retouching_Culture_in_China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Wáng Zǐxīn || 王紫新 || 202570081710 || 138.Round Table Culture [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Liú Dān || 刘丹 || 202570081694 || 232. Sun Wukong (孙悟空) [[Media:Sun_Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Liú Xīn || 刘欣 || 202570081697 || 170. Chinese Paper-cutting [[Media:Chinese_Paper-cutting_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Liú Yuán || 刘缘 || 202570081698 || Language: Hakka Dialect 1845
|}

=== 2025-11-07 (周五) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

Forum Discussion: Concept of Tianxia https://dcg.de/ai/uni/chinese_language_culture.php#tianxia

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Pān Liànyàn || 潘恋艳 || 202570081702 || 283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture [[Media:Guangdong morning tea.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Péng Xiāngrú || 彭湘茹 || 202570081703 || 5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia [[Media:Crying Marriage of Tujia.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Qū Yìyǐng || 曲奕颖 || 202570081705 || 216. The Story of Ming Lan 知否知否应是绿肥红瘦
|-
| 4 || Rèn Yàrú || 任亚茹 || 202570081706 || 63. Mogao Grottoes
|-
| 5 || Rèn Yíngyíng || 任盈盈 || 202570081707 || 263. Shaolin Temple
|-
| 6 || Shū Yǔlù || 舒雨璐 || 202570081708 || 133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song《青花瓷》
|-
| 7 || Líng Xiāoyáo || 凌逍遥 || 202570081693 || 70. Chinese folk argot
|-
| 8 || Wèi Fāngxīn || 魏方鑫 || 202570081711 || 152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks [[Media:Chopsticks_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Wú Hóngpíng || 吴洪萍 || 202570081713 || 31. Chinese clothing [[Media:Chinese Clothing_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Xiàng Xīnlěi || 向馨磊 || 202570081714 || 179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love
|}

=== 2025-11-13 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Xiàng Xuěbīng || 向雪冰 || 202570081715 || TBD - Xiàng Xuěbīng
|-
| 2 || Xiào Sūqín || 肖苏秦 || 202570081716 || 197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua-Velvet Flowers 绒花[[Media:The culture of Ronghua-Velvet Flowers 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Xióng Ruòyáo || 熊若瑶 || 202570081717 || 169. Cuisine: Luosifen [[Media: Luosifen_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Yán Zhéwén || 严哲文 || 202570081718 || 9. Architecture: The Forbidden City [[Media: Architecture The Forbidden City.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Yáng Hàodān || 杨皓丹 || 202570081719 || 209. Tofu meatball with pig blood(猪血丸子）[[Media: Tofu meatball with pig blood_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Yáng Jīnyǔ || 杨金雨 || 202570081720 || 96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine
|-
| 7 || Yáng Jìngwèi || 杨婧蔚 || 202570081721 || 45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera [[Media:Facial Make-up Face Changing in Sichuan Opera.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Yáng Xīrán || 杨晰然 || 202570081723 || 191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers [[Media: 191. The Culture of Flowers.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Yáng Yǔxuān || 杨宇轩 || 202570081724 || 20. Milk tea 奶茶[[Media:Milk Tea-.pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Yì Yǎlán || 易雅兰 || 202570081725 || 235.Bamboo Weaving 竹编 [[Media:Bamboo_Weaving_2025.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-20 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yú Chēn || 余琛 || 202570081726 || 174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 饺子 [[Media: Jiaozi.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Yuè Ziháo || 岳子豪 || 202570081727 || 108. Opera: Peking Opera (京剧)
|-
| 3 || Zhāng Lì || 张丽 || 202570081728 || 180. Tangyuan (汤圆)[[Media:Tangyuan_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Shuàichāo || 张帅超 || 202570081731 || Ancient Chinese education
|-
| 5 || Zhāng Yǔméng || 张雨蒙 || 202570081732 || 208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao (步摇)[[Media: Buyao_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Zhào Jǐntāo || 赵锦涛 || 202570081733 || Culture of Chinese Electric Car
|-
| 7 || Zhào Mǐn || 赵敏 || 202570081734 || Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China [[Media: Wu Zetian_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Zhào Yíxiāo || 赵怡潇 || 202570081735 || 205. Bride-price
|-
| 9 || Zhèng Shān || 郑珊 || 202570081736 || 278. The Beef Board Noodle
|-
| 10 || Zhōu Wénxuān || 周文萱 || 202570081737 || 23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing [[Media: Chinese Lion Dance.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-27 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zhù Yèhuī || 祝烨晖 || 202570081739 || 251. Rice Noodle Roll 肠粉 [[Media:251. Rice Noodle Roll.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǎqí || 陈雅琪 || 202570081740 || 157. Traditional Cuisine—hotpot [[Media: Traditional Cuisine— hotpot. pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Chén Yǔfēi || 陈宇飞 || 202570081741 || 91. Martial Arts: Wushu
|-
| 4 || Huáng Yǎqiàn || 黄雅倩 || 202570081745 || 93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) [[Media:Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Lín Zhǐyí || 林芷怡 || 202570081746 || 92. Frolics of the Five Animals (wuqinxi)[[Media:Frolics of the Five Animals (wuqinxi).pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Liú Kāngyí || 刘康怡 || 202570081747 || 112. Huagu Opera (花鼓戏)[[Media: Hunan Huagu Opera. pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Lǚ Píng || 吕萍 || 202570081749 || 102. Music and instruments: guzheng
|-
| 8 || Shěn Yàn || 沈燕 || 202570081751 || 241. Abacus (珠算)
|-
| 9 || Tán Tíngtíng || 谭婷婷 || 202570081752 || 202. The Legend of Zhen Huan《甄嬛传》[[Media:The Legend of Zhen Huan.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-12-04 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wèi Méng || 魏萌 || 202570081754 || Zhang Zhongjing
|-
| 2 || Xiè Xuán || 谢璇 || 202570081755 || 02. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese marriage customs (中式婚礼)
|-
| 3 || Yáng Tíng || 杨婷 || 202570081756 || 254. Traditional Crafts: Tie-Dye
|-
| 4 || Yáng Yǔqíng || 杨雨晴 || 202570081757 || 259. Female writers
|-
| 5 || Yáng Yuàn || 杨媛 || 202570081758 || 188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)
|-
| 6 || Zhāng Yuè || 张悦 || 202570081760 || 265. Cuisine: Changde Spicy Salted Duck
[[media: Cuisine：Changde Spicy Salted Duck.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Zhōu Xuán || 周璇 || 202570081761 || 186. The "reference" of Chinese Music (中国音乐的"借鉴")[[Media:The "reference" of Chinese Music.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Zhōu Yáng || 周洋 || 202570081762 || 148. Handcraft—Chinese knots
|-
| 9 || Guō Yǔtíng || 郭雨婷 || 202570081763 || 238. Three famous chinese mountains 中国三山
|-
| 10 || Jiāng Wǎnlíng || 姜宛灵 || 202570081685 || 1.Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development
|}

=== 2025-12-11 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Lǐ Fán || 李凡 || 202570081764 || 150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft 点翠
|-
| 2 || Péng Lùxī || 彭露曦 || 202570081765 || 52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play
|-
| 3 || Hú Mínghào || 胡明浩 || 202570081766 || 270. The Yingge Dance (英歌舞)
|-
| 4 || Huáng Lèlè || 黄乐乐 || 202570081767 || 6.The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China [[media: The Four Great male Beauties in Ancient China.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Jiāng Jiāyǔ || 姜佳宇 || 202570081768 || 224. Jiangxi Cuisine (赣菜) [[media: Jiangxi Cuisine (gancai).pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Liáng Yǔtóng || 梁羽彤 || 202570081769 || 256. Danmu (弹幕)
|-
| 7 || Péng Ruǐmiáo || 彭蕊苗 || 202570081770 || 178.Erhu(二胡）
|-
| 8 || Qín Níng || 秦宁 || 202570081771 || 28.The Evolution of Calligraphy(汉字的演变）
|-
| 9 || Wú Jǐnxuán || 吴瑾璇 || 202570081772 || 274. God of Wealth (财神)
|-
| 10 || Hé Yǐng || 何颖 || 202570081744 || 276. Nail art (美甲)[[media: Nail Art.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-12-18 (周四) - 共 8 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yǐn Ziháo || 尹子豪 || 202570081773 || Yǐn Ziháo
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǔjiā || 陈雨佳 || 202570081775 || 203. Beverages: Tea
|-
| 3 || Wāng Jīnyán || 汪金妍 || 202570081776 || 158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking
|-
| 4 || Yì Yǔtíng || 易雨婷 || 202570081777 || 268. Table manners
|-
| 5 || Hán Jiāyàn || 韩佳燕 || 202570081778 || 236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World[[Media:Landscapes and Tourism Harbin Ice and Snow World_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Liào Rútíng || 廖如婷 || 202570081779 || 255.Chinese style - sun protection[[Media:Chinese style - sun protection_2025.pptx]]
|
| 7 || Wáng Huìān || 王慧安 || 202570081780 || 128. TikTok (Douyin)[[Media:Douyin_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Wú Héng || 吴姮 || 202570081781 || 215. Live Streaming E-commerce (直播电商)[[Media:Live-streaming e-commerce_2025.pptx]]
|}

=Session 1 Thu Sep 25 19:00-21:35 room 613 - Organizational issues=

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 1 pptx presentations of 5 min. (without AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a interactive quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are 283 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

----
==Homework for every session==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook (if you have not much time, you can read it in Chinese), learn the vocabulary and make yourself familiar with the questions asked under the text.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

==Homework for Session 2==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve. You can click on https://bou.de/u and then "Register" in the top right corner, then input two times your pinyin name for username and real name in the way "Wang Jianguo", type in some info about yourself and submit the form with accepting the terms and conditions. More detailed instructions for registration you find in the powerpoint presentation which you can download from here ("Teacher presentation").

==Prepare ppt (10 students)==
Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations

Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?

Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)

Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?

Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?

Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?

Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?

Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?

Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?

Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?

Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?

Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?

Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?

Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on, plus an interactive quiz: The first ten presenters will have to present in two weeks!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197

21. Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai)

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246 (Tang Yan)

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi）

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606（Qin Yi)

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao)

77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841（Miao Yunlong）

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang)

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191 (Yang Yue2)

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272 (Fei Xinyu)

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283(Wang Huaixing)

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating)

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325

140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348

143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386（Zhang Huifang）

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480(Liu Peini)

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491(Xiao Zixin)

157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang)

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518……

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558 (She Xiao)

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573 Lv Jiahao

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 （Chen Sisi)

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644 （Liu Pei）

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694 (Liu Yunxi)

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719 (Fu Sihui)

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727 （Wang Xinyu）

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783(Du JIangping)

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845(Lu Wei)

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845 (Yang Jing)

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845 （Li Ting2）

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2)

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845 (Zhang Zixi)

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845 (Cai Yichun)

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845 (Tao Yao)

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845 (Ye Sitong)

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845 （Yang Jiahong2)

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845(Gao Xiaoqing)

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845(Huang Qiaoqiao)

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845 （Dong Jiating）

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845 （Ou Huang）

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845 （Lu Jiahui）

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845 (Liao Dan)

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845 (Shen Shuai)

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845 (Xiao Luyu)

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845 (Zhang Meiling)

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845 (Wang Yuxin)

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845 （Li Yuan2）

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845 (Cao Yuan)

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845 （Jin Yichen）

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845 (Chen Anqi)

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845 (Xu Xinwen)

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845 （Li Zihan2）

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845（Liu Chang）

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845 (Song Xin)

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845 (Chen Lin)

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845 (Gong Wei)

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845(Xiao Yikang)

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845(Li Linyao)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845（Du Yuan）

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845 （Liu Qi）

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845 （Yu Jingfang）

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845 ( Li Mingfeng )

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845（Liu Shutian）

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845（Chen Ting）

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845（Zhang Qi）

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845（Zhao Yashi）

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845 (Zhou Le)

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845 (Zhou Tianyi)

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845 (Liu Chao)

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) (Li Jiayi) 1845

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845 (Zuo Fang)

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Liu Jianan)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845 (Yan Jidong)

268. Table Manners 1845（Luo Yan）

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845 （Jiang Xinyue)

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845 （Shao Keyuan）

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845 (Zeng Zhi）

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845(Luo Sicheng)[[File:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845 （Zeng Xiaohui）

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845 （Luo Jiaxin）

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845 (Cheng Sixiang)

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845(Yan Xiang)

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845 （Luo Jingyan）

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845 (Guo Cili)

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845（Dai Yexun）

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845 （Zheng Jinlian）

=Session 02 Fri Feb 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Topics for today==
Please copy and paste your presentation topic, your name here and add your powerpoint file (size limit 10 MB)

You need to copy all the topics for the whole semester to the sessions NOW. If you do not do it sufficiently in advance, how can the fellow students prepare the texts?

Please remember that you have to indicate the 10 topics for Friday on the course website under "Session 2" with the topic name, student name, powerpoint uploaded (max size 10 MB), all presentations will be each on 1 topic only and cannot exceed 5 minutes. They have to be interactive and helpful from the perspective of an interpreter or translator who needs to prepare his/her work on this topic.

27. Chinese Calligraphy (Tang Yan) [[Media:Chinese_Calligraphy.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）[[Media:Mahjong-Jiang_Ziqiang.pptx]]

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）[[Media:The Summer Palace - Li Mei.pptx]]

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao) [[Media:Duan_Binyao_-76Su_Shi_and_Delegation_Literature.pptx]]

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Miao Yunlong)[[Media:Qian_Zhongshu_Miao_Yunlong.pptx]]

Tea Latte Art (Xiang Jianning)

Topic 7

Topic 8

Topic 9

Topic 10

=Session 03 Fri Mar 07 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Presentations==
1. Topic 21: Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai) [[Media:Tea_Spring_2025.pptx]] 86

2. Topic 64: Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606 (Qin Yi) [[Media:Mount_Tai_Spring_2025.pptx]]

3. Topic 101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang) [[Media:Lucky_Money_Spring_2025.pptx]]

4. Topic 107:National Symbols: Culture of the National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）[[Media:Culture_of_the_National_Flag_Spring_2025.pptx]]

5. Topic 155:Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480 (Liu Peini) [[Media:Wuhan_Breakfast_Spring_2025.pptx]]

6. Topic 157:Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang) [[Media:Hot_Pot_Spring_2025.pptx]]

7. Topic 126: China's four new inventions 1191(Yang Yue2).) [[Media:China's_Four_New_Great_Inventions_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Notes on presentations==
Most students did not do their homework. 素质 in Chinese and international culture. Taking over responsibility. Being independent. Making sure that things run. Taking care of others. Not to do the homework in time (displaying the 13 presentations of each session) has disadvantages also for the other students, who cannot prepare.

1. 14:43-49 Only Chinese tradition explained, not Indian, Egyptian etc. "Black tea" (in English all "hong cha" is called "black tea"), British tea culture (add milk)

2. 14:55-15:00 Personal origin: Shandong, personal experience: climbed Mount Tai 4 times, Sacrificial Culture, Culture of Literati, Folk Belief: God of Mount Tai, Blue Rosy Cloud Fairy; Spiritual Symbolism

3. 15:04-15:10 Legend, Tradition and Contrast, Significance; Sui Monster ya sui qian; contrast in the West: Giving money as a present is considered not as good as a present itself, giving money in an envelope has the bad taste of bribing (transparency.org); in China you can even go to the temple and pray for money

4. 15:29-15:34 historical details of design, red meaning “stop” internationally, “achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” (maybe a newer concept than the flag?), connection with earlier historical flags and other flags like of the communist movement, North Korea, ancient Soviet Union

5. 15:41-15:46 dialect terms (don’t use pinyin), analogy, breakfast is one of the most resilient cultural elements a person sticks to, guozao, 热干面, missing: characteristics like that it needs to be prepared quickly because the tradition of the dock workers

6. 15:56-16:01 hot pot history originated in China (?), regional differences within China 87

7. 16:02-16:06 4 new inventions - not explained that these inventions were invented in other countries. 86

==Student grades: 平时成绩/签到==

75/103 students, 24级 MA翻译, class representative: Zhang Jiaxin
# Jin Yichen
# lu jiahui
# li yuan
# cao yuan
# xiao luyu
# zhang jiaxin +5
# ye sitong
# zhao yashi
# jiang xinyue
# yan xiang
# fei xinyu
# zhang qi
# dai shiru
# zhang zixi
# zheng kaiwu
# cai yichun
# yang jing
# liao dan
# luo yan
# qin yi
# shao keyuan
# cao chunyang
# xu yangyang
# liao zuoyun
# cheng sixiang
# du jiangping
# liu qi
# miao yunlong
# huang qiaoqiao
# chen lin
# duan binyao
# li ting
# zeng zhi
# xing xueqing
# luo jingyan
# liu shutian
# gao xiaoqing
# chen zhen
# luo guoqiang -1-1-1
# she xiao
# he yunfeng
# liu ying
# du yuan
# li jiayi
# tao yao
# xu xinwen
# ou huang
# liu peini
# jiang ziqiang
# zhang huifang
# liu chao
# liu yunxi
# luo jiaxin
# li mei
# zeng xiaohui
# huang yixuan
# chen anqi
# chen ting
# zhang mai
# yuan xiaolin -1-1
# li mingfeng
# dai yexun-1-1
# yang pei -1
# tang yan
# xiang jianning-1
# liu chang -1
# wang yuxin
# lv jiahao-1
# dong jiating
# lu wei
# yang yue
# guo cili
# shen shuai
# Ouyang yihong
# li zihan -1
# zuo fang
# fu sihui
# xiao zixin -1
# zhou tianyi -1
# qi zhiyang -1-1
# liu pei
# gong wei
# chen sisi
# huang sinan
# xiao yikang
# yu jingfang
# luo sicheng
# yang jiahong
# yan jidong
# xiao yawen
# geng hongmei
# zhou le
# qiu ping
# wang huaixing
# wang xinyu
# chu hanqi
# wu jiating
# zhang meiling
# liu jianan
# song xin
# zhao qi
# zheng jinlian
# li linyao

=Session 04 Fri Mar 14 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 260：Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty(Liu Chao)[[Media:260 The Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty.pptx]]
#Topic 146: Traditional crafts: Xiang embroidery 1386(Zhang Huifang) [[Media:Hunan_embroidery_spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 153:Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)[[Media:Media Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx]]
#Topic 233: Traditional Chinese Pigments (Cao Yuan)[[Media:Traditional Chinese Pigments.pptx]]
#Topic 182: Chinese Economy: rich businessmen (Fu Sihui) [[Media:Rich_Businessmen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 156: Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick p. 1491 (Xiao Zixin) [[Media:Tanghulu_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 138: Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating) [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 174: Jiaozi (Liu Pei) [[Media:Dumplings_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing)

=Session 05 Fri Mar 21 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 50: Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi） [[Media:Weiqi_Go_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 110:Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)[[Media:Opera Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang.pptx]]
# Topic 131: Silk and porcelain: Silk (Fei Xinyu) [[Media:Silk_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 224: Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜）(Liao Dan) [[Media:Jiangxi_Cuisine.pptx]]
# Topic 169: Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 (Chen Sisi) ） [[Media:Luosifen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 167: History: Wang Shouren 1573 （Lv Jiahao)[[Media:History_Wang_Shouren_.pptx]]
# Topic 183: Jiangxi Gan Opera （Wang Xinyu） [[Media:Jiangxi Gan opera.pptx]]
# Topic 165: Worship: Chinese Incense Culture (She Xiao) [[Media:Chinese Incense Culture.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing) [Media: Silk and Porcelain]

=Session 06 Fri Mar 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=

#Topic 188:Mobile Games 手游 1783 （Du Jiangping）[[Media:Mobile_Game.pptx]]
#Topic 191:Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）)[[Media:Aesthetic_ideals_and_social_customs-_The_Culture_of_Flowers.pptx]]
#Topic 193:Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)
#Topic 195:Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)[[Media: Cuju.pptx]]
#Topic 202:The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)[[Media: The Legend of Zhen Huan.pptx]]
#Topic 203:Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)[[Media: Chinese Horror Movies.pptx]]
#Topic 185:Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）)[[Media: Huangmei Opera.pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

=HOLIDAY Session 07 Fri Apr 04 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Fri Apr 11 14:30-16:10 Zhishan Bldg. room 303 - Student presentations=
#Topic 133:Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing）
#Topic 179:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love（Liu Yunxi）[[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey(Xiao Yawen)
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]
#Topic 204:Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）
#Topic 220:Rice cake 年糕 (Dong Jiating)
#Topic 208:Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao(Yang Jing)[[Media:Chinese Traditional Ornament-Buyao.pptx]]
#Topic 209:Tofu meatball with nia blood(Li Ting2)[[Media:Pig_Blood_Balls.pptx]]
#Topic 212:Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2) [[Media:Training classes .pptx]]

=Session 09 Fri Apr 18 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 213: Chinese Dreamcore (Zhang Zixi)[[Media:Chinese Dreamcore.pptx]]
#Topic 215: Live-streaming e-commerce (Tao Yao)[[Media:Live-Streaming E-Commerce.pptx]]
#Topic 216: The Story of Ming Lan (Ye Sitong)[[Media:The Story of Minglan.pptx]]
#Topic 218: Guangdong Herbal tea (Gao Xiaoqing)
#Topic 219: Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） (Huang Qiaoqiao)[[Media:Seal carving.pptx]]
#Topic 207: Shan Dong Cuisine (Lu Wei) [[Media:Lu_Wei-207-Shandong_Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 221: Zhongyuan Festival (Ou Huang)[[Media:The Zhongyuan Festival.pptx]]
#Topic 223: The Return of the Pearl Princess (Lu Jiahui)[[Media:The Return of the Pearl Princess.pptx]]

=Session 10 Fri Apr 25 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 217: Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art（茶百戏）(Yang Jiahong)[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]
#Topic 225: Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）(Shen Shuai)
#Topic 227: Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)[[Media:Chinese_Bossy_Fictions_and_Microdramas.pptx]]
#Topic 229: Jingdezhen Porcelain(Xiao Luyu)[[Media:Jingdezhen Porcelain.pptx]]
#Topic 230: Gayageum（伽倻琴）(Zhang Meiling) [[Media:Gayageum.pptx]]
#Topic 231: The plague and couplet in Chinese garden(Wang Yuxin)[[Media:The Plague and Couplets in Chinese Garden.pptx]]
#Topic 232: Sun Wukong(Li Yuan)[[Media:0425 Sun Wukong.pptx]]
#Topic 234: Dragon Lantern Dance(Jin Yichen)[[Media:Jin Yichen Dragon Lantern Dance.pptx]]
#Topic 235: Bamboo Weaving(Chen Anqi)[[Media:Bamboo Weaving.pptx]]
#Topic 236: Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World(Xu Xinwen)[[Media:Harbin Ice and Snow World.pptx]]

==Please enroll in ai platform==
Please enroll (register) in the platform https://dcg.de/ai/

=HOLIDAY Session 11 Fri May 02 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
劳动节5月1日——5月5日

=Session 12 Tue May 06 10:00-11:40 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 238: Three Famous Chinese Mountains(Liu Chang)
#Topic 239: Female emperor-Wu Zetian(女皇武则天)(Song Xin) [[Media:Wu Zetian.pptx]]
#Topic 240: Clay sculpture (泥塑）(Chen Lin)[[Media:Clay Sculpture.pptx]]
#Topic 242: Hunan Rice Noodles(Gong Wei)[[Media:Hunan Rice Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 244: Chinese Popular Memes(中国网络流行热梗）(Xiao Yikang)[[Media:Chinese popular Memes.pptx]]
#Topic 245: Douzhi (豆汁)(Li Linyao)[[Media:Douzhi.pptx]]
#Topic 246: New Year Wood-block Paintings(Du Yuan)[[Media:Du Yuan New Year Wood-block Painting.pptx]]
#Topic 247: Carved lacquer（雕漆）(Liu Qi)[[Media:Carved lacquer.pptx]]
#Topic 237: Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)(Li Zihan)

==Regarding Wu Zetian‘s blank Steele==
关于武则天的“无字碑”（又称“无字碑记”）为何没有刻字，学界和民间流传着几种主要的假设：
#功过自有后人评说（最广为流传）：武则天希望后世自己来评价她的一生，不愿由自己或当时的人定论。这种说法强调了她的自信与超越常规。
#避讳批评或争议：武则天是中国历史上唯一的女皇帝，争议颇多。她可能认为无论写什么内容都容易引发非议，因此选择不刻字以避免争议。
#彰显佛教思想：她信奉佛教，而佛教讲究“空”与“无”，无字碑可能象征“空性”或“无常”，体现她的宗教哲学。
#未来自我书写：也有人猜测她原计划晚年或死前再刻碑文，但去世后未及实现，遂留下空碑。
#彰显权力与独特性：无字碑作为一种非同寻常的表达形式，也可视为权力和个性的象征，显示她与众不同的统治地位。

⸻

English Translation:

There are several main hypotheses about why Wu Zetian’s stele (often called the “Wordless Stele”) bears no inscription:
#“Let future generations judge” (most popular view): Wu Zetian may have wanted her life and legacy to be judged by later generations rather than writing her own praise. This interpretation highlights her confidence and forward-thinking.
#To avoid criticism or controversy: As the only female emperor in Chinese history, Wu Zetian was a controversial figure. She may have felt that any written content could provoke criticism, so she left it blank.
#Reflecting Buddhist philosophy: A devout Buddhist, she may have chosen to leave the stele blank as a symbol of “emptiness” or impermanence, ideas central to Buddhist thought.
#Intended to write later: Some believe she planned to inscribe it later in life but passed away before doing so, leaving the monument unfinished.
#Symbol of power and uniqueness: A blank stele could also serve as a unique and powerful statement, emphasizing her exceptional status and breaking with traditional forms.

=Session 13 Fri May 09 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 248: Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山）(Yu Jingfang) [[Media:Jing_Gang_Mountain_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 251: Rice noodle roll (Li Mingfeng)[[File:Rice Noodle Roll.pptx]]
#Topic 252: Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine (Liu Shutian)[[Media:Northeastern Chinese Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 253: Yuelu Mountain (Chen Ting) [[Media:Yuelu_Mountain.pptx]]
#Topic 254: Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye (Zhang Qi)[[Media:Traditional_Crafts_Tie-Dye.pptx]]
#Topic 255: Chinese-style sun protection (Zhao Yashi)[[ File:Chinese-style Sun Protection.pdf]]
#Topic 256: Danmu（弹幕）(Zhou Le)[[Media:Danmu.pptx]]
#Topic 259: Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua (Zhou Tianyi)[[Media:Voices of Chinese Female Writers.pptx]]
#Topic 214: Luban China's inventor (Cai Yichun)[[Media:Luban_China's_Inventor.pptx]]

=Session 14 Fri May 23 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 262: The Four Pillars of Destiny(Li Jiayi) [[Media:Eight Characters.pptx]]
#Topic 263: Shaolin Temple(Zuo Fang) [[Media:Shaolin Temple.pptx]]
#Topic 265: Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck(Xing Xueqing)[[Media:Changde spicy salted duck.pptx]]
#15:25-15:30 Topic 266: Hui Culture (徽文化)(Liu Jianan)[[Media:Hui Culture.pptx]]
#15:30- Topic 267: Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化)(Yan Jidong)[[Media:Mazu culture.pptx]]
#15:35- Topic 268: Table manner(Luo Yan)[[Media:Table manner.pptx]]
#15:40- Topic 270: Yingge Dance(Jiang Xinyue)[[Media:Yingge Dance.pptx]]
#15:45- Topic 271: Palace Lantern(Shao Keyuan)[[Media:Palace_Lantern.pptx]]
#15:50- Topic 272: Chinese Endearing Terms(Zeng Zhi)[[Media:Chinese Endearing Terms.pptx]]

15:55-16:10 Check final exam paper topics

=Session 15 Tue May 27 10:00-11:30 中和楼 213 (moved from Fri May 30 14:30-16:10 room 613) - Student presentations=
#Topic 273: Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐）(Luo Sicheng)[[Media:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]
#<nowiki>Topic 274:</nowiki> God of wealth(Liu Ying)[[Media:God of Wealth.pptx]]
#Topic 275: Zhua zhou (抓周）(Zeng Xiaohui) [[Media:Zhuazhou.pptx]]
#Topic 276: Nail art(Luo Jiaxin)[[Media:Nail_Art.pptx]]
#Topic 277: Mirror(Cheng Sixiang)[[Media:Mirror_Cheng Sixiang.pptx]]
#Topic 278: The Beef Board Noodles(Yan Xiang)[[Media:Beef Board Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 279: Huo Qubing(Luo Jingyan)
#Topic 280: Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院）(Guo Cili)[[Media:Chinese Courtyard Houses-Guo Cili.pptx]]
#Topic 281: yangqin(Dai Yexun)[[Media:Yangqin.pptx]]

=Session 16 Fri Jun 6 14:30-16:10 room 613=
#Topic 282: Black Myth: Wukong (Chen Zhen)
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture (Yuan Xiaolin)[[Media:Guangdong_Morning_Tea.pptx]]
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化）(Zheng Jinlian)[[Media:Guangdong Morning Tea Culture-Zheng Jinlian.pptx]]
#Topic:(Luo Guoqiang) Liuyang Fireworks

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。

=Deadline extended to June 20, 2025 - Final Exam=
<span style="color:red">Please upload your ppt if you not have done so so far.</span>
[[Media:282_Black_Myth_Wukong_Chen_Zhen.pptx]]

Topic 196:[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]

==Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations==
#Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?
#Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)
#Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?
#Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?
#Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?
#Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?
#Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?
#Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?
#Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?
#Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?
#Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?
#Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?
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Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。
自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。