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20211208 homework

2021-12-29T07:47:12Z

Liu Xiao: /* 刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508 */

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==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

说了一会话，临走又送我二两银子。”甄家娘子听了，不觉感伤。一夜无话。

"We talked for a while and give me two bundles of silver when leaving." Hearing this, Mrs. Zhen feel sad and keep silent the whole night.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 07:03, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

“After talking for a while, he gave me two Liang of silver before he left. " The Zhen lady listened and felt sad. I was kept silence all night.

--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 07:08, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 法语语言文学女 202120081477==

次日，早有雨村遣人送了两封银子、四匹锦缎，答谢甄家娘子；又一封密书与封肃，托他向甄家娘子要那娇杏作二房。封肃喜得眉开眼笑，巴不得去奉承太爷，便在女儿前一力撺掇。

The next day, Jia Yucun armer Gelehrter sent two bundles of silver and four brocades to thank the Zhen lady; Another secret letter to Feng Su Bauer asked him to ask the Zhen lady for the delicate HM Lucky as concubine. Feng Su Bauer was so happy that he was eager to flatter the Lord, so he tried his best to encourage his daughter.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 14:01, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

The next day, Yucun sent two bundles of silver and four brocades to thank Zhen lady; He also sent another secret letter to Feng Su, asking him to ask Jiaoxing, the daughter of Zhen Lady, to be his second wife. Feng Su was so happy that he was eager to flatter the Lord, so he tried his best to encourage his daughter.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 07:56, 5 December 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

当夜用一乘小轿，便把娇杏送进衙内去了。雨村欢喜，自不必言；又封百金赠与封肃，又送甄家娘子许多礼物，令其且自过活，以待访寻女儿下落。

One evening, Jiaoxing was sent to prison by a small sedan carriage. Undoutedbly, Yucun was very pleased and gave hundreds of golds to Fengsu and many gifts to Zhen's wife so that she can live by herself untill her daugther was found.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 11:17, 4 December 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

At that very night he put Jiaoxing in a small sedan-chair and escorted her to the yamen. We don't need to imagine Yucun's satisfaction.He gave Feng Su a hundred pieces of gold and sent Mrs. Zhen many gifts, telling her to take good care of herself that she can find her daughter.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 01:11, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

却说娇杏那丫头，便是当年回顾雨村的，因偶然一看，便弄出这段奇缘，也是意想不到之事。谁知他命运两济：不承望自到雨村身边只一年，便生一子；又半载，雨村嫡配忽染疾下世，雨村便将他扶作正室夫人。

Now Jiaoxing was the maid who had looked back at Yucun that year, little dreaming that one casual glance could have such an extraordinary outcome.And so lucky she was that wthin a year of marriage she bore a son; and after another half year Yucun's wife was very ill and died, and then he made Jiaoxing his wife, giving her higher position.

It was said that the girl Jiaoxing, was the one who looked back on Yucun. Because of of a casual glance, they made this fantastic destiny, which was also an unexpected thing. Who knew that his fate was so unpredictable: she was so lucky that wthin a year of marriage she bore a son; and after another half year Yucun's first wife suddenly died of an illness, and then he took Jiaoxing as his principal wife.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 14:16, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

正是：偶因一回顾，便为人上人。原来雨村因那年士隐赠银之后，他于十六日便起身赴京。大比之期，十分得意，中了进士，选入外班，今已升了本县太爷。

Jiaoxing looked back at Jia Yucun out of curiosity, not out of love. But because of such a chance, from a little girl who was serviced, she became a rich lady who serviced others. It turns out that Yucun because of silver given by Shiyin in that year, he left for Beijing on the 16th. He was lucky enough to won the scholar in the great competition and was selected into the outer class, now has been promoted to the county magistrate. --[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 09:33, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Jiaoxing looked back at Jia Yucun out of curiosity, not out of love. And because of such a chance, from a little girl who was serviced, she became a rich lady who serviced others. It turns out that Yucun because of tael given by Shiyin in that year, he left for Beijing on the 16th. He was lucky enough to won the scholar in the great competition and was selected into the outer class, now has been promoted to the county magistrate.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 05:01, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

虽才干优长，未免贪酷，且恃才侮上，那同寅皆侧目而视。不上一年，便被上司参了一本，说他貌似有才，性实狡猾；又题了一两件徇庇蠹役、交结乡绅之事。
Although he was very capable, he was a bit accustomed to corruption, was too harsh on his subordinates, and relied on his outstanding talents, and showed little respect for his superiors. Those colleagues had deep resentment towards him. In less than a year, he was got goods by his superior and wrote these things into a memorial to the throne, saying that he was cunning by nature, tampering with etiquette privately; and writing down one more things of acting wrongly out of personal considerations of those who harmed the interests of citizens and conluding with the squire.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 04:54, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Although capable, he was a bit accustomed to corruption, too harsh on his subordinates, relying on his outstanding talents, showing little respect for his superiors. Those colleagues had deep resentment towards him. In less than a year, he was accused by his superior of his cunning by nature, tampering with etiquette privately and mention of one more things of acting wrongly out of personal considerations of those who harmed the interests of citizens and conluding with the squire.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 07:03, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

龙颜大怒，即命革职。部文一到，本府各官无不喜悦。那雨村虽十分惭恨，面上却全无一点怨色，仍是嘻笑自若。

The emperor was extremely irritated and immediately removed him from office. Every official of this department was glad when the dismission information arrived. Though very guilty and regretful, Yucun was smiling as often without any complaint complexion.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 02:29, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

The emperor was extremely irritated and immediately removed him from office. Every official of this department was glad when the dismission information arrived. Though very guilty and regretful, Yucun was still smiling without any complainment on the face.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 07:37, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnuó 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

交代过了公事，将历年所积的宦囊，并家属人等，送至原籍，安顿妥当了，却自己担风袖月，游览天下胜迹。那日偶又游至维扬地方，闻得今年盐政点的是林如海。

After giving official business,leaving the family his accumulated salary for several years and settled them in native home, he had given up high official positions and riches and travelled the famous historical sites everywhere.One day he arrived Weiyang（Yangzhou，Jiangsu Province，China）by accident and heared about the present salt administration officer was Lin Ruhai Salzinspektor.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 04:23, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

这林如海姓林名海，表字如海，乃是前科的探花，今已升兰台寺大夫，本贯姑苏人氏，今钦点为巡盐御史，到任未久。

This Lin Ju-hai's family name was Lin, his name Hai and his style Ju-hai. He had obtained the third place in the previous triennial examination, and had, by this time, already risen to the rank of Director of the Court of Censors. He was a native of Ku Su. He had been recently designated by Imperial appointment as a Censor attached to the Salt Inspectorate, and had arrived at his post only a short time.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 15:06, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
This Lin Ju-hai's family name was Lin, his name Hai and his style Ju-hai. He had obtained the third place in the previous triennial examination, and had, by this time, already risen to the rank of Director of the Court of Censors. He was a native of Ku Su. He had been recently named by Imperial appointment a Censor attached to the Salt Inspectorate, and had arrived at his post only a short while back.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 13:33, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

原来这林如海之祖，也曾袭过列侯的，今到如海，业经五世。起初只袭三世，因当今隆恩盛德，额外加恩，至如海之父又袭了一代，到了如海便从科第出身。

In fact, the ancestors of Lin Ju-hai had, from years back, successively inherited the title of Marquis, which rank, by its present descent to Ju-hai, had already been enjoyed by five generations. When first conferred, the hereditary right to the title had been limited to three generations; but of late years, by an act of magnanimous favour and generous beneficence, extraordinary bounty had been superadded; and on the arrival of the succession to the father of Ju-hai, the right had been extended to another degree. It had now descended to Ju-hai, who had, besides this title of nobility, begun his career as a successful graduate. --[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 00:55, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

In fact, one of Lin Ju-hai's ancestors five generations earlier had been ennobled as a marquis. The title was originally limited to three generations, but through an act of magnanimous favour and generous beneficence of the Emperor, it had been extended to Lin Ju-hai’s father. Now Lin Ju-hai himself had been obliged to make his way up through the examination system.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 15:21, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

虽系世禄之家，却是书香之族。只可惜这林家支庶不盛，人丁有限，虽有几门，却与如海俱是堂族，没甚亲支嫡派的。今如海年已五十，只有一个三岁之子，又于去岁亡了；

It was not only a family of hereditary emoluments, but also of scholars. Unfortunately, the family was not prolific despite the fact that several branches existed. And Lin Ju-hai had cousins but no brothers or sisters. He was fifty already, and his only child had died last year at the age of three.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 14:53, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

It was not only a family of hereditary emoluments, but also of scholars. Unfortunately, the family was not prolific despite the fact that several branches existed. And Lin Ju-hai had cousins but no brothers or sisters. Now he was fifty years old, and had only a three-year-old son, who died last year.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 14:13, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

虽有几房姬妾，奈命中无子，亦无可如何之事。只嫡妻贾氏生得一女，乳名黛玉，年方五岁，夫妻爱之如掌上明珠。见他生得聪明俊秀，也欲使他识几个字，不过假充养子，聊解膝下荒凉之叹。

Although he had several concubines, he was doomed to have no son (to inherit the family line). Only lady Jia, his legal wife, gave birth to a daughter, Mascara Jade Forest, aged five. The couple doted on their daughter like a pearl on the palm of their eyes. Lin Ruhai wanted to teach him to read, because he was smart and handsome, and Lin Ruhai wanted to ease the loneliness of not having a son by pretending to adopt him.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:55, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Although he had several concubines, he had no son in his life, and nothing could be done about it. The first wife, Min Merchant, had a daughter named Mascara Jade Forest, who was five years old and loved by the couple as a jewel. Seeing that she looked smart and beautiful, they also wanted to make her literate, but raised her as a son to relieve the sorrow of no son. --[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 13:44, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

且说贾雨村在旅店偶感风寒，愈后又因盘费不继，正欲得一个居停之所，以为息肩之地。偶遇两个旧友，认得新盐政，知他正要请一西席教训女儿，遂将雨村荐进衙门去。

The story goes that Rainvillage Merchant caught a cold at the inn and recovered. He wanted to get a place to stay but he could not afford the fee. He met two old friends who got acquainted the new official of salt (Ruhai Forest) and knew that Forest was about to hire a tutor for his daughter, so they recommended Rainvillage to the government office.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 13:57, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

The story goes that Jia Yucun caught a cold occasionally at the inn, after recovering his money almost running out. He wanted to get a place to rest himself. He came across two old friends who acquainted with the new official of salt, knowing that he would hire a tutor for his daughter, so they recommended Jia Yucun to the government office.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 02:39, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

这女学生年纪幼小，身体又弱，功课不限多寡，其馀不过两个伴读丫鬟，故雨村十分省力，正好养病。看看又是一载有馀，不料女学生之母贾氏夫人一病而亡。

The girl student was young and in poor health, the number of her assignments unnessesary with two servant girls, so Yucun needed less effort and could convalesce. Unexpectedly, the girl's mother, Ms.Jia died of illness after nearly a year.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 02:06, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

The female pupil was youthful in years and delicate in physique, so that her lessons were irregular. There were only two waiting girls, who remained in attendance during the hours of study, so that Yue-ts'un was spared considerable trouble and had a suitable opportunity to attend to the improvement of his health.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 14:50, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

女学生奉侍汤药，守丧尽礼，过于哀痛，素本怯弱，因此旧病复发，有好些时不曾上学。雨村闲居无聊，每当风日晴和，饭后便出来闲步。这一日偶至郊外，意欲赏鉴那村野风光。

The girl was dutiful in her attendance during her mother's sickness, and prepared the medicines. She went into the deepest mourning for her mother's death. Prescribed by the rites, she gave way to such excess of grief that, naturally delicate as she was, broke out anew. Being unable for a considerable time to prosecute her studies, Yue-ts'un lived at leisure and needn't to attend to. Whenever the wind was genial and the sun mild, he would stroll at random after meals.One day by some accident, walking beyond the suburbs he came up to a spot encircled by luxuriant clumps of trees and thick groves of bamboos.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 08:07, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

During her mother's sickness, the girl was dutiful in her attendance and prepared the medicines. She went into the deepest mourning for her mother's death. Prescribed by the rites, she gave way to such excess of grief that, naturally delicate as she was, broke out anew. Unable to prosecute her studies for a considerable time, Yue-ts'un lived at leisure and needn't to attend to. Whenever the wind was genial and the sun mild, he would stroll at random after meals. One day by some accident, he walked to the countryside to enjoy the scenery.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 15:12, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==

信步至一山环水漩、茂林修竹之处，隐隐有座庙宇，门巷倾颓，墙垣剥落。有额题曰“智通寺”，门旁又有一副旧破的对联云：身后有馀忘缩手，眼前无路想回头。

He walked to a place with luxuriant woods and bamboo groves which is surrounded by hill and streams.And there was a temple half hidden among the foliage whose entrance was in ruins and walls were crumbling. There was an inscription above the gate: Zhi tong Temple. And flanking the gate was a couplet: Though plenty was left after death, one forgot to hold his hand back. Only at the end of the road does one think of turning on to the right back.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 15:04, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Walking to a place surrounded by mountains, swirling water and lush forests and bamboos, there is a temple. The doors and alleys are falling and the walls are peeling off. There is a forehead titled "Zhitong Temple", and there is an old broken couplet beside the door: I forgot to withdraw my hand behind me, and there is no way to turn back.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 02:02, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==

雨村看了，因想道：“这两句文虽甚浅，其意则深。也曾游过些名山大刹，倒不曾见过这话头。其中想必有个翻过筋斗来的，也未可知。

Yucun looked at it and thought, "although these two sentences are very shallow, their meaning is deep. I've also visited some famous mountains and great temples, but I haven't seen this sentence. One of them must have somersaulted, and I don't know.

Yucun looked at it and thought, "although these two sentences are very shallow, their meaning is deep. I've also visited some famous mountains and great temples, but I haven't seen this sentence. One of them must have somersaulted, and I don't know.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 03:22, 6 December 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

何不进去一访？”走入看时，只有一个龙锺老僧在那里煮粥。雨村见了，却不在意。及至问他两句话，那老僧既聋且昏，又齿落舌钝，所答非所问。雨村不耐烦，仍退出来。When Yu Cun walked in, there was only one old monk cooking porridge there. Yucun saw him, but he didn't care. When he asked him a few words, the old monk was deaf and faint, and his tongue was dull. His answer was not what he asked. Yucun was impatient and still withdrew.

When Yu Cun walked in, there was only one old monk cooking porridge there. Yucun saw him, but he didn't care about him. When he asked him a few words, the old monk was deaf and faint, and his tongue was dull. His answer was not what he asked. Yucun was impatient and still withdrew.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 13:33, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

意欲到那村肆中沽饮三杯，以助野趣，于是移步行来。刚入肆门，只见座上吃酒之客，有一人起身大笑，接了出来，口内说：“奇遇，奇遇！”
He wanted to go to the village pub for a drink, for the pleasure of nature. So he went on his way. When He entered the pub, he could only see the drinking men in the seats. A man got up and laughed, and then came out, saying repeatedly“What a fortuitous meeting！”

He wanted to go to the village pub for a drink to take the pleasure of nature. So he went on his way. When He entered the pub, he could only see the drinking men in the seats. A man got up and laughed, and then came out, saying repeatedly“What a fortuitous meeting！”--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 14:28, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

雨村忙看时，此人是都中古董行中贸易，姓冷号子兴的，旧日在都相识。雨村最赞这冷子兴是个有作为大本领的人，这子兴又借雨村斯文之名，故二人最相投契。
Yu Cun was busy looking at this man, who was an antiquary in the city. The man was called Zixing Leng. They met in the city before. Yucun praised him as a competent person, and he borrowed yucun’s name, so these two men are agreeable with each other.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 14:25, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Yu Cun was busy looking at this man, who was an antiquary in the city. The man was called Zixing Leng who he’ve met in the city before. Yucun praised him most as a competent person, and he borrowed yucun’s name, so these two men are agreeable with each other.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 01:34, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

雨村忙亦笑问：“老兄何日到此？弟竟不知。今日偶遇，真奇缘也！”子兴道：“去年岁底到家，今因还要入都，从此顺路找个敝友，说一句话。

"When did you get here?" Yue-ts'un eagerly inquired also smilingly. "I wasn't aware of your arrival. This unexpected meeting is positively a strange piece of good fortune." "I went home," Tzu-hsing replied, "at the end of last year, but now as I return to the capital again, I passed through here on my way to look up a friend of mine and talk some matters over.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 01:39, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

"When did you get here?" Yue-ts'un eagerly and smilingly inquired. "I wasn't aware of your arrival. This unexpected meeting is a strange piece of good fortune."
"I went home," Tzu-hsing replied, "about the close of last year, but now as I am again bound to the capital, I passed through here on my way to look up a friend and have a chat.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 14:20, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

承他的情，留我多住两日。我也无甚紧事，且盘桓两日，待月半时也就起身了。今日敝友有事，我因闲走到此，不期这样巧遇。”一面说，一面让雨村同席坐了，另整上酒肴来。

He had the kindness to press me to stay with him for a couple of days longer. As I also have no urgent business to attend to, I am tarrying a few days, but purpose starting about the middle of the moon. My friend is busy today, so I roamed listlessly as far as here, never expecting of such a fortunate meeting." While speaking, he invited Yue-ts'un to sit down at the same table, and ordered a fresh supply of wine and eatables. --[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 14:21, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

“He was so kind that he asked me to stay for another couple of days. As I had no other urgencies to attend to, I stayed as he expected. When we chatted til the moon was high above the sky, I got up and left alone. My friend is busy today, so I roamed listlessly as far as here, never expecting such an encounter." While speaking, he invited Yue-ts'un to sit down with him, and ordered a fresh supply of wine and dishes.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 07:52, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

二人闲谈慢饮，叙些别后之事。雨村因问：“近日都中可有新闻没有？”子兴道：“倒没有什么新闻，倒是老先生的贵同宗家出了一件小小的异事。”

Over drinking, they two talked about some plans of the near future after the farewell. Then Yucun asked: Is there anything new in the capital city? Zixing answered，“Nothing new. But in your dignified remote relative's house there is indeed a strange thing.”--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 14:49, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

They two drank and talked about some plans of the near future after the farewell. Then Yucun asked: "Is there anything new in the capital city?" Zixing answered，“Nothing new. But there happened a strange thing in your dignified remote relative's family.”--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 14:25, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

雨村笑道：“弟族中无人在都，何谈及此？”子兴笑道：“你们同姓，岂非一族？”雨村问：“是谁家？”子兴笑道：“荣国贾府中，可也不玷辱老先生的门楣了。”

Rain-Village laughed and said: “No one in my family is in the capital. Why are you talking about this?” Zi Xing said: “You have the same surname, are you not a family?” Rain-Village asked: “Who?” Zi Xing answered: “Merchant’s family. I did not slander the family status of the old gentleman.”--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 14:20, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Yucun laughed and said: “No one in my family is in the capital. Why are you talking about this?” Zi Xing said: “You have the same surname, aren’t you the same family?” Yucun asked: “Who?” Zi Xing answered: “Merchant’s family. I did not slander the family status of the old gentleman.” --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 23:48, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

雨村道：“原来是他家。若论起来，寒族人丁却自不少，东汉贾复以来，支派繁盛，各省皆有，谁能逐细考查？若论荣国一支，却是同谱。但他那等荣耀，我们不便去认他，故越发生疏了。”

Yucun said: "It's his house. If discussed explicitly, the people of Han's family were of great quantity since the Eastern Han Dynasty of Jiafu. Their branches were numerous in each province, who can examine one by one? If only discussed the branch of Rongguo, they were the same. But the Rongguo were glorious, it was inconvenient for us to make a connection with them, so we were getting more and more unfamiliar. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 08:22, 4 December 2021 (UTC)
Yucun said: "It turned out to be his family. If you talk about it, there are many Han people. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the tribe has been prosperous and there are all provinces. Who can examine it carefully? . But he is so glorious, it is inconvenient for us to recognize him, so we have become more and more estranged."--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 10:02, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

子兴叹道：“老先生休这样说。如今的这荣、宁两府，也都萧索了，不比先时的光景。”雨村道：“当日宁、荣两宅人口也极多，如何便萧索了呢？”子兴道：“正是，说来也话长。”
Zi Xing sighed, "Old Mr. Xiu said this. The Rong and Ning residences are now depressed, not as good as the previous conditions." Yucun said: "The Ning and Rong residences had a large population that day. Is it done?" Zi Xing said: "Exactly, it's a long story."--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 10:01, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
The son sighed: "This is what old Hugh said. The provinces of Rong and Ning are now deserted, not as they were in the past." Rain village way: "that day ning, rong two house population is also very much, how then deserted?" Zi Xing said, "Exactly. It's a long story."--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 14:33, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

雨村道：“去岁我到金陵时，因欲游览六朝遗迹，那日进了石头城，从他宅门前经过：街东是宁国府，街西是荣国府，二宅相连，竟将大半条街占了。
Yu Village road: "Last year when I went to Jinling, because I wanted to visit the ruins of the Six Dynasties, that day into the Stone city, from the front of his house through: street east is Ning Guo Fu, street west is Rong Guo Fu, two houses connected, unexpectedly occupied half of the street.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 14:32, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Yucun said, "when I came to Jinling last year, I wanted to visit the ruins of the Six Dynasties. On that day, I entered the stone city and passed in front of his house: Ningguo house is in the east of the street, Rongguo house is in the west, and the two houses are connected, occupying more than half of the street.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 14:35, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

大门外虽冷落无人，隔着围墙一望，里面厅殿楼阁，也还都峥嵘轩峻；就是后边一带花园里，树木山石，也都还有葱蔚洇润之气：那里像个衰败之家？”
Although deserted outside the gate, across the wall to see the hall hall pavilions, are also lofty xuan Jun; Even in the garden at the back, the trees and rocks were all luxuriant: it did not look at all like a run-down house--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 01:57, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Although deserted outside the gate, the hall and pavilions were also lofty and grand seen across the wall.Even in the garden at the back, the trees and rocks were all luxuriant: how did it look like a run-down house?--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 14:14, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

子兴笑道：“亏你是进士出身，原来不通。古人有言：‘百足之虫，死而不僵。’如今虽说不似先年那样兴盛，较之平常仕宦人家，到底气象不同。

Zi Xing laughed and said, "You are a scholar but know nothing about its cause. There is an ancient saying: ‘old institutions die hard'. Now, though not as prosperous as in previous years, the atmosphere is different from that of ordinary officials.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 14:09, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Zi Xing chuckled, "You are a scholar but know nothing about its cause. As a old saying goes, ‘old institutions die hard’. Now, though not as prosperous as before, the splendor is different from that of ordinary officials.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 10:51, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

如今生齿日繁，事务日盛，主仆上下都是安富尊荣，运筹谋画的竟无一个；那日用排场，又不能将就省俭。如今外面的架子虽没很倒，内囊却也尽上来了。这也是小事。

Their family members are growing, their commitments are increasing, and both masters and servants are used to lavishly controlling it. However no one thinks of the future. They squander money every day and can't save at all. On the surface, they look as noble as before, but their wallets are almost empty. However, this is not their biggest trouble.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 10:46, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

In Jia Mansion, there are many people to bring up, and household duties are getting more and more day by day. Masters and servants, from top to bottom, enjoy glory and wealth but no one to plan. They squander money every day and can't save at all. Although they still extravagant on the surface as ever, their wallets are almost empty. and this is not counted the biggest trouble. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 12:47, 8 December 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

更有一件大事：谁知这样钟鸣鼎食的人家儿，如今养的儿孙，竟一代不如一代了。”雨村听说，也道：“这样诗礼之家，岂有不善教育之理？别门不知，只说这宁、荣两宅，是最教子有方的，何至如此？”

There is one more important event: Who knows that the children of such a luxurious family, the children and grandchildren are not as good as previous generations." When Yucun heard about it, he also said: "Is there any reason for such a family who always study and pay attention to ethics for generations is bad at education? Although I don't know the situation of other families, it is said that Ning and Rong are the most skillful in teaching children. How did they get to such a situation ? " --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 15:37, 7 December 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

That's not the worst thing. Who will know that the children of such a noble clan can be inferior to the last." Hearing about that, Yucun replied:"a family so cultures and versed in etiquette doesn't know the importance of education? Although I don't know other families, I've always heard that these two houses take great efforts to educate their children. How did they fall to such a situation?"--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 12:45, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

子兴叹道：“正说的是这两门呢！等我告诉你：当日宁国公是一母同胞弟兄两个。宁公居长，生了两个儿子。宁公死后，长子贾代化袭了官，也养了两个儿子：长子贾敷，八九岁上死了；

"It's these two houses I'm talking about!" Son Prosperity signed, "Just let me tell you: the Duke of Ningguo and the Duke of Rongguo were brothers by the same mother. The Duke of Ningguo, the elder, had two sons, and after his death, his oldest son, Jia daihua, succeeded the title. The elder one of his two sons, Jia Fu, died at the age of eight or nine.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 05:14, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Zi Xing sighed, "I was about to say something about these two families! Let me tell you: the Duke of Rongguo, as he is now called, had two brothers from the same mother. Lord Ning was the eldest brother and had two sons，and after his death, his oldest son, Jia daihua, succeeded the title. The elder one of his two sons, Jia Fu, died at the age of eight or nine.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 08:32, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

只剩了一个次子贾敬，袭了官，如今一味好道，只爱烧丹炼汞，别事一概不管。幸而早年留下一个儿子，名唤贾珍，因他父亲一心想作神仙，把官倒让他袭了。

Only his second son, Honor Merchant, survived and succeeded to his position. Now he devoted himself only to Taoism and alchemy, and did nothing else. Fortunately, in his early years, he had left a son named Treasure Merchant, for his father had set his heart on becoming a fairy, so he succeeded to the position. --[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 07:30, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Only his second son, Honor Merchant, survived and succeeded to his position. Now Honor Merchant devotes himself entirely to Taoism and alchemy, and does nothing else. Fortunately, in his early years, he had left a son named Treasure Merchant. For his father has set his heart on becoming immortal, Treasure Merchant succeeded to the position. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 08:36, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

他父亲又不肯住在家里，只在都中城外，和那些道士们胡羼。这位珍爷也生了一个儿子，今年才十六岁，名叫贾蓉。如今敬老爷不管事了。

His father refused to stay at home, but rather preferred to fool around with those Taoist priests. This Master Treasure Merchant also has a son called Prosperity Merchant, who’s only 16 years old. Nowadays Lord Honor Merchant is no longer in charge. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 08:27, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

His father is unwilling to live at home, but prefers to wander around the city to fool around with those Taoist priests. Mr. Zhen also has a son named Jia Rong who is 16 years old. Now, Lord Jing is no longer in charge. --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 13:42, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

这珍爷那里干正事，只一味高乐不了，把那宁国府竟翻过来了，也没有敢来管他的人。再说荣府你听，方才所说异事就出在这里。

Mr. Zhen would not do any proper thing but to amuse himself. Even if he turns the Ning Mansion upside down, no one there dares to stop him. Then I will tell you about Rong Mansion where the strange thing that I just mentioned happened. --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 13:24, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Mr Zhen would not do any his proper business，but only amuse himself，and though he turned rabbit in Ning Mansion，there is no one who dare to limit him.And I must tell you that some queer things just happen here.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 14:04, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

自荣公死后，长子贾代善袭了官，娶的是金陵世家史侯的小姐为妻。生了两个儿子：长名贾赦，次名贾政。如今代善早已去世，太夫人尚在。

Since the death of Rong Gong, the elder son Jia Daishan inherited the official title and get merried with the daughter of an aristocratic family in Jinling. They have two sons: the elder son is called Jia She, the second son is called Jia Zheng. Now Jia Daishan has already passed away with his wife still alive. --[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 03:06, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

Since the death of Lord Rong（Jia Yuan), the elder son Jia Daishan inherited the official title and married Shi Hou’s daughter from an aristocratic family in Jinling as his wife. They had two children: the elder son named Jia She, and the second named Jia Zheng. Today Daishan has long passed away, and his wife is still alive.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 02:02, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

长子贾赦袭了官，为人却也中平，也不管理家事。惟有次子贾政，自幼酷喜读书，为人端方正直。祖父锺爱，原要他从科甲出身。

The eldest son, Jia She, inherited the official position from his ancestors but he was not top-notch and did not manage the family affairs as well. Only his second son, Jia Zheng, loved to read since childhood and was a man of upright. His grandfather (Jia Yuan) like him the most and originally planed to let him take the imperial examination before becoming an official.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 08:02, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Their elder son Jia She inherited the official title; he was moderate and often remained neutral, and did not manage the family affairs. Only the younger son, Jia Zheng, was fond of studying as a child and was a man of upright so that he was his grandfather’s (Jia Yuan) favorite, and he hoped to make a career for himself through the imperial examinations. --[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 09:05, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

不料代善临终遗本一上，皇上怜念先臣，即叫长子袭了官；又问还有几个儿子，立刻引见，又将这政老爷赐了个额外主事职衔，叫他入部习学，如今现已升了员外郎。

Unexpectedly, when Jia Daishan died, he left a valedictory memorial, and the Emperor, out of memory and regard for his former minister, not only conferred the official title on his elder son but also asked what other sons there were and ordered them to be introduced to the palace immediately. The Emperor also bestowed the rank of Assistant Secretary on Jia Zheng, and as an additional favor gave him instructions to familiarize himself with affairs in one of the ministries. He has now risen to the rank of Under-Secretary. --[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 08:40, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Unexpectedly, when Jia Daishan died, he left a valedictory memorial, and the Emperor, out of memory and regard for his former minister, not only conferred the official title on his elder son but also asked what other sons he had and ordered his sons to be introduced to the palace immediately. The Emperor also bestowed the rank of Assistant Secretary on Jia Zheng, and as an additional favor gave him instructions to familiarize himself with affairs in one of the ministries. He has now risen to the rank of Under-Secretary.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 08:53, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

这政老爷的夫人王氏，头胎生的公子名叫贾珠，十四岁进学，后来娶了妻，生了子，不到二十岁，一病就死了。第二胎生了一位小姐，生在大年初一，就奇了。

Mrs. Wang --- the wife of Lord Zheng. Their first child was a son named Jia Zhu, who entered school at the age of fourteen, then married and gave birth to a son, who died of an illness before the age of twenty. The second child was a young girl, born on the first day of the year. It was very surprising.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 08:45, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Mrs. Wang --- the wife of Master Merchant gave birth to her first child a boy named Bead Merchant, who entered school at the age of fourteen, then married and got a son. But Jia Zhu died of an illness before the age of twenty. The couple’s second child was a girl born on the first day of the year, which was surprising.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 06:17, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

不想隔了十几年，又生了一位公子，说来更奇：一落胞胎，嘴里便衔下一块五彩晶莹的玉来，还有许多字迹。你道是新闻不是？”

Surprisingly, Mrs Wang gave birth to a boy after more than ten years and it is even strange that the boy was born with a piece of colorful and sparkling crystal with handwritings in his mouth. Isn’t it news?--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 06:25, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Surprisingly, after an interval of more than ten years, Mrs Wang gave birth to another male child, and even more miraculously, the boy was born with a piece of colorful and sparkling crystal with handwritings in his mouth. Isn’t it news?--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 09:22, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

雨村笑道：“果然奇异。只怕这人的来历不小。”子兴冷笑道：“万人都这样说，因而他祖母爱如珍宝。那年周岁时，政老爷试他将来的志向，便将世上所有的东西摆了无数叫他抓。

Yu Cun laughed, "It's really strange. I'm afraid this man has a lot of history." Zi Xing laughed coldly and said, "Everyone says so, so his grandmother loves him like a treasure. That year, when he was one year old, Mr. Zheng tested his future aspirations, so he laid out countless things in the world for him to grab.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 09:17, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Yu Cun laughed, "It's really strange. I'm afraid this man has a lot of fame" Zi Xing laughed ruthlessly and said, "Everyone says like this, so his grandmother loves him like a treasure. When Jia Baoyu was one year old, Mr. Zheng wanted to test his future aspirations, so he laid out countless things in the world for him to grab.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 09:46, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

谁知他一概不取，伸手只把些脂粉钗环抓来玩弄。那政老爷便不喜欢，说将来不过酒色之徒，因此不甚爱惜。独那太君还是命根子一般。说

But he didn't catch anything, only reach his hand for some powder,hairpin and ring to play. Mr.Zheng was not satisfied with his action,and thought him as a gambler in the future.Therefore, Politic Merchant didn't show his preference toward Precious Jade Merchant,but that Grandma Merchant still regarded him as her treature,and said:--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 10:01, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

However, he did not take any of them, but only reached his hands out for some powders, hairpins and rings to play with. That action did not please sir Zheng at all, what’s more, sir Zheng said he would be only a voluptuary in the future. Therefore, sir Zheng did not particularly cherish Baoyu, however, lady dowager still loved him as if he was the most preciou treasure.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 05:28, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

说来又奇：如今长了十来岁，虽然淘气异常，但聪明乖觉，百个不及他一个。说起孩子话来也奇，他说：‘女儿是水做的骨肉，男子是泥做的骨肉。我见了女儿便清爽，见了男子便觉浊臭逼人。’

Strange to say: now he is ten years old, abnormally naughty , but smart and clever, even better than one hundred other children of his age. What he says is also very odd. Once he said, ‘Girls are made of water, men of mud. He will feel debonaire when he see girls, but when he see men, what he can feel is only squalidness.’--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 02:34, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

It's strange to notice that now he is ten years more older, abnormally naughty , but smart and clever, even better than one hundred other children of his age. What he says is also very odd. Once he said, "Girls are made of water, men of mud. I qwill feel debonaire when I see girls, but when I see men, what I can feel is only squalidness."--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 13:18, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

你道好笑不好笑？将来色鬼无疑了。”雨村罕然厉色道：“非也。可惜你们不知道这人的来历，大约政老前辈也错以淫魔色鬼看待了。

"Don't you think it's ridiculous? He or she will be a lecher in the future undoubtedly." Jia Yucun said with a serious look: "Not true. Unfortunately, you do not know the identity of this person, may be the old senior Master Merchant may also wrongly regard him or her as a lewd."--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 13:14, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

“Have you realized the facetiosity of it? He or she will be beyond all doubt a lecher.” Rain Village Merchant said with stern countenance: “ it is absolutely not the truth. It is a pity that you are insensible of the background of this person and senior Master Merchant may also mistakenly regarded him or her as a lewd demon”.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 00:59, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

若非多读书识事，加以致知格物之功、悟道参玄之力者，不能知也。”子兴见他说得这样重大，忙请教其故。雨村道：“天地生人，除大仁大恶，馀者皆无大异。

If someone was not well-read, knowledge-inquiring and truth-enlightening, he or she would be ignorant of it. Son Prosperity believed that Rain Village Merchant took it so seriously that he was bursting with impatience to make clear the reasons within it. Rain Village Merchant asserted: “the universe gives birth to mankind that boasts no differences except the benevolent and the evil.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 00:36, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

If someone was not well-read, knowledge-inquired and truth-enlightened, he or she would be ignorant.After seeing that Yucun took it so seriously, Zixing couldn't wait to ask him the reasons.Yucun asserted: “The universe gives birth to mankind that boasts no differences except the benevolent and the evil."--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 09:24, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

若大仁者则应运而生，大恶者则应劫而生；运生世治，劫生世危。尧、舜、禹、汤、文、武、周、召、孔、孟、董、韩、周、程、朱、张，皆应运而生者；

The great benevolence was born in the time of good fortune,the great evil was born in the time of bad fortune. The former was benefit to the world,the latter was harmful to the world.Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou, Zhao, Kong, Meng, Dong, Han, Zhou, Cheng, Zhu, Zhang, were all born at the historic moment of good fortune；--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 09:20, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

If the great benevolence emerged as the times demanded, the great evil was born emerged as the calamity demanded. The former was beneficial to the world, while the latter was harmful to the world. Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou, Zhao, Kong, Meng, Dong, Han, Zhou, Cheng, Zhu, Zhang, all born emerged as the times demanded.--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 12:57, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

蚩尤、共工、桀、纣、始皇、王莽、曹操、桓温、安禄山、秦桧等，皆应劫而生者。大仁者修治天下，大恶者扰乱天下。清明灵秀，天地之正气，仁者之所秉也；残忍乖僻，天地之邪气，恶者之所秉也。

Chiyou, Gonggong, Jie, Zhou, Shi Huang, Wang Mang, Cao Cao, Huan Wen, An Lushan, and Qin Hui all emerged as the calamity demanded. Great benevolence governs the world, great evil disturbs the world. Be sober-minded and full of ingenuity, absorbing the righteousness of heaven and earth are the characteristics of merciful men; on the contrary, be cruel and eccentric, absorbing the evil of heaven and earth, are the characteristics of wicked men.--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 12:41, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Chi You, Gong Gong, Jie, Zhou, Shi Huang, Wang Mang, Cao Cao, Huan Wen, An Lushan and Qin Hui were all born in response to the tribulation. Those who are benevolent cultivate and rule the world, while those who are evil disturb the world. The clear, bright, spiritual and beautiful, the righteousness of heaven and earth, is held by the benevolent; the cruel and perverse, the evil of heaven and earth, is held by the evil.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 06:46, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

今当祚永运隆之日，太平无为之世，清明灵秀之气所秉者，上自朝廷，下至草野，比比皆是。所馀之秀气漫无所归，遂为甘露，为和风，洽然溉及四海。

In this day of eternal prosperity and peace and inaction, there are many people from the imperial court to the grasses who have been blessed with a clear, bright and spiritual spirit. The remainder of the spirit has no place to return to, so it has become a sweet dew and a harmonious breeze, which has irrigated the four seas.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 13:40, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

In this day of eternal prosperity and peace and inaction, people from the imperial court to the grasses who have been blessed with a clear, bright and spiritual spirit are numberless. The remainder of the spirit has no place to return to, so it has become a sweet dew and a harmonious breeze, which has irrigated the four seas.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 06:58, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

彼残忍乖邪之气，不能荡溢于光天化日之下，遂凝结充塞于深沟大壑之中。偶因风荡，或被云摧，略有摇动感发之意，一丝半缕误而逸出者，值灵秀之气适过，正不容邪，邪复妒正，两不相下；

His cruel and evil spirit could not overflow in broad daylight, so it condensed and filled deep ditches and gullies. Occasionally, due to the wind, or being destroyed by clouds, it feels slightly shaken, and a trace of half a wisp of error escapes. It is worthy of the beautiful Qi. If it is suitable, right should not be evil, evil should be jealous of right, and the two are not the same;--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 06:56, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Its cruel and evil spirit could not overflow in the light of the day, so it condensed and filled in deep ditches and gullies. Occasionally, due to the wind, or being destroyed by clouds, it feels slightly shaken, and a trace or half wisp of error escapes. It is worthy of the beautiful Qi. If it is suitable, the right is incompatible with the evil, and the evil should be jealous of the right, and the two are on the opposite sides.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 08:59, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

如风水雷电地中既遇，既不能消，又不能让，必致搏击掀发。既然发泄，那邪气亦必赋之于人。假使或男或女偶秉此气而生者，上则不能为仁人为君子，下亦不能为大凶大恶。

Like the wind, water, thunder, lightning meeting each other on the ground, they can neither disappear nor yield, and must fight against and turn over each other. Once it lets off, people will be endowed with evil influence. If men and women were both born on this air by accident, they cannot be up to benevolent gentlemen or down to villains.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 12:59, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

If wind, water, thunder, lightning meet each other on the ground, they can neither disappear nor yield, and must fight against and turn over each other. Once the evil air is let off, people will be endowed with it. If men or women are born with this air by accident, they cannot be up to benevolent gentlemen or down to extremely vicious villains.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 09:13, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

置之千万人之中，其聪俊灵秀之气，则在千万人之上；其乖僻邪谬不近人情之态，又在千万人之下。若生于公侯富贵之家，则为情痴情种；若生于诗书清贫之族，则为逸士高人；纵然生于薄祚寒门，甚至为奇优，为名娼，亦断不至为走卒健仆，甘遭庸夫驱制。

This kind of persons are usually outstanding. Their intelligence and beauty are above thousands of people. And their crankiness and indifference are below them. If they are born in a wealthy royal family, they will be persons of constant love. If they are born in a poor family of intellectual, they will become hermits with extraordinary wisdom. Even though if they are unfortunately born in a humble family, men will be excellent actors and women will be famous prostitutes rather than being servants who have to be used by ordinary people.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 09:12, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

This kind of people are usually prominent. Their intelligence and beauty are above millions of people. But their crankiness and indifference are below them. If they are born in a wealthy royal family, they will be people with constant love. If they are born in a poor family of intellectual, they will become hermits with extraordinary wisdom. Even though if they are unfortunately born in a humble family, men will be excellent actors and women will be famous prostitutes rather than being servants who have to be controlled by ordinary people.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 04:15, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

如前之许由、陶潜、阮籍、嵇康、刘伶、王谢二族、顾虎头、陈后主、唐明皇、宋徽宗、刘庭芝、温飞卿、米南宫、石曼卿、柳耆卿、秦少游，近日倪云林、唐伯虎、祝枝山，再如李龟年、黄幡绰、敬新磨、卓文君、红拂、薛涛、崔莺、朝云之流：此皆易地则同之人也。”

Such as the previous generation Xuyou, Taoqian, Ruanji, Jikang, Liuling, the Wang and Xie families, Gu Kaizhi, Chen Shubao, emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty, Liu Tingzhi, Wen Feiqing, Mi Nangong, Shi Manqing, Liu Qiqing, Qin Shaoyou, and the current generation Ni Yunlin, Tang Bohu, Zhu Zhishan, or the generation like Li Guinian, Huang Fanchuo, Jing Xinmo, Zhuo Wenjun, Hongfu, Xuetao, Cuiying, Zhaoyun: they are the kind of people born when the rectitude and the evil spirits fight each other. This kind of people has both the rectitude and the evil spirits.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 11:37, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Like the previous generation: Xuyou, Taoqian, Ruanji, Jikang, Liuling, the Wang and Xie families, Gu Kaizhi, Chen Shubao, emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty, Liu Tingzhi, Wen Feiqing, Mi Nangong, Shi Manqing, Liu Qiqing, Qin Shaoyou, and the current generation Ni Yunlin, Tang Bohu, Zhu Zhishan, or the generation like Li Guinian, Huang Fanchuo, Jing Xinmo, Zhuo Wenjun, Hongfu, Xuetao, Cuiying, Zhaoyun. Though this kind of people didn’t live in the same period of time, didn’t have the same experience, they had the same ambition.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:58, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

子兴道：“依你说，成则公侯败则贼了？”雨村道：“正是这意。你还不知，我自革职以来，这两年遍游各省，也曾遇见两个异样孩子，所以方才你一说这宝玉，我就猜着了八九也是这一派人物。

Zixing said: “ As you said, the winner will be the duke, and the loser will be the traitor?” Yucun said: “ This is what I was talking about. You didn’t know, that since I was removed from the position, I traveled around all the provinces, and also met some unusual boys, so when you just talked about Baoyu, I guessed that he was such a boy, too.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:52, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
Zixing said, "according to you, if you become a duke, if you lose, you will become a thief." Yucun said, "that's exactly what you mean. You don't know that I have traveled all over the provinces in the past two years since I was dismissed. I have met two different children, so I guessed that 89 is also a figure of this school.

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

不用远说，只这金陵城内钦差金陵省体仁院总裁甄家，你可知道？”子兴道：“谁人不知，这甄府就是贾府老亲，他们两家来往极亲热的。就是我也和他家往来非止一日了。”
Needless to say, it's only Zhen Jia, President of Jinling Provincial Institute of physical benevolence, who is an imperial envoy in Jinling City. Do you know? " Zixing, "no one knows that Zhen's house is the old relative of Jia's house. Their two families are very friendly. Even I have been with him for a long time."

Do you know zhen Jia, president of Qinchai Tiren Academy of Jinling Province in Jinling City?" Zi Xing said, "Who knows? Zhen Fu is jia fu's old man, and the two families are very close to each other. Even I have been with them a long time."--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 11:00, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

雨村笑道：“去岁我在金陵，也曾有人荐我到甄府处馆。我进去看其光景，谁知他家那等荣贵，却是个富而好礼之家，倒是个难得之馆。但是这个学生虽是启蒙，却比一个举业的还劳神。

Yu Cun smiled and said:”When I was in Jinling last year, someone recommended me to teach at Zhenfu. After I went there, I realized that his family is so prosperous and rich, but they also advocate etiquette, which is very rare. Although this student is a beginner, he is more serious than the examinee who wants to take the scientific examination.”--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 06:45, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

Yu Cun smiled and said:”When I was in Jinling last year, someone recommended me to teach at Zhen Mansion. After I went there, I realized that his family is so prosperous and rich, but they also advocate etiquette, which is very rare. Although this student is a beginner, he is more serious than the examinee who wants to take the imperial examination.”--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 07:15, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

说起来更可笑，他说：‘必得两个女儿陪着我读书，我方能认得字，心上也明白；不然，我心里自己糊涂。’又常对着跟他的小厮们说：‘这“女儿”两个字极尊贵极清净的，比那瑞兽珍禽、奇花异草更觉稀罕尊贵呢。
Even it is more ridiculous when he said: "I must have two daughters to accompany me to study, so that I can recognize words and understand them in my heart; Otherwise, I will be confused. " He often said to his pageboys: "the word" daughter "is very noble and pure, which is more rare and noble than the auspicious animals, rare birds and exotic flowers and plants.

Even it is more ridiculous when he said: "I must have two daughters to accompany me to study, so that I can recognize words and understand them in my heart; Otherwise, I will be confused. " He often said to his pageboys: "the word" daughter "is very noble and pure, which is more rare and noble than the auspicious animals, rare birds and exotic flowers and plants.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 02:56, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

你们这种浊口臭舌，万万不可唐突了这两个字，要紧，要紧！但凡要说的时节，必用净水香茶漱了口方可；设若失错，便要凿牙穿眼的。’其暴虐顽劣，种种异常。

You have such a foul mouth and stinky tongue, you must not be abrupt these two words, important, important! But whenever you say something, you must rinse your mouth with clean water and fragrant tea; if you make a mistake, you will have to cut your teeth through your eyes.' The tyrannical and stubborn, all kinds of abnormalities.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 02:55, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

You have such a foul mouth and stinky tongue, you must not be abrupt these two words, important, important! But whenever you say something, you must rinse your mouth with clean water and fragrant tea; if you make a mistake, you will have to cut your teeth through your eyes.' The tyrannical and stubborn, all kinds of abnormalities.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 03:15, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

只放了学进去，见了那些女儿们，其温厚和平，聪敏文雅，竟变了一个样子。因此，他令尊也曾下死笞楚过几次，竟不能改。每打的吃疼不过时，他便姐姐妹妹的乱叫起来。
After class, he saw those daughters, who were gentle, tranquil and clever looking different. Therefore, his father was also beaten for several times. Everytime he was beaten to death, he screamed sisters' names.

After class, he went in and met those daughters changed, who were gentle, peaceful, intelligent and elegant. Therefore, his father was also beaten for several times. Everytime he was beaten to death, he screamed sisters' names.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 14:07, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

后来听得里面女儿们拿他取笑：‘因何打急了，只管叫姐妹作什么？莫不叫姐妹们去讨情讨饶？你岂不愧些？’他回答的最妙，他说：‘急痛之时，只叫姐姐妹妹字样，或可解疼，也未可知，因叫了一声，果觉疼得好些。

Then he heard his daughters make fun of him: ‘Why do you call a sister when you are in pain? Why not let them beg for forgiveness? Aren't you ashamed?’ He answered it best, saying, ‘In a time of acute pain, if I call the sister's names, which may relieve the pain or not. However, I do felt the pain lessened a little when I called their names'.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 13:45, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Then he heard his daughters make fun of him: "Why do you call sisters when you are in pain? Do you want to let them beg for forgiveness? Aren't you ashamed?" He answered it best, saying, "In a time of acute pain, if I call the sisters, which may relieve the pain or not. However, I do felt the pain lessened a little when I called them".--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 00:34, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

遂得了秘法，每疼痛之极，便连叫姐妹起来了。’你说可笑不可笑？为他祖母溺爱不明，每因孙辱师责子，我所以辞了馆出来的。这等子弟，必不能守祖、父基业，从师友规劝的。只可惜他家几个好姊妹都是少有的。”

So he got the secret method, and every time he felt the pain, he called his sisters. " Do you also feel ridiculous? And his grandmother doted on him so deeply that I as his teacher was usually insulted and blamed. So I resigned from there. The children like him would not be able to keep the inheritance of their ancestors and follow the advice of their teachers and friends. But it's a pity becasue several sisters in his family are rarely good. "--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 00:52, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

And his grandmother doted on him so deeply that I was usually insulted and blamed as his teacher. Such child like him would not be able to keep the inheritance of their ancestors and follow the advice of their teachers and friends.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 13:54, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

子兴道：“便是贾府中现在三个也不错。政老爷的长女名元春，因贤孝才德，选入宫作女史去了。二小姐乃是赦老爷姨娘所出，名迎春；三小姐政老爷庶出，名探春；四小姐乃宁府珍爷的胞妹，名惜春：

Zi Xing said, "The three girls in Jia's mansion are not bad either. Jia Zheng's eldest daughter was named Yuanchun. Because of her virtue and filial piety, she was chosen to be a female historian in the court. The second lady was born to Jia He'concubine, her name was Yingchun; The third lady was born to Jia Zheng's concubine and was named Tanchun. The fourth lady is the sister of Jia Zhen in Ning' mansion, named Xichun:

“ The three girls in the Jia fumily aren ’ t bad either ,” rejoined Zixing .“ Jia Zheng ’s elder daughter Yuanchun was chosen to be a Lady － Clerk in the palace of the heir apparent because of her goodness , filial piety and talents . The second , Yingchun, is Jia She’s daughter by a concubine . The third Tanchun , is Jia Zheng ’ s daughter a concubine . The fourth , Xichun , is the younger sister of Jia Zhen of the Ning Mansion .--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 09:43, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

因史老夫人极爱孙女，都跟在祖母这边，一处读书，听得个个不错。”雨村道：“更妙在甄家风俗：女儿之名，亦皆从男子之名；不似别人家里，另外用这些‘春’、‘红’、‘香’、‘玉’等艳字。

As dowager lady Shi is so fondly attached to her granddaughters , they come , for the most part , over to their grandmother ’s place to prosecute their studies together , and each one of these girls is , I hear , without a fault . Yucun said, “I prefer the Zhen family ’s way of giving their daughters the same sort of names as boys instead of choosing flowery names meaning Spring , Red , Fragrant or Jade .” --[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 09:37, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

“As dowager lady Shi is so attached to these grand-daughters that she makes them study in the Rong Mansion near her, and I hear good reports of them all.” Yucun said, “I prefer the Zhen family ’s way of giving their daughters the same sort of names as boys instead of choosing flowery names meaning Spring , Red , Fragrant or Jade .” --[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 16:12, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

何得贾府亦落此俗套？”子兴道：“不然。只因现今大小姐是正月初一所生，故名元春，馀者都从了‘春’字；上一排的却也是从弟兄而来的。现有对证：目今你贵东家林公的夫人，即荣府中赦、政二公的胞妹，在家时名字唤贾敏。

But how is it that the Jia family have likewise fallen into this convention？"
"Not so！" said Zixing. "It is simply because the eldest daughter was born on the first day of the first month，that she was called First Spring Merchant；And the rest followed Spring in their names. But the names of the last generation are adopted from those of their brothers；and there is at present an instance in support of this. The wife of your respected employer，Mr. Lin，is the sister of Mr.Pardon Merchant and Mr.Master Merchant，and while at home,she was named Djia Min. --[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 15:54, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

But how could that the Jia family have also become so vulgar in terms of the name of the daughters？"
"It’s not what you think" said Zixing. "It is simply because the eldest daughter was born on the first day of the first month in the lunar year, that she was called First Spring Merchant；And then the rest had Spring in their names too. But all the names of the girls of the last generation are adopted from those of their brothers；and there is at present an instance in support of this. The wife of your respected employer，Mr. Lin，is the sister of Mr.Pardon Merchant and Mr.Master Merchant，and while at home,she was named Djia Min.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 03:49, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

不信时你回去细访可知。”雨村拍手笑道：“是极。我这女学生名叫黛玉，他读书凡‘敏’字，他皆念作‘密’字；写字遇着‘敏’字，亦减一二笔。我心中每每疑惑，今听你说，是为此无疑矣。

If you don’t believe me, check up carefully when you go back. Yucun pounded the table with a laugh. That’s right. The name of my girl student is Daiyu. She always pronounces min as mi and misses one or two strokes when writing. That puzzled me every time. Now I finally understand the reason behind it after hearing your words. --[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 03:30, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

If you don’t believe me, inquire carefully when you go back. Yucun pounded the table and smiled :”That’s right. The name of my girl student is Daiyu. She always pronounces ‘Min’ as ‘Mi’ and misses one or two strokes when writing. That puzzled me every time. Now I finally understand the reason behind it after hearing your words. “--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 03:39, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

怪道我这女学生言语举止另是一样，不与凡女子相同，度其母不凡，故生此女。今知为荣府之外孙，又不足罕矣。可惜上月其母竟亡故了。”子兴叹道：“老姊妹三个，这是极小的，又没了；

It's strange that my female student's speech and behavior are different. She is not the same as other ordinary ladies. Hence,I guess that her mother is extraordinary and so is she. Since I know that she is the granddaughter of the Mansion of Rongguo,it is not strange that she is such a girl. Unfortunately, her mother died last month. Zixing sighed, "Among the three sisters, she is the youngest and she's also dead."--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 02:30, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

No wonder that my female student's speech and behavior are unique and she is not the same as other ordinary ladies. That's because her mother is extraordinary and so is she. Since I know that she is the granddaughter of the Mansion of Rongguo,it is not suprising that she is such a girl. Unfortunately, her mother died last month. Zixing sighed, "Among the three sisters, she is the youngest and she's also dead."--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 10:43, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

长一辈的姊妹，一个也没了。只看这小一辈的将来的东床何如呢。”雨村道：“正是。方才说政公已有一个衔玉之子，又有长子所遗弱孙，这赦老竟无一个不成？”

There are no elder sisters. Then we just look forward to the younger generation's son-in-laws. Jia Yucun says: That's it. I have just heard that Jia Zheng has a son, Prescious Jade Merchant who is born with a jade. And he has a grandson who is his eldest son's child. Doesn't Jia She have any children?--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 07:09, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

“No one's left in the elder sisters, Let's just see what will happen to the younger generation's sons-in-law.” “Exactly.”Jia Yucun says:“I've just heard that Master Zheng's got a another son, and his eldest son had given him a grandson. What's the matter with Master Xie? He hasn't had one yet!”--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 02:40, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

子兴道：“政公既有玉儿之后，其妾又生了一个，倒不知其好歹。只眼前现有二子一孙，却不知将来何如。若问那赦老爷，也有一子，名叫贾琏，今已二十多岁了，亲上做亲，娶的是政老爷夫人王氏内侄女，今已娶了四五年。

Zi Xing says:“After Master Zheng had Yu er, his concubine gave birth to another child, don't know whether it is good or bad. Right now they already have two children and a grandson, but not knowing what should do in the future. Master Xie also has a son named Jia Lian, who is about 20 years old now. Jia Lian married Master Zheng's wife Wang's niece, it was an intermarry between their families, and it's been five years now.”

Zi Xing said:" Master Merchant's concubine had given birth to another kid for him after having the son named Precious Jade, and didn't know the kid good or bad. So he only had two sons and a grandson at that time and didn't know the future held. Pardon Merchant also had a son named Romance Merchant, who was about 20 years old. Romance Merchant married Master Merchant's wife Lady King's niece, it was an intermarry between their families, and it's been five years now.”--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 06:35, 12 December 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

这位琏爷身上现捐了个同知，也是不喜正务的；于世路上好机变，言谈去得，所以目今只在乃叔政老爷家住，帮着料理家务。谁知自娶了这位奶奶之后，倒上下无人不称颂他的夫人，琏爷倒退了一舍之地：模样又极标致，言谈又爽利，心机又极深细，竟是个男人万不及一的。”

Romance Merchant had now paid for an official, but he was also uncomfortable with formal affairs; he was so clever and well-spoken in his career that he was currently living in the house of Master Merchant, Romance Merchant's uncle, and helping with the household chores. There is no idea that since marrying this difficult girl, no one in the house would not praise his wife, and that Romance Merchant would not be able to match her: she is so good-looking, so sharp-tongued, and so deep-witted that she is a man's equal."--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 06:11, 12 December 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

Romance Merchant had now bought a title as an official, but he was also uncomfortable with formal affairs. He was so clever and well-spoken in his career that he was currently living in the house of Maister Merchant, Romance Merchant's uncle, and helping with the household chores. After he married his wife, everyone praised her, and that made Romance Merchant less popular: she is so good-looking, so sharp-tongued, and so deep-witted that she is a man's equal."--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 10:49, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

雨村听了，笑道：“可知我言不谬了。你我方才所说的这几个人，只怕都是那正邪两赋而来一路之人，未可知也。”子兴道：“正也罢，邪也罢，只顾算别人家的账，你也吃杯酒才好。”

After hearing this, Yucun smiled and said, “now you know what I said is true. I’m afraid these people we just talked about are probably those who have the temperament of justice and evil.” Zixing said: “whether these people are just or evil, don't just talk about other people's gossip, and also remember to drink more.” --[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 08:36, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

After hearing this, Yucun laughed and said, “now you know what I said is true. I’m afraid these people we just talked about are probably those who have both good and evil temperament.” Zixing said: “It doesn't matter whether these people are good or evil, you should also take a drink rather than only talking about other people's gossip.”--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 09:12, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

雨村道：“只顾说话，就多吃了几杯。”子兴笑道：“说着别人家的闲话，正好下酒，即多吃几杯何妨？”雨村向窗外看道：“天也晚了，仔细关了城，我们慢慢进城再谈，未为不可。”

Yucun said: "I have to drink a few more cups of alcohol because I kept talking all the time". Zixing said while laughing: " Help yourself! Gossip goes well with alcohol". Yucun looked out the window and said:" It's getting dark. We'd better continue our talk after entering the city in case the gate is shut." --[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 09:28, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Rainvillage Merchant said: "I accidentally drink a few more cups of alcohol because I kept talking all the time". Zixing said while laughing: " Enjoy yourself! Gossip goes well with alcohol". Yucun looked out the window and said:" It has been dark. We'd better continue our talk after entering the city in case the gate shuts."--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 09:39, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

于是二人起身，算还酒钱。方欲走时，忽听得后面有人叫道：“雨村兄恭喜了！特来报个喜信的。”雨村忙回头看时……要知是谁，且听下回分解。

So they got up and paid for the wine. When they was leaving, he heard someone calling behind: "Congratulations! My friend Rainvillage Merchant. Someone brings a lucky message to you." Rainvillage Merchant looks back at once... Who is it? Please expect the next chapter--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 05:03, 5 December 2021 (UTC).

So they got up and paid for the wine. When they was leaving, he heard someone calling behind: "Congratulations! My friend Yucun. Someone brings a lucky message to you." Yucun looked back at once... Who was it? Please expect the next chapter.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 14:19, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

外班──清代会试考取进士后，留在朝中任官者称“京官”，分发外地任地方官者称“外班”。因新官分发到地方后要候补，按班次任官，故称“外班”。同寅皆侧目而视──同寅：即同僚。

"Wai Ban"(Foreign class) -- After passing the highest imperial examinations in Qing Dynasty, those who stayed in the court as officials were called "jingguan", while those who were dispatched to other places as local officials were called "foreign class". Because the new officers who were distributed to the local needed wait for the appointment, according to the official appointment system established in Qing Dynasty.so it was called "outside the shift". Yin(colleagues)all sidelong glance ── with Yin: namely colleague.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 14:17, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Foreign class -- After the qing dynasty imperial examinations, those who stayed in the court as officials were called "jingguan", and those who were dispatched to other places as local officials were called "foreign class". Because the new officer distribution to the local to wait for the officer, according to the shift, so called "outside the shift". With Yin all sidelong eyes and look ── with Yin: namely colleague.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 13:56, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

典出《尚书·虞书·皋陶谟》：“百僚师师，百工惟时……同寅协恭，和衷哉。”寅时是朝臣上朝之时，故称。侧目而视：斜着眼看。语出《战国策·秦策一》：“(苏秦)将说楚王，路过洛阳。
Code out of "Shang Shu · Yu Shu · Gao Tao Mo" : "100 liao division division, 100 work but time...... Cooperate with Yin and be respectful and sincere." Yin shi is the court when the court, so called. Sidelong: to look sideways. Su Qin will say that the king of Chu is passing by Luoyang.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 13:12, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

The code is out of ''Shang Shu · Yu Shu · Gao Tao Mo'' : Numerous bureaucrats and teachers work only a hundred hours...... Cooperate with Yin and be respectful and sincere." The Yin time is the court when raised, so it's called. Sidelook: to look sideways. From ''Warring States policy · Qin policy I'':" Su Qin will say that the king of Chu is passing by Luoyang."--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 06:57, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

父母闻之，清宫除道，张乐设饮，郊迎三十里；妻侧目而视，倾耳而听；嫂蛇行匍伏，四拜自跪而谢。”原表示敬畏。引申以表示愤怒或不齿。
When his parents heard of it, they cleared the palace and cleaned the road. Zhang Le set up a repast and welcomed thirty miles away far from home. His wife looked sideways and listened attentively, and his sister-in-law crawled on her knees for thanks." Originally it expressed awe. Extended to express anger or disdain.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 06:53, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
When his parents heard of this, they cleared the palace and Zhang Le set up music and drinks to welcome him to the countryside for thirty miles. His wife looked sideways and listened attentively, and his sister-in-law crawled on her knees for thanks." Originally it expressed awe. Extended to express anger or disdain.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 04:30, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

维扬──扬州(在今江苏省)的别称。大禹所划分的“九州”之一。典出《尚书·夏书·禹贡》：“淮海惟扬州。”“惟”通“维”。
Wei Yang - an alternative name for Yangzhou (Jiangsu province). It was one of the "nine states" delineated by the Great Yu. The name is derived from ''Shang Shu - Xia Shu - Yu Gong'': "The Huaihai Sea is only Yangzhou." The word "but" is synonymous with "wei".--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 04:27, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

Dimension Poplar - another name of Yangzhou (in today's Jiangsu Province) which is one of the "Kyushu" divided by Dayu. From the book Shangshu· Xiashu · Yugong "the Huaihai sea Wei Yangzhou” "Wei" is "wei”--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 06:08, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

后人从“惟扬州”截取“惟扬”，又以“维”代“惟”，遂成“维扬”。如北朝周·庾信《哀江南赋》：“淮海维扬，三千馀里。”探花──科举考试中殿试(最高一级考试)一甲第三名(第一名为状元，第二名为榜眼)。

Later generations intercepted "Weiyang" from "weiyangzhou" and replaced "Weiyang" with "Wei", so it became "Weiyang". For example, Yuxin's Fu on mourning the south of the Yangtze River in the Northern Dynasty said, "the Huaihai sea is vast, more than 3000 miles." Tanhua—the third place in the first grade of the palace examination (the highest level examination) (the first place is called Zhuangyuan and the second place is called Bangyan）--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 09:04, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Later generations intercepted "Weiyang" from "weiyangzhou" and replaced "Weiyang" with "Wei", so it became "Weiyang". For example, Yuxin's Poetic essay on mourning the south of the Yangtze River in the Northern Dynasty said, "the Weiyang city is vast, more than 3000 miles." Tanhua—the third place in the first grade of the palace examination (the highest level examination) (the first place is called Zhuangyuan and the second place is called Bangyan)--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 09:15, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

本于唐代的“探花使”，亦称“探花郎”。唐·李淖《秦中岁时记》：“进士杏园初宴，谓之探花宴。差少俊二人为探花使，遍游名园，若它人先折花，二使皆被罚。”

“Tan Huashi” in Tang Dynasty is also called “Tan Hualang”. Li Nao once wrote: “ The newly crowned scholars met in the Apricot Garden to feast with their peers who had been crowned in the same year. This banquet was known as the Flower Search Banquet. Two young and good-looking candidates were chosen to be the flower scouts, and they were asked to visit all the famous gardens and scout for flowers. If someone else took the flowers first, the two flower scouts would be punished with a drink.”--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 09:06, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

“Tan Huashi” in Tang Dynasty is also called “Tan Hualang”. Li Nao who lived in Tang Dynasty once wrote: “ The newly crowned scholars met in the Apricot Garden to feast with their peers who had been crowned in the same year. This banquet was known as the Flower Search Banquet. Two young and good-looking candidates were chosen to be the flower scouts, and they were asked to visit all the famous gardens and scout for flowers. If someone else took the flowers first, the two flower scouts would be punished with a drink.”--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 01:09, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

又宋·魏泰《东轩笔录》卷六：“进士及第后，例期集一月……又选最年少者二人为探花使，赋诗，世谓之探花郎。”

Wei Tai in Song Dynasty wrote that in his Dongxuan Bilu (Volume Six): “ In the imperial examination, after winning the imperial examination…… Two young scholars at the celebration were elected as Tanhua. And people named them Tanhua boy .”--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 09:19, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Wei Tai wrote in his ''Dongxuan Transcript'' (Volume Six) in Song Dynasty : “Participated in and passed the highest imperial examinations ... then the first two youngest scholars at the examination were chosen as Tanhua. And people named them Tanhua boy.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 13:55, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

兰台寺大夫──指专管弹劾的御史。兰台是汉朝宫内藏书之所，由御史大夫主管，故后世将御史台别称“兰台”，将御史府别称“兰台寺”，将御史别称“兰台寺大夫”。

Censor of LanTai - refers to imperial historian who is in charge of impeachment. LanTai was the place where the books were stored in the Palace of the Han Dynasty, and was in charge of the imperial historian. The institution where the imperial historian was later called “LanTai”, the palace where the imperial historian lived was called “ LanTai Temple”, and the imperial historian was called “censor of LanTai” by later generations.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 13:41, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Censor of LanTai - refers to imperial historian who is in charge of impeachment. LanTai was the place where the books were stored in the Palace of the Han Dynasty, and was in charge of the imperial historian. Accordimgly, the institution where the imperial historian was later called “LanTai” the palace where the imperial historian lived was called “ LanTai Temple”, and the imperial historian was called “censor of LanTai” by later generations.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 06:46, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

列侯──古代爵名。在秦称“彻侯”，为二十四级爵位中的最高一级。至汉代为避汉武帝刘彻之讳，改为“通侯”。“通”与“彻”同义，是改名不改义。“通侯”之意是表示受爵者功勋通于王室。
Marquis - Ancient Baron name. In Qin Dynasty, it was called "chehou", which was the highest among twenty-four levels. In the Han Dynasty, in order to avoid the taboo of Liu Che, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, it was changed to "tonghou". "Tong" is synonymous with "Che" in Chinese, in this way changing the name without changing the meaning. "Tong Hou" means that the recipient has done meritorious services to the royal family.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 09:17, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Marquis──Ancient noble name. In Qin Dynasty, it was called "Che Hou", and it was the highest rank among the twenty-four ranks. In the Han Dynasty, it was changed to "Tonghou" to avoid the taboo of Han Wudi Liu Che. "Tong" and "Che" are synonymous, which means changing the name without changing the meaning. "Tong Hou" means that the meritorious deeds of the nobility are passed to the royal family.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 15:25, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

后又改为“列侯”，表示序列之意。见《汉书·高帝纪下》颜师古注。清代并无此爵，只是借指侯爵。清代爵位分公、侯、伯、子、男，侯爵为第二等。

Later it was changed to "Liehou", which means sequence. See Yan Shigu's Note in "The Book of Han·Gao Di Jixia". There was no such nobility in the Qing Dynasty, but a reference to the marquis. In the Qing Dynasty, the titles were divided into Gong, Marquis, Bo, Zi, and Male, and Marquis was the second class.

Later it was changed to "Liehou", which means sequence. See Yan Shigu's Note in "Book of Han• Han Gaozu ( the first emperor of Han dynasty)". There was no such nobility in the Qing Dynasty, but a reference to the marquess. In the Qing Dynasty, the titles were divided into Duck,Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Baron and Marquess was the second class.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 16:03, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

膝下荒凉──意谓子女稀少，尤无儿子。膝下：这里指子女。因幼儿多倚偎于父母膝旁，故称。《孝经·圣治》：“故亲生之膝下，以养父母日严。”唐玄宗注：“亲犹爱也，膝下谓孩童之时也。”

Desolate at the knees means that there are few children, especially no sons. Under the Knee: it means children. The reason why children are called knee is that children often nestle to their parents' knees.''The Classic of Filial Piety·Shengzhi'' says "the feeling of affection grows up at parents’ knees. As children grow up, they become more and more respectful of their parents." Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty noted: "Be close to your parents and love them. Under the knees is the time of a child.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 05:48, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

Desolate below the knee means that there are few children, especially no sons. Knee: it refers to children. The reason why children are called knee is that children mostly lean on their parents' knees. "The Book of Filial Piety·Shengzhi": "Therefore, the days of adoptive parents are strict under the knees of one's own birth." Tang Xuanzong's note: "You are still in love with you, and under your knees is the time of a child."--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 13:29, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

荒凉：形容因子女稀少而家庭显得清冷凄凉。西席──古人座次以右(西)为尊，故右席为宾客和塾师之位，坐西面东，故称幕宾和塾师为“西席”或“西宾”。
Desolate: It can be used to describe such a situation: a family becomes desolate because of the small number of children. West Seat ─ ─ the right seat was preferred by the ancients, therefore the right seat belonged to the guests and tutors. Besides, because they sit in the derection of west and face the direcyion of east, so the guests and tutors were called "west seats" or "west guests".

Desolation: it describes the desolation of the family due to the scarcity of children. West Seat -- the ancients took the right (West) seat as the priority, so the right seat was the seat for guests and school teachers.and because they sit in the derection of west and face the direcyion of east.Therefore, it was called "west seats" or "West guests" for the guests and tutors.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 02:19, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

清·梁章钜《称谓录》卷八：“汉明帝尊桓荣以师礼，上幸太常府，令荣坐东面(坐西面东)，设几。故师曰西席。”这里指家庭教师。“身后”一联──身后有馀：是说馀年还很长(“身后”不可解作死后)。
Liang Zhangju, Qing Dynasty, wrote in Volume VIII of 《Appellation records》: "Emperor Mingdi After respected Huan Rong and treated him with teacher courtesy. He once visited Taichang mansion in person, asked Huan Rong to sit in the East, set a table and a walking stick。Therefore, master said it was a seat in the West." Here refers to a tutor.A couplet of "behind you" - there is surplus behind you: it means that the remaining years are still very long ("behind you" cannot be interpreted as after death).--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 14:23, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

==Nadia 202011080004==

忘缩手：是说不肯收手，还要争名夺利。

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==

无路：走投无路。此联是说世人大多只顾眼前，不顾将来，等到走投无路，后悔无及。
No way: desperate. This association means that most people in the world only care about the present, regardless of the future, and wait until they are desperate and regret it.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==

刹──梵语音译省称，意译为佛塔的柱形尖顶，故又称“佛柱”。

Sha-Sanskrit transliteration provincial name, free translation is the columnar spire of the stupa, so it is also called "Buddha column

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==

引申为佛寺。贾复──东汉南阳冠军(今河南邓州市西北)人，累官至左将军，并封胶东侯。
Extended to Buddhist temple. HiJia Fu——A native of Nanyang Champion of the Eastern Han Dynasty (now northwest of Dengzhou City, Henan Province),he was tired from general to the left and sealed Donghou in Jiao.
--[[User:Muhammad Numan|Muhammad Numan]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Numan|talk]]) 15:54, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==

《后汉书》有传。姓贾的成千上万，贾雨村却只拉千年前的贾复为一家，足见其拉大旗作虎皮之势利小人肺肝。There is a biography in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. There are thousands of people surnamed Jia, but Jia Yucun only manages Jia Fu from a thousand years ago. This shows that the Qiraji banner is a tiger skin.
--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 14:18, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==

百足之虫，死而不僵——典出三国魏·曹冏《六代论》：
A hundred-footed worm does not die - an allusion to Cao Jon's "Six Dynasties" in the Three Kingdoms.
Note:百足之虫，至死不僵，读作 bǎi zú zhī chóng，zhì sǐ bù jiāng 。 It is used as a metaphor for a group or individual with strong power that will not easily collapse for a while. 百足：The name of a worm with a twenty-sectioned torso that can still wriggle after being severed.

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==

“故语曰：‘百足之虫，死而不僵。’扶之者众也。”
The old saying goes:'Hundred-legged worms die but are not stiff.' There are many who support them."

[[File:Example.jpg]]==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==

比喻世家大族虽然衰败，因家底雄厚，依傍众多，表面上仍能维持繁荣景象。
It is a metaphor that despite the decline of the aristocratic family, because of the strong family background and numerous support, it can still maintain its prosperity on the surface.

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==

百足：虫名，即马陆。长约一寸，躯干由多节构成，每节有足一对或二对，切断后仍能蠕动。
English: Centipede, Insect name, arthropods. Length, around an inch, Body is composed of multiple sections, each section has one or two pairs of feet, after cutting still can squirm.

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==

僵：倒下。安富尊荣──语出《孟子·尽心上》：

Stiff: fall down. Safety, wealth and honour──From the words "Mencius·All Your Heart":

==Öncü 202121080008==

“君子居是国也，其君用之，则安富尊荣。”

A gentleman can make people transform their morals, change their customs, Safeguard the country and protect its honor. --[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 13:55, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==

原意是君子因辅佐国君功勋卓著而享受荣华富贵。

Agree to be a gentleman，because of the outstanding merits of supporting the monarch and enjoying the glory and wealth.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 13:58, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

The original meaning was that gentlemen who made outstanding contributions to assist the monarch enjoyed glory and wealth. --[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 20:06, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==

这里反用其意，意谓不劳而获，安享荣华富贵。

The meaning is the opposite here, that for nothing one can enjoy prosperity and wealth.--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 20:02, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

The meaning is reversed here, which means to enjoy prosperity and wealth for nothing. --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:22, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==

钟鸣鼎食——语出唐·王勃《滕王阁序》：“闾阎扑地，钟鸣鼎食之家。”

Zhongming Ding Shi-Quoting Tang Wang Bo's "Preface to the Pavilion of the King of Teng": "Lu Yan, the home of Zhong Ming Ding Shi." --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:24, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Zhongming Ding Shi-Speech by Tang Wang Bo "Preface to the Pavilion of the King of Teng": "Lu Yan rushes to the ground, the home of Zhongming Ding Shi." -Ei Mon Kyaw-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 09:47, 7 December 2021 (UTC)--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 09:47, 7 December 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==

古代贵族鸣钟列鼎而食。这里借以形容富贵豪华。

The nobles in ancient times sang bells and set out to eat. Here it is used to describe the wealth and luxury.--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 09:56, 7 December 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw--------Ei Mon Kyaw-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 09:56, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
The ancient nobles rang the bells and set out to eat. To describe wealth and luxury. --[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 07:09, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

The ancient nobility enjoy their meal with tripod as cookware and the bell set as background music, which indicates occupying high positions and great wealth.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 14:33, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

20211124 homework

2021-12-29T07:33:58Z

Liu Xiao: /* 刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

我很纳闷：《不自弃文》是篇名，《姬子》是书名，应该同等对待，要么都予注释，要么都不注释，为什么一注一不注呢？难道前者生僻而需要注释，后者人所共知而不必注释吗？显然不是，只能说是避难就易，这与注释的宗旨完全背道而驰。
I wonder that since No Self-surrender is the title of the passage and Jizi is the title of the book, which should be treated equally, why did the situation happened that one annotated while one did not? Did the former need to be annotated while the latter is known to all without having to be annotated? Obviously, it is for choosing the easier way, which is completely contrary to the purpose of the annotation.

I wonder: "don't abandon yourself" is the title, and "Ji Zi" is the title of the book. It should be treated equally, either annotated or not annotated. Why not annotate one note at a time? Is it true that the former is remote and needs annotation, while the latter is well known and does not need annotation? Obviously not, it can only be said that it is easy to avoid difficulties, which is completely contrary to the purpose of the notes.

--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 07:01, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 法语语言文学女 202120081477==

那怕注为“《姬子》不详”，也还不失为态度诚实。老实说，起初我对《姬子》也一头雾水，因为见所未见，闻所未闻。但根据我自定的注释原则，我不能回避。

Even if it is noted as "Ji Zi" unknown ", it can be regarded as an honest attitude. To be honest, at first I was confused about Ji Zi, because I had never seen or heard of it. But according to my own annotation principle, I can't avoid it.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 11:20, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Even if it is noted as "unknown Ji Zi" , it can still be regarded as an honest attitude. To be honest, at first I was confused about ''Ji Zi'', because I had never seen or heard of it. But according to my own annotation principle, I can't avoid it.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:36, 22 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

于是我首先求助于《中国古典数字工程》，肯定了中国根本不存在《姬子》这么一本书，完全是曹雪芹所杜撰，正如《古今人物通考》、《中国历代文选》都是曹雪芹杜撰一样。其次，我记得俞平伯先生有一篇专门解释《姬子》的文章，但文章的题目、发表时间以及文章内容却不记得了。经过两天的翻箱倒柜，我终于找到了这篇文章，它的题目是《读〈红楼梦〉随笔》第九节《姬子》，初载于《文汇报》1954年1月25日；又收入《红楼梦研究参考资料选辑》第二辑，人民文学出版社1973年11月出版。

Therefore, I first made reference htiw "Chinese Classical Digital Engineering" and confirmed that there was no such a book called "Ji Zi" in China, which was completely written by Cao Xueqin, just as cao Xueqin wrote "General Examination of Ancient and Modern Characters" and "Selected Chinese Writings in Past Dynasties". Secondly, I remember that Mr. Yu Pingbo had a special article explaining ''JiZi'', but I do not remember the title, publication time and content of the article. After two days of searching, I finally found this article. Its title is ''Ji Zi'', section 9 of Essays on Reading ''A Dream of Red Mansion''. It was first published in Wenhui Daily on January 25, 1954. It was also included in the second series of ''Selected Research Reference Materials on A Dream of Red Mansion'', published by People's Literature Publishing House in November 1973.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:46, 22 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

So, I firstly searched ''Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' and confirmed there was no such a book called "Ji Zi" in China. This book was completely made up by Cao Xueqin like the same thing he did to ''General Examination of Ancient and Modern Characters'' and ''Selected Chinese Writings in Past Dynasties''.Then, I recalled that Mr. Yu Pingbo especially wrote an article to explain ''Ji Zi'', but I didn't remember the title, publication time and content.After two days of searching, I finally found it. The title of it was ''Ji Zi'', section 9 of Essays on Reading ''A Dream of Red Mansion'' which was first published in Wenhui Daily on January 25, 1954. and then was included in the second series of ''Selected Research Reference Materials on A Dream of Red Mansion'', published by People's Literature Publishing House in November 1973.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:20, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

据俞先生在文章中说：姬子书到底是部什么书呢，谁也说不上来。特别前些日子把这一回书选为高中国文的教材，教员讲解时碰到问题，每来信相询，我亦不能对。但经过研究，他还是写了这篇文章，作为回答。

According to Mr.Yu in his article: nobody can tell what book ''Ji Zi'' really is. Moreover, this chapter of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' with the name ''Ji Zhi'' has been selected as the reading material of the high school,and I can't say anything when the teacher who failed to explain it in the classroom come to me.But after careful research, he still write an article to reply this question.

According to Mr. Yu in his article: nobody can tell what book ''Ji Zi'' really is. In particular, this chapter was selected as a reading material for the Chinese language in high school some days ago, the teachers encountered problems when explaining it, and they wrote to me every time to ask about it, but I couldn't get it right. But after researching, he wrote this article as an answer.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:37, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

他的结论有三点：其一，《姬子》是“作者杜撰”，并以第三回的《古今人物通考》也是杜撰而作为佐证。其二，“这原来是一个笑话”，是探春“拿姬子来抵制”宝钗用以压人的朱子和孔子，而“比朱子孔子再大，只好是姬子了。殆以周公姓姬，作为顽笑”。

There are three points in his conclusion: one, ''Ji Zi'' is "the author fabricated", and to the third round of " the general examination of ancient and modern characters" is also fabricated and as proof. Second, "this turns out to be a joke", is Tanchun " take ''Ji Zi'' to resist" Baochai and used to press people by citing Zhu Zi and Confucius, and "higher level than Zhu Zi and Confucius can only be ''Ji Zi''. Probably Zhou Gong was surnamed Ji as a joke.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:35, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
There are three points in his conclusion: first, ''Ji Zi'' is "fabricated by the author", and can be proved by the fabrication of the third round of " the general examination of ancient and modern characters". Second, "this turns out to be a joke", which Tanchun " held ''Ji Zi'' to resist” Baochai who used to press her by citing Zhu Zi and Confucius, but “requiring higher level than Zhu Zi and Confucius, there’s only be ''Ji Zi''. Probably Zhou Gong was surnamed Ji as a joke.”--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 12:25, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

其三，“有人或者要问为什么净瞎捣乱，造书名？我回答：这是小说。”《中国古典数字工程》可以证明俞先生的“杜撰说”是正确的，因此我把俞先生的意见用以注释《姬子》。
Thirdly, "Someone may ask why messing around and making a title? I replied: This is a novel. "It can be proved by ''The Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' that Mr. Yu’s “theory of fabrication” is correct. Therefore, I applied Mr. Gong's opinion to annotate ''Jizi''.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 04:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Thirdly, "Someone may ask why to mess around and make a title? I replied: This is a novel. "It can be proved by ''The Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' that Mr. Yu’s ''Theory of Fabrication'' is correct. Therefore, I applied Mr. Gong's opinion to annotate ''Ji Tzu''.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 11:01, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

据我所知，现在有人搜集了周公的几篇佚文，将其编为集子，按照《老子》、《庄子》、《孟子》之类的惯例，即命名为《姬子》，但这与曹雪芹毫不相干，《红楼梦》中的《姬子》书名绝对是杜撰。此外，有的注本虽然对《不自弃文》作了注释，却只是简述该文的大意，而没有注出曹雪芹的深刻用意。原来朱熹的徒子徒孙认为此文格调低下，有失朱夫子的身份，故将此文排除在众多朱熹文集之外，只有明·朱培编《文公大全集补遗》卷八从抄本《朱熹家谱》中引录，另有《朱子文集大全类编·卷二一·庭训》亦予收录。

As far as I know, someone collected several lost articles of Duke of Zhou, edited them into an anthology and named it ''Ji Tzu'' according to the routine of ''Lao Tzu'', ''Chang Tzu'' and ''Mencius'' and so on. However, this thing is irrelevant to Cao Xueqin, so the title of ''Ji Tzu'' in ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is absolutely fabricated. Besides, although some books with annotations made interpretation to ''No Self-surrender'', they just told the main idea of this article rather than annotating the deep meaning made by Cao Xueqin. In fact, disciples and followers of Zhu Xi thought the style of this passage beneath his dignity is very low, so they excluded it out of many anthologies of Zhu Xi. Only when Zhu Pei(Ming dynasty) edited the eighth roll of ''Supplement to Collected Works of Duke Wen'', he incited it from transcript of ''Zhu Xi’s Genealogy''. In addition, it is also included in ''Complete Works of Zhu Tzua•Roll Twenty-one•Home Hearing''.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 03:47, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

As far as I know, now someone collected several lost articles of Duke of Zhou and edited them into a collection that was named ''Ji Tzu'' according to the routine of ''Lao Tzu'', ''Chang Tzu'' and ''Mencius'' and so on. However, this thing is irrelevant to Cao Xueqin, so the title of ''Ji Tzu'' in ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is absolutely fabricated. Besides, although some books with annotations made interpretations to ''No Self-surrender'', they just briefly described the main idea of this article rather than annotating the deep meaning of Cao Xueqin. In fact, disciples and followers of Zhu Xi thought this passage was low in style and demeaned Zhu Xi, so they excluded it out of many anthologies of Zhu Xi. Only when Zhu Pei(Ming dynasty) edited the Book Eight of ''Supplement to Collected Works of Duke Wen'', he incited it from transcript of Zhu Xi’s Genealogy. In addition, ''Complete Works of Zhu Tzua• Book Twenty-one•Home Hearing'' was also included.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 03:07, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìna 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

曹雪芹借宝钗之口说出这篇少见的文章，一则以显示宝钗无书不读，再者也暗示自己博览群籍，同时也对那些自封的朱熹卫士予以调侃。可见曹雪芹即使开玩笑，也非闲笔，总有一定的用意。（详见注释）鉴于所要注释的词语性质不同，因此对注文的要求也有所不同。

Saying this rare writing through Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, on the one hand Cao Xueqin showed her strong love of reading as well as implied own extensive reading, and on the other, he played off those self-appointed guards of Zhu Xi. Obviously, his joking is not casual but absolutely with some profound meaning.(see annotations) The nature of words annotated is different, so the requirements for explanatory notes are different as well.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 02:41, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

其一，对于一般的疑难词语，重在疏通文意，多不引经据典，追根溯源。其二，对于成语、典故，则既要注明其出典，又要解释其本义，还要说明其引申义或比喻义。其三，对于各种名物（如建筑、服饰、官署、官职、琴棋书画、医卜星相等），则力求变专门术语为通俗语言，以利读者理解。

Firstly, as for normally confusing words, the emphasis is on clearing up the meaning of the text, as much quoting scripture and tracing the roots as possible. Secondly, for idioms and allusions, it is necessary to indicate their origins, explain their original meanings, and also include their derivative meanings or metaphorical meanings. Thirdly, for all kinds of physical objects (such as architecture, costumes, official offices, official positions, Four Arts( qin, chess, calligraphy and painting), medicine, divination and astrology, etc.), the attempt is to turn specialized terms into common language in order to facilitate readers’ understanding.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 11:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Firstly, as for common confusing words, it should emphasize on clearing up the meaning of the text, as much quoting scripture and tracing the roots as possible. Secondly, for idioms and allusions, it is necessary to indicate their origins, explain their original meanings, and also include their derivative meanings or metaphorical meanings. Thirdly, for various technical terms of objects (such as architecture, costumes, official offices, official positions, Four Arts( qin, chess, calligraphy and painting), medicine, divination and astrology, etc.), the attempt is to turn specialized terms into common language in order to facilitate readers’ understanding.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 12:17, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

其四，对于历史名人，则注明其所在朝代、简历及突出事迹。对于传说人物，则注明其出处及相关故事。其五，对于珍禽异兽、奇花异卉等，则注明其出处来历、奇异之处及相关故事。

Fourthly, as for historical celebrities, their dynasties, resumes and outstanding deeds should be indicated. As for legendary figures, their sources and related stories should be indicated. Fifthly, as for rare birds and animals, unusual flowers and different plants, etc., their origins and histories, peculiar places and related stories should be indicated.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 14:36, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Fourthly, as for historical celebrities, their dynasties, resumes and outstanding deeds should be indicated. As for legendary figures, their sources and related stories should be indicated. Fifthly, as for rare birds and fabulous beasts, unusual flowers and different plants, etc., their origins and histories, peculiarities and related stories should be indicated.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 15:50, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

其六，对于风俗、礼仪、节气等，则注明其形成沿革、具体内容。其七，对于谜语，则既要揭出谜底，又要解释谜语中的疑难词语、成语典故，还要说明谜底的根据。对于酒令，则要参照令谱，详述酒令的玩法及过程。

Sixthly, in terms of customs, etiquette and solar terms, its formation, development and content should be indicated. Seventhly, in terms of riddles, answers should be uncovered and an explanation is expected to be given to the answer as well as to difficult words, idioms and allusions in the riddle. Finally, in terms of drinking games, elaboration should be given on the rules and the process according to the instruction manual.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 15:51, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Sixthly, in terms of customs, etiquette and solar terms, its formation, development and content should be indicated. Seventhly, in terms of riddles, answers should be uncovered and it is necessary to explain the difficult words and idioms in the riddle, and to explain the basis of the answer.Finally, in terms of drinking games, elaboration should be given on the rules and the process according to the instruction manual.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:45, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

其八，对于所引前人诗、词、曲、文等，皆要注明出处；诗、词、曲照录全文，文则节录相关的文字。其九，对于具有隐寓或暗示意味的诗、词、曲、文、成语、典故、谜语、酒令等，因其关系到故事情节的发展和人物性格、运命的描写，故除了作注释之外，还要揭示其隐藏的含义。总而言之，注文以释难为易、释疑为明为宗旨，以释义准确、释文简炼为目标。

Eighthly, reference to predecessors' poems, Ci, Qu, essay, etc., must indicate the source; Poems, Ci, Qu are transcribed without changing the original words, and the essay takes the relevant words. Ninthly, for poems, Ci, Qu, essay, idioms, allusions, riddles, drinkers’ wager game and so on with implicit or suggestive meaning, because they are related to the development of the story plot and the description of the character and fate, so in addition to making annotations, but also to reveal his hidden meaning. In a word, the annotations aim to explain the difficulty as easy, to explain the doubt as clear. Aim to explain the meaning accurately and explain the text concisely.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:32, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Eight, all quotations from poems, lyrics, songs and essays should be attributed to the source; the poems, lyrics and songs should be reproduced in their entirety, while the essays should be excerpted from the relevant texts. Nine, for poems, lyrics, songs, texts, idioms, allusions, riddles, wine orders, etc., which have an implicit or suggestive meaning, as they relate to the development of the storyline and the description of the characters' personalities and fortunes. The commentary should reveal their hidden meanings in addition to annotations. All in all, the aim of the commentary is to explain the difficult for the easy and the doubtful for the clear, and to explain the meaning accurately and to explain the text concisely.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:32, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

愿望虽然如此，但学力有限，经验欠缺，愿望能否实现，毫无把握。诚望方家指教，读者检验。

第一回甄士隐梦幻识通灵贾雨村风尘怀闺秀

Although I wish to do so, I am not sure whether my wish can be realized because of my limited learning and lack of experience.I hope that the readers will test it.

Chapter 1 Hidden Turth--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:33, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Although I wish to do so, I am not sure whether the wish can come true with my limited ability and experience. Sincerely hope that other authors teach something and readers check it.

Chapter 1 Zhen Shiyin, in a vision, apprehends spirituality. Jia Yucun, in the windy and dusty world, cherishes fond thoughts of a beautiful maiden. --[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 07:21, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

此开卷第一回也。作者自云：曾历过一番梦幻之后，故将真事隐去，而借“通灵”之说，撰此《石头记》一书也，故曰“甄士隐”云云。但书中所记何事何人

This is the first chapter of the book. The author said that after going through the illusion, he prefered covering some truth and in virtue of mysticism wrote the novel ''The Story of the Stone''，so instead he used the name of Zhen Shiyin as a major speaker. But things and people noted in it--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 03:59, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

This is the first chapter of the book.Subsequent to the visions of a dream which he had，on some previous occasion，experienced，the writer personally relates，he designedly concealed the true circumstances，and borrowed the attributes of perception and spirituality to relate this story of the Record of the Stone. With this purpose，he made use of such designations as Chen Shih-yin and the like. What are，however，the events recorded in this work？--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 10:19, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

自己又云：“今风尘碌碌，一事无成。忽念及当日所有之女子，一一细考较去，觉其行止见识，皆出我之上；我堂堂须眉，诚不若彼裙钗：我实愧则有馀，悔又无益，大无可如何之日也。当此日，欲将已往所赖天恩祖德，锦衣纨袴之时，饫甘餍肥之日，背父兄教育之恩，负师友规训之德，以致今日一技无成、半生潦倒之罪，编述一集，以告天下：知我之负罪固多，然闺阁中历历有人，万不可因我之不肖，自护己短，一并使其泯灭也。

The author speaking for himself, goes on to explain, with the lack of success which attended every single concern, I suddenly bethought myself of the womankind of past ages. Passing one by one under a minute scrutiny, I felt that in action and in lore, one and all were far above me; that in spite of the majesty of my manliness, I could not, in point of fact, compare with these characters of the gentle sex. And my shame forsooth then knew no bounds; while regret, on the other hand, was of no avail, as there was not even a remote possibility of a day of remedy.On this very day it was that I became desirous to compile, in a connected form, for publication throughout the world, with a view to (universal) information, how that I bear inexorable and manifold retribution; inasmuch as what time, by the sustenance of the benevolence of Heaven, and the virtue of my ancestors, my apparel was rich and fine, and as what days my fare was savory and sumptuous, I disregarded the bounty of education and nurture of father and mother, and paid no heed to the virtue of precept and injunction of teachers and friends, with the result that I incurred the punishment, of failure recently in the least trifle, and the reckless waste of half my lifetime. There have been meanwhile, generation after generation, those in the inner chambers, the whole mass of whom could not, on any account, be, through my influence, allowed to fall into extinction, in order that I, unfilial as I have been, may have the means to screen my own shortcomings.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 12:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The author goes on to explain, with the lack of success which attended every single concern, I suddenly bethought myself of the womankind of past ages. Thinking of them one by one under a minute scrutiny, I felt that in action and in lore, one and all were far above me; that in spite of the majesty of my manliness, I could not, in point of fact, compare with these characters of the gentle sex. And my shame forsooth then knew no bounds; while regret, on the other hand, was of no avail, as there was not even a remote possibility of a day of remedy.On this very day it was that I became desirous to compile, in a connected form, for publication throughout the world, with a view to (universal) information, how that I bear inexorable and manifold retribution; inasmuch as what time, by the sustenance of the benevolence of Heaven, and the virtue of my ancestors, my apparel was rich and fine, and as what days my fare was savory and sumptuous, I disregarded the bounty of education and nurture of father and mother, and paid no heed to the virtue of precept and injunction of teachers and friends, with the result that I incurred the punishment, of failure recently in the least trifle, and the reckless waste of half my lifetime. There had been meanwhile, generation after generation, those in the inner chambers, the whole mass of whom could not, on any account, be, through my influence, allowed to fall into extinction, in order that I, unfilial as I have been, may have the means to hide my own shortcomings.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:34, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==

所以蓬牖茅椽，绳床瓦灶，并不足妨我襟怀；况那晨风夕月，阶柳庭花，更觉得润人笔墨。我虽不学无文，又何妨用假语村言敷演出来，亦可使闺阁昭传，复可破一时之闷，醒同人之目，不亦宜乎？”故曰“贾雨村”云云。

"Though my home is now a thatched cottage in which there are shabby windows, bed made of rope and earthen stove, all of these can not change my being broad and level. Besides, the morning breeze, the dew of night, the willows by me steps and the flowers in the yard inspired me to wield my pen. Though I have little learning and literary talent, it doesn't matter if I tell a tale in rustic language to record those lovely girls. This should help readers distract them from their worries. And that's the reason why I use the name Rainvillage Merchant."--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 13:27, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

"Though my home is now a thatched cottage in which there are shabby windows, bed made of rope and earthen stove, all of these can not change my being broad and level. Besides, the morning breeze, the dew of night, the willows by me steps and the flowers in the yard inspired me to wield my pen. Though I have little learning and literary talent, it doesn't matter if I tell a tale in rustic language to record those lovely girls. This should help readers distract them from their worries. And that's the reason why I use the name Jia Yucun."--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 14:19, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==

更于篇中间用“梦”、“幻”等字，却是此书本旨，兼寓提醒阅者之意。看官：你道此书从何而起？说来虽近荒唐，细玩颇有趣味。

In the middle of the article, the words "dream" and "fantasy" are the purpose of the book and the meaning of reminding readers. Reader: where did you start this book? Although it's absurd, it's fun to play.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 13:21, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
In the middle of the article, the words "dream" and "fantasy" are the purpose of the book and the meaning of reminding readers. Reader: where did you start this book? Although it's absurd, it's fun to play.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:33, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

却说那女娲氏炼石补天之时，于大荒山无稽崖，炼成高十二丈、见方二十四丈大的顽石三万六千五百零一块，那娲皇只用了三万六千五百块，单单剩下一块未用，弃在青埂峰下。谁知此石自经锻炼之后，灵性已通，自去自来，可大可小。因见众石俱得补天，独自己无才，不得入选，遂自怨自愧，日夜悲哀。一日，正当嗟悼之际，俄见一僧一道远远而来，生得骨格不凡，丰神迥异，来到这青埂峰下，席地坐谈。It is said that, once upon a time, when Nuwa was refining stones to mend the sky, she refined them into 36,501 pieces of hard stones 12-feet high and 24-feet square on the Wuji Cliff of the Da Huangshan Mountain. Numa, the creator of human beings in Chinese myth, only used 36,500 pieces, leaving only one unused and abandoned it under the Qinggeng Peak.Who knows, after the stone has been refined and created, its spirit has been passed. It can be big or small.Seeing that all the stones were able to mend the sky, he had no talent and could not be selected, so he complained and felt ashamed and mourned day and night. One day, at the time of mourning, he suddenly saw a monk and a Taoism priest with extraordinary personality coming from afar. They came to the Qinggeng Peak and sat on the ground to talk.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:34, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

It is said that, once upon a time, when Nuwa(Goddesses of Sky-patching) was refining stones to mend the sky, she refined them into 36,501 pieces of hard stones 12-feet high and 24-feet square on the Wuji Cliff of the Da Huangshan Mountain. Numa, the creator of human beings in Chinese myth, only used 36,500 pieces, leaving only one unused and abandoned it under the Qinggeng Peak.Who knows, after the stone has been refined and created, it had its spirit, it moved freely and could be big or small.Seeing that all the stones were able to mend the sky, he had no talent and could not be selected, so he complained and felt ashamed and mourned day and night. One day, at the time of mourning, he suddenly saw a monk and a Taoism priest with extraordinary personality coming from afar. They came to the Qinggeng Peak and sat on the ground to talk.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 05:57, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

见着这块鲜莹明洁的石头，且又缩成扇坠一般，甚属可爱。那僧托于掌上，笑道：“形体倒也是个灵物了，只是没有实在的好处。须得再镌上几个字，使人人见了，便知你是件奇物。

It was lovely to see this bright and clean stone shrinking like a fan. Resting on his palm, the monk smiled and said, "The body is a spiritual being, but it has no real benefit. Words had to be engraved so that everyone could see you and know that you were a wonder.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 15:01, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
Looking at this bright and clean stone shrinking like a fan, which is so lovely, with the stone on his palm the monk smiled and said, "Your body is a spiritual being, but ihas no real benefits. Words should be engraved so that everyone could see you and know that you are a wonder.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:42, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

然后携你到那昌明隆盛之邦、诗礼簪缨之族、花柳繁华地、温柔富贵乡那里去走一遭。”石头听了大喜，因问：“不知可镌何字？携到何方？望乞明示。”那僧笑道：“你且莫问，日后自然明白。”
Then take you there, a city-state of prosperity, a family of scholar, a place of flowers and willows. After listening, Stone asked rejoicingly: “I do not know what word I can write? Where I will be taken to? I hope get your instruction.” The monk smiled, “You do not rush into answer, and you will know it some day.”--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Then I'll take you for a walk to the prosperous country, the family of poems, gifts and tassels, the prosperous place of flowers and willows, and the gentle and rich township. " The stone was overjoyed when he asked, "I don't know what word to engrave? Where to carry it? I hope to beg clearly." the monk smiled and said, “You do not rush into answer, and you will know it some day.”--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 14:54, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

说毕，便袖了，同那道人飘然而去，竟不知投向何方。又不知过了几世几劫，因有个空空道人访道求仙，从这大荒山无稽崖青埂峰下经过，忽见一块大石，上面字迹分明，编述历历。空空道人乃从头一看，原来是无才补天，幻形入世，被那茫茫大士、渺渺真人携入红尘、引登彼岸的一块顽石：上面叙着堕落之乡、投胎之处，以及家庭琐事、闺阁闲情、诗词谜语，倒还全备。

Having concluded these words, he put the stone in his sleeve, and proceeded on his journey, in company with the Taoist priest. No one knows where he took the stone. Nor can it be known how many centuries and ages elapsed, before a Taoist priest, named K'ung K'ung, passed, during his researches after the eternal reason and his quest after immortality, by these Ta Huang Hills, Wu Ch'i cave and Ch'ing Keng Peak. Suddenly seeing a large stone, on the surface of which the handwriting on it is clear and the calendar is compiled, K'ung K'ung examined them from first to last. They, in fact, explained how that this stone had originally been devoid of the properties essential for the repairs to the heavens, how it would be transmuted into human form and introduced by Mang Mang the High Lord, and Miao Miao, the Divine, into the world of mortals, and how it would be led over the other bank (across the San Sara). On the surface, it describes the land of degeneration, the place of reincarnation, as well as family trivia, boudoir leisure, poetry, riddles, which could not be ascertained.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 04:54, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Having concluded these words, he put the stone in his sleeve, and proceeded leisurely on his journey, in company with the Taoist priest. However, no one knew where he went. Nor can it be known how many centuries and ages elapsed, before a Taoist priest, K'ung K'ung by name, passed, during his researches after the eternal reason and his quest after immortality, by these Da Huang Hills, Wu Ch'i cave and Ch'ing Keng Peak. Suddenly perceiving a large block of stone, on the surface of which the traces of characters giving in a connected form, the various incidents of its fate could be clearly predicted. K'ung K'ung examined them from beginning to end. In fact, they explained how this block of worthless stone which had originally been devoid of the properties essential for the mending to the heavens, would be transmuted into human form and introduced by Mang Mang the High Lord, and Miao Miao, the Divine, into the world of mortals, and how it would be led over the other world (across the San Sara). On the surface, it recorded the spot of its degeneration and the place of its birth. The complete recording also included various family trifles, trivial affairs of young ladies, verses and riddles.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 06:17, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

只是朝代年纪，失落无考。后面又有一偈云：无才可去补苍天，枉入红尘若许年。此系身前身后事，倩谁记去作奇传？

But the name of the dynasty and the year of the reign were obliterated and could not be confirmed. There was also a Buddhist verse following behind:
Lacking in virtues to mend the azure skies,
in vain I have been into the mortal world for many years.
These facts are of a former and after life,
but who will record a strange legend for me?--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 03:57, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

But the name of the dynasty and the year of the reign were obliterated and could not be confirmed. There was also a Buddhist verse following behind:
Lacking in virtues to mend the azure sky, nothing have I gained within the years spent in the secular world. All of these about my present life and afterlife, who would record them for me?--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 14:59, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

空空道人看了一回，晓得这石头有些来历，遂向石头说道：“石兄，你这一段故事，据你自己说来，有些趣味，故镌写在此，意欲闻世传奇。据我看来：第一件，无朝代年纪可考；第二件，并无大贤大忠理朝廷、治风俗的善政，其中只不过几个异样女子，或情或痴，或小才微善。我纵然抄去，也算不得一种奇书。”

As the Taoist priest named Kongkong once has examined the stone, he had some idea about the story on it, and then said to the stone, "Brother, maybe in your opinion, the story inscribed on you is of some interest so as to be kept here to win a fame throughout the world. But to my mind, it is far from a legend book to be transcribed. Firstly, there are hardly any clues about the time period of the background; secondly, no outstanding governance regarding politics and costumes has been achieved by great talents or loyal officials, and what it mainly narrates are merely several unusual women, some stuck in love, some boasting subtle intelligence and benevolence."--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 09:02, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

As the Taoist priest named Kongkong once has examined the stone, he knew that the stone had some history, and then said to the stone, "Brother, maybe in your opinion, the story inscribed on you is of some interest so as to be kept here to win a fame throughout the world. But to my mind, it is far from a legend book to be transcribed. Firstly, there are hardly any clues about the time period of the background; secondly, no outstanding governance regarding politics and costumes has been achieved by great talents or loyal officials, and what it mainly narrates are merely several unusual women, some stuck in love, some boasting subtle intelligence and benevolence."--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 03:05, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

石头果然答道：“我师何必太痴？我想历来野史的朝代，无非假借汉、唐的名色；莫如我这石头所记，不借此套，只按自己的事体情理，反倒新鲜别致。况且那野史中，或讪谤君相，或贬人妻女，奸淫凶恶，不可胜数；更有一种风月笔墨，其淫秽污臭，最易坏人子弟。

The stone answered: “Why are you so stubborn? I think the dynasties of unofficial history are nothing more than under the guise of Han, Tang. They are not as good as the stories recorded by me, a stone, which don’t follow the convention but according to the real facts and therefore are more novel on the contrary. Moreover, those unofficial histories are either slandering the emperor and his subjects, or belittling other people’s wives and children. There are countless descriptions of ferocity and adultery which are the most likely to have a bad influence on the younger generation.”--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 10:54, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The stone answered: “Why are you so stubborn? I think the dynasties recorded in the unofficial histories are nothing more than under the guise of Han and Tang Dynasty. They are not as good as the stories recorded by me, a stone, which don’t follow the convention but according to the real facts and therefore are more novel on the contrary. Besides, those unofficial histories are either slandering the emperor and his subjects, or belittling other people’s wives and children. There are countless descriptions of ferocity and adultery which are most likely to have a bad influence on the younger generation.” --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 11:10, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

至于才子佳人等书，则又开口文君，满篇子建，千部一腔，千人一面，且终不能不涉淫滥。在作者不过要写出自己的两首情诗艳赋来，故假捏出男女二人名姓；又必旁添一小人拨乱其间，如戏中小丑一般。更可厌者，之乎者也，非理即文，大不近情，自相矛盾。

As for the books about the talented and the beauties, they talked about Wen and Jun, the pages were also full of Zi and Jian. A thousand volumes present the same thing, and a thousand person are also in the same character. Moreover, they cannot avoid to some licentious things. The authors, who had to write several sentimental odes and elegant ballads, had falsely invented the names of both men and women, and also some bad guys who like a clown in a play made some troubles in there. As for the annoying men, they had nothing in their minds and talked about Li and Wen, which had no link with the targeted things and paradoxical in the whole.--[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 00:53, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
As for books related to talented scholars and beautiful ladies, he also talked about Wenjun, who is good at articles and is capricious, but he could not avoid prostitution in the end. The author just wants to write two of his own love poems, so he falsely pinches out the names of men and women; he must add a little person to make trouble in the meantime, like a clown in a play. The more annoying, the more it is, the unreasonable is the literary, the most unkind, self-contradictory.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 03:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

竟不如我这半世亲见亲闻的几个女子，虽不敢说强似前代书中所有之人，但观其事迹原委，亦可消愁破闷；至于几首歪诗，也可以喷饭供酒。其间离合悲欢，兴衰际遇，俱是按迹循踪，不敢稍加穿凿，至失其真。只愿世人当那醉馀睡醒之时，或避事消愁之际，把此一玩，不但是洗旧翻新，却也省了些寿命筋力，不更去谋虚逐妄了。
It’s not as good as the few women I’ve seen and heard about in this half of my life. Although I dare not say that she is better than all the people in the books of the previous generations. Looking at their deeds, you can also relieve your sorrow and boredom. As for a few poor poems, you can also taste them while eating and drinking.The joys and sorrows, the ups and downs all follow the traces, daring not to lose the truth. I only hope that when the world is awake, or when avoiding troubles and sorrows ,they can enjoy it, not only to renovate, but also to save some lifespan and energy, not to seek falsehood.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 03:15, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

I am not as good as the women I have seen and heard in my life. Though I cannot say that they are as good as all the people in the books of previous generations, I can relieve my sorrow and despair by watching their deeds. As for a few crooked poems, you can also spray rice for wine. During the separation of joys and sorrows, ups and downs, are all traced, dare not slightly cut, to lose its true. I only hope that when people wake up from their drunkenness, or when they are relieved of their sorrow, they will not only wash the old and renew it, but also save some strength of life, so as not to seek for false things.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:39, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

我师意为如何？”空空道人听如此说，思忖半晌，将这《石头记》再检阅一遍。因见上面大旨不过谈情，亦只是实录其事，绝无伤时诲淫之病，方从头至尾抄写回来，闻世传奇。
What do I mean?" Empty Taoist listen to say so, ponder a long time, will this "stone" review again. Seeing that the message above was only a talk of love, and only a record of it, without suffering from the disease of lewdness, I copied it back from beginning to end and heard the legend of the world.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:38, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

What do I mean? " After hearing this, Taoist Kongkong thought for a long time and reviewed the stone story again. Seeing that the above general purpose is nothing but romance, it is only a factual record of its affairs, and there is no disease of obscenity at the time of injury, so I copied it back from beginning to end and heard the legend of the world.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 04:35, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

从此空空道人因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空，遂改名情僧，改《石头记》为《情僧录》。东鲁孔梅溪题曰《风月宝鉴》。后因曹雪芹于悼红轩中披阅十载，增删五次，纂成目录，分出章回，又题曰《金陵十二钗》，并题一绝。
Since then empty Taoist empty because of empty see color, from color feeling, feeling into color, since color wukong, then changed the name of the monk, "stone" for "love monk record". Kong Meixi of The Eastern Lu dynasty wrote the book Fengyue Bao Jian. After cao Xueqin in mourning red xuan read ten years, add and delete five times, compiled into a directory, a chapter back, and the title yue ''Jinling twelve Hairpin'', and a must.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 04:31, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Since then Empty Taoist saw form through emptiness, generated emotions due to form, into which emptiness was stilled and epiphany was revealed, he then changed his epithet into Monk in Love, and changed ''The story of the Stone'' into ''Record of Monk in Love'', which was called ''Catalogue of Chinese Ancient Romance'' by Kong Meixi of The Eastern Lu dynasty. Afterwards Cao Xueqin read and amended it for ten years, revised and polished it for five times, and then compiled it into a directory with chapters and sections. Finally he entitled it ''The Twelve Flowers in Jinlin'' attached with a Chinese quatrain.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 04:55, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

即此便是《石头记》的缘起。诗云：满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪。都云作者痴，谁解其中味?

This was the origin of ''The Story of The Stone''. A poem once said, “the whole novel is full of absurd words, as well as bitter tears. People all consider the author crazy, but is there anyone who knows its true meaning？--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 07:22, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

This is the origin of ''The Story of the Stone''. The poem says: The pages were full of idle words which was penned with hot and bitter tears; All men call the author fool, but no one understood his secret message.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 08:25, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

《石头记》缘起既明，正不知那石头上面记着何人何事？看官请听。按那石上书云：当日地陷东南，这东南有个姑苏城，城中阊门最是红尘中一二等富贵风流之地。

Now that the origin of the stone is clear, let us see what was written on the stone. Dear readers, please listen. Long ago, the earth dipped downwards in the southeast where there was a city named Gusu; and the quarter around Changmen Gate of Gusu was one of the most fashionable centres of wealth and nobility in the world of men. --[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 02:10, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

The origin of "The Story of the Stone" was clear, but did you know who or what was written on the stone? Please listen to me and go on. According to the record on the stone: One day, there was a subsidence in southeast and there was Gusu City. In the city, the quarter around Changmen Gate was one of the most fashionable centres of wealth and nobility in the world of men. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:13, 23 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

这阊门外有个十里街，街内有个仁清巷，巷内有个古庙，因地方狭窄，人皆呼作“葫芦庙”。庙旁住着一家乡宦，姓甄名费，字士隐；嫡妻封氏，性情贤淑，深明礼义。家中虽不甚富贵，然本地也推他为望族了。

Outside the city of Changmen gate, there was a Shili street and a Renqing lane was on the street. In the Renqing lane, there was an ancient temple called "Hulu temple" owing to it`s narrow location. Next to the temple lived a hometown official named Zhen Fei, courtesy named Shi Yin; his legal wife, surnamed Feng, was a virtuous person with a deep sense of courtesy and righteousness. Although the family was not very rich, the local people also thought that he was a prominent family. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 14:02, 21 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

Outside the Changmen gate was the Shili street and the Renqing lane, inside which was an ancient temple, called the "Gourd temple" for its narrow space. Next to the temple lived a retired official named Zhen Fei, whose courtesy name was Shi Yin; his legal wife Mrs. Feng was a virtuous person with a deep awareness of courtesy and righteousness. Although the family was not very rich, the locals also regarded him as a noble man.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:19, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

因这甄士隐禀性恬淡，不以功名为念，每日只以观花种竹、酌酒吟诗为乐，倒是神仙一流人物。只是一件不足：年过半百，膝下无儿；只有一女，乳名英莲，年方三岁。一日炎夏永昼，士隐于书房闲坐，手倦抛书，伏几盹睡，不觉矇眬中走至一处，不辨是何地方。

Hidden Truth had a tranquil mind, indifferent to fame or gain. The only fun in every day life was enjoying beautiful flowers and planting bamboo, drinking nectared wine and reciting poetry. What a fairy-like figure! There was only one pity, that is, though in his fifty years old, he had no son nut only one three-year-old daughter, named Pity Zhen. One day in the hot summer, Hidden Truth was sitting idly in his study. Tired, he threw away his book and fell asleep at his desk, drifting to a place he could not tell.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 03:19, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Zhen Shiyin had a tranquil mind, indifferent to fame or gain. The only fun in every day life was enjoying beautiful flowers and planting bamboo, drinking nectared wine and reciting poetry. What a fairy-like figure! But there was one pity, that is, though in his fifty years old, he had no son nut only one three-year-old daughter, named Yinglian. One day in the hot summer, Shenyin was sitting idly in his study. He was so tired that he threw away his book and fell asleep at his desk, drifting to a place he could not tell.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 05:12, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

忽见那厢来了一僧一道，且行且谈。只听道人问道：“你携了此物，意欲何往？”那僧笑道：“你放心。如今现有一段风流公案，正该了结，这一干风流冤家，尚未投胎人世。

Unexpectedly he espied， in the opposite direction， two priests coming towards him： the one a Buddhist， the other a Taoist. As they advanced they kept up the conversation in which they were engaged. "Whither do you purpose taking the object you have brought away？" he heard the Taoist inquire. To this question the Buddhist replied with a smile： "Set your mind at ease，" he said； "there's now in maturity a plot of a general character involving mundane pleasures， which will presently come to a denouement. The whole number of the votaries of voluptuousness have， as yet， not been quickened or entered the world.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 05:07, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Unexpectedly he espied, from the opposite direction, A monk and a Taoist coming up to him. As they advanced, they kept up the conversation in which they were engaged. "Whither do you purpose taking the thing you have brought away？" He heard the Taoist inquire. The Buddhist replied with a smile: "Set your mind at ease. There's now a case of romantic affairs, which should presently come to a denouement. The whole number of the votaries of voluptuousness involved in have not been reincarnated.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:31, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

趁此机会，就将此物夹带于中，使他去经历经历。”那道人道：“原来近日风流冤家又将造劫历世，但不知起于何处，落于何方？”那僧道：“此事说来好笑。

Taking this opportunity, we can mingle it in them and let it experience the life on earth." The Taoist said: "So those debtors of love affairs will be reincarnated and then suffer on earth. But from which place will the reincarnation start and in which direction will them be placed still remain unsettled." The monk said: "It's a funny story. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:28, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Taking this opportunity, we can carry it away and let it experience the life on earth. ”The Taoist priest said: "The debtors of love affairs will be reincarnated and then suffer on earth recently. But it' s unknown that from when the story started and to where will it go.“ The monk said: "It's a funny story....-- --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 08:23, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

只因当年这个石头，娲皇未用，自己却也落得逍遥自在，各处去游玩。一日来到警幻仙子处，那仙子知他有些来历，因留他在赤霞宫中，名他为赤霞宫神瑛侍者。他却常在西方灵河岸上行走，看见那灵河岸上三生石畔有棵绛珠仙草，十分娇娜可爱，遂日以甘露灌溉，这绛珠草始得久延岁月。

This stone have not been used by The Empress Nu Wo. Thus It used to be free to roam on the heavens until one day he came to the Fairy of Wonders, who knew his special background. So she kept him in her palace and gave him the name by the Divine Eunuch of the Palace. He often walked along the bank of the Spirit River in the West where he saw a delicate and lovely flower on the bank of the Three Living Stones. Being struck with the great beauty of this flower, the stone remained there, tending its protegee with the most loving care, and daily moistening its roots with the choicest nectar of the sky. Yielding to the influence of disinterested love, the flower lived a longer life. --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 07:32, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Because this stone in that age hasn‘t been used by a goddess in Chinese mythology，he could be careless and can go to visit many places for fun.One day，he come to the Fairy of Wonders who knew his special background. So she kept him in her palace and gave him the name by the Divine Eunuch of the Palace.But he always walks by the bank of the Spirit River.One day，he saw a fairy grass beside the Three Living Stones on the bank of the river，which is cute and delicate，so he irrigated it day by day，making it living longer.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:31, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

后来既受天地精华，复得甘露滋养，遂脱了草木之胎，幻化人形，仅仅修成女体，终日游于离恨天外，饥餐秘情果，渴饮灌愁水。只因尚未酬报灌溉之德，故甚至五内郁结着一段缠绵不尽之意。常说：‘自己受了他雨露之惠，我并无此水可还。
Afterwards，because of the essence of the nature and the nutrients of the dew，it gradually got rid of itself from the trees and become a human-being，but only can become a female，meandering outside all day long，when feeling hungry，she would eat fruits，and when feeling thirsty，she would drink water.The reason for her lingering emotions is that she haven‘t showed her gratitude to her benefactors.She always said that：“I was benefited from his dew，but I can‘t bring back a report.”--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

他若下世为人，我也同去走一遭，但把我一生所有的眼泪还他，也还得过了。’因此一事，就勾出多少风流冤家都要下凡，造历幻缘，那绛珠仙草也在其中。今日这石正该下世，我来特地将他仍带到警幻仙子案前，给他挂了号，同这些情鬼下凡，一了此案。”

If he could be reincarnated as human in the next life, I would also go with him but only in this time return all the sorrows to him, which can let me go through the life. “For this reason, how many pretty teases have to descend to the world suffering the illusory fates, and the Crimson Pearl Flower is also among them. Today, this stone is about to be born, so I comes here specially to bring him to the court of Fairy Maiden Jinhuan, registering him and letting him go down to the earth with ghosts in order to settle the case.”--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 12:37, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

If he could be reincarnated as human in the next life, I would go with him, but I should also return all the sorrows in this time to him, which can enable me to go through the life. "For this reason, lots of pretty teases have to descend to the world suffering the illusory destiny, and that Crimson Pearl Flower is also amomg them. Today this jade is about to be born, so I come here specially to take him to the court of Fairy Maiden Jinhuan, endowing him with a registration and letting him go down to the earth with those sentimental ghosts so as to settle the case.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 15:16, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

那道人道：“果是好笑，从来不闻有‘还泪’之说。趁此，你我何不也下世度脱几个，岂不是一场功德？”那僧道：“正合吾意。你且同我到警幻仙子宫中，将这蠢物交割清楚，待这一干风流孽鬼下世，你我再去。如今有一半落尘，然犹未全集。”

The Taoist priest says:"It's really ridiculous. I have never heard of the saying of 'returning tears'. We can also take this opportunity to release several souls from purgatory (help several souls of the decease get rid of worldly sufferings). Isn't it a merit?" The monk replies:"It's exactly what I am hoping for. You and I are going to the palace of the fairy maiden Jing Huan, and to deliver such a jade and figure it out. When these dissolute and sinful evils all pass away, we will go to the afterlife. Half of them have fallen into the earthly world, but they have not yet gathered completely."--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 15:04, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

The Taoist priest says:"It's really ridiculous. I have never heard of the saying of 'returning tears'. We can also take this opportunity to release several souls from purgatory (help several souls of the decease get rid of worldly sufferings). Isn't it a merit?" The monk replies:"It's exactly what I am hoping for. You and I will go the palace of the fairy maiden Jing Huan, and to deliver such a jade and figure it out. When these dissolute and sinful evils all pass away, we will go to the afterlife. Half of them have fallen into the earthly world, but they have not yet gathered completely."--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 06:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

道人道：“既如此，便随你去来。”却说甄士隐俱听得明白，遂不禁上前施礼，笑问道：“二位仙师请了。”那僧、道也忙答礼相问。

The Taoist said, "In that case, let's go with you." Then Hidden Truth heard and understood, so he could not help but go forward to salute, smiling and saying, " Please, distinguished masters." The monk and the Taoist also replied with manners.

The Taoist said, "In that case, let's go with you." Then Hidden Truth heard and understood, so he could not help but go forward to salute, smiling and saying, " Please, distinguished masters." The monk and the Taoist also immediately replied with manners.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 10:50, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

士隐因说道：“适闻仙师所谈因果，实人世罕闻者。但弟子愚拙，不能洞悉明白。若蒙大开痴顽，备细一闻，弟子洗耳谛听，稍能警省，亦可免沉沦之苦了。”

Hidden Truth said: "What you master talked about the cause and effect is definitely rare in the world. But I am stupid and can't fully understand it. If you can explain it for me to get rid of infatuation and stubbornness, I will listen to you carefully and then take warning from it, avoiding the suffering of enthrallment."--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 08:01, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth then said, "I have just heard you master's words about karma, a truly rare insight in the world. But I am too ignorant to understand it. If I could be enlightened by you two to get rid of infatuation and stubbornness, I would certainly listen carefully to all that you say and then take warning from it, avoiding the suffering of enthrallment."--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:54, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

二仙笑道：“此乃玄机，不可预泄。到那时只不要忘了我二人，便可跳出火坑矣。”士隐听了，不便再问，因笑道：“玄机固不可泄露，但适云‘蠢物’，不知为何？或可得见否？”那僧说：“若问此物，倒有一面之缘。”

The two immortals laughed and said, "It is something metaphysical and cannot be divulged in advance. At that time, just don't forget the two of us, and you will be free from your predicament." When Shi Yin heard this, he stopped pursuing the matter. He laughed and said, "Of course the mystery must not be divulged, but I don't quite understand what the 'stupid thing' is that you just mentioned. Perhaps I have a chance to see it?" The monk said, "This thing you are asking about, you do have the fortune to see it.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:39, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The two immortals laughed and said, "It is metaphysical and cannot be divulged in advance. At that time, if you don't forget two of us, and you will be free from your predicament." When Shi Yin heard this, he stopped pursuing the matter. He laughed and said, "Of course the mystery must not be divulged, but I don't quite understand what the 'stupid thing' is that you just mentioned. Perhaps I have a chance to see it?" The monk said, "This thing you are asking about, you do have the fortune to see it.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 06:17, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

说着取出，递与士隐。士隐接了看时，原来是块鲜明美玉，上面字迹分明，镌着“通灵宝玉”四字，后面还有几行小字。正欲细看时，那僧便说已到幻境，就强从手中夺了去。

He said and took it out to Hidden Truth. ShiYin received it and found it a bright beautiful jade in which there were four clear characters:Tong Ling Bao Yu followes by several lines of words.When Hidden Truth craved for a careful look, that monk said that he had reached the illusion, so he snatched it from ShiYin's hand.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 02:57, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Then he said as he took it out and handed it to Shi Yin. Shi Yin took a look, and it turned out to be a piece of bright beautiful jade, with clear writing above, engraved with the “Tongling jade”. There were a few lines of small characters behind. When he was about to take a closer look, the monk said he had reached the dreamland and snatched the jade from his hands.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 01:47, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

和那道人竟过了一座大石牌坊，上面大书四字，乃是“太虚幻境”。两边又有一副对联道：假作真时真亦假，无为有处有还无。士隐意欲也跟着过去，方举步时，忽听一声霹雳，若山崩地陷。

And with that Taoist priest actually passed a large stone archway, above which was engraved four big words, is “the Great Void Dreamland”.On both sides there was a pair of couplets: If false is taken as the truth, then truth is said to be lieing , when nothing is taken as being, then being itself is turned into nothing. Shih-yin also wanted to pass the big stone archway, but the moment he was about to raise his foot, he heard a crack of thunder which sounded as if the hills were rending asunder and the earth falling in.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 02:52, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

And that Taoist passed a large stone pagoda, written on it four big words, is "Taixu fantasy realm". On both sides, there is a couplet saying: "Falsehood is true when it is true, and there is nothing where there is nothing". Shi Yin also wanted to follow, when just ready to raise his feet, he heard a thunderbolt all of a sudden, as if a landslide happened.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 02:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

士隐大叫一声，定睛看时，只见烈日炎炎，芭蕉冉冉，梦中之事便忘了一半。又见奶母抱了英莲走来。士隐见女儿越发生得粉装玉琢，乖觉可喜，便伸手接来，抱在怀中，斗他玩耍一会。

Hidden Truth cried out, and when he fixed his eyes, only seeing the sun is shining, the weather is bright, and the plantains are flourishing, and then he forgot half of his dream. Later, the lactating mother coming with Pity Zhen in her arms. When Hidden Truth noted that his daughter was becoming more and more beautiful and cute, he reached out and took her in his arms, and teased her for a while.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 02:43, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Morale Hidden Truth cried out, fixing his eyes on the blazing sun and supplely drooping banana leaves, only to be oblivious to half of his dream. Then the wet nurse came over with Pity Zhen in her arms. Morale Hidden Truth perceived that his daughter became so fair and lovely that he couldn’t wait to cradle her in his arms to amuse her.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 05:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

== Headline text ==
==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

又带至街前，看那过会的热闹。方欲进来时，只见从那边来了一僧一道：那僧癞头跣足，那道跛足蓬头，疯疯癫癫，挥霍谈笑而至。及到了他门前，看见士隐抱着英莲，那僧便大哭起来，又向士隐道：“施主，你把这有命无运、累及爹娘之物抱在怀内作甚？”

Morale Hidden Square then took his lovely daughter out into the street to see the lively meeting. When he was about to enter the door, he saw a monk and a Taoist priest coming from the other side: the monk had ringworm on his head and no shoes or socks on his feet; the Taoist priest was characterized by lameness and untidy hair. They came over, crazy, talking and laughing. When they got to Morale Hidden Square’s door, seeing him holding Pity Link in his arms. The monk began to cry and said to Morale Hidden Square, “ Benefactor, why did you cradle such an ill-fated and encumbering child in your arms？”--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 01:35, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin then took his lovely daughter to the street to see the lively agora. When he was about to enter the door, he saw a monk and a Taoist priest coming from the other side: the monk had ringworm on his head and no shoes or socks on his feet; the Taoist priest was characterized by lameness and untidy hair. They acted like a lunatic and came over,talking and laughing. When they got to Shiyin’s door, seeing him holding Yinglian in his arms. The monk began to cry and said to Shiyin, “ Benefactor, why did you cradle such an ill-fated and encumbering child in your arms？”--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:06, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

士隐听了，知是疯话，也不睬他。那僧还说：“舍我罢，舍我罢。”士隐不耐烦，便抱着女儿转身。

After listening to him,Shiyin knew that it's crazy words and ignored him.But the monk also said:"Give her to me,give her to me." Shiyin was impatient,so he held his daughter and turned to leave.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 05:59, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

After listening to him, Shiyin knew that it was lunatic ravings and ignored him. But the monk complemented:"Give her to me, give her to me." Shiyin got impatient, so he embraced his daughter and turned around. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 12:14, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

才要进去，那僧乃指着他大笑，口内念了四句言词，道是：惯养娇生笑你痴，菱花空对雪澌澌。好防佳节元宵后，便是烟消火灭时。

When he was about to get in, the monk pointed at him and laughed, mumbling four sentences, which mean “how crazy that you pamper your daughter like this, (see you embrace Yinglian), just like the summer lotus are exposed to the winter snow. Beware of the days after the Lantern Festival, then there is a fire to vanish everything.”--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 03:03, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
When he wanted to go in, the monk pointed at him and laughed, saying…--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 06:56, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

士隐听得明白，心下犹豫，意欲问他来历，只听道人说道：“你我不必同行，就此分手，各干营生去罢。三劫后，我在北邙山等你，会齐了，同往太虚幻境销号。”那僧道：“最妙，最妙。”
Shi Yin understood and hesitated, intending to ask him where he came from. The Taoist said, "You and I don't need to go together. Three days later, I wait for you in north mangshan, meet together, with the imaginary land sales number." The monk said, "The best, the best."--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 06:44, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin understood,hesitated in his heart,and wanted to ask him where he came from.He only heard the Taoist say: "You and I don't have to go together, just break up and go to work. After the Three Tribulations, I will wait for you in Beimanshan,nnd go to the Tai Unreal Realm to sell the number." The monk said: "The most wonderful, the most wonderful."--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 13:40, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

说毕，二人一去，再不见个踪影了。士隐心中此时自忖：“这两个人必有来历，很该问他一问，如今后悔却已晚了。”这士隐正在痴想，忽见隔壁葫芦庙内寄居的一个穷儒，姓贾名化、表字时飞、别号雨村的走来。

After that,the two went away,and they were nowhere to be seen.Shiyin thought to himself at this moment: "These two people must have a history.It's time to ask him,but now it's too late to regret." Shiyin was thinking about it,but suddenly saw a poor scholar living in the Hulu temple next door whose first name is Jia,last name hua,Courtesy name Shifei,and another name Yucun came.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 13:37, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

After saying that, the two went away, and there was no sign of them anymore. Shiyin thought to himself at this moment: "These two people surely had some backgrounds. I should have asked him, but it was too late to regret now." Shiyin was daydreaming, but suddenly saw a poor scholar living in the Hulu temple next door coming up. His first name is hua, last name is jia, secondary personal name is Shifei, and another name is Yucun.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 14:46, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

这贾雨村原系湖州人氏，也是诗书仕宦之族。因他生于末世，父母祖宗根基已尽，人口衰丧，只剩得他一身一口。在家乡无益，因进京求取功名，再整基业。

Jia Yucun was born in Huzhou and came from a family of Confucian scholars and officials. Because he was born in last phase of age, the roots of his ancestors had died out. Family declined, and left him alone. He found no benefit in hometown, so he went to Beijing to strive for fame and tried to make another solid foundation for family.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 03:10, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Jia Yucun came from Huzhou and was born in a family of scholars and officials. However, because he was born in the last phase of the age, the root of his ancestors had died out and family declined, leaving him alone in the world. He found no benefit in hometown, so he went to Beijing to strive for success and fame and tried to make the revitalization of his family.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 04:46, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

自前岁来此，又淹蹇住了，暂寄庙中安身，每日卖文作字为生，故士隐常与他交接。当下雨村见了士隐，忙施礼陪笑道：“老先生倚门伫望，敢街市上有甚新闻么？”士隐笑道：“非也。适因小女啼哭，引他出来作耍。正是无聊的很，贾兄来得正好，请入小斋，彼此俱可消此永昼。”

Since arriving in Beijing the year before last, Jia Yuchun had led a hard life, living only in a temple. He wrote poems and articles in exchange for money every day, so Shiyin often often met with him. Once Yucun saw Shiyin, hurriedly saluted and said with a smile, " Sir, you are leaning on the door and looking at something. Is there any news in the market?" Shiyin smiled and said, "No. Just because my little girl cried, so I took her out to play. I am so bored now and you are so nice to appear in time. Please come into my study with me, so that we can both kill the boring time." --[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 03:35, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Since arriving in Beijing the year before last, Jia Yuchun found himself in difficult conditions and desperate straits. He lived only in a temple and made a living by writing in exchange for money every day, so Shiyin often met with him. At that moment, Yucun saw Shiyin, hurriedly saluted and said with smile, " An old gentleman as you, leaning on the door and looking at something, I wander that is there any news in the street?" Shiyin smiled and said, "Hardly, just because my little girl cried, so I take her out to play. I am so bored now and you‘ve come just at the right moment. Please come into my study, so that we can spend the long day together."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 14:13, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

说着，便令人送女儿进去。自携了雨村来至书房中，小童献茶。方谈得三五句话，忽家人飞报：“严老爷来拜。”

While he was talking, he asked someone to take his daughter back to her room. Then he took Yucun to his study, and a child offered a cup of tea for each of them. But just said a few words, suddenly the family member came quickly to say that "Master Yan came to visit."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 07:30, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

While talking, he asked someone to take his daughter back to her room. Then he took Yucun to his study, and a child offered a cup of tea for each of them. But just said a few words, suddenly the family member came quickly to say that "Master Yan came to visit." --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 14:01, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

士隐慌忙起身谢道：“恕诓驾之罪。且请略坐，弟即来奉陪。”雨村起身也让道：“老先生请便。晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨！”说着，士隐已出前厅去了。

Shiying stood up hurriedly and said, " Excuse me.Please sit for a moment first, and I will entertain you at once." Yucun also stood up and answered:" Old gentleman, you go. I often come to you here as a guest, wait a little while is not the matter!" Said, Shiying had walked out of the guest room.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 02:51, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
Shiyin hurriedly got up and thanked, "excuse the crime of cheating driving. Please sit down and my brother will accompany you." Yucun got up and said, "please help yourself, sir. My late life is a regular guest. Why not wait a minute!" said Shiyin, who had left the front hall.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 13:44, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

这里雨村且翻弄诗籍解闷，忽听得窗外有女子嗽声。雨村遂起身往外一看，原来是一个丫鬟在那里掐花儿：生的仪容不俗，眉目清秀，虽无十分姿色，却也有动人之处。雨村不觉看得呆了。那甄家丫鬟掐了花儿，方欲走时，猛抬头见窗内有人：敝巾旧服，虽是贫窘，然生得腰圆背厚，面阔口方，更兼剑眉星眼，直鼻方腮。
Here in the rain village, I turned to poetry books to relieve my boredom. Suddenly I heard a woman coughing outside the window. Yucun then got up and looked out. It turned out that it was a servant girl pinching flowers there: Sheng's appearance was not vulgar and his eyebrows were beautiful. Although he was not very beautiful, he was also moving. Yucun was stunned. The Zhen servant girl pinched the flowers. When Fang was about to leave, she suddenly looked up and saw someone in the window: Although I was poor and embarrassed, I had a round waist, thick back, wide face and square mouth. I also had sword eyebrows, star eyes, straight nose and square cheeks.

Yuncun was reading poems to relieve his boredom, suddenly hearing a girl outside the window coughing. Yucun stood up and found a housemaid picking flowers: she was of good appearance and pretty features. Although she was not perfect, she had something touching. Yucun felt stunned. The girl had pinched the flowers and was about to leave when she suddenly raised her head and saw someone in the window. In rags, he had a round waist and a thick back, a wide face and a square mouth, with a sword eyebrow and star eyes, a straight nose and a square cheek.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 10:14, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

这丫鬟忙转身回避，心下自想：“这人生的这样雄壮，却又这样褴褛。我家并无这样贫窘亲友，想他定是主人常说的什么贾雨村了。怪道又说他必非久困之人，每每有意帮助周济他，只是没什么机会。”如此一想，不免又回头一两次。雨村见他回头，便以为这女子心中有意于他，遂狂喜不禁，自谓此女子必是个巨眼英豪，风尘中之知己。
The housemaid turned away quickly and said to herself:” the man is so grand and ragged. I don’t have such deprived friends and relatives, thus he must be Jia Yucun that the master has mentioned frequently. It’s said that he will not be trapped in poverty for a long time. The master has meant to help him but doesn’t find a proper chance.” At the thought of this, she looked back for several times, which misled Yu Cun to think the girl was attracted by him and felt very excited. He believed that the girl must have a pair of wisdom eye and was his true friend in difficulty.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 02:16, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The housemaid turned away hurriedly and thought to herself:” the man is so strong, but his clothes are shabby. I don’t have such deprived friends and relatives, thus he must be Jia Yucun that the master has mentioned frequently. It’s said that he will not be trapped in poverty for a long time. The master has always meant to help him but doesn’t find a proper chance.” At the thought of this, she looked back for several times, which misled Yu Cun to think the girl was attracted by him and felt very excited. He believed that the girl must have a good taste and was his true friend in difficulty.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 11:27, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

一时小童进来，雨村打听得前面留饭，不可久待，遂从夹道中，自便门出去了。士隐待客既散，知雨村已去，便也不去再邀。一日，到了中秋佳节。

When a child came in, yucun heard that the host entertained the guests meal. Therefore, he knew that he couldn't stay long, so he went out through the lane and went out by himself. Later, Shiyin had already served guests, knowing that yucun had gone, so he didn't invite again. One day, it was the Mid Autumn Festival.

When a child came in, Yucun heard that the host entertained the guests meal. Therefore, he knew that he couldn't stay long, so he went out through the lane and went out by himself. Later, Shiyin had already served guests, knowing that yucun had gone, so he didn't invite again. One day, it was the Mid Autumn Festival.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:53, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

士隐家宴已毕，又另具一席于书房，自己步至庙中来邀雨村。原来雨村自那日见了甄家丫鬟曾回顾他两次，自谓是个知己，便时刻放在心上。今又正值中秋，不免对月有怀，因而口占五言一律云：

Shiiyin‘s family banquet has been completed, and another seat in the study, he came to the temple to invite Yucun. It turns out that since that day Yucun saw the Zhen family maid had looked back at him twice, since he said he was a confidant, so he always put on his heart. Now it was the mid-autumn festival, so I couldn't help but feel nostalgic for the moon, so I took five words from the mouth and said.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:51, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiiyin‘s family banquet has been completed, and another seat in the study, he came to the temple to invite Yucun. It turns out that since that day Yucun saw the Zhen family maid had looked back at him twice, since he said he was a confidant, so he always put on his heart. Now it was the mid-autumn festival, so I couldn't help but feel nostalgic for the moon, so I took five words from the mouth and said.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 14:30, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

未卜三生愿，频添一段愁。闷来时敛额，行去几回头。自顾风前影，谁堪月下俦？蟾光如有意，先上玉人楼。

I haven’t realized my dream yet, but had sorrowful experience. I often frown when I feel depressed and look back repeatedly when I farewell. With the wind blowing, I look at my shadow. Who can be my partner? If the moon helps,please shed light on the girl’s window and show her my love.

I haven’t realized my dream yet, but had sorrowful experience. I often frown when I feel depressed and look back repeatedly when I farewell. With the wind blowing, I look at my shadow. Who can be my partner? If the moon helps,please shed light on the girl’s window and show her my love.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 12:02, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

雨村吟罢，因又思及平生抱负，苦未逢时，乃又搔首对天长叹，复高吟一联云：玉在椟中求善价，钗于奁内待时飞。恰值士隐走来听见，笑道：“雨村兄真抱负不凡也！”

After Yucun finished reciting the love poems of Jiao Xing, he thought of his great ambitions and thought that he had not met a good time, so he recited a pair of couplets that he created aloud: "Jade and hairpin are all placed in the box, hoping that one day it can realize its value and play its role." Just when Shiyin came to hear it, Shiyin smiled and said, "Brother Yucun is really ambitious!"--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:38, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

After Yucun finished reciting the love poems of Jiao Xing, he thought of his great ambitions and thought that he had not met a good time, so he recited aloud a pair of couplets that he created: "Jade and hairpin are all placed in the box, hoping that one day it can realize its value and play its role." Just when Shiyin came to hear it, Shiyin smiled and said, "Yucun is really ambitious!"--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 16:53, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

雨村忙笑道：“不敢。不过偶吟前人之句，何期过誉如此！”因问：“老先生何兴至此？”士隐笑道：“今夜中秋，俗谓团圆之节。想尊兄旅寄僧房，不无寂寥之感。故特具小酌，邀兄到敝斋一饮。不知可纳芹意否？”

Yucun laughed and hurriedly said, "No no, I just recite the words of the predecessors. You speak too highly of me!" he asked, "Why did you come here, sir?" Shiyin smiled, "Tonight is the reunion time of Mid Autumn Festival. You lodged with a monk's room alone. So I come to invite you to have a drink with me. What do you think?"--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:51, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

"Why did you come here, master?"
You are lodged with a monk's room alone. --[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 02:18, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

雨村听了，并不推辞，便笑道：“既蒙谬爱，何敢拂此盛情！”说着，便同士隐复过这边书院中来了。须臾茶毕，早已设下杯盘，那美酒佳肴，自不必说。

Hearing this, Yucun did not refuse, but said with a smile: "Since I am indebted to you, I dare not live up to this feeling." Then he and Shiyin came to the academy here. In a moment they had finished their tea, and a feast had already been set up, with wine and food, in which the delicacy was all.

They went to the court in front of Shiyin's study. Soon they had fin rished their tea and sat down to a collation of choice wine and delicacies.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 11:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

二人归坐，先是款酌慢饮；渐次谈至兴浓，不觉飞觥献斝起来。当时街坊上家家箫管，户户笙歌；当头一轮明月，飞彩凝辉。二人愈添豪兴，酒到杯干。

At first, they drank slowly,but their spirits rose as they talked and they began to drink more recklessly. At that time, Flutes and strings can be heard everywhere and every family in the neighborhood was singing; When a bright moon rises, The two became more and more cheerful, and the wine dried cup up.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 14:26, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

At first, they drank slowly,but their spirits rose as they talked in depth， they began to drink more recklessly. At that time, the sound of flutes and strings can be heard everywhere and every family in the neighborhood was playing and singing; When a bright moon rises, The two became more and more cheerful and drained cup after cup.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 11:39, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

雨村此时已有七八分酒意，狂兴不禁，乃对月寓怀，口占一绝云：时逢三五便团圆，满把清光护玉栏。天上一轮才捧出，人间万姓仰头看。士隐听了，大叫：“妙极！弟每谓兄必非久居人下者，今所吟之句，飞腾之兆已现，不日可接履于云霄之上了。可贺，可贺！”

Yucun, eight-tenths drunk, cannot suppress his high spirits. As he gazed at the moon, he fostered thoughts, to which he gave vent by the recital of a double couplet.

"On the fifteenth the moon is full, Her pure rays fill the court; As her bright orb sails up the sky, All men on earth gaze upwards at the sight."

"Excellent!" cried Shiyin with a loud voice, after he had heard these lines; "I have repeatedly maintained that it was impossible for you to remain in a subordinate position for a long period, and now the verses are a prognostic of your rapid advancement. In a few days you will extend your footsteps far above the clouds! Let me congratulate you."！

Yucun, eight-tenths drunk, cannot suppress his elation. As he gazed at the moon, he improvised a poetry to the moon and declaimed it:

"On the fifteenth the moon is full, Her pure rays fill the court; As her bright orb sails up the sky, All men on earth gaze upwards at the sight."

"Excellent!" cried Shiyin with a loud voice, after he had heard these lines; "I have repeatedly maintained that it was impossible for you to remain in a subordinate position for a long period, and now the verses reveals your rapid advancement. In a few days you will extend your footsteps far above the clouds! Let me congratulate you."！--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 04:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

乃亲斟一斗为贺。雨村饮干，忽叹道：“非晚生酒后狂言，若论时尚之学，晚生也或可去充数挂名。只是如今行李路费，一概无措，神京路远，非赖卖字撰文，即能到得。”士隐不待说完，便道：“兄何不早言？弟已久有此意，但每遇兄时，并未谈及，故未敢唐突。今既如此，弟虽不才，‘义利’二字，却还识得。且喜明岁正当大比，兄宜作速入都，春闱一捷，方不负兄之所学。其盘费馀事，弟自代为处置，亦不枉兄之谬识矣。”

Shiyin filled another large cup of alcohol. Yucun tossed it off and then signed. "Don't think this is just a talk after being drunk," he said, "I'm sure I could acquit myself quite creditably in the examinations, but I have no money in my wallet for my travelling expenses and the capital is far away. I can't raise enough money by selling my words and articles ...." "Why didn't you say so before?" interjected Shiyin. "I've always thought about this, but since you never mentioned it it is inappropriate for me to mention this subject. If that's how things are, dull as I am at least I know what's due to a firend. Luckily the Metropolitan Examinations are coming up next year. You must go as fast as you can to the capital and prove your learning in the Spring Test. I shall take it an honor to take care of the travelling expenses and other business for you."--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 04:28, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin filled another large cup of alcohol for congratulation. Yucun tossed it off and then sighed: "Don't think this is just a talk after drinking. I'm sure I could acquit myself quite creditably in the examinations, but I have no money in my wallet for my travelling expenses and the capital is far away. I can't raise enough money only by selling my words and articles ...." "Why didn't you say that before?" interjected Shiyin. "I've always thought about this, but since you never mentioned it.It is inappropriate for me to mention this subject. If that's how things are, dull as I am at least I know what's due to a real friend. Luckily the Metropolitan Examinations are coming up next year. You must go as fast as you can to the capital and prove your learning in the Spring Test. I shall take it an honor to take care of the travelling expenses and other business for you."--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 11:43, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

当下即命小童进去，速封五十两白银并两套冬衣。又云：“十九日乃黄道之期，兄可即买舟西上。待雄飞高举，明冬再晤，岂非大快之事！”雨村收了银、衣，不过略谢一语，并不介意，仍是吃酒谈笑。

Shiyin immediately ordered the child to go in and quickly seal fifty liang silver and two sets of winter clothes. And he also said, "the 19th of March is the time of the zodiac, and you can buy a boat to the west. Isn't it a great pleasure to wait for triumph of the war[1] and meet again the next winter?" Yucun received the silver and clothes, but he thanked Shiyin a little. He didn't mind and was still drinking wine, talking and laughing.

[1]The war between Li Zicheng and the emperor Chongzhen. On March 19 of the lunar calendar in 1644, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself. Then, Li Zicheng entered Beijing to overthrow the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 03:23, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin immediately ordered the child in and seal fifty liang silver and two suits of winter clothes quickly. Then he said, "the 19th of March is favorable time, and you can buy a boat to the west. Isn't it a great pleasure to wait for triumph of the war[1] and meet again the next winter?" Yucun received the silver and clothes, but he thanked Shiyin a little. He didn't mind and was still drinking wine, talking and laughing.

[1]The war between Li Zicheng and the emperor Chongzhen. On March 19 of the lunar calendar in 1644, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself. Then, Li Zicheng entered Beijing to overthrow the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 12:15, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

那天已交三鼓，二人方散。士隐送雨村去后，回房一觉，直至红日三竿方醒。因思昨夜之事，意欲写荐书两封与雨村，带至都中去，使雨村投谒个仕宦之家，为寄身之地。

Jia Yunchun and Zhen Shiyin drank until midnight and then dispersed. Zhen Shiyin sent Jia Yuchun bedchamber and went back his room to sleep. He didn't wake up until the late morning. Considering Zhen Shiyin's bad conditions, Zhen Shiyin intended to write two recommendation letters for Jia Yuchun, so Jia Yuchun could take and deliver it to a family of dignities in Qi Zhou city to find a place to stay.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 06:10, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

These two friends drank until midnight and then left. Zhen Shiyin sent Jia Yuchun back to his bedchamber and headed back to sleep. He didn't wake up until the noon time. Zhen Shiyin intended to write two recommendation letters for Jia Yuchun considering his bad condition, so Jia Yuchun could take and deliver it to some family of dignities in Qi Zhou city to find a fine place to settle.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 05:11, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

因使人过去请时，那家人回来说：“和尚说：贾爷今日五鼓已进京去了，也曾留下话与和尚转达老爷，说：‘读书人不在黄道黑道，总以事理为要，不及面辞了。’”士隐听了，也只得罢了。真是闲处光阴易过，倏忽又是元宵佳节。

The family came back and said, “The monk said: The Five Drums of Master Jia has entered Beijing today, and he also left a message with the monk to convey to the master, saying:'The scholar is not in the zodiacal and underworld, and he always takes affair as the priority. , It's too late to resign.'" Shiyin listened and had no choice but to leave. It's really easy to spend leisure time, and suddenly it is the Lantern Festival.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 13:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

When the family came back, they said, "The monk said that Master Merchant had gone to the capital between three and five o'clock today, and had left a message for the monk to convey to you, saying, 'No matter what the background of a scholar is, it is always important to take care of things, so it is too late to say goodbye.'" When Hidden Truth heard this, he had no choice but to do nothing. It was easy to spend time at leisure, and suddenly it was the Lantern Festival again.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 13:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

士隐令家人霍启抱了英莲，去看社火花灯。半夜中霍启因要小解，便将英莲放在一家门槛上坐着。待他小解完了来抱时，那有英莲的踪影。

Zhen Shiyin asked his family member Huo Qi to carry Yinglian and go to see the lanterns. In the middle of the night, Huo Qi had to take a piss, so he left Yinglian sitting on the threshold of a door. When he came to carry her after taking a piss, there was no sign of Yinglian.

Hidden Truth asked his family member trouble beginner to carry Pity Zhen and go to see the lanterns. In the middle of the night, trouble beginner left Pity Zhen alone sitting on the threshold of a door because of the urgency of urinating. When he came back, Pity Zhen disappeared.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:11, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

急的霍启直寻了半夜，至天明不见。那霍启也不敢回来见主人，便逃往他乡去了。那士隐夫妇见女儿一夜不归，便知有些不好。再使几人去找寻，回来皆云影响全无。

Huo Qi was so anxious that he looked for her all night and did not find her by dawn. So he did not dare to return to meet the host and he fled to his hometown. Mr. and Mrs. Shi Yin felt something is about to go wrong when they found their daughter didn't go home all night. They sent more people to look for her, but when they came back they said they didn't have any trace of her.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 14:22, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Being so anxious, Huo Qi looked for her all night but in vain till dawn. Dare not to return to his master, he fled to another place. Mr. and Mrs. Shi Yin felt something wrong when their daughter didn't go home all night. More people were sent to look for her, but only to find no trace of her.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:11, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

夫妻二人半世只生此女，一旦失去，何等烦恼，因此昼夜啼哭，几乎不顾性命。看看一月，士隐已先得病，夫人封氏也因思女搆疾，日日请医问卦。不想这日三月十五，葫芦庙中炸供，那和尚不小心，油锅火逸，便烧着窗纸。

The couple, having spent half of their lifetime, couldn't bear the thought of losing their only child. They wept day and night, almost risking their lives. In January, Shi Yin was already sick, and his wife Feng shi also fell ill for missing her daughter excessively and had to see doctors and fortunetellers everyday. Unfortunately, on March 15, when frying tributes in the calabash Temple, the careless monk let the fire escape from the oil boiler, which set the window paper on fire.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:57, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The couple, having spent half of their lifetime, couldn't bear the annoyance of losing their only daughter. They wept all days and nights, almost risking their lives. In January, Hidden Truth was already sick, and his wife Feng also got ill for missing her daughter excessively and had to call the doctors and fortunetellers everyday. Unfortunately, on March 15, when frying tributes in the calabash Temple, the careless monk let the fire escape from the oil boiler, which set the window paper on fire.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:11, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

此方人家俱用竹篱木壁，也是劫数应当如此，于是接二连三，牵五挂四，将一条街烧得如火焰山一般。彼时虽有军民来救，那火已成了势了，如何救得下，直烧了一夜方熄，也不知烧了多少人家。只可怜甄家在隔壁，早成了一堆瓦砾场了，只有他夫妇并几个家人的性命不曾伤了，急的士隐惟跌足长叹而已。

This family deserves this fate for using bamboos and wood as hedge. One by one, the whole street burnt like the Mountain of Flames. At that time, though the army and people came for rescue, the fire had already been too large to put out. It didn't burn until the morning. It cannot be estimated that how many houses had been destroyed. Poor Hiden Truth's house next door had turned into a pile of rubble, only the couple and the families unhurt, which made Hidden Truth anxious and sigh deeply.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 14:44, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

This family deserved this fate for using bamboos and wood as hedge. One house by one house, the whole street burnt like the Mountain of Flames. At that time, though the army and people came for rescue, the fire had already been too large to put out. It didn't burn until the morning. It cannot be estimated that how many houses had been destroyed. The fire had turned Poor Zhen's house next door into a pile of rubble, only the couple and several families unhurt, which made Zhen Shiyin anxious and sigh deeply.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 10:47, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

与妻子商议，且到田庄上去住。偏值近年水旱不收，贼盗蜂起，官兵剿捕，田庄上又难以安身。只得将田地都折变了，携了妻子与两个丫鬟，投他岳丈家去。

He discussed with his wife, and went to live on the farm. However, in recent years, harvests have been ruined by flood and drought, and thieves and robbers have been rising. It was difficult to settle down on the farm. He had to sell his lands at a discount and took his wife and two maids to seek his father-in-law's help.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 10:42, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
Take counsel with his wife, and come to live at the Grange. Partial value in recent years flood and drought do not harvest, thieves bee, officers and soldiers suppression, the grange and difficult to live. He had to change the land and went to his husband's house with his wife and two maids.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 12:22, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

他岳丈名唤封肃，本贯大如州人氏，虽是务农，家中却还殷实。今见女婿这等狼狈而来，心中便有些不乐。幸而士隐还有折变田产的银子在身边，拿出来托他随便置买些房地，以为后日衣食之计。

His father-in-law's name was Feng Su. His native place was Such State. Although he was a farmer, his family was well off. Now, seeing her son-in-law come in such a discomfiture, I felt unhappy. Fortunately, there are hidden converted field of silver in the side, took out to entrust him to buy some premises, that the day after the means of food and clothing.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 10:19, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

His father-in-law's name was Feng Su, who was originally from Daru State. Although he was a farmer, his family was well off. Now, seeing his son-in-law come in such a discomfiture, he felt unpleasant inside. Fortunately, there are hidden silver of converted field by his side, so he took it out to entrust him to purchase some premises for buying food and clothing in the future.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 11:40, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

那封肃便半用半赚的，略与他些薄田破屋。士隐乃读书之人，不惯生理稼穑等事，勉强支持了一二年，越发穷了。封肃见面时，便说些现成话儿；且人前人后，又怨他不会过，只一味好吃懒做。

Feng Su made money while using some of it, and provided small fields and a shabby house with him. Shi Yin was a scholar and was not used to farming and other handworks. He reluctantly struggled for a year or two and became poorer and poorer. When Feng Su met him, he said something ready-made. But behind Shiyin's back, he complained that he couldn't live his life well by just being lazy.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 11:34, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Feng Su made money while using some of it, and provided small fields and a shabby house with him. Hidden Truth was a scholar and was not used to farming and other handworks. He reluctantly struggled for a year or two and became poorer and poorer. When Feng Su met him, he said something ready-made. But behind Shiyin's back, he complained that he couldn't live his life well by just being lazy.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 12:15, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

士隐知道了，心中未免悔恨；再兼上年惊唬，急忿怨痛：暮年之人，那禁得贫病交攻，竟渐渐的露出那下世的光景来。可巧这日拄了拐，扎挣到街前散散心时，忽见那边来了一个跛足道人，疯狂落拓，麻鞋鹑衣，口内念着几句言词道：

When Hidden Truth found out about this, he felt remorse in his heart; he was also frightened of the previous year, and he felt angry and resentful: a man in his twilight years, who could not help being attacked by poverty and illness, was gradually revealing the scene of his next life. It happened that when he was on crutches, he went to the street for a walk, and suddenly he saw a crippled Taoist, crazy and untidy, with sackcloth shoes and quails, reciting a few words under his breath.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 02:26, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

When Hidden Truth found out this, he felt remorse in his heart; he was also frightened of the previous year, angry and resentful: a man in his twilight， who could not be able to be attacked by poverty and illness, was gradually revealing the scene of his next life. It happened that when he was on crutches, he went to the street for a walk, and suddenly he saw a crippled Taoist, crazy and untidy, with ragged shoes and clothes，reciting a few words under his breath.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 07:00, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了。古今将相在何方？荒冢一堆草没了。世人都晓神仙好，只有金银忘不了。终朝只恨聚无多，及到多时眼闭了。

The common people know that immortals are good, but they can't forget their achievements and fame. Where are the generals and prime ministers from ancient times to the present？What we can see are just deserted graves full of grass. The common people know that immortals are good, but they can‘t forget gold and silver. Till the end of life，they would regret their inability to create as much wealth as possible when they are alive and regret they are going to the heaven after they have accumulated plenty of wealth.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 02:42, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

All the common people know that immortals are good, but they can't forget their achievements and ambitions. Where are the great ones of old？They are just deserted graves full of grass. All the common people know that immortals are good, but they can‘t forget gold and silver. They grub for money all their lives until death seals up their eyes.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 07:24, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

世人都晓神仙好，只有姣妻忘不了。君生日日说恩情，君死又随人去了。世人都晓神仙好，只有儿孙忘不了。痴心父母古来多，孝顺子孙谁见了？

All men want to be immortals, but dote on the wives they’ve married. Those who swear to love their husband forever, but remarry as soon as he’s dead. All men want to be immortals, but dote on the sons they’ve gotten. Although infatuated parents are numerous, who ever saw really filial sons or daughters?--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:05, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Everyone in the world knows that the gods are good, but only the pretty wife can't forget. You swear to remember your husband’s kindness, but when your husband die, you go away with others. Everyone knows that the gods are good, but only the children and grandchildren cannot be forgotten. There are many loving parents in the past, but who has seen the filial children?--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 09:04, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

士隐听了，便迎上来道：“你满口说些什么？只听见些‘好’、‘了’，‘好’、‘了’。”那道人笑道：“你若果听见‘好’、‘了’二字，还算你明白。可知世上万般，好便是了，了便是好：若不了，便不好；若要好，须是了。我这歌儿便叫《好了歌》。
When the hermit heard it, he came up and said, "What are you talking about ?" I just hear 'Hao’ (means good), 'Liao' (means end) 'Hao’, ‘Liao'. The man laughed, "If you hear the words 'Hao' and 'Liao', you understand it. In this world, good is end, and the end is good. If there is no end, there is no good, and vice versa. My song is called ‘The Song of ‘Hao’ and ‘ Liao’. ”--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 08:54, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth came over after heard this and said: “ What are you talking about? I just hear the words ‘good’ and ‘end’.” That man laughed, “ You heard the words ‘good’ and ‘end’, that means you got a few things going for you. In this world, good is end, and end is good. If there is no end, there is no good, and vice versa. My song is called ''All Dood Things Must End''.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 12:19, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

士隐本是有夙慧的，一闻此言，心中早已悟彻，因笑道：“且住，待我将你这《好了歌》注解出来何如？”道人笑道：“你就请解。”士隐乃说道：陋室空堂，当年笏满床。

So intelligent, Hidden Truth understood the essence of the song entirely in his head as soon as he heard it, and said: “ Wait a minute. How about I explain your song ''All Good Things Must End'' ？” The Taoist priest said, laughing : “ Would you please explain.” Hidden Truth then explain: “ The empty and dilapidated rattraps we see today, were the grand mansions full of beds and boards used by dignitaries at that time.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 08:01, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

So intelligent as Hidden Truth is, he understood the essence of the song entirely in his head as soon as once hearing it, and said: “ Wait a minute. How about I explain your song ''All Good Things Must End'' ？” The Taoist priest said, laughing : “ Would you please explain.” Hidden Truth then explain: “ The empty and dilapidated rattraps we see today, were the grand mansions full of boards used by courtiers at that time.”--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:23, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

衰草枯杨，曾为歌舞场。蛛丝儿结满雕梁，绿纱今又在蓬窗上。说甚么脂正浓，粉正香，如何两鬓又成霜？
Humble hovels and abandoned halls where courtiers once paid daily calls；Bleak places where weeds and trees scarcely thrive
were once with a show of peace and prosperity．When cobwebs cover the mansion’s gilded beams，and collage casement with choice muslin gleams．Would you of perfumed elegance recite? Even as you speak, the raven locks turn white．--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:06, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Withered grass and withered poplar, This used to be a place where people sang and danced. The spider silk is full of carved beams, but the green gauze is on the simple window. The fat is thick and the powder is fragrant, how the temples become the color of frost?--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 15:20, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

昨日黄土陇头埋白骨，今宵红绡帐底卧鸳鸯。金满箱，银满箱，转眼乞丐人皆谤。正叹他人命不长，那知自己归来丧。

Yesterday the bones were buried in the loess, and the mandarin ducks(allusions to couples) lie under the red silk tent tonight. Boxes full of gold, boxes full of silver, everyone yelled and insulted beggars in a blink of an eye. I'm sighing that the lives of others are not long, and I know I'm back to be mourned.

Yesterday the bones were buried in the loess, then tonight it is the time for a newly married couple to sleep behind bed curtains with burning red candle lights.Boxes full of gold, boxes full of silver, everyone yelled and insulted beggars in a blink of an eye. I'm sighed that the lives of others are not long, but failed to predict my own future after return from the funeral.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 11:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

训有方，保不定日后作强梁；择膏粱，谁承望流落在烟花巷。因嫌纱帽小，致使锁枷扛；昨怜破袄寒，今嫌紫蟒长。乱烘烘，你方唱罢我登场，反认他乡是故乡。

Though she was well educated according to her parent's plan, one can become a bandit later. She tried her best to marry into a rich family. However, she ended up in a (red-light)? district beyond everyone's expectation. People who are not satisfied with their positions have to spend the rest of their life in a prison in chains. People who used to be very poor and used worn coats to resist the cold were not satisfied with fancy clothes after they became rich. I come on the stage as soon as you have finished your singing in a chaotic manner. Taking other's hometown as my own. --[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 11:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 16:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

If properly educated under parents' guidance, one can probabaly become a bandit later. Although trying her best to marry a rich man, she ends up with a driftage in the red-light district beyond everyone's expectation. People's unsatisfication with their positions leads to their miserable life in prison with chains on their bodies. People who used to be very poor and used worn coats to resist the cold were not satisfied with gorgeous clothes any more when they became rich. In noisy disorder, you just finished and I come on the scene.Instead, taking other's hometown as my own.--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 15:17, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

甚荒唐，到头来，都是为他人作嫁衣裳。那疯跛道人听了，拍掌大笑道：“解得切，解得切！”士隐便说一声：“走罢。”

It's so ridiculous. In the end, they made wedding clothes for others. Hearing this, the crazy lame Taoist clapped his hands and laughed, saying "All right, all right !" Then Shiyin said, "let's go."

It's ridiculous. In the end, they make wedding clothes for others. The crazy lame Taoist listened, clapped his hands and laughed and said, "it's right, it's right!" Shiyin said, "let's go."--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 11:43, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

== Headline text ==
==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

将道人肩上的搭裢抢过来背上，竟不回家，同着疯道人飘飘而去。当下哄动街坊，众人当作一件新闻传说。封氏闻知此信，哭个死去活来。

He grabbed the lap on the Taoist's shoulder and carried it on his back. He didn't go home and floated away with the crazy Taoist. At that moment, the neighborhood was stirred up and everyone regarded it as a news legend. When Feng heard this letter, he cried to death.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 11:34, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==Nadia 202011080004==

只得与父亲商议，遣人各处访寻，那讨音信。

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==

无奈何，只得依靠着他父母度日。

He was so helpless that he had to rely on his parents to survive.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==

幸而身边还有两个旧日的丫鬟伏侍，主仆三人，日夜作些针线，帮着父亲用度。

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==

那封肃虽然每日抱怨，也无可奈何了。
Although Feng Su complained every day, he was helpless

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==

这日那甄家的大丫鬟在门前买线，忽听得街上喝道之声。
The other day, the eldest maid of the Chen family was buying thread at the door when she heard a shout from the street.--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 14:50, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==

众人都说：“新太爷到任了。”
Everyone said: "The new grandfather has arrived"

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==

丫鬟隐在门内看时，只见军牢、快手一对一对过去，俄而大轿内抬着一个乌帽猩袍的官府来了。
When the maid concealed in the door, she saw the military jail and quick hands passing one by one, and the official mansion carrying a black hat and ape robe came in the big sedan chair.

==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==

那丫鬟倒发了个怔，自思：“这官儿好面善，倒像在那里见过的。”

<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>
The maid was startled, and thought to herself: "This official is so good-natured, but it looks like someone I've seen there."

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==

于是进入房中，也就丢过，不在心上。

Then she went into the room and laid the matter aside ，without taking it to heart.

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==

至晚间正待歇息之时，忽听一片声打的门响，许多人乱嚷，说：“本县太爷的差人来传人问话！”

English:
When I was about to rest in the evening, I heard a bang on the door suddenly, and many people shouted in disorder, saying, "The county's grandfather's messenger is here for questioning!"

==Öncü 202121080008==

封肃听了，唬得目瞪口呆。

Fengsu hear it,he gaped in consternation --[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 13:28, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==

不知有何祸事，且听下回分解。

Don't know something calamity happened, will describe in the ensuing chapter.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 06:36, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

If you don't know what calamity took place, listen to the break down given in the next chapter.--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 12:54, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==

通灵──“通灵宝玉”的简称。Psychic--short for ''Psychic Treasure.--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 12:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Psychic -- the abbreviation for "Psychic Treasure". --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 03:35, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==

亦即下文所说女娲炼石补天所剩的那块“顽石”，因其历经锻炼而“灵性已通”，并能幻化为贾宝玉，故称。

That is to say, the "stubborn stone" left by Nüwa's refining stone to replenish the sky. As it has undergone training, it has "spiritual achievement" and can be transformed into Jia Baoyu, so it is called. --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 03:48, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

That is to say, the "stubborn stone" left by Nüwa's refining stone to replenish the sky, because it has undergone training, has "spiritually achieved" and can be transformed into Jia Baoyu, so it is called.--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 06:10, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==

《石头记》──此书的本名。
"Story of the Stone" - the original name of the book. --[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 06:26, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

20211124 homework

2021-12-29T07:31:17Z

Liu Xiao: /* 刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

我很纳闷：《不自弃文》是篇名，《姬子》是书名，应该同等对待，要么都予注释，要么都不注释，为什么一注一不注呢？难道前者生僻而需要注释，后者人所共知而不必注释吗？显然不是，只能说是避难就易，这与注释的宗旨完全背道而驰。
I wonder that since No Self-surrender is the title of the passage and Jizi is the title of the book, which should be treated equally, why did the situation happened that one annotated while one did not? Did the former need to be annotated while the latter is known to all without having to be annotated? Obviously, it is for choosing the easier way, which is completely contrary to the purpose of the annotation.

I wonder: "don't abandon yourself" is the title, and "Ji Zi" is the title of the book. It should be treated equally, either annotated or not annotated. Why not annotate one note at a time? Is it true that the former is remote and needs annotation, while the latter is well known and does not need annotation? Obviously not, it can only be said that it is easy to avoid difficulties, which is completely contrary to the purpose of the notes.

--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 07:01, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 法语语言文学女 202120081477==

那怕注为“《姬子》不详”，也还不失为态度诚实。老实说，起初我对《姬子》也一头雾水，因为见所未见，闻所未闻。但根据我自定的注释原则，我不能回避。

Even if it is noted as "Ji Zi" unknown ", it can be regarded as an honest attitude. To be honest, at first I was confused about Ji Zi, because I had never seen or heard of it. But according to my own annotation principle, I can't avoid it.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 11:20, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Even if it is noted as "unknown Ji Zi" , it can still be regarded as an honest attitude. To be honest, at first I was confused about ''Ji Zi'', because I had never seen or heard of it. But according to my own annotation principle, I can't avoid it.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:36, 22 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

于是我首先求助于《中国古典数字工程》，肯定了中国根本不存在《姬子》这么一本书，完全是曹雪芹所杜撰，正如《古今人物通考》、《中国历代文选》都是曹雪芹杜撰一样。其次，我记得俞平伯先生有一篇专门解释《姬子》的文章，但文章的题目、发表时间以及文章内容却不记得了。经过两天的翻箱倒柜，我终于找到了这篇文章，它的题目是《读〈红楼梦〉随笔》第九节《姬子》，初载于《文汇报》1954年1月25日；又收入《红楼梦研究参考资料选辑》第二辑，人民文学出版社1973年11月出版。

Therefore, I first made reference htiw "Chinese Classical Digital Engineering" and confirmed that there was no such a book called "Ji Zi" in China, which was completely written by Cao Xueqin, just as cao Xueqin wrote "General Examination of Ancient and Modern Characters" and "Selected Chinese Writings in Past Dynasties". Secondly, I remember that Mr. Yu Pingbo had a special article explaining ''JiZi'', but I do not remember the title, publication time and content of the article. After two days of searching, I finally found this article. Its title is ''Ji Zi'', section 9 of Essays on Reading ''A Dream of Red Mansion''. It was first published in Wenhui Daily on January 25, 1954. It was also included in the second series of ''Selected Research Reference Materials on A Dream of Red Mansion'', published by People's Literature Publishing House in November 1973.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:46, 22 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

So, I firstly searched ''Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' and confirmed there was no such a book called "Ji Zi" in China. This book was completely made up by Cao Xueqin like the same thing he did to ''General Examination of Ancient and Modern Characters'' and ''Selected Chinese Writings in Past Dynasties''.Then, I recalled that Mr. Yu Pingbo especially wrote an article to explain ''Ji Zi'', but I didn't remember the title, publication time and content.After two days of searching, I finally found it. The title of it was ''Ji Zi'', section 9 of Essays on Reading ''A Dream of Red Mansion'' which was first published in Wenhui Daily on January 25, 1954. and then was included in the second series of ''Selected Research Reference Materials on A Dream of Red Mansion'', published by People's Literature Publishing House in November 1973.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:20, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

据俞先生在文章中说：姬子书到底是部什么书呢，谁也说不上来。特别前些日子把这一回书选为高中国文的教材，教员讲解时碰到问题，每来信相询，我亦不能对。但经过研究，他还是写了这篇文章，作为回答。

According to Mr.Yu in his article: nobody can tell what book ''Ji Zi'' really is. Moreover, this chapter of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' with the name ''Ji Zhi'' has been selected as the reading material of the high school,and I can't say anything when the teacher who failed to explain it in the classroom come to me.But after careful research, he still write an article to reply this question.

According to Mr. Yu in his article: nobody can tell what book ''Ji Zi'' really is. In particular, this chapter was selected as a reading material for the Chinese language in high school some days ago, the teachers encountered problems when explaining it, and they wrote to me every time to ask about it, but I couldn't get it right. But after researching, he wrote this article as an answer.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:37, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

他的结论有三点：其一，《姬子》是“作者杜撰”，并以第三回的《古今人物通考》也是杜撰而作为佐证。其二，“这原来是一个笑话”，是探春“拿姬子来抵制”宝钗用以压人的朱子和孔子，而“比朱子孔子再大，只好是姬子了。殆以周公姓姬，作为顽笑”。

There are three points in his conclusion: one, ''Ji Zi'' is "the author fabricated", and to the third round of " the general examination of ancient and modern characters" is also fabricated and as proof. Second, "this turns out to be a joke", is Tanchun " take ''Ji Zi'' to resist" Baochai and used to press people by citing Zhu Zi and Confucius, and "higher level than Zhu Zi and Confucius can only be ''Ji Zi''. Probably Zhou Gong was surnamed Ji as a joke.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:35, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
There are three points in his conclusion: first, ''Ji Zi'' is "fabricated by the author", and can be proved by the fabrication of the third round of " the general examination of ancient and modern characters". Second, "this turns out to be a joke", which Tanchun " held ''Ji Zi'' to resist” Baochai who used to press her by citing Zhu Zi and Confucius, but “requiring higher level than Zhu Zi and Confucius, there’s only be ''Ji Zi''. Probably Zhou Gong was surnamed Ji as a joke.”--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 12:25, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

其三，“有人或者要问为什么净瞎捣乱，造书名？我回答：这是小说。”《中国古典数字工程》可以证明俞先生的“杜撰说”是正确的，因此我把俞先生的意见用以注释《姬子》。
Thirdly, "Someone may ask why messing around and making a title? I replied: This is a novel. "It can be proved by ''The Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' that Mr. Yu’s “theory of fabrication” is correct. Therefore, I applied Mr. Gong's opinion to annotate ''Jizi''.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 04:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Thirdly, "Someone may ask why to mess around and make a title? I replied: This is a novel. "It can be proved by ''The Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' that Mr. Yu’s ''Theory of Fabrication'' is correct. Therefore, I applied Mr. Gong's opinion to annotate ''Ji Tzu''.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 11:01, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

据我所知，现在有人搜集了周公的几篇佚文，将其编为集子，按照《老子》、《庄子》、《孟子》之类的惯例，即命名为《姬子》，但这与曹雪芹毫不相干，《红楼梦》中的《姬子》书名绝对是杜撰。此外，有的注本虽然对《不自弃文》作了注释，却只是简述该文的大意，而没有注出曹雪芹的深刻用意。原来朱熹的徒子徒孙认为此文格调低下，有失朱夫子的身份，故将此文排除在众多朱熹文集之外，只有明·朱培编《文公大全集补遗》卷八从抄本《朱熹家谱》中引录，另有《朱子文集大全类编·卷二一·庭训》亦予收录。

As far as I know, someone collected several lost articles of Duke of Zhou, edited them into an anthology and named it ''Ji Tzu'' according to the routine of ''Lao Tzu'', ''Chang Tzu'' and ''Mencius'' and so on. However, this thing is irrelevant to Cao Xueqin, so the title of ''Ji Tzu'' in ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is absolutely fabricated. Besides, although some books with annotations made interpretation to ''No Self-surrender'', they just told the main idea of this article rather than annotating the deep meaning made by Cao Xueqin. In fact, disciples and followers of Zhu Xi thought the style of this passage beneath his dignity is very low, so they excluded it out of many anthologies of Zhu Xi. Only when Zhu Pei(Ming dynasty) edited the eighth roll of ''Supplement to Collected Works of Duke Wen'', he incited it from transcript of ''Zhu Xi’s Genealogy''. In addition, it is also included in ''Complete Works of Zhu Tzua•Roll Twenty-one•Home Hearing''.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 03:47, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

As far as I know, now someone collected several lost articles of Duke of Zhou and edited them into a collection that was named ''Ji Tzu'' according to the routine of ''Lao Tzu'', ''Chang Tzu'' and ''Mencius'' and so on. However, this thing is irrelevant to Cao Xueqin, so the title of ''Ji Tzu'' in ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is absolutely fabricated. Besides, although some books with annotations made interpretations to ''No Self-surrender'', they just briefly described the main idea of this article rather than annotating the deep meaning of Cao Xueqin. In fact, disciples and followers of Zhu Xi thought this passage was low in style and demeaned Zhu Xi, so they excluded it out of many anthologies of Zhu Xi. Only when Zhu Pei(Ming dynasty) edited the Book Eight of ''Supplement to Collected Works of Duke Wen'', he incited it from transcript of Zhu Xi’s Genealogy. In addition, ''Complete Works of Zhu Tzua• Book Twenty-one•Home Hearing'' was also included.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 03:07, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìna 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

曹雪芹借宝钗之口说出这篇少见的文章，一则以显示宝钗无书不读，再者也暗示自己博览群籍，同时也对那些自封的朱熹卫士予以调侃。可见曹雪芹即使开玩笑，也非闲笔，总有一定的用意。（详见注释）鉴于所要注释的词语性质不同，因此对注文的要求也有所不同。

Saying this rare writing through Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, on the one hand Cao Xueqin showed her strong love of reading as well as implied own extensive reading, and on the other, he played off those self-appointed guards of Zhu Xi. Obviously, his joking is not casual but absolutely with some profound meaning.(see annotations) The nature of words annotated is different, so the requirements for explanatory notes are different as well.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 02:41, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

其一，对于一般的疑难词语，重在疏通文意，多不引经据典，追根溯源。其二，对于成语、典故，则既要注明其出典，又要解释其本义，还要说明其引申义或比喻义。其三，对于各种名物（如建筑、服饰、官署、官职、琴棋书画、医卜星相等），则力求变专门术语为通俗语言，以利读者理解。

Firstly, as for normally confusing words, the emphasis is on clearing up the meaning of the text, as much quoting scripture and tracing the roots as possible. Secondly, for idioms and allusions, it is necessary to indicate their origins, explain their original meanings, and also include their derivative meanings or metaphorical meanings. Thirdly, for all kinds of physical objects (such as architecture, costumes, official offices, official positions, Four Arts( qin, chess, calligraphy and painting), medicine, divination and astrology, etc.), the attempt is to turn specialized terms into common language in order to facilitate readers’ understanding.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 11:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Firstly, as for common confusing words, it should emphasize on clearing up the meaning of the text, as much quoting scripture and tracing the roots as possible. Secondly, for idioms and allusions, it is necessary to indicate their origins, explain their original meanings, and also include their derivative meanings or metaphorical meanings. Thirdly, for various technical terms of objects (such as architecture, costumes, official offices, official positions, Four Arts( qin, chess, calligraphy and painting), medicine, divination and astrology, etc.), the attempt is to turn specialized terms into common language in order to facilitate readers’ understanding.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 12:17, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

其四，对于历史名人，则注明其所在朝代、简历及突出事迹。对于传说人物，则注明其出处及相关故事。其五，对于珍禽异兽、奇花异卉等，则注明其出处来历、奇异之处及相关故事。

Fourthly, as for historical celebrities, their dynasties, resumes and outstanding deeds should be indicated. As for legendary figures, their sources and related stories should be indicated. Fifthly, as for rare birds and animals, unusual flowers and different plants, etc., their origins and histories, peculiar places and related stories should be indicated.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 14:36, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Fourthly, as for historical celebrities, their dynasties, resumes and outstanding deeds should be indicated. As for legendary figures, their sources and related stories should be indicated. Fifthly, as for rare birds and fabulous beasts, unusual flowers and different plants, etc., their origins and histories, peculiarities and related stories should be indicated.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 15:50, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

其六，对于风俗、礼仪、节气等，则注明其形成沿革、具体内容。其七，对于谜语，则既要揭出谜底，又要解释谜语中的疑难词语、成语典故，还要说明谜底的根据。对于酒令，则要参照令谱，详述酒令的玩法及过程。

Sixthly, in terms of customs, etiquette and solar terms, its formation, development and content should be indicated. Seventhly, in terms of riddles, answers should be uncovered and an explanation is expected to be given to the answer as well as to difficult words, idioms and allusions in the riddle. Finally, in terms of drinking games, elaboration should be given on the rules and the process according to the instruction manual.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 15:51, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Sixthly, in terms of customs, etiquette and solar terms, its formation, development and content should be indicated. Seventhly, in terms of riddles, answers should be uncovered and it is necessary to explain the difficult words and idioms in the riddle, and to explain the basis of the answer.Finally, in terms of drinking games, elaboration should be given on the rules and the process according to the instruction manual.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:45, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

其八，对于所引前人诗、词、曲、文等，皆要注明出处；诗、词、曲照录全文，文则节录相关的文字。其九，对于具有隐寓或暗示意味的诗、词、曲、文、成语、典故、谜语、酒令等，因其关系到故事情节的发展和人物性格、运命的描写，故除了作注释之外，还要揭示其隐藏的含义。总而言之，注文以释难为易、释疑为明为宗旨，以释义准确、释文简炼为目标。

Eighthly, reference to predecessors' poems, Ci, Qu, essay, etc., must indicate the source; Poems, Ci, Qu are transcribed without changing the original words, and the essay takes the relevant words. Ninthly, for poems, Ci, Qu, essay, idioms, allusions, riddles, drinkers’ wager game and so on with implicit or suggestive meaning, because they are related to the development of the story plot and the description of the character and fate, so in addition to making annotations, but also to reveal his hidden meaning. In a word, the annotations aim to explain the difficulty as easy, to explain the doubt as clear. Aim to explain the meaning accurately and explain the text concisely.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:32, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Eight, all quotations from poems, lyrics, songs and essays should be attributed to the source; the poems, lyrics and songs should be reproduced in their entirety, while the essays should be excerpted from the relevant texts. Nine, for poems, lyrics, songs, texts, idioms, allusions, riddles, wine orders, etc., which have an implicit or suggestive meaning, as they relate to the development of the storyline and the description of the characters' personalities and fortunes. The commentary should reveal their hidden meanings in addition to annotations. All in all, the aim of the commentary is to explain the difficult for the easy and the doubtful for the clear, and to explain the meaning accurately and to explain the text concisely.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:32, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

愿望虽然如此，但学力有限，经验欠缺，愿望能否实现，毫无把握。诚望方家指教，读者检验。

第一回甄士隐梦幻识通灵贾雨村风尘怀闺秀

Although I wish to do so, I am not sure whether my wish can be realized because of my limited learning and lack of experience.I hope that the readers will test it.

Chapter 1 Hidden Turth--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:33, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Although I wish to do so, I am not sure whether the wish can come true with my limited ability and experience. Sincerely hope that other authors teach something and readers check it.

Chapter 1 Zhen Shiyin, in a vision, apprehends spirituality. Jia Yucun, in the windy and dusty world, cherishes fond thoughts of a beautiful maiden. --[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 07:21, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

此开卷第一回也。作者自云：曾历过一番梦幻之后，故将真事隐去，而借“通灵”之说，撰此《石头记》一书也，故曰“甄士隐”云云。但书中所记何事何人

This is the first chapter of the book. The author said that after going through the illusion, he prefered covering some truth and in virtue of mysticism wrote the novel ''The Story of the Stone''，so instead he used the name of Zhen Shiyin as a major speaker. But things and people noted in it--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 03:59, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

This is the first chapter of the book.Subsequent to the visions of a dream which he had，on some previous occasion，experienced，the writer personally relates，he designedly concealed the true circumstances，and borrowed the attributes of perception and spirituality to relate this story of the Record of the Stone. With this purpose，he made use of such designations as Chen Shih-yin and the like. What are，however，the events recorded in this work？--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 10:19, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

自己又云：“今风尘碌碌，一事无成。忽念及当日所有之女子，一一细考较去，觉其行止见识，皆出我之上；我堂堂须眉，诚不若彼裙钗：我实愧则有馀，悔又无益，大无可如何之日也。当此日，欲将已往所赖天恩祖德，锦衣纨袴之时，饫甘餍肥之日，背父兄教育之恩，负师友规训之德，以致今日一技无成、半生潦倒之罪，编述一集，以告天下：知我之负罪固多，然闺阁中历历有人，万不可因我之不肖，自护己短，一并使其泯灭也。

The author speaking for himself, goes on to explain, with the lack of success which attended every single concern, I suddenly bethought myself of the womankind of past ages. Passing one by one under a minute scrutiny, I felt that in action and in lore, one and all were far above me; that in spite of the majesty of my manliness, I could not, in point of fact, compare with these characters of the gentle sex. And my shame forsooth then knew no bounds; while regret, on the other hand, was of no avail, as there was not even a remote possibility of a day of remedy.On this very day it was that I became desirous to compile, in a connected form, for publication throughout the world, with a view to (universal) information, how that I bear inexorable and manifold retribution; inasmuch as what time, by the sustenance of the benevolence of Heaven, and the virtue of my ancestors, my apparel was rich and fine, and as what days my fare was savory and sumptuous, I disregarded the bounty of education and nurture of father and mother, and paid no heed to the virtue of precept and injunction of teachers and friends, with the result that I incurred the punishment, of failure recently in the least trifle, and the reckless waste of half my lifetime. There have been meanwhile, generation after generation, those in the inner chambers, the whole mass of whom could not, on any account, be, through my influence, allowed to fall into extinction, in order that I, unfilial as I have been, may have the means to screen my own shortcomings.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 12:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The author goes on to explain, with the lack of success which attended every single concern, I suddenly bethought myself of the womankind of past ages. Thinking of them one by one under a minute scrutiny, I felt that in action and in lore, one and all were far above me; that in spite of the majesty of my manliness, I could not, in point of fact, compare with these characters of the gentle sex. And my shame forsooth then knew no bounds; while regret, on the other hand, was of no avail, as there was not even a remote possibility of a day of remedy.On this very day it was that I became desirous to compile, in a connected form, for publication throughout the world, with a view to (universal) information, how that I bear inexorable and manifold retribution; inasmuch as what time, by the sustenance of the benevolence of Heaven, and the virtue of my ancestors, my apparel was rich and fine, and as what days my fare was savory and sumptuous, I disregarded the bounty of education and nurture of father and mother, and paid no heed to the virtue of precept and injunction of teachers and friends, with the result that I incurred the punishment, of failure recently in the least trifle, and the reckless waste of half my lifetime. There had been meanwhile, generation after generation, those in the inner chambers, the whole mass of whom could not, on any account, be, through my influence, allowed to fall into extinction, in order that I, unfilial as I have been, may have the means to hide my own shortcomings.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:34, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==

所以蓬牖茅椽，绳床瓦灶，并不足妨我襟怀；况那晨风夕月，阶柳庭花，更觉得润人笔墨。我虽不学无文，又何妨用假语村言敷演出来，亦可使闺阁昭传，复可破一时之闷，醒同人之目，不亦宜乎？”故曰“贾雨村”云云。

"Though my home is now a thatched cottage in which there are shabby windows, bed made of rope and earthen stove, all of these can not change my being broad and level. Besides, the morning breeze, the dew of night, the willows by me steps and the flowers in the yard inspired me to wield my pen. Though I have little learning and literary talent, it doesn't matter if I tell a tale in rustic language to record those lovely girls. This should help readers distract them from their worries. And that's the reason why I use the name Rainvillage Merchant."--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 13:27, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

"Though my home is now a thatched cottage in which there are shabby windows, bed made of rope and earthen stove, all of these can not change my being broad and level. Besides, the morning breeze, the dew of night, the willows by me steps and the flowers in the yard inspired me to wield my pen. Though I have little learning and literary talent, it doesn't matter if I tell a tale in rustic language to record those lovely girls. This should help readers distract them from their worries. And that's the reason why I use the name Jia Yucun."--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 14:19, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==

更于篇中间用“梦”、“幻”等字，却是此书本旨，兼寓提醒阅者之意。看官：你道此书从何而起？说来虽近荒唐，细玩颇有趣味。

In the middle of the article, the words "dream" and "fantasy" are the purpose of the book and the meaning of reminding readers. Reader: where did you start this book? Although it's absurd, it's fun to play.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 13:21, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
In the middle of the article, the words "dream" and "fantasy" are the purpose of the book and the meaning of reminding readers. Reader: where did you start this book? Although it's absurd, it's fun to play.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:33, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

却说那女娲氏炼石补天之时，于大荒山无稽崖，炼成高十二丈、见方二十四丈大的顽石三万六千五百零一块，那娲皇只用了三万六千五百块，单单剩下一块未用，弃在青埂峰下。谁知此石自经锻炼之后，灵性已通，自去自来，可大可小。因见众石俱得补天，独自己无才，不得入选，遂自怨自愧，日夜悲哀。一日，正当嗟悼之际，俄见一僧一道远远而来，生得骨格不凡，丰神迥异，来到这青埂峰下，席地坐谈。It is said that, once upon a time, when Nuwa was refining stones to mend the sky, she refined them into 36,501 pieces of hard stones 12-feet high and 24-feet square on the Wuji Cliff of the Da Huangshan Mountain. Numa, the creator of human beings in Chinese myth, only used 36,500 pieces, leaving only one unused and abandoned it under the Qinggeng Peak.Who knows, after the stone has been refined and created, its spirit has been passed. It can be big or small.Seeing that all the stones were able to mend the sky, he had no talent and could not be selected, so he complained and felt ashamed and mourned day and night. One day, at the time of mourning, he suddenly saw a monk and a Taoism priest with extraordinary personality coming from afar. They came to the Qinggeng Peak and sat on the ground to talk.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:34, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

It is said that, once upon a time, when Nuwa(Goddesses of Sky-patching) was refining stones to mend the sky, she refined them into 36,501 pieces of hard stones 12-feet high and 24-feet square on the Wuji Cliff of the Da Huangshan Mountain. Numa, the creator of human beings in Chinese myth, only used 36,500 pieces, leaving only one unused and abandoned it under the Qinggeng Peak.Who knows, after the stone has been refined and created, it had its spirit, it moved freely and could be big or small.Seeing that all the stones were able to mend the sky, he had no talent and could not be selected, so he complained and felt ashamed and mourned day and night. One day, at the time of mourning, he suddenly saw a monk and a Taoism priest with extraordinary personality coming from afar. They came to the Qinggeng Peak and sat on the ground to talk.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 05:57, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

见着这块鲜莹明洁的石头，且又缩成扇坠一般，甚属可爱。那僧托于掌上，笑道：“形体倒也是个灵物了，只是没有实在的好处。须得再镌上几个字，使人人见了，便知你是件奇物。

It was lovely to see this bright and clean stone shrinking like a fan. Resting on his palm, the monk smiled and said, "The body is a spiritual being, but it has no real benefit. Words had to be engraved so that everyone could see you and know that you were a wonder.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 15:01, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
Looking at this bright and clean stone shrinking like a fan, which is so lovely, with the stone on his palm the monk smiled and said, "Your body is a spiritual being, but ihas no real benefits. Words should be engraved so that everyone could see you and know that you are a wonder.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:42, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

然后携你到那昌明隆盛之邦、诗礼簪缨之族、花柳繁华地、温柔富贵乡那里去走一遭。”石头听了大喜，因问：“不知可镌何字？携到何方？望乞明示。”那僧笑道：“你且莫问，日后自然明白。”
Then take you there, a city-state of prosperity, a family of scholar, a place of flowers and willows. After listening, Stone asked rejoicingly: “I do not know what word I can write? Where I will be taken to? I hope get your instruction.” The monk smiled, “You do not rush into answer, and you will know it some day.”--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Then I'll take you for a walk to the prosperous country, the family of poems, gifts and tassels, the prosperous place of flowers and willows, and the gentle and rich township. " The stone was overjoyed when he asked, "I don't know what word to engrave? Where to carry it? I hope to beg clearly." the monk smiled and said, “You do not rush into answer, and you will know it some day.”--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 14:54, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

说毕，便袖了，同那道人飘然而去，竟不知投向何方。又不知过了几世几劫，因有个空空道人访道求仙，从这大荒山无稽崖青埂峰下经过，忽见一块大石，上面字迹分明，编述历历。空空道人乃从头一看，原来是无才补天，幻形入世，被那茫茫大士、渺渺真人携入红尘、引登彼岸的一块顽石：上面叙着堕落之乡、投胎之处，以及家庭琐事、闺阁闲情、诗词谜语，倒还全备。

Having concluded these words, he put the stone in his sleeve, and proceeded on his journey, in company with the Taoist priest. No one knows where he took the stone. Nor can it be known how many centuries and ages elapsed, before a Taoist priest, named K'ung K'ung, passed, during his researches after the eternal reason and his quest after immortality, by these Ta Huang Hills, Wu Ch'i cave and Ch'ing Keng Peak. Suddenly seeing a large stone, on the surface of which the handwriting on it is clear and the calendar is compiled, K'ung K'ung examined them from first to last. They, in fact, explained how that this stone had originally been devoid of the properties essential for the repairs to the heavens, how it would be transmuted into human form and introduced by Mang Mang the High Lord, and Miao Miao, the Divine, into the world of mortals, and how it would be led over the other bank (across the San Sara). On the surface, it describes the land of degeneration, the place of reincarnation, as well as family trivia, boudoir leisure, poetry, riddles, which could not be ascertained.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 04:54, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Having concluded these words, he put the stone in his sleeve, and proceeded leisurely on his journey, in company with the Taoist priest. However, no one knew where he went. Nor can it be known how many centuries and ages elapsed, before a Taoist priest, K'ung K'ung by name, passed, during his researches after the eternal reason and his quest after immortality, by these Da Huang Hills, Wu Ch'i cave and Ch'ing Keng Peak. Suddenly perceiving a large block of stone, on the surface of which the traces of characters giving in a connected form, the various incidents of its fate could be clearly predicted. K'ung K'ung examined them from beginning to end. In fact, they explained how this block of worthless stone which had originally been devoid of the properties essential for the mending to the heavens, would be transmuted into human form and introduced by Mang Mang the High Lord, and Miao Miao, the Divine, into the world of mortals, and how it would be led over the other world (across the San Sara). On the surface, it recorded the spot of its degeneration and the place of its birth. The complete recording also included various family trifles, trivial affairs of young ladies, verses and riddles.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 06:17, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

只是朝代年纪，失落无考。后面又有一偈云：无才可去补苍天，枉入红尘若许年。此系身前身后事，倩谁记去作奇传？

But the name of the dynasty and the year of the reign were obliterated and could not be confirmed. There was also a Buddhist verse following behind:
Lacking in virtues to mend the azure skies,
in vain I have been into the mortal world for many years.
These facts are of a former and after life,
but who will record a strange legend for me?--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 03:57, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

But the name of the dynasty and the year of the reign were obliterated and could not be confirmed. There was also a Buddhist verse following behind:
Lacking in virtues to mend the azure sky, nothing have I gained within the years spent in the secular world. All of these about my present life and afterlife, who would record them for me?--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 14:59, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

空空道人看了一回，晓得这石头有些来历，遂向石头说道：“石兄，你这一段故事，据你自己说来，有些趣味，故镌写在此，意欲闻世传奇。据我看来：第一件，无朝代年纪可考；第二件，并无大贤大忠理朝廷、治风俗的善政，其中只不过几个异样女子，或情或痴，或小才微善。我纵然抄去，也算不得一种奇书。”

As the Taoist priest named Kongkong once has examined the stone, he had some idea about the story on it, and then said to the stone, "Brother, maybe in your opinion, the story inscribed on you is of some interest so as to be kept here to win a fame throughout the world. But to my mind, it is far from a legend book to be transcribed. Firstly, there are hardly any clues about the time period of the background; secondly, no outstanding governance regarding politics and costumes has been achieved by great talents or loyal officials, and what it mainly narrates are merely several unusual women, some stuck in love, some boasting subtle intelligence and benevolence."--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 09:02, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

As the Taoist priest named Kongkong once has examined the stone, he knew that the stone had some history, and then said to the stone, "Brother, maybe in your opinion, the story inscribed on you is of some interest so as to be kept here to win a fame throughout the world. But to my mind, it is far from a legend book to be transcribed. Firstly, there are hardly any clues about the time period of the background; secondly, no outstanding governance regarding politics and costumes has been achieved by great talents or loyal officials, and what it mainly narrates are merely several unusual women, some stuck in love, some boasting subtle intelligence and benevolence."--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 03:05, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

石头果然答道：“我师何必太痴？我想历来野史的朝代，无非假借汉、唐的名色；莫如我这石头所记，不借此套，只按自己的事体情理，反倒新鲜别致。况且那野史中，或讪谤君相，或贬人妻女，奸淫凶恶，不可胜数；更有一种风月笔墨，其淫秽污臭，最易坏人子弟。

The stone answered: “Why are you so stubborn? I think the dynasties of unofficial history are nothing more than under the guise of Han, Tang. They are not as good as the stories recorded by me, a stone, which don’t follow the convention but according to the real facts and therefore are more novel on the contrary. Moreover, those unofficial histories are either slandering the emperor and his subjects, or belittling other people’s wives and children. There are countless descriptions of ferocity and adultery which are the most likely to have a bad influence on the younger generation.”--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 10:54, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The stone answered: “Why are you so stubborn? I think the dynasties recorded in the unofficial histories are nothing more than under the guise of Han and Tang Dynasty. They are not as good as the stories recorded by me, a stone, which don’t follow the convention but according to the real facts and therefore are more novel on the contrary. Besides, those unofficial histories are either slandering the emperor and his subjects, or belittling other people’s wives and children. There are countless descriptions of ferocity and adultery which are most likely to have a bad influence on the younger generation.” --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 11:10, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

至于才子佳人等书，则又开口文君，满篇子建，千部一腔，千人一面，且终不能不涉淫滥。在作者不过要写出自己的两首情诗艳赋来，故假捏出男女二人名姓；又必旁添一小人拨乱其间，如戏中小丑一般。更可厌者，之乎者也，非理即文，大不近情，自相矛盾。

As for the books about the talented and the beauties, they talked about Wen and Jun, the pages were also full of Zi and Jian. A thousand volumes present the same thing, and a thousand person are also in the same character. Moreover, they cannot avoid to some licentious things. The authors, who had to write several sentimental odes and elegant ballads, had falsely invented the names of both men and women, and also some bad guys who like a clown in a play made some troubles in there. As for the annoying men, they had nothing in their minds and talked about Li and Wen, which had no link with the targeted things and paradoxical in the whole.--[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 00:53, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
As for books related to talented scholars and beautiful ladies, he also talked about Wenjun, who is good at articles and is capricious, but he could not avoid prostitution in the end. The author just wants to write two of his own love poems, so he falsely pinches out the names of men and women; he must add a little person to make trouble in the meantime, like a clown in a play. The more annoying, the more it is, the unreasonable is the literary, the most unkind, self-contradictory.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 03:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

竟不如我这半世亲见亲闻的几个女子，虽不敢说强似前代书中所有之人，但观其事迹原委，亦可消愁破闷；至于几首歪诗，也可以喷饭供酒。其间离合悲欢，兴衰际遇，俱是按迹循踪，不敢稍加穿凿，至失其真。只愿世人当那醉馀睡醒之时，或避事消愁之际，把此一玩，不但是洗旧翻新，却也省了些寿命筋力，不更去谋虚逐妄了。
It’s not as good as the few women I’ve seen and heard about in this half of my life. Although I dare not say that she is better than all the people in the books of the previous generations. Looking at their deeds, you can also relieve your sorrow and boredom. As for a few poor poems, you can also taste them while eating and drinking.The joys and sorrows, the ups and downs all follow the traces, daring not to lose the truth. I only hope that when the world is awake, or when avoiding troubles and sorrows ,they can enjoy it, not only to renovate, but also to save some lifespan and energy, not to seek falsehood.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 03:15, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

I am not as good as the women I have seen and heard in my life. Though I cannot say that they are as good as all the people in the books of previous generations, I can relieve my sorrow and despair by watching their deeds. As for a few crooked poems, you can also spray rice for wine. During the separation of joys and sorrows, ups and downs, are all traced, dare not slightly cut, to lose its true. I only hope that when people wake up from their drunkenness, or when they are relieved of their sorrow, they will not only wash the old and renew it, but also save some strength of life, so as not to seek for false things.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:39, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

我师意为如何？”空空道人听如此说，思忖半晌，将这《石头记》再检阅一遍。因见上面大旨不过谈情，亦只是实录其事，绝无伤时诲淫之病，方从头至尾抄写回来，闻世传奇。
What do I mean?" Empty Taoist listen to say so, ponder a long time, will this "stone" review again. Seeing that the message above was only a talk of love, and only a record of it, without suffering from the disease of lewdness, I copied it back from beginning to end and heard the legend of the world.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:38, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

What do I mean? " After hearing this, Taoist Kongkong thought for a long time and reviewed the stone story again. Seeing that the above general purpose is nothing but romance, it is only a factual record of its affairs, and there is no disease of obscenity at the time of injury, so I copied it back from beginning to end and heard the legend of the world.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 04:35, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

从此空空道人因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空，遂改名情僧，改《石头记》为《情僧录》。东鲁孔梅溪题曰《风月宝鉴》。后因曹雪芹于悼红轩中披阅十载，增删五次，纂成目录，分出章回，又题曰《金陵十二钗》，并题一绝。
Since then empty Taoist empty because of empty see color, from color feeling, feeling into color, since color wukong, then changed the name of the monk, "stone" for "love monk record". Kong Meixi of The Eastern Lu dynasty wrote the book Fengyue Bao Jian. After cao Xueqin in mourning red xuan read ten years, add and delete five times, compiled into a directory, a chapter back, and the title yue ''Jinling twelve Hairpin'', and a must.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 04:31, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Since then Empty Taoist saw form through emptiness, generated emotions due to form, into which emptiness was stilled and epiphany was revealed, he then changed his epithet into Monk in Love, and changed ''The story of the Stone'' into ''Record of Monk in Love'', which was called ''Catalogue of Chinese Ancient Romance'' by Kong Meixi of The Eastern Lu dynasty. Afterwards Cao Xueqin read and amended it for ten years, revised and polished it for five times, and then compiled it into a directory with chapters and sections. Finally he entitled it ''The Twelve Flowers in Jinlin'' attached with a Chinese quatrain.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 04:55, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

即此便是《石头记》的缘起。诗云：满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪。都云作者痴，谁解其中味?

This was the origin of ''The Story of The Stone''. A poem once said, “the whole novel is full of absurd words, as well as bitter tears. People all consider the author crazy, but is there anyone who knows its true meaning？--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 07:22, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

This is the origin of ''The Story of the Stone''. The poem says: The pages were full of idle words which was penned with hot and bitter tears; All men call the author fool, but no one understood his secret message.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 08:25, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

《石头记》缘起既明，正不知那石头上面记着何人何事？看官请听。按那石上书云：当日地陷东南，这东南有个姑苏城，城中阊门最是红尘中一二等富贵风流之地。

Now that the origin of the stone is clear, let us see what was written on the stone. Dear readers, please listen. Long ago, the earth dipped downwards in the southeast where there was a city named Gusu; and the quarter around Changmen Gate of Gusu was one of the most fashionable centres of wealth and nobility in the world of men. --[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 02:10, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

The origin of "The Story of the Stone" was clear, but did you know who or what was written on the stone? Please listen to me and go on. According to the record on the stone: One day, there was a subsidence in southeast and there was Gusu City. In the city, the quarter around Changmen Gate was one of the most fashionable centres of wealth and nobility in the world of men. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:13, 23 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

这阊门外有个十里街，街内有个仁清巷，巷内有个古庙，因地方狭窄，人皆呼作“葫芦庙”。庙旁住着一家乡宦，姓甄名费，字士隐；嫡妻封氏，性情贤淑，深明礼义。家中虽不甚富贵，然本地也推他为望族了。

Outside the city of Changmen gate, there was a Shili street and a Renqing lane was on the street. In the Renqing lane, there was an ancient temple called "Hulu temple" owing to it`s narrow location. Next to the temple lived a hometown official named Zhen Fei, courtesy named Shi Yin; his legal wife, surnamed Feng, was a virtuous person with a deep sense of courtesy and righteousness. Although the family was not very rich, the local people also thought that he was a prominent family. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 14:02, 21 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

Outside the Changmen gate was the Shili street and the Renqing lane, inside which was an ancient temple, called the "Gourd temple" for its narrow space. Next to the temple lived a retired official named Zhen Fei, whose courtesy name was Shi Yin; his legal wife Mrs. Feng was a virtuous person with a deep awareness of courtesy and righteousness. Although the family was not very rich, the locals also regarded him as a noble man.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:19, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

因这甄士隐禀性恬淡，不以功名为念，每日只以观花种竹、酌酒吟诗为乐，倒是神仙一流人物。只是一件不足：年过半百，膝下无儿；只有一女，乳名英莲，年方三岁。一日炎夏永昼，士隐于书房闲坐，手倦抛书，伏几盹睡，不觉矇眬中走至一处，不辨是何地方。

Hidden Truth had a tranquil mind, indifferent to fame or gain. The only fun in every day life was enjoying beautiful flowers and planting bamboo, drinking nectared wine and reciting poetry. What a fairy-like figure! There was only one pity, that is, though in his fifty years old, he had no son nut only one three-year-old daughter, named Wiselotus Potterymaker. One day in the hot summer, Hidden Truth was sitting idly in his study. Tired, he threw away his book and fell asleep at his desk, drifting to a place he could not tell.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 03:19, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Zhen Shiyin had a tranquil mind, indifferent to fame or gain. The only fun in every day life was enjoying beautiful flowers and planting bamboo, drinking nectared wine and reciting poetry. What a fairy-like figure! But there was one pity, that is, though in his fifty years old, he had no son nut only one three-year-old daughter, named Yinglian. One day in the hot summer, Shenyin was sitting idly in his study. He was so tired that he threw away his book and fell asleep at his desk, drifting to a place he could not tell.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 05:12, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

忽见那厢来了一僧一道，且行且谈。只听道人问道：“你携了此物，意欲何往？”那僧笑道：“你放心。如今现有一段风流公案，正该了结，这一干风流冤家，尚未投胎人世。

Unexpectedly he espied， in the opposite direction， two priests coming towards him： the one a Buddhist， the other a Taoist. As they advanced they kept up the conversation in which they were engaged. "Whither do you purpose taking the object you have brought away？" he heard the Taoist inquire. To this question the Buddhist replied with a smile： "Set your mind at ease，" he said； "there's now in maturity a plot of a general character involving mundane pleasures， which will presently come to a denouement. The whole number of the votaries of voluptuousness have， as yet， not been quickened or entered the world.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 05:07, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Unexpectedly he espied, from the opposite direction, A monk and a Taoist coming up to him. As they advanced, they kept up the conversation in which they were engaged. "Whither do you purpose taking the thing you have brought away？" He heard the Taoist inquire. The Buddhist replied with a smile: "Set your mind at ease. There's now a case of romantic affairs, which should presently come to a denouement. The whole number of the votaries of voluptuousness involved in have not been reincarnated.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:31, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

趁此机会，就将此物夹带于中，使他去经历经历。”那道人道：“原来近日风流冤家又将造劫历世，但不知起于何处，落于何方？”那僧道：“此事说来好笑。

Taking this opportunity, we can mingle it in them and let it experience the life on earth." The Taoist said: "So those debtors of love affairs will be reincarnated and then suffer on earth. But from which place will the reincarnation start and in which direction will them be placed still remain unsettled." The monk said: "It's a funny story. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:28, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Taking this opportunity, we can carry it away and let it experience the life on earth. ”The Taoist priest said: "The debtors of love affairs will be reincarnated and then suffer on earth recently. But it' s unknown that from when the story started and to where will it go.“ The monk said: "It's a funny story....-- --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 08:23, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

只因当年这个石头，娲皇未用，自己却也落得逍遥自在，各处去游玩。一日来到警幻仙子处，那仙子知他有些来历，因留他在赤霞宫中，名他为赤霞宫神瑛侍者。他却常在西方灵河岸上行走，看见那灵河岸上三生石畔有棵绛珠仙草，十分娇娜可爱，遂日以甘露灌溉，这绛珠草始得久延岁月。

This stone have not been used by The Empress Nu Wo. Thus It used to be free to roam on the heavens until one day he came to the Fairy of Wonders, who knew his special background. So she kept him in her palace and gave him the name by the Divine Eunuch of the Palace. He often walked along the bank of the Spirit River in the West where he saw a delicate and lovely flower on the bank of the Three Living Stones. Being struck with the great beauty of this flower, the stone remained there, tending its protegee with the most loving care, and daily moistening its roots with the choicest nectar of the sky. Yielding to the influence of disinterested love, the flower lived a longer life. --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 07:32, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Because this stone in that age hasn‘t been used by a goddess in Chinese mythology，he could be careless and can go to visit many places for fun.One day，he come to the Fairy of Wonders who knew his special background. So she kept him in her palace and gave him the name by the Divine Eunuch of the Palace.But he always walks by the bank of the Spirit River.One day，he saw a fairy grass beside the Three Living Stones on the bank of the river，which is cute and delicate，so he irrigated it day by day，making it living longer.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:31, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

后来既受天地精华，复得甘露滋养，遂脱了草木之胎，幻化人形，仅仅修成女体，终日游于离恨天外，饥餐秘情果，渴饮灌愁水。只因尚未酬报灌溉之德，故甚至五内郁结着一段缠绵不尽之意。常说：‘自己受了他雨露之惠，我并无此水可还。
Afterwards，because of the essence of the nature and the nutrients of the dew，it gradually got rid of itself from the trees and become a human-being，but only can become a female，meandering outside all day long，when feeling hungry，she would eat fruits，and when feeling thirsty，she would drink water.The reason for her lingering emotions is that she haven‘t showed her gratitude to her benefactors.She always said that：“I was benefited from his dew，but I can‘t bring back a report.”--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

他若下世为人，我也同去走一遭，但把我一生所有的眼泪还他，也还得过了。’因此一事，就勾出多少风流冤家都要下凡，造历幻缘，那绛珠仙草也在其中。今日这石正该下世，我来特地将他仍带到警幻仙子案前，给他挂了号，同这些情鬼下凡，一了此案。”

If he could be reincarnated as human in the next life, I would also go with him but only in this time return all the sorrows to him, which can let me go through the life. “For this reason, how many pretty teases have to descend to the world suffering the illusory fates, and the Crimson Pearl Flower is also among them. Today, this stone is about to be born, so I comes here specially to bring him to the court of Fairy Maiden Jinhuan, registering him and letting him go down to the earth with ghosts in order to settle the case.”--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 12:37, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

If he could be reincarnated as human in the next life, I would go with him, but I should also return all the sorrows in this time to him, which can enable me to go through the life. "For this reason, lots of pretty teases have to descend to the world suffering the illusory destiny, and that Crimson Pearl Flower is also amomg them. Today this jade is about to be born, so I come here specially to take him to the court of Fairy Maiden Jinhuan, endowing him with a registration and letting him go down to the earth with those sentimental ghosts so as to settle the case.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 15:16, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

那道人道：“果是好笑，从来不闻有‘还泪’之说。趁此，你我何不也下世度脱几个，岂不是一场功德？”那僧道：“正合吾意。你且同我到警幻仙子宫中，将这蠢物交割清楚，待这一干风流孽鬼下世，你我再去。如今有一半落尘，然犹未全集。”

The Taoist priest says:"It's really ridiculous. I have never heard of the saying of 'returning tears'. We can also take this opportunity to release several souls from purgatory (help several souls of the decease get rid of worldly sufferings). Isn't it a merit?" The monk replies:"It's exactly what I am hoping for. You and I are going to the palace of the fairy maiden Jing Huan, and to deliver such a jade and figure it out. When these dissolute and sinful evils all pass away, we will go to the afterlife. Half of them have fallen into the earthly world, but they have not yet gathered completely."--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 15:04, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

The Taoist priest says:"It's really ridiculous. I have never heard of the saying of 'returning tears'. We can also take this opportunity to release several souls from purgatory (help several souls of the decease get rid of worldly sufferings). Isn't it a merit?" The monk replies:"It's exactly what I am hoping for. You and I will go the palace of the fairy maiden Jing Huan, and to deliver such a jade and figure it out. When these dissolute and sinful evils all pass away, we will go to the afterlife. Half of them have fallen into the earthly world, but they have not yet gathered completely."--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 06:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

道人道：“既如此，便随你去来。”却说甄士隐俱听得明白，遂不禁上前施礼，笑问道：“二位仙师请了。”那僧、道也忙答礼相问。

The Taoist said, "In that case, let's go with you." Then Hidden Truth heard and understood, so he could not help but go forward to salute, smiling and saying, " Please, distinguished masters." The monk and the Taoist also replied with manners.

The Taoist said, "In that case, let's go with you." Then Hidden Truth heard and understood, so he could not help but go forward to salute, smiling and saying, " Please, distinguished masters." The monk and the Taoist also immediately replied with manners.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 10:50, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

士隐因说道：“适闻仙师所谈因果，实人世罕闻者。但弟子愚拙，不能洞悉明白。若蒙大开痴顽，备细一闻，弟子洗耳谛听，稍能警省，亦可免沉沦之苦了。”

Hidden Truth said: "What you master talked about the cause and effect is definitely rare in the world. But I am stupid and can't fully understand it. If you can explain it for me to get rid of infatuation and stubbornness, I will listen to you carefully and then take warning from it, avoiding the suffering of enthrallment."--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 08:01, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth then said, "I have just heard you master's words about karma, a truly rare insight in the world. But I am too ignorant to understand it. If I could be enlightened by you two to get rid of infatuation and stubbornness, I would certainly listen carefully to all that you say and then take warning from it, avoiding the suffering of enthrallment."--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:54, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

二仙笑道：“此乃玄机，不可预泄。到那时只不要忘了我二人，便可跳出火坑矣。”士隐听了，不便再问，因笑道：“玄机固不可泄露，但适云‘蠢物’，不知为何？或可得见否？”那僧说：“若问此物，倒有一面之缘。”

The two immortals laughed and said, "It is something metaphysical and cannot be divulged in advance. At that time, just don't forget the two of us, and you will be free from your predicament." When Shi Yin heard this, he stopped pursuing the matter. He laughed and said, "Of course the mystery must not be divulged, but I don't quite understand what the 'stupid thing' is that you just mentioned. Perhaps I have a chance to see it?" The monk said, "This thing you are asking about, you do have the fortune to see it.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:39, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The two immortals laughed and said, "It is metaphysical and cannot be divulged in advance. At that time, if you don't forget two of us, and you will be free from your predicament." When Shi Yin heard this, he stopped pursuing the matter. He laughed and said, "Of course the mystery must not be divulged, but I don't quite understand what the 'stupid thing' is that you just mentioned. Perhaps I have a chance to see it?" The monk said, "This thing you are asking about, you do have the fortune to see it.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 06:17, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

说着取出，递与士隐。士隐接了看时，原来是块鲜明美玉，上面字迹分明，镌着“通灵宝玉”四字，后面还有几行小字。正欲细看时，那僧便说已到幻境，就强从手中夺了去。

He said and took it out to Hidden Truth. ShiYin received it and found it a bright beautiful jade in which there were four clear characters:Tong Ling Bao Yu followes by several lines of words.When Hidden Truth craved for a careful look, that monk said that he had reached the illusion, so he snatched it from ShiYin's hand.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 02:57, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Then he said as he took it out and handed it to Shi Yin. Shi Yin took a look, and it turned out to be a piece of bright beautiful jade, with clear writing above, engraved with the “Tongling jade”. There were a few lines of small characters behind. When he was about to take a closer look, the monk said he had reached the dreamland and snatched the jade from his hands.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 01:47, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

和那道人竟过了一座大石牌坊，上面大书四字，乃是“太虚幻境”。两边又有一副对联道：假作真时真亦假，无为有处有还无。士隐意欲也跟着过去，方举步时，忽听一声霹雳，若山崩地陷。

And with that Taoist priest actually passed a large stone archway, above which was engraved four big words, is “the Great Void Dreamland”.On both sides there was a pair of couplets: If false is taken as the truth, then truth is said to be lieing , when nothing is taken as being, then being itself is turned into nothing. Shih-yin also wanted to pass the big stone archway, but the moment he was about to raise his foot, he heard a crack of thunder which sounded as if the hills were rending asunder and the earth falling in.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 02:52, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

And that Taoist passed a large stone pagoda, written on it four big words, is "Taixu fantasy realm". On both sides, there is a couplet saying: "Falsehood is true when it is true, and there is nothing where there is nothing". Shi Yin also wanted to follow, when just ready to raise his feet, he heard a thunderbolt all of a sudden, as if a landslide happened.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 02:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

士隐大叫一声，定睛看时，只见烈日炎炎，芭蕉冉冉，梦中之事便忘了一半。又见奶母抱了英莲走来。士隐见女儿越发生得粉装玉琢，乖觉可喜，便伸手接来，抱在怀中，斗他玩耍一会。

Hidden Truth cried out, and when he fixed his eyes, only seeing the sun is shining, the weather is bright, and the plantains are flourishing, and then he forgot half of his dream. Later, the lactating mother coming with Pity Zhen in her arms. When Hidden Truth noted that his daughter was becoming more and more beautiful and cute, he reached out and took her in his arms, and teased her for a while.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 02:43, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Morale Hidden Truth cried out, fixing his eyes on the blazing sun and supplely drooping banana leaves, only to be oblivious to half of his dream. Then the wet nurse came over with Pity Zhen in her arms. Morale Hidden Truth perceived that his daughter became so fair and lovely that he couldn’t wait to cradle her in his arms to amuse her.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 05:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

== Headline text ==
==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

又带至街前，看那过会的热闹。方欲进来时，只见从那边来了一僧一道：那僧癞头跣足，那道跛足蓬头，疯疯癫癫，挥霍谈笑而至。及到了他门前，看见士隐抱着英莲，那僧便大哭起来，又向士隐道：“施主，你把这有命无运、累及爹娘之物抱在怀内作甚？”

Morale Hidden Square then took his lovely daughter out into the street to see the lively meeting. When he was about to enter the door, he saw a monk and a Taoist priest coming from the other side: the monk had ringworm on his head and no shoes or socks on his feet; the Taoist priest was characterized by lameness and untidy hair. They came over, crazy, talking and laughing. When they got to Morale Hidden Square’s door, seeing him holding Pity Link in his arms. The monk began to cry and said to Morale Hidden Square, “ Benefactor, why did you cradle such an ill-fated and encumbering child in your arms？”--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 01:35, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin then took his lovely daughter to the street to see the lively agora. When he was about to enter the door, he saw a monk and a Taoist priest coming from the other side: the monk had ringworm on his head and no shoes or socks on his feet; the Taoist priest was characterized by lameness and untidy hair. They acted like a lunatic and came over,talking and laughing. When they got to Shiyin’s door, seeing him holding Yinglian in his arms. The monk began to cry and said to Shiyin, “ Benefactor, why did you cradle such an ill-fated and encumbering child in your arms？”--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:06, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

士隐听了，知是疯话，也不睬他。那僧还说：“舍我罢，舍我罢。”士隐不耐烦，便抱着女儿转身。

After listening to him,Shiyin knew that it's crazy words and ignored him.But the monk also said:"Give her to me,give her to me." Shiyin was impatient,so he held his daughter and turned to leave.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 05:59, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

After listening to him, Shiyin knew that it was lunatic ravings and ignored him. But the monk complemented:"Give her to me, give her to me." Shiyin got impatient, so he embraced his daughter and turned around. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 12:14, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

才要进去，那僧乃指着他大笑，口内念了四句言词，道是：惯养娇生笑你痴，菱花空对雪澌澌。好防佳节元宵后，便是烟消火灭时。

When he was about to get in, the monk pointed at him and laughed, mumbling four sentences, which mean “how crazy that you pamper your daughter like this, (see you embrace Yinglian), just like the summer lotus are exposed to the winter snow. Beware of the days after the Lantern Festival, then there is a fire to vanish everything.”--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 03:03, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
When he wanted to go in, the monk pointed at him and laughed, saying…--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 06:56, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

士隐听得明白，心下犹豫，意欲问他来历，只听道人说道：“你我不必同行，就此分手，各干营生去罢。三劫后，我在北邙山等你，会齐了，同往太虚幻境销号。”那僧道：“最妙，最妙。”
Shi Yin understood and hesitated, intending to ask him where he came from. The Taoist said, "You and I don't need to go together. Three days later, I wait for you in north mangshan, meet together, with the imaginary land sales number." The monk said, "The best, the best."--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 06:44, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin understood,hesitated in his heart,and wanted to ask him where he came from.He only heard the Taoist say: "You and I don't have to go together, just break up and go to work. After the Three Tribulations, I will wait for you in Beimanshan,nnd go to the Tai Unreal Realm to sell the number." The monk said: "The most wonderful, the most wonderful."--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 13:40, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

说毕，二人一去，再不见个踪影了。士隐心中此时自忖：“这两个人必有来历，很该问他一问，如今后悔却已晚了。”这士隐正在痴想，忽见隔壁葫芦庙内寄居的一个穷儒，姓贾名化、表字时飞、别号雨村的走来。

After that,the two went away,and they were nowhere to be seen.Shiyin thought to himself at this moment: "These two people must have a history.It's time to ask him,but now it's too late to regret." Shiyin was thinking about it,but suddenly saw a poor scholar living in the Hulu temple next door whose first name is Jia,last name hua,Courtesy name Shifei,and another name Yucun came.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 13:37, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

After saying that, the two went away, and there was no sign of them anymore. Shiyin thought to himself at this moment: "These two people surely had some backgrounds. I should have asked him, but it was too late to regret now." Shiyin was daydreaming, but suddenly saw a poor scholar living in the Hulu temple next door coming up. His first name is hua, last name is jia, secondary personal name is Shifei, and another name is Yucun.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 14:46, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

这贾雨村原系湖州人氏，也是诗书仕宦之族。因他生于末世，父母祖宗根基已尽，人口衰丧，只剩得他一身一口。在家乡无益，因进京求取功名，再整基业。

Jia Yucun was born in Huzhou and came from a family of Confucian scholars and officials. Because he was born in last phase of age, the roots of his ancestors had died out. Family declined, and left him alone. He found no benefit in hometown, so he went to Beijing to strive for fame and tried to make another solid foundation for family.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 03:10, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Jia Yucun came from Huzhou and was born in a family of scholars and officials. However, because he was born in the last phase of the age, the root of his ancestors had died out and family declined, leaving him alone in the world. He found no benefit in hometown, so he went to Beijing to strive for success and fame and tried to make the revitalization of his family.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 04:46, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

自前岁来此，又淹蹇住了，暂寄庙中安身，每日卖文作字为生，故士隐常与他交接。当下雨村见了士隐，忙施礼陪笑道：“老先生倚门伫望，敢街市上有甚新闻么？”士隐笑道：“非也。适因小女啼哭，引他出来作耍。正是无聊的很，贾兄来得正好，请入小斋，彼此俱可消此永昼。”

Since arriving in Beijing the year before last, Jia Yuchun had led a hard life, living only in a temple. He wrote poems and articles in exchange for money every day, so Shiyin often often met with him. Once Yucun saw Shiyin, hurriedly saluted and said with a smile, " Sir, you are leaning on the door and looking at something. Is there any news in the market?" Shiyin smiled and said, "No. Just because my little girl cried, so I took her out to play. I am so bored now and you are so nice to appear in time. Please come into my study with me, so that we can both kill the boring time." --[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 03:35, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Since arriving in Beijing the year before last, Jia Yuchun found himself in difficult conditions and desperate straits. He lived only in a temple and made a living by writing in exchange for money every day, so Shiyin often met with him. At that moment, Yucun saw Shiyin, hurriedly saluted and said with smile, " An old gentleman as you, leaning on the door and looking at something, I wander that is there any news in the street?" Shiyin smiled and said, "Hardly, just because my little girl cried, so I take her out to play. I am so bored now and you‘ve come just at the right moment. Please come into my study, so that we can spend the long day together."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 14:13, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

说着，便令人送女儿进去。自携了雨村来至书房中，小童献茶。方谈得三五句话，忽家人飞报：“严老爷来拜。”

While he was talking, he asked someone to take his daughter back to her room. Then he took Yucun to his study, and a child offered a cup of tea for each of them. But just said a few words, suddenly the family member came quickly to say that "Master Yan came to visit."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 07:30, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

While talking, he asked someone to take his daughter back to her room. Then he took Yucun to his study, and a child offered a cup of tea for each of them. But just said a few words, suddenly the family member came quickly to say that "Master Yan came to visit." --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 14:01, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

士隐慌忙起身谢道：“恕诓驾之罪。且请略坐，弟即来奉陪。”雨村起身也让道：“老先生请便。晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨！”说着，士隐已出前厅去了。

Shiying stood up hurriedly and said, " Excuse me.Please sit for a moment first, and I will entertain you at once." Yucun also stood up and answered:" Old gentleman, you go. I often come to you here as a guest, wait a little while is not the matter!" Said, Shiying had walked out of the guest room.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 02:51, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
Shiyin hurriedly got up and thanked, "excuse the crime of cheating driving. Please sit down and my brother will accompany you." Yucun got up and said, "please help yourself, sir. My late life is a regular guest. Why not wait a minute!" said Shiyin, who had left the front hall.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 13:44, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

这里雨村且翻弄诗籍解闷，忽听得窗外有女子嗽声。雨村遂起身往外一看，原来是一个丫鬟在那里掐花儿：生的仪容不俗，眉目清秀，虽无十分姿色，却也有动人之处。雨村不觉看得呆了。那甄家丫鬟掐了花儿，方欲走时，猛抬头见窗内有人：敝巾旧服，虽是贫窘，然生得腰圆背厚，面阔口方，更兼剑眉星眼，直鼻方腮。
Here in the rain village, I turned to poetry books to relieve my boredom. Suddenly I heard a woman coughing outside the window. Yucun then got up and looked out. It turned out that it was a servant girl pinching flowers there: Sheng's appearance was not vulgar and his eyebrows were beautiful. Although he was not very beautiful, he was also moving. Yucun was stunned. The Zhen servant girl pinched the flowers. When Fang was about to leave, she suddenly looked up and saw someone in the window: Although I was poor and embarrassed, I had a round waist, thick back, wide face and square mouth. I also had sword eyebrows, star eyes, straight nose and square cheeks.

Yuncun was reading poems to relieve his boredom, suddenly hearing a girl outside the window coughing. Yucun stood up and found a housemaid picking flowers: she was of good appearance and pretty features. Although she was not perfect, she had something touching. Yucun felt stunned. The girl had pinched the flowers and was about to leave when she suddenly raised her head and saw someone in the window. In rags, he had a round waist and a thick back, a wide face and a square mouth, with a sword eyebrow and star eyes, a straight nose and a square cheek.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 10:14, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

这丫鬟忙转身回避，心下自想：“这人生的这样雄壮，却又这样褴褛。我家并无这样贫窘亲友，想他定是主人常说的什么贾雨村了。怪道又说他必非久困之人，每每有意帮助周济他，只是没什么机会。”如此一想，不免又回头一两次。雨村见他回头，便以为这女子心中有意于他，遂狂喜不禁，自谓此女子必是个巨眼英豪，风尘中之知己。
The housemaid turned away quickly and said to herself:” the man is so grand and ragged. I don’t have such deprived friends and relatives, thus he must be Jia Yucun that the master has mentioned frequently. It’s said that he will not be trapped in poverty for a long time. The master has meant to help him but doesn’t find a proper chance.” At the thought of this, she looked back for several times, which misled Yu Cun to think the girl was attracted by him and felt very excited. He believed that the girl must have a pair of wisdom eye and was his true friend in difficulty.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 02:16, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The housemaid turned away hurriedly and thought to herself:” the man is so strong, but his clothes are shabby. I don’t have such deprived friends and relatives, thus he must be Jia Yucun that the master has mentioned frequently. It’s said that he will not be trapped in poverty for a long time. The master has always meant to help him but doesn’t find a proper chance.” At the thought of this, she looked back for several times, which misled Yu Cun to think the girl was attracted by him and felt very excited. He believed that the girl must have a good taste and was his true friend in difficulty.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 11:27, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

一时小童进来，雨村打听得前面留饭，不可久待，遂从夹道中，自便门出去了。士隐待客既散，知雨村已去，便也不去再邀。一日，到了中秋佳节。

When a child came in, yucun heard that the host entertained the guests meal. Therefore, he knew that he couldn't stay long, so he went out through the lane and went out by himself. Later, Shiyin had already served guests, knowing that yucun had gone, so he didn't invite again. One day, it was the Mid Autumn Festival.

When a child came in, Yucun heard that the host entertained the guests meal. Therefore, he knew that he couldn't stay long, so he went out through the lane and went out by himself. Later, Shiyin had already served guests, knowing that yucun had gone, so he didn't invite again. One day, it was the Mid Autumn Festival.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:53, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

士隐家宴已毕，又另具一席于书房，自己步至庙中来邀雨村。原来雨村自那日见了甄家丫鬟曾回顾他两次，自谓是个知己，便时刻放在心上。今又正值中秋，不免对月有怀，因而口占五言一律云：

Shiiyin‘s family banquet has been completed, and another seat in the study, he came to the temple to invite Yucun. It turns out that since that day Yucun saw the Zhen family maid had looked back at him twice, since he said he was a confidant, so he always put on his heart. Now it was the mid-autumn festival, so I couldn't help but feel nostalgic for the moon, so I took five words from the mouth and said.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:51, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiiyin‘s family banquet has been completed, and another seat in the study, he came to the temple to invite Yucun. It turns out that since that day Yucun saw the Zhen family maid had looked back at him twice, since he said he was a confidant, so he always put on his heart. Now it was the mid-autumn festival, so I couldn't help but feel nostalgic for the moon, so I took five words from the mouth and said.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 14:30, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

未卜三生愿，频添一段愁。闷来时敛额，行去几回头。自顾风前影，谁堪月下俦？蟾光如有意，先上玉人楼。

I haven’t realized my dream yet, but had sorrowful experience. I often frown when I feel depressed and look back repeatedly when I farewell. With the wind blowing, I look at my shadow. Who can be my partner? If the moon helps,please shed light on the girl’s window and show her my love.

I haven’t realized my dream yet, but had sorrowful experience. I often frown when I feel depressed and look back repeatedly when I farewell. With the wind blowing, I look at my shadow. Who can be my partner? If the moon helps,please shed light on the girl’s window and show her my love.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 12:02, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

雨村吟罢，因又思及平生抱负，苦未逢时，乃又搔首对天长叹，复高吟一联云：玉在椟中求善价，钗于奁内待时飞。恰值士隐走来听见，笑道：“雨村兄真抱负不凡也！”

After Yucun finished reciting the love poems of Jiao Xing, he thought of his great ambitions and thought that he had not met a good time, so he recited a pair of couplets that he created aloud: "Jade and hairpin are all placed in the box, hoping that one day it can realize its value and play its role." Just when Shiyin came to hear it, Shiyin smiled and said, "Brother Yucun is really ambitious!"--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:38, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

After Yucun finished reciting the love poems of Jiao Xing, he thought of his great ambitions and thought that he had not met a good time, so he recited aloud a pair of couplets that he created: "Jade and hairpin are all placed in the box, hoping that one day it can realize its value and play its role." Just when Shiyin came to hear it, Shiyin smiled and said, "Yucun is really ambitious!"--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 16:53, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

雨村忙笑道：“不敢。不过偶吟前人之句，何期过誉如此！”因问：“老先生何兴至此？”士隐笑道：“今夜中秋，俗谓团圆之节。想尊兄旅寄僧房，不无寂寥之感。故特具小酌，邀兄到敝斋一饮。不知可纳芹意否？”

Yucun laughed and hurriedly said, "No no, I just recite the words of the predecessors. You speak too highly of me!" he asked, "Why did you come here, sir?" Shiyin smiled, "Tonight is the reunion time of Mid Autumn Festival. You lodged with a monk's room alone. So I come to invite you to have a drink with me. What do you think?"--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:51, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

"Why did you come here, master?"
You are lodged with a monk's room alone. --[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 02:18, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

雨村听了，并不推辞，便笑道：“既蒙谬爱，何敢拂此盛情！”说着，便同士隐复过这边书院中来了。须臾茶毕，早已设下杯盘，那美酒佳肴，自不必说。

Hearing this, Yucun did not refuse, but said with a smile: "Since I am indebted to you, I dare not live up to this feeling." Then he and Shiyin came to the academy here. In a moment they had finished their tea, and a feast had already been set up, with wine and food, in which the delicacy was all.

They went to the court in front of Shiyin's study. Soon they had fin rished their tea and sat down to a collation of choice wine and delicacies.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 11:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

二人归坐，先是款酌慢饮；渐次谈至兴浓，不觉飞觥献斝起来。当时街坊上家家箫管，户户笙歌；当头一轮明月，飞彩凝辉。二人愈添豪兴，酒到杯干。

At first, they drank slowly,but their spirits rose as they talked and they began to drink more recklessly. At that time, Flutes and strings can be heard everywhere and every family in the neighborhood was singing; When a bright moon rises, The two became more and more cheerful, and the wine dried cup up.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 14:26, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

At first, they drank slowly,but their spirits rose as they talked in depth， they began to drink more recklessly. At that time, the sound of flutes and strings can be heard everywhere and every family in the neighborhood was playing and singing; When a bright moon rises, The two became more and more cheerful and drained cup after cup.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 11:39, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

雨村此时已有七八分酒意，狂兴不禁，乃对月寓怀，口占一绝云：时逢三五便团圆，满把清光护玉栏。天上一轮才捧出，人间万姓仰头看。士隐听了，大叫：“妙极！弟每谓兄必非久居人下者，今所吟之句，飞腾之兆已现，不日可接履于云霄之上了。可贺，可贺！”

Yucun, eight-tenths drunk, cannot suppress his high spirits. As he gazed at the moon, he fostered thoughts, to which he gave vent by the recital of a double couplet.

"On the fifteenth the moon is full, Her pure rays fill the court; As her bright orb sails up the sky, All men on earth gaze upwards at the sight."

"Excellent!" cried Shiyin with a loud voice, after he had heard these lines; "I have repeatedly maintained that it was impossible for you to remain in a subordinate position for a long period, and now the verses are a prognostic of your rapid advancement. In a few days you will extend your footsteps far above the clouds! Let me congratulate you."！

Yucun, eight-tenths drunk, cannot suppress his elation. As he gazed at the moon, he improvised a poetry to the moon and declaimed it:

"On the fifteenth the moon is full, Her pure rays fill the court; As her bright orb sails up the sky, All men on earth gaze upwards at the sight."

"Excellent!" cried Shiyin with a loud voice, after he had heard these lines; "I have repeatedly maintained that it was impossible for you to remain in a subordinate position for a long period, and now the verses reveals your rapid advancement. In a few days you will extend your footsteps far above the clouds! Let me congratulate you."！--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 04:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

乃亲斟一斗为贺。雨村饮干，忽叹道：“非晚生酒后狂言，若论时尚之学，晚生也或可去充数挂名。只是如今行李路费，一概无措，神京路远，非赖卖字撰文，即能到得。”士隐不待说完，便道：“兄何不早言？弟已久有此意，但每遇兄时，并未谈及，故未敢唐突。今既如此，弟虽不才，‘义利’二字，却还识得。且喜明岁正当大比，兄宜作速入都，春闱一捷，方不负兄之所学。其盘费馀事，弟自代为处置，亦不枉兄之谬识矣。”

Shiyin filled another large cup of alcohol. Yucun tossed it off and then signed. "Don't think this is just a talk after being drunk," he said, "I'm sure I could acquit myself quite creditably in the examinations, but I have no money in my wallet for my travelling expenses and the capital is far away. I can't raise enough money by selling my words and articles ...." "Why didn't you say so before?" interjected Shiyin. "I've always thought about this, but since you never mentioned it it is inappropriate for me to mention this subject. If that's how things are, dull as I am at least I know what's due to a firend. Luckily the Metropolitan Examinations are coming up next year. You must go as fast as you can to the capital and prove your learning in the Spring Test. I shall take it an honor to take care of the travelling expenses and other business for you."--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 04:28, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin filled another large cup of alcohol for congratulation. Yucun tossed it off and then sighed: "Don't think this is just a talk after drinking. I'm sure I could acquit myself quite creditably in the examinations, but I have no money in my wallet for my travelling expenses and the capital is far away. I can't raise enough money only by selling my words and articles ...." "Why didn't you say that before?" interjected Shiyin. "I've always thought about this, but since you never mentioned it.It is inappropriate for me to mention this subject. If that's how things are, dull as I am at least I know what's due to a real friend. Luckily the Metropolitan Examinations are coming up next year. You must go as fast as you can to the capital and prove your learning in the Spring Test. I shall take it an honor to take care of the travelling expenses and other business for you."--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 11:43, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

当下即命小童进去，速封五十两白银并两套冬衣。又云：“十九日乃黄道之期，兄可即买舟西上。待雄飞高举，明冬再晤，岂非大快之事！”雨村收了银、衣，不过略谢一语，并不介意，仍是吃酒谈笑。

Shiyin immediately ordered the child to go in and quickly seal fifty liang silver and two sets of winter clothes. And he also said, "the 19th of March is the time of the zodiac, and you can buy a boat to the west. Isn't it a great pleasure to wait for triumph of the war[1] and meet again the next winter?" Yucun received the silver and clothes, but he thanked Shiyin a little. He didn't mind and was still drinking wine, talking and laughing.

[1]The war between Li Zicheng and the emperor Chongzhen. On March 19 of the lunar calendar in 1644, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself. Then, Li Zicheng entered Beijing to overthrow the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 03:23, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin immediately ordered the child in and seal fifty liang silver and two suits of winter clothes quickly. Then he said, "the 19th of March is favorable time, and you can buy a boat to the west. Isn't it a great pleasure to wait for triumph of the war[1] and meet again the next winter?" Yucun received the silver and clothes, but he thanked Shiyin a little. He didn't mind and was still drinking wine, talking and laughing.

[1]The war between Li Zicheng and the emperor Chongzhen. On March 19 of the lunar calendar in 1644, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself. Then, Li Zicheng entered Beijing to overthrow the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 12:15, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

那天已交三鼓，二人方散。士隐送雨村去后，回房一觉，直至红日三竿方醒。因思昨夜之事，意欲写荐书两封与雨村，带至都中去，使雨村投谒个仕宦之家，为寄身之地。

Jia Yunchun and Zhen Shiyin drank until midnight and then dispersed. Zhen Shiyin sent Jia Yuchun bedchamber and went back his room to sleep. He didn't wake up until the late morning. Considering Zhen Shiyin's bad conditions, Zhen Shiyin intended to write two recommendation letters for Jia Yuchun, so Jia Yuchun could take and deliver it to a family of dignities in Qi Zhou city to find a place to stay.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 06:10, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

These two friends drank until midnight and then left. Zhen Shiyin sent Jia Yuchun back to his bedchamber and headed back to sleep. He didn't wake up until the noon time. Zhen Shiyin intended to write two recommendation letters for Jia Yuchun considering his bad condition, so Jia Yuchun could take and deliver it to some family of dignities in Qi Zhou city to find a fine place to settle.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 05:11, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

因使人过去请时，那家人回来说：“和尚说：贾爷今日五鼓已进京去了，也曾留下话与和尚转达老爷，说：‘读书人不在黄道黑道，总以事理为要，不及面辞了。’”士隐听了，也只得罢了。真是闲处光阴易过，倏忽又是元宵佳节。

The family came back and said, “The monk said: The Five Drums of Master Jia has entered Beijing today, and he also left a message with the monk to convey to the master, saying:'The scholar is not in the zodiacal and underworld, and he always takes affair as the priority. , It's too late to resign.'" Shiyin listened and had no choice but to leave. It's really easy to spend leisure time, and suddenly it is the Lantern Festival.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 13:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

When the family came back, they said, "The monk said that Master Merchant had gone to the capital between three and five o'clock today, and had left a message for the monk to convey to you, saying, 'No matter what the background of a scholar is, it is always important to take care of things, so it is too late to say goodbye.'" When Hidden Truth heard this, he had no choice but to do nothing. It was easy to spend time at leisure, and suddenly it was the Lantern Festival again.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 13:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

士隐令家人霍启抱了英莲，去看社火花灯。半夜中霍启因要小解，便将英莲放在一家门槛上坐着。待他小解完了来抱时，那有英莲的踪影。

Zhen Shiyin asked his family member Huo Qi to carry Yinglian and go to see the lanterns. In the middle of the night, Huo Qi had to take a piss, so he left Yinglian sitting on the threshold of a door. When he came to carry her after taking a piss, there was no sign of Yinglian.

Hidden Truth asked his family member trouble beginner to carry Pity Zhen and go to see the lanterns. In the middle of the night, trouble beginner left Pity Zhen alone sitting on the threshold of a door because of the urgency of urinating. When he came back, Pity Zhen disappeared.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:11, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

急的霍启直寻了半夜，至天明不见。那霍启也不敢回来见主人，便逃往他乡去了。那士隐夫妇见女儿一夜不归，便知有些不好。再使几人去找寻，回来皆云影响全无。

Huo Qi was so anxious that he looked for her all night and did not find her by dawn. So he did not dare to return to meet the host and he fled to his hometown. Mr. and Mrs. Shi Yin felt something is about to go wrong when they found their daughter didn't go home all night. They sent more people to look for her, but when they came back they said they didn't have any trace of her.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 14:22, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Being so anxious, Huo Qi looked for her all night but in vain till dawn. Dare not to return to his master, he fled to another place. Mr. and Mrs. Shi Yin felt something wrong when their daughter didn't go home all night. More people were sent to look for her, but only to find no trace of her.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:11, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

夫妻二人半世只生此女，一旦失去，何等烦恼，因此昼夜啼哭，几乎不顾性命。看看一月，士隐已先得病，夫人封氏也因思女搆疾，日日请医问卦。不想这日三月十五，葫芦庙中炸供，那和尚不小心，油锅火逸，便烧着窗纸。

The couple, having spent half of their lifetime, couldn't bear the thought of losing their only child. They wept day and night, almost risking their lives. In January, Shi Yin was already sick, and his wife Feng shi also fell ill for missing her daughter excessively and had to see doctors and fortunetellers everyday. Unfortunately, on March 15, when frying tributes in the calabash Temple, the careless monk let the fire escape from the oil boiler, which set the window paper on fire.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:57, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The couple, having spent half of their lifetime, couldn't bear the annoyance of losing their only daughter. They wept all days and nights, almost risking their lives. In January, Hidden Truth was already sick, and his wife Feng also got ill for missing her daughter excessively and had to call the doctors and fortunetellers everyday. Unfortunately, on March 15, when frying tributes in the calabash Temple, the careless monk let the fire escape from the oil boiler, which set the window paper on fire.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:11, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

此方人家俱用竹篱木壁，也是劫数应当如此，于是接二连三，牵五挂四，将一条街烧得如火焰山一般。彼时虽有军民来救，那火已成了势了，如何救得下，直烧了一夜方熄，也不知烧了多少人家。只可怜甄家在隔壁，早成了一堆瓦砾场了，只有他夫妇并几个家人的性命不曾伤了，急的士隐惟跌足长叹而已。

This family deserves this fate for using bamboos and wood as hedge. One by one, the whole street burnt like the Mountain of Flames. At that time, though the army and people came for rescue, the fire had already been too large to put out. It didn't burn until the morning. It cannot be estimated that how many houses had been destroyed. Poor Hiden Truth's house next door had turned into a pile of rubble, only the couple and the families unhurt, which made Hidden Truth anxious and sigh deeply.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 14:44, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

This family deserved this fate for using bamboos and wood as hedge. One house by one house, the whole street burnt like the Mountain of Flames. At that time, though the army and people came for rescue, the fire had already been too large to put out. It didn't burn until the morning. It cannot be estimated that how many houses had been destroyed. The fire had turned Poor Zhen's house next door into a pile of rubble, only the couple and several families unhurt, which made Zhen Shiyin anxious and sigh deeply.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 10:47, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

与妻子商议，且到田庄上去住。偏值近年水旱不收，贼盗蜂起，官兵剿捕，田庄上又难以安身。只得将田地都折变了，携了妻子与两个丫鬟，投他岳丈家去。

He discussed with his wife, and went to live on the farm. However, in recent years, harvests have been ruined by flood and drought, and thieves and robbers have been rising. It was difficult to settle down on the farm. He had to sell his lands at a discount and took his wife and two maids to seek his father-in-law's help.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 10:42, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
Take counsel with his wife, and come to live at the Grange. Partial value in recent years flood and drought do not harvest, thieves bee, officers and soldiers suppression, the grange and difficult to live. He had to change the land and went to his husband's house with his wife and two maids.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 12:22, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

他岳丈名唤封肃，本贯大如州人氏，虽是务农，家中却还殷实。今见女婿这等狼狈而来，心中便有些不乐。幸而士隐还有折变田产的银子在身边，拿出来托他随便置买些房地，以为后日衣食之计。

His father-in-law's name was Feng Su. His native place was Such State. Although he was a farmer, his family was well off. Now, seeing her son-in-law come in such a discomfiture, I felt unhappy. Fortunately, there are hidden converted field of silver in the side, took out to entrust him to buy some premises, that the day after the means of food and clothing.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 10:19, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

His father-in-law's name was Feng Su, who was originally from Daru State. Although he was a farmer, his family was well off. Now, seeing his son-in-law come in such a discomfiture, he felt unpleasant inside. Fortunately, there are hidden silver of converted field by his side, so he took it out to entrust him to purchase some premises for buying food and clothing in the future.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 11:40, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

那封肃便半用半赚的，略与他些薄田破屋。士隐乃读书之人，不惯生理稼穑等事，勉强支持了一二年，越发穷了。封肃见面时，便说些现成话儿；且人前人后，又怨他不会过，只一味好吃懒做。

Feng Su made money while using some of it, and provided small fields and a shabby house with him. Shi Yin was a scholar and was not used to farming and other handworks. He reluctantly struggled for a year or two and became poorer and poorer. When Feng Su met him, he said something ready-made. But behind Shiyin's back, he complained that he couldn't live his life well by just being lazy.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 11:34, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Feng Su made money while using some of it, and provided small fields and a shabby house with him. Hidden Truth was a scholar and was not used to farming and other handworks. He reluctantly struggled for a year or two and became poorer and poorer. When Feng Su met him, he said something ready-made. But behind Shiyin's back, he complained that he couldn't live his life well by just being lazy.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 12:15, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

士隐知道了，心中未免悔恨；再兼上年惊唬，急忿怨痛：暮年之人，那禁得贫病交攻，竟渐渐的露出那下世的光景来。可巧这日拄了拐，扎挣到街前散散心时，忽见那边来了一个跛足道人，疯狂落拓，麻鞋鹑衣，口内念着几句言词道：

When Hidden Truth found out about this, he felt remorse in his heart; he was also frightened of the previous year, and he felt angry and resentful: a man in his twilight years, who could not help being attacked by poverty and illness, was gradually revealing the scene of his next life. It happened that when he was on crutches, he went to the street for a walk, and suddenly he saw a crippled Taoist, crazy and untidy, with sackcloth shoes and quails, reciting a few words under his breath.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 02:26, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

When Hidden Truth found out this, he felt remorse in his heart; he was also frightened of the previous year, angry and resentful: a man in his twilight， who could not be able to be attacked by poverty and illness, was gradually revealing the scene of his next life. It happened that when he was on crutches, he went to the street for a walk, and suddenly he saw a crippled Taoist, crazy and untidy, with ragged shoes and clothes，reciting a few words under his breath.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 07:00, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了。古今将相在何方？荒冢一堆草没了。世人都晓神仙好，只有金银忘不了。终朝只恨聚无多，及到多时眼闭了。

The common people know that immortals are good, but they can't forget their achievements and fame. Where are the generals and prime ministers from ancient times to the present？What we can see are just deserted graves full of grass. The common people know that immortals are good, but they can‘t forget gold and silver. Till the end of life，they would regret their inability to create as much wealth as possible when they are alive and regret they are going to the heaven after they have accumulated plenty of wealth.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 02:42, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

All the common people know that immortals are good, but they can't forget their achievements and ambitions. Where are the great ones of old？They are just deserted graves full of grass. All the common people know that immortals are good, but they can‘t forget gold and silver. They grub for money all their lives until death seals up their eyes.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 07:24, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

世人都晓神仙好，只有姣妻忘不了。君生日日说恩情，君死又随人去了。世人都晓神仙好，只有儿孙忘不了。痴心父母古来多，孝顺子孙谁见了？

All men want to be immortals, but dote on the wives they’ve married. Those who swear to love their husband forever, but remarry as soon as he’s dead. All men want to be immortals, but dote on the sons they’ve gotten. Although infatuated parents are numerous, who ever saw really filial sons or daughters?--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:05, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Everyone in the world knows that the gods are good, but only the pretty wife can't forget. You swear to remember your husband’s kindness, but when your husband die, you go away with others. Everyone knows that the gods are good, but only the children and grandchildren cannot be forgotten. There are many loving parents in the past, but who has seen the filial children?--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 09:04, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

士隐听了，便迎上来道：“你满口说些什么？只听见些‘好’、‘了’，‘好’、‘了’。”那道人笑道：“你若果听见‘好’、‘了’二字，还算你明白。可知世上万般，好便是了，了便是好：若不了，便不好；若要好，须是了。我这歌儿便叫《好了歌》。
When the hermit heard it, he came up and said, "What are you talking about ?" I just hear 'Hao’ (means good), 'Liao' (means end) 'Hao’, ‘Liao'. The man laughed, "If you hear the words 'Hao' and 'Liao', you understand it. In this world, good is end, and the end is good. If there is no end, there is no good, and vice versa. My song is called ‘The Song of ‘Hao’ and ‘ Liao’. ”--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 08:54, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth came over after heard this and said: “ What are you talking about? I just hear the words ‘good’ and ‘end’.” That man laughed, “ You heard the words ‘good’ and ‘end’, that means you got a few things going for you. In this world, good is end, and end is good. If there is no end, there is no good, and vice versa. My song is called ''All Dood Things Must End''.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 12:19, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

士隐本是有夙慧的，一闻此言，心中早已悟彻，因笑道：“且住，待我将你这《好了歌》注解出来何如？”道人笑道：“你就请解。”士隐乃说道：陋室空堂，当年笏满床。

So intelligent, Hidden Truth understood the essence of the song entirely in his head as soon as he heard it, and said: “ Wait a minute. How about I explain your song ''All Good Things Must End'' ？” The Taoist priest said, laughing : “ Would you please explain.” Hidden Truth then explain: “ The empty and dilapidated rattraps we see today, were the grand mansions full of beds and boards used by dignitaries at that time.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 08:01, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

So intelligent as Hidden Truth is, he understood the essence of the song entirely in his head as soon as once hearing it, and said: “ Wait a minute. How about I explain your song ''All Good Things Must End'' ？” The Taoist priest said, laughing : “ Would you please explain.” Hidden Truth then explain: “ The empty and dilapidated rattraps we see today, were the grand mansions full of boards used by courtiers at that time.”--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:23, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

衰草枯杨，曾为歌舞场。蛛丝儿结满雕梁，绿纱今又在蓬窗上。说甚么脂正浓，粉正香，如何两鬓又成霜？
Humble hovels and abandoned halls where courtiers once paid daily calls；Bleak places where weeds and trees scarcely thrive
were once with a show of peace and prosperity．When cobwebs cover the mansion’s gilded beams，and collage casement with choice muslin gleams．Would you of perfumed elegance recite? Even as you speak, the raven locks turn white．--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:06, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Withered grass and withered poplar, This used to be a place where people sang and danced. The spider silk is full of carved beams, but the green gauze is on the simple window. The fat is thick and the powder is fragrant, how the temples become the color of frost?--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 15:20, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

昨日黄土陇头埋白骨，今宵红绡帐底卧鸳鸯。金满箱，银满箱，转眼乞丐人皆谤。正叹他人命不长，那知自己归来丧。

Yesterday the bones were buried in the loess, and the mandarin ducks(allusions to couples) lie under the red silk tent tonight. Boxes full of gold, boxes full of silver, everyone yelled and insulted beggars in a blink of an eye. I'm sighing that the lives of others are not long, and I know I'm back to be mourned.

Yesterday the bones were buried in the loess, then tonight it is the time for a newly married couple to sleep behind bed curtains with burning red candle lights.Boxes full of gold, boxes full of silver, everyone yelled and insulted beggars in a blink of an eye. I'm sighed that the lives of others are not long, but failed to predict my own future after return from the funeral.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 11:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

训有方，保不定日后作强梁；择膏粱，谁承望流落在烟花巷。因嫌纱帽小，致使锁枷扛；昨怜破袄寒，今嫌紫蟒长。乱烘烘，你方唱罢我登场，反认他乡是故乡。

Though she was well educated according to her parent's plan, one can become a bandit later. She tried her best to marry into a rich family. However, she ended up in a (red-light)? district beyond everyone's expectation. People who are not satisfied with their positions have to spend the rest of their life in a prison in chains. People who used to be very poor and used worn coats to resist the cold were not satisfied with fancy clothes after they became rich. I come on the stage as soon as you have finished your singing in a chaotic manner. Taking other's hometown as my own. --[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 11:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 16:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

If properly educated under parents' guidance, one can probabaly become a bandit later. Although trying her best to marry a rich man, she ends up with a driftage in the red-light district beyond everyone's expectation. People's unsatisfication with their positions leads to their miserable life in prison with chains on their bodies. People who used to be very poor and used worn coats to resist the cold were not satisfied with gorgeous clothes any more when they became rich. In noisy disorder, you just finished and I come on the scene.Instead, taking other's hometown as my own.--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 15:17, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

甚荒唐，到头来，都是为他人作嫁衣裳。那疯跛道人听了，拍掌大笑道：“解得切，解得切！”士隐便说一声：“走罢。”

It's so ridiculous. In the end, they made wedding clothes for others. Hearing this, the crazy lame Taoist clapped his hands and laughed, saying "All right, all right !" Then Shiyin said, "let's go."

It's ridiculous. In the end, they make wedding clothes for others. The crazy lame Taoist listened, clapped his hands and laughed and said, "it's right, it's right!" Shiyin said, "let's go."--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 11:43, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

== Headline text ==
==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

将道人肩上的搭裢抢过来背上，竟不回家，同着疯道人飘飘而去。当下哄动街坊，众人当作一件新闻传说。封氏闻知此信，哭个死去活来。

He grabbed the lap on the Taoist's shoulder and carried it on his back. He didn't go home and floated away with the crazy Taoist. At that moment, the neighborhood was stirred up and everyone regarded it as a news legend. When Feng heard this letter, he cried to death.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 11:34, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==Nadia 202011080004==

只得与父亲商议，遣人各处访寻，那讨音信。

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==

无奈何，只得依靠着他父母度日。

He was so helpless that he had to rely on his parents to survive.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==

幸而身边还有两个旧日的丫鬟伏侍，主仆三人，日夜作些针线，帮着父亲用度。

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==

那封肃虽然每日抱怨，也无可奈何了。
Although Feng Su complained every day, he was helpless

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==

这日那甄家的大丫鬟在门前买线，忽听得街上喝道之声。
The other day, the eldest maid of the Chen family was buying thread at the door when she heard a shout from the street.--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 14:50, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==

众人都说：“新太爷到任了。”
Everyone said: "The new grandfather has arrived"

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==

丫鬟隐在门内看时，只见军牢、快手一对一对过去，俄而大轿内抬着一个乌帽猩袍的官府来了。
When the maid concealed in the door, she saw the military jail and quick hands passing one by one, and the official mansion carrying a black hat and ape robe came in the big sedan chair.

==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==

那丫鬟倒发了个怔，自思：“这官儿好面善，倒像在那里见过的。”

<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>
The maid was startled, and thought to herself: "This official is so good-natured, but it looks like someone I've seen there."

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==

于是进入房中，也就丢过，不在心上。

Then she went into the room and laid the matter aside ，without taking it to heart.

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==

至晚间正待歇息之时，忽听一片声打的门响，许多人乱嚷，说：“本县太爷的差人来传人问话！”

English:
When I was about to rest in the evening, I heard a bang on the door suddenly, and many people shouted in disorder, saying, "The county's grandfather's messenger is here for questioning!"

==Öncü 202121080008==

封肃听了，唬得目瞪口呆。

Fengsu hear it,he gaped in consternation --[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 13:28, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==

不知有何祸事，且听下回分解。

Don't know something calamity happened, will describe in the ensuing chapter.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 06:36, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

If you don't know what calamity took place, listen to the break down given in the next chapter.--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 12:54, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==

通灵──“通灵宝玉”的简称。Psychic--short for ''Psychic Treasure.--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 12:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Psychic -- the abbreviation for "Psychic Treasure". --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 03:35, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==

亦即下文所说女娲炼石补天所剩的那块“顽石”，因其历经锻炼而“灵性已通”，并能幻化为贾宝玉，故称。

That is to say, the "stubborn stone" left by Nüwa's refining stone to replenish the sky. As it has undergone training, it has "spiritual achievement" and can be transformed into Jia Baoyu, so it is called. --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 03:48, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

That is to say, the "stubborn stone" left by Nüwa's refining stone to replenish the sky, because it has undergone training, has "spiritually achieved" and can be transformed into Jia Baoyu, so it is called.--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 06:10, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==

《石头记》──此书的本名。
"Story of the Stone" - the original name of the book. --[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 06:26, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

20211229 homework

2021-12-28T13:41:34Z

Liu Xiao: /* 刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507 */

20211229 homework

2021-12-28T13:35:42Z

Liu Xiao: /* 刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508 */

20220112 final exam

2021-12-22T12:11:45Z

Liu Xiao: /* Translation types, strategies, styles, methods */

20220112 final exam

2021-12-22T12:06:53Z

Liu Xiao: /* Final exam papers */

20211222 homework

2021-12-20T06:59:50Z

Liu Xiao: /* 刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507 */

20211222 homework

2021-12-20T06:53:39Z

Liu Xiao: /* 刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508 */

20211222 homework

2021-12-20T06:53:13Z

Liu Xiao: /* 刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508 */

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:58:26Z

Liu Xiao: /* References */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007: 32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English-Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009: 4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness.

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020: 49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001: 45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007: 113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian 1993: 105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He 2006: 57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian 1993: 80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan 2020: 19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:58:07Z

Liu Xiao: /* Introduction to the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt) */

Trans Type EN 7

2021-12-16T03:55:57Z

Liu Xiao: /* Reference */

==Chapter 7: A Study of Lu Xun's Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence:Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang's English Version of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case ==
'''功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究-以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例'''

秦建安 QinJianan, Hunan Normal University, China

===Abstract===
Lu Xun, chief commander of China's modern cultural revolution, is not only a great thinker and political commentator but the founder of modern Chinese literature. Kong I-Chi is one of the masterpieces of Lu Xun's novels. Although the total number of characters is less than 3,000 words, Lu Xun exposes the nature of feudal ethics and its negative influence through his character portrayal, which is loved by many readers home and aboard. The main reason why this thesis takes Yan Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang’s translation as a research object is that it is not only faithful to the original text, but so as close as possible to the original text in terms of syntactic structure and wording. Therefore, his translations once became the authoritative version of Lu Xun's novels. From the perspective of Nida’s functional equivalence theory, this thesis conducts translation research on the English translation of the famous writer Yang Xianyi, analyzing whether the translation is functionally equivalent to the original text and construe the English translation of prose from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic level to try to explore the translation strategies, styles and methods of Kong I-Chi which aims to explain the functional equivalents in Lu Xun's short novel translation.

===Key Words===
Functional Equivalence Theory; Lu Xun; Kong I-Chi;translation method

===摘要===
鲁迅，作为中国近代文化大革命的总指挥，不仅是伟大的思想家和政治评论家，还是中国现代文学的奠基人。孔乙己是鲁迅小说的代表作之一。虽然总字数不足3000字，但鲁迅通过其人物刻画，揭露了封建伦理的本质及其负面影响，深受海内外读者的喜爱。本论文以杨宪益夫妇的译文为研究对象的主要原因是它不仅忠实于原文，而且在句法结构和措辞上尽可能接近原文。因此，他的译本一度成为鲁迅小说的权威版本。本论文从奈达的功能对等理论出发，对著名作家杨宪益的英译本进行翻译研究，分析译文是否与原文功能对等，从词汇、句法、语义层面试图探讨孔乙己的翻译策略、风格和方法，旨在解释鲁迅短篇小说翻译中的功能对等。

===关键词===
功能对等，鲁迅，孔乙己，翻译方法

===Title===
A Study of Lu Xun’s Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence: Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang’s English Verison of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case Study

===Introduction===
This chapter will be expanded with respect to the research background, its significance and the methodology. The literature review will also be included which describes the previous studies on the Functional Equivalence Theory and previous translation versions of ''Kong I-Chi''.

'''Research Background and Significance'''

As the most famous writer in modern China, Lu Xun has a decisive bearing on the modern history of Chinese literature. Lu Xun settled in a period of transformation in Chinese literature. His short stories are different from modern short stories in terms of text and expression. ''Kong I-Chi'' was written in 1918 when there was a turmoil in China. At that time, although the imperial examination system had been abolished, the education system had not changed, and many scholars had not shaken off the shackles of feudal tenets.

''Kong I-Chi'' enjoys high reputation at home and abroad and has been translated into English, Japanese, French, Russian and other languages. Compared with other language versions, the English versions enjoy a wider spread and have deeper influence. In 1954, the couple Yang and Dai translated it into English and published Selected Stories of Lu Xun in which ''Kong I-Chi'' was included. Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang are great translator beyond all doubt. They are knowledgeable and familiar with Chinese and Western cultures also have devoted their life to translating excellent Chinese and Western literary works. Through their translation, we can better master the author's own novel intentions.

'''Methodology'''

In recent years, the translation of traditional Chinese literary works was attached great significance by both Chinese and foreign scholars. As an important part of ancient Chinese culture, though, it is a common genre in Chinese and foreign literature, the short novels cannot be neglected. For translators, how to deal with the modern and balance Chinese and Western cultural differences has become a salient problem. It is not only necessary to understand the characteristics of modern Chinese literature, but also to be very familiar with Chinese and Western cultures for the translator. Functional Equivalence Theory is put forward by American linguists Eugene Nida. According to him, two different languages represent two different cultures which will never be the same, but translation is a kind of communication between the two cultures and translators should try their best to achieve functional equivalence between the two languages rather than seek for rigid correspondence when making translation, which can accurately reproduce the source culture in the target language and eliminate cultural differences. It puts forward a new attitude to treat different languages and cultures, promoting language communication and mutual understandings among people. Thus, taking Nida’s theory as guidance, this research is meaningful not only for translation studies, but also for cultural exchanges.

'''Literature Review'''

As one of Nida’s major contribution to contemporary translation studies, Functional Equivalence Theory has brought about heated discussion among scholars at home and abroad since its birth. Many momentous works of Nida also have been translated and introduced into China, such as Nida on Translation edited and translated by Tan Zaixi (1999) and Language and Translation translated by Cai Yi (1985) which of them aroused great repercussions in Chinese translation field. As the prototypical member of Functional Equivalence Theory, receptor’s response theory draws scholars’ attention. Zhang Xiujuan (2015) points out that “receptor’s response theory breaks the tradition of Chinese translation that translators pay much attention to the text but may ignore the response of readers, and provides a new perspective for Chinese scholars to make studies on translation theories”.

Kong I-Chi, as the most typical character in Lu Xun's novels in the teaching textbooks of Chinese junior high school students, has left an indelible impression in the hearts of Chinese people. The most recognized translators of ''Kong I-Chi'' include Yang and Dai, Lyle William and Edgar Snow. The translation of Lu Xun's novels during the period of Yang and Dai reach its heyday. For a long time, domestic and foreign publishing houses have published works translated by the couple. Since Edgar Snow lived in the same age as Lu Xun, his translation is closer to Lu Xun's life background. It wasn't until 1990 that the American scholar William Lyell's new American translation was published, and the new stage of the English translation of Lu Xun's novels began. The British English version translated by Yang and Dai is elegant and idiomatic, giving readers the good impression of pure British English.

=== Theoretical Framework: Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory ===
==== Introduction of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
===== The Original of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

Nida's main academic activities unfold around the translation of the Bible. In the process of "Bible" translation, Nida started from reality and developed a set of his own translation theory, which eventually became one of the classics in translation studies. In 1964, Nida (1964) put forward “dynamic equivalence” in ''Toward a Science of Translating'', and gave it specific definition in ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'' (1969). In the mid-1980s, “dynamic equivalence” was replaced by “functional equivalence” to avoid misunderstandings on the term “dynamic”, which was the origin of Functional Equivalence Theory.

=====The Development of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

The most important and the most intractable part in Functional Equivalence Theory is the disposal of message. The theory requires that the message in receptor’s language must be consistent with the source language. In such a translation, translators should strive to “reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original”. Later he successfully applied the research results of modern linguistics to translation theory which also reciprocally pushed his theory forward. There are three stages in the development of Functional Equivalence Theory. (Nida 1964: 159)

The first stage is that starting from the essence of language; he used semantic theory to make an objective and accurate analysis of the referent and associative meaning of words. In Nida's point of view, various language structures have great similarities, and the deep structure is far more common than the surface structure. Therefore, the translation of the deep structure between languages can ensure the fidelity of the translation to the greatest extent. At the same time, the surface structure of the translation is freely expressed through the deep structure conversion which can ensue smoothness of the translation as much as possible. The faithful and fluent translation presupposes conditions for the equivalence of receptor’s response, which makes it possible to realize functional equivalence.

The second stage is that the theory was prone to lay its foundation on information theory. Nida held the view that translation is the activity of converting information expressed in one language into information in another language, which is, converting information of one code into information of another code. The translation plays a communicative role in transmitting information. Only when the target reader obtains the same amount of information as the original reader can the relationship between the target language recipient and the target language information be basically the same as the relationship between the original language recipient and the original source information. Nida noticed that there is a receptive gap between the original reader and target reader especially when the original language and the target language belong to different language families and different cultures. Thus, in order to improve the amount of the receptor’s information as much as the original reader’s, Nida emphasizes the translator can moderately change the form of the original text to provide a better understanding for receptors.

On third stage, Nida tended to embellish his theory from the perspective of social semiotics. Nida insisted that the translation means translation meaning, and semiotics is the most comprehensive system for analyzing meaning. In the book "''Language, Culture, and Translation''", Nida pointed out that social semiotics studies all codes and codes of human society, and its focus is on the most comprehensive and complex symbol system used by mankind-Language. Therefore, in terms of decoding and encoding, no translation method is as comprehensive as the social semiotic translation method.

Nida also recognized that there would never be complete equivalence and it was just a quaesitum. With further development of Functional Equivalence Theory, he thought that it has different degrees of adequacy and on that basis he put forward two levels of functional equivalence — the maximal level and the minimal level of equivalence. The former refers to “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did”, but this is just an ideal state which cannot be achieved especially when there are huge cultural and aesthetic differences between the two languages. While the latter means “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”, and translation below this level can never be accepted. According to Nida, if a translation is between these two levels, it can be regarded as a good one.(Nida 1993: 118)

==== Basics of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
=====Receptor’s Response =====

In recent years, translation researchers have paid more and more attention to the study of literary translation from the perspective of receptor’s responce. When translators are working on translation, they are increasingly unable to ignore the reader's feedback on the translation. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, translation theorist Nida said that only when the reader accepts the translation can the translation be truly completed. Therefore, when translating, the translator cannot ignore the acceptability of the translation. The translator builds a bridge between the original author and the reader of the target language through translation, and it is the translation that can clearly reflect this bridge role.

Receptor’s Response Theory draws attention to the reader and the reading process, rather than the author or the text. Pat Mora and James Welch define it as: "The theory emphasizes the importance of the reader's role in text understanding." The same description also appears in many of Nida’s works in which the importance of “receptor’s response” is emphasized repeatedly.

There are five corn concepts in Receptor’s Response Theory. The first comes to the gap and blanks which was pointed out by the German literary theorist Wolfgang Iser. He said that readers cannot get completely accurate information from the text, and those uncertain information need to be filled in by the reader himself. Such uncertainty occupies another very important position in this theory. This concept includes those vague factors, such as gaps and blanks. This kind of uncertainty encourages readers to add their own ideas when reading, so there is usually more than one understanding of a literal work. The third point is implicit reader also proposed by Isel, as opposed to the actual reader, which refers to the intended reader set by the writer himself who can concretize the text. Isel points out that the implicit reader is not the actual reader, but a reader that the author expects to design in the creative process, that is, the implicit recipient. It is a certain character that the artist conceives and pre-sets based on his experience or hobbies. The forth part is the identity theme. In other words, the work itself has no fixed objective meaning; only when the reader reshapes the work out of his own identity theme and the reader replicates his own fantasies during the reading process, the work can be given meaning. The last point is the interpretative group which was put forward by Stanley Fish. It refers to people who share the same interpretation strategy as we have. In a known context or reader group, the interpretation of the work meaning is the product from the group.

===== Principles for Producing Functional Equivalence =====

To achieve the closest natural equivalence between the source language and target language, Nida put forward six principles as the guidance of different kinds and degrees of adjustments:

1. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text makes receptors misunderstand the designative meaning, changes need to be made in the translated text, or a footnote should be added for further explanation if literal translation is still be selected.

2. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text doesn’t make sense, changes should be made in the translated text unless the source text is aim to be obscure. In this situation the obscurity can be reserved and be further explained by adding a footnote.

3. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text is so semantically and syntactically difficult that average readers may give up the attempt to understand it, changes should be made in the translated text and the nature of the changes needs to be indicated in the introduction or footnote.

4. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text causes significant misconceptions on the associative meanings of the source text or huge loss in the appreciation for the stylistic values of the source text, changes should be made to reflect the associative meanings of the source text.

5. The way that a translation is to be used (such as a drama to be read or acted on the stage) is of great significance to the extent to which changes are to be made.

6. A source text that must be translated together with accompanying codes (such as songs and operas) generally requires numerous adjustments in all aspects, including phonology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse. (Nida 1993: 125-128)

=== Introduction to Lu Xun and ''Kong I-Ch''i ===
==== Lu Xun and the values of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

To read and translate Kong I-Chi, you must first understand its author-Lu Xun.

Lu Xun is a great writer. Mentioning classical literary works, no matter what innovative methods are adopted, whether realistic, romantic, or magical, the content should be close to life, reflect the reality of times and speak for the people. In terms of form, literary works should conform to the inherent rules of literary creation-forming a unique artistic style and achieving the perfect unity of truth, goodness, and beauty. Lu Xun's works fully meet the above requirements.
Lu Xun is also a famous thinker. Indeed, Lu Xun did not specifically study thinking or modes of thinking, nor did he have advanced theoretical monographs, but he, like thinkers in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad, used suspicion and criticism as spiritual swords to explore truth and reveal. He held the view that it was his duty to awaken the sleeping souls of the Chinese people with literary works of various genres. The depth and breadth of his thinking is even higher than that of some contemporary thinkers. This is well reflected in his work Kong I-Chi.

Lu Xun, who is a revolutionary, has a precious characteristic, that is, the purity of his revolutionary original intention. Lu Xun leaned towards socialism under the white horror of the low ebb of the Chinese revolution. What's more commendable is that as a sober realist, Lu Xun never conceives any romantic illusions about the revolution. No matter what difficulties the revolution encounters, Lu Xun always has an optimistic belief in the prospects of the revolution.

From a general perspective, Lunatic's Diary is more macro and image specific than Kong I-Chi, while Kong I-Chi starts from the micro level, depicting the poor people at the bottom of society who was bullied and oppressed and lost their dignity as human beings. In addition, there are many opinions in the critics. For example, Mr. Lu Xun's Kong I-Chi was written to criticize the feudal imperial examination system, and some people think that it was sent out to criticize the “dark” old society. The famous critic Lin Zhihao believes that this novel is not only to assail at the corruption of the feudal imperial examination system, but also to reveal the persecution of people’s spiritual and ideology by the feudal education system in the dark old society. The social reality was that most scholars had been ruthlessly “eaten” up by the environment. When the shackles of thinking have been broken, we can dig into the deep meaning under the surface of Kong I-Chi, that is, the process of literati's loss of personality and the process of redemption under the background of the dark society of feudalism. Although the tragedy is redemptive, the process is also accompanied by a fall.

==== Study on the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

''Kong I-Chi'' is a masterpiece of Lu Xun. The novel was created in the winter of 1918, published in the sixth volume of "''Italic text''New Youth" in April 1919. (刘家鸣1992: 15). ''Kong I-Chi'' is Lu Xun's most satisfying work (孙伏园等2000: 58), and it is also one of Lu Xun's novels that English translators are vying to translate resulting in an amount of English translation.

So far, there are eight translations of ''Kong I-Chi'': 1)A British man E.H.F.Mills translated ''Con Y Ki'' from Jing Yinyu's French translation (Mills 1930: 42-50), included in ''The Tragedy of Ah Q and Other Contemporary Chinese Short Stories'' published by George Rutridge Bookstore in London in 1930; 2) The English translation of ''K’ung I-chi'' by the American Jin Shouzhuo (G.A.Kennedy 1932: 14-15), which was later included in ''Isaacs'' (Isaacs 1974: 25-32) edited by Yi Luosheng; 3) ''K’ung I-chi'' translated by Lin Jijin (Lin 1935:3-4); 4) Unsigned version of The Tragedy of ''K'ung I-Chi'' (Anonymous 1936: 2-3); 5) ''K’ung I-chi'' was co-translated by American journalists Edgar Snow and Yao Xinnong; 6) later comes to Yang Xianyi and Gladys's translation ''K'ung I-chi'' (hereinafter referred to as "Yang Translation") (Yang & Gladys 1960: 40-46); 7)Then, famous American sinologist William Lyell translated ''Kong Yiji'' (Lyell 1990: 42-48); 8) other translation of ''Kong Yiji'' was produced by British sinologist Lan Shiling ( Lovell 2009: 32-36).

This article focuses on Yang's translation, trying to explore Yang and Dai's translation strategies, styles and methods of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the lexical, syntactic and semantic levels, and aims to explain the functional equivalence in the English translation of Lu Xun's short stories.

=== Analysis of the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence ===
==== Lexical Analysis ====

There are many cultural-loaded words in the original Kong I-Chi text, such as this. Culture-loaded words are deeply imprinted by the region and era of a certain language society which express things and concepts peculiar to a certain culture. Such words as “进学” and “秀才” not only carry rich cultural connotations, but also exist only in a certain culture which may be blank in another culture. It is this characteristic which is “I have and you do not have” that often becomes an obstacle to cross-cultural communication and translation. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, this thesis will analyze how these words are handled in Yang's translation.

In the sentence “幸亏荐头的情面大，辞退不得”, the word “荐头” was translated into “someone influential” by Yang and Dai. “荐头” is the person who introduces works to other people in ancient China. Such person is absolutely influential. But for reader, such influential people may be a nobleman or someone who is very authoritative in the area which may result in discrimination. The job introducers also can be regarded as common people instead of the influential. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, Yang’s translation explicitly showed the deep meaning with loss of cultural characteristic.
The phrase “之乎者也” was translated into “archaisms” which stands for the use of an archaic expression. In Chinese, the original meaning of “之乎者也” is four auxiliary words commonly used in classical Chinese. Therefore, the word "之乎" also refers to the basic abilities that a scholar should possess. Later, it is used to ridicule the scholar who only knows how to analyze words while cannot solve practical problems. Functional equivalence theory requires efforts to create translations that not only conform to the semantics of the original text but also reflect the cultural characteristics of the original text. The word “archaisms” corresponds exactly to the description of Kong I-Chi in Lu Xun’s story who is a nerd.

Other prototypical cultural-loaded word is “进学”. Yang translated it into “pass the official examination”. As a link in the imperial examination system in ancient China, “进学” means that the children of the Qing dynasties who can pass the examination will be admitted to the prefectural and county schools. Such system is unique to China. To achieve functional equivalence, that is, to allow non-native readers to understand this special cultural mark, the translator must explain this cultural phenomenon as much as possible or find a corresponding expression in the foreign language culture. The same in the word “秀才” on this sentence “你怎的连半个秀才也捞不到呢?” “秀才” also belong to the imperial system. “秀才” is a subject for selecting officials in ancient China, and it was once used as a special name for school students. Yang translated it into “passed the lowest official examination”. As the minimum requirement of the ancient imperial examination system, those who passed the selection examination were called “秀才”. According to Nida’s theory, it perfectly expresses the ancient Chinese imperial examination system, and at the same time allows foreign language readers to understand Kong I-Chi’s knowledge

==== Syntax Analysis ====

In terms of syntax, the differences in sentence patterns between English and Chinese are the most salient. English emphasizes hypothesis while Chinese emphasizes parataxis, which leads to the conversion of sentence patterns in the process of translation. According to Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory, if the change in form is still insufficient to express the meaning and culture of the original text, the translation technique of "reconstruction" can be used to resolve cultural differences and make the source language and the target language equal in meaning. "Reconstruction" refers to the conversion of the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language, that is, the cultural connotation of the source language article is explained by the vocabulary of the target language.(Guo 2000: 67)

In ''Kong I-Chi'', when Kong I-Chi took our his money and ordered some food, other people started to sneer at his revenue sources and said “你一定又偷了人家东西了!” The exclamatory sentence in the original text showed others' affirmation of Kong I-Chi's theft. Yang translated it into “You must have been stealing again!” Here we can notice the tense of the two sentences. Lu Xun used the past tense in original text, which expresses that Kong I-Chi's stealing is an established fact. However, Yang used the present perfect continuous tense when translating. In English, the present perfect continuous tense manifests that something the subject has done in the past is still being done, and may continue in the future, expressing the continuation of an action. There is no need to add any other additional descriptions, just from this tense, readers can realize everyone's thoughts on Kong I-Chi's theft. Such reconstruction of tense verifies the application of Functional Equivalence Theory in turn.

Afterwards, these people who deprecated him refuted Kong I-Chi's maintenance of himself, saying: “什么清白?” In Yang's translation, it is translated as “Pooh, good name indeed!” In the original text, it is originally an interrogative sentence, but Yang transformed it into an exclamation sentence, added English slang “pooh” in it and translated “清白” into good name. If the interrogative sentence in the original text is literally translated into "what’s the innocence", the comic effect, that is, everyone's disdain for Kong I-Chi in the exclamatory sentence will not be achieved. The sentiment contained in the original text is successfully conveyed through the conversion of sentence patterns.

When describing Kong I-Chi’s knowledge background, the original text mentioned: “幸而写得一笔好字，便替人家钞钞书”. In Yang’s translation, he didn’t directly translate it into a verb phrase instead of into a noun phrase which was “Happily, he was a good calligrapher.” Knowing the characteristics of English and Chinese languages, he metonymically recreated dynamic Chinese verb clauses into static noun clauses.

==== Semantic Analysis ====

How to eliminate cultural differences as much as possible so that the semantics of the original language can be perfectly embodied? From the perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory, the translator needs to transform the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language which requires translator to use the corresponding vocabulary in the target language to directly explain the connotation of the original text, so that the target readers can accept the translation more easily. For example, in the original text, the sentence “因为他姓孔，别人便从描红纸上的 ‘上大人孔乙己’这半懂不懂的话里，替他取下一个绰号，叫作孔乙己” includes an allusion: 上大人孔乙己 which refers to a character in the card game popular in ancient China. In such card game, the characters always are drawn in a red paper. For children in ancient China, the card game was easy to play and was a childhood memory.

In Yang’s translation, he translated it into “As his surname was Kung, he was nicknamed ‘Kung I-chi’, the first three characters in a children's copybook.” Such translation omits a lot of information from the original text, such as “描红纸上” and “半懂不懂”. But Yang gave a substitute for the omission: he explained the game allusion about children which can be regarded as a strategy that helps foreign readers better understand how Kong I-Chi comes.

Another illustration is the translation of this sentence: “孔乙己，你当真认识字么？” It seems fairly easy for common people to translate it with “Kong I-Chi, do you really know words?” , while Yang gave a different version: “Kung I-chi, do you really know how to read?” In our cognitive concepts, if a man knows how to read a word, then he must know this word. But if he knows the word, he may not only know how to read it, but even know how to write it. Such special mechanism is called conceptual metonymy. Yang metonymically narrowed the scope of the meaning of the word “认识”and accurately positioned the meaning of this understanding according to the context. The translator abandons the equivalence of form and achieves the purpose of reproducing the semantics and culture of the original text by changing the form of the original text in the translation.

===Conclusion===

This article selects Yang’s translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" as the study case, and analyzes the translation effect from three aspects: lexicon, syntax and semantics, combined with Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory. It is believed that the translator flexibly uses a variety of translation methods to deal with the differences between English and Chinese languages, and the translation has realized functional equivalence as a whole.

At the lexical level, the translator adopts the naturalization method when translating the proper nouns of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", adding notes to individual words. The translation perfectly conveys the meaning of the original vocabulary.

At the syntactic level, when there are differences in the expression of English and Chinese sentences, the translator will split the sentence, adjust the subject and object of the sentence, change the sentence structure and the sentence order to make the translation conform to the expression of the target language where the translation is smooth and natural. When translating the allusions of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", the translator adopts literal translation and annotations.

In terms of semantics, the translator uses the mechanism of conceptual metaphors to accurately show the original flavor.

This article believes that the success of Yang’s English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" lies in its fluent, natural language and exotic flavor. The author and translator of " ''Kong I-Chi'' " are both famous artists. The translation case from the English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" reflects the practical application of the Functional Equivalence Theory in Lu Xun's novels. The writer also hopes that this thesis can provide ideas and inspirations for the English translation of other Lu Xun's novels.

===Reference===
[1]Nida E.A.（2001） ''Language and Culture: Contexts in translating''. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

[2]Nida E.A.（1964） Towardsa ''Science of Translating'', Leiden: E.J.Brill.

[3]Nida E.A.&Charles R.Taber（1969） ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'', Leiden: E.J.Brill

[4]Lu Xun 鲁迅（1981）.鲁迅全集(第一卷)[M] Selected Work of Lu Xun(volume Ⅰ）.北京:人民文学出版社Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House ,1982.

[5]Tan Zaixi 谭载喜（1999）．新编奈达论翻译[M] New Nida's Translation. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司Beijing:China Translation & Publishing Corporation，1999.

[6]Yang Jianding 杨坚定，Sun Hongren孙鸿仁（1936）．鲁迅小说英译版本综述[J] A Summary of the English Versions of Lu Xun's Novels．鲁迅研究月刊Lu Xun Research Monthly，2021(4)．

[7]Iser 伊赛尔（1998）.本文中的读者[A] Readers in this article．二十世纪西方美学名著选（下）[C] Selected Works of Western Aesthetics in the Twentieth Century (Part 2)．上海：复旦大学出版社Shanghai：Fudan University press.

[8]Yang Xianyi 杨宪益, Dai Naidie 戴乃迭（1957）译.鲁迅选集英文版(一) [M] Selected Works of Lu Xun (一).北京:外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1980.

[9]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA/3373397?fr=aladdin

[10]https://www.zhihu.com/question/29965932

Trans Type EN 7

2021-12-16T03:53:17Z

Liu Xiao: /* Syntax Analysis */

==Chapter 7: A Study of Lu Xun's Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence:Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang's English Version of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case ==
'''功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究-以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例'''

秦建安 QinJianan, Hunan Normal University, China

===Abstract===
Lu Xun, chief commander of China's modern cultural revolution, is not only a great thinker and political commentator but the founder of modern Chinese literature. Kong I-Chi is one of the masterpieces of Lu Xun's novels. Although the total number of characters is less than 3,000 words, Lu Xun exposes the nature of feudal ethics and its negative influence through his character portrayal, which is loved by many readers home and aboard. The main reason why this thesis takes Yan Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang’s translation as a research object is that it is not only faithful to the original text, but so as close as possible to the original text in terms of syntactic structure and wording. Therefore, his translations once became the authoritative version of Lu Xun's novels. From the perspective of Nida’s functional equivalence theory, this thesis conducts translation research on the English translation of the famous writer Yang Xianyi, analyzing whether the translation is functionally equivalent to the original text and construe the English translation of prose from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic level to try to explore the translation strategies, styles and methods of Kong I-Chi which aims to explain the functional equivalents in Lu Xun's short novel translation.

===Key Words===
Functional Equivalence Theory; Lu Xun; Kong I-Chi;translation method

===摘要===
鲁迅，作为中国近代文化大革命的总指挥，不仅是伟大的思想家和政治评论家，还是中国现代文学的奠基人。孔乙己是鲁迅小说的代表作之一。虽然总字数不足3000字，但鲁迅通过其人物刻画，揭露了封建伦理的本质及其负面影响，深受海内外读者的喜爱。本论文以杨宪益夫妇的译文为研究对象的主要原因是它不仅忠实于原文，而且在句法结构和措辞上尽可能接近原文。因此，他的译本一度成为鲁迅小说的权威版本。本论文从奈达的功能对等理论出发，对著名作家杨宪益的英译本进行翻译研究，分析译文是否与原文功能对等，从词汇、句法、语义层面试图探讨孔乙己的翻译策略、风格和方法，旨在解释鲁迅短篇小说翻译中的功能对等。

===关键词===
功能对等，鲁迅，孔乙己，翻译方法

===Title===
A Study of Lu Xun’s Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence: Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang’s English Verison of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case Study

===Introduction===
This chapter will be expanded with respect to the research background, its significance and the methodology. The literature review will also be included which describes the previous studies on the Functional Equivalence Theory and previous translation versions of ''Kong I-Chi''.

'''Research Background and Significance'''

As the most famous writer in modern China, Lu Xun has a decisive bearing on the modern history of Chinese literature. Lu Xun settled in a period of transformation in Chinese literature. His short stories are different from modern short stories in terms of text and expression. ''Kong I-Chi'' was written in 1918 when there was a turmoil in China. At that time, although the imperial examination system had been abolished, the education system had not changed, and many scholars had not shaken off the shackles of feudal tenets.

''Kong I-Chi'' enjoys high reputation at home and abroad and has been translated into English, Japanese, French, Russian and other languages. Compared with other language versions, the English versions enjoy a wider spread and have deeper influence. In 1954, the couple Yang and Dai translated it into English and published Selected Stories of Lu Xun in which ''Kong I-Chi'' was included. Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang are great translator beyond all doubt. They are knowledgeable and familiar with Chinese and Western cultures also have devoted their life to translating excellent Chinese and Western literary works. Through their translation, we can better master the author's own novel intentions.

'''Methodology'''

In recent years, the translation of traditional Chinese literary works was attached great significance by both Chinese and foreign scholars. As an important part of ancient Chinese culture, though, it is a common genre in Chinese and foreign literature, the short novels cannot be neglected. For translators, how to deal with the modern and balance Chinese and Western cultural differences has become a salient problem. It is not only necessary to understand the characteristics of modern Chinese literature, but also to be very familiar with Chinese and Western cultures for the translator. Functional Equivalence Theory is put forward by American linguists Eugene Nida. According to him, two different languages represent two different cultures which will never be the same, but translation is a kind of communication between the two cultures and translators should try their best to achieve functional equivalence between the two languages rather than seek for rigid correspondence when making translation, which can accurately reproduce the source culture in the target language and eliminate cultural differences. It puts forward a new attitude to treat different languages and cultures, promoting language communication and mutual understandings among people. Thus, taking Nida’s theory as guidance, this research is meaningful not only for translation studies, but also for cultural exchanges.

'''Literature Review'''

As one of Nida’s major contribution to contemporary translation studies, Functional Equivalence Theory has brought about heated discussion among scholars at home and abroad since its birth. Many momentous works of Nida also have been translated and introduced into China, such as Nida on Translation edited and translated by Tan Zaixi (1999) and Language and Translation translated by Cai Yi (1985) which of them aroused great repercussions in Chinese translation field. As the prototypical member of Functional Equivalence Theory, receptor’s response theory draws scholars’ attention. Zhang Xiujuan (2015) points out that “receptor’s response theory breaks the tradition of Chinese translation that translators pay much attention to the text but may ignore the response of readers, and provides a new perspective for Chinese scholars to make studies on translation theories”.

Kong I-Chi, as the most typical character in Lu Xun's novels in the teaching textbooks of Chinese junior high school students, has left an indelible impression in the hearts of Chinese people. The most recognized translators of ''Kong I-Chi'' include Yang and Dai, Lyle William and Edgar Snow. The translation of Lu Xun's novels during the period of Yang and Dai reach its heyday. For a long time, domestic and foreign publishing houses have published works translated by the couple. Since Edgar Snow lived in the same age as Lu Xun, his translation is closer to Lu Xun's life background. It wasn't until 1990 that the American scholar William Lyell's new American translation was published, and the new stage of the English translation of Lu Xun's novels began. The British English version translated by Yang and Dai is elegant and idiomatic, giving readers the good impression of pure British English.

=== Theoretical Framework: Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory ===
==== Introduction of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
===== The Original of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

Nida's main academic activities unfold around the translation of the Bible. In the process of "Bible" translation, Nida started from reality and developed a set of his own translation theory, which eventually became one of the classics in translation studies. In 1964, Nida (1964) put forward “dynamic equivalence” in ''Toward a Science of Translating'', and gave it specific definition in ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'' (1969). In the mid-1980s, “dynamic equivalence” was replaced by “functional equivalence” to avoid misunderstandings on the term “dynamic”, which was the origin of Functional Equivalence Theory.

=====The Development of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

The most important and the most intractable part in Functional Equivalence Theory is the disposal of message. The theory requires that the message in receptor’s language must be consistent with the source language. In such a translation, translators should strive to “reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original”. Later he successfully applied the research results of modern linguistics to translation theory which also reciprocally pushed his theory forward. There are three stages in the development of Functional Equivalence Theory. (Nida 1964: 159)

The first stage is that starting from the essence of language; he used semantic theory to make an objective and accurate analysis of the referent and associative meaning of words. In Nida's point of view, various language structures have great similarities, and the deep structure is far more common than the surface structure. Therefore, the translation of the deep structure between languages can ensure the fidelity of the translation to the greatest extent. At the same time, the surface structure of the translation is freely expressed through the deep structure conversion which can ensue smoothness of the translation as much as possible. The faithful and fluent translation presupposes conditions for the equivalence of receptor’s response, which makes it possible to realize functional equivalence.

The second stage is that the theory was prone to lay its foundation on information theory. Nida held the view that translation is the activity of converting information expressed in one language into information in another language, which is, converting information of one code into information of another code. The translation plays a communicative role in transmitting information. Only when the target reader obtains the same amount of information as the original reader can the relationship between the target language recipient and the target language information be basically the same as the relationship between the original language recipient and the original source information. Nida noticed that there is a receptive gap between the original reader and target reader especially when the original language and the target language belong to different language families and different cultures. Thus, in order to improve the amount of the receptor’s information as much as the original reader’s, Nida emphasizes the translator can moderately change the form of the original text to provide a better understanding for receptors.

On third stage, Nida tended to embellish his theory from the perspective of social semiotics. Nida insisted that the translation means translation meaning, and semiotics is the most comprehensive system for analyzing meaning. In the book "''Language, Culture, and Translation''", Nida pointed out that social semiotics studies all codes and codes of human society, and its focus is on the most comprehensive and complex symbol system used by mankind-Language. Therefore, in terms of decoding and encoding, no translation method is as comprehensive as the social semiotic translation method.

Nida also recognized that there would never be complete equivalence and it was just a quaesitum. With further development of Functional Equivalence Theory, he thought that it has different degrees of adequacy and on that basis he put forward two levels of functional equivalence — the maximal level and the minimal level of equivalence. The former refers to “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did”, but this is just an ideal state which cannot be achieved especially when there are huge cultural and aesthetic differences between the two languages. While the latter means “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”, and translation below this level can never be accepted. According to Nida, if a translation is between these two levels, it can be regarded as a good one.(Nida 1993: 118)

==== Basics of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
=====Receptor’s Response =====

In recent years, translation researchers have paid more and more attention to the study of literary translation from the perspective of receptor’s responce. When translators are working on translation, they are increasingly unable to ignore the reader's feedback on the translation. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, translation theorist Nida said that only when the reader accepts the translation can the translation be truly completed. Therefore, when translating, the translator cannot ignore the acceptability of the translation. The translator builds a bridge between the original author and the reader of the target language through translation, and it is the translation that can clearly reflect this bridge role.

Receptor’s Response Theory draws attention to the reader and the reading process, rather than the author or the text. Pat Mora and James Welch define it as: "The theory emphasizes the importance of the reader's role in text understanding." The same description also appears in many of Nida’s works in which the importance of “receptor’s response” is emphasized repeatedly.

There are five corn concepts in Receptor’s Response Theory. The first comes to the gap and blanks which was pointed out by the German literary theorist Wolfgang Iser. He said that readers cannot get completely accurate information from the text, and those uncertain information need to be filled in by the reader himself. Such uncertainty occupies another very important position in this theory. This concept includes those vague factors, such as gaps and blanks. This kind of uncertainty encourages readers to add their own ideas when reading, so there is usually more than one understanding of a literal work. The third point is implicit reader also proposed by Isel, as opposed to the actual reader, which refers to the intended reader set by the writer himself who can concretize the text. Isel points out that the implicit reader is not the actual reader, but a reader that the author expects to design in the creative process, that is, the implicit recipient. It is a certain character that the artist conceives and pre-sets based on his experience or hobbies. The forth part is the identity theme. In other words, the work itself has no fixed objective meaning; only when the reader reshapes the work out of his own identity theme and the reader replicates his own fantasies during the reading process, the work can be given meaning. The last point is the interpretative group which was put forward by Stanley Fish. It refers to people who share the same interpretation strategy as we have. In a known context or reader group, the interpretation of the work meaning is the product from the group.

===== Principles for Producing Functional Equivalence =====

To achieve the closest natural equivalence between the source language and target language, Nida put forward six principles as the guidance of different kinds and degrees of adjustments:

1. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text makes receptors misunderstand the designative meaning, changes need to be made in the translated text, or a footnote should be added for further explanation if literal translation is still be selected.

2. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text doesn’t make sense, changes should be made in the translated text unless the source text is aim to be obscure. In this situation the obscurity can be reserved and be further explained by adding a footnote.

3. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text is so semantically and syntactically difficult that average readers may give up the attempt to understand it, changes should be made in the translated text and the nature of the changes needs to be indicated in the introduction or footnote.

4. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text causes significant misconceptions on the associative meanings of the source text or huge loss in the appreciation for the stylistic values of the source text, changes should be made to reflect the associative meanings of the source text.

5. The way that a translation is to be used (such as a drama to be read or acted on the stage) is of great significance to the extent to which changes are to be made.

6. A source text that must be translated together with accompanying codes (such as songs and operas) generally requires numerous adjustments in all aspects, including phonology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse. (Nida 1993: 125-128)

=== Introduction to Lu Xun and ''Kong I-Ch''i ===
==== Lu Xun and the values of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

To read and translate Kong I-Chi, you must first understand its author-Lu Xun.

Lu Xun is a great writer. Mentioning classical literary works, no matter what innovative methods are adopted, whether realistic, romantic, or magical, the content should be close to life, reflect the reality of times and speak for the people. In terms of form, literary works should conform to the inherent rules of literary creation-forming a unique artistic style and achieving the perfect unity of truth, goodness, and beauty. Lu Xun's works fully meet the above requirements.
Lu Xun is also a famous thinker. Indeed, Lu Xun did not specifically study thinking or modes of thinking, nor did he have advanced theoretical monographs, but he, like thinkers in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad, used suspicion and criticism as spiritual swords to explore truth and reveal. He held the view that it was his duty to awaken the sleeping souls of the Chinese people with literary works of various genres. The depth and breadth of his thinking is even higher than that of some contemporary thinkers. This is well reflected in his work Kong I-Chi.

Lu Xun, who is a revolutionary, has a precious characteristic, that is, the purity of his revolutionary original intention. Lu Xun leaned towards socialism under the white horror of the low ebb of the Chinese revolution. What's more commendable is that as a sober realist, Lu Xun never conceives any romantic illusions about the revolution. No matter what difficulties the revolution encounters, Lu Xun always has an optimistic belief in the prospects of the revolution.

From a general perspective, Lunatic's Diary is more macro and image specific than Kong I-Chi, while Kong I-Chi starts from the micro level, depicting the poor people at the bottom of society who was bullied and oppressed and lost their dignity as human beings. In addition, there are many opinions in the critics. For example, Mr. Lu Xun's Kong I-Chi was written to criticize the feudal imperial examination system, and some people think that it was sent out to criticize the “dark” old society. The famous critic Lin Zhihao believes that this novel is not only to assail at the corruption of the feudal imperial examination system, but also to reveal the persecution of people’s spiritual and ideology by the feudal education system in the dark old society. The social reality was that most scholars had been ruthlessly “eaten” up by the environment. When the shackles of thinking have been broken, we can dig into the deep meaning under the surface of Kong I-Chi, that is, the process of literati's loss of personality and the process of redemption under the background of the dark society of feudalism. Although the tragedy is redemptive, the process is also accompanied by a fall.

==== Study on the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

''Kong I-Chi'' is a masterpiece of Lu Xun. The novel was created in the winter of 1918, published in the sixth volume of "''Italic text''New Youth" in April 1919. (刘家鸣1992: 15). ''Kong I-Chi'' is Lu Xun's most satisfying work (孙伏园等2000: 58), and it is also one of Lu Xun's novels that English translators are vying to translate resulting in an amount of English translation.

So far, there are eight translations of ''Kong I-Chi'': 1)A British man E.H.F.Mills translated ''Con Y Ki'' from Jing Yinyu's French translation (Mills 1930: 42-50), included in ''The Tragedy of Ah Q and Other Contemporary Chinese Short Stories'' published by George Rutridge Bookstore in London in 1930; 2) The English translation of ''K’ung I-chi'' by the American Jin Shouzhuo (G.A.Kennedy 1932: 14-15), which was later included in ''Isaacs'' (Isaacs 1974: 25-32) edited by Yi Luosheng; 3) ''K’ung I-chi'' translated by Lin Jijin (Lin 1935:3-4); 4) Unsigned version of The Tragedy of ''K'ung I-Chi'' (Anonymous 1936: 2-3); 5) ''K’ung I-chi'' was co-translated by American journalists Edgar Snow and Yao Xinnong; 6) later comes to Yang Xianyi and Gladys's translation ''K'ung I-chi'' (hereinafter referred to as "Yang Translation") (Yang & Gladys 1960: 40-46); 7)Then, famous American sinologist William Lyell translated ''Kong Yiji'' (Lyell 1990: 42-48); 8) other translation of ''Kong Yiji'' was produced by British sinologist Lan Shiling ( Lovell 2009: 32-36).

This article focuses on Yang's translation, trying to explore Yang and Dai's translation strategies, styles and methods of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the lexical, syntactic and semantic levels, and aims to explain the functional equivalence in the English translation of Lu Xun's short stories.

=== Analysis of the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence ===
==== Lexical Analysis ====

There are many cultural-loaded words in the original Kong I-Chi text, such as this. Culture-loaded words are deeply imprinted by the region and era of a certain language society which express things and concepts peculiar to a certain culture. Such words as “进学” and “秀才” not only carry rich cultural connotations, but also exist only in a certain culture which may be blank in another culture. It is this characteristic which is “I have and you do not have” that often becomes an obstacle to cross-cultural communication and translation. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, this thesis will analyze how these words are handled in Yang's translation.

In the sentence “幸亏荐头的情面大，辞退不得”, the word “荐头” was translated into “someone influential” by Yang and Dai. “荐头” is the person who introduces works to other people in ancient China. Such person is absolutely influential. But for reader, such influential people may be a nobleman or someone who is very authoritative in the area which may result in discrimination. The job introducers also can be regarded as common people instead of the influential. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, Yang’s translation explicitly showed the deep meaning with loss of cultural characteristic.
The phrase “之乎者也” was translated into “archaisms” which stands for the use of an archaic expression. In Chinese, the original meaning of “之乎者也” is four auxiliary words commonly used in classical Chinese. Therefore, the word "之乎" also refers to the basic abilities that a scholar should possess. Later, it is used to ridicule the scholar who only knows how to analyze words while cannot solve practical problems. Functional equivalence theory requires efforts to create translations that not only conform to the semantics of the original text but also reflect the cultural characteristics of the original text. The word “archaisms” corresponds exactly to the description of Kong I-Chi in Lu Xun’s story who is a nerd.

Other prototypical cultural-loaded word is “进学”. Yang translated it into “pass the official examination”. As a link in the imperial examination system in ancient China, “进学” means that the children of the Qing dynasties who can pass the examination will be admitted to the prefectural and county schools. Such system is unique to China. To achieve functional equivalence, that is, to allow non-native readers to understand this special cultural mark, the translator must explain this cultural phenomenon as much as possible or find a corresponding expression in the foreign language culture. The same in the word “秀才” on this sentence “你怎的连半个秀才也捞不到呢?” “秀才” also belong to the imperial system. “秀才” is a subject for selecting officials in ancient China, and it was once used as a special name for school students. Yang translated it into “passed the lowest official examination”. As the minimum requirement of the ancient imperial examination system, those who passed the selection examination were called “秀才”. According to Nida’s theory, it perfectly expresses the ancient Chinese imperial examination system, and at the same time allows foreign language readers to understand Kong I-Chi’s knowledge

==== Syntax Analysis ====

In terms of syntax, the differences in sentence patterns between English and Chinese are the most salient. English emphasizes hypothesis while Chinese emphasizes parataxis, which leads to the conversion of sentence patterns in the process of translation. According to Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory, if the change in form is still insufficient to express the meaning and culture of the original text, the translation technique of "reconstruction" can be used to resolve cultural differences and make the source language and the target language equal in meaning. "Reconstruction" refers to the conversion of the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language, that is, the cultural connotation of the source language article is explained by the vocabulary of the target language.(Guo 2000: 67)

In ''Kong I-Chi'', when Kong I-Chi took our his money and ordered some food, other people started to sneer at his revenue sources and said “你一定又偷了人家东西了!” The exclamatory sentence in the original text showed others' affirmation of Kong I-Chi's theft. Yang translated it into “You must have been stealing again!” Here we can notice the tense of the two sentences. Lu Xun used the past tense in original text, which expresses that Kong I-Chi's stealing is an established fact. However, Yang used the present perfect continuous tense when translating. In English, the present perfect continuous tense manifests that something the subject has done in the past is still being done, and may continue in the future, expressing the continuation of an action. There is no need to add any other additional descriptions, just from this tense, readers can realize everyone's thoughts on Kong I-Chi's theft. Such reconstruction of tense verifies the application of Functional Equivalence Theory in turn.

Afterwards, these people who deprecated him refuted Kong I-Chi's maintenance of himself, saying: “什么清白?” In Yang's translation, it is translated as “Pooh, good name indeed!” In the original text, it is originally an interrogative sentence, but Yang transformed it into an exclamation sentence, added English slang “pooh” in it and translated “清白” into good name. If the interrogative sentence in the original text is literally translated into "what’s the innocence", the comic effect, that is, everyone's disdain for Kong I-Chi in the exclamatory sentence will not be achieved. The sentiment contained in the original text is successfully conveyed through the conversion of sentence patterns.

When describing Kong I-Chi’s knowledge background, the original text mentioned: “幸而写得一笔好字，便替人家钞钞书”. In Yang’s translation, he didn’t directly translate it into a verb phrase instead of into a noun phrase which was “Happily, he was a good calligrapher.” Knowing the characteristics of English and Chinese languages, he metonymically recreated dynamic Chinese verb clauses into static noun clauses.

==== Semantic Analysis ====

How to eliminate cultural differences as much as possible so that the semantics of the original language can be perfectly embodied? From the perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory, the translator needs to transform the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language which requires translator to use the corresponding vocabulary in the target language to directly explain the connotation of the original text, so that the target readers can accept the translation more easily. For example, in the original text, the sentence “因为他姓孔，别人便从描红纸上的 ‘上大人孔乙己’这半懂不懂的话里，替他取下一个绰号，叫作孔乙己” includes an allusion: 上大人孔乙己 which refers to a character in the card game popular in ancient China. In such card game, the characters always are drawn in a red paper. For children in ancient China, the card game was easy to play and was a childhood memory.

In Yang’s translation, he translated it into “As his surname was Kung, he was nicknamed ‘Kung I-chi’, the first three characters in a children's copybook.” Such translation omits a lot of information from the original text, such as “描红纸上” and “半懂不懂”. But Yang gave a substitute for the omission: he explained the game allusion about children which can be regarded as a strategy that helps foreign readers better understand how Kong I-Chi comes.

Another illustration is the translation of this sentence: “孔乙己，你当真认识字么？” It seems fairly easy for common people to translate it with “Kong I-Chi, do you really know words?” , while Yang gave a different version: “Kung I-chi, do you really know how to read?” In our cognitive concepts, if a man knows how to read a word, then he must know this word. But if he knows the word, he may not only know how to read it, but even know how to write it. Such special mechanism is called conceptual metonymy. Yang metonymically narrowed the scope of the meaning of the word “认识”and accurately positioned the meaning of this understanding according to the context. The translator abandons the equivalence of form and achieves the purpose of reproducing the semantics and culture of the original text by changing the form of the original text in the translation.

===Conclusion===

This article selects Yang’s translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" as the study case, and analyzes the translation effect from three aspects: lexicon, syntax and semantics, combined with Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory. It is believed that the translator flexibly uses a variety of translation methods to deal with the differences between English and Chinese languages, and the translation has realized functional equivalence as a whole.

At the lexical level, the translator adopts the naturalization method when translating the proper nouns of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", adding notes to individual words. The translation perfectly conveys the meaning of the original vocabulary.

At the syntactic level, when there are differences in the expression of English and Chinese sentences, the translator will split the sentence, adjust the subject and object of the sentence, change the sentence structure and the sentence order to make the translation conform to the expression of the target language where the translation is smooth and natural. When translating the allusions of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", the translator adopts literal translation and annotations.

In terms of semantics, the translator uses the mechanism of conceptual metaphors to accurately show the original flavor.

This article believes that the success of Yang’s English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" lies in its fluent, natural language and exotic flavor. The author and translator of " ''Kong I-Chi'' " are both famous artists. The translation case from the English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" reflects the practical application of the Functional Equivalence Theory in Lu Xun's novels. The writer also hopes that this thesis can provide ideas and inspirations for the English translation of other Lu Xun's novels.

===Reference===
[1]Nida E.A.（2001） ''Language and Culture: Contexts in translating''. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

[2]Nida E.A.（1964） Towardsa ''Science of Translating'', Leiden: E.J.Brill.

[3]Nida E.A.&Charles R.Taber（1969） ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'', Leiden: E.J.Brill

[4]Lu Xun鲁迅（1981）.鲁迅全集(第一卷)Selected Work of Lu Xun(volume Ⅰ）[M].北京:人民文学出版社Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House ,1982.

[5]Tan Zaixi谭载喜（1999）．新编奈达论翻译New Nida's Translation[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司Beijing:China Translation & Publishing Corporation，1999.

[6]Yang Jianding杨坚定，Sun Hongren孙鸿仁（1936）．鲁迅小说英译版本综述 A Summary of the English Versions of Lu Xun's Novels[J]．鲁迅研究月刊Lu Xun Research Monthly，2021(4)．

[7]伊塞尔Iser（1998）.本文中的读者 Readers in this article[A]．二十世纪西方美学名著选（下）Selected Works of Western Aesthetics in the Twentieth Century (Part 2)[C]．上海Shanghai：复旦大学出版社Fudan University press.

[8]Yang Xianyi杨宪益, Dai Naidie戴乃迭（1957）译.鲁迅选集英文版(一) Selected Works of Lu Xun (一)[M].北京:外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1980.

[9]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA/3373397?fr=aladdin

[10]https://www.zhihu.com/question/29965932

Trans Type EN 7

2021-12-16T03:52:10Z

Liu Xiao: /* Principles for Producing Functional Equivalence */

==Chapter 7: A Study of Lu Xun's Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence:Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang's English Version of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case ==
'''功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究-以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例'''

秦建安 QinJianan, Hunan Normal University, China

===Abstract===
Lu Xun, chief commander of China's modern cultural revolution, is not only a great thinker and political commentator but the founder of modern Chinese literature. Kong I-Chi is one of the masterpieces of Lu Xun's novels. Although the total number of characters is less than 3,000 words, Lu Xun exposes the nature of feudal ethics and its negative influence through his character portrayal, which is loved by many readers home and aboard. The main reason why this thesis takes Yan Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang’s translation as a research object is that it is not only faithful to the original text, but so as close as possible to the original text in terms of syntactic structure and wording. Therefore, his translations once became the authoritative version of Lu Xun's novels. From the perspective of Nida’s functional equivalence theory, this thesis conducts translation research on the English translation of the famous writer Yang Xianyi, analyzing whether the translation is functionally equivalent to the original text and construe the English translation of prose from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic level to try to explore the translation strategies, styles and methods of Kong I-Chi which aims to explain the functional equivalents in Lu Xun's short novel translation.

===Key Words===
Functional Equivalence Theory; Lu Xun; Kong I-Chi;translation method

===摘要===
鲁迅，作为中国近代文化大革命的总指挥，不仅是伟大的思想家和政治评论家，还是中国现代文学的奠基人。孔乙己是鲁迅小说的代表作之一。虽然总字数不足3000字，但鲁迅通过其人物刻画，揭露了封建伦理的本质及其负面影响，深受海内外读者的喜爱。本论文以杨宪益夫妇的译文为研究对象的主要原因是它不仅忠实于原文，而且在句法结构和措辞上尽可能接近原文。因此，他的译本一度成为鲁迅小说的权威版本。本论文从奈达的功能对等理论出发，对著名作家杨宪益的英译本进行翻译研究，分析译文是否与原文功能对等，从词汇、句法、语义层面试图探讨孔乙己的翻译策略、风格和方法，旨在解释鲁迅短篇小说翻译中的功能对等。

===关键词===
功能对等，鲁迅，孔乙己，翻译方法

===Title===
A Study of Lu Xun’s Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence: Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang’s English Verison of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case Study

===Introduction===
This chapter will be expanded with respect to the research background, its significance and the methodology. The literature review will also be included which describes the previous studies on the Functional Equivalence Theory and previous translation versions of ''Kong I-Chi''.

'''Research Background and Significance'''

As the most famous writer in modern China, Lu Xun has a decisive bearing on the modern history of Chinese literature. Lu Xun settled in a period of transformation in Chinese literature. His short stories are different from modern short stories in terms of text and expression. ''Kong I-Chi'' was written in 1918 when there was a turmoil in China. At that time, although the imperial examination system had been abolished, the education system had not changed, and many scholars had not shaken off the shackles of feudal tenets.

''Kong I-Chi'' enjoys high reputation at home and abroad and has been translated into English, Japanese, French, Russian and other languages. Compared with other language versions, the English versions enjoy a wider spread and have deeper influence. In 1954, the couple Yang and Dai translated it into English and published Selected Stories of Lu Xun in which ''Kong I-Chi'' was included. Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang are great translator beyond all doubt. They are knowledgeable and familiar with Chinese and Western cultures also have devoted their life to translating excellent Chinese and Western literary works. Through their translation, we can better master the author's own novel intentions.

'''Methodology'''

In recent years, the translation of traditional Chinese literary works was attached great significance by both Chinese and foreign scholars. As an important part of ancient Chinese culture, though, it is a common genre in Chinese and foreign literature, the short novels cannot be neglected. For translators, how to deal with the modern and balance Chinese and Western cultural differences has become a salient problem. It is not only necessary to understand the characteristics of modern Chinese literature, but also to be very familiar with Chinese and Western cultures for the translator. Functional Equivalence Theory is put forward by American linguists Eugene Nida. According to him, two different languages represent two different cultures which will never be the same, but translation is a kind of communication between the two cultures and translators should try their best to achieve functional equivalence between the two languages rather than seek for rigid correspondence when making translation, which can accurately reproduce the source culture in the target language and eliminate cultural differences. It puts forward a new attitude to treat different languages and cultures, promoting language communication and mutual understandings among people. Thus, taking Nida’s theory as guidance, this research is meaningful not only for translation studies, but also for cultural exchanges.

'''Literature Review'''

As one of Nida’s major contribution to contemporary translation studies, Functional Equivalence Theory has brought about heated discussion among scholars at home and abroad since its birth. Many momentous works of Nida also have been translated and introduced into China, such as Nida on Translation edited and translated by Tan Zaixi (1999) and Language and Translation translated by Cai Yi (1985) which of them aroused great repercussions in Chinese translation field. As the prototypical member of Functional Equivalence Theory, receptor’s response theory draws scholars’ attention. Zhang Xiujuan (2015) points out that “receptor’s response theory breaks the tradition of Chinese translation that translators pay much attention to the text but may ignore the response of readers, and provides a new perspective for Chinese scholars to make studies on translation theories”.

Kong I-Chi, as the most typical character in Lu Xun's novels in the teaching textbooks of Chinese junior high school students, has left an indelible impression in the hearts of Chinese people. The most recognized translators of ''Kong I-Chi'' include Yang and Dai, Lyle William and Edgar Snow. The translation of Lu Xun's novels during the period of Yang and Dai reach its heyday. For a long time, domestic and foreign publishing houses have published works translated by the couple. Since Edgar Snow lived in the same age as Lu Xun, his translation is closer to Lu Xun's life background. It wasn't until 1990 that the American scholar William Lyell's new American translation was published, and the new stage of the English translation of Lu Xun's novels began. The British English version translated by Yang and Dai is elegant and idiomatic, giving readers the good impression of pure British English.

=== Theoretical Framework: Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory ===
==== Introduction of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
===== The Original of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

Nida's main academic activities unfold around the translation of the Bible. In the process of "Bible" translation, Nida started from reality and developed a set of his own translation theory, which eventually became one of the classics in translation studies. In 1964, Nida (1964) put forward “dynamic equivalence” in ''Toward a Science of Translating'', and gave it specific definition in ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'' (1969). In the mid-1980s, “dynamic equivalence” was replaced by “functional equivalence” to avoid misunderstandings on the term “dynamic”, which was the origin of Functional Equivalence Theory.

=====The Development of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

The most important and the most intractable part in Functional Equivalence Theory is the disposal of message. The theory requires that the message in receptor’s language must be consistent with the source language. In such a translation, translators should strive to “reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original”. Later he successfully applied the research results of modern linguistics to translation theory which also reciprocally pushed his theory forward. There are three stages in the development of Functional Equivalence Theory. (Nida 1964: 159)

The first stage is that starting from the essence of language; he used semantic theory to make an objective and accurate analysis of the referent and associative meaning of words. In Nida's point of view, various language structures have great similarities, and the deep structure is far more common than the surface structure. Therefore, the translation of the deep structure between languages can ensure the fidelity of the translation to the greatest extent. At the same time, the surface structure of the translation is freely expressed through the deep structure conversion which can ensue smoothness of the translation as much as possible. The faithful and fluent translation presupposes conditions for the equivalence of receptor’s response, which makes it possible to realize functional equivalence.

The second stage is that the theory was prone to lay its foundation on information theory. Nida held the view that translation is the activity of converting information expressed in one language into information in another language, which is, converting information of one code into information of another code. The translation plays a communicative role in transmitting information. Only when the target reader obtains the same amount of information as the original reader can the relationship between the target language recipient and the target language information be basically the same as the relationship between the original language recipient and the original source information. Nida noticed that there is a receptive gap between the original reader and target reader especially when the original language and the target language belong to different language families and different cultures. Thus, in order to improve the amount of the receptor’s information as much as the original reader’s, Nida emphasizes the translator can moderately change the form of the original text to provide a better understanding for receptors.

On third stage, Nida tended to embellish his theory from the perspective of social semiotics. Nida insisted that the translation means translation meaning, and semiotics is the most comprehensive system for analyzing meaning. In the book "''Language, Culture, and Translation''", Nida pointed out that social semiotics studies all codes and codes of human society, and its focus is on the most comprehensive and complex symbol system used by mankind-Language. Therefore, in terms of decoding and encoding, no translation method is as comprehensive as the social semiotic translation method.

Nida also recognized that there would never be complete equivalence and it was just a quaesitum. With further development of Functional Equivalence Theory, he thought that it has different degrees of adequacy and on that basis he put forward two levels of functional equivalence — the maximal level and the minimal level of equivalence. The former refers to “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did”, but this is just an ideal state which cannot be achieved especially when there are huge cultural and aesthetic differences between the two languages. While the latter means “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”, and translation below this level can never be accepted. According to Nida, if a translation is between these two levels, it can be regarded as a good one.(Nida 1993: 118)

==== Basics of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
=====Receptor’s Response =====

In recent years, translation researchers have paid more and more attention to the study of literary translation from the perspective of receptor’s responce. When translators are working on translation, they are increasingly unable to ignore the reader's feedback on the translation. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, translation theorist Nida said that only when the reader accepts the translation can the translation be truly completed. Therefore, when translating, the translator cannot ignore the acceptability of the translation. The translator builds a bridge between the original author and the reader of the target language through translation, and it is the translation that can clearly reflect this bridge role.

Receptor’s Response Theory draws attention to the reader and the reading process, rather than the author or the text. Pat Mora and James Welch define it as: "The theory emphasizes the importance of the reader's role in text understanding." The same description also appears in many of Nida’s works in which the importance of “receptor’s response” is emphasized repeatedly.

There are five corn concepts in Receptor’s Response Theory. The first comes to the gap and blanks which was pointed out by the German literary theorist Wolfgang Iser. He said that readers cannot get completely accurate information from the text, and those uncertain information need to be filled in by the reader himself. Such uncertainty occupies another very important position in this theory. This concept includes those vague factors, such as gaps and blanks. This kind of uncertainty encourages readers to add their own ideas when reading, so there is usually more than one understanding of a literal work. The third point is implicit reader also proposed by Isel, as opposed to the actual reader, which refers to the intended reader set by the writer himself who can concretize the text. Isel points out that the implicit reader is not the actual reader, but a reader that the author expects to design in the creative process, that is, the implicit recipient. It is a certain character that the artist conceives and pre-sets based on his experience or hobbies. The forth part is the identity theme. In other words, the work itself has no fixed objective meaning; only when the reader reshapes the work out of his own identity theme and the reader replicates his own fantasies during the reading process, the work can be given meaning. The last point is the interpretative group which was put forward by Stanley Fish. It refers to people who share the same interpretation strategy as we have. In a known context or reader group, the interpretation of the work meaning is the product from the group.

===== Principles for Producing Functional Equivalence =====

To achieve the closest natural equivalence between the source language and target language, Nida put forward six principles as the guidance of different kinds and degrees of adjustments:

1. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text makes receptors misunderstand the designative meaning, changes need to be made in the translated text, or a footnote should be added for further explanation if literal translation is still be selected.

2. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text doesn’t make sense, changes should be made in the translated text unless the source text is aim to be obscure. In this situation the obscurity can be reserved and be further explained by adding a footnote.

3. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text is so semantically and syntactically difficult that average readers may give up the attempt to understand it, changes should be made in the translated text and the nature of the changes needs to be indicated in the introduction or footnote.

4. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text causes significant misconceptions on the associative meanings of the source text or huge loss in the appreciation for the stylistic values of the source text, changes should be made to reflect the associative meanings of the source text.

5. The way that a translation is to be used (such as a drama to be read or acted on the stage) is of great significance to the extent to which changes are to be made.

6. A source text that must be translated together with accompanying codes (such as songs and operas) generally requires numerous adjustments in all aspects, including phonology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse. (Nida 1993: 125-128)

=== Introduction to Lu Xun and ''Kong I-Ch''i ===
==== Lu Xun and the values of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

To read and translate Kong I-Chi, you must first understand its author-Lu Xun.

Lu Xun is a great writer. Mentioning classical literary works, no matter what innovative methods are adopted, whether realistic, romantic, or magical, the content should be close to life, reflect the reality of times and speak for the people. In terms of form, literary works should conform to the inherent rules of literary creation-forming a unique artistic style and achieving the perfect unity of truth, goodness, and beauty. Lu Xun's works fully meet the above requirements.
Lu Xun is also a famous thinker. Indeed, Lu Xun did not specifically study thinking or modes of thinking, nor did he have advanced theoretical monographs, but he, like thinkers in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad, used suspicion and criticism as spiritual swords to explore truth and reveal. He held the view that it was his duty to awaken the sleeping souls of the Chinese people with literary works of various genres. The depth and breadth of his thinking is even higher than that of some contemporary thinkers. This is well reflected in his work Kong I-Chi.

Lu Xun, who is a revolutionary, has a precious characteristic, that is, the purity of his revolutionary original intention. Lu Xun leaned towards socialism under the white horror of the low ebb of the Chinese revolution. What's more commendable is that as a sober realist, Lu Xun never conceives any romantic illusions about the revolution. No matter what difficulties the revolution encounters, Lu Xun always has an optimistic belief in the prospects of the revolution.

From a general perspective, Lunatic's Diary is more macro and image specific than Kong I-Chi, while Kong I-Chi starts from the micro level, depicting the poor people at the bottom of society who was bullied and oppressed and lost their dignity as human beings. In addition, there are many opinions in the critics. For example, Mr. Lu Xun's Kong I-Chi was written to criticize the feudal imperial examination system, and some people think that it was sent out to criticize the “dark” old society. The famous critic Lin Zhihao believes that this novel is not only to assail at the corruption of the feudal imperial examination system, but also to reveal the persecution of people’s spiritual and ideology by the feudal education system in the dark old society. The social reality was that most scholars had been ruthlessly “eaten” up by the environment. When the shackles of thinking have been broken, we can dig into the deep meaning under the surface of Kong I-Chi, that is, the process of literati's loss of personality and the process of redemption under the background of the dark society of feudalism. Although the tragedy is redemptive, the process is also accompanied by a fall.

==== Study on the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

''Kong I-Chi'' is a masterpiece of Lu Xun. The novel was created in the winter of 1918, published in the sixth volume of "''Italic text''New Youth" in April 1919. (刘家鸣1992: 15). ''Kong I-Chi'' is Lu Xun's most satisfying work (孙伏园等2000: 58), and it is also one of Lu Xun's novels that English translators are vying to translate resulting in an amount of English translation.

So far, there are eight translations of ''Kong I-Chi'': 1)A British man E.H.F.Mills translated ''Con Y Ki'' from Jing Yinyu's French translation (Mills 1930: 42-50), included in ''The Tragedy of Ah Q and Other Contemporary Chinese Short Stories'' published by George Rutridge Bookstore in London in 1930; 2) The English translation of ''K’ung I-chi'' by the American Jin Shouzhuo (G.A.Kennedy 1932: 14-15), which was later included in ''Isaacs'' (Isaacs 1974: 25-32) edited by Yi Luosheng; 3) ''K’ung I-chi'' translated by Lin Jijin (Lin 1935:3-4); 4) Unsigned version of The Tragedy of ''K'ung I-Chi'' (Anonymous 1936: 2-3); 5) ''K’ung I-chi'' was co-translated by American journalists Edgar Snow and Yao Xinnong; 6) later comes to Yang Xianyi and Gladys's translation ''K'ung I-chi'' (hereinafter referred to as "Yang Translation") (Yang & Gladys 1960: 40-46); 7)Then, famous American sinologist William Lyell translated ''Kong Yiji'' (Lyell 1990: 42-48); 8) other translation of ''Kong Yiji'' was produced by British sinologist Lan Shiling ( Lovell 2009: 32-36).

This article focuses on Yang's translation, trying to explore Yang and Dai's translation strategies, styles and methods of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the lexical, syntactic and semantic levels, and aims to explain the functional equivalence in the English translation of Lu Xun's short stories.

=== Analysis of the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence ===
==== Lexical Analysis ====

There are many cultural-loaded words in the original Kong I-Chi text, such as this. Culture-loaded words are deeply imprinted by the region and era of a certain language society which express things and concepts peculiar to a certain culture. Such words as “进学” and “秀才” not only carry rich cultural connotations, but also exist only in a certain culture which may be blank in another culture. It is this characteristic which is “I have and you do not have” that often becomes an obstacle to cross-cultural communication and translation. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, this thesis will analyze how these words are handled in Yang's translation.

In the sentence “幸亏荐头的情面大，辞退不得”, the word “荐头” was translated into “someone influential” by Yang and Dai. “荐头” is the person who introduces works to other people in ancient China. Such person is absolutely influential. But for reader, such influential people may be a nobleman or someone who is very authoritative in the area which may result in discrimination. The job introducers also can be regarded as common people instead of the influential. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, Yang’s translation explicitly showed the deep meaning with loss of cultural characteristic.
The phrase “之乎者也” was translated into “archaisms” which stands for the use of an archaic expression. In Chinese, the original meaning of “之乎者也” is four auxiliary words commonly used in classical Chinese. Therefore, the word "之乎" also refers to the basic abilities that a scholar should possess. Later, it is used to ridicule the scholar who only knows how to analyze words while cannot solve practical problems. Functional equivalence theory requires efforts to create translations that not only conform to the semantics of the original text but also reflect the cultural characteristics of the original text. The word “archaisms” corresponds exactly to the description of Kong I-Chi in Lu Xun’s story who is a nerd.

Other prototypical cultural-loaded word is “进学”. Yang translated it into “pass the official examination”. As a link in the imperial examination system in ancient China, “进学” means that the children of the Qing dynasties who can pass the examination will be admitted to the prefectural and county schools. Such system is unique to China. To achieve functional equivalence, that is, to allow non-native readers to understand this special cultural mark, the translator must explain this cultural phenomenon as much as possible or find a corresponding expression in the foreign language culture. The same in the word “秀才” on this sentence “你怎的连半个秀才也捞不到呢?” “秀才” also belong to the imperial system. “秀才” is a subject for selecting officials in ancient China, and it was once used as a special name for school students. Yang translated it into “passed the lowest official examination”. As the minimum requirement of the ancient imperial examination system, those who passed the selection examination were called “秀才”. According to Nida’s theory, it perfectly expresses the ancient Chinese imperial examination system, and at the same time allows foreign language readers to understand Kong I-Chi’s knowledge

==== Syntax Analysis ====

In terms of syntax, the differences in sentence patterns between English and Chinese are the most salient. English emphasizes hypothesis while Chinese emphasizes parataxis, which leads to the conversion of sentence patterns in the process of translation. According to Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory, if the change in form is still insufficient to express the meaning and culture of the original text, the translation technique of "reconstruction" can be used to resolve cultural differences and make the source language and the target language equal in meaning. "Reconstruction" refers to the conversion of the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language (郭建中,2000 , P67), that is, the cultural connotation of the source language article is explained by the vocabulary of the target language.

In ''Kong I-Chi'', when Kong I-Chi took our his money and ordered some food, other people started to sneer at his revenue sources and said “你一定又偷了人家东西了!” The exclamatory sentence in the original text showed others' affirmation of Kong I-Chi's theft. Yang translated it into “You must have been stealing again!” Here we can notice the tense of the two sentences. Lu Xun used the past tense in original text, which expresses that Kong I-Chi's stealing is an established fact. However, Yang used the present perfect continuous tense when translating. In English, the present perfect continuous tense manifests that something the subject has done in the past is still being done, and may continue in the future, expressing the continuation of an action. There is no need to add any other additional descriptions, just from this tense, readers can realize everyone's thoughts on Kong I-Chi's theft. Such reconstruction of tense verifies the application of Functional Equivalence Theory in turn.

Afterwards, these people who deprecated him refuted Kong I-Chi's maintenance of himself, saying: “什么清白?” In Yang's translation, it is translated as “Pooh, good name indeed!” In the original text, it is originally an interrogative sentence, but Yang transformed it into an exclamation sentence, added English slang “pooh” in it and translated “清白” into good name. If the interrogative sentence in the original text is literally translated into "what’s the innocence", the comic effect, that is, everyone's disdain for Kong I-Chi in the exclamatory sentence will not be achieved. The sentiment contained in the original text is successfully conveyed through the conversion of sentence patterns.

When describing Kong I-Chi’s knowledge background, the original text mentioned: “幸而写得一笔好字，便替人家钞钞书”. In Yang’s translation, he didn’t directly translate it into a verb phrase instead of into a noun phrase which was “Happily, he was a good calligrapher.” Knowing the characteristics of English and Chinese languages, he metonymically recreated dynamic Chinese verb clauses into static noun clauses.

==== Semantic Analysis ====

How to eliminate cultural differences as much as possible so that the semantics of the original language can be perfectly embodied? From the perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory, the translator needs to transform the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language which requires translator to use the corresponding vocabulary in the target language to directly explain the connotation of the original text, so that the target readers can accept the translation more easily. For example, in the original text, the sentence “因为他姓孔，别人便从描红纸上的 ‘上大人孔乙己’这半懂不懂的话里，替他取下一个绰号，叫作孔乙己” includes an allusion: 上大人孔乙己 which refers to a character in the card game popular in ancient China. In such card game, the characters always are drawn in a red paper. For children in ancient China, the card game was easy to play and was a childhood memory.

In Yang’s translation, he translated it into “As his surname was Kung, he was nicknamed ‘Kung I-chi’, the first three characters in a children's copybook.” Such translation omits a lot of information from the original text, such as “描红纸上” and “半懂不懂”. But Yang gave a substitute for the omission: he explained the game allusion about children which can be regarded as a strategy that helps foreign readers better understand how Kong I-Chi comes.

Another illustration is the translation of this sentence: “孔乙己，你当真认识字么？” It seems fairly easy for common people to translate it with “Kong I-Chi, do you really know words?” , while Yang gave a different version: “Kung I-chi, do you really know how to read?” In our cognitive concepts, if a man knows how to read a word, then he must know this word. But if he knows the word, he may not only know how to read it, but even know how to write it. Such special mechanism is called conceptual metonymy. Yang metonymically narrowed the scope of the meaning of the word “认识”and accurately positioned the meaning of this understanding according to the context. The translator abandons the equivalence of form and achieves the purpose of reproducing the semantics and culture of the original text by changing the form of the original text in the translation.

===Conclusion===

This article selects Yang’s translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" as the study case, and analyzes the translation effect from three aspects: lexicon, syntax and semantics, combined with Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory. It is believed that the translator flexibly uses a variety of translation methods to deal with the differences between English and Chinese languages, and the translation has realized functional equivalence as a whole.

At the lexical level, the translator adopts the naturalization method when translating the proper nouns of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", adding notes to individual words. The translation perfectly conveys the meaning of the original vocabulary.

At the syntactic level, when there are differences in the expression of English and Chinese sentences, the translator will split the sentence, adjust the subject and object of the sentence, change the sentence structure and the sentence order to make the translation conform to the expression of the target language where the translation is smooth and natural. When translating the allusions of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", the translator adopts literal translation and annotations.

In terms of semantics, the translator uses the mechanism of conceptual metaphors to accurately show the original flavor.

This article believes that the success of Yang’s English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" lies in its fluent, natural language and exotic flavor. The author and translator of " ''Kong I-Chi'' " are both famous artists. The translation case from the English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" reflects the practical application of the Functional Equivalence Theory in Lu Xun's novels. The writer also hopes that this thesis can provide ideas and inspirations for the English translation of other Lu Xun's novels.

===Reference===
[1]Nida E.A.（2001） ''Language and Culture: Contexts in translating''. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

[2]Nida E.A.（1964） Towardsa ''Science of Translating'', Leiden: E.J.Brill.

[3]Nida E.A.&Charles R.Taber（1969） ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'', Leiden: E.J.Brill

[4]Lu Xun鲁迅（1981）.鲁迅全集(第一卷)Selected Work of Lu Xun(volume Ⅰ）[M].北京:人民文学出版社Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House ,1982.

[5]Tan Zaixi谭载喜（1999）．新编奈达论翻译New Nida's Translation[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司Beijing:China Translation & Publishing Corporation，1999.

[6]Yang Jianding杨坚定，Sun Hongren孙鸿仁（1936）．鲁迅小说英译版本综述 A Summary of the English Versions of Lu Xun's Novels[J]．鲁迅研究月刊Lu Xun Research Monthly，2021(4)．

[7]伊塞尔Iser（1998）.本文中的读者 Readers in this article[A]．二十世纪西方美学名著选（下）Selected Works of Western Aesthetics in the Twentieth Century (Part 2)[C]．上海Shanghai：复旦大学出版社Fudan University press.

[8]Yang Xianyi杨宪益, Dai Naidie戴乃迭（1957）译.鲁迅选集英文版(一) Selected Works of Lu Xun (一)[M].北京:外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1980.

[9]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA/3373397?fr=aladdin

[10]https://www.zhihu.com/question/29965932

Trans Type EN 7

2021-12-16T03:51:44Z

Liu Xiao: /* The Development of Functional Equivalence Theory */

==Chapter 7: A Study of Lu Xun's Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence:Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang's English Version of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case ==
'''功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究-以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例'''

秦建安 QinJianan, Hunan Normal University, China

===Abstract===
Lu Xun, chief commander of China's modern cultural revolution, is not only a great thinker and political commentator but the founder of modern Chinese literature. Kong I-Chi is one of the masterpieces of Lu Xun's novels. Although the total number of characters is less than 3,000 words, Lu Xun exposes the nature of feudal ethics and its negative influence through his character portrayal, which is loved by many readers home and aboard. The main reason why this thesis takes Yan Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang’s translation as a research object is that it is not only faithful to the original text, but so as close as possible to the original text in terms of syntactic structure and wording. Therefore, his translations once became the authoritative version of Lu Xun's novels. From the perspective of Nida’s functional equivalence theory, this thesis conducts translation research on the English translation of the famous writer Yang Xianyi, analyzing whether the translation is functionally equivalent to the original text and construe the English translation of prose from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic level to try to explore the translation strategies, styles and methods of Kong I-Chi which aims to explain the functional equivalents in Lu Xun's short novel translation.

===Key Words===
Functional Equivalence Theory; Lu Xun; Kong I-Chi;translation method

===摘要===
鲁迅，作为中国近代文化大革命的总指挥，不仅是伟大的思想家和政治评论家，还是中国现代文学的奠基人。孔乙己是鲁迅小说的代表作之一。虽然总字数不足3000字，但鲁迅通过其人物刻画，揭露了封建伦理的本质及其负面影响，深受海内外读者的喜爱。本论文以杨宪益夫妇的译文为研究对象的主要原因是它不仅忠实于原文，而且在句法结构和措辞上尽可能接近原文。因此，他的译本一度成为鲁迅小说的权威版本。本论文从奈达的功能对等理论出发，对著名作家杨宪益的英译本进行翻译研究，分析译文是否与原文功能对等，从词汇、句法、语义层面试图探讨孔乙己的翻译策略、风格和方法，旨在解释鲁迅短篇小说翻译中的功能对等。

===关键词===
功能对等，鲁迅，孔乙己，翻译方法

===Title===
A Study of Lu Xun’s Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence: Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang’s English Verison of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case Study

===Introduction===
This chapter will be expanded with respect to the research background, its significance and the methodology. The literature review will also be included which describes the previous studies on the Functional Equivalence Theory and previous translation versions of ''Kong I-Chi''.

'''Research Background and Significance'''

As the most famous writer in modern China, Lu Xun has a decisive bearing on the modern history of Chinese literature. Lu Xun settled in a period of transformation in Chinese literature. His short stories are different from modern short stories in terms of text and expression. ''Kong I-Chi'' was written in 1918 when there was a turmoil in China. At that time, although the imperial examination system had been abolished, the education system had not changed, and many scholars had not shaken off the shackles of feudal tenets.

''Kong I-Chi'' enjoys high reputation at home and abroad and has been translated into English, Japanese, French, Russian and other languages. Compared with other language versions, the English versions enjoy a wider spread and have deeper influence. In 1954, the couple Yang and Dai translated it into English and published Selected Stories of Lu Xun in which ''Kong I-Chi'' was included. Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang are great translator beyond all doubt. They are knowledgeable and familiar with Chinese and Western cultures also have devoted their life to translating excellent Chinese and Western literary works. Through their translation, we can better master the author's own novel intentions.

'''Methodology'''

In recent years, the translation of traditional Chinese literary works was attached great significance by both Chinese and foreign scholars. As an important part of ancient Chinese culture, though, it is a common genre in Chinese and foreign literature, the short novels cannot be neglected. For translators, how to deal with the modern and balance Chinese and Western cultural differences has become a salient problem. It is not only necessary to understand the characteristics of modern Chinese literature, but also to be very familiar with Chinese and Western cultures for the translator. Functional Equivalence Theory is put forward by American linguists Eugene Nida. According to him, two different languages represent two different cultures which will never be the same, but translation is a kind of communication between the two cultures and translators should try their best to achieve functional equivalence between the two languages rather than seek for rigid correspondence when making translation, which can accurately reproduce the source culture in the target language and eliminate cultural differences. It puts forward a new attitude to treat different languages and cultures, promoting language communication and mutual understandings among people. Thus, taking Nida’s theory as guidance, this research is meaningful not only for translation studies, but also for cultural exchanges.

'''Literature Review'''

As one of Nida’s major contribution to contemporary translation studies, Functional Equivalence Theory has brought about heated discussion among scholars at home and abroad since its birth. Many momentous works of Nida also have been translated and introduced into China, such as Nida on Translation edited and translated by Tan Zaixi (1999) and Language and Translation translated by Cai Yi (1985) which of them aroused great repercussions in Chinese translation field. As the prototypical member of Functional Equivalence Theory, receptor’s response theory draws scholars’ attention. Zhang Xiujuan (2015) points out that “receptor’s response theory breaks the tradition of Chinese translation that translators pay much attention to the text but may ignore the response of readers, and provides a new perspective for Chinese scholars to make studies on translation theories”.

Kong I-Chi, as the most typical character in Lu Xun's novels in the teaching textbooks of Chinese junior high school students, has left an indelible impression in the hearts of Chinese people. The most recognized translators of ''Kong I-Chi'' include Yang and Dai, Lyle William and Edgar Snow. The translation of Lu Xun's novels during the period of Yang and Dai reach its heyday. For a long time, domestic and foreign publishing houses have published works translated by the couple. Since Edgar Snow lived in the same age as Lu Xun, his translation is closer to Lu Xun's life background. It wasn't until 1990 that the American scholar William Lyell's new American translation was published, and the new stage of the English translation of Lu Xun's novels began. The British English version translated by Yang and Dai is elegant and idiomatic, giving readers the good impression of pure British English.

=== Theoretical Framework: Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory ===
==== Introduction of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
===== The Original of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

Nida's main academic activities unfold around the translation of the Bible. In the process of "Bible" translation, Nida started from reality and developed a set of his own translation theory, which eventually became one of the classics in translation studies. In 1964, Nida (1964) put forward “dynamic equivalence” in ''Toward a Science of Translating'', and gave it specific definition in ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'' (1969). In the mid-1980s, “dynamic equivalence” was replaced by “functional equivalence” to avoid misunderstandings on the term “dynamic”, which was the origin of Functional Equivalence Theory.

=====The Development of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

The most important and the most intractable part in Functional Equivalence Theory is the disposal of message. The theory requires that the message in receptor’s language must be consistent with the source language. In such a translation, translators should strive to “reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original”. Later he successfully applied the research results of modern linguistics to translation theory which also reciprocally pushed his theory forward. There are three stages in the development of Functional Equivalence Theory. (Nida 1964: 159)

The first stage is that starting from the essence of language; he used semantic theory to make an objective and accurate analysis of the referent and associative meaning of words. In Nida's point of view, various language structures have great similarities, and the deep structure is far more common than the surface structure. Therefore, the translation of the deep structure between languages can ensure the fidelity of the translation to the greatest extent. At the same time, the surface structure of the translation is freely expressed through the deep structure conversion which can ensue smoothness of the translation as much as possible. The faithful and fluent translation presupposes conditions for the equivalence of receptor’s response, which makes it possible to realize functional equivalence.

The second stage is that the theory was prone to lay its foundation on information theory. Nida held the view that translation is the activity of converting information expressed in one language into information in another language, which is, converting information of one code into information of another code. The translation plays a communicative role in transmitting information. Only when the target reader obtains the same amount of information as the original reader can the relationship between the target language recipient and the target language information be basically the same as the relationship between the original language recipient and the original source information. Nida noticed that there is a receptive gap between the original reader and target reader especially when the original language and the target language belong to different language families and different cultures. Thus, in order to improve the amount of the receptor’s information as much as the original reader’s, Nida emphasizes the translator can moderately change the form of the original text to provide a better understanding for receptors.

On third stage, Nida tended to embellish his theory from the perspective of social semiotics. Nida insisted that the translation means translation meaning, and semiotics is the most comprehensive system for analyzing meaning. In the book "''Language, Culture, and Translation''", Nida pointed out that social semiotics studies all codes and codes of human society, and its focus is on the most comprehensive and complex symbol system used by mankind-Language. Therefore, in terms of decoding and encoding, no translation method is as comprehensive as the social semiotic translation method.

Nida also recognized that there would never be complete equivalence and it was just a quaesitum. With further development of Functional Equivalence Theory, he thought that it has different degrees of adequacy and on that basis he put forward two levels of functional equivalence — the maximal level and the minimal level of equivalence. The former refers to “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did”, but this is just an ideal state which cannot be achieved especially when there are huge cultural and aesthetic differences between the two languages. While the latter means “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”, and translation below this level can never be accepted. According to Nida, if a translation is between these two levels, it can be regarded as a good one.(Nida 1993: 118)

==== Basics of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
=====Receptor’s Response =====

In recent years, translation researchers have paid more and more attention to the study of literary translation from the perspective of receptor’s responce. When translators are working on translation, they are increasingly unable to ignore the reader's feedback on the translation. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, translation theorist Nida said that only when the reader accepts the translation can the translation be truly completed. Therefore, when translating, the translator cannot ignore the acceptability of the translation. The translator builds a bridge between the original author and the reader of the target language through translation, and it is the translation that can clearly reflect this bridge role.

Receptor’s Response Theory draws attention to the reader and the reading process, rather than the author or the text. Pat Mora and James Welch define it as: "The theory emphasizes the importance of the reader's role in text understanding." The same description also appears in many of Nida’s works in which the importance of “receptor’s response” is emphasized repeatedly.

There are five corn concepts in Receptor’s Response Theory. The first comes to the gap and blanks which was pointed out by the German literary theorist Wolfgang Iser. He said that readers cannot get completely accurate information from the text, and those uncertain information need to be filled in by the reader himself. Such uncertainty occupies another very important position in this theory. This concept includes those vague factors, such as gaps and blanks. This kind of uncertainty encourages readers to add their own ideas when reading, so there is usually more than one understanding of a literal work. The third point is implicit reader also proposed by Isel, as opposed to the actual reader, which refers to the intended reader set by the writer himself who can concretize the text. Isel points out that the implicit reader is not the actual reader, but a reader that the author expects to design in the creative process, that is, the implicit recipient. It is a certain character that the artist conceives and pre-sets based on his experience or hobbies. The forth part is the identity theme. In other words, the work itself has no fixed objective meaning; only when the reader reshapes the work out of his own identity theme and the reader replicates his own fantasies during the reading process, the work can be given meaning. The last point is the interpretative group which was put forward by Stanley Fish. It refers to people who share the same interpretation strategy as we have. In a known context or reader group, the interpretation of the work meaning is the product from the group.

===== Principles for Producing Functional Equivalence =====

To achieve the closest natural equivalence between the source language and target language, Nida put forward six principles as the guidance of different kinds and degrees of adjustments:

1. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text makes receptors misunderstand the designative meaning, changes need to be made in the translated text, or a footnote should be added for further explanation if literal translation is still be selected.

2. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text doesn’t make sense, changes should be made in the translated text unless the source text is aim to be obscure. In this situation the obscurity can be reserved and be further explained by adding a footnote.

3. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text is so semantically and syntactically difficult that average readers may give up the attempt to understand it, changes should be made in the translated text and the nature of the changes needs to be indicated in the introduction or footnote.

4. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text causes significant misconceptions on the associative meanings of the source text or huge loss in the appreciation for the stylistic values of the source text, changes should be made to reflect the associative meanings of the source text.

5. The way that a translation is to be used (such as a drama to be read or acted on the stage) is of great significance to the extent to which changes are to be made.

6. A source text that must be translated together with accompanying codes (such as songs and operas) generally requires numerous adjustments in all aspects, including phonology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse. (Nida 1993: 125-128).

=== Introduction to Lu Xun and ''Kong I-Ch''i ===
==== Lu Xun and the values of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

To read and translate Kong I-Chi, you must first understand its author-Lu Xun.

Lu Xun is a great writer. Mentioning classical literary works, no matter what innovative methods are adopted, whether realistic, romantic, or magical, the content should be close to life, reflect the reality of times and speak for the people. In terms of form, literary works should conform to the inherent rules of literary creation-forming a unique artistic style and achieving the perfect unity of truth, goodness, and beauty. Lu Xun's works fully meet the above requirements.
Lu Xun is also a famous thinker. Indeed, Lu Xun did not specifically study thinking or modes of thinking, nor did he have advanced theoretical monographs, but he, like thinkers in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad, used suspicion and criticism as spiritual swords to explore truth and reveal. He held the view that it was his duty to awaken the sleeping souls of the Chinese people with literary works of various genres. The depth and breadth of his thinking is even higher than that of some contemporary thinkers. This is well reflected in his work Kong I-Chi.

Lu Xun, who is a revolutionary, has a precious characteristic, that is, the purity of his revolutionary original intention. Lu Xun leaned towards socialism under the white horror of the low ebb of the Chinese revolution. What's more commendable is that as a sober realist, Lu Xun never conceives any romantic illusions about the revolution. No matter what difficulties the revolution encounters, Lu Xun always has an optimistic belief in the prospects of the revolution.

From a general perspective, Lunatic's Diary is more macro and image specific than Kong I-Chi, while Kong I-Chi starts from the micro level, depicting the poor people at the bottom of society who was bullied and oppressed and lost their dignity as human beings. In addition, there are many opinions in the critics. For example, Mr. Lu Xun's Kong I-Chi was written to criticize the feudal imperial examination system, and some people think that it was sent out to criticize the “dark” old society. The famous critic Lin Zhihao believes that this novel is not only to assail at the corruption of the feudal imperial examination system, but also to reveal the persecution of people’s spiritual and ideology by the feudal education system in the dark old society. The social reality was that most scholars had been ruthlessly “eaten” up by the environment. When the shackles of thinking have been broken, we can dig into the deep meaning under the surface of Kong I-Chi, that is, the process of literati's loss of personality and the process of redemption under the background of the dark society of feudalism. Although the tragedy is redemptive, the process is also accompanied by a fall.

==== Study on the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

''Kong I-Chi'' is a masterpiece of Lu Xun. The novel was created in the winter of 1918, published in the sixth volume of "''Italic text''New Youth" in April 1919. (刘家鸣1992: 15). ''Kong I-Chi'' is Lu Xun's most satisfying work (孙伏园等2000: 58), and it is also one of Lu Xun's novels that English translators are vying to translate resulting in an amount of English translation.

So far, there are eight translations of ''Kong I-Chi'': 1)A British man E.H.F.Mills translated ''Con Y Ki'' from Jing Yinyu's French translation (Mills 1930: 42-50), included in ''The Tragedy of Ah Q and Other Contemporary Chinese Short Stories'' published by George Rutridge Bookstore in London in 1930; 2) The English translation of ''K’ung I-chi'' by the American Jin Shouzhuo (G.A.Kennedy 1932: 14-15), which was later included in ''Isaacs'' (Isaacs 1974: 25-32) edited by Yi Luosheng; 3) ''K’ung I-chi'' translated by Lin Jijin (Lin 1935:3-4); 4) Unsigned version of The Tragedy of ''K'ung I-Chi'' (Anonymous 1936: 2-3); 5) ''K’ung I-chi'' was co-translated by American journalists Edgar Snow and Yao Xinnong; 6) later comes to Yang Xianyi and Gladys's translation ''K'ung I-chi'' (hereinafter referred to as "Yang Translation") (Yang & Gladys 1960: 40-46); 7)Then, famous American sinologist William Lyell translated ''Kong Yiji'' (Lyell 1990: 42-48); 8) other translation of ''Kong Yiji'' was produced by British sinologist Lan Shiling ( Lovell 2009: 32-36).

This article focuses on Yang's translation, trying to explore Yang and Dai's translation strategies, styles and methods of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the lexical, syntactic and semantic levels, and aims to explain the functional equivalence in the English translation of Lu Xun's short stories.

=== Analysis of the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence ===
==== Lexical Analysis ====

There are many cultural-loaded words in the original Kong I-Chi text, such as this. Culture-loaded words are deeply imprinted by the region and era of a certain language society which express things and concepts peculiar to a certain culture. Such words as “进学” and “秀才” not only carry rich cultural connotations, but also exist only in a certain culture which may be blank in another culture. It is this characteristic which is “I have and you do not have” that often becomes an obstacle to cross-cultural communication and translation. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, this thesis will analyze how these words are handled in Yang's translation.

In the sentence “幸亏荐头的情面大，辞退不得”, the word “荐头” was translated into “someone influential” by Yang and Dai. “荐头” is the person who introduces works to other people in ancient China. Such person is absolutely influential. But for reader, such influential people may be a nobleman or someone who is very authoritative in the area which may result in discrimination. The job introducers also can be regarded as common people instead of the influential. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, Yang’s translation explicitly showed the deep meaning with loss of cultural characteristic.
The phrase “之乎者也” was translated into “archaisms” which stands for the use of an archaic expression. In Chinese, the original meaning of “之乎者也” is four auxiliary words commonly used in classical Chinese. Therefore, the word "之乎" also refers to the basic abilities that a scholar should possess. Later, it is used to ridicule the scholar who only knows how to analyze words while cannot solve practical problems. Functional equivalence theory requires efforts to create translations that not only conform to the semantics of the original text but also reflect the cultural characteristics of the original text. The word “archaisms” corresponds exactly to the description of Kong I-Chi in Lu Xun’s story who is a nerd.

Other prototypical cultural-loaded word is “进学”. Yang translated it into “pass the official examination”. As a link in the imperial examination system in ancient China, “进学” means that the children of the Qing dynasties who can pass the examination will be admitted to the prefectural and county schools. Such system is unique to China. To achieve functional equivalence, that is, to allow non-native readers to understand this special cultural mark, the translator must explain this cultural phenomenon as much as possible or find a corresponding expression in the foreign language culture. The same in the word “秀才” on this sentence “你怎的连半个秀才也捞不到呢?” “秀才” also belong to the imperial system. “秀才” is a subject for selecting officials in ancient China, and it was once used as a special name for school students. Yang translated it into “passed the lowest official examination”. As the minimum requirement of the ancient imperial examination system, those who passed the selection examination were called “秀才”. According to Nida’s theory, it perfectly expresses the ancient Chinese imperial examination system, and at the same time allows foreign language readers to understand Kong I-Chi’s knowledge

==== Syntax Analysis ====

In terms of syntax, the differences in sentence patterns between English and Chinese are the most salient. English emphasizes hypothesis while Chinese emphasizes parataxis, which leads to the conversion of sentence patterns in the process of translation. According to Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory, if the change in form is still insufficient to express the meaning and culture of the original text, the translation technique of "reconstruction" can be used to resolve cultural differences and make the source language and the target language equal in meaning. "Reconstruction" refers to the conversion of the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language (郭建中,2000 , P67), that is, the cultural connotation of the source language article is explained by the vocabulary of the target language.

In ''Kong I-Chi'', when Kong I-Chi took our his money and ordered some food, other people started to sneer at his revenue sources and said “你一定又偷了人家东西了!” The exclamatory sentence in the original text showed others' affirmation of Kong I-Chi's theft. Yang translated it into “You must have been stealing again!” Here we can notice the tense of the two sentences. Lu Xun used the past tense in original text, which expresses that Kong I-Chi's stealing is an established fact. However, Yang used the present perfect continuous tense when translating. In English, the present perfect continuous tense manifests that something the subject has done in the past is still being done, and may continue in the future, expressing the continuation of an action. There is no need to add any other additional descriptions, just from this tense, readers can realize everyone's thoughts on Kong I-Chi's theft. Such reconstruction of tense verifies the application of Functional Equivalence Theory in turn.

Afterwards, these people who deprecated him refuted Kong I-Chi's maintenance of himself, saying: “什么清白?” In Yang's translation, it is translated as “Pooh, good name indeed!” In the original text, it is originally an interrogative sentence, but Yang transformed it into an exclamation sentence, added English slang “pooh” in it and translated “清白” into good name. If the interrogative sentence in the original text is literally translated into "what’s the innocence", the comic effect, that is, everyone's disdain for Kong I-Chi in the exclamatory sentence will not be achieved. The sentiment contained in the original text is successfully conveyed through the conversion of sentence patterns.

When describing Kong I-Chi’s knowledge background, the original text mentioned: “幸而写得一笔好字，便替人家钞钞书”. In Yang’s translation, he didn’t directly translate it into a verb phrase instead of into a noun phrase which was “Happily, he was a good calligrapher.” Knowing the characteristics of English and Chinese languages, he metonymically recreated dynamic Chinese verb clauses into static noun clauses.

==== Semantic Analysis ====

How to eliminate cultural differences as much as possible so that the semantics of the original language can be perfectly embodied? From the perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory, the translator needs to transform the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language which requires translator to use the corresponding vocabulary in the target language to directly explain the connotation of the original text, so that the target readers can accept the translation more easily. For example, in the original text, the sentence “因为他姓孔，别人便从描红纸上的 ‘上大人孔乙己’这半懂不懂的话里，替他取下一个绰号，叫作孔乙己” includes an allusion: 上大人孔乙己 which refers to a character in the card game popular in ancient China. In such card game, the characters always are drawn in a red paper. For children in ancient China, the card game was easy to play and was a childhood memory.

In Yang’s translation, he translated it into “As his surname was Kung, he was nicknamed ‘Kung I-chi’, the first three characters in a children's copybook.” Such translation omits a lot of information from the original text, such as “描红纸上” and “半懂不懂”. But Yang gave a substitute for the omission: he explained the game allusion about children which can be regarded as a strategy that helps foreign readers better understand how Kong I-Chi comes.

Another illustration is the translation of this sentence: “孔乙己，你当真认识字么？” It seems fairly easy for common people to translate it with “Kong I-Chi, do you really know words?” , while Yang gave a different version: “Kung I-chi, do you really know how to read?” In our cognitive concepts, if a man knows how to read a word, then he must know this word. But if he knows the word, he may not only know how to read it, but even know how to write it. Such special mechanism is called conceptual metonymy. Yang metonymically narrowed the scope of the meaning of the word “认识”and accurately positioned the meaning of this understanding according to the context. The translator abandons the equivalence of form and achieves the purpose of reproducing the semantics and culture of the original text by changing the form of the original text in the translation.

===Conclusion===

This article selects Yang’s translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" as the study case, and analyzes the translation effect from three aspects: lexicon, syntax and semantics, combined with Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory. It is believed that the translator flexibly uses a variety of translation methods to deal with the differences between English and Chinese languages, and the translation has realized functional equivalence as a whole.

At the lexical level, the translator adopts the naturalization method when translating the proper nouns of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", adding notes to individual words. The translation perfectly conveys the meaning of the original vocabulary.

At the syntactic level, when there are differences in the expression of English and Chinese sentences, the translator will split the sentence, adjust the subject and object of the sentence, change the sentence structure and the sentence order to make the translation conform to the expression of the target language where the translation is smooth and natural. When translating the allusions of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", the translator adopts literal translation and annotations.

In terms of semantics, the translator uses the mechanism of conceptual metaphors to accurately show the original flavor.

This article believes that the success of Yang’s English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" lies in its fluent, natural language and exotic flavor. The author and translator of " ''Kong I-Chi'' " are both famous artists. The translation case from the English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" reflects the practical application of the Functional Equivalence Theory in Lu Xun's novels. The writer also hopes that this thesis can provide ideas and inspirations for the English translation of other Lu Xun's novels.

===Reference===
[1]Nida E.A.（2001） ''Language and Culture: Contexts in translating''. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

[2]Nida E.A.（1964） Towardsa ''Science of Translating'', Leiden: E.J.Brill.

[3]Nida E.A.&Charles R.Taber（1969） ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'', Leiden: E.J.Brill

[4]Lu Xun鲁迅（1981）.鲁迅全集(第一卷)Selected Work of Lu Xun(volume Ⅰ）[M].北京:人民文学出版社Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House ,1982.

[5]Tan Zaixi谭载喜（1999）．新编奈达论翻译New Nida's Translation[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司Beijing:China Translation & Publishing Corporation，1999.

[6]Yang Jianding杨坚定，Sun Hongren孙鸿仁（1936）．鲁迅小说英译版本综述 A Summary of the English Versions of Lu Xun's Novels[J]．鲁迅研究月刊Lu Xun Research Monthly，2021(4)．

[7]伊塞尔Iser（1998）.本文中的读者 Readers in this article[A]．二十世纪西方美学名著选（下）Selected Works of Western Aesthetics in the Twentieth Century (Part 2)[C]．上海Shanghai：复旦大学出版社Fudan University press.

[8]Yang Xianyi杨宪益, Dai Naidie戴乃迭（1957）译.鲁迅选集英文版(一) Selected Works of Lu Xun (一)[M].北京:外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1980.

[9]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA/3373397?fr=aladdin

[10]https://www.zhihu.com/question/29965932

Trans Type EN 7

2021-12-16T03:51:09Z

Liu Xiao: /* Chapter 7: A Study of Lu Xun's Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence:Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang's English Version of Kong I-Chi as a Case */

==Chapter 7: A Study of Lu Xun's Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence:Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang's English Version of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case ==
'''功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究-以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例'''

秦建安 QinJianan, Hunan Normal University, China

===Abstract===
Lu Xun, chief commander of China's modern cultural revolution, is not only a great thinker and political commentator but the founder of modern Chinese literature. Kong I-Chi is one of the masterpieces of Lu Xun's novels. Although the total number of characters is less than 3,000 words, Lu Xun exposes the nature of feudal ethics and its negative influence through his character portrayal, which is loved by many readers home and aboard. The main reason why this thesis takes Yan Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang’s translation as a research object is that it is not only faithful to the original text, but so as close as possible to the original text in terms of syntactic structure and wording. Therefore, his translations once became the authoritative version of Lu Xun's novels. From the perspective of Nida’s functional equivalence theory, this thesis conducts translation research on the English translation of the famous writer Yang Xianyi, analyzing whether the translation is functionally equivalent to the original text and construe the English translation of prose from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic level to try to explore the translation strategies, styles and methods of Kong I-Chi which aims to explain the functional equivalents in Lu Xun's short novel translation.

===Key Words===
Functional Equivalence Theory; Lu Xun; Kong I-Chi;translation method

===摘要===
鲁迅，作为中国近代文化大革命的总指挥，不仅是伟大的思想家和政治评论家，还是中国现代文学的奠基人。孔乙己是鲁迅小说的代表作之一。虽然总字数不足3000字，但鲁迅通过其人物刻画，揭露了封建伦理的本质及其负面影响，深受海内外读者的喜爱。本论文以杨宪益夫妇的译文为研究对象的主要原因是它不仅忠实于原文，而且在句法结构和措辞上尽可能接近原文。因此，他的译本一度成为鲁迅小说的权威版本。本论文从奈达的功能对等理论出发，对著名作家杨宪益的英译本进行翻译研究，分析译文是否与原文功能对等，从词汇、句法、语义层面试图探讨孔乙己的翻译策略、风格和方法，旨在解释鲁迅短篇小说翻译中的功能对等。

===关键词===
功能对等，鲁迅，孔乙己，翻译方法

===Title===
A Study of Lu Xun’s Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence: Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang’s English Verison of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case Study

===Introduction===
This chapter will be expanded with respect to the research background, its significance and the methodology. The literature review will also be included which describes the previous studies on the Functional Equivalence Theory and previous translation versions of ''Kong I-Chi''.

'''Research Background and Significance'''

As the most famous writer in modern China, Lu Xun has a decisive bearing on the modern history of Chinese literature. Lu Xun settled in a period of transformation in Chinese literature. His short stories are different from modern short stories in terms of text and expression. ''Kong I-Chi'' was written in 1918 when there was a turmoil in China. At that time, although the imperial examination system had been abolished, the education system had not changed, and many scholars had not shaken off the shackles of feudal tenets.

''Kong I-Chi'' enjoys high reputation at home and abroad and has been translated into English, Japanese, French, Russian and other languages. Compared with other language versions, the English versions enjoy a wider spread and have deeper influence. In 1954, the couple Yang and Dai translated it into English and published Selected Stories of Lu Xun in which ''Kong I-Chi'' was included. Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang are great translator beyond all doubt. They are knowledgeable and familiar with Chinese and Western cultures also have devoted their life to translating excellent Chinese and Western literary works. Through their translation, we can better master the author's own novel intentions.

'''Methodology'''

In recent years, the translation of traditional Chinese literary works was attached great significance by both Chinese and foreign scholars. As an important part of ancient Chinese culture, though, it is a common genre in Chinese and foreign literature, the short novels cannot be neglected. For translators, how to deal with the modern and balance Chinese and Western cultural differences has become a salient problem. It is not only necessary to understand the characteristics of modern Chinese literature, but also to be very familiar with Chinese and Western cultures for the translator. Functional Equivalence Theory is put forward by American linguists Eugene Nida. According to him, two different languages represent two different cultures which will never be the same, but translation is a kind of communication between the two cultures and translators should try their best to achieve functional equivalence between the two languages rather than seek for rigid correspondence when making translation, which can accurately reproduce the source culture in the target language and eliminate cultural differences. It puts forward a new attitude to treat different languages and cultures, promoting language communication and mutual understandings among people. Thus, taking Nida’s theory as guidance, this research is meaningful not only for translation studies, but also for cultural exchanges.

'''Literature Review'''

As one of Nida’s major contribution to contemporary translation studies, Functional Equivalence Theory has brought about heated discussion among scholars at home and abroad since its birth. Many momentous works of Nida also have been translated and introduced into China, such as Nida on Translation edited and translated by Tan Zaixi (1999) and Language and Translation translated by Cai Yi (1985) which of them aroused great repercussions in Chinese translation field. As the prototypical member of Functional Equivalence Theory, receptor’s response theory draws scholars’ attention. Zhang Xiujuan (2015) points out that “receptor’s response theory breaks the tradition of Chinese translation that translators pay much attention to the text but may ignore the response of readers, and provides a new perspective for Chinese scholars to make studies on translation theories”.

Kong I-Chi, as the most typical character in Lu Xun's novels in the teaching textbooks of Chinese junior high school students, has left an indelible impression in the hearts of Chinese people. The most recognized translators of ''Kong I-Chi'' include Yang and Dai, Lyle William and Edgar Snow. The translation of Lu Xun's novels during the period of Yang and Dai reach its heyday. For a long time, domestic and foreign publishing houses have published works translated by the couple. Since Edgar Snow lived in the same age as Lu Xun, his translation is closer to Lu Xun's life background. It wasn't until 1990 that the American scholar William Lyell's new American translation was published, and the new stage of the English translation of Lu Xun's novels began. The British English version translated by Yang and Dai is elegant and idiomatic, giving readers the good impression of pure British English.

=== Theoretical Framework: Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory ===
==== Introduction of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
===== The Original of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

Nida's main academic activities unfold around the translation of the Bible. In the process of "Bible" translation, Nida started from reality and developed a set of his own translation theory, which eventually became one of the classics in translation studies. In 1964, Nida (1964) put forward “dynamic equivalence” in ''Toward a Science of Translating'', and gave it specific definition in ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'' (1969). In the mid-1980s, “dynamic equivalence” was replaced by “functional equivalence” to avoid misunderstandings on the term “dynamic”, which was the origin of Functional Equivalence Theory.

=====The Development of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

The most important and the most intractable part in Functional Equivalence Theory is the disposal of message. The theory requires that the message in receptor’s language must be consistent with the source language. In such a translation, translators should strive to “reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original”. Later he successfully applied the research results of modern linguistics to translation theory which also reciprocally pushed his theory forward. There are three stages in the development of Functional Equivalence Theory. (Nida 1964:159)

The first stage is that starting from the essence of language; he used semantic theory to make an objective and accurate analysis of the referent and associative meaning of words. In Nida's point of view, various language structures have great similarities, and the deep structure is far more common than the surface structure. Therefore, the translation of the deep structure between languages can ensure the fidelity of the translation to the greatest extent. At the same time, the surface structure of the translation is freely expressed through the deep structure conversion which can ensue smoothness of the translation as much as possible. The faithful and fluent translation presupposes conditions for the equivalence of receptor’s response, which makes it possible to realize functional equivalence.

The second stage is that the theory was prone to lay its foundation on information theory. Nida held the view that translation is the activity of converting information expressed in one language into information in another language, which is, converting information of one code into information of another code. The translation plays a communicative role in transmitting information. Only when the target reader obtains the same amount of information as the original reader can the relationship between the target language recipient and the target language information be basically the same as the relationship between the original language recipient and the original source information. Nida noticed that there is a receptive gap between the original reader and target reader especially when the original language and the target language belong to different language families and different cultures. Thus, in order to improve the amount of the receptor’s information as much as the original reader’s, Nida emphasizes the translator can moderately change the form of the original text to provide a better understanding for receptors.

On third stage, Nida tended to embellish his theory from the perspective of social semiotics. Nida insisted that the translation means translation meaning, and semiotics is the most comprehensive system for analyzing meaning. In the book "''Language, Culture, and Translation''", Nida pointed out that social semiotics studies all codes and codes of human society, and its focus is on the most comprehensive and complex symbol system used by mankind-Language. Therefore, in terms of decoding and encoding, no translation method is as comprehensive as the social semiotic translation method.

Nida also recognized that there would never be complete equivalence and it was just a quaesitum. With further development of Functional Equivalence Theory, he thought that it has different degrees of adequacy and on that basis he put forward two levels of functional equivalence — the maximal level and the minimal level of equivalence. The former refers to “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did”, but this is just an ideal state which cannot be achieved especially when there are huge cultural and aesthetic differences between the two languages. While the latter means “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”, and translation below this level can never be accepted. According to Nida, if a translation is between these two levels, it can be regarded as a good one.(Nida 1993: 118)

==== Basics of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
=====Receptor’s Response =====

In recent years, translation researchers have paid more and more attention to the study of literary translation from the perspective of receptor’s responce. When translators are working on translation, they are increasingly unable to ignore the reader's feedback on the translation. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, translation theorist Nida said that only when the reader accepts the translation can the translation be truly completed. Therefore, when translating, the translator cannot ignore the acceptability of the translation. The translator builds a bridge between the original author and the reader of the target language through translation, and it is the translation that can clearly reflect this bridge role.

Receptor’s Response Theory draws attention to the reader and the reading process, rather than the author or the text. Pat Mora and James Welch define it as: "The theory emphasizes the importance of the reader's role in text understanding." The same description also appears in many of Nida’s works in which the importance of “receptor’s response” is emphasized repeatedly.

There are five corn concepts in Receptor’s Response Theory. The first comes to the gap and blanks which was pointed out by the German literary theorist Wolfgang Iser. He said that readers cannot get completely accurate information from the text, and those uncertain information need to be filled in by the reader himself. Such uncertainty occupies another very important position in this theory. This concept includes those vague factors, such as gaps and blanks. This kind of uncertainty encourages readers to add their own ideas when reading, so there is usually more than one understanding of a literal work. The third point is implicit reader also proposed by Isel, as opposed to the actual reader, which refers to the intended reader set by the writer himself who can concretize the text. Isel points out that the implicit reader is not the actual reader, but a reader that the author expects to design in the creative process, that is, the implicit recipient. It is a certain character that the artist conceives and pre-sets based on his experience or hobbies. The forth part is the identity theme. In other words, the work itself has no fixed objective meaning; only when the reader reshapes the work out of his own identity theme and the reader replicates his own fantasies during the reading process, the work can be given meaning. The last point is the interpretative group which was put forward by Stanley Fish. It refers to people who share the same interpretation strategy as we have. In a known context or reader group, the interpretation of the work meaning is the product from the group.

===== Principles for Producing Functional Equivalence =====

To achieve the closest natural equivalence between the source language and target language, Nida put forward six principles as the guidance of different kinds and degrees of adjustments:

1. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text makes receptors misunderstand the designative meaning, changes need to be made in the translated text, or a footnote should be added for further explanation if literal translation is still be selected.

2. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text doesn’t make sense, changes should be made in the translated text unless the source text is aim to be obscure. In this situation the obscurity can be reserved and be further explained by adding a footnote.

3. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text is so semantically and syntactically difficult that average readers may give up the attempt to understand it, changes should be made in the translated text and the nature of the changes needs to be indicated in the introduction or footnote.

4. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text causes significant misconceptions on the associative meanings of the source text or huge loss in the appreciation for the stylistic values of the source text, changes should be made to reflect the associative meanings of the source text.

5. The way that a translation is to be used (such as a drama to be read or acted on the stage) is of great significance to the extent to which changes are to be made.

6. A source text that must be translated together with accompanying codes (such as songs and operas) generally requires numerous adjustments in all aspects, including phonology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse. (Nida 1993: 125-128).

=== Introduction to Lu Xun and ''Kong I-Ch''i ===
==== Lu Xun and the values of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

To read and translate Kong I-Chi, you must first understand its author-Lu Xun.

Lu Xun is a great writer. Mentioning classical literary works, no matter what innovative methods are adopted, whether realistic, romantic, or magical, the content should be close to life, reflect the reality of times and speak for the people. In terms of form, literary works should conform to the inherent rules of literary creation-forming a unique artistic style and achieving the perfect unity of truth, goodness, and beauty. Lu Xun's works fully meet the above requirements.
Lu Xun is also a famous thinker. Indeed, Lu Xun did not specifically study thinking or modes of thinking, nor did he have advanced theoretical monographs, but he, like thinkers in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad, used suspicion and criticism as spiritual swords to explore truth and reveal. He held the view that it was his duty to awaken the sleeping souls of the Chinese people with literary works of various genres. The depth and breadth of his thinking is even higher than that of some contemporary thinkers. This is well reflected in his work Kong I-Chi.

Lu Xun, who is a revolutionary, has a precious characteristic, that is, the purity of his revolutionary original intention. Lu Xun leaned towards socialism under the white horror of the low ebb of the Chinese revolution. What's more commendable is that as a sober realist, Lu Xun never conceives any romantic illusions about the revolution. No matter what difficulties the revolution encounters, Lu Xun always has an optimistic belief in the prospects of the revolution.

From a general perspective, Lunatic's Diary is more macro and image specific than Kong I-Chi, while Kong I-Chi starts from the micro level, depicting the poor people at the bottom of society who was bullied and oppressed and lost their dignity as human beings. In addition, there are many opinions in the critics. For example, Mr. Lu Xun's Kong I-Chi was written to criticize the feudal imperial examination system, and some people think that it was sent out to criticize the “dark” old society. The famous critic Lin Zhihao believes that this novel is not only to assail at the corruption of the feudal imperial examination system, but also to reveal the persecution of people’s spiritual and ideology by the feudal education system in the dark old society. The social reality was that most scholars had been ruthlessly “eaten” up by the environment. When the shackles of thinking have been broken, we can dig into the deep meaning under the surface of Kong I-Chi, that is, the process of literati's loss of personality and the process of redemption under the background of the dark society of feudalism. Although the tragedy is redemptive, the process is also accompanied by a fall.

==== Study on the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

''Kong I-Chi'' is a masterpiece of Lu Xun. The novel was created in the winter of 1918, published in the sixth volume of "''Italic text''New Youth" in April 1919. (刘家鸣1992: 15). ''Kong I-Chi'' is Lu Xun's most satisfying work (孙伏园等2000: 58), and it is also one of Lu Xun's novels that English translators are vying to translate resulting in an amount of English translation.

So far, there are eight translations of ''Kong I-Chi'': 1)A British man E.H.F.Mills translated ''Con Y Ki'' from Jing Yinyu's French translation (Mills 1930: 42-50), included in ''The Tragedy of Ah Q and Other Contemporary Chinese Short Stories'' published by George Rutridge Bookstore in London in 1930; 2) The English translation of ''K’ung I-chi'' by the American Jin Shouzhuo (G.A.Kennedy 1932: 14-15), which was later included in ''Isaacs'' (Isaacs 1974: 25-32) edited by Yi Luosheng; 3) ''K’ung I-chi'' translated by Lin Jijin (Lin 1935:3-4); 4) Unsigned version of The Tragedy of ''K'ung I-Chi'' (Anonymous 1936: 2-3); 5) ''K’ung I-chi'' was co-translated by American journalists Edgar Snow and Yao Xinnong; 6) later comes to Yang Xianyi and Gladys's translation ''K'ung I-chi'' (hereinafter referred to as "Yang Translation") (Yang & Gladys 1960: 40-46); 7)Then, famous American sinologist William Lyell translated ''Kong Yiji'' (Lyell 1990: 42-48); 8) other translation of ''Kong Yiji'' was produced by British sinologist Lan Shiling ( Lovell 2009: 32-36).

This article focuses on Yang's translation, trying to explore Yang and Dai's translation strategies, styles and methods of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the lexical, syntactic and semantic levels, and aims to explain the functional equivalence in the English translation of Lu Xun's short stories.

=== Analysis of the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence ===
==== Lexical Analysis ====

There are many cultural-loaded words in the original Kong I-Chi text, such as this. Culture-loaded words are deeply imprinted by the region and era of a certain language society which express things and concepts peculiar to a certain culture. Such words as “进学” and “秀才” not only carry rich cultural connotations, but also exist only in a certain culture which may be blank in another culture. It is this characteristic which is “I have and you do not have” that often becomes an obstacle to cross-cultural communication and translation. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, this thesis will analyze how these words are handled in Yang's translation.

In the sentence “幸亏荐头的情面大，辞退不得”, the word “荐头” was translated into “someone influential” by Yang and Dai. “荐头” is the person who introduces works to other people in ancient China. Such person is absolutely influential. But for reader, such influential people may be a nobleman or someone who is very authoritative in the area which may result in discrimination. The job introducers also can be regarded as common people instead of the influential. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, Yang’s translation explicitly showed the deep meaning with loss of cultural characteristic.
The phrase “之乎者也” was translated into “archaisms” which stands for the use of an archaic expression. In Chinese, the original meaning of “之乎者也” is four auxiliary words commonly used in classical Chinese. Therefore, the word "之乎" also refers to the basic abilities that a scholar should possess. Later, it is used to ridicule the scholar who only knows how to analyze words while cannot solve practical problems. Functional equivalence theory requires efforts to create translations that not only conform to the semantics of the original text but also reflect the cultural characteristics of the original text. The word “archaisms” corresponds exactly to the description of Kong I-Chi in Lu Xun’s story who is a nerd.

Other prototypical cultural-loaded word is “进学”. Yang translated it into “pass the official examination”. As a link in the imperial examination system in ancient China, “进学” means that the children of the Qing dynasties who can pass the examination will be admitted to the prefectural and county schools. Such system is unique to China. To achieve functional equivalence, that is, to allow non-native readers to understand this special cultural mark, the translator must explain this cultural phenomenon as much as possible or find a corresponding expression in the foreign language culture. The same in the word “秀才” on this sentence “你怎的连半个秀才也捞不到呢?” “秀才” also belong to the imperial system. “秀才” is a subject for selecting officials in ancient China, and it was once used as a special name for school students. Yang translated it into “passed the lowest official examination”. As the minimum requirement of the ancient imperial examination system, those who passed the selection examination were called “秀才”. According to Nida’s theory, it perfectly expresses the ancient Chinese imperial examination system, and at the same time allows foreign language readers to understand Kong I-Chi’s knowledge

==== Syntax Analysis ====

In terms of syntax, the differences in sentence patterns between English and Chinese are the most salient. English emphasizes hypothesis while Chinese emphasizes parataxis, which leads to the conversion of sentence patterns in the process of translation. According to Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory, if the change in form is still insufficient to express the meaning and culture of the original text, the translation technique of "reconstruction" can be used to resolve cultural differences and make the source language and the target language equal in meaning. "Reconstruction" refers to the conversion of the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language (郭建中,2000 , P67), that is, the cultural connotation of the source language article is explained by the vocabulary of the target language.

In ''Kong I-Chi'', when Kong I-Chi took our his money and ordered some food, other people started to sneer at his revenue sources and said “你一定又偷了人家东西了!” The exclamatory sentence in the original text showed others' affirmation of Kong I-Chi's theft. Yang translated it into “You must have been stealing again!” Here we can notice the tense of the two sentences. Lu Xun used the past tense in original text, which expresses that Kong I-Chi's stealing is an established fact. However, Yang used the present perfect continuous tense when translating. In English, the present perfect continuous tense manifests that something the subject has done in the past is still being done, and may continue in the future, expressing the continuation of an action. There is no need to add any other additional descriptions, just from this tense, readers can realize everyone's thoughts on Kong I-Chi's theft. Such reconstruction of tense verifies the application of Functional Equivalence Theory in turn.

Afterwards, these people who deprecated him refuted Kong I-Chi's maintenance of himself, saying: “什么清白?” In Yang's translation, it is translated as “Pooh, good name indeed!” In the original text, it is originally an interrogative sentence, but Yang transformed it into an exclamation sentence, added English slang “pooh” in it and translated “清白” into good name. If the interrogative sentence in the original text is literally translated into "what’s the innocence", the comic effect, that is, everyone's disdain for Kong I-Chi in the exclamatory sentence will not be achieved. The sentiment contained in the original text is successfully conveyed through the conversion of sentence patterns.

When describing Kong I-Chi’s knowledge background, the original text mentioned: “幸而写得一笔好字，便替人家钞钞书”. In Yang’s translation, he didn’t directly translate it into a verb phrase instead of into a noun phrase which was “Happily, he was a good calligrapher.” Knowing the characteristics of English and Chinese languages, he metonymically recreated dynamic Chinese verb clauses into static noun clauses.

==== Semantic Analysis ====

How to eliminate cultural differences as much as possible so that the semantics of the original language can be perfectly embodied? From the perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory, the translator needs to transform the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language which requires translator to use the corresponding vocabulary in the target language to directly explain the connotation of the original text, so that the target readers can accept the translation more easily. For example, in the original text, the sentence “因为他姓孔，别人便从描红纸上的 ‘上大人孔乙己’这半懂不懂的话里，替他取下一个绰号，叫作孔乙己” includes an allusion: 上大人孔乙己 which refers to a character in the card game popular in ancient China. In such card game, the characters always are drawn in a red paper. For children in ancient China, the card game was easy to play and was a childhood memory.

In Yang’s translation, he translated it into “As his surname was Kung, he was nicknamed ‘Kung I-chi’, the first three characters in a children's copybook.” Such translation omits a lot of information from the original text, such as “描红纸上” and “半懂不懂”. But Yang gave a substitute for the omission: he explained the game allusion about children which can be regarded as a strategy that helps foreign readers better understand how Kong I-Chi comes.

Another illustration is the translation of this sentence: “孔乙己，你当真认识字么？” It seems fairly easy for common people to translate it with “Kong I-Chi, do you really know words?” , while Yang gave a different version: “Kung I-chi, do you really know how to read?” In our cognitive concepts, if a man knows how to read a word, then he must know this word. But if he knows the word, he may not only know how to read it, but even know how to write it. Such special mechanism is called conceptual metonymy. Yang metonymically narrowed the scope of the meaning of the word “认识”and accurately positioned the meaning of this understanding according to the context. The translator abandons the equivalence of form and achieves the purpose of reproducing the semantics and culture of the original text by changing the form of the original text in the translation.

===Conclusion===

This article selects Yang’s translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" as the study case, and analyzes the translation effect from three aspects: lexicon, syntax and semantics, combined with Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory. It is believed that the translator flexibly uses a variety of translation methods to deal with the differences between English and Chinese languages, and the translation has realized functional equivalence as a whole.

At the lexical level, the translator adopts the naturalization method when translating the proper nouns of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", adding notes to individual words. The translation perfectly conveys the meaning of the original vocabulary.

At the syntactic level, when there are differences in the expression of English and Chinese sentences, the translator will split the sentence, adjust the subject and object of the sentence, change the sentence structure and the sentence order to make the translation conform to the expression of the target language where the translation is smooth and natural. When translating the allusions of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", the translator adopts literal translation and annotations.

In terms of semantics, the translator uses the mechanism of conceptual metaphors to accurately show the original flavor.

This article believes that the success of Yang’s English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" lies in its fluent, natural language and exotic flavor. The author and translator of " ''Kong I-Chi'' " are both famous artists. The translation case from the English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" reflects the practical application of the Functional Equivalence Theory in Lu Xun's novels. The writer also hopes that this thesis can provide ideas and inspirations for the English translation of other Lu Xun's novels.

===Reference===
[1]Nida E.A.（2001） ''Language and Culture: Contexts in translating''. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

[2]Nida E.A.（1964） Towardsa ''Science of Translating'', Leiden: E.J.Brill.

[3]Nida E.A.&Charles R.Taber（1969） ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'', Leiden: E.J.Brill

[4]Lu Xun鲁迅（1981）.鲁迅全集(第一卷)Selected Work of Lu Xun(volume Ⅰ）[M].北京:人民文学出版社Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House ,1982.

[5]Tan Zaixi谭载喜（1999）．新编奈达论翻译New Nida's Translation[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司Beijing:China Translation & Publishing Corporation，1999.

[6]Yang Jianding杨坚定，Sun Hongren孙鸿仁（1936）．鲁迅小说英译版本综述 A Summary of the English Versions of Lu Xun's Novels[J]．鲁迅研究月刊Lu Xun Research Monthly，2021(4)．

[7]伊塞尔Iser（1998）.本文中的读者 Readers in this article[A]．二十世纪西方美学名著选（下）Selected Works of Western Aesthetics in the Twentieth Century (Part 2)[C]．上海Shanghai：复旦大学出版社Fudan University press.

[8]Yang Xianyi杨宪益, Dai Naidie戴乃迭（1957）译.鲁迅选集英文版(一) Selected Works of Lu Xun (一)[M].北京:外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1980.

[9]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA/3373397?fr=aladdin

[10]https://www.zhihu.com/question/29965932

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:49:21Z

Liu Xiao: /* General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007: 32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English-Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009: 4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020: 49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001: 45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007: 113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian 1993: 105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He 2006: 57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian 1993: 80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan 2020: 19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

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Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:49:02Z

Liu Xiao: /* General Introduction */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007: 32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English-Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009: 4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian 1993: 105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He 2006: 57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian 1993: 80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan 2020: 19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

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Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:48:39Z

Liu Xiao: /* Research significance */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007: 32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English-Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian 1993: 105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He 2006: 57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian 1993: 80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan 2020: 19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

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Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

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Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:48:22Z

Liu Xiao: /* Research background */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007: 32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian 1993: 105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He 2006: 57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian 1993: 80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan 2020: 19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

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Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:47:51Z

Liu Xiao: /* At Textual Level */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian 1993: 105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He 2006: 57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian 1993: 80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan 2020: 19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:47:23Z

Liu Xiao: /* Change of subjects and passive voice */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian 1993: 105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He 2006: 57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian 1993: 80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:47:04Z

Liu Xiao: /* Public signs */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian 1993: 105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He 2006: 57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:46:35Z

Liu Xiao: /* Conversion of part of speech */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian 1993: 105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:46:02Z

Liu Xiao: /* General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:45:22Z

Liu Xiao: /* Research background */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:44:59Z

Liu Xiao: /* General Introduction */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:44:41Z

Liu Xiao: /* General Introduction */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

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Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:43:19Z

Liu Xiao: /* Research background */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

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Trans Type EN 7

2021-12-16T03:40:03Z

Liu Xiao: /* The Development of Functional Equivalence Theory */

==Chapter 7: A Study of Lu Xun's Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence:Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang's English Version of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case ==
'''功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究-以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例'''

秦建安 QinJianan, Hunan Normal University, China

===Abstract===
Lu Xun, chief commander of China's modern cultural revolution, is not only a great thinker and political commentator but the founder of modern Chinese literature. Kong I-Chi is one of the masterpieces of Lu Xun's novels. Although the total number of characters is less than 3,000 words, Lu Xun exposes the nature of feudal ethics and its negative influence through his character portrayal, which is loved by many readers home and aboard. The main reason why this thesis takes Yan Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang’s translation as a research object is that it is not only faithful to the original text, but so as close as possible to the original text in terms of syntactic structure and wording. Therefore, his translations once became the authoritative version of Lu Xun's novels. From the perspective of Nida’s functional equivalence theory, this thesis conducts translation research on the English translation of the famous writer Yang Xianyi, analyzing whether the translation is functionally equivalent to the original text and construe the English translation of prose from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic level to try to explore the translation strategies, styles and methods of Kong I-Chi which aims to explain the functional equivalents in Lu Xun's short novel translation.

'''Correction'''The main reason why this thesis takes Yan Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang’s translation as a research object is that it is not only faithful to the original text, but also as close as possible to the original text in terms of syntactic structure and wording. --[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 04:09, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

===Key Words===
Functional Equivalence Theory; Lu Xun; Kong I-Chi;translation method

===摘要===
鲁迅，作为中国近代文化大革命的总指挥，不仅是伟大的思想家和政治评论家，还是中国现代文学的奠基人。孔乙己是鲁迅小说的代表作之一。虽然总字数不足3000字，但鲁迅通过其人物刻画，揭露了封建伦理的本质及其负面影响，深受海内外读者的喜爱。本论文以杨宪益夫妇的译文为研究对象的主要原因是它不仅忠实于原文，而且在句法结构和措辞上尽可能接近原文。因此，他的译本一度成为鲁迅小说的权威版本。本论文从奈达的功能对等理论出发，对著名作家杨宪益的英译本进行翻译研究，分析译文是否与原文功能对等，从词汇、句法、语义层面试图探讨孔乙己的翻译策略、风格和方法，旨在解释鲁迅短篇小说翻译中的功能对等。

===关键词===
功能对等，鲁迅，孔乙己，翻译方法

===Title===
A Study of Lu Xun’s Short Stories Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence: Taking Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang’s English Verison of ''Kong I-Chi'' as a Case Study

===Introduction===
This chapter will be expanded with respect to the research background, its significance and the methodology. The literature review will also be included which describes the previous studies on the Functional Equivalence Theory and previous translation versions of ''Kong I-Chi''.

'''Research Background and Significance'''

As the most famous writer in modern China, Lu Xun has a decisive bearing on the modern history of Chinese literature. Lu Xun settled in a period of transformation in Chinese literature. His short stories are different from modern short stories in terms of text and expression. ''Kong I-Chi'' was written in 1918 when there was a turmoil in China. At that time, although the imperial examination system had been abolished, the education system had not changed, and many scholars had not shaken off the shackles of feudal tenets.

''Kong I-Chi'' enjoys high reputation at home and abroad and has been translated into English, Japanese, French, Russian and other languages. Compared with other language versions, the English versions enjoy a wider spread and have deeper influence. In 1954, the couple Yang and Dai translated it into English and published Selected Stories of Lu Xun in which ''Kong I-Chi'' was included. Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang are great translator beyond all doubt. They are knowledgeable and familiar with Chinese and Western cultures also have devoted their life to translating excellent Chinese and Western literary works. Through their translation, we can better master the author's own novel intentions.

'''Methodology'''

In recent years, the translation of traditional Chinese literary works was attached great significance by both Chinese and foreign scholars. As an important part of ancient Chinese culture, though, it is a common genre in Chinese and foreign literature, the short novels cannot be neglected. For translators, how to deal with the modern and balance Chinese and Western cultural differences has become a salient problem. It is not only necessary to understand the characteristics of modern Chinese literature, but also to be very familiar with Chinese and Western cultures for the translator. Functional Equivalence Theory is put forward by American linguists Eugene Nida. According to him, two different languages represent two different cultures which will never be the same, but translation is a kind of communication between the two cultures and translators should try their best to achieve functional equivalence between the two languages rather than seek for rigid correspondence when making translation, which can accurately reproduce the source culture in the target language and eliminate cultural differences. It puts forward a new attitude to treat different languages and cultures, promoting language communication and mutual understandings among people. Thus, taking Nida’s theory as guidance, this research is meaningful not only for translation studies, but also for cultural exchanges.

'''Literature Review'''

As one of Nida’s major contribution to contemporary translation studies, Functional Equivalence Theory has brought about heated discussion among scholars at home and abroad since its birth. Many momentous works of Nida also have been translated and introduced into China, such as Nida on Translation edited and translated by Tan Zaixi (1999) and Language and Translation translated by Cai Yi (1985) which of them aroused great repercussions in Chinese translation field. As the prototypical member of Functional Equivalence Theory, receptor’s response theory draws scholars’ attention. Zhang Xiujuan (2015) points out that “receptor’s response theory breaks the tradition of Chinese translation that translators pay much attention to the text but may ignore the response of readers, and provides a new perspective for Chinese scholars to make studies on translation theories”.

Kong I-Chi, as the most typical character in Lu Xun's novels in the teaching textbooks of Chinese junior high school students, has left an indelible impression in the hearts of Chinese people. The most recognized translators of ''Kong I-Chi'' include Yang and Dai, Lyle William and Edgar Snow. The translation of Lu Xun's novels during the period of Yang and Dai reach its heyday. For a long time, domestic and foreign publishing houses have published works translated by the couple. Since Edgar Snow lived in the same age as Lu Xun, his translation is closer to Lu Xun's life background. It wasn't until 1990 that the American scholar William Lyell's new American translation was published, and the new stage of the English translation of Lu Xun's novels began. The British English version translated by Yang and Dai is elegant and idiomatic, giving readers the good impression of pure British English.

'''Correction'''

'''Research Background and Significance'''
Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang are great translators beyond all doubt.

'''Literature Review'''
As one of Nida’s major contributions to contemporary translation studies.

The translation of Lu Xun's novels during the period of Yang and Dai reaches its heyday. --[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 04:24, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

=== Theoretical Framework: Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory ===
==== Introduction of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
===== The Original of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

Nida's main academic activities unfold around the translation of the Bible. In the process of "Bible" translation, Nida started from reality and developed a set of his own translation theory, which eventually became one of the classics in translation studies. In 1964, Nida (1964) put forward “dynamic equivalence” in ''Toward a Science of Translating'', and gave it specific definition in ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'' (1969). In the mid-1980s, “dynamic equivalence” was replaced by “functional equivalence” to avoid misunderstandings on the term “dynamic”, which was the origin of Functional Equivalence Theory.

=====The Development of Functional Equivalence Theory =====

The most important and the most intractable part in Functional Equivalence Theory is the disposal of message. The theory requires that the message in receptor’s language must be consistent with the source language. In such a translation, translators should strive to “reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original”. Later he successfully applied the research results of modern linguistics to translation theory which also reciprocally pushed his theory forward. There are three stages in the development of Functional Equivalence Theory. (Nida 1964:159)

The first stage is that starting from the essence of language; he used semantic theory to make an objective and accurate analysis of the referent and associative meaning of words. In Nida's point of view, various language structures have great similarities, and the deep structure is far more common than the surface structure. Therefore, the translation of the deep structure between languages can ensure the fidelity of the translation to the greatest extent. At the same time, the surface structure of the translation is freely expressed through the deep structure conversion which can ensue smoothness of the translation as much as possible. The faithful and fluent translation presupposes conditions for the equivalence of receptor’s response, which makes it possible to realize functional equivalence.

The second stage is that the theory was prone to lay its foundation on information theory. Nida held the view that translation is the activity of converting information expressed in one language into information in another language, which is, converting information of one code into information of another code. The translation plays a communicative role in transmitting information. Only when the target reader obtains the same amount of information as the original reader can the relationship between the target language recipient and the target language information be basically the same as the relationship between the original language recipient and the original source information. Nida noticed that there is a receptive gap between the original reader and target reader especially when the original language and the target language belong to different language families and different cultures. Thus, in order to improve the amount of the receptor’s information as much as the original reader’s, Nida emphasizes the translator can moderately change the form of the original text to provide a better understanding for receptors.

On third stage, Nida tended to embellish his theory from the perspective of social semiotics. Nida insisted that the translation means translation meaning, and semiotics is the most comprehensive system for analyzing meaning. In the book "''Language, Culture, and Translation''", Nida pointed out that social semiotics studies all codes and codes of human society, and its focus is on the most comprehensive and complex symbol system used by mankind-Language. Therefore, in terms of decoding and encoding, no translation method is as comprehensive as the social semiotic translation method.

Nida also recognized that there would never be complete equivalence and it was just a quaesitum. With further development of Functional Equivalence Theory, he thought that it has different degrees of adequacy and on that basis he put forward two levels of functional equivalence — the maximal level and the minimal level of equivalence. The former refers to “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did”, but this is just an ideal state which cannot be achieved especially when there are huge cultural and aesthetic differences between the two languages. While the latter means “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”, and translation below this level can never be accepted. According to Nida, if a translation is between these two levels, it can be regarded as a good one.(Nida 1993: 118)

'''Correction'''

The most important and the most intractable part in Functional Equivalence Theory is the disposal of messages.

The first stage is starting from the essence of language;
At the same time, the surface structure of the translation is freely expressed through the deep structure conversion which can ensure smoothness of the translation as much as possible.

Nida also recognized that there would never be complete equivalence and it was just a quantity.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 04:33, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

==== Basics of Functional Equivalence Theory ====
=====Receptor’s Response =====

In recent years, translation researchers have paid more and more attention to the study of literary translation from the perspective of receptor’s responce. When translators are working on translation, they are increasingly unable to ignore the reader's feedback on the translation. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, translation theorist Nida said that only when the reader accepts the translation can the translation be truly completed. Therefore, when translating, the translator cannot ignore the acceptability of the translation. The translator builds a bridge between the original author and the reader of the target language through translation, and it is the translation that can clearly reflect this bridge role.

Receptor’s Response Theory draws attention to the reader and the reading process, rather than the author or the text. Pat Mora and James Welch define it as: "The theory emphasizes the importance of the reader's role in text understanding." The same description also appears in many of Nida’s works in which the importance of “receptor’s response” is emphasized repeatedly.

There are five corn concepts in Receptor’s Response Theory. The first comes to the gap and blanks which was pointed out by the German literary theorist Wolfgang Iser. He said that readers cannot get completely accurate information from the text, and those uncertain information need to be filled in by the reader himself. Such uncertainty occupies another very important position in this theory. This concept includes those vague factors, such as gaps and blanks. This kind of uncertainty encourages readers to add their own ideas when reading, so there is usually more than one understanding of a literal work. The third point is implicit reader also proposed by Isel, as opposed to the actual reader, which refers to the intended reader set by the writer himself who can concretize the text. Isel points out that the implicit reader is not the actual reader, but a reader that the author expects to design in the creative process, that is, the implicit recipient. It is a certain character that the artist conceives and pre-sets based on his experience or hobbies. The forth part is the identity theme. In other words, the work itself has no fixed objective meaning; only when the reader reshapes the work out of his own identity theme and the reader replicates his own fantasies during the reading process, the work can be given meaning. The last point is the interpretative group which was put forward by Stanley Fish. It refers to people who share the same interpretation strategy as we have. In a known context or reader group, the interpretation of the work meaning is the product from the group.

'''Correction'''

In recent years, translation researchers have paid more and more attention to the study of literary translation from the perspective of receptor’s response.

There are five corn concepts in Receptor’s Response Theory. The first comes to the gap and blanks which were pointed out by the German literary theorist Wolfgang Iser. He said that readers cannot get completely accurate information from the text, and those uncertain information needs to be filled in by the reader himself.
The fourth part is the identity theme. In other words,--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 04:39, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

===== Principles for Producing Functional Equivalence =====

To achieve the closest natural equivalence between the source language and target language, Nida put forward six principles as the guidance of different kinds and degrees of adjustments:

1. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text makes receptors misunderstand the designative meaning, changes need to be made in the translated text, or a footnote should be added for further explanation if literal translation is still be selected.

2. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text doesn’t make sense, changes should be made in the translated text unless the source text is aim to be obscure. In this situation the obscurity can be reserved and be further explained by adding a footnote.

3. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text is so semantically and syntactically difficult that average readers may give up the attempt to understand it, changes should be made in the translated text and the nature of the changes needs to be indicated in the introduction or footnote.

4. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text causes significant misconceptions on the associative meanings of the source text or huge loss in the appreciation for the stylistic values of the source text, changes should be made to reflect the associative meanings of the source text.

5. The way that a translation is to be used (such as a drama to be read or acted on the stage) is of great significance to the extent to which changes are to be made.

6. A source text that must be translated together with accompanying codes (such as songs and operas) generally requires numerous adjustments in all aspects, including phonology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse. (Nida 1993: 125-128).

'''Correction'''

2. When the translation that strictly keeps the form of the source text doesn’t make sense, changes should be made in the translated text unless the source text is aimed to be obscure. In this situation the obscurity can be reserved and be further explained by adding a footnote.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 04:41, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

=== Introduction to Lu Xun and ''Kong I-Ch''i ===
==== Lu Xun and the values of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

To read and translate Kong I-Chi, you must first understand its author-Lu Xun.

Lu Xun is a great writer. Mentioning classical literary works, no matter what innovative methods are adopted, whether realistic, romantic, or magical, the content should be close to life, reflect the reality of times and speak for the people. In terms of form, literary works should conform to the inherent rules of literary creation-forming a unique artistic style and achieving the perfect unity of truth, goodness, and beauty. Lu Xun's works fully meet the above requirements.
Lu Xun is also a famous thinker. Indeed, Lu Xun did not specifically study thinking or modes of thinking, nor did he have advanced theoretical monographs, but he, like thinkers in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad, used suspicion and criticism as spiritual swords to explore truth and reveal. He held the view that it was his duty to awaken the sleeping souls of the Chinese people with literary works of various genres. The depth and breadth of his thinking is even higher than that of some contemporary thinkers. This is well reflected in his work Kong I-Chi.

Lu Xun, who is a revolutionary, has a precious characteristic, that is, the purity of his revolutionary original intention. Lu Xun leaned towards socialism under the white horror of the low ebb of the Chinese revolution. What's more commendable is that as a sober realist, Lu Xun never conceives any romantic illusions about the revolution. No matter what difficulties the revolution encounters, Lu Xun always has an optimistic belief in the prospects of the revolution.

From a general perspective, Lunatic's Diary is more macro and image specific than Kong I-Chi, while Kong I-Chi starts from the micro level, depicting the poor people at the bottom of society who was bullied and oppressed and lost their dignity as human beings. In addition, there are many opinions in the critics. For example, Mr. Lu Xun's Kong I-Chi was written to criticize the feudal imperial examination system, and some people think that it was sent out to criticize the “dark” old society. The famous critic Lin Zhihao believes that this novel is not only to assail at the corruption of the feudal imperial examination system, but also to reveal the persecution of people’s spiritual and ideology by the feudal education system in the dark old society. The social reality was that most scholars had been ruthlessly “eaten” up by the environment. When the shackles of thinking have been broken, we can dig into the deep meaning under the surface of Kong I-Chi, that is, the process of literati's loss of personality and the process of redemption under the background of the dark society of feudalism. Although the tragedy is redemptive, the process is also accompanied by a fall.

'''Correction'''

From a general perspective, Lunatic's Diary is more macro and image specific than Kong I-Chi, while Kong I-Chi starts from the micro level, depicting the poor people at the bottom of society who were bullied and oppressed and lost their dignity as human beings.

The famous critic Lin Zhihao believes that this novel is not only to assail at the corruption of the feudal imperial examination system, but also to reveal the persecution of people’s spirituality and ideology by the feudal education system in the dark old society. --[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 04:45, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

==== Study on the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' ====

''Kong I-Chi'' is a masterpiece of Lu Xun. The novel was created in the winter of 1918, published in the sixth volume of "''Italic text''New Youth" in April 1919. (刘家鸣1992: 15). ''Kong I-Chi'' is Lu Xun's most satisfying work (孙伏园等2000: 58), and it is also one of Lu Xun's novels that English translators are vying to translate resulting in an amount of English translation.

So far, there are eight translations of ''Kong I-Chi'': 1)A British man E.H.F.Mills translated ''Con Y Ki'' from Jing Yinyu's French translation (Mills 1930: 42-50), included in ''The Tragedy of Ah Q and Other Contemporary Chinese Short Stories'' published by George Rutridge Bookstore in London in 1930; 2) The English translation of ''K’ung I-chi'' by the American Jin Shouzhuo (G.A.Kennedy 1932: 14-15), which was later included in ''Isaacs'' (Isaacs 1974: 25-32) edited by Yi Luosheng; 3) ''K’ung I-chi'' translated by Lin Jijin (Lin 1935:3-4); 4) Unsigned version of The Tragedy of ''K'ung I-Chi'' (Anonymous 1936: 2-3); 5) ''K’ung I-chi'' was co-translated by American journalists Edgar Snow and Yao Xinnong; 6) later comes to Yang Xianyi and Gladys's translation ''K'ung I-chi'' (hereinafter referred to as "Yang Translation") (Yang & Gladys 1960: 40-46); 7)Then, famous American sinologist William Lyell translated ''Kong Yiji'' (Lyell 1990: 42-48); 8) other translation of ''Kong Yiji'' was produced by British sinologist Lan Shiling ( Lovell 2009: 32-36).

This article focuses on Yang's translation, trying to explore Yang and Dai's translation strategies, styles and methods of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the lexical, syntactic and semantic levels, and aims to explain the functional equivalence in the English translation of Lu Xun's short stories.

=== Analysis of the Translation of ''Kong I-Chi'' from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence ===
==== Lexical Analysis ====

There are many cultural-loaded words in the original Kong I-Chi text, such as this. Culture-loaded words are deeply imprinted by the region and era of a certain language society which express things and concepts peculiar to a certain culture. Such words as “进学” and “秀才” not only carry rich cultural connotations, but also exist only in a certain culture which may be blank in another culture. It is this characteristic which is “I have and you do not have” that often becomes an obstacle to cross-cultural communication and translation. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, this thesis will analyze how these words are handled in Yang's translation.

In the sentence “幸亏荐头的情面大，辞退不得”, the word “荐头” was translated into “someone influential” by Yang and Dai. “荐头” is the person who introduces works to other people in ancient China. Such person is absolutely influential. But for reader, such influential people may be a nobleman or someone who is very authoritative in the area which may result in discrimination. The job introducers also can be regarded as common people instead of the influential. From the perspective of Functional Equivalence, Yang’s translation explicitly showed the deep meaning with loss of cultural characteristic.
The phrase “之乎者也” was translated into “archaisms” which stands for the use of an archaic expression. In Chinese, the original meaning of “之乎者也” is four auxiliary words commonly used in classical Chinese. Therefore, the word "之乎" also refers to the basic abilities that a scholar should possess. Later, it is used to ridicule the scholar who only knows how to analyze words while cannot solve practical problems. Functional equivalence theory requires efforts to create translations that not only conform to the semantics of the original text but also reflect the cultural characteristics of the original text. The word “archaisms” corresponds exactly to the description of Kong I-Chi in Lu Xun’s story who is a nerd.

Other prototypical cultural-loaded word is “进学”. Yang translated it into “pass the official examination”. As a link in the imperial examination system in ancient China, “进学” means that the children of the Qing dynasties who can pass the examination will be admitted to the prefectural and county schools. Such system is unique to China. To achieve functional equivalence, that is, to allow non-native readers to understand this special cultural mark, the translator must explain this cultural phenomenon as much as possible or find a corresponding expression in the foreign language culture. The same in the word “秀才” on this sentence “你怎的连半个秀才也捞不到呢?” “秀才” also belong to the imperial system. “秀才” is a subject for selecting officials in ancient China, and it was once used as a special name for school students. Yang translated it into “passed the lowest official examination”. As the minimum requirement of the ancient imperial examination system, those who passed the selection examination were called “秀才”. According to Nida’s theory, it perfectly expresses the ancient Chinese imperial examination system, and at the same time allows foreign language readers to understand Kong I-Chi’s knowledge background.

'''Correction'''

In the sentence “幸亏荐头的情面大，辞退不得”, the word “荐头” was translated into “someone influential” by Yang and Dai. “荐头” is the person who introduces works to other people in ancient China. Such person is absolutely influential. But for readers
Yang’s translation explicitly showed the deep meaning with loss of cultural characteristics .

The phrase “之乎者也” was translated into “archaic” which stands for the use of an archaic expression.
Later, it is used to ridicule the scholars who only know how to analyze words while cannot solve practical problems.
The word “archaism” corresponds exactly to the description of Kong I-Chi in Lu Xun’s story who is a nerd.

The same in the word “秀才” in this sentence “你怎的连半个秀才也捞不到呢?” “秀才” also belongs to the imperial system. “秀才” is a subject for selecting officials in ancient China,--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 04:53, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

==== Syntax Analysis ====

In terms of syntax, the differences in sentence patterns between English and Chinese are the most salient. English emphasizes hypothesis while Chinese emphasizes parataxis, which leads to the conversion of sentence patterns in the process of translation. According to Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory, if the change in form is still insufficient to express the meaning and culture of the original text, the translation technique of "reconstruction" can be used to resolve cultural differences and make the source language and the target language equal in meaning. "Reconstruction" refers to the conversion of the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language (郭建中,2000 , P67), that is, the cultural connotation of the source language article is explained by the vocabulary of the target language.

In ''Kong I-Chi'', when Kong I-Chi took our his money and ordered some food, other people started to sneer at his revenue sources and said “你一定又偷了人家东西了!” The exclamatory sentence in the original text showed others' affirmation of Kong I-Chi's theft. Yang translated it into “You must have been stealing again!” Here we can notice the tense of the two sentences. Lu Xun used the past tense in original text, which expresses that Kong I-Chi's stealing is an established fact. However, Yang used the present perfect continuous tense when translating. In English, the present perfect continuous tense manifests that something the subject has done in the past is still being done, and may continue in the future, expressing the continuation of an action. There is no need to add any other additional descriptions, just from this tense, readers can realize everyone's thoughts on Kong I-Chi's theft. Such reconstruction of tense verifies the application of Functional Equivalence Theory in turn.

Afterwards, these people who deprecated him refuted Kong I-Chi's maintenance of himself, saying: “什么清白?” In Yang's translation, it is translated as “Pooh, good name indeed!” In the original text, it is originally an interrogative sentence, but Yang transformed it into an exclamation sentence, added English slang “pooh” in it and translated “清白” into good name. If the interrogative sentence in the original text is literally translated into "what’s the innocence", the comic effect, that is, everyone's disdain for Kong I-Chi in the exclamatory sentence will not be achieved. The sentiment contained in the original text is successfully conveyed through the conversion of sentence patterns.

When describing Kong I-Chi’s knowledge background, the original text mentioned: “幸而写得一笔好字，便替人家钞钞书”. In Yang’s translation, he didn’t directly translate it into a verb phrase instead of into a noun phrase which was “Happily, he was a good calligrapher.” Knowing the characteristics of English and Chinese languages, he metonymically recreated dynamic Chinese verb clauses into static noun clauses.

'''Correction'''
In ''Kong I-Chi'', when Kong I-Chi took his money and ordered some food,--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 04:55, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

==== Semantic Analysis ====

How to eliminate cultural differences as much as possible so that the semantics of the original language can be perfectly embodied? From the perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory, the translator needs to transform the deep structure of the source language into the surface structure of the target language which requires translator to use the corresponding vocabulary in the target language to directly explain the connotation of the original text, so that the target readers can accept the translation more easily. For example, in the original text, the sentence “因为他姓孔，别人便从描红纸上的 ‘上大人孔乙己’这半懂不懂的话里，替他取下一个绰号，叫作孔乙己” includes an allusion: 上大人孔乙己 which refers to a character in the card game popular in ancient China. In such card game, the characters always are drawn in a red paper. For children in ancient China, the card game was easy to play and was a childhood memory.

In Yang’s translation, he translated it into “As his surname was Kung, he was nicknamed ‘Kung I-chi’, the first three characters in a children's copybook.” Such translation omits a lot of information from the original text, such as “描红纸上” and “半懂不懂”. But Yang gave a substitute for the omission: he explained the game allusion about children which can be regarded as a strategy that helps foreign readers better understand how Kong I-Chi comes.

Another illustration is the translation of this sentence: “孔乙己，你当真认识字么？” It seems fairly easy for common people to translate it with “Kong I-Chi, do you really know words?” , while Yang gave a different version: “Kung I-chi, do you really know how to read?” In our cognitive concepts, if a man knows how to read a word, then he must know this word. But if he knows the word, he may not only know how to read it, but even know how to write it. Such special mechanism is called conceptual metonymy. Yang metonymically narrowed the scope of the meaning of the word “认识”and accurately positioned the meaning of this understanding according to the context. The translator abandons the equivalence of form and achieves the purpose of reproducing the semantics and culture of the original text by changing the form of the original text in the translation.

'''Correction''' In such card games, the characters are always drawn on red paper. For children in ancient China, the card games were easy to play and was a childhood memories.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 05:00, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

===Conclusion===

This article selects Yang’s translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" as the study case, and analyzes the translation effect from three aspects: lexicon, syntax and semantics, combined with Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory. It is believed that the translator flexibly uses a variety of translation methods to deal with the differences between English and Chinese languages, and the translation has realized functional equivalence as a whole.

At the lexical level, the translator adopts the naturalization method when translating the proper nouns of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", adding notes to individual words. The translation perfectly conveys the meaning of the original vocabulary.

At the syntactic level, when there are differences in the expression of English and Chinese sentences, the translator will split the sentence, adjust the subject and object of the sentence, change the sentence structure and the sentence order to make the translation conform to the expression of the target language where the translation is smooth and natural. When translating the allusions of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", the translator adopts literal translation and annotations.

In terms of semantics, the translator uses the mechanism of conceptual metaphors to accurately show the original flavor.

This article believes that the success of Yang’s English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" lies in its fluent, natural language and exotic flavor. The author and translator of " ''Kong I-Chi'' " are both famous artists. The translation case from the English translation of "''Kong I-Chi''" reflects the practical application of the Functional Equivalence Theory in Lu Xun's novels. The writer also hopes that this thesis can provide ideas and inspirations for the English translation of other Lu Xun's novels.

'''Correction''' When translating the allusions of " ''Kong I-Chi'' ", the translator adopts literal translations and annotations..--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 05:02, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

===Reference===
[1]Nida E.A.（2001） ''Language and Culture: Contexts in translating''. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

[2]Nida E.A.（1964） Towardsa ''Science of Translating'', Leiden: E.J.Brill.

[3]Nida E.A.&Charles R.Taber（1969） ''The Theory and Practice of Translation'', Leiden: E.J.Brill

[4]Lu Xun鲁迅（1981）.鲁迅全集(第一卷)Selected Work of Lu Xun(volume Ⅰ）[M].北京:人民文学出版社Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House ,1982.

[5]Tan Zaixi谭载喜（1999）．新编奈达论翻译New Nida's Translation[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司Beijing:China Translation & Publishing Corporation，1999.

[6]Yang Jianding杨坚定，Sun Hongren孙鸿仁（1936）．鲁迅小说英译版本综述 A Summary of the English Versions of Lu Xun's Novels[J]．鲁迅研究月刊Lu Xun Research Monthly，2021(4)．

[7]伊塞尔Iser（1998）.本文中的读者 Readers in this article[A]．二十世纪西方美学名著选（下）Selected Works of Western Aesthetics in the Twentieth Century (Part 2)[C]．上海Shanghai：复旦大学出版社Fudan University press.

[8]Yang Xianyi杨宪益, Dai Naidie戴乃迭（1957）译.鲁迅选集英文版(一) Selected Works of Lu Xun (一)[M].北京:外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1980.

[9]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA/3373397?fr=aladdin

[10]https://www.zhihu.com/question/29965932

-Written by Qin Jianan--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 04:45, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:29:36Z

Liu Xiao: /* Limitations */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===
Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, "Snail Kite (蜗鸢)" might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:28:53Z

Liu Xiao: /* Major findings */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, "hardwood hammock" for “硬木吊床” and "Geocaching" for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English–Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:28:07Z

Liu Xiao: /* At Textual Level */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. "In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster", among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics. (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19)

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link "before fishing" between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word "fishing", the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

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=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in "architecture style". Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in "chronicle style", using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that "The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.", which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are "in keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches" and "for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend", and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is "In keeping with Monroe County's closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m." By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:25:00Z

Liu Xiao: /* Public signs */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park's ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:24:38Z

Liu Xiao: /* Public signs */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park’s ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure - firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:24:15Z

Liu Xiao: /* Change of subjects and passive voice */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park’s ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure -- firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects "Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas" into the personal subjects “您”. What's more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject "you" is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase "in the summer" becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

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Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:22:44Z

Liu Xiao: /* Conversion of part of speech */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase "no shortage of" to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, "accessibility" in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase "no immediate trails", the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into "there is no direct path can reach that place", the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park’s ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure -- firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects “Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas” into the personal subjects “您”. What’s more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject “you” is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase “in the summer” becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

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Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:21:42Z

Liu Xiao: /* Semantic translation and communicative translation */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into "expressive text", "informative text" and "vocative text". Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: communicative translation means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; semantic translation refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator's creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions - to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark's communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase “no shortage of” to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, “accessibility” in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase “no immediate trails”, the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into “there is no direct path can reach that place”, the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park’s ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure -- firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects “Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas” into the personal subjects “您”. What’s more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject “you” is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase “in the summer” becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

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Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

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Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:20:19Z

Liu Xiao: /* Literature review */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark's communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists' interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into “expressive text”, “informative text” and “vocative text”. Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: “communicative translation” means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; “semantic translation” refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator’s creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions -- to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark’s communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English- Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase “no shortage of” to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, “accessibility” in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase “no immediate trails”, the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into “there is no direct path can reach that place”, the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park’s ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure -- firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects “Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas” into the personal subjects “您”. What’s more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject “you” is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase “in the summer” becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

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Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:19:50Z

Liu Xiao: /* Research significance */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark's translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists’ interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into “expressive text”, “informative text” and “vocative text”. Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: “communicative translation” means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; “semantic translation” refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator’s creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions -- to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark’s communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English- Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase “no shortage of” to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, “accessibility” in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase “no immediate trails”, the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into “there is no direct path can reach that place”, the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park’s ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure -- firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects “Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas” into the personal subjects “您”. What’s more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject “you” is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase “in the summer” becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:19:28Z

Liu Xiao: /* Research background */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people's life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark's Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark’s translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists’ interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into “expressive text”, “informative text” and “vocative text”. Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: “communicative translation” means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; “semantic translation” refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator’s creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions -- to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark’s communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English- Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase “no shortage of” to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, “accessibility” in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase “no immediate trails”, the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into “there is no direct path can reach that place”, the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park’s ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure -- firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects “Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas” into the personal subjects “您”. What’s more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject “you” is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase “in the summer” becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:17:45Z

Liu Xiao: /* Literature review */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people’s life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark’s Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark’s translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists’ interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese-English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English–Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into “expressive text”, “informative text” and “vocative text”. Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: “communicative translation” means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; “semantic translation” refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator’s creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions -- to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark’s communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English- Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase “no shortage of” to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, “accessibility” in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase “no immediate trails”, the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into “there is no direct path can reach that place”, the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park’s ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure -- firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects “Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas” into the personal subjects “您”. What’s more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject “you” is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase “in the summer” becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

==References==

He Xueyun 贺学耘 (2006). 汉英公示语翻译的现状及其交际翻译策略[J] Current Situation and Communicative Translation Strategy of Chinese-English Public Signs.外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 3:57-59.

Hou Yingying 侯莹莹 (2020). 凯瑟琳娜·莱斯与彼得·纽马克文本类型翻译理论之比较研究[J] A Comparative Study of Katharina Reiss's and Peter Newmark's Text Type Translation Theories.海外英语 Overseas English, 22:49-50+60.

Jin Huikang 金惠康 (2007). 跨文化旅游翻译探讨[J] On Translation of Cross-Cultural tourism.上海翻译 Shanghai Journal of Translators, 1:31-34.

Lan lingyan 兰灵艳 (2020). 交际翻译理论指导下《家庭生活》（节选）汉译实践报告[D] A Report on the E-C Translation of ''Family Life (Excerpt)'' from the Perspective of Communicative Translation.南昌大学 Nanchang University, 19.

Li Daosheng 李道胜 (2000). 汉英语义对比分析[J] A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Semantics. 语言教育 Language Education, 4:4-5.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 80+105.

Liu Anhong 刘安洪 (2013). 跨文化交际视角下的旅游文本翻译策略研究[J] Research on Tourism Text Translation Strategies from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication.中华文化论坛 Forum on Chinese culture, 10:160-163.

Ma Chen 马忱 (2010). 交际翻译策略对汉英旅游翻译的启示[J] The Implications of Communicative Translation strategies for Chinese-English tourism Translation.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition), 29(06):119-121.

Newmark, Peter (2007). A New Theory of Translation[J]. Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnské Univerzity, 13:101-114

Newmark, Peter (2001). Approaches to translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-46.

Newmark, Peter (2001). A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 39-42.

Trans Type EN 2

2021-12-16T03:17:26Z

Liu Xiao: /* Research significance */

=Chapter 2: The Use of Translation Strategy and Translation Methods in Tourism Texts under the Guidance of Peter Newmark's Translation Theory -- A Case Study of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' =
'''纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译方法的使用——以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》(节选)为例'''

刘晓 Liu Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==
With the rapid growth of economy, people's pursuit of life quality is gradually increasing. Travelling abroad has become a hot topic nowadays. The rapid development of overseas travel has increased the market demand for tourism translation, and more stringent requirements for tourism translators. How to deal with the translation problems caused by the cultural differences between Chinese and English during the translation process is of great importance to improve the quality of tourism translation. The communicative translation strategy in Newmark's translation theory focuses on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the E-C translation of tourism texts. Therefore, this paper takes the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' as an example to analyze the specific translation strategies and methods in the application of Newmark's translation theory in tourism texts, so as to provide reference for other translators.

==摘要==
随着中国经济快速增长，人们对生活品质的追求逐渐增加，出国旅游旅游已成为时下十分热门的话题。国外旅游的迅速发展增加了市场对旅游翻译的需求量，对旅游翻译人员的要求也变得越来越严格。因此，如何处理英汉文化差异带来的翻译问题，对于提高英汉旅游翻译质量至关重要。纽马克的交际翻译理论关注的是译文给目的语读者所带来的效果，对英汉旅游文本的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因此，本文以《佛罗里达大沼泽公园》（节选）为例分析纽马克交际翻译理论在旅游文本翻译过程中的应用，采用的具体的翻译策略与翻译方法，为其他译者提供一定的借鉴作用。

==Key Words==
Translation strategy and translation methods; Peter Newmark; Tourism texts

==关键词==
翻译策略与翻译方法；彼得·纽马克；旅游文本

==Introduction==

This paper is based on the English-Chinese translation of ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''. By analyzing the application of Peter Newmark's communicative transaltion in the translation, the author proposes some translation methods, which can be provided for future references. This chapter mainly introduces the background information and significance of the report, and the domestic research status.

===Research background===
With the development of the world, various kinds of tourism appear in people’s life, and has unprecedentedly, extremely widely spread a variety of culture and lifestyle. "Tourism has become a rising sunrise industry in modern society." To a foreign country to enjoy the beautiful scenery can make people know the colorful world and further know what they want. And this activity also has made tourism translation a reality and a thriving discipline. (Jin Huikang, 2007:32)

However, due to the different geographical environments, cultural differences and historical backgrounds in different countries, many translators often ignore the disadvantages brought by differences in language and cultural habits in the process of translation, so that the original meaning of the original text will be lost in the process of transmission, which may cause confusion for tourists and cannot achieve the purpose of offering them accurate information and stimulating their interest.

Therefore, in order to make it more convenient for domestic citizens to travel abroad, translators should choose appropriate translation strategies and methods according to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries in the process of tourism English translation, so that tourists can form an objective and correct understanding of scenic spots. The semantic translation and communicative translation strategies in Peter Newmark’s Theories respectively focus on whether the meaning of the original text is exactly reproduced and the effect and influence that the translation brings to the target language readers, which are of certain guiding significance to the English-Chinese translation of tourism texts.

===Research significance===
In theory, based on Peter Newmark’s translation theories, this paper chooses the semantic translation strategy and puts forward appropriate translation methods for the English-Chinese translation of tourist text -''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'', which is of certain guiding significance for English - Chinese translation of tourist texts. Based on the practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' English-Chinese translation and the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation strategy’s application, this paper sums up some translation methods, such as voice change, objective and personal subject changing, adding conjunctions, etc. And these methods can be provided for future references in the translation study and practice of others, which has a certain practical significance.

===Literature review===
Through the analysis of Newmark’s communicative translation in recent years, it can be found that there are many references for the guidance of communicative translation on tourism translation texts. He Xueyun (2005) proposes that the public notices and signs should belong to the vocative functional text and focus on the reader-centered communicative translation, which can give foreigners a better environment for travel, study and work in China. For such a style, the communicative translation theory should be chosen, the target readers put in the first place and always in mind, and their culture and receptivity taken into account. Jin Huikang (2006) believes that tour guide words must have a specific expected function, which are a kind of texts that integrate informative, expressive and vocative functions. Therefore, tourism translation should aim at effective attraction for overseas tourists, and the translator should grasp the group characteristics of overseas tourists and audiences when carrying out tourism propaganda or translating tourism materials. Ma Chen (2010) points out that the tourism text is a kind of article mainly based on vocative function, and the core of which is to accurately convey information for readers. Liu Anhong (2013) proposes tourism text as a kind of publicity material, aiming to stimulate tourists’ interest in visiting. According to the division of Newmark, the tourism text should belong to the text with the vocative function as its main function and the informative function as its secondary function. Therefore, the translation of tourism text should effectively achieve the effects similar to the original text.

From the combing of previous literatures, it can be found that there are many studies on the translation of tourism texts guided by Newmark’s communicative translation strategy. However, at present, there are few studies on the translation of tourism texts from English to Chinese, and more studies focus on the Chinese- English translation. For this reason, this paper is based on the translation practice of the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' to provide some reference for future English – Chinese translation of tourism.

==Tourism Texts==

===General Introduction===
Tourism text is an important carrier for readers to obtain scenic spot information, and Tourism text is to stimulate readers' desire to travel by introducing tourist attractions and resources, and its ultimate purpose is to meet readers' expectations and arouse readers' enthusiasm by delivering tourism information. In other words, the dominant function of tourism text is vocative function. At the same time, tourism texts also provide readers with information they like, from which people can acquire relevant knowledge such as culture and customs, natural geography, etc. Therefore, informative function is also its important feature. It can be seen that the two most important functions of tourism texts are respectively informative and vocative one, whose premise is to provide information and purpose is to attract tourists.

In addition, we should realize that translation of tourism texts is a professional translation of tourist attractions and resources for target readers, and its essence is a communicative behavior. If the translator fails to properly deal with the differences between cultures, it will often fail to achieve the expected results. Therefore, during the translation process, "more attention should be paid to the accuracy and effectiveness of the information, so as to make the translation conform to the target readers’ reading habits and aesthetic expectation." This requires the translator to put the reader's acceptance first in the process of translation. That is, tourism text translation should not only realize the conversion from one language to another, but also take language barriers and cultural differences into account. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, translators should flexibly apply various translation strategies and adopt appropriate translation methods according to the text types of tourism texts. (Li Daosheng, 2009:4)

===Introduction to the ''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''===
Established in 1974, Everglades National Park covers 2,354 square miles, or 6,097 square kilometers (1.4 million acres). Located at the tip of southern Florida, it is the largest subtropical wildlife sanctuary in the continental United States. Everglades National Park protects an unparalleled landscape which provides important habitat for numerous rare and endangered species such as the manatee, American crocodile, and the elusive Florida panther.

''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' is excerpted from a notice from U.S. National Park Service about the phased reopening of the park, including alerts of the reopening, activities, safety and accessibility. It can also be regarded as a travel guide, which describes the journey towards people and offers help to the tourists who want to go there, and which often includes the description of the best travel time, transportation, accommodation, scenic spots and matters needing attention. As a practical text, its main purpose is to introduce and promote tourist scenic spots, that is the Everglades National Park in Florida. Its vocative and informative function are very prominent, and it has the characteristics of reader-orientation, the effectiveness of information transmission and timeliness. (https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/conditions.htm, July 3, 2020)

==Newmark's Translation Theory==

===General introduction of Peter Newmark's translation theories===

Peter Newmark, a well-known translation theorist, is one of the main figures in the founding of translation studies in the English-speaking world in 20th century. Newmark devoted himself to studying the past and present of Western translation, and put forward his own views on this basis. Newmark’s translation theories mainly include three parts, that is, the classification of text types, translation approaches, and the lately correlative theory of translation.

"According to Karl Buhler’s knowledge of language features and Jacobson’s classification of them, Newmark proposed six functions of language informative function, expressive function, vocative function, phatic function, aesthetic function, and lastly metalingual function." Then Newmark divided text types into three: expressive-functional texts, informative-functional texts, vocative-functional texts. (Hou Yingying, 2020:49)

After putting forward these three text types, Peter Newmark suggested eight translation approaches or strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of focusing on the source language, he suggested word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation; Secondly, from the perspective of focusing on the target language, he suggested adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 2001:45).

In 2007, Newmark came up with a new theory, that is, correlative theory of translation, which means that “The more serious and important the language of the original or source text, the more closely it should be translated.” (Newmark, 2007:113)

In conclusion, Peter Newmark has proposed many significant theories and made extensive discussion on those concepts, which will have a great influence on the translation practice.

===Semantic translation and communicative translation===
Peter Newmark divided text genres into “expressive text”, “informative text” and “vocative text”. Imaginative literary works, such as poems, songs, novels and dramas, authoritative statements, autobiographies, essays and personal correspondence, etc. are expressive texts. All the formatted texts with science and technology, industry and commerce, and economy as themes belong to informative texts. And vocative text refers to all texts that can infect readers and make them “get information”.

With reference to these three kinds of texts, Newmark further creatively proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation: “communicative translation” means that the effect of the target text on the reader of the target language is as much as the effect of the original text on the reader of the source language; “semantic translation” refers to the reproduction of the context of the source text as accurately as possible under the premise of the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language. He believed that only communicative translation and semantic translation can achieve the two major goals of translation: being accurate, and being economic (effective).

Newmark made a detailed comparison of the characteristics of semantic translation and communicative translation from different aspects, and pointed out that the fundamental difference between them lies in that when the information and the effect are in conflict, communicative translation lays more emphasis on effect than content, while semantic translation lays more emphasis on content than effect. Communicative translation can give the translator full freedom, the translator can reorganize the syntax, eliminate the original obscure places in the source language, and make the language conform to the standard of the target language. However, semantic translation emphasizes the content of the information itself, tries to make the form of the target text similar to the form of the original text, and retains the language characteristics and expressive style of the original author. Therefore, compared with semantic translation, communicative translation is more subjective and can better reflect the translator’s creativity and it attaches great importance to the communicative effect of translation, the key to which is to convey information, make readers of the target language think, act and feel, and play an inductive role in making the translation natural and smooth, and more readable.

Newmark pointed out that the translation of expressive texts should employ semantic translation, while informative and vocative texts communicative translation which is reader-centered. The most direct purpose of tourism texts translation is to convey information to readers on the premise of attracting readers’ attention and leaving readers with deep memories, so that readers can take actions -- to visit tourist attractions and pay attention to matters that should be paid attention to. Thus, it can be seen that the tourism text belongs to the vocative text and the communicative translation should be applied.

To sum up, Newmark’s communicative translation focus on the effect that the translation brings to the target language readers, which is of certain guiding significance to the English- Chinese translation of tourism texts.

==Case Study==

The purpose of communicative translation is to try to make the translation have the same effect on the target reader as the original does on the source reader. That is to say, the key point of communicative translation is to be loyal to the target language and the target text reader, that is, the source language is required to obey the target language and culture, leaving no doubt or obscurity to the reader, and eliminating difficulties and obstacles in reading or communication for the reader as far as possible.

Because the translator wants to achieve a certain communicative purpose, emphasizes the effect and has a specific target audience, the translation has inevitably broken the restrictions of the original text, pursuing smoothness, clarity, directness and conformity with conventions. In this part, the author analyzes the specific application of communicative translation in the translation practice of ''the Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)'' from three aspects: lexical, syntactic and textual analysis.

===At Lexical Level===

Generally speaking, there is partial equivalence between English and Chinese, that is, similar expressions in Chinese can replace the meaning of English words or phrases. In the following, two translation methods used in lexical translation will be introduced: conversion of part of speech and the translation of public signs.

====Conversion of part of speech====

Example 1:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。

Analysis: As we all know, English belongs to the Indo-European language family, while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many differences exist between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structure. Therefore, in the process of translating English into Chinese, due to the different ways of expression between English and Chinese some sentences can be translated word by word, while most sentences cannot. In order to make the Chinese translation smooth and natural, some words in the original text need to be converted into different parts of speech in the target text without sticking to the surface structure of the original text. In other words, some words in the original text can be converted into other parts of speech in Chinese on the premise of being faithful to the original meaning and retaining the original effect.

The original sentence uses a nominal phrase “no shortage of” to express the meaning that no matter how many people come together for outdoor activities, there are always options. The translator translates it into a verbal phrase, that is, everyone can find a suitable outdoor activity here, so that the meaning gets across and the whole sentence flows naturally.

Example 2:

ST: ''Accessibility: No immediate trails.''

TT: 如何前往：没有路径可直接到达。

Analysis: As English tends to use more nouns with static narratives, while Chinese tends to use more verbs with dynamic ones. The static tendency of English mainly comes from nominalization, a common phenomenon in English. "Nominalization mainly refers to the use of nouns (phrases) to express the information originally expressed by verbs (phrases), such as the use of abstract nouns to express actions, behaviors, changes, states, etc." For example, “accessibility” in Example 2 is an abstract noun, which is used to show the way to one place. Chinese, on the other hand, tends to use verbs. So, in order to better convey the effect and let the reader read without any doubt or discomfort, the translator converted the noun into a verb phrase, that is “如何前往”. Likewise, in the noun phrase “no immediate trails”, the author wants to say that there is no direct way (to arrive at the destination). When translating, if it is directly translated into a noun phrase “没有直达路”, the reader may feel difficult to read. So, if it is translated into “there is no direct path can reach that place”, the sentence will be more smoothly and convey the original information and the effect is also retained. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:105)

====Public signs====

Example 3 & 4:

ST: ''Things To Do''

TT: 活动介绍

ST: ''What you can do''

TT: 解决措施

Analysis: As mentioned in the theoretical framework above, tourism text belongs to vocative text. As a kind of tourism text, public signs are a special style for specific people to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Its application scope is very wide, almost involved in every aspect of our daily life, such as street signs, billboards, road signs, shop signs, warnings, propaganda, travel briefs and so on. "As a communicative tool, it conveys necessary and useful information to the public by means of a few words, simple and easy to understand icons or the combination of both." Therefore, it can be seen that public signs feature lots of nouns, verbs, phrases and abbreviations and more often, fixed expression, which means in translation, only concise and idiomatic expression can fully convey the effect of the original text. (He Xueyun, 2006:57)

Just as the example 3, once the original text is translated literally, that is “要做的事情”, it sounds rather awkward, which not only does not convey the meaning of the source text that was intended as an introduction to the activities that can be done, but also may lead the reader to believe that this section is about what is required. However, if it is translated into “活动介绍”, readers can clearly know the main content of this part and can find out the activities they are interested in. This expression is very concise and also in line with the Chinese language habits. The same is true of example 4.

Example 5 & 6:

ST: ''Alligators and crocodiles - Crocodilians are one of the reasons people visit the park, however, these are wild animals that can be dangerous to humans.''

TT: 小心短吻鳄和鳄鱼——鳄鱼是人们参观公园的原因之一，然而，这些野生动物对人类会很危险。

ST: ''Poisonous plants - The park’s ecosystems support a variety of plant life including some that cause reactions to human skin.''

TT: 警惕有毒植物——公园的生态系统支持多种植物的生长，包括一些会对是人类皮肤过敏的植物。

Analysis: Tourist texts belong to the vocative text, emphasizing the transfer of the effect of the information and the empathy of the reader. This requires the translator to pay attention to the internal logic of the text, modify the translated text to make it clear in the process of tourism translation without sticking to the original form and give full consideration to the core position of readers.
Examples 5 and 6 are in the same sentence structure -- firstly species are given, and then that the species could be in some danger is pointed out. If it is translated in accordance with the original text word by word, then the front part is just posing out that species. However, if such warning words as “小心” or “警惕” are added, it can let the reader know before he continues reading that this species may be dangerous when visiting, and then with reading below, the reader will know why it is dangerous. This will prepare the reader mentally, and the reading will be smoother.

===At Syntactical Level===

Two aspects are included in syntactic analysis, which are change of subjects and passive voice, and the punctuation.

====Change of subjects and passive voice====

Example 7:

ST: ''Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas may be found along the path anytime of the day during the winter (dry) season.''

TT: 在冬季（旱季），任何时候您都可以在沿路发现涉水鸟类、鸬鹚、紫雀和筑巢的美洲蛇鸟。

Analysis: English tends to use more impersonal subjects, which means it rarely uses the personal subject to describe but expresses how objective things act on people’s perception to things appear in an objective tone. So, the structure is often like this: "inanimate subject + animate subject". Chinese pays more attention to subjective thinking, and often describes objective things from the point of view of oneself, or tends to describe people and their behavior or state, so the personal subject is often used. When the personal subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it. Passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon in English. In some styles, the use of passive sentences has almost become a habit of expression. Passive sentences give rise to the tendency of using impersonal subjects, and vice versa. Chinese uses fewer passive forms. The main reason for this difference is that the use of passive forms in Chinese is limited, and the mark of the passive voice, such as “让”, “给”, “受”, mostly expresses displeasure. (Lian Shuneng, 1993:80)

Therefore, in example 7, the translator transformed the passive voice into the active voice and the impersonal subjects “Wading birds, cormorants, Purple Gallinules, and nesting Anhingas” into the personal subjects “您”. What’s more, as this tourism text is written for readers, the use of the second person subject can shorten the distance.

Example 8 & 9:

ST: ''Wading birds, American Coots, Osprey, White-crowned Pigeons, warblers, Red-shouldered Hawks, Anhingas, rails, Painted Buntings and other transients are best viewed here in the morning.''

TT: 早晨在这里观赏涉禽、美洲骨顶鸡、鱼鹰、白头鸽、莺、赤肩鹫、美洲蛇鸟、秧鸡、彩绘鹀和其他过路的鸟类的效果最好。

ST: ''In the summer, fewer programs are offered.''

TT: 夏季提供的项目较少。

Analysis: Just as what has been said above, English has a tendency to use impersonal subjects and passive voice, while Chinese is exactly the opposite. And when the subject is clear, Chinese often implies or omits it, which is just like example 8 the personal subject “you” is omitted.
In example 9, the omitted subject is the national park, and the temporal adverbial phrase “in the summer” becomes the subject in form, which is a common expression in Chinese. That is because subjects in Chinese are not only in various forms, but also dispensable: it can denote giving, receiving, time, place.

====Punctuation====

Example 10:

ST: ''Connecting trails through the Pinelands run 7 miles (11 km) west from the Long Pine Key campground to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.''

TT: 这些小道从长松岛营地向西延伸7英里（11公里），穿过一片松林地，连通公园主路边松林湖。

Analysis: English sentences are complicated, and subordination is one of the most important characteristics of modern English, which features right-branching, sentences long and complex, made in “architecture style”. Conversely, Chinese sentences are relatively short, and commonly use scattered sentences, loose sentences, tight sentences or composite sentences with parallel structure. Chinese features left-branching, and sentences are made in “chronicle style”, using clauses to streamline the thoughts.

So, when there are many prepositional phrases in the original English sentence, the translator can divide the long sentence into several short sentences and recognize those by adding comma, which can help readers to sort out the logic of the original text and get the main information. By using communicative translation, the translator divided the original sentence into three sentences. The logical sequence is that “The trails run seven miles (11 kilometers) west from the Long Pine Key campground. Passing through the Pinelands, they lead to Pine Glades Lake along the main park road.”, which shows the location of both the Long Pine Key campground, the Pinelands and Pine Glades Lake correctly, leaving no doubt to readers of the target language.

Example 11:

ST: ''In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend. The closure will begin on Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.''

TT: 根据门罗县对海滩的关闭安排，为保护公园资源，北巢岛和离海岸100码以内的所有水域将自7月3日星期五早上6点起暂停对外开放。

Analysis: In the original text there are two sentences, which can be combined to make the meaning complete and language pithy in the target language. And it can be taken into consideration to reconstruct them by replacing full stop with comma. By considering communicative translation, the translator put two prepositional phrases in advance as adverbials, which are “in keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches” and “for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend”, and then turned the second sentence into a temporal adverbial phrase and put it in the main clause as an adverbial. So, the whole structure is “In keeping with Monroe County’s closure order for beaches and for protection of park resources during the holiday weekend, North Nest Key and all waters within 100 yards from the shore will be closed from Friday, July 3 at 6 a.m.” By doing so, the information is concisely conveyed, and Chinese readers can well understand it.

===At Textual Level===

Discourse refers to the actual language unit used and is the whole language constituted by a series of consecutive paragraphs or sentences in the communication process. In general, a text consists of words, phrases, sentences and sentence cluster (Lan Lingyan, 2020:19), among which the components were cohesion in form and coherence in semantics.

Example 12:

ST: ''There is no shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable activities ranging from hiking, canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh and saltwater fishing, and camping in the ultimate wilderness.''

TT: 个人、团体或家庭都能在这找到适合的户外活动。无论是步行、乘坐独木舟、划皮划艇、骑自行车，还是在淡水或海水钓鱼、在终极荒野地露营，您都可以饱览多样的自然环境、尽享快乐。

Analysis: Coherence in a piece of writing refers to the principle that all paragraphs, sentences or ideas are combined so well that they form a united whole. Coherent translation has smooth structural, grammatical, and logical movement from one sentence or idea to the next and the reader does not have to pause and guess at the meaning caused by gaps in development between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

In example 12, the last topic of the fist sentence in the original sentence is outdoor activities, while the subject of the second sentence is the diverse habitats. This is a shift in the topic, which may make the readers pause and guess at the logical relation between them. Therefore, in translation, guided by communicative translation, the translator needs to mind the text coherence and to make proper adjustments. Out of this, the translator put the activities in the second sentences as the subject of the second sentence in the target text, so that the first sentence can pass through smoothly to the next one, so does the understanding of readers.

Example 13:

ST: ''Everglades National Park is a popular spot for saltwater and freshwater sport fishing. Boats can be chartered at Flamingo. Be sure to check a visitor center for park fishing regulations and closed areas.''

TT: 大沼泽地国家公园是一个很受欢迎的钓海水鱼和淡水鱼的地方。在弗拉明戈可以租船。在钓鱼之前，一定要阅读游客中心的公园捕鱼规定和封闭区域。

Analysis: Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes the use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, ‘it’, ‘neither’ and ‘this’ all refer to an idea previously mentioned.

In example 13, this paragraph mainly talks about fishing in the Everglades National Park, with a topic sentence and two explanatory sentences: one introducing the place for chartering and the other cautions. There are no grammatical or lexical links within these three sentences, and the logic is connected by semantics. Considering well understanding of readers in the target language, the translator added one lexical link “before fishing” between the last two sentences, to make the reader understand that he or she should read the rules and precautions of fishing before going fishing. Also, with repeating the key word “fishing”, the central idea of this whole paragraph is prominent, and the sentences are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning, thus making this paragraph a cohesive group.

==Conclusion==

===Major findings===
For the text, the tourism text belongs to the vocative text, which focuses on conveying the information and effect, so the communicative translation theory should be adopted to this kind of translation. As for this original text, the first part that introduces the outdoor activities belongs to the tourism advertisements, which are descriptive with vivid words. Tourism advertising is infective, with short and concise words, full of creativity, lively and concise sentence structure, and strong attraction. While the announcement that informs of the operating status of the park is a quite different style. The wording is formal, standard, accurate and stylized. Secondly, the source text involves a wide range of knowledge and large vocabulary. For example, “hardwood hammock” for “硬木吊床” and “Geocaching” for “寻宝”.

Based on the analysis of examples from lexical, syntactic and textual levels, some translation methods can be proposed. On one hand, when translating, some words in the target text can be converted into different parts of speech in the original text to make the language natural and idiomatic. On the other hand, when doing English – Chinese translation, in most cases, passive voice should be changed into active voice, personal subject is favored in Chinese, and subjects can also be omitted sometimes. Lastly, as English and Chinese have lots of differences in sentences, the translator should change the order of the sentences sometimes to make them smooth and fluent, and some words can be added to make the meaning coherent.

===Limitations===

Besides some major findings, there are also many limitations in this translation practice. Firstly, communicative translation focuses on the effect conveyed by the translation rather than the information, which can easily make the translator ignore some original. So, in the translation, other available translation theories should also be taken into account to achieve best translation.

Then, when translating a text, whether it is a tourism text or a literary works, they cannot be translated immediately. Relevant information and background should be collected in advance, and otherwise some mistakes which should be avoided will be made. For example, “Snail Kite (蜗鸢)” might be translated as “蜗牛风筝” if the translator does not look it up in advance.

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