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20211110 homework

2021-12-29T16:24:29Z

Mao Yawen: /* 马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513 */

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PLEASE READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

PLEASE ALSO READ THE PREVIOUS PARTS, AT LEAST THE SENTENCES BEFORE YOUR OWN PART IN CHAPTER 19 [[20210303_culture|1, Mar 3 Chapters 1-4]], [[20210310_culture|2, Mar 10 Chapters 6-7]], [[20210317_culture|3, Mar 17 Chapters 11-13]], [[20210324_culture|4, Mar 24 Chapters 15-17]], [[20210331_culture|5, Mar 31 Chapters 4-7]], [[20210407_culture|6, Apr 7 Chapters 8-10]], [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]] , [[20210519_culture|12, May 19 Chapters 17-19]], [[20210929_homework#Hongloumeng|for Sep 29 - rest of HLM Chapter 19]] [[20211110_homework|for Nov 10 - HLM Chapters 20-21]] etc.

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==
按语：拙著《红楼梦全解本》出版后，受到了不少专家与读者的好评，甚为欣慰。但也有读者认为，如果能删掉部分注文，既不影响读者阅读，也可节省书的成本，使更多读者买得起。

Note : After the publication of ''The Dream of Red Mansions(The Anotation Version)'', it was highly appreciated by many experts and readers. However, some readers believe that if some notes can be deleted, it will not affect readers ' reading and save the cost of the publication, so that more readers can afford it.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 10:02, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Note: after my book the complete interpretation of Drdam Of Red Chamber was published, it was highly praised by many experts and readers. However, some readers believe that if some annotations can be deleted, it will not affect readers' reading, but also save the cost of the book and make it affordable for more readers.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 11:53, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学女 202120081477==
恰好中央编译出版社准备出版四大古典小说套书，为了平衡四部小说的注文，《红楼梦》的注文也嫌太长。因此接受读者的建议，将《红楼梦全解本》的注文删掉了差不多一半，其他一概未动；换言之，此版《红楼梦》校注本，实即《红楼梦全解本》的删节本（仅删注文）。因此《校注前言》仍用《红楼梦全解本》的《校注前言》，不再另写。

It happened that the Central Compilation and Translation Publishing House was preparing to publish four sets of classical novels. In order to balance the annotations of the four novels, the annotations of Dream Of the Red Chamber were too long. Therefore, we accepted the readers' suggestions and deleted almost half of the annotations in the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber, and the rest remained unchanged; In other words, the revised annotation version of Dream Of Red Chamber is actually an abridged version of the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber (only the annotation is deleted). Therefore, the preface to proofreading still uses the preface to proofreading of the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber, and needn’t be written again.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 06:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

It happened that the Central Compilation and Translation Publishing House was preparing to publish four sets of classical novels. In order to balance the annotations of the four novels, the annotations of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' were too long. Therefore, we accepted the readers' suggestions and deleted almost half of the annotations in the complete interpretation of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'', and the rest remained unchanged; In other words, the revised annotation version of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'' is actually an abridged version of the complete interpretation of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'' (only the annotation is deleted). Therefore, ''The Preface to Proofreading'' still uses ''The Preface to Proofreading'' of the complete interpretation of ''Dream Of Red Chamber'', and needn’t be written again.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:32, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==
《红楼梦》以其包罗万象的内容，博大精深的思想，精湛完美的艺术，丰富生动的语言，尤其是众多栩栩如生的人物形象，不仅在中国小说史上奇峰独秀，而且在世界文学之林独树一帜。它是我国文化遗产中的珍品，值得每一个中国人所珍视。《红楼梦》在其尚未完稿的时候，已经被人竞相传抄，辗转传阅，不胫而走，蜚声神州。

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is unique not only in the history of Chinese novels, but also in the world literature with its comprehensive contents, extensive and profound thoughts, exquisite and perfect art, rich and vivid language, and especially its numerous vivid characters. It is a treasure of our country's cultural heritage and is worth cherishing by every Chinese. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' has been copied, circulated and spread like wildfire even when it's unfinished. It is really well-known in China.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:23, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is outstanding not only in the history of Chinese novels, but also in the world literature for its comprehensive contents, extensive and profound thoughts, exquisite and perfect art, rich and vivid language, and especially its numerous vivid characters. It is a treasure of our country's cultural heritage and is worth being cherished by every Chinese.Before it is finished， ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' has been copied, circulated and spread like wildfire and it is really well-known in China.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:25, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480 ==
不仅“士大夫几乎家有《红楼梦》一书”（清·潘炤《从心录》卷首），而且“家弦户诵，妇孺皆知”（清·缪艮《文章游戏初编》卷六）。上层社会更出现了“开谈不说《红楼梦》，读尽诗书也枉然”（清·得舆《京都竹枝词·时尚门》）的时尚。《红楼梦》的魅力也使其商业价值大增，“好事者每传抄一部，置庙市中，昂其值，得数十金，可谓不胫而走者矣”（清·程伟元《〈红楼梦〉序》）。

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' was so popular that not only scholar officals（people obtain knowledge and wealth in feudal China） read it （the first volum of ''Essay'' by Pan Zhao, Qing），but also families，even women and children ， loved it（the sixth volum of ''Preliminary Article Games'' by Miu Liang, Qing）. Moreover ,there was a climate of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' that the upper class believed " it is useless to read great books without ''A Dream of Red Mansions''.（''Bamboo Pole Poem in the Capital'' by De Yu, Qing）. The charm of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' also rose its business value as in record： “Someone who is willing to copy ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' and sell it can raise 10 gold ingots everytime ，and everyone know it.（ the introduction of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', Qing）.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 09:44, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Not only did "almost every scholar had a copy of ''A Dream of Red Mansions''" (the first volum of Essay by Pan Zhao, Qing Dynasty), but "Every household recited it, and all women and children knew it" (the sixth volum of ''Preliminary Article Games'' by Miu Liang, Qing Dynasty). In the upper class, the fashion of "If you don't talk about ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', you can read all the poems and books in vain" (''Bamboo Pole Poem in the Capital'' by De Yu, Qing Dynasty) emerged. The charm of A Dream of Red Mansions also made its commercial value increased greatly, "Those who are interested in it can get a lot of money by copying one of the books and selling it in the market. The information spread quickly." (the introduction of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', Qing Dynasty)--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 07:07, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==
至高鹗续写后四十回、由程伟元以活字正式出版完整的一百二十回本后，更出现了风行全国的盛况。时至今日，即使读不懂《红楼梦》的人，也都看过《红楼梦》电影或电视剧，对《红楼梦》的故事和人物无不耳熟能详。因此《红楼梦》已经不是普通的小说，而成为全民珍视的国宝了。

After Gao E continued to write the second forty chapters and Cheng Weiyuan officially published the complete one hundred and twenty chapters in movable type, the book became popular nationwide. To this day, even those who do not understand ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' have seen the movie or TV series versions, and are familiar with the story and characters of ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Therefore, ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no longer an ordinary novel, but a national treasure cherished by all.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 06:39, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
After Gao E continued to write the following forty chapters and Cheng Weiyuan officially published the complete one hundred and twenty chapters in movable type, the book became popular nationwide increasingly. To this day, even those who do not understand ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' have already seen the movie or TV series versions, and are familiar with the story and characters of it. Therefore, ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no longer an ordinary novel, but a national treasure cherished by all.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 08:37, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==
中国古代的文人墨客、传统学者、官僚士夫，无不鄙薄小说，最多被视为茶余饭后的谈资。唯独对《红楼梦》情有独钟，爱不释手。不仅百读不厌，而且像拜读经书般寻章摘句，眉批夹评，乐此不疲。
The ancient Chinese literats, traditional scholars, bureaucrats, all despised novels, and regarded them as after-dinner talk at most. But they only showed special preference to ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', and fondled admiringly. They not only tired of reading it, but also liked reading the Confucian classics as seeking remarkable passages and culling model sentences, making notes and commentaries, and always enjoying it.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 08:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The ancient Chinese literats, traditional scholars, bureaucrats, all despised novels, and regarded them as after-dinner talks at most. However, they only showed special preference to ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', and fondled admiringly. They not only weren't tired of reading it, but also liked reading the Confucian classics as seeking remarkable passages and culling model sentences, making notes and commentaries, and always enjoying it.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 14:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==
久而久之，居然形成了“红学”。“红学”由起初对《红楼梦》的单纯评点，逐步发展成为对《红楼梦》及其作者的全面考证与研究，最后更成立了红学会，出版研究刊物，势头似乎越来越盛。这不仅是中国小说史上绝无仅有的，也是中国文学史上极其罕见的现象。

As time passes, redology is actually formed. Redology was about pure comments to ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' in the beginning and it gradually developed as the comprehensive textual research and study in ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' and its author. Finally, we even established redologist institution and published research periodicals, the momentum of redology more and more flourishing. This phenomenon is not only unique in the history of Chinese novels, but extremely rare in the history of Chinese literature. --[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 05:29, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

As time passes, redology is unexpectedly formed. Redology came into mere comments to ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' in the beginning and it gradually developed as the comprehensive textual research and study of this work and its author. Finally, redologist institution was established to publish research periodicals with more flourishing tendency than ever. This phenomenon is not only unique in the history of Chinese novels, but extremely rare in the history of Chinese literature.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 11:49, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnà 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==
遗憾的是，“红学家”们对《红楼梦》的作者及其版本似乎偏爱有加，而对《红楼梦》的思想和艺术价值却缺乏足够的兴趣，因此考证作者和版本的文章和著作连篇累牍，而研究《红楼梦》思想和艺术价值的成果却寥若晨星。我认为这是本末倒置。一个作家的价值不在于其生平如何，而在于其作品的思想和艺术水平的高低；是作品决定作家的价值，而不是作家决定作品的价值。

Unfortunately, redologists ( who are specialists in A Dream of the Red Chamber) seemingly are partial to research on the writer and verison of this book, but are short of interest for it's thought and artistic value. And therefore there are a lot of articles and books about the former while very few about the latter. It seems to me that puts the cart before the horse. What a writer is worth lies in thoughts and artistic level in his/her works but not in his/her life story; and the value of a writer depends on his/her production, not vice versa.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 13:31, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Unfortunately, redologists ( who are specialists in A Dream of the Red Chamber) seem to prefer to research on the writer and versions of this book, but are short of interest in the thought and artistic value. And therefore there are a lot of articles and books about the former while very few about the latter. It seems to me that puts the cart before the horse. What a writer is worth lies in thoughts and artistic level in his/her works but not in his/her life story; and the value of a writer depends on his/her production, not vice versa.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:10, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==
读者对于作品的选择与评价，也只着眼于作品本身，而非作家本人。一部伟大的作品，即使作者佚名，也不影响其伟大，照样受到读者的追捧；相反，如果一个伟大作家偶然写了一部低劣的作品，读者也决不买账。因此“红学”的研究重点应该是《红楼梦》本身，而不是《红楼梦》作者。

Readers' choice and evaluation towards works is based on the works themselves, rather than the writers. As anonymous is the writer, the valued of a great work is definitely unlikely to be underestimated, which is still welcomed by the public. Likewise, readers cannot be attracted by the inferior work written by a great writer. Therefore, redology is supposed to focus on the context, instead of the writer Cao Xueqin--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:01, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Readers' choice and evaluation towards works is based on the works themselves, rather than the writers. As anonymous is the writer, the values of a great work are definitely unlikely to be underestimated, which is still popular with the public. Likewise, readers cannot be attracted by a low-quality work even written by a great writer occasionally. Therefore, redology is supposed to focus on the context, instead of the writer Cao Xueqin.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 09:02, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==
当然也应该了解作者，但目的只是为了有助于深入了解《红楼梦》，仅此而已。我认为要想深入研究《红楼梦》，首先必须完全读懂《红楼梦》。如果对《红楼梦》的文本只是一知半解，那么所谓研究，势必如医生不明病人的病情而乱开药方，不仅治不好病，倒可能致人于死命。

Certainly, we should also know the author, but the purpose is nothing more than to help us understand ''A Dream of Red Chamber'' in depth. I think that in order to make a further research on ''A Dream of the Red Chamber'', we must first have a thorough understanding of it. If we have only a sketchy knowledge of the text of ''A Dream of Red Chamber'', then the so-called research would definitely be like the prescriptions prescribed indiscriminately without knowing the patient's condition. Not only can it not cure the disease, but it may lead to death.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 13:53, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Certainly, we should also know about the author, but only with the purpose of deepening our understanding of the work. I think that further researches on ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' necessitate a thorough understanding of it. If we have only a sketchy knowledge of the text of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', then the so-called research would definitely be like the prescriptions written indiscriminately by a doctor unaware of the patient's condition. Not only can it not cure the disease, but it may lead to death. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 03:04, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==
《红楼梦》研究中的许多无谓争论，正是研究者没有读懂《红楼梦》或对《红楼梦》文本的不同理解所致。因此对《红楼梦》文本的注释，显然是《红楼梦》研究的基础工作。其次，当今的读者和观众虽然热衷于《红楼梦》，但真正能够全面深入理解《红楼梦》的人恐怕并不很多。

A great many arguments regarding the study of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', caused either by an incomplete understanding or different understandings of the text, are pointless. Therefore, it's apparent that annotating ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is a foundation work for its further study. Besides, though today's readers and audience are crazy about the book, I'm afraid that not many of them get to know it thoroughly. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 03:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Many unnecessary arguments in the study of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' are caused by the researchers' failure to understand ''A dream of Red Mansions'' or their different understandings of the text.Therefore, it's apparent that annotating ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is a foundation work for its further study. Besides, though today's readers and audience are crazy about the book, I'm afraid that not many of them get to know it thoroughly.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:14, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==
这是因为，《红楼梦》不是普通的白话小说，不是简单地为读者讲故事，不是为读者提供茶馀饭后的谈资，更不是为了赚稿费餬口（那时根本不存在稿费制度）。它不仅是一部反映封建社会的“百科全书”，而且作者还对人类共同关心的一些问题，如人生的目的、人性的善恶、爱情的真谛、宗教的精义等进行了探索。作品涉及的内容几乎无所不包，从至高无上的皇帝，到“芥豆之微”的细民，从国家的政治、军事、经济到百姓的日常生活，举凡天文、地理、动物、植物、建筑、服饰、医卜星相、琴棋书画等等，无不尽收笔底。

This is because ''a Dream of Red Mansions'' is not an ordinary vernacular novel. It is not simply a story for readers to read, not a topic for after-dinner conversation, or a way to earn a living (there was no contribution fee system at that time). It is not only an "encyclopedia" reflecting the feudal society, but also explores some common issues of human concern, such as the purpose of life, the good and evil of human nature, the true meaning of love, the essence of religion and so on. The works cover almost everything, from the supreme emperor to the ordinary people, from national politics, military affairs, economy to the daily life of the people, including astronomy, geography, animals, plants, architecture, clothing, medicine, astrology and practise divination, poetry and painting and so on, they're all in the book.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 13:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

It is because ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' is neither an ordinary novel in vernacular Chinese, nor a simple narrative or gossip for readers. The author wrote it not for remuneration for the system of remuneration for writters did not exist at that time. It is not only an "encyclopedia" reflecting the feudal society, but also an exploration of some issues of common concern to mankind, such as the purpose of life, the good and evil of human nature, the true meaning of love, and the essence of religion. It covers almost everything, from the supreme emperor to the plebeian as tiny as reed, and from the politics, military and economy of the country to the daily life of the people. It includes astronomy, geography, animals, plants, architecture, costumes, medicine, astrology, zither, chess, calligraphy and painting, and so on. --[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 11:48, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==
作者还调动了自己的全部才能和知识，汲取了前人的成果，撰写并引用了大量诗、词、曲、赋、歌、诔、谜语、酒令等，作为描写人物、叙述故事、揭示主题的艺术手段，从而成为作品的重要组成部分。这其中蕴藏着许多成语、典故和各种知识，现在的一般读者是很难读懂的。此外，由于曹雪芹以其家事为《红楼梦》的蓝本，且暴露了不少家丑，如秦可卿的淫荡乱伦等，因而大量采用了《春秋》笔法，即作者所谓将“真事隐去”，以“假语村言”的曲折方式进行暗示或隐寓，致使《红楼梦》扑朔迷离，迷雾重重。

The author also mobilized all his talents and knowledge and drew on the achievements of his predecessors, writing and quoting a large number of poems, lyrics, songs, eulogies, riddles and wine wager as artistic methods to describe characters, narrate stories and reveal themes, thus becoming an important part of the work. This contains many idioms, allusions and various kinds of knowledge that are difficult for the average readers to comprehend nowadays. In addition, Cao Xueqin used his family affairs as the blueprint for Dream of the Red Chamber and exposed many family scandals, such as Frivolity Grain's lewdness and incest. Cao, thus, adopted much of a writing style of ''Spring and Autumn Annals'', that is, the author's so-called "real things concealed", in the twisted way of "false words and village gossips", which has led to the ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' being puzzling and foggy.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:28, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The author also mobilized all his talents and knowledge and took results from his predecessors, writing and quoting a large number of poems, lyrics, songs, eulogies, riddles and wine wager as artistic methods to describe characters, narrate stories and reveal themes, thus becoming an important part of the work. The novel contains many idioms, allusions and various kinds of knowledge that are difficult for the average readers to comprehend nowadays. In addition, Cao Xueqin used his family affairs as the blueprint for ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' and exposed many family scandals, such as Qin Keqing's lewdness and incest. Cao, thus, frequently adopted a writing style of Spring and Autumn Annals, that is, the author's so-called "real things concealed", using the twisted way of "false words and village gossips" to hint and make it metaphorical which has led to ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' being puzzling and foggy.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 08:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==
因此帮助广大读者读懂《红楼梦》，也是《红楼梦》研究者义不容辞的责任。而要使读者读懂《红楼梦》，只作简单的文字注释不解决问题，必须加以详细注释，将隐藏于《红楼梦》字里行间的寓意一一揭示出来，才能完全展示《红楼梦》的本来面貌。我从学生时代起就期待这种《红楼梦》的详注本出现，一直等了半个世纪，可惜望眼欲穿而不见踪影。

Therefore, it is incumbent on researchers of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' to help numerous readers understand the novel. For this, problem can’t be solved simply by text annotations. What should do is to add detailed explanatory notes to discover the meanings implied in characters, which can fully show the way the book originally is. I have expected the appearance of this version with detailed annotations since I was a student. I’ve waited for half a century, but it never comes out.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 02:46, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, it is our researchers' duty to heip numerous readers understand A Dream in Red Mansions. To do that, simple text annotations are not enough. And detailed explanatory notes are needed to discover its implied meanings, which can fully show its characteristics. Waiting for half century, I have expected the apppearance of this version with detailed annotations since I was a student.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 01:49, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==
很显然，“红学家”的队伍虽然不断壮大，看来他们对这种注释工作似乎不屑一顾。于是我这个“红学”的门外汉便斗胆一试，结果试出了这个《红楼梦》校注本。我这是“人弃我取”，希望不至于冒犯任何人。

Obviously, the amount of redologists who are sepcalists in A Dream of Red Mansion was increasing. They seemed to pay no attention to annotate that book, but I, as a layman, took a chance and tried to make the annotation of A Dream of Red Mansion. I thought it was an attitude of doing the things others gave up, which would not offend anyone.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 13:52, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Obviously, the amount of redologists sepcalizing in A Dream of Red Mansion was increasing. They seemed to pay little attention to annotate that book, but I, as a layman, took a chance and tried to make the annotation of A Dream of Red Mansion. I thought it was an attitude of doing things others gave up, which I hope would not offend anyone.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==
如果能成为“引玉”之“砖”，即使要做“众矢之的”，招来“万箭攒射”，我也决不后悔，因为这也算是我对《红楼梦》读者的小小奉献了。下面仅就与校注工作有关的几个具体问题略作说明。

一、作者问题

If I can serve as a modest spur to induce someone to come forward with his valuable contributions, I will never regret even if I could be the target of public criticism. It is because that the annotation work is also my dedication to the readers of A Dream in Red Mansions. And I will explain a little about the specific questions in proofreading below. 1. The Question of Author--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 12:40, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

If I can become a "brick" for "inviting jade", even if I want to be "a target of all targets" and attract "a thousand arrows", I will never regret it, because this is also a small dedication to the readers of "A Dream of Red Mansions". The following is only a brief description of a few specific issues related to the proofreading work.
1. Author's question--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:06, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==
中国文学史中有两个突出现象：一是在封建时代得意并著名的文人不写小说；二是小说作品多不署名或只署化名。这完全是由封建统治者造成的。封建统治者的文学观是纯粹的政治功利主义，即所谓“文以载道”。

There are two outstanding phenomena in the history of Chinese literature: one is that famous and proud literati in the feudal era do not write novels; the other is that many novels do not sign or only sign pseudonyms. This is entirely caused by the feudal ruler. The feudal ruler’s literary view is pure political utilitarianism, that is, the so-called "writing is used to carry Tao".--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:03, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

There are two prominent phenomena in the history of Chinese Literature: first, the proud and famous literati in the feudal era did not write novels; Second, most novels are not signed or only signed by pseudonyms. This was entirely caused by the feudal rulers. The literary view of feudal rulers was pure political utilitarianism, that is, the so-called "literature carries Tao".--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 12:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==
他们认为小说不仅不能“载道”，而且往往“诲淫诲盗”，对封建统治构成威胁。因此不仅将小说排斥在正统文学之外，甚至常常以“禁毁”的方式加以扫荡。在文网森严及小说地位低贱的环境下，多数文人自然不敢或不屑从事小说的创作；而那些痴迷小说的作者也就不敢或不愿在小说作品上亮出自己的真名实姓。They faithfully believe that novels not only can not "educate citizens of Qing Dynasty", but also often be blessed with "obscenity and theft", which poses a threat to feudal rule.Therefore, novels are not only excluded from orthodox literature, but also often cleaned up in the way of "prohibition and destruction". In the social background of highly strict policy of Literary Network and low status of novels, most scholars naturally dare not or disdain to engage in novel creation; Those who are obsessed with novels are afraid or unwilling to show their real names in their novels.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 02:46, 10 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

They believed that novels not only can not "educate citizens of Qing Dynasty", but also often be blessed with "obscenity and theft", which poses a threat to feudal rule.Therefore, novels are not only excluded from orthodox literature, but also often cleaned up in the way of "prohibition and destruction". In the social background of highly strict policy of Literary Network and of low status of novels, most scholars naturally dare not or disdain to engage in novel creation; Those who are obsessed with novels are afraid or unwilling to sign their real names in their novels.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 13:18, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==
因此研究中国古代小说多了一项工作，即不得不对小说作者加以考证。《红楼梦》也不例外，它的作者连化名都未署一个。“红学家”们为了考证它的作者，不知耗费了多少精力和时间，然而由于史料不足，至今仍然众说纷纭,难以形成共识。

Therefore, there is one more task to study ancient Chinese novels, that is, we have to do textual research on the authors of the novels. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no exception. Its author does not even have a pseudonym. In order to do textual research on its author, the "redologists" spent a lot of energy and time. However, due to the lack of historical data, opinions are still varied and it is difficult to reach a consensus.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 01:57, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Therefore, there is one more task to study ancient Chinese novels, that is, we have to do textual research on the authors of the novels. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no exception, whose author does not even have a pseudonym. In order to do textual research on its author, the "redologists" spent a lot of energy and time. However, due to the lack of historical data, opinions are still varied and it is difficult to reach a consensus.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 06:39, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==
据我个人所知，至少就有七种说法：其一为“曹作高续”说。即认为曹雪芹写到八十回而去世，并可能留下了后四十回的某些提纲以及部分书稿；高鹗根据曹雪芹的这些提纲、书稿以及前八十回中的许多暗示，还可能参考了其他人的续作，完成了后四十回的创作，并对前八十回加以修订，从而使《红楼梦》成为完璧。
As far as I am concerned, there are at least seven sayings: one of which is that ''Dream of Red Mansions'' was written by Cao Xueqin and then finished by Gao. The saying means that Cao passed away and left some outline and manuscripts of the latter fourth chapters when the former eighty chapters was finished. Then, Gao finished the latter forty chapters and reviewed the former eighty chapters, according to some outlines, manuscripts and clues made by Cao, referring to other sequels. Finally, ''Dream of Red Mansion'' was finished. --[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 06:27, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

As far as I am concerned, there are at least seven sayings: one of which is that ''Dream of Red Mansions'' was written by Cao Xueqin and then finished by Gao. The saying means that Cao had passed away and left some outline and manuscripts of the latter fourth chapters while the former eighty chapters was finished. Then, Gao finished the latter forty chapters and reviewed the former eighty chapters, according to some outlines, manuscripts and clues made by Cao, referring to other sequels. Finally, ''Dream of Red Mansion'' was finished.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 13:04, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==
其二为“曹作程续高订”说。即认为前八十回的作者是曹雪芹，后四十回的作者是程伟元，高鹗只是参加了全书的修订工作。其三为“曹作高续程订”说。即认为前八十回的作者是曹雪芹，后四十回的作者是高鹗，程伟元则对曹雪芹的前八十回加以修订。

The second is the theory of "Cao came to write, Cheng continued to write, Gao to revise". That is, the author of the first 80 chapters is Cao Xueqin, the author of the last 40 chapters is Cheng Weiyuan, and Gao E only participated in the revision of the whole book. The third is the theory of "Cao came to write, Gao continued to write, Cheng to revise". That is, the author of the first 80 chapters is Cao Xueqin, the author of the last 40 chapters is Gao E, and Cheng Weiyuan revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 12:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The second statement said that "Started by Cao, completed by Chen, and revised by Gao". That’s to say, the first 80 chapters were written by Cao Xueqin, the last 40 chapters were written by Cheng Weiyuan, and Gao E only revised the whole book. The third statement said that "Started by Cao, completed by Gao, and revised by Chen". That’s to say, the first 80 chapters were written by Cao Xueqin, the last 40 chapters were written by Gao E, and Cheng Weiyaun made revisions to the first 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 11:56, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==
其四为“曹作某续高订”说。即认为在程伟元和高鹗之前，已有人为曹雪芹的未完稿续写完全，程伟元将搜集到的抄本交由高鹗修订，然后刊行。其五为“曹作程高修订”说。

The fourth statement said that “Started by Cao, completed by someone, and revised by Gao”. That's to say, before Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E, there was someone who completed Cao Xueqin's unfinished writing. Then, Cheng Weiyuan collected this hand-copied version and provided it for Gao E to revise, and afterwards ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' was published . The fifth statement said that “Started by Cao, and revised by both Cheng and Gao ”.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 08:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The fourth statement said that "This masterpiece is started by Cao, completed by someone, and revised by Gao". That's to say, before Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E, there was someone who completed Cao Xueqin's unfinished work. Then, Cheng Weiyuan collected these hand-copied drafts and offered them to Gao E to revise, and afterwards ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' was published. The fifth statement noted that "It was started by Cao, and revised by both Cheng and Gao".--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:52, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==
即认为曹雪芹已经完成了《红楼梦》全书，只是未遑修饰而去世，后由程伟元和高鹗共同修订并刊行。其六为“叔作侄订”说。即认为《红楼梦》的原作者是曹雪芹的叔父曹頫，也就是给《红楼梦》加批的“脂砚斋”；曹雪芹只是对它“披阅十载，增删五次”。

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', while as a result of his death it was not polished by himself, but co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. Sixly, rumar had it that this classic was the common product of the uncle and the nephew. That was to say, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the very one that added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just played the role of repeatedly revising it.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:55, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions''. As a result of his death it was not published by himself. However, co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. Rumar had it that this classic was the common product of the uncle and the nephew. Which shows, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the only one who added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just repeatedly revised it.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:35, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 22:31, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', but died before he could polish it. As a result, the draft was co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. The sixth opinion is that this classic is the common product of the uncle and the nephew. That's to say, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the very one that added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just played the role of repeatedly revising it.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 15:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==
其七为“某作曹订”说。即认为《红楼梦》的原作者是个与曹家毫不相干的无名氏，曹雪芹只是个修订者。“红学家”对《红楼梦》作者的意见分歧，使出版者无所适从，因而造成了新版《红楼梦》署名的混乱：或只署曹雪芹，或并署曹雪芹、高鹗，或干脆不署名。

The seventh opinion is that “a certain author, Cao revised”. That is to say, the original author of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is an anonymous person who has no relation with Cao’s family, and Cao Xueqin is only the reviser. The different opinions among the “redologists” about the author of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' caused the publishers not to know what to do. The new versions are therefore in confusion: some signed Cao Xueqin alone, some signed Cao Xueqin and Gao E together, and some signed nothing at all.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 09:40, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The seventh opinion is that “a certain author, Cao revised”. That is to say, the original author of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' was an anonymous person who had no relation with the Cao’s, and Cao Xueqin was only a reviser. The different opinions among the “redologists” about the author of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' caused the publishers not to know what to do. The new versions are therefore in confusion: some signed Cao Xueqin alone, some signed Cao Xueqin and Gao E together, and some signed nothing at all. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 11:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==
由于我对这个问题缺乏专门研究，只能在以上七种说法中加以选择。我认为这七种说法都有一定的根据，均非空穴来风。但相比之下，第一种说法的证据更为充分，也得到了学界的普遍认可，因此仍将曹雪芹和高鹗作为《红楼梦》的共同作者。

Because of a lack of specialized research to this question, I had to select from the seven statements above. I thought that the seven statements were of certain basis. However, with comparison, the evidence of first statement was more sufficient, and was largely approved by the academic circles. So, Cao Xueqin and Gao E were still regarded as the co-author of ''the Dream of the Red Chamber''. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 01:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Being lacking in specialized research to this question, I had to select from the above seven versions . I thought that they were of certain basis. However, with comparison, the first statement was more credible, and was largely approved by the academic circles. So, Cao Xueqin and Gao E were still regarded as the co-author of ''the Dream of the Red Chamber''.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:57, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==
至于这种说法的具体根据，以及两作者的生平，已见于不少专文，这里不再赘述。

二、版本问题

由于《红楼梦》创作过程和流传过程的特殊性，造成了《红楼梦》版本的复杂性。
We will not describe more about the specific reason of this opinion and lives of the two authors because a lot of scholars have discussed it.
二、Version problem
The unique process of creating and circulating A Dream in Red Mansions leads to such complicated versions of it.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:52, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

As well as the life of the two authors, has been seen in a number of articles, here will not be repeated.
Second, the version of the problem because of the "Dream of Red Mansions" creative process and the special nature of the process of circulation, resulting in the "Dream of Red Mansions" version of the complexity.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:36, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

而《红楼梦》版本的复杂性，又迫使我们不得不有所选择。《红楼梦》的创作和流传过程可以分为四个阶段：其一是曹雪芹的创作阶段。虽然曹雪芹自称“披阅十载，增删五次”，其实由于他溘然而逝，只留下了一部《红楼梦》的未完稿和未定稿。

The complexity of the version of a Dream of Red Mansions forces us to make choices. The creation and spread of a Dream of Red Mansions can be divided into four stages: one is Cao Xueqin Autor's creation stage. Although Cao Xueqin Autor, claimed that "reading for ten years, adding and deleting five times", in fact, because of his death, leaving only a dream of red Mansions unfinished and unfinished.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 08:59, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 13:16, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
The complexity of the version of a ''dream of Red Mansions'' forces us to choose. The creation and spread of the ''dream of Red Mansions'' can be divided into four stages: one is the creation stage of Cao Xueqin Autor. Although Cao Xueqin Autor claimed to "read for ten years, add and delete five times", in fact, due to his death, only one unfinished and undecided version of a dream of Red Mansions was left.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 14:16, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==
他只完成了八十回，约相当于全书的三分之二。他不仅未对这八十回的书稿进行修订润色，而且还有不少待补的缺文。以“红学家”认为最好的版本“庚辰本”为例：第十七、十八两回合用一套回目，第十九回没有回目；第二十二回写荣国府作灯谜游戏，“此回未成而芹逝矣”(脂砚斋批语)，以至不仅缺了主要人物贾宝玉、林黛玉和史湘云的灯谜，而且本回还有不少其他缺文；如此等等。
He completed only eighty times, about two-thirds of the book. Not only did he leave the eighty drafts unrevised, but there was still much to be done. To the researcher of a dream of Red Mansions that the best version of the "gengchen Ben" as an example: the 17th, 18th round with a set of return, the 19th back no return; The twenty-second time to write rongguo Mansion for lantern riddle game, the chapter is unfinished but Cao Xueqin is dead (the ink stone lent comments), so that not only the lack of lantern riddles of the main characters Precious Jade Merchant , Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History, and this time there are many other lack of text; And so on.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 05:26, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

He completed only eighty chapters, about two-thirds of the whole book. Not only did he leave the eighty drafts unrevised and unpolished, but there was still much missing pages to be filled. Take the “Gengchen Version” as an example, which was considered the best version by Redology scholars, the 17th, 18th chapters kept the same content and the 19th had no content; The chapter 22, which was about Rongguo Mansion' lantern riddle game, was unfinished before Cao Xueqin passed away. (comments from the Ink Stone Lent), so that there was not only a lack of lantern riddles of the main characters Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History, but also many other contents, and so on.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 06:53, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==
其二是曹雪芹《红楼梦》八十回本的传抄阶段，其间大约近三十年。由于抄书速度很慢，《红楼梦》的篇幅又很长，要想在短时间内抄完一部，需集多人之手。故多为达官显宦之家雇佣抄手，集体完成。

The second lay in the transmission and copying stage of 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin's ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', which lasted about 30 years. Due to the slow speed of copying and the long length of the novel, it required cooperation in order to scribe it done in a short time. Therefore it was the noble officials anddignitaries who often hired scribes to do the task together.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 06:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

The second stage is the transmission and copying of 80 chapters of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' written by Cao Xueqin, which lasted about 30 years. Due to the slow speed of copying and the long length of the novel, it required cooperation in order to finish it in a short time. Therefore it was the noble officials and dignitaries who often hired scribes to do the task together.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 05:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==
又因它是一部未完稿和未定稿，抄手便自觉或不自觉地加以增删修改；而抄手大多水平不高，且良莠不齐，鲁鱼亥豕，在所难免。从而导致大量异文乃至讹误的产生。其三是高鹗和程伟元续写后四十回并对全书进行修订和刊行的阶段。

And because it was an unfinished and undecided manuscript, the scribes consciously or unconsciously added, deleted and modified it. Most scribes lacked skills and the level of copying varied in quality. Accordingly, it was inevitable that clerical errors occurred, which led to a large number of variant versions of the book and even misinterpretations in the text. The third was the stage when Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan wrote a continuation of 40 chapters for ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', revised and published the whole book.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 13:29, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

And because it was an unfinished and undecided manuscript, the copywriters consciously or unconsciously added, deleted or modified it; Because most copywriters lacked skills and their level of copying varied in quality.so it was inevitable that led to a large number of different texts and even errors in the text. The third was the stage when E Gao and Weiyuan Cheng continued to write the last 40 chapters of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'',revised and published the whole book. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:47, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==
其间又可分为四段：首先由程伟元对各种《红楼梦》抄本加以搜集(其中可能包括无名氏续写的书稿)；其次由高鹗续写后四十回，并对前八十回进行大量修订(程伟元也可能参与了修订工作)；又次由程伟元于乾隆五十六年（公元1791年）用活字排印出版一百二十回本，后来被胡适先生命名为“程甲本”；次年由高鹗和程伟元对“程甲本”加以修订再版，后来又被胡适先生命名为“程乙本”。据说还有“程丙本”，如今已经不知下落，据个别看过的人说，较之“程乙本”改动甚少，因而可以置之不论。

It can be divided into four periods: firstly,Weiyuan Cheng collected various transcripts of ''A Dream of Red Mansions ''(including the manuscripts of a sequel written by anonymous authors); Secondly,E Gao continued to write the last 40 chapters and made a lot of revisions to the first 80 chapters (Weiyuan Cheng may also had participated in the revision work); thirdly, another 120 copies were printed and published by Weiyuan Cheng in movable type in the 56th year of the Emperor of Qianlong (AD 1791), which was later named "Cheng Jia Edition" by Mr.Shi Hu;Lastly, in the following year, E Gao and Weiyuan Cheng revised and republished the "Cheng Jia Edition", which was later named "Cheng Yi Ben" by Mr.Shi Hu. It is said that there is also "Cheng bing Edition", which is unknown now. According to someone who have seen it, there are few changes compared with "Cheng Yi Edition", so it can be set aside. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:22, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

It can be divided into four stages: in the first stage, Cheng Weiyuan collected all kinds of transcripts of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (including the manuscripts of a sequel written by unknown authors); Secondly, Gao E continued the last 40 chapters and made a lot of revisions to the first 80 ones (Cheng Weiyuan may also had participated in the revision work); thirdly, another 120 copies were printed and published by Cheng Weiyuan in movable type in the 56th year under the reign of the emperor Qianlong (AD 1791), which were later named "Cheng Jia (the first) Editions" by Hu Shi; Lastly, in the following year, Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan revised and republished the "Cheng Jia Edition", which was later named "Cheng Yi (the second) Edition" by Hu Shi. It is said that there was also "Cheng Bing (the third) Edition", which now has no whereabouts. According to someone who had once read it, compared with "Cheng Yi Edition", there were so few changes that it could be set aside.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:11, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==
其四是《红楼梦》刊本的流传阶段。此段从程伟元的活字本问世开始，直到现在。在刊本出现后，虽然由于某些人的爱好或习惯，仍有抄本流传，但已是强弩之末，不成气候，而刊本的流传却如燎原之势，席卷全国。

The fourth period is the circulation of the printed versions of ''a Dream of Red Mansions''. This stage has been going on since Cheng Weiyuan's movable printed editions were published. After these versions appeared, though transcripts were still spreading due to some people's hobbies or habits, it was like a spent arrow and no longer had great influence, while the printed versions spread and swept like fire through the country.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 14:22, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The fourth period is the circulation of the printed versions of ''a Dream of Red Mansions''. This stage start from cheng Weiyuan's movable type book came out and until now. After the publication appeared, although due to some people's hobbies or habits, it was like a spent arrow and no longer had great influence, while the printed versions spread and swept like fire through the country.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 07:00, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==
《红楼梦》如此特殊的创作和流传过程，导致了《红楼梦》的“三多”现象：版本多，异文多，讹误多。幸运的是，近几十年来，这些版本不仅不断被发现，而且陆续被影印出版，从而使我们得以大饱眼福。仅就我个人视野所及，即有十二种版本，而且五花八门：或名《石头记》(5种)，或名《红楼梦》(7种)；或为抄本(10种)，或为刊本(2种)；或为八十回系统(8种，其中6种为残本)，或为一百二十回系统(4种)。

The special creation and dissemination process of A Dream of Red Mansions leads to the phenomenon of "three many" : many versions, many different texts and many errors. Fortunately, in recent decades, these editions have not only been discovered, but photocopied and published, so that we can feast our eyes on them. As far as I can see, there are twelve versions, and they are diverse，named as "The Story of the Stone" (five versions) or "A Dream of Red Mansions" (seven versions). Some are codex (10 kinds) and some are periodical (2 kinds); Some are 80 chapter system (8 types, 6 of which are incomplete) and some are 120 chapter system (4 types).--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 06:53, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

The special creation and dissemination process of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' led to a phenomenon called "three many": many editions, many variants and many errors. Fortunately, in recent decades, these editions have not only been discovered, but successively photocopied and published, which greatly regale us. As far as I know, there are twelve editions in great diversity. Some are titled ''The Story of the Stone'' (five editions), or ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (seven editions); some are hand-copied (10 editions), while some printed (8 including 6 incomplete editions); some are composed of 80 chapters, while some others 120 chapters.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 13:17, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==
《红楼梦》的众多版本，对于研究者是极有价值的，它们可以帮助研究者分析《红楼梦》的创作过程和流传过程，并进行比较研究。但对于普通读者来说，如此眼花缭乱的版本，犹如坠入五里雾中，使他们无从选择。因此《红楼梦》的研究者有义务为他们提供一个最好的版本。

The various versions of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' have enormous value to researchers. They can be helpful to researchers in analyzing the processes of creation and dissemination, and facilitating comparative studies. However, for common readers, such a dazzling array of versions might leave them with a foggy head and unable to decide. Therefore, researchers are obliged to offer the best version. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 06:09, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
The various versions of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' are valuable to researchers, which can helpful to them in analyzing the processes of creation and dissemination of the book, as well as working on comparative studies. However, it would be confusing and indeterminable for the general readers when facing with such a dazzling array of versions. It’ s therefore incumbent upon researchers to offer the best version.
--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 14:32, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==
况且为了很好地保存这笔珍贵的文化遗产，也必须确立一种《红楼梦》的最好版本。那么哪一种版本是《红楼梦》的最好版本呢？答案就是“程乙本”。鉴于至今仍有“红学家”对高鹗续写的《红楼梦》后四十回既持否定态度，又在出版《红楼梦》时不得不用它与曹雪芹的前八十回相配为完整的一百二十回本，我在这里必须首先对高续后四十回的价值略作说明。

Moreover, in order to preserve this precious cultural heritage, it is also necessary to establish the best version of ''Dream of the Red Chamber''. So which is the best version? The answer is "Cheng Yi Ben". Since, when publishing ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', there are still "Redologists" who have a negative attitude towards Gao E 's subsequent writing of the later forty chapters of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', and who had to use Gao‘ s creation in conjunction with Cao Xueqin's first eighty chapters as the complete one—hundred and twenty chapters, I must first give a brief explanation of the value of Gao's continuation of the later forty chapters.--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 07:18, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Moreover，it is also necessary to establish the best version of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' to preserve this precious cultural heritage.So which one is the best version of it？The answer is "Cheng Yi Ben".Since there is still opposition against the forty chapters wrote by Gao E，the “master of the Dream of the Red Chamber，while it is a must to combine them and the eighty chapters wrote by Cao Xueqin to form an integral book which has one hundred and twenty chapters，I must briefly introduce the value of the forty chapters wrote by Gao E--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 08:46, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==
率先冲破评点派和索隐派而从中国小说发展史的角度客观评价高鹗续书的是胡适先生。他在1921年11月12日定稿的《〈红楼梦〉考证》（见1923年亚东图书馆版《胡适文存》）中说：我们平心而论，高鹗补的四十回，虽然比不上前八十回，也确然有不可埋没的好处。他写司棋之死，写鸳鸯之死，写妙玉的遭遇，写凤姐的死，写袭人的嫁，都是很有精采的小品文字。
The man who first transcend the groups of criticizing and objectively comment the continuation of Gao E from the perspective of the history of the development of Chinese novels is Hu Shi.He said in his 《Test of the Dream of the red mansions》finalised in 1921，12th November that：“To be honest，Gao E’s supplementary forty chapters，though not comparable to the original eighty chapters，still boast their own outstanding merits.For instance，he wrote the death of Si Qi，of Yuan Yang，of Feng Jie，the encounter of Miao Yu and the marriage of Xi Ren，are all excellent facetious words.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 12:08, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

It was Mr. Hu Shi who firstly made a breakthrough between “Pingdian Group” and “Suoying Group” and objectively evaluated Gao E’s continuation from the perspective of Chinese novel’s history. In ''A Textual Research on A Dream of Red Mansions'' finalized on November 12, 1921 (''Hu Shi’s Article Archive'', Yadong Library Edition, 1923), he said, “To be fair, the following forty episodes written by Gao E certainly have undeniable charm although not as good as the previous eighty. He ended Siqi’s life with death, wrote about the death of Yuanyang, the suffering of Miaoyu, Sister Feng’s demise and the marriage of Xiren, all of which are really brilliant sketches. --[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 06:31, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==
最可注意的是这些人都写作悲剧的下场。还有那最重要的“木石前盟”一件公案，高鹗居然忍心害理的教黛玉病死，教宝玉出家，作一个大悲剧的结束，打破了中国小说的团圆迷信。这一点悲剧的眼光，不能不令人佩服。

It is noteworthy that all these people wrote about tragic endings, expecially th most important case of " Wood and Stone's Previous Oath". In the novel, Gao E auturally had the heart to leave Daiyu to die of illness and Baoyu to become a monk. He made it ended up as a great tragedy and broke the routine of "reunion superstition" in traditional Chinese novels, which could not be more admirable from the tragic perspective.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 05:00, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

It is most noteworthy that all these characters are created with tragic endings. And as regards the most important case --- "The Pledge in front of Wood and Stone", in the novel, the author Gao E actually ended Mascara Jade Forest's (Lin Daiyu's) life with death resulting from illness and left Precious Jade Merchant (Jia Baoyu) to become a monk. Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' with a tragical epilogue so as to break the superstition that Chinese novels routinely end in happy reunion. In this sense, Gao E's tragic perspective deserves admiration and praise.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 08:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==
我们试看高鹗以后，那许多续《红楼梦》和补《红楼梦》的人，那一个不是想把黛玉、晴雯都从棺材里扶出来，重新配给宝玉？那一个不是想做一部“团圆”的《红楼梦》的？我们这里退一步想，就不能不佩服高鹗的补本了。我们不但佩服，还应该感谢他，因为他这部悲剧的补本……居然打倒了后来无数的团圆《红楼梦》，居然替中国保存了一部有悲剧下场的小说！

As we can see, after Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (which was left unfinished by the previous author Cao Xueqin), many of those who wrote this work continually or supplementarily were all eager to save Mascars Jade Forest (Lin Daiyu) and Sunny Cloud Formation (Qing Wen), who died and lay in coffin, and then to betroth them to Precious Jade Merchant (Jia Baoyu). And these writers all had the desire to end the story in a warm reunion. On second thought, we cannot but have a high opinion of Gao E's supplementary version ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Arguably, not only should we admire but show gratitude for him, on the grounds that, his edition packed with tragic color is unexpectedly more laudatory than those with happy endings, actually preserving a novel with the tragical epilogue in China.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 07:35, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

As we can see, after Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (which was left unfinished by the previous author Cao Xueqin), many of those who wrote this work continually or supplementarily were all eager to save Lin Daiyu and Qing Wen (or Sunny Cloud Formation), who died and lay in coffin, and then to betroth them to Jia Baoyu (or Precious Jade Merchant). Which writer did not want to create "A Dream of the Red mansion" with a reunion ending? On second thought, we cannot but have a high opinion of Gao E's supplementary version ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Arguably, not only should we admire but show gratitude for him, on the grounds that, his edition packed with tragic color is unexpectedly more laudatory than those with happy endings, actually preserving a novel with the tragical epilogue in China.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 12:33, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==
几乎与胡适同时，俞平伯先生也对高鹗的续书予以专章论述。他在1923年亚东图书馆出版的《红楼梦辨·论续书底不可能》中说：从高鹗以下，百馀年来，续《红楼梦》的人如此之多，但都是失败的……我以为凡书都不能续，不但《红楼梦》不能续；凡续书的人都失败，不但高鹗诸人失败而已。
Almost at the same time as Hu Shi, Mr. Yu Pingbo also devoted a chapter to the continuation of Gao E's book. He said in the "A Dream of the Red Mansion - the impossibility of the continuation of the book" published by the Yadong Library in 1923: From Gao E down, more than a hundred years, so many people have renewed the "A Dream of the Red Mansion", but they all failed ...... I think all books can not be renewed, not only the "A Dream of the Red Mansion" can not be renewed; all the people who renewed the book failed, not only Gao E and others failed.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 12:27, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Almost at the same time as Hu Shi, Mr. Yu Pingbo also devoted a comment chapter to the continuation of Gao E. He said in the "A Dream of the Red Mansion - the impossibility of the continuation of the book" published by the Yadong Library in 1923: Since Gao E, more than a hundred years, so many people have renewed the "A Dream of the Red Mansion", but they all failed ... I think all books can not be renewed, not only the "A Dream of the Red Mansion" is in the case; all the people who renewed books failed, not only Gao E and others did.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==
因此他的结论是：高鹗诸人续写的《红楼梦》都是“狗尾续貂”。俞先生“凡书都不能续”、“凡续书的人都失败”的说法未免武断，至少措辞不够严谨。事实上，成功的续书并非没有，只是不多。

Therefore, his conclusion is: The continuations of "The Dream of Red Mansions" written by the Gao E and others are all "wretched sequels to a masterpiece." Mr. Yu’s statement that “every book cannot be continued” and “everyone who renews a book fails” is a bit too arbitrary, at least the wording is not rigorous enough. In fact, successful continuations do exist, but are not substantial.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:29, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

He therefore concludes that the sequels to Dream of the Red Chamber written by the Gao Ospreys are all "dog tails on a marten", which means a wretched sequels to a masterpiece. Mr. Yu's statement that "all books cannot be renewed" and "all those who renew books will fail" is arbitrary, or at least not carefully worded. In fact, successful continuations do exist, but are not substantial.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 23:35, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==
且不说成功的学术著作不乏范例，就是小说作品的续书也有成功的。譬如清代陈忱的《水浒后传》、近代吴趼人的《新石头记》，就都是别开生面之作。不过俞先生毕竟是严肃的学者，尽管他对高鹗的续书很不满意，却对高鹗的功绩予以肯定。

Not to mention that there is no shortage of examples of successful scholarly works, there are also successful sequels to works of fiction. For example, Chen Chen's ''The Afterlife of Water Margin'' in the Qing dynasty and Wu Jianren's ''The New Story of the Stone'' in the modern era are both original works. But Mr. Yu, after all, was a serious scholar, and although he was dissatisfied with Gao E's sequel, he acknowledged Gao's merits.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 23:25, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Not to mention that there is no shortage of successful examples of scholarly works, there are also successes in sequels to works of fiction. For example, Chen Chen's ''The Afterlife of Water Margin'' in the Qing dynasty and Wu Jianren's ''The New Story of the Stone'' in the modern era are both original works in new forms. But Mr. Yu, after all, was a serious scholar, and although he was dissatisfied with Gao E's sequel, he acknowledged Gao's merits.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 09:06, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==
他在《红楼梦辨·后四十回底批评》中说：高鹗以审慎的心思，正当的态度来续《红楼梦》；他宁可失之于拘泥，不敢失之于杜撰。其所以失败：一则因《红楼梦》本非可以续补的书，二则因高鹗与曹雪芹个性相差太远，便不自觉地相违远了。处处去追寻作者，而始终赶他不上，以致迷途；这是他失败时底光景。

He said in the ''Defense of The Dream of Red Mansion: the criticism of the last forty chapters'': “GaoE continued writing The Dream of Red Mansion with his prudent intention and serious attitude; He would rather make it up than adhere to it. There are two reasons for the failure of his version. The first is that the book itself is not a book that can be continued writing. The other is GaoE’ s character is different far from Cao Xueqin’sw which naturally lead to his misconception about this book. He tried his best to catch the main points of Cao Xueqin whereas he even couldn’t see the back of Cao Xueqin resulting in the wrong path. This is his background of failure.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 08:11, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

He said in the '' Defense of A Dream of Red Mansions: the criticism of the last forty chapters '': “Gao E continued writing '' A Dream of Red Mansions '' with his prudent intention and serious attitude; He would rather rigidly adhere to the content than fabricate some details. There are two reasons for the failure of his version. The first is that this novel itself is not the one that can be continued writing. The other is that Gao E’ s character is different far from Cao Xueqin’s which naturally lead to very distinct characteristics in this novel. He tried his best to catch the main points of Cao Xueqin whereas he even couldn’t see the back of Cao Xueqin resulting in the wrong path. This is the reason of his failure.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 13:28, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==
至于混四十回于八十回中，就事论事，是一种过失；就效用影响而论，是一种功德；混合而论是功多罪少。“失败了，光荣地失败了！”是我对于高鹗底赞扬和指斥。俞先生在晚年对高鹗的续书给予更多的肯定，认为高鹗的续书使残缺的《红楼梦》成为完璧，是一大功劳。

As for adding forty chapters to the original eighty chapters, sticking to the facts, it is actually a demerit. However, it can be a kind of merits and virtues in terms of utility effect. With regarding to several aspects, and his merits can more than wipe out his faults. “Failed, gloriously failed!”It's my praise and rebuke to Gao E. In the later years of Mr. Yu, he gave more recognition to Gao E’sequel, believing that Gao E’ sequel made the fragmentary ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' a complete story which was a great credit.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 13:25, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

As for mixing the forty chapters to the original eighty chapters, actually it is a kind of negligence in terms of facts; in terms of effectiveness and influence, it is a kind of merit; in terms of mixing, it is more meritorious and less sinful. "Failed, failed gloriously!" I praised and reprimanded Gao E. In his later years, Mr. Yu gave more affirmation to Gao E’s sequel, and believed that Gao E’ s sequel made the incomplete ''Dream of Red Mansions'' a great achievement.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 05:16, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==
鲁迅先生也对高鹗的续书予以肯定，只是对书末贾府的“复振”表示遗憾。他在《中国小说史略》（1923、1924年由北京大学新潮社分上下册出版，1925年由北京北新书局合为一册出版）第二十四篇中说：后四十回虽数量止初本之半，而大故迭起，破败死亡相继，与所谓“食尽鸟飞独存白地”者颇符，惟结束又复振。

Lu Xun also gave a approval to the sequel of the book by Gao E, but regretted the “revitalization” part of Merchant’s mansion at the end of the book. He claimed in Chapter 24 of ''Chinese Novel Outline History''(In 1923 and 1924, published in two volumes by the New Trend Union of Peking University, and in 1925, published in one volume by Beixin Publishing House in Beijing) that although the latter forty chapters is only half of the original version in quantity, there are great changes, ups and downs, and dilapidated deaths one after another, which is very consistent with the so-called “eating all birds and flying alone in the white land”, but it ends and vibrates again.
--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 09:14, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Lu Xun also affirmed Gao E’s sequel, and just expressed regret for the “revitalization” of Merchant Mansion at the end of the book. He claimed in chapter 24 of Chinese Novel Outline History(In 1923 and 1924, published in two volumes by the New Trend Union of Peking University, and in 1925, published in one volume by Beixin Publishing House in Beijing) that although the last forty chapters are only half of the original version in quantity, events occurred constantly and loss and death were in succession, which was quite consistent with the statement “birds ate and flew, then left the bleak place”. But it was a pity that the sequel ended in revitalization. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 00:58, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==
以上三位权威学者对高鹗续书的评价不尽相同，但有两点共识：高鹗的后四十回逊于曹雪芹的前八十回，但他完成了曹雪芹的未竟之业，使残缺的《红楼梦》成为完璧；尤其打破了中国传统小说的“团圆迷信”，使《红楼梦》成为中国小说史上首部悲剧小说，这在中国小说发展史上是一个伟大创举。我认为三位先生的这两点共识是客观公正的，是高见卓识。

The above three authoritative scholars hold various comments on Gao E’s sequel, sharing two points of consensus. One the one hand, Gao E’s last forty chapters are inferior to Cao Xueqin’s first eighty counterparts, but he has completed Cao’s unfinished work, rendering A Dream in Red Mansions perfect. On the other hand, in particular, Gao E breaks the routine of “reunion superstition”in traditional Chinese novels and makes A Dream in Red Mansions the first tragic writing in the past records of Chinese novels, which is a great pioneering work in the history of Chinese novel development. As far as I am concerned, these two points proposed by the three respected scholars are objective, fair and insightful. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 14:23, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The above three authoritative scholars hold various comments on Gao E’s sequel, but sharing two points of consensus. One the one hand, Gao E’s last forty chapters are inferior to Cao Xueqin’s first eighty counterparts, but he has completed Cao’s unfinished work, rendering the incomplete ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' complete. On the other hand, in particular, Gao E breaks the routine of “reunion superstition”in traditional Chinese novels and makes ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' become the first tragic writing in the past records of Chinese novels, which is a great pioneering work in the history of Chinese novel development. As far as I am concerned, these two points proposed by the three respected scholars are objective, fair and insightful.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:49, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==
晚近的某些“新红学家”尽管对高鹗大加挞伐，却无法推翻三位先生的这两点共识；最多只能进一步证明高鹗的续书比不上曹雪芹的原作，而不能抹煞高鹗续书的这两大功绩。我们可以设想，如果没有高鹗的续书，只能有两种结果：一是我们只能看到一部残缺不全的《红楼梦》，犹如只能欣赏一只断尾巴的孔雀；二是我们只能看到《红楼复梦》、《红楼圆梦》之类下三流续作，使《红楼梦》跳不出“团圆”小说的窠臼。

Although some recent "new Redologists" criticized Gao E drastically, they could not overturn the consensus of the three gentlemen; at most, they could only further prove that Gao E's sequel is not comparable to Cao Xueqin's original, rather than erase the two achievements of Gao E's renewal. We can imagine that if we have no Gao E's sequel, there can only be two results: one is that we can only see an incomplete ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', like only enjoying a peacock with a broken tail, the other is that we can only see ''A Dream of Red Mansions Again'', ''A Dream of Red Mansions Reunion'' and other renewals that are third-classs, which makes ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' cannot jump out of the mold of "reunion" novel.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:45, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 16:25, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Although some recent “new Redologists” criticized Gao E drastically, they could not overturn the two consensuses of the three gentlemen; they could only further prove that Gao E's sequel is not comparable to Cao Xueqin's original, rather than obliterate the two achievements of Gao E's continuation. We can imagine that, without Gao E's sequel, there would be only two results: one is that we could only see an incomplete ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', as if we could only appreciate a peacock with a broken tail, the other is that we can only see such third-rate sequels like ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' Again, ''A Dream of Red Mansions Reunion'', making ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' cannot jump out of the set pattern of "reunion" novel. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 06:17, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==
因此，不仅我们应该感谢高鹗，如果曹雪芹地下有知，也会视高鹗为知己。胡适等三位先生论证了高鹗的两大功绩，就等于完全肯定了完整的一百二十回的《红楼梦》。但完整的《红楼梦》有两种版本，即“程甲本”和“程乙本”，两者的出版时间仅隔一年左右。

Therefore, not only should we be grateful to Gao E, if Cao Xueqin was alive and knew about it, he would also regard Gao E as a confidant. Hu Shi and other three gentlemen demonstrated Gao E’s three achievements, which was equivalent to confirming the complete 120 chapters of a Dream of Red Mansions. However, there are two versions of the complete work, namely the “Cheng A edition” and “Cheng B edition”, whose publishing interval was only about one year. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 15:35, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Hu Shi and other three gentlemen demonstrated gao e's two great achievements, which is equivalent to confirming the complete 120 chapters of a Dream of Red Mansions. However, there are two versions of the complete work, namely the "Cheng Jiabo edition" and "Cheng Yibo edition", which were published only about a year apart.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 05:17, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==
这两种版本究竟哪一种更好呢？当然是“程乙本”，因为它是高鹗对“程甲本”精心修订的定稿本。程伟元和高鹗在“程乙本”《〈红楼梦〉引言》中说：因急欲公诸同好，故初印时不及细校，间有纰缪。今复聚集各原本，详加校阅，改订无讹。

Which of these two versions is better? Of course, it is "Cheng B", because it is gao e to "Cheng A" carefully revised final version. Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E said in "Cheng Yiben" "DREAM of Red Mansions" introduction: Due to the urgent desire for public relations, the initial printing was not corrected in detail, and there were mistakes. This complex gathered the original, detailed review, change without error.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 05:12, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Which version is better? Of course, it is "Cheng Yi", because it is gao e to "Cheng Jia" carefully revised final version. Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E said in "Cheng Yi" "DREAM of Red Mansions" introduction: Due to the urgent desire for public relations, the initial printing was not corrected in detail, and there were mistakes. This complex gathered the original, detailed review, change without error.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 12:36, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==
惟阅者谅之。这就是说，高鹗续写后四十回并修订曹雪芹的前八十回时，“因急欲公诸同好”，未能像曹雪芹那样“批阅十载，增删五次”，而是匆促而成，在排印过程中又没有仔细校对，以致“纰缪”难免，因而立即加以修订再版，从而产生了“程乙本”。可见“程乙本”是对“程甲本”的“纰缪”加以修订的本子，自然胜于“程甲本”了。

Only those who read it will forgive it. That is to say, when Gao E continued to write the last 40 chapters and revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters, "because he was anxious to be good to the public", he failed to "review for ten years, add and delete five times" as Cao Xueqin did.Hurriedly,he did not proofread carefully in the process of typesetting, so that "mistakes" were inevitable.Therefore, he immediately revised and reprinted it, resulting in "the version of Cheng Yi". It can be seen that "the version of Cheng Yi" is a book to revise the "mistakes" of "the version of Cheng Jia", which is naturally better than "the version of Cheng Jia".--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 02:57, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Only readers will forgive it. That is to say, when Gao E continued to write the last 40 chapters and revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters, he was anxious to share it with the public, so he failed to review for ten years, add and delete five times as Cao Xueqin did.He hurried to finish it, not proofreading carefully in the process of typesetting, so mistakes were inevitable. Therefore, \ he immediately revised and reprinted another verison, resulting in appearing "Cheng Yi (the second) Edition". It can be seen that " Cheng Yi" is a book to revise the "mistakes" of "Cheng Jia (the first) Edition", which is naturally better than "Cheng Jia".--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 07:43, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==
然而由于出版商不加细较，以为初刊本更为可靠，以致在相当一段时间内，翻印的“程甲本”曾大行其道。直到1927年，胡适先生因亚东图书馆老板汪元放先生点校并出版过“程甲本”，便将自己珍藏的“程乙本”推荐给汪先生。汪先生便将“程乙本”与“程甲本”加以仔细对勘，并加上新式标点，予以出版。

However, the publisher did not go into details, and believed that the first edition was more reliable. So in a fairly long period, the translated and printed “Cheng Jia (the first) Edition” became popular. Until 1927, Mr. Hushi recommended his treasured collection of “Cheng Yi (the second) Edition” to the owner of Yadong Library, Mr. Wang Yuanfang after he heard that Mr. Wang had punctuated, proofead and published“Cheng Jia (the first) Edition”. Then Mr. Wang checked against another between “Cheng Jia” and “Cheng Yi” , added the new punctuation and published it.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 03:17, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

However, the publisher did not proofread carefully and believed that the first edition was more reliable. So in a fairly long period, the printed “Chengjia Edition” became popular. Until 1927, Mr. Hushi recommended his treasured collection of “Chengyi Edition” to Mr. Wang Yuanfang who was the owner of Yadong Library because Mr. Wang once proofread and published “Chengjia Edition”. Then Mr. Wang contrasted “Chengjia Edition” with “Chengyi Edition” in detail and decided to add the new-style punctuations to the latter and publish it.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 11:00, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==
胡适先生并为该书写了《重印乾隆壬子本〈红楼梦〉序》。他在《序》文中说：现在印出的程乙本，就是那“聚集各原本，详加校阅，改订无讹”的本子，可说是高鹗、程伟元合刻的定本。这个改本有许多改订修正之处，胜于程甲本。

Mr.Hushi wrote "A Preface for the Re-printed Qianlong Renzi Edition of ''A Dream in Red Mansions''" for this book. In the preface, he said that the newly-printed Chengyi edition which was revised carefully by referring to all kinds of original editions to make sure no incorrect information in it, was the final edition made by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan. This edition had many corrections so it was better than the Chengjia edition. --[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 08:47, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

Mr.Hushi has written ''A Preface for the Re-printed Qianlong Renzi Version of "''A Dream in Red Mansions''"'' for this book. In this preface, he said that the current printed Chengyi edition was the final edition made by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan which was revised carefully by gathering all kinds of original editions to make sure no incorrect information was in it. This edition had many corrections so it was much better than the Chengjia edition.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 06:58, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==
但这个本子发行在后，程甲本已有人翻刻了；初本的一些矛盾错误仍旧留在现行各本里，虽经各家批注里指出，终没有人敢改正。胡适先生并举了三个例子，以证明“程乙本”胜于“程甲本”。由此可知，胡适先生不仅是第一个发现并公开指出“程乙本”胜于“程甲本”的人，而且推荐并贡献出了自己珍藏的“程乙本”初刊本，为“程乙本”后来的广泛流行起了决定性的作用。

But after the release of this edition, Cheng Jia edition has already been reprinted. Some contradictions and errors from the original edition still remained in the current edition. Although many literary masters has pointed out these mistakes in their annotations, no one eventually dared to correct them. And Mr. Hu Shi gave three examples to prove that Cheng Yi edition was better than Cheng Jia edition. So it can be seen that he was not only the first to discover and publicly pointed out this, but also recommended and contributed the original Cheng Yi edition of his own treasure, which played a decisive role in the wide popularity of this edition.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 00:55, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

But after the release of this edition, Cheng Jia edition has already been reprinted. Some contradictions and errors of the original edition still remained in the current edition. Although many literary masters had pointed out these mistakes in their annotations, but no one eventually dared to correct them. And Mr. Hu Shi gave three examples to prove that Cheng Yi edition was better than Cheng Jia edition. So it can be seen that he was not only the first to discover and publicly pointed out this, but also recommended and contributed the original Cheng Yi edition of his own treasure, and that played a decisive role in the wide popularity of its edition.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 06:19, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==
汪原放先生也没有辜负胡适先生的重托，不仅出版了“程乙本”，而且对两个“程本”加以仔细对勘，并用增删改动文字的统计数字与具体例子（详见下文），进一步证明了“程乙本”优于“程甲本”。由于胡适先生的学术威望和汪原放先生点校的“程乙本”面世，尤其是“程乙本”确实胜于“程甲本”，故此后书商大多舍弃了“程甲本”，竞相刊印“程乙本”，“程乙本”几乎一统天下。这种局面一直持续到上世纪五六十年代。

Mr.Wang Yuanfang also lived up to the great trust of Mr.Hu Shi. He not only published "Cheng Yiben", but also carefully surveyed the two "Cheng Yiben", and changed the statistics and specific examples (see below for details), further proving that "Cheng Yiben" was better than "Cheng Jiaben". Because Mr.Hu Shi's academic prestige and Mr.Wang Yuanfang's "Cheng Yiben" were published, especially "Cheng Yiben" was indeed better than "Cheng Jiaben", so most booksellers abandoned "Cheng Jiaben" and competed to print "Cheng Yiben", " Cheng Yiben " almost unified the whole world. The situation has been continuing until the 1950s and 1960s.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 14:48, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Mr. Wang Yuanfang also lived up to Mr. Hu Shi's great trust. He not only published "Cheng Yi Ben", but also carefully surveyed the two "Cheng Ben", and further proved that "Cheng Yi Ben" was better than "Cheng Jia Ben" with statistics and specific examples of adding, deleting and changing words (see below for details). Due to the academic prestige of Mr. Hu Shi and the appearance of "Cheng Yi Ben" ordered by Mr. Wang Yuanfang, especially "Cheng Yi Ben" is indeed better than "Cheng Jia Ben", most booksellers abandoned "Cheng Jia Ben" and competed to publish "Cheng Yi Ben" and "Cheng Yi Ben" almost dominates the world. This situation lasted until the 1950s and 1960s.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 13:31, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==
然而到了八十年代以后，“程乙本”一统天下的局面却被打破了，各种版本的《红楼梦》纷纷涌现，其中多为拼凑本，即前八十回采用抄本，后四十回则多采用高鹗作废了的“程甲本”，从而造成了《红楼梦》版本的混乱现象。这种混乱现象使本来已经解决了的《红楼梦》版本问题又重新出现纷争，也使普通读者陷入了不知如何选择《红楼梦》的境地。
However, after the 1980s, the situation of "Cheng Yi Ben" dominating the world was broken, and various versions of a dream of Red Mansions emerged one after another, most of which were piecemeal copies, that is, the transcripts of the first 80 chapters were used, and the "Cheng Jia Ben" cancelled by Gao e was used in the last 40 chapters, resulting in the confusion of the version of a dream of Red Mansions. This chaotic phenomenon makes the original version of a dream of Red Mansions once again controversial, and makes ordinary readers fall into the situation of not knowing how to choose a dream of Red Mansions.

However, after the 1980s, the dominating situation of "Cheng Yi version"was broken, and various versions of The Dream of Red Mansions emerged one after another, most of which were cobbled together, where the first eighty editions used the codified version, while the last forty editions mostly used Gao E's cancelled Cheng Jia version, thus causing confusion in the version of a Dream of Red Mansions.This kind of confusion makes the issue of the edition of a Dream of Red Mansions reappear, and also makes ordinary readers have no idea how to choose a Dream of Red Mansions.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 06:27, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==
钱锺书先生虽然不研究《红楼梦》，但对《红楼梦》版本的混乱现象却很不以为然。他在上世纪九十年代说过（大意）：《红楼梦》研究中的许多纠葛与纷争，大多源于版本问题。在同一问题上，张三根据这个版本，李四根据那个版本，公说公有理，婆说婆有理，一万年也说不清，实在无谓得很。

Although Qian zhongshu never study ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', he considers that the phenomenon of mess versions does not really matter.In the 1990s, he said that (roughly meaning)most of the disputes in the study of ''The Dream of Red Mansions'' resulted from the issue of versions. On the same issue, different people refer to different versions for their so-called reasonable purpose.Thus, the disputes can never be settled. And such a phenomenon is really meaningless.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 06:23, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Although Qian zhongshu never study ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', he considered disapprovingly that the phenomenon of chaos versions does not really matter.In the 1990s, he said that (a rough meaning)most of the disputes in the study of ''The Dream of Red Mansions'' resulted from the issue of versions. On the same issue, different people refer to different versions for their so-called reasonable purpose.Thus, the disputes can never be settled. And such a phenomenon is really meaningless.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 06:47, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==
这是《红楼梦》的悲剧，也是中国学界的悲剧。为了永久保存《红楼梦》这笔珍贵遗产，也为了给广大读者提供一个《红楼梦》的范本，必须从众多版本中确定一个最好的版本，而这个版本就是胡适先生推荐的“程乙本”。至于其他版本，则只供研究之用。

This is not only the tragedy of The Dream of the Red Chamber , but also the tragedy of Chinese academic circles. In order to permanently preserve the precious heritage of The Dream of the Red Chamber and provide readers with a model of The Dream of the Red Chamber, we must determine the best version from many versions, and this version is the "Cheng Yi version" recommended by Mr. Hu Shi. Other versions are only for research purposes only.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 14:00, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

This is not only a tragedy of Dream of the Red Chamber , but also a tragedy of Chinese academic circles. In order to permanently preserve the precious heritage of Dream of the Red Chamber and provide readers with a model of Dream of the Red Chamber, we must determine the best version from many versions, and this version is the "Cheng Yi version" recommended by Mr. Hu Shi. Other versions are only for research purposes only.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 11:15, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==
我完全赞成以上诸位先生的看法，毋须我再费笔墨，所以我在这里只是为他们的看法提供一些实例。首先，“程乙本”的前八十回由于经过了高鹗(也许还有程伟元)的大量修订，较之诸抄本大有改观，使之更加完善。具体来说，就是对众多异文加以筛选，去除讹误，择善而从，并加以必要的补阙、修改、删节和增饰。

I totally agree with the views of the above teachers, so I don't need to say more, so I will just provide some examples for their views here. First of all, the first eighty books of "Cheng Yi version" have been revised extensively by Gao Osprey (and perhaps Cheng Wei Yuan), which is a great improvement over the codices and makes it more perfect. Specifically, it is the screening of many different texts, the removal of errors, the selection of good, and the necessary additions, modifications, abridgments and additions.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 10:56, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

I totally agree with the opinions of you all, so I don't bother to say more. So I will just provide some examples for their views here. First of all, the first eightith chapters of "Cheng Yi's version" have been revised for many times by Gao Osprey (and perhaps Cheng Wei Yuan), which is an improvement over the codices and makes it more perfect. Specifically, it made a selection from many different texts, corrected errors, selected the good, and offered the necessary additions, modifications, removal and polishment.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 07:28, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==
试举六例如下：例一：原作第十七、十八两回合用一套回目，第十九回没有回目。高鹗将那套合用的回目归第十七回，而为第十八、十九两回补拟了回目。例二：原作第十八回写元妃省亲回府，“只见园中香烟缭绕，花彩缤纷，处处灯光相映，时时细乐声喧，说不尽太平景象，富贵风流”，下面却接着有这样一段：此时自己回想当初在大荒山中青埂峰下，那等凄凉寂寞。

Here are six examples. Firstly, the chapter 17 and 18 of the original work shared the same title and the 19th one didn't have have any. Gao-E merged the shared one into chapter 17 and rethought a title for chapter 18 and 19. Secondly, chapter 18 in the original one showed that Yuan concubine visited relatives, as "See nothing but scent lingering, flowers blossoming, lights glistening and bustle hustleing.WHat a stable and flourish society!" Here goes another saying: at that time I recalled the time when I in the foot of Dahuangshan Mountain, and I felt so lonely.

Here are six examples. Firstly, the chapter 17 and 18 of the original work shared the same title and the 19th one didn't have any. Gao'E merged the shared one into chapter 17 and rethought a title for chapter 18 and 19. Secondly, chapter 18 in the original one showed that Yuan concubine visited relatives, as "See nothing but scent lingering, flowers blossoming, lights glistening and bustle hustleing.WHat a stable and flourish society!" Here goes another saying: at that time I recalled the time when I in the foot of Dahuangshan Mountain, and I felt so lonely.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 09:55, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==
若不亏癞僧、跛道二人携来到此，又安能得见这般世面？本欲作一篇《灯月赋》、《省亲颂》，以志今日之事，但又恐入了别书的俗套。按此时之景，即作一赋一赞，也不能得尽其妙；即不作赋、赞，其豪华富丽，观者诸公亦可想而知矣。

If the Monk and the Taoist don't bring me here, how could I can see such elephant. I wanted to write an ''Ode to Lantern Moon'' or ''Ode to Visiting Relatives'' to commemorate today's event, but I was afraid to falling into the conventions of other books. The scene of this period, we can't get its wonderful in length even we write a praise. And if we don't write, the viewer also can imagine its luxurious richly.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:26, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

If not the monk with scappy head and the lame Taoist priest bring me here, how could I can see such the world like this. I wanted to write an ''Ode to Lantern Moon'' or ''Ode to Visiting Relatives'' to commemorate today's event, but I was afraid to falling into the conventions of other books. In the scene of this period, we can't get the wonderfulness in length even we write a praise. And if we don't write, the viewer also can imagine its luxury and richness.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 02:18, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==
所以倒是省了这工夫纸墨，且说正经的为是。本书前面已经交代得明明白白，大荒山青埂峰下的那块石头被一僧一道携入红尘后已幻化为口衔通灵宝玉的贾宝玉，而从这段话看，那块石头的化身却是贾元春，难道姐弟二人都是那块石头所化吗？如果说这段话的前大半截是写贾宝玉的心理活动，误安在了贾元春的头上，也还是说不通，因为不可能在描写贾元春省亲观感的文字当中无缘无故插入一段对贾宝玉的心理描写。

Therefore the time to write them is saved, and it is time to talk something serious. It has been clearly explained in the front of this book that the stone under the Loveroot Peak of the Great Wilderness Mountain has been transformed into Precious Jade Merchant with psychic jade in his mouth after being brought into the world by a monk and a Taoist priest. From this paragraph, however, the incarnation of that stone is First Spring Merchant. Are both the sister and brother transformed by that stone? If the first half of this paragraph is about Precious Jade Merchant's psychological activities, and is mistakenly thought as First Spring Merchant's, it still doesn't make sense. Because it is impossible to insert a psychological description of Precious Jade Merchant into the words describing First Spring Merchant's feelings about relatives for no reason.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:16, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

If the first half of this paragraph is about Precious Jade Merchant's psychological activities, which is mistakenly thought as First Spring Merchant's, it still doesn't make sense.
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 10:13, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==
尤为荒唐的是，从“观者诸公”以下文字，又突然变为作者的第三人称口气，更令人丈二金刚，摸不着头脑。如此语无伦次的拙劣文字，决非曹雪芹的原文，而是抄书者的误抄或窜文。“程乙本”将其全部删除，犹如割除了一个赘瘤，使行文变得合理而又通畅。

What is particularly absurd is that, from the following words "all the audience", and suddenly into the third person tone of the author,which is even more puzzling. Such incoherent poor text, not Cao Xueqin's original text, but the copy of the wrong copy or channelized text. "Cheng Yi version" deleted all of them, just like cutting out a superfluous tumor, so that the writing becomes reasonable and unobstructed.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 12:58, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Such incoherent poor text, not Cao Xueqin Autor's original text, but the copy of the wrong copy or channelized text. "Cheng Yi version" deleted all of them, just like cutting out a superfluous tumor, so that the writing becomes reasonable and unobstructed.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 14:50, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==
例三：原作第二十二回写荣国府作灯谜游戏，目的在于通过各人制作的灯谜，以暗示各自的性情、志向及将来结局，是全书的重要段落。大约因曹雪芹当时没有完全想好，故只写了贾母、贾政、元春、迎春、探春、惜春、宝钗的灯谜，而将宝玉、黛玉、湘云的灯谜暂缺，留待以后补写，不料曹雪芹突然去世，未及补写，致使原稿残缺。高鹗大胆地将原作宝钗的灯谜移作黛玉的灯谜，又增写了宝钗和宝玉的灯谜，我以为移得合理，增作也很精彩。

Example 3: the 22nd episode of the original work is that everyone plays lantern riddles in the Jung-guo-Anwesen ，The purpose is to hint their temperament, aspirations and future outcome through the lantern riddles made by each person，It is an important paragraph of the whole book. It may be that Cao Xueqin Autor didn't think well at that time, so he only wrote the riddles of Grandma Merchant, Master Merchant, First Spring Merchant, Spring Pleasure Merchant, Seeking-Spring Merchant, Cherishing Spring Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, but didn't write the riddles of Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History for the time being，and planned to fill them up later. Unexpectedly, Cao Xueqin Autor died suddenly and didn't have time to make up, resulting in the mutilation of the original. Gao E boldly changed the lantern riddle of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass into that of Mascara Jade Forest, and added the lantern riddles of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Precious Jade Merchant. I think this change is very reasonable and the added part is also very wonderful.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 01:31, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Example 3: the 22nd chapter of the original work is that everyone plays lantern riddles in the Rong Mansion, The purpose is to hint their temperament, aspirations and future respectively through the lantern riddles made by each person，It is an important plot of the whole work.
Possibly because Cao Xueqin did not think well at that time, he only wrote the riddles of Grandma Merchant, Master Merchant, First Spring Merchant, Spring Pleasure Merchant, Seeking-Spring Merchant, Cherishing Spring Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, but didn’t write the riddles of Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History for the time being，and planned to fill them up later. Unexpectedly, Cao Xueqin died suddenly and didn’t have time to make up, resulting in the mutilation of the original. Gao E boldly changed the lantern riddle of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass into that of Mascara Jade Forest, and added the lantern riddles of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Precious Jade Merchant. I think this change is very reasonable and the added part is also very wonderful.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:58, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==
但高鹗也有失误和疏漏：失误在于删掉或漏掉了原作惜春的灯谜，疏漏在于未给湘云补写灯谜。惜春的灯谜我已补入第二十二回（参见该回原文及其注释），以弥补高鹗的失误；而湘云的灯谜却只好仍阙，成为永远的遗憾。例四：原作第二十五回在写王熙凤被魇魔法弄得精神错乱时，插入一段对薛蟠的描写：别人慌张自不必讲，独有薛蟠更比诸人忙到十分：又恐薛姨妈被人挤倒，又恐薛宝钗被人瞧见，又恐香菱被人臊皮──知道贾珍等是在女人身上做功夫的，因此忙的不堪。

However, Gao E also made some mistakes and omissions: the mistake lies in deleting or missing the original lantern riddles made by Cherishing Spring Merchant, and the omission lies in not rewriting the lantern riddles for Fragrant-cloud History. I have added the riddle of Spring-cherish Merchant in Chapter 22 to make up for Gao E’s mistake; But the lantern riddles of Fragrant-cloud History have yet to be unfilled, which becomes a permanent regret. Example 4: In chapter 25 of the original,When writing about Splendid Phoenix King being deranged by magic, a description of Dragon Marshgrass is inserted: The others, it goes without saying,were still more distraught. But of them all Dragon Marshgrass was the most frantic, being afraid that in the crush his mother might be knocked over, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stared at, or Wiselotus Potterymaker exposed to indignities -- for he knew what libertines Treasure Merchant and the rest were.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:43, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

However, Gao E also made a mistake and had an oversight: the mistake lies in deleting or missing the original lantern riddles made by Cherishing Spring Merchant, and the omission lies in not rewriting the lantern riddles for Fragrant-cloud History. I already added the riddle of Spring-cherish Merchant in Chapter 22 to make up for Gao E’s mistake; But Fragrant-cloud History’s lantern riddles have yet to be unfilled, which becomes an eternal regret. Example 4: In chapter 25 of the original,When writing about Splendid Phoenix King being deranged by magic, a description of Dragon Marshgrass is inserted: The others, it goes without saying,were still more distraught. But of them all Dragon Marshgrass was the most frantic, being afraid that in the crush his mother might be knocked over, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stared at, or Wiselotus Potterymaker exposed to indignities -- for he knew what libertines Treasure Merchant and the rest were.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 14:51, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==
忽一眼瞥见了林黛玉风流婉转，已酥倒在那里。这段话十分荒谬：其一，贾、薛两家为近亲，贾珍与薛宝钗是表兄妹，贾珍怎么敢对表妹起歹心呢？薛蟠岂非杞人忧天？其二，薛蟠虽然混账，与林黛玉也是表兄妹，况且见面的机会很多，薛蟠怎么会“一眼瞥见了林黛玉”就“酥倒在那里”呢？

Dragon Marshgrass's eye suddenly falling on Mascara Jade Forest, he was so enchanted by her charms that he almost melted on the spot. This paragraph is very absurd: First, Family Merchant and Family Marshgrass are close relatives, and Treasure Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass are cousins. How dare Treasure Merchant want to have a love affair with his cousin? Isn't Dragon Marshgrass entertained imaginary and groundless fear? Second, although Dragon Marshgrass is a jerk, Mascara Jade Forest is his cousin. Besides, there are many opportunities to meet Mascara Jade. How could Dragon Marshgrass“almost melted on the spot when his eye suddenly fell on Mascara Jade Forest”? --[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 09:44, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Dragon Marshgrass suddenly caught a glimpse of Mascara Jade Forest, who was pretty and gentle, and collapsed there. This paragraph is very absurd: Firstly, Family Merchant and Family Marshgrass are close relatives, and Treasure Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass are cousins. How dare Treasure Merchant want to have a love affair with his cousin? Isn't Dragon Marshgrass alarmist? Secondly, although Dragon Marshgrass is a jerk, Mascara Jade Forest is his cousin. Besides, there are many opportunities to meet Mascara Jade. How could Dragon Marshgrass “collapsed there because of a glimpse of Mascara Jade Forest”?--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:15, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==
而脂批竟称赞道：“忙中写闲，真大手眼、大手笔。”这如果不是偶然失误，便只能说是不识好歹了。“程乙本”将其删除，倒可当得起“大手眼、大手笔”的评语。例五：原作第六十三回中用了一千多字的篇幅，大写贾宝玉、史湘云等人只是为了好玩，如何将芳官、葵官打扮成“小土番儿”，如何改称“犬戎名姓”。

However, the Zhi Yanzhai's critiques unexpectedly praised: "Snatch a little leisure from a busy writing , which is really big eyes and a big deal." If this is not an accidental mistake, it can only be said to be ungrateful. If "Cheng Yi version" deletes it, it can be regarded as a comment of "big eyes and a big deal". Example 5: in the sixty-third chapter of the original work, more than 1,000 words were used to capitalize the name of Precious Jade Merchant, Fragrant-cloud History and others, which is just for fun, and to describe how to dress Fragrant Official and Sunflower as "Xiao Tu Fan er" and how to change "the surname and name of Quan Rong".--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:21, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

However, critiques of Zhi Yanzhai(one of the earliest critics of "A Dream in Red Mansions" ) unexpectedly praised: "Snatch a little leisure from a busy writing , which is really weighty." If it is not an accidental mistake, it can only be said to be ungrateful. "Cheng Yi version" deletes it, thus it can be regarded as the comment of "weighty writings". Example 5: in the sixty-third chapter of the original work, more than 1,000 words were used to describe that how Precious Jade Merchant, Fragrant-cloud History and others dress Fang Guan and Kui Guan as "Xiao Tu Fan er" and how they change "the name of Quan Rong" just for fun.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 06:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==
而且竟然让贾宝玉说出这样的话来：如今四海宾服，八方宁静，千载百载，不用武备。咱们虽一戏一笑，也该称颂，方不负坐享升平了。这种描写既十分无聊，又与贾宝玉的性格背道而驰，尤其侮辱了包括满族在内的少数民族，真可谓拙劣的文字，因此“程乙本”完全予以删除是绝对必要的。

What's more, in Zhi Yangzhai's version, Precious Jade Merchant said that"Nowadays, people within Four Seas were all submitted and social stability was achieved in all directions. Weapons were not needed in nearly thousands of years. Therefore, our laughs and teases also deserved extolling thus we lived up to the prosperity." This kind of descriptions were very boring and ran counter to the characteristics of Jia Baoyu, and they particularly insulted national minorities including Manchu, which were really bad writings. Thus, it's quite necessary for "Cheng Yi's version" to delete these words.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 07:05, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

What's more, in Zhi Yangzhai's version, Baoyu even said things like this:"Nowadays, people from all over the world bow to our emperor, and social stability's greatly achieved. No military preparation's needed in the days ahead. Therefore, our laughs and teases also deserved extolling thus we lived up to the prosperity." Such descriptions are boring and against Baoyu's characteristic, and also insulted national minorities including Manchu, which are truly awful writings. Thus, it's quite necessary for Cheng&Gao's second version to delete these words.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 06:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==
例六：原作第六十一回开头有一段写柳家的与小厮斗嘴的文字，既毫无意义，又有“几根×毛”、“×声浪嗓”的粗话，故“程乙本”删掉了百馀字也完全正确。像这样的例子不胜枚举，它们足可以证明，高鹗对前八十回的修订是完全必要和合理的，“程乙本”前八十回优于原作的事实是任何人也难以抹煞的。其次，再就两种“程本”而言，由于“程乙本”是“程甲本”的修订本，自然也就更加完善。

Example six: The descriptive words about the argument between Liu's and his servant in the chapter sixty one of the original version are quite meaningless, and vulgarism like "some x hairs","some nasty voices" are also included at the same time，that's why the Cheng&Gao's second version had correctly deleted hundreds of words of the original one. Such examples are numerous and are solid proofs to the necessity and justifiability of Gao E's revision of original former eighty chapters, and it's also undeniable that former eighty chapters in the Cheng&Gao's second version are better than ones in the original. Moreover, in terms of the two versions of Cheng&Gao's, the second version is obviously more perfect for it's revised on the base of the first one.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 05:33, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Example six: the original 61st back at the beginning of a paragraph to write the fighting words by Liu and his following boy, not only meaningless, but also "a few pubic hair", "obscene voice" of foul language, so "Cheng B book "deleted a few hundred words is also completely correct. Such examples are numerous, and they are sufficient to prove that the revision of the first eighty chapters by Gao Hu is completely necessary and reasonable, and the fact that the first eighty chapters of "Cheng B book" is better than the original is hard to be denied by anyone. Secondly, in terms of the two "Cheng books", since the "Cheng B book" is a revised version of the "Cheng A book", it is naturally more perfect.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:37, 12 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==
关于这一点，最有力的证据是一组现成的统计数字。前面说过，汪原放先生于1927年曾将“程乙本”与“程甲本”加以对勘，并将两者的异文作了统计，其结果是：“程乙本”较之“程甲本”改动(包括增与改)了总共21506字，其中前八十回改动15537字，后四十回改动5969字。(见汪原放《重印乾隆壬子本〈红楼梦〉校读后记》)这些改动主要有三个方面：其一，是对“程甲本”中的“纰缪”文字加以改正。

About this point, the strongest evidence is a set of readily available statistics. As mentioned earlier, Mr. Wang Yuanfang in 1927 compared the "Cheng B book" with the "Cheng A book" and made statistics on the differences between the two texts, and the result was: "Cheng B book" compared with "Cheng A book" changes (including increase and change) a total of 21506 words, including the first eighty chapters changed 15537 words, the last forty chapters changed 5969 words. (See Wang Yuanfang "reprinted Qianlong nonzi book" after reading "Dream of the Red Chamber") These changes are mainly in three aspects: one, is the "Cheng A book" in the "error" text to correct.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:38, 12 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

The strongest evidence for this is a set of available statistics. As mentioned earlier, Mr. Wang Yuanfang in 1927 compared the "Cheng B book" with the "Cheng A book" and made statistics on the differences between the two texts, and the result was: a total of 21506 words (including complements and modifications) were changed in "Cheng B book" compared with "Cheng A book", including 15537 words changed in the first eighty chapters, and 5969 words changed in the last forty chapters. (Refer to Wang Yuanfang "reprinted Qianlong nonzi book" after reading "Dream of the Red Chamber") These changes are mainly in three aspects: one, is the modification of the "error" text in Cheng A book.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 13:03, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==
如第二回“冷子兴演说荣国府”中，“程甲本”对原作的如下一段文字未作改动：这政老爷的夫人王氏……第二胎生了一位小姐，生在大年初一，就奇了。不想次年又生了一位公子，说来更奇：一落胞胎，嘴里便衔下一块五彩晶莹的玉来，还有许多字迹。这位“小姐”就是贾元春(元妃)，这位“公子”就是贾宝玉。

For example, the "Leng Zixing's speech in Rong Mansion" in chapter 2, "Cheng Jia's translation version" did not change the following text of the original work: The wife of Lord Zheng Mrs Wang…… gave birth to a girl on the first day of the lunar year,which was magical enough. It was even more magical that she gave birth to a boy in the next year: he was born with a colorful and crystal jade in his mouth, and the jade was written by some scripts. The "girl" is First Spring Merchant (Yuan Concubine), while the "boy" is Precious Jade Merchant.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:23, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

For example, in the "Leng Zixing's speech in Rong Mansion" from chapter 2, the following text of the original work remained intact in "Cheng Jia(the first)edition": Mrs Wang, the wife of Lord Zheng …… gave birth to her second child, a girl, on the first day of the lunar year, which was magical enough. It was even more magical that she gave birth to a boy in the following year: when he was born, a colorful and crystal jade with many scripts on it was in his mouth. The "girl" is First Spring Merchant (Yuan Concubine), while the "boy" is Precious Jade Merchant.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 10:39, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==
而这段文字显然与第十八回中的一段文字相矛盾：那宝玉未入学之先，三四岁时，已得元妃口传，教授了几本书，识了数千字在腹中：虽为姊弟，有如母子。
“有如母子”的贾元春和贾宝玉，不可能只差一岁，可见第二回那段文字有明显的“纰缪”。“程乙本”将“次年”改为“隔了十几年”，便合情合理了。

This paragraph obviously contradicts with the description in the eighteenth chapter: before Precious Jade,at the age of three or four, entered the school, he had been taught several books by Yuan Concubine(First Spring Merchant) by word of mouth and thus had known thousands of words in his mind. They are sister and brother in blood relation, but more like mother and son. Precious Jade Merchant and First Spring Merchant, "like mother and son",could not be only one year apart,so there is an obvious "mistake"in the paragraph from the second chapter. Therefore, it is reasonable to change "the following year" into "more than a decade after" in "Cheng Yi(the second) Edition".--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 09:28, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

While this paragraph obviously contradicts with one in the eighteenth chapter: before Precious Jade, at the age of three or four, entered the school, he had been taught several books by Yuan Concubine(First Spring Merchant) by word of mouth and thus had learned thousands of words in his mind. They are elder sister and younger brother, but more like mother and son. Precious Jade Merchant and First Spring Merchant could not be only one year apart,so there is an obvious "mistake" in the paragraph of the second chapter. Therefore, it is reasonable to change "the following year" into "more than a decade after" in "Cheng Yi(the second) Edition".--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 01:53, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==
其二，是将文言词语尽量改为白话或俗语，从而使《红楼梦》的语言更为通俗易懂。譬如：“若”改为“要”，“与”改为“给”，“亦”改为“也”，“此”改为“这”，“口”改为“嘴”，“何”改为“为什么”，“如何”改为“怎么”，“如此”改为“这么着”，“葳蕤”改为“委琐”，等等。其三，是增加了许多“儿”字，将词语加以“儿”化，从而使《红楼梦》语言的京味特点更加突出。

Secondly, classical words were changed into vernacular or colloquial language as far as possible so as to make the language of A Dream of Red Mansions more understandable. For instance: "ruo" was translated into "yao"(if), "yu" into "yao"(to), "yi" into "ye"(also), "ci" into "zhe"(this), "kou" into "zui"(mouth),"he" into "wei shen me"(why), "ru he" into "zen me"(how), "ru ci" into "zhe me zhao"(in this way), "weisui" into "weisuo"(obscene) and so on. Thirdly, lots of "er" were added into A Dream of Red Mansions, so that the Beijing flavor of the language in A Dream of Red Mansions is more distinct.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==
关于这一点，几乎随处可见，因而不再举例。《红楼梦》是一部近百万字的巨著，要想完全揭示“程乙本”的版本优点，只能将它与其他版本一一对勘，并将异文一一列出。单凭以上的简单说明，只能是挂一漏万。

This point can be seen almost everywhere, so I will not give examples. “Dream of the Red Chamber” is a masterpiece of nearly one million words. If we want to fully reveal the merits of "Cheng Yi's translation version", we can only investigate it with other translation versions and list the differences one by one. The above simple explanation is still incomplete and full of omissions.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 07:24, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
This point can be seen almost everywhere, so I don't want to give an example.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 05:25, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==
不过我可以向读者负责地保证：如果你是出于欣赏的目的阅读《红楼梦》，那么选择“程乙本”将是最明智的。三、校勘问题我们说“程乙本”为《红楼梦》的最佳版本，并不是说它完美无缺，也不是说其他版本一概不如“程乙本”，只是说它在总体上更胜一筹而已。
But I can responsibly assure readers that if you are reading a Dream of Red Mansions for enjoyment, cheng Yiben is the wisest choice. To say that Cheng Yiben is the best version of a Dream of Red Mansions does not mean that it is perfect, nor that all other versions are inferior to Cheng Yiben, but that it is superior in general.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 05:23, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

But I can responsibly assure readers that if you are reading ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' for enjoyment, Cheng Yi version is the wisest choice. Three: Revision. To say that Cheng Yi version is the best version of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' does not mean that it is perfect, nor that all other versions are inferior to Cheng Yi version, but that it is superior in general.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 13:42, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==
事实上，或因高鹗和程伟元的疏忽，或因排字工人的失误，致使“程乙本”仍存在不少“纰缪”。譬如：第八十六回说贾元春生于“甲申年正月丙寅”；至第九十五回则说：“是年甲寅年十二月十八日立春，元妃薨日是十二月十九日，已交卯年寅月，存年四十三岁。”“程甲本”和“程乙本”都是如此。

In fact, due to the negligence of Gao'e and Cheng Weiyuan, or the mistakes made by typesetters, there are still many "mistakes" in "Chengyi version". For example, the eighty-sixth chapter expounds that Jia Yuanchun was born in "Bingyin, the first month of the year Jiashen". To the 95th chapter it expounds that "In that year, the spring began on December 18th of the lunar calendar, Jiayin year, and the day consort Yuan died was on December 19, which was in the month of Yin and year of Mao. Hence consort Yuan died at the age of 43.", which are the same both in "Chengjia version" and "Chengyi version".--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 14:17, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

In fact, due to the negligence of Gao'e and Cheng Weiyuan, or the mistakes made by typesetters, there are still many "mistakes" in "Chengyi version". For example, the eighty-sixth chapter expounds that First Spring Merchant was born in "Bingyin, the first month of the year Jiashen". To the 95th chapter it expounds that "In that year, the spring began on December 18th of the lunar calendar, Jiayin year, and the day Princess Merchant died was on December 19, which was in the month of Yin and year of Mao. Hence consort Yuan died at the age of 43.", which are the same both in "Chengjia version" and "Chengyi version".

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==
而实际上前后存在明显矛盾：甲申年至甲寅年是三十年，按照当时以虚岁计算年龄的习惯，元妃享年应是三十一岁；即使因元妃薨于立春次日，算作乙卯年，也只有三十二岁。无论如何也不会是四十三岁。可见“程甲本”已错，而“程乙本”也没有订正。

In fact,there is clear contradiction:the years from JiaShen to JiaYin are thirty years, and according to the custom of calculating age in terms of nominal age at the time, Princess Merchant would have been thirty-one years old; even if the death of Princess Merchant took place on the day after the first day of spring, which is counted as the year yi Mao, she would have been only thirty-two years old. In any case, it would not have been forty-three years old. It is clear that the "Cheng Jia version" is wrong, and the "Cheng Yi version" has not been revised.

In fact,there is an obvious contradiction:the years from JiaShen to JiaYin are thirty years, and according to the custom of calculating age in terms of nominal age at the time, Princess Yuan would have been thirty-one years old; even if the death of Princess Yuan took place on the day after the first day of spring, which is counted as the year YiMao, she would have been only thirty-two years old. In any case, it would not have been forty-three years old. It is clear that the "Cheng Jia version" is wrong, and the "Cheng Yi version" has not been revised either.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 06:37, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==
这个明显的失误，早在1927年由汪原放校点、亚东图书馆出版的“程乙本”《红楼梦》已经改正，而上世纪八十年代以后出版的诸多号称经过了“精校”的“程甲本”和“程乙本”《红楼梦》，包括那些拼凑本，却依旧保留了这个失误，这不能不说是一种讽刺。其实“程乙本”的其他文字失误还有不少，并非像高鹗、程伟元所说“改订无讹”。“程乙本”既非十全十美，而我们要供献于读者的是一部普及本的《红楼梦》，因此有必要汲取其他版本的长处，使其尽量完美。

This obvious mistake was corrected in “Cheng Yi Version" （a version of "A Dream of Red Mansions"） checked by Wang Yuanfang and published by Yadong library as early as 1927. It is ironic that many "Cheng Jia Version" and "Cheng Yi Version" published after the 1980s, including those patchwork books, still retain this mistake. In fact, there are many other word mistakes in "Cheng Yi Version", which is not “absolutely right after revision” as Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan said. "Cheng Yi Version" is not perfect, and what we want to offer to readers is a popular version of “A Dream of Red Mansions.” Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the advantages of other versions to make it as perfect as possible.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 14:22, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

This obvious mistake was corrected in “Cheng Yiben" （a version of "a dream of Red Mansions"） checked by Wang Yuanfang and published by Yadong Library as early as 1927. It is ironic that many "Cheng Jiaben" and "Cheng Yiben", which claimed carefully checked and published after the 1980s , including those patchwork books, still retain this mistake. In fact, there are many other word mistakes in "Cheng Yiben", which is not “absolutely right after revision” as Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan said. "Cheng Yiben" is not perfect, and what we want to offer to readers is a widespread version of “a dream of Red Mansions.” Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the advantages of other versions to make it as perfect as possible.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:05, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==
为此，本书以“程乙本”(北京图书馆出版社影印本)为底本，以“程甲本”(北京图书馆出版社影印本)为主校本，并以下列版本为参校本：汪原放校勘“程乙本”(上海亚东图书馆刊本)、王希廉(雪香)评“程甲本”(清道光十二年刊本)、“梦稿本”“庚辰本”“己卯本”“甲戌本”(后四种均为上海古籍出版社影印本)。在以上八种版本中，前五种均为一百二十回全本，后三种均为前八十回的残存本。

For this purpose, this book uses “Cheng Yiben”(photocopy of Beijing Library Publishing House) as master copy, “Cheng Jiaben” as main collated edition, and the followings as references—Wang Yuanfang’s collation “Cheng Yiben”(Shanghai Yadong Library edition)、Wang Xilian’s “Cheng Jiaben” commentary(edition in the twelfth year of Qing Daoguang)、“Meng Gaoben”、“Geng Chenben”、“Ji Maoben”、and “Jia Xuben”(the last four all are photocopies of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House). In the above eight editions, the first five are all complete editions of 120 chapters, and the last three are all incomplete editions of 80 chapters.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

For this purpose, this book uses “Cheng Yiben”(photocopy of Beijing Library Publishing House) as the master copy, “Cheng Jiaben” as the main collated edition, and the followings as references—Wang Yuanfang’s collation of “Cheng Yiben”(Shanghai Yadong Library edition)、Wang Xilian’s comments on “Cheng Jiaben” (edition in the twelfth year of Qing Daoguang)、“Meng Gaoben”、“Geng Chenben”、“Ji Maoben”、and “Jia Xuben”(the last four all are photocopies of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House). In the above eight editions, the first five are all complete editions of 120 chapters, and the last three are all incomplete editions of 80 chapters.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 05:57, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==
我的校勘总原则是：既要尽量保持底本的原貌，又要保证全书的质量。具体来说则遵循以下几条：（一）底本与校本之间虽有异文，但底本基本可通者，即使校本文字更好，也不作改动。（二）底本中的各种错误(包括内容与文字的错误)、文字倒置、文理不通等，尽量用校本改正，若校本同样错误则径改。

My primary principle of collation is that: maintain the original meaning of master copy, and garantee the quality through the book. Specifically, abiding by the following advice: One, although there are differences between the master copy and the checked copy, the former whose meaning is basically faithful and smooth remains untouched, even though the checked copy is better. Two: various mistakes in master copy（including errors in contents and text），the inversion of words, unsmooth words and contents and so forth should be corrected based on master copy. But if mistakes are also existed in the master copy, then it should be corrected directly.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 12:43, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

My primary principle of collation is that: maintain the original meaning of master copy, and guarantee the book’s quality. To be more specific, following these advices: First, although there are differences between the master copy and the checked copy, the former whose meaning is basically faithful and smooth should be untouched, even though the checked copy is better. Second: various mistakes in master copy（including errors in contents and text), like the inversion of words, unsmooth words and contents and so forth should be corrected based on master copy. But if mistakes are also existed in the master copy, it should be corrected directly.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 06:46, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==
（三）底本和校本中的僻字、怪字、俗字，本来并无特别意义，毫无保留价值，只能为读者增加阅读障碍，因此径改为通用字。如“揌”和“”改为“塞”，“嘴”改为“努嘴”，“椅子”改为“拿椅子”，等等。（四）古人对别字多不在乎，故底本和校本中屡见不鲜，但在当今的读者看来却十分别扭，甚至可能被误解，因而酌情径改。

Three, the rare words, strange words, common words in the master copy and in the checked copy had no special meaning, and no reservation value, can only increase the reading barrier for readers. So they need to be changed to universal words. Such as "揌" changed to “塞", "嘴" changed to "努嘴", "椅子" changed to "拿椅子", etc. Four, the ancients didn’t care about the wrongly written characters, so it is common in the master copy and the checked copy. They seem very awkward for today's readers and may even be misunderstood. Therefore they should be appropriately modified.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 14:12, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

（3）Some characters in a copy for the record or for reproduction and in checked copy, which are not commonly used, or look strange, or are popular but irregular, have no special significance and no reserved value, only increasing the reading barrier for readers. Therefore, these characters are changed to universal characters. For example, "揌" are changed to "塞", "嘴" is changed to "努嘴", "椅子" is changed to "拿椅子" and so on.（4） The ancients didn't care much about the wrongly written characters, so they can be commonly seen in a copy for the record or for reproduction and in checked copy. However, when seeing these characters, today’s readers may feel awkward, and may even misunderstand their meanings. Thus they are supposed to be changed for appropriateness.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 12:37, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==
如“必真”改为“逼真”，“奈烦”改为“耐烦”，“悔气”改为“晦气”，“渥”改为“焐”，“握”改为“捂”，等等。（五）有些字在古代汉语中可以通用（借用），在现代汉语中却严加区分。《红楼梦》也存在大量借用字，如果一一加以改动，不一定合适。

For example, "必真" is changed to "逼真", "奈烦" is changed to "耐烦", "悔气" is changed to "晦气", "渥" is changed to "握 ", "焐" is changed to "捂" and so on. Some words can be commonly used (borrowed) in ancient Chinese, While in modern Chinese they are strictly distinguished. There are also a large number of loanwords in the A Dream of Red Mansions, which may not be appropriate if changed one by one.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:06, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

For instance, "必真" is changed to "逼真", "奈烦" is changed to "耐烦", "悔气" is changed to "晦气","渥" is changed to "握 ", "焐" is changed to "捂", etc. Wait. Some characters can be used (borrowed) in ancient Chinese, but they are strictly distinguished in modern Chinese. There are also a lot of borrowed words in "A Dream of Red Mansions". If you change them one by one, it may not be appropriate.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 11:44, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==
因此只有在以下两种情况之下才作改动：一是可能引起误解；二是同一词语而用字不同。如等同于数字“一”的“么”，极易与“什么”、“怎么”的“么”相混，故改为“幺”。又如表示时间的“一会”和“一回”混用，“一会儿”和“一回儿”混用，统一为“一会”和“一会儿”；表示位置的“旁”和“傍”混用，“旁边”和“傍边”混用，统一为“旁”和“旁边”；“赔礼”和“陪礼”混用，“赔罪”和“陪罪”混用，统一为“赔礼”和“赔罪”；等等。

Therefore, changes should only be made in the following two situations: one is that it may cause misunderstanding; the other is the same phrase but different words. For example, the "么" equivalent to the number "一" is easily confused with the "么" of "什么" and "怎么", so it is changed to "幺". Another example is the mixed use of "一会" and "一回" for time, and "一会儿" and "一回儿" are mixed together, unified into "一会" and "一会儿";"旁" and "傍" to indicate position are mixed together, "旁边" and "傍边" are mixed together, unified into "旁" and "旁边"; "赔礼" and "陪礼" are mixed together, and "赔罪" and "陪罪" are mixed together , Unified into "赔礼" and "赔罪"; and so on.

Therefore, changes should only be made in the following two situations: one is that it may cause misunderstanding; the other is the same phrase formed by different words. For example, the "么" equivalent to the number "一" is easily confused with the "么" of "什么" and "怎么", so it is changed to "幺". Another example is the mixed use of "一会" and "一回" for time, and in case that "一会儿" and "一回儿" are mixed together, they are unified into "一会" and "一会儿"respectively ;"旁" and "傍" to indicating position are mixed together,and "旁边" and "傍边" are mixed together, so they are unified into "旁" and "旁边"; "赔礼" and "陪礼" are mixed together, and "赔罪" and "陪罪" are mixed together , so they are unified into "赔礼" and "赔罪"etc.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 09:49, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==
（六）本书采用简化汉字，为异体字的处理提供了方便，故一律按照简化汉字的规定处理。任何语言都在不断发展变化，故古今汉语有很大不同，以至于定字工作成为古籍整理中最为复杂的问题之一，很难做到尽善尽美。仅根据以上几条，只能是有助于减少读者的阅读障碍罢了。

(Six) Simplified Chinese characters are used in this book to provide convenience for the processing of variant characters. Therefore, they are processed in accordance with the provisions of simplified Chinese characters . Any language is constantly changing, so ancient and modern Chinese is very different. Therefore, deciding which word to use has become one of the most complex problems in the collection of ancient books, which is difficult to be perfect. Just according to the above, it can only help reduce the difficulties in their reading.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 13:59, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==
为了节省篇幅，一律不出校文。四、注释问题 “注释”亦称“注解”，最初是由于经书文字艰涩难懂，故对经书的字句加以解释；如果注文仍旧难懂或未尽其义，再对注文加以解释，则称“疏”。注文和疏文合称则谓之“注疏”。

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlì 日语语言文学女 202120081562==
后来逐步扩大范围，对一切文献中的疑难字句加以解释，均称之为“注释”。由于中国历史悠久，古今汉语及名物变化巨大，致使后人读古籍的困难越来越大，因此对古籍的注释也就显得越来越有必要。《红楼梦》虽是一部旧白话小说，但它汲取了诗、词、曲、赋、歌、诔等各种精华，又涉及谜语、酒令、建筑、服饰、珍禽异兽、奇花异卉、神话传说、名人秀女、琴棋书画、医卜星相、风俗礼仪等多种知识，白话文言间用，成语典故成堆。

==Nadia 202011080004==
对于一般读者来说，所有这些都可能是阅读中的绊脚石。

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==
本注释的使命就是为读者清除这些绊脚石，使阅读畅通无阻。

This annotation is meant to remove the barriers in reading and make it easier to read.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==
因此凡是我认为可能影响读者阅读的地方，便予以注释，决不假装视而不见，决不避难就易。

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==
为了节省篇幅，我仅举一例。第五十六回“敏探春兴利除宿弊，贤宝钗小惠全大体”中，有贾探春与薛宝钗谈论经济的一段话：
In order to save space, I will give just one example. In the fifty-sixth chapter, "Min Tanchun prospering the benefits and eliminating the disadvantages, Xian Baochai and Xiaohui are all in general", there is a passage between Jia Tanchun and Xue Baochai discussing the economy:

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==
宝钗笑道：“真真膏粱纨袴之谈。你们虽是千金，原不知道这些事。
Baochai smiled and said: "It's really tempting to talk about it. Although you--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 14:09, 6 November 2021 (UTC) are a daughter, you don't know these things.

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==
但只你们也都念过书，识过字的，竟没看见过朱夫子有一篇《不自弃文》么？”
But if you have all studied and read, haven't you seen Master Zhu's article "Don't Abandon Oneself"?

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==
探春笑道：“虽也看过，不过是勉人自励，虚比浮词，那里真是有的？”
Tanchun said and smile, "Although I have seen it, it's just a matter of encouraging others to encourage themselves. It's a meaningless word. Is there really something happen?"

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==
宝钗道：“朱子都行了虚比浮词了？那句句都是有的。

==Öncü 202121080008==
你才办了两天事，就利欲熏心，把朱子都看虚浮了。
You have been working on it for two days only, and blinded by greed, you have made ZhuZi look vain.--[[User:HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU|HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU]] ([[User talk:HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU|talk]]) 16:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

You have only been doing things for two days, then you desire for money and profit fascinated the heart, and you think Zhu Zi is Unrealistic. --[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 09:29, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Akira Jantarat

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==
你再出去，见了那些利弊大事，越发连孔子也都看虚了呢！”

If you go to a larger world and see greater benefits or disadvantages, I am afraid you will be a little bit down on what Kongzi said.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 14:19, 6 November 2021 (UTC)Akira

If you go out again and see the pros and cons of major events, you will be even more deceptive!--[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:50, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==
探春笑道：“你这样一个通人，竟没看见《姬子》书？

Tan-tschun Smiled and said "you are such a familiar person, but have you read the "Ji Zi" book?--[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:41, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Tan-tschun smiled and said: "You are such a familiar person, but haven't you read the book "Ji Zi"? --[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 10:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw -Ei Mon Kyaw-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 10:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==
当日《姬子》有云：‘登利禄之场，处运筹之界者，穷尧舜之词，背孔孟之道。’”

On that day, "Jizi" said: ‘The field of Deng Lilu, those who are in the realm of management, are poor in the words of Yao and Shun, and recite the way of Confucius and Mencius. ’"
--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 13:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)EI MON KYAW
-EI MON KYAW-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 13:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

There was a saying in ''Himeko'' that day: "Deng LiLu, and those who operate in this realm, steal the words of Yao and Shun, and memorize Confucianism."--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 13:38, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==
宝钗笑道：“底下三句呢？”探春笑道：“如今断章取义，念出底下一句，我自己骂我自己不成？”

Bau-tschai smiled: "What about the next three sentences?" Tan-tschun smiled: "Now that I have read the next sentence out of context, can I blame myself for failing?"--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 13:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Translation: Bau-tschai smiled: "What about the next three sentences?" Tan-tschun smiled: "Now I take the next sentence out of context, and if I read the next sentence out of context, I can't blame myself?"--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 11:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==
在这段话中，提到了朱熹的《不自弃文》，还有《姬子》一书。

Translation: In this passage, Zhu Xi's "don't abandoned the text--[[User:Muhammad Numan|Muhammad Numan]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Numan|talk]]) 14:13, 6 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Muhammad Numan|Muhammad Numan]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Numan|talk]]) 14:13, 6 November 2021 (UTC)" and the book "Ji Zi" are mentioned.

==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==
我所看到的几个《红楼梦》注本，对《不自弃文》有所注释，而对《姬子》却避而不注。

20211110 homework

2021-12-29T16:22:21Z

Mao Yawen: /* 毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

PLEASE READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

PLEASE ALSO READ THE PREVIOUS PARTS, AT LEAST THE SENTENCES BEFORE YOUR OWN PART IN CHAPTER 19 [[20210303_culture|1, Mar 3 Chapters 1-4]], [[20210310_culture|2, Mar 10 Chapters 6-7]], [[20210317_culture|3, Mar 17 Chapters 11-13]], [[20210324_culture|4, Mar 24 Chapters 15-17]], [[20210331_culture|5, Mar 31 Chapters 4-7]], [[20210407_culture|6, Apr 7 Chapters 8-10]], [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]] , [[20210519_culture|12, May 19 Chapters 17-19]], [[20210929_homework#Hongloumeng|for Sep 29 - rest of HLM Chapter 19]] [[20211110_homework|for Nov 10 - HLM Chapters 20-21]] etc.

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==
按语：拙著《红楼梦全解本》出版后，受到了不少专家与读者的好评，甚为欣慰。但也有读者认为，如果能删掉部分注文，既不影响读者阅读，也可节省书的成本，使更多读者买得起。

Note : After the publication of ''The Dream of Red Mansions(The Anotation Version)'', it was highly appreciated by many experts and readers. However, some readers believe that if some notes can be deleted, it will not affect readers ' reading and save the cost of the publication, so that more readers can afford it.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 10:02, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Note: after my book the complete interpretation of Drdam Of Red Chamber was published, it was highly praised by many experts and readers. However, some readers believe that if some annotations can be deleted, it will not affect readers' reading, but also save the cost of the book and make it affordable for more readers.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 11:53, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学女 202120081477==
恰好中央编译出版社准备出版四大古典小说套书，为了平衡四部小说的注文，《红楼梦》的注文也嫌太长。因此接受读者的建议，将《红楼梦全解本》的注文删掉了差不多一半，其他一概未动；换言之，此版《红楼梦》校注本，实即《红楼梦全解本》的删节本（仅删注文）。因此《校注前言》仍用《红楼梦全解本》的《校注前言》，不再另写。

It happened that the Central Compilation and Translation Publishing House was preparing to publish four sets of classical novels. In order to balance the annotations of the four novels, the annotations of Dream Of the Red Chamber were too long. Therefore, we accepted the readers' suggestions and deleted almost half of the annotations in the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber, and the rest remained unchanged; In other words, the revised annotation version of Dream Of Red Chamber is actually an abridged version of the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber (only the annotation is deleted). Therefore, the preface to proofreading still uses the preface to proofreading of the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber, and needn’t be written again.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 06:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

It happened that the Central Compilation and Translation Publishing House was preparing to publish four sets of classical novels. In order to balance the annotations of the four novels, the annotations of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' were too long. Therefore, we accepted the readers' suggestions and deleted almost half of the annotations in the complete interpretation of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'', and the rest remained unchanged; In other words, the revised annotation version of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'' is actually an abridged version of the complete interpretation of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'' (only the annotation is deleted). Therefore, ''The Preface to Proofreading'' still uses ''The Preface to Proofreading'' of the complete interpretation of ''Dream Of Red Chamber'', and needn’t be written again.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:32, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==
《红楼梦》以其包罗万象的内容，博大精深的思想，精湛完美的艺术，丰富生动的语言，尤其是众多栩栩如生的人物形象，不仅在中国小说史上奇峰独秀，而且在世界文学之林独树一帜。它是我国文化遗产中的珍品，值得每一个中国人所珍视。《红楼梦》在其尚未完稿的时候，已经被人竞相传抄，辗转传阅，不胫而走，蜚声神州。

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is unique not only in the history of Chinese novels, but also in the world literature with its comprehensive contents, extensive and profound thoughts, exquisite and perfect art, rich and vivid language, and especially its numerous vivid characters. It is a treasure of our country's cultural heritage and is worth cherishing by every Chinese. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' has been copied, circulated and spread like wildfire even when it's unfinished. It is really well-known in China.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:23, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is outstanding not only in the history of Chinese novels, but also in the world literature for its comprehensive contents, extensive and profound thoughts, exquisite and perfect art, rich and vivid language, and especially its numerous vivid characters. It is a treasure of our country's cultural heritage and is worth being cherished by every Chinese.Before it is finished， ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' has been copied, circulated and spread like wildfire and it is really well-known in China.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:25, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480 ==
不仅“士大夫几乎家有《红楼梦》一书”（清·潘炤《从心录》卷首），而且“家弦户诵，妇孺皆知”（清·缪艮《文章游戏初编》卷六）。上层社会更出现了“开谈不说《红楼梦》，读尽诗书也枉然”（清·得舆《京都竹枝词·时尚门》）的时尚。《红楼梦》的魅力也使其商业价值大增，“好事者每传抄一部，置庙市中，昂其值，得数十金，可谓不胫而走者矣”（清·程伟元《〈红楼梦〉序》）。

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' was so popular that not only scholar officals（people obtain knowledge and wealth in feudal China） read it （the first volum of ''Essay'' by Pan Zhao, Qing），but also families，even women and children ， loved it（the sixth volum of ''Preliminary Article Games'' by Miu Liang, Qing）. Moreover ,there was a climate of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' that the upper class believed " it is useless to read great books without ''A Dream of Red Mansions''.（''Bamboo Pole Poem in the Capital'' by De Yu, Qing）. The charm of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' also rose its business value as in record： “Someone who is willing to copy ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' and sell it can raise 10 gold ingots everytime ，and everyone know it.（ the introduction of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', Qing）.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 09:44, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Not only did "almost every scholar had a copy of ''A Dream of Red Mansions''" (the first volum of Essay by Pan Zhao, Qing Dynasty), but "Every household recited it, and all women and children knew it" (the sixth volum of ''Preliminary Article Games'' by Miu Liang, Qing Dynasty). In the upper class, the fashion of "If you don't talk about ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', you can read all the poems and books in vain" (''Bamboo Pole Poem in the Capital'' by De Yu, Qing Dynasty) emerged. The charm of A Dream of Red Mansions also made its commercial value increased greatly, "Those who are interested in it can get a lot of money by copying one of the books and selling it in the market. The information spread quickly." (the introduction of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', Qing Dynasty)--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 07:07, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==
至高鹗续写后四十回、由程伟元以活字正式出版完整的一百二十回本后，更出现了风行全国的盛况。时至今日，即使读不懂《红楼梦》的人，也都看过《红楼梦》电影或电视剧，对《红楼梦》的故事和人物无不耳熟能详。因此《红楼梦》已经不是普通的小说，而成为全民珍视的国宝了。

After Gao E continued to write the second forty chapters and Cheng Weiyuan officially published the complete one hundred and twenty chapters in movable type, the book became popular nationwide. To this day, even those who do not understand ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' have seen the movie or TV series versions, and are familiar with the story and characters of ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Therefore, ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no longer an ordinary novel, but a national treasure cherished by all.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 06:39, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
After Gao E continued to write the following forty chapters and Cheng Weiyuan officially published the complete one hundred and twenty chapters in movable type, the book became popular nationwide increasingly. To this day, even those who do not understand ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' have already seen the movie or TV series versions, and are familiar with the story and characters of it. Therefore, ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no longer an ordinary novel, but a national treasure cherished by all.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 08:37, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==
中国古代的文人墨客、传统学者、官僚士夫，无不鄙薄小说，最多被视为茶余饭后的谈资。唯独对《红楼梦》情有独钟，爱不释手。不仅百读不厌，而且像拜读经书般寻章摘句，眉批夹评，乐此不疲。
The ancient Chinese literats, traditional scholars, bureaucrats, all despised novels, and regarded them as after-dinner talk at most. But they only showed special preference to ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', and fondled admiringly. They not only tired of reading it, but also liked reading the Confucian classics as seeking remarkable passages and culling model sentences, making notes and commentaries, and always enjoying it.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 08:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The ancient Chinese literats, traditional scholars, bureaucrats, all despised novels, and regarded them as after-dinner talks at most. However, they only showed special preference to ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', and fondled admiringly. They not only weren't tired of reading it, but also liked reading the Confucian classics as seeking remarkable passages and culling model sentences, making notes and commentaries, and always enjoying it.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 14:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==
久而久之，居然形成了“红学”。“红学”由起初对《红楼梦》的单纯评点，逐步发展成为对《红楼梦》及其作者的全面考证与研究，最后更成立了红学会，出版研究刊物，势头似乎越来越盛。这不仅是中国小说史上绝无仅有的，也是中国文学史上极其罕见的现象。

As time passes, redology is actually formed. Redology was about pure comments to ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' in the beginning and it gradually developed as the comprehensive textual research and study in ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' and its author. Finally, we even established redologist institution and published research periodicals, the momentum of redology more and more flourishing. This phenomenon is not only unique in the history of Chinese novels, but extremely rare in the history of Chinese literature. --[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 05:29, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

As time passes, redology is unexpectedly formed. Redology came into mere comments to ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' in the beginning and it gradually developed as the comprehensive textual research and study of this work and its author. Finally, redologist institution was established to publish research periodicals with more flourishing tendency than ever. This phenomenon is not only unique in the history of Chinese novels, but extremely rare in the history of Chinese literature.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 11:49, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnà 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==
遗憾的是，“红学家”们对《红楼梦》的作者及其版本似乎偏爱有加，而对《红楼梦》的思想和艺术价值却缺乏足够的兴趣，因此考证作者和版本的文章和著作连篇累牍，而研究《红楼梦》思想和艺术价值的成果却寥若晨星。我认为这是本末倒置。一个作家的价值不在于其生平如何，而在于其作品的思想和艺术水平的高低；是作品决定作家的价值，而不是作家决定作品的价值。

Unfortunately, redologists ( who are specialists in A Dream of the Red Chamber) seemingly are partial to research on the writer and verison of this book, but are short of interest for it's thought and artistic value. And therefore there are a lot of articles and books about the former while very few about the latter. It seems to me that puts the cart before the horse. What a writer is worth lies in thoughts and artistic level in his/her works but not in his/her life story; and the value of a writer depends on his/her production, not vice versa.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 13:31, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Unfortunately, redologists ( who are specialists in A Dream of the Red Chamber) seem to prefer to research on the writer and versions of this book, but are short of interest in the thought and artistic value. And therefore there are a lot of articles and books about the former while very few about the latter. It seems to me that puts the cart before the horse. What a writer is worth lies in thoughts and artistic level in his/her works but not in his/her life story; and the value of a writer depends on his/her production, not vice versa.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:10, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==
读者对于作品的选择与评价，也只着眼于作品本身，而非作家本人。一部伟大的作品，即使作者佚名，也不影响其伟大，照样受到读者的追捧；相反，如果一个伟大作家偶然写了一部低劣的作品，读者也决不买账。因此“红学”的研究重点应该是《红楼梦》本身，而不是《红楼梦》作者。

Readers' choice and evaluation towards works is based on the works themselves, rather than the writers. As anonymous is the writer, the valued of a great work is definitely unlikely to be underestimated, which is still welcomed by the public. Likewise, readers cannot be attracted by the inferior work written by a great writer. Therefore, redology is supposed to focus on the context, instead of the writer Cao Xueqin--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:01, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Readers' choice and evaluation towards works is based on the works themselves, rather than the writers. As anonymous is the writer, the values of a great work are definitely unlikely to be underestimated, which is still popular with the public. Likewise, readers cannot be attracted by a low-quality work even written by a great writer occasionally. Therefore, redology is supposed to focus on the context, instead of the writer Cao Xueqin.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 09:02, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==
当然也应该了解作者，但目的只是为了有助于深入了解《红楼梦》，仅此而已。我认为要想深入研究《红楼梦》，首先必须完全读懂《红楼梦》。如果对《红楼梦》的文本只是一知半解，那么所谓研究，势必如医生不明病人的病情而乱开药方，不仅治不好病，倒可能致人于死命。

Certainly, we should also know the author, but the purpose is nothing more than to help us understand ''A Dream of Red Chamber'' in depth. I think that in order to make a further research on ''A Dream of the Red Chamber'', we must first have a thorough understanding of it. If we have only a sketchy knowledge of the text of ''A Dream of Red Chamber'', then the so-called research would definitely be like the prescriptions prescribed indiscriminately without knowing the patient's condition. Not only can it not cure the disease, but it may lead to death.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 13:53, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Certainly, we should also know about the author, but only with the purpose of deepening our understanding of the work. I think that further researches on ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' necessitate a thorough understanding of it. If we have only a sketchy knowledge of the text of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', then the so-called research would definitely be like the prescriptions written indiscriminately by a doctor unaware of the patient's condition. Not only can it not cure the disease, but it may lead to death. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 03:04, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==
《红楼梦》研究中的许多无谓争论，正是研究者没有读懂《红楼梦》或对《红楼梦》文本的不同理解所致。因此对《红楼梦》文本的注释，显然是《红楼梦》研究的基础工作。其次，当今的读者和观众虽然热衷于《红楼梦》，但真正能够全面深入理解《红楼梦》的人恐怕并不很多。

A great many arguments regarding the study of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', caused either by an incomplete understanding or different understandings of the text, are pointless. Therefore, it's apparent that annotating ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is a foundation work for its further study. Besides, though today's readers and audience are crazy about the book, I'm afraid that not many of them get to know it thoroughly. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 03:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Many unnecessary arguments in the study of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' are caused by the researchers' failure to understand ''A dream of Red Mansions'' or their different understandings of the text.Therefore, it's apparent that annotating ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is a foundation work for its further study. Besides, though today's readers and audience are crazy about the book, I'm afraid that not many of them get to know it thoroughly.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:14, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==
这是因为，《红楼梦》不是普通的白话小说，不是简单地为读者讲故事，不是为读者提供茶馀饭后的谈资，更不是为了赚稿费餬口（那时根本不存在稿费制度）。它不仅是一部反映封建社会的“百科全书”，而且作者还对人类共同关心的一些问题，如人生的目的、人性的善恶、爱情的真谛、宗教的精义等进行了探索。作品涉及的内容几乎无所不包，从至高无上的皇帝，到“芥豆之微”的细民，从国家的政治、军事、经济到百姓的日常生活，举凡天文、地理、动物、植物、建筑、服饰、医卜星相、琴棋书画等等，无不尽收笔底。

This is because ''a Dream of Red Mansions'' is not an ordinary vernacular novel. It is not simply a story for readers to read, not a topic for after-dinner conversation, or a way to earn a living (there was no contribution fee system at that time). It is not only an "encyclopedia" reflecting the feudal society, but also explores some common issues of human concern, such as the purpose of life, the good and evil of human nature, the true meaning of love, the essence of religion and so on. The works cover almost everything, from the supreme emperor to the ordinary people, from national politics, military affairs, economy to the daily life of the people, including astronomy, geography, animals, plants, architecture, clothing, medicine, astrology and practise divination, poetry and painting and so on, they're all in the book.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 13:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

It is because ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' is neither an ordinary novel in vernacular Chinese, nor a simple narrative or gossip for readers. The author wrote it not for remuneration for the system of remuneration for writters did not exist at that time. It is not only an "encyclopedia" reflecting the feudal society, but also an exploration of some issues of common concern to mankind, such as the purpose of life, the good and evil of human nature, the true meaning of love, and the essence of religion. It covers almost everything, from the supreme emperor to the plebeian as tiny as reed, and from the politics, military and economy of the country to the daily life of the people. It includes astronomy, geography, animals, plants, architecture, costumes, medicine, astrology, zither, chess, calligraphy and painting, and so on. --[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 11:48, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==
作者还调动了自己的全部才能和知识，汲取了前人的成果，撰写并引用了大量诗、词、曲、赋、歌、诔、谜语、酒令等，作为描写人物、叙述故事、揭示主题的艺术手段，从而成为作品的重要组成部分。这其中蕴藏着许多成语、典故和各种知识，现在的一般读者是很难读懂的。此外，由于曹雪芹以其家事为《红楼梦》的蓝本，且暴露了不少家丑，如秦可卿的淫荡乱伦等，因而大量采用了《春秋》笔法，即作者所谓将“真事隐去”，以“假语村言”的曲折方式进行暗示或隐寓，致使《红楼梦》扑朔迷离，迷雾重重。

The author also mobilized all his talents and knowledge and drew on the achievements of his predecessors, writing and quoting a large number of poems, lyrics, songs, eulogies, riddles and wine wager as artistic methods to describe characters, narrate stories and reveal themes, thus becoming an important part of the work. This contains many idioms, allusions and various kinds of knowledge that are difficult for the average readers to comprehend nowadays. In addition, Cao Xueqin used his family affairs as the blueprint for Dream of the Red Chamber and exposed many family scandals, such as Frivolity Grain's lewdness and incest. Cao, thus, adopted much of a writing style of ''Spring and Autumn Annals'', that is, the author's so-called "real things concealed", in the twisted way of "false words and village gossips", which has led to the ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' being puzzling and foggy.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:28, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The author also mobilized all his talents and knowledge and took results from his predecessors, writing and quoting a large number of poems, lyrics, songs, eulogies, riddles and wine wager as artistic methods to describe characters, narrate stories and reveal themes, thus becoming an important part of the work. The novel contains many idioms, allusions and various kinds of knowledge that are difficult for the average readers to comprehend nowadays. In addition, Cao Xueqin used his family affairs as the blueprint for ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' and exposed many family scandals, such as Qin Keqing's lewdness and incest. Cao, thus, frequently adopted a writing style of Spring and Autumn Annals, that is, the author's so-called "real things concealed", using the twisted way of "false words and village gossips" to hint and make it metaphorical which has led to ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' being puzzling and foggy.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 08:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==
因此帮助广大读者读懂《红楼梦》，也是《红楼梦》研究者义不容辞的责任。而要使读者读懂《红楼梦》，只作简单的文字注释不解决问题，必须加以详细注释，将隐藏于《红楼梦》字里行间的寓意一一揭示出来，才能完全展示《红楼梦》的本来面貌。我从学生时代起就期待这种《红楼梦》的详注本出现，一直等了半个世纪，可惜望眼欲穿而不见踪影。

Therefore, it is incumbent on researchers of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' to help numerous readers understand the novel. For this, problem can’t be solved simply by text annotations. What should do is to add detailed explanatory notes to discover the meanings implied in characters, which can fully show the way the book originally is. I have expected the appearance of this version with detailed annotations since I was a student. I’ve waited for half a century, but it never comes out.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 02:46, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, it is our researchers' duty to heip numerous readers understand A Dream in Red Mansions. To do that, simple text annotations are not enough. And detailed explanatory notes are needed to discover its implied meanings, which can fully show its characteristics. Waiting for half century, I have expected the apppearance of this version with detailed annotations since I was a student.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 01:49, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==
很显然，“红学家”的队伍虽然不断壮大，看来他们对这种注释工作似乎不屑一顾。于是我这个“红学”的门外汉便斗胆一试，结果试出了这个《红楼梦》校注本。我这是“人弃我取”，希望不至于冒犯任何人。

Obviously, the amount of redologists who are sepcalists in A Dream of Red Mansion was increasing. They seemed to pay no attention to annotate that book, but I, as a layman, took a chance and tried to make the annotation of A Dream of Red Mansion. I thought it was an attitude of doing the things others gave up, which would not offend anyone.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 13:52, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Obviously, the amount of redologists sepcalizing in A Dream of Red Mansion was increasing. They seemed to pay little attention to annotate that book, but I, as a layman, took a chance and tried to make the annotation of A Dream of Red Mansion. I thought it was an attitude of doing things others gave up, which I hope would not offend anyone.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==
如果能成为“引玉”之“砖”，即使要做“众矢之的”，招来“万箭攒射”，我也决不后悔，因为这也算是我对《红楼梦》读者的小小奉献了。下面仅就与校注工作有关的几个具体问题略作说明。

一、作者问题

If I can serve as a modest spur to induce someone to come forward with his valuable contributions, I will never regret even if I could be the target of public criticism. It is because that the annotation work is also my dedication to the readers of A Dream in Red Mansions. And I will explain a little about the specific questions in proofreading below. 1. The Question of Author--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 12:40, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

If I can become a "brick" for "inviting jade", even if I want to be "a target of all targets" and attract "a thousand arrows", I will never regret it, because this is also a small dedication to the readers of "A Dream of Red Mansions". The following is only a brief description of a few specific issues related to the proofreading work.
1. Author's question--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:06, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==
中国文学史中有两个突出现象：一是在封建时代得意并著名的文人不写小说；二是小说作品多不署名或只署化名。这完全是由封建统治者造成的。封建统治者的文学观是纯粹的政治功利主义，即所谓“文以载道”。

There are two outstanding phenomena in the history of Chinese literature: one is that famous and proud literati in the feudal era do not write novels; the other is that many novels do not sign or only sign pseudonyms. This is entirely caused by the feudal ruler. The feudal ruler’s literary view is pure political utilitarianism, that is, the so-called "writing is used to carry Tao".--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:03, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

There are two prominent phenomena in the history of Chinese Literature: first, the proud and famous literati in the feudal era did not write novels; Second, most novels are not signed or only signed by pseudonyms. This was entirely caused by the feudal rulers. The literary view of feudal rulers was pure political utilitarianism, that is, the so-called "literature carries Tao".--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 12:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==
他们认为小说不仅不能“载道”，而且往往“诲淫诲盗”，对封建统治构成威胁。因此不仅将小说排斥在正统文学之外，甚至常常以“禁毁”的方式加以扫荡。在文网森严及小说地位低贱的环境下，多数文人自然不敢或不屑从事小说的创作；而那些痴迷小说的作者也就不敢或不愿在小说作品上亮出自己的真名实姓。They faithfully believe that novels not only can not "educate citizens of Qing Dynasty", but also often be blessed with "obscenity and theft", which poses a threat to feudal rule.Therefore, novels are not only excluded from orthodox literature, but also often cleaned up in the way of "prohibition and destruction". In the social background of highly strict policy of Literary Network and low status of novels, most scholars naturally dare not or disdain to engage in novel creation; Those who are obsessed with novels are afraid or unwilling to show their real names in their novels.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 02:46, 10 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

They believed that novels not only can not "educate citizens of Qing Dynasty", but also often be blessed with "obscenity and theft", which poses a threat to feudal rule.Therefore, novels are not only excluded from orthodox literature, but also often cleaned up in the way of "prohibition and destruction". In the social background of highly strict policy of Literary Network and of low status of novels, most scholars naturally dare not or disdain to engage in novel creation; Those who are obsessed with novels are afraid or unwilling to sign their real names in their novels.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 13:18, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==
因此研究中国古代小说多了一项工作，即不得不对小说作者加以考证。《红楼梦》也不例外，它的作者连化名都未署一个。“红学家”们为了考证它的作者，不知耗费了多少精力和时间，然而由于史料不足，至今仍然众说纷纭,难以形成共识。

Therefore, there is one more task to study ancient Chinese novels, that is, we have to do textual research on the authors of the novels. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no exception. Its author does not even have a pseudonym. In order to do textual research on its author, the "redologists" spent a lot of energy and time. However, due to the lack of historical data, opinions are still varied and it is difficult to reach a consensus.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 01:57, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Therefore, there is one more task to study ancient Chinese novels, that is, we have to do textual research on the authors of the novels. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no exception, whose author does not even have a pseudonym. In order to do textual research on its author, the "redologists" spent a lot of energy and time. However, due to the lack of historical data, opinions are still varied and it is difficult to reach a consensus.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 06:39, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==
据我个人所知，至少就有七种说法：其一为“曹作高续”说。即认为曹雪芹写到八十回而去世，并可能留下了后四十回的某些提纲以及部分书稿；高鹗根据曹雪芹的这些提纲、书稿以及前八十回中的许多暗示，还可能参考了其他人的续作，完成了后四十回的创作，并对前八十回加以修订，从而使《红楼梦》成为完璧。
As far as I am concerned, there are at least seven sayings: one of which is that ''Dream of Red Mansions'' was written by Cao Xueqin and then finished by Gao. The saying means that Cao passed away and left some outline and manuscripts of the latter fourth chapters when the former eighty chapters was finished. Then, Gao finished the latter forty chapters and reviewed the former eighty chapters, according to some outlines, manuscripts and clues made by Cao, referring to other sequels. Finally, ''Dream of Red Mansion'' was finished. --[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 06:27, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

As far as I am concerned, there are at least seven sayings: one of which is that ''Dream of Red Mansions'' was written by Cao Xueqin and then finished by Gao. The saying means that Cao had passed away and left some outline and manuscripts of the latter fourth chapters while the former eighty chapters was finished. Then, Gao finished the latter forty chapters and reviewed the former eighty chapters, according to some outlines, manuscripts and clues made by Cao, referring to other sequels. Finally, ''Dream of Red Mansion'' was finished.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 13:04, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==
其二为“曹作程续高订”说。即认为前八十回的作者是曹雪芹，后四十回的作者是程伟元，高鹗只是参加了全书的修订工作。其三为“曹作高续程订”说。即认为前八十回的作者是曹雪芹，后四十回的作者是高鹗，程伟元则对曹雪芹的前八十回加以修订。

The second is the theory of "Cao came to write, Cheng continued to write, Gao to revise". That is, the author of the first 80 chapters is Cao Xueqin, the author of the last 40 chapters is Cheng Weiyuan, and Gao E only participated in the revision of the whole book. The third is the theory of "Cao came to write, Gao continued to write, Cheng to revise". That is, the author of the first 80 chapters is Cao Xueqin, the author of the last 40 chapters is Gao E, and Cheng Weiyuan revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 12:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The second statement said that "Started by Cao, completed by Chen, and revised by Gao". That’s to say, the first 80 chapters were written by Cao Xueqin, the last 40 chapters were written by Cheng Weiyuan, and Gao E only revised the whole book. The third statement said that "Started by Cao, completed by Gao, and revised by Chen". That’s to say, the first 80 chapters were written by Cao Xueqin, the last 40 chapters were written by Gao E, and Cheng Weiyaun made revisions to the first 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 11:56, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==
其四为“曹作某续高订”说。即认为在程伟元和高鹗之前，已有人为曹雪芹的未完稿续写完全，程伟元将搜集到的抄本交由高鹗修订，然后刊行。其五为“曹作程高修订”说。

The fourth statement said that “Started by Cao, completed by someone, and revised by Gao”. That's to say, before Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E, there was someone who completed Cao Xueqin's unfinished writing. Then, Cheng Weiyuan collected this hand-copied version and provided it for Gao E to revise, and afterwards ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' was published . The fifth statement said that “Started by Cao, and revised by both Cheng and Gao ”.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 08:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The fourth statement said that "This masterpiece is started by Cao, completed by someone, and revised by Gao". That's to say, before Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E, there was someone who completed Cao Xueqin's unfinished work. Then, Cheng Weiyuan collected these hand-copied drafts and offered them to Gao E to revise, and afterwards ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' was published. The fifth statement noted that "It was started by Cao, and revised by both Cheng and Gao".--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:52, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==
即认为曹雪芹已经完成了《红楼梦》全书，只是未遑修饰而去世，后由程伟元和高鹗共同修订并刊行。其六为“叔作侄订”说。即认为《红楼梦》的原作者是曹雪芹的叔父曹頫，也就是给《红楼梦》加批的“脂砚斋”；曹雪芹只是对它“披阅十载，增删五次”。

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', while as a result of his death it was not polished by himself, but co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. Sixly, rumar had it that this classic was the common product of the uncle and the nephew. That was to say, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the very one that added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just played the role of repeatedly revising it.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:55, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions''. As a result of his death it was not published by himself. However, co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. Rumar had it that this classic was the common product of the uncle and the nephew. Which shows, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the only one who added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just repeatedly revised it.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:35, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 22:31, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', but died before he could polish it. As a result, the draft was co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. The sixth opinion is that this classic is the common product of the uncle and the nephew. That's to say, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the very one that added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just played the role of repeatedly revising it.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 15:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==
其七为“某作曹订”说。即认为《红楼梦》的原作者是个与曹家毫不相干的无名氏，曹雪芹只是个修订者。“红学家”对《红楼梦》作者的意见分歧，使出版者无所适从，因而造成了新版《红楼梦》署名的混乱：或只署曹雪芹，或并署曹雪芹、高鹗，或干脆不署名。

The seventh opinion is that “a certain author, Cao revised”. That is to say, the original author of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is an anonymous person who has no relation with Cao’s family, and Cao Xueqin is only the reviser. The different opinions among the “redologists” about the author of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' caused the publishers not to know what to do. The new versions are therefore in confusion: some signed Cao Xueqin alone, some signed Cao Xueqin and Gao E together, and some signed nothing at all.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 09:40, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The seventh opinion is that “a certain author, Cao revised”. That is to say, the original author of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' was an anonymous person who had no relation with the Cao’s, and Cao Xueqin was only a reviser. The different opinions among the “redologists” about the author of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' caused the publishers not to know what to do. The new versions are therefore in confusion: some signed Cao Xueqin alone, some signed Cao Xueqin and Gao E together, and some signed nothing at all. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 11:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==
由于我对这个问题缺乏专门研究，只能在以上七种说法中加以选择。我认为这七种说法都有一定的根据，均非空穴来风。但相比之下，第一种说法的证据更为充分，也得到了学界的普遍认可，因此仍将曹雪芹和高鹗作为《红楼梦》的共同作者。

Because of a lack of specialized research to this question, I had to select from the seven statements above. I thought that the seven statements were of certain basis. However, with comparison, the evidence of first statement was more sufficient, and was largely approved by the academic circles. So, Cao Xueqin and Gao E were still regarded as the co-author of ''the Dream of the Red Chamber''. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 01:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Being lacking in specialized research to this question, I had to select from the above seven versions . I thought that they were of certain basis. However, with comparison, the first statement was more credible, and was largely approved by the academic circles. So, Cao Xueqin and Gao E were still regarded as the co-author of ''the Dream of the Red Chamber''.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:57, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==
至于这种说法的具体根据，以及两作者的生平，已见于不少专文，这里不再赘述。

二、版本问题

由于《红楼梦》创作过程和流传过程的特殊性，造成了《红楼梦》版本的复杂性。
We will not describe more about the specific reason of this opinion and lives of the two authors because a lot of scholars have discussed it.
二、Version problem
The unique process of creating and circulating A Dream in Red Mansions leads to such complicated versions of it.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:52, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

As well as the life of the two authors, has been seen in a number of articles, here will not be repeated.
Second, the version of the problem because of the "Dream of Red Mansions" creative process and the special nature of the process of circulation, resulting in the "Dream of Red Mansions" version of the complexity.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:36, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

而《红楼梦》版本的复杂性，又迫使我们不得不有所选择。《红楼梦》的创作和流传过程可以分为四个阶段：其一是曹雪芹的创作阶段。虽然曹雪芹自称“披阅十载，增删五次”，其实由于他溘然而逝，只留下了一部《红楼梦》的未完稿和未定稿。

The complexity of the version of a Dream of Red Mansions forces us to make choices. The creation and spread of a Dream of Red Mansions can be divided into four stages: one is Cao Xueqin Autor's creation stage. Although Cao Xueqin Autor, claimed that "reading for ten years, adding and deleting five times", in fact, because of his death, leaving only a dream of red Mansions unfinished and unfinished.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 08:59, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 13:16, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
The complexity of the version of a ''dream of Red Mansions'' forces us to choose. The creation and spread of the ''dream of Red Mansions'' can be divided into four stages: one is the creation stage of Cao Xueqin Autor. Although Cao Xueqin Autor claimed to "read for ten years, add and delete five times", in fact, due to his death, only one unfinished and undecided version of a dream of Red Mansions was left.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 14:16, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==
他只完成了八十回，约相当于全书的三分之二。他不仅未对这八十回的书稿进行修订润色，而且还有不少待补的缺文。以“红学家”认为最好的版本“庚辰本”为例：第十七、十八两回合用一套回目，第十九回没有回目；第二十二回写荣国府作灯谜游戏，“此回未成而芹逝矣”(脂砚斋批语)，以至不仅缺了主要人物贾宝玉、林黛玉和史湘云的灯谜，而且本回还有不少其他缺文；如此等等。
He completed only eighty times, about two-thirds of the book. Not only did he leave the eighty drafts unrevised, but there was still much to be done. To the researcher of a dream of Red Mansions that the best version of the "gengchen Ben" as an example: the 17th, 18th round with a set of return, the 19th back no return; The twenty-second time to write rongguo Mansion for lantern riddle game, the chapter is unfinished but Cao Xueqin is dead (the ink stone lent comments), so that not only the lack of lantern riddles of the main characters Precious Jade Merchant , Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History, and this time there are many other lack of text; And so on.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 05:26, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

He completed only eighty chapters, about two-thirds of the whole book. Not only did he leave the eighty drafts unrevised and unpolished, but there was still much missing pages to be filled. Take the “Gengchen Version” as an example, which was considered the best version by Redology scholars, the 17th, 18th chapters kept the same content and the 19th had no content; The chapter 22, which was about Rongguo Mansion' lantern riddle game, was unfinished before Cao Xueqin passed away. (comments from the Ink Stone Lent), so that there was not only a lack of lantern riddles of the main characters Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History, but also many other contents, and so on.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 06:53, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==
其二是曹雪芹《红楼梦》八十回本的传抄阶段，其间大约近三十年。由于抄书速度很慢，《红楼梦》的篇幅又很长，要想在短时间内抄完一部，需集多人之手。故多为达官显宦之家雇佣抄手，集体完成。

The second lay in the transmission and copying stage of 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin's ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', which lasted about 30 years. Due to the slow speed of copying and the long length of the novel, it required cooperation in order to scribe it done in a short time. Therefore it was the noble officials anddignitaries who often hired scribes to do the task together.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 06:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

The second stage is the transmission and copying of 80 chapters of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' written by Cao Xueqin, which lasted about 30 years. Due to the slow speed of copying and the long length of the novel, it required cooperation in order to finish it in a short time. Therefore it was the noble officials and dignitaries who often hired scribes to do the task together.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 05:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==
又因它是一部未完稿和未定稿，抄手便自觉或不自觉地加以增删修改；而抄手大多水平不高，且良莠不齐，鲁鱼亥豕，在所难免。从而导致大量异文乃至讹误的产生。其三是高鹗和程伟元续写后四十回并对全书进行修订和刊行的阶段。

And because it was an unfinished and undecided manuscript, the scribes consciously or unconsciously added, deleted and modified it. Most scribes lacked skills and the level of copying varied in quality. Accordingly, it was inevitable that clerical errors occurred, which led to a large number of variant versions of the book and even misinterpretations in the text. The third was the stage when Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan wrote a continuation of 40 chapters for ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', revised and published the whole book.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 13:29, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

And because it was an unfinished and undecided manuscript, the copywriters consciously or unconsciously added, deleted or modified it; Because most copywriters lacked skills and their level of copying varied in quality.so it was inevitable that led to a large number of different texts and even errors in the text. The third was the stage when E Gao and Weiyuan Cheng continued to write the last 40 chapters of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'',revised and published the whole book. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:47, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==
其间又可分为四段：首先由程伟元对各种《红楼梦》抄本加以搜集(其中可能包括无名氏续写的书稿)；其次由高鹗续写后四十回，并对前八十回进行大量修订(程伟元也可能参与了修订工作)；又次由程伟元于乾隆五十六年（公元1791年）用活字排印出版一百二十回本，后来被胡适先生命名为“程甲本”；次年由高鹗和程伟元对“程甲本”加以修订再版，后来又被胡适先生命名为“程乙本”。据说还有“程丙本”，如今已经不知下落，据个别看过的人说，较之“程乙本”改动甚少，因而可以置之不论。

It can be divided into four periods: firstly,Weiyuan Cheng collected various transcripts of ''A Dream of Red Mansions ''(including the manuscripts of a sequel written by anonymous authors); Secondly,E Gao continued to write the last 40 chapters and made a lot of revisions to the first 80 chapters (Weiyuan Cheng may also had participated in the revision work); thirdly, another 120 copies were printed and published by Weiyuan Cheng in movable type in the 56th year of the Emperor of Qianlong (AD 1791), which was later named "Cheng Jia Edition" by Mr.Shi Hu;Lastly, in the following year, E Gao and Weiyuan Cheng revised and republished the "Cheng Jia Edition", which was later named "Cheng Yi Ben" by Mr.Shi Hu. It is said that there is also "Cheng bing Edition", which is unknown now. According to someone who have seen it, there are few changes compared with "Cheng Yi Edition", so it can be set aside. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:22, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

It can be divided into four stages: in the first stage, Cheng Weiyuan collected all kinds of transcripts of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (including the manuscripts of a sequel written by unknown authors); Secondly, Gao E continued the last 40 chapters and made a lot of revisions to the first 80 ones (Cheng Weiyuan may also had participated in the revision work); thirdly, another 120 copies were printed and published by Cheng Weiyuan in movable type in the 56th year under the reign of the emperor Qianlong (AD 1791), which were later named "Cheng Jia (the first) Editions" by Hu Shi; Lastly, in the following year, Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan revised and republished the "Cheng Jia Edition", which was later named "Cheng Yi (the second) Edition" by Hu Shi. It is said that there was also "Cheng Bing (the third) Edition", which now has no whereabouts. According to someone who had once read it, compared with "Cheng Yi Edition", there were so few changes that it could be set aside.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:11, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==
其四是《红楼梦》刊本的流传阶段。此段从程伟元的活字本问世开始，直到现在。在刊本出现后，虽然由于某些人的爱好或习惯，仍有抄本流传，但已是强弩之末，不成气候，而刊本的流传却如燎原之势，席卷全国。

The fourth period is the circulation of the printed versions of ''a Dream of Red Mansions''. This stage has been going on since Cheng Weiyuan's movable printed editions were published. After these versions appeared, though transcripts were still spreading due to some people's hobbies or habits, it was like a spent arrow and no longer had great influence, while the printed versions spread and swept like fire through the country.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 14:22, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The fourth period is the circulation of the printed versions of ''a Dream of Red Mansions''. This stage start from cheng Weiyuan's movable type book came out and until now. After the publication appeared, although due to some people's hobbies or habits, it was like a spent arrow and no longer had great influence, while the printed versions spread and swept like fire through the country.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 07:00, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==
《红楼梦》如此特殊的创作和流传过程，导致了《红楼梦》的“三多”现象：版本多，异文多，讹误多。幸运的是，近几十年来，这些版本不仅不断被发现，而且陆续被影印出版，从而使我们得以大饱眼福。仅就我个人视野所及，即有十二种版本，而且五花八门：或名《石头记》(5种)，或名《红楼梦》(7种)；或为抄本(10种)，或为刊本(2种)；或为八十回系统(8种，其中6种为残本)，或为一百二十回系统(4种)。

The special creation and dissemination process of A Dream of Red Mansions leads to the phenomenon of "three many" : many versions, many different texts and many errors. Fortunately, in recent decades, these editions have not only been discovered, but photocopied and published, so that we can feast our eyes on them. As far as I can see, there are twelve versions, and they are diverse，named as "The Story of the Stone" (five versions) or "A Dream of Red Mansions" (seven versions). Some are codex (10 kinds) and some are periodical (2 kinds); Some are 80 chapter system (8 types, 6 of which are incomplete) and some are 120 chapter system (4 types).--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 06:53, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

The special creation and dissemination process of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' led to a phenomenon called "three many": many editions, many variants and many errors. Fortunately, in recent decades, these editions have not only been discovered, but successively photocopied and published, which greatly regale us. As far as I know, there are twelve editions in great diversity. Some are titled ''The Story of the Stone'' (five editions), or ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (seven editions); some are hand-copied (10 editions), while some printed (8 including 6 incomplete editions); some are composed of 80 chapters, while some others 120 chapters.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 13:17, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==
《红楼梦》的众多版本，对于研究者是极有价值的，它们可以帮助研究者分析《红楼梦》的创作过程和流传过程，并进行比较研究。但对于普通读者来说，如此眼花缭乱的版本，犹如坠入五里雾中，使他们无从选择。因此《红楼梦》的研究者有义务为他们提供一个最好的版本。

The various versions of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' have enormous value to researchers. They can be helpful to researchers in analyzing the processes of creation and dissemination, and facilitating comparative studies. However, for common readers, such a dazzling array of versions might leave them with a foggy head and unable to decide. Therefore, researchers are obliged to offer the best version. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 06:09, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
The various versions of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' are valuable to researchers, which can helpful to them in analyzing the processes of creation and dissemination of the book, as well as working on comparative studies. However, it would be confusing and indeterminable for the general readers when facing with such a dazzling array of versions. It’ s therefore incumbent upon researchers to offer the best version.
--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 14:32, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==
况且为了很好地保存这笔珍贵的文化遗产，也必须确立一种《红楼梦》的最好版本。那么哪一种版本是《红楼梦》的最好版本呢？答案就是“程乙本”。鉴于至今仍有“红学家”对高鹗续写的《红楼梦》后四十回既持否定态度，又在出版《红楼梦》时不得不用它与曹雪芹的前八十回相配为完整的一百二十回本，我在这里必须首先对高续后四十回的价值略作说明。

Moreover, in order to preserve this precious cultural heritage, it is also necessary to establish the best version of ''Dream of the Red Chamber''. So which is the best version? The answer is "Cheng Yi Ben". Since, when publishing ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', there are still "Redologists" who have a negative attitude towards Gao E 's subsequent writing of the later forty chapters of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', and who had to use Gao‘ s creation in conjunction with Cao Xueqin's first eighty chapters as the complete one—hundred and twenty chapters, I must first give a brief explanation of the value of Gao's continuation of the later forty chapters.--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 07:18, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Moreover，it is also necessary to establish the best version of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' to preserve this precious cultural heritage.So which one is the best version of it？The answer is "Cheng Yi Ben".Since there is still opposition against the forty chapters wrote by Gao E，the “master of the Dream of the Red Chamber，while it is a must to combine them and the eighty chapters wrote by Cao Xueqin to form an integral book which has one hundred and twenty chapters，I must briefly introduce the value of the forty chapters wrote by Gao E--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 08:46, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==
率先冲破评点派和索隐派而从中国小说发展史的角度客观评价高鹗续书的是胡适先生。他在1921年11月12日定稿的《〈红楼梦〉考证》（见1923年亚东图书馆版《胡适文存》）中说：我们平心而论，高鹗补的四十回，虽然比不上前八十回，也确然有不可埋没的好处。他写司棋之死，写鸳鸯之死，写妙玉的遭遇，写凤姐的死，写袭人的嫁，都是很有精采的小品文字。
The man who first transcend the groups of criticizing and objectively comment the continuation of Gao E from the perspective of the history of the development of Chinese novels is Hu Shi.He said in his 《Test of the Dream of the red mansions》finalised in 1921，12th November that：“To be honest，Gao E’s supplementary forty chapters，though not comparable to the original eighty chapters，still boast their own outstanding merits.For instance，he wrote the death of Si Qi，of Yuan Yang，of Feng Jie，the encounter of Miao Yu and the marriage of Xi Ren，are all excellent facetious words.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 12:08, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

It was Mr. Hu Shi who firstly made a breakthrough between “Pingdian Group” and “Suoying Group” and objectively evaluated Gao E’s continuation from the perspective of Chinese novel’s history. In ''A Textual Research on A Dream of Red Mansions'' finalized on November 12, 1921 (''Hu Shi’s Article Archive'', Yadong Library Edition, 1923), he said, “To be fair, the following forty episodes written by Gao E certainly have undeniable charm although not as good as the previous eighty. He ended Siqi’s life with death, wrote about the death of Yuanyang, the suffering of Miaoyu, Sister Feng’s demise and the marriage of Xiren, all of which are really brilliant sketches. --[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 06:31, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==
最可注意的是这些人都写作悲剧的下场。还有那最重要的“木石前盟”一件公案，高鹗居然忍心害理的教黛玉病死，教宝玉出家，作一个大悲剧的结束，打破了中国小说的团圆迷信。这一点悲剧的眼光，不能不令人佩服。

It is noteworthy that all these people wrote about tragic endings, expecially th most important case of " Wood and Stone's Previous Oath". In the novel, Gao E auturally had the heart to leave Daiyu to die of illness and Baoyu to become a monk. He made it ended up as a great tragedy and broke the routine of "reunion superstition" in traditional Chinese novels, which could not be more admirable from the tragic perspective.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 05:00, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

It is most noteworthy that all these characters are created with tragic endings. And as regards the most important case --- "The Pledge in front of Wood and Stone", in the novel, the author Gao E actually ended Daiyu's life with death resulting from illness and left Baoyu (Precious Jade Merchant) to become a monk. Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' with a tragical epilogue so as to break the superstition that Chinese novels routinely end in happy reunion. In this sense, Gao E's tragic perspective deserves admiration and praise.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 08:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==
我们试看高鹗以后，那许多续《红楼梦》和补《红楼梦》的人，那一个不是想把黛玉、晴雯都从棺材里扶出来，重新配给宝玉？那一个不是想做一部“团圆”的《红楼梦》的？我们这里退一步想，就不能不佩服高鹗的补本了。我们不但佩服，还应该感谢他，因为他这部悲剧的补本……居然打倒了后来无数的团圆《红楼梦》，居然替中国保存了一部有悲剧下场的小说！

As we can see, after Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (which was left unfinished by the previous author Cao Xueqin), many of those who wrote this work continually or supplementarily were all eager to save Mascars Jade Forest (Lin Daiyu) and Sunny Cloud Formation (Qing Wen), who died and lay in coffin, and then to betroth them to Precious Jade Merchant (Jia Baoyu). And these writers all had the desire to end the story in a warm reunion. On second thought, we cannot but have a high opinion of Gao E's supplementary version ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Arguably, not only should we admire but show gratitude for him, on the grounds that, his edition packed with tragic color is unexpectedly more laudatory than those with happy endings, actually preserving a novel with the tragical epilogue in China.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 07:35, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

As we can see, after Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (which was left unfinished by the previous author Cao Xueqin), many of those who wrote this work continually or supplementarily were all eager to save Lin Daiyu and Qing Wen (or Sunny Cloud Formation), who died and lay in coffin, and then to betroth them to Jia Baoyu (or Precious Jade Merchant). Which writer did not want to create "A Dream of the Red mansion" with a reunion ending? On second thought, we cannot but have a high opinion of Gao E's supplementary version ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Arguably, not only should we admire but show gratitude for him, on the grounds that, his edition packed with tragic color is unexpectedly more laudatory than those with happy endings, actually preserving a novel with the tragical epilogue in China.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 12:33, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==
几乎与胡适同时，俞平伯先生也对高鹗的续书予以专章论述。他在1923年亚东图书馆出版的《红楼梦辨·论续书底不可能》中说：从高鹗以下，百馀年来，续《红楼梦》的人如此之多，但都是失败的……我以为凡书都不能续，不但《红楼梦》不能续；凡续书的人都失败，不但高鹗诸人失败而已。
Almost at the same time as Hu Shi, Mr. Yu Pingbo also devoted a chapter to the continuation of Gao E's book. He said in the "A Dream of the Red Mansion - the impossibility of the continuation of the book" published by the Yadong Library in 1923: From Gao E down, more than a hundred years, so many people have renewed the "A Dream of the Red Mansion", but they all failed ...... I think all books can not be renewed, not only the "A Dream of the Red Mansion" can not be renewed; all the people who renewed the book failed, not only Gao E and others failed.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 12:27, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Almost at the same time as Hu Shi, Mr. Yu Pingbo also devoted a comment chapter to the continuation of Gao E. He said in the "A Dream of the Red Mansion - the impossibility of the continuation of the book" published by the Yadong Library in 1923: Since Gao E, more than a hundred years, so many people have renewed the "A Dream of the Red Mansion", but they all failed ... I think all books can not be renewed, not only the "A Dream of the Red Mansion" is in the case; all the people who renewed books failed, not only Gao E and others did.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==
因此他的结论是：高鹗诸人续写的《红楼梦》都是“狗尾续貂”。俞先生“凡书都不能续”、“凡续书的人都失败”的说法未免武断，至少措辞不够严谨。事实上，成功的续书并非没有，只是不多。

Therefore, his conclusion is: The continuations of "The Dream of Red Mansions" written by the Gao E and others are all "wretched sequels to a masterpiece." Mr. Yu’s statement that “every book cannot be continued” and “everyone who renews a book fails” is a bit too arbitrary, at least the wording is not rigorous enough. In fact, successful continuations do exist, but are not substantial.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:29, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

He therefore concludes that the sequels to Dream of the Red Chamber written by the Gao Ospreys are all "dog tails on a marten", which means a wretched sequels to a masterpiece. Mr. Yu's statement that "all books cannot be renewed" and "all those who renew books will fail" is arbitrary, or at least not carefully worded. In fact, successful continuations do exist, but are not substantial.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 23:35, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==
且不说成功的学术著作不乏范例，就是小说作品的续书也有成功的。譬如清代陈忱的《水浒后传》、近代吴趼人的《新石头记》，就都是别开生面之作。不过俞先生毕竟是严肃的学者，尽管他对高鹗的续书很不满意，却对高鹗的功绩予以肯定。

Not to mention that there is no shortage of examples of successful scholarly works, there are also successful sequels to works of fiction. For example, Chen Chen's ''The Afterlife of Water Margin'' in the Qing dynasty and Wu Jianren's ''The New Story of the Stone'' in the modern era are both original works. But Mr. Yu, after all, was a serious scholar, and although he was dissatisfied with Gao E's sequel, he acknowledged Gao's merits.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 23:25, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Not to mention that there is no shortage of successful examples of scholarly works, there are also successes in sequels to works of fiction. For example, Chen Chen's ''The Afterlife of Water Margin'' in the Qing dynasty and Wu Jianren's ''The New Story of the Stone'' in the modern era are both original works in new forms. But Mr. Yu, after all, was a serious scholar, and although he was dissatisfied with Gao E's sequel, he acknowledged Gao's merits.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 09:06, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==
他在《红楼梦辨·后四十回底批评》中说：高鹗以审慎的心思，正当的态度来续《红楼梦》；他宁可失之于拘泥，不敢失之于杜撰。其所以失败：一则因《红楼梦》本非可以续补的书，二则因高鹗与曹雪芹个性相差太远，便不自觉地相违远了。处处去追寻作者，而始终赶他不上，以致迷途；这是他失败时底光景。

He said in the ''Defense of The Dream of Red Mansion: the criticism of the last forty chapters'': “GaoE continued writing The Dream of Red Mansion with his prudent intention and serious attitude; He would rather make it up than adhere to it. There are two reasons for the failure of his version. The first is that the book itself is not a book that can be continued writing. The other is GaoE’ s character is different far from Cao Xueqin’sw which naturally lead to his misconception about this book. He tried his best to catch the main points of Cao Xueqin whereas he even couldn’t see the back of Cao Xueqin resulting in the wrong path. This is his background of failure.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 08:11, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

He said in the '' Defense of A Dream of Red Mansions: the criticism of the last forty chapters '': “Gao E continued writing '' A Dream of Red Mansions '' with his prudent intention and serious attitude; He would rather rigidly adhere to the content than fabricate some details. There are two reasons for the failure of his version. The first is that this novel itself is not the one that can be continued writing. The other is that Gao E’ s character is different far from Cao Xueqin’s which naturally lead to very distinct characteristics in this novel. He tried his best to catch the main points of Cao Xueqin whereas he even couldn’t see the back of Cao Xueqin resulting in the wrong path. This is the reason of his failure.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 13:28, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==
至于混四十回于八十回中，就事论事，是一种过失；就效用影响而论，是一种功德；混合而论是功多罪少。“失败了，光荣地失败了！”是我对于高鹗底赞扬和指斥。俞先生在晚年对高鹗的续书给予更多的肯定，认为高鹗的续书使残缺的《红楼梦》成为完璧，是一大功劳。

As for adding forty chapters to the original eighty chapters, sticking to the facts, it is actually a demerit. However, it can be a kind of merits and virtues in terms of utility effect. With regarding to several aspects, and his merits can more than wipe out his faults. “Failed, gloriously failed!”It's my praise and rebuke to Gao E. In the later years of Mr. Yu, he gave more recognition to Gao E’sequel, believing that Gao E’ sequel made the fragmentary ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' a complete story which was a great credit.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 13:25, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

As for mixing the forty chapters to the original eighty chapters, actually it is a kind of negligence in terms of facts; in terms of effectiveness and influence, it is a kind of merit; in terms of mixing, it is more meritorious and less sinful. "Failed, failed gloriously!" I praised and reprimanded Gao E. In his later years, Mr. Yu gave more affirmation to Gao E’s sequel, and believed that Gao E’ s sequel made the incomplete ''Dream of Red Mansions'' a great achievement.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 05:16, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==
鲁迅先生也对高鹗的续书予以肯定，只是对书末贾府的“复振”表示遗憾。他在《中国小说史略》（1923、1924年由北京大学新潮社分上下册出版，1925年由北京北新书局合为一册出版）第二十四篇中说：后四十回虽数量止初本之半，而大故迭起，破败死亡相继，与所谓“食尽鸟飞独存白地”者颇符，惟结束又复振。

Lu Xun also gave a approval to the sequel of the book by Gao E, but regretted the “revitalization” part of Merchant’s mansion at the end of the book. He claimed in Chapter 24 of ''Chinese Novel Outline History''(In 1923 and 1924, published in two volumes by the New Trend Union of Peking University, and in 1925, published in one volume by Beixin Publishing House in Beijing) that although the latter forty chapters is only half of the original version in quantity, there are great changes, ups and downs, and dilapidated deaths one after another, which is very consistent with the so-called “eating all birds and flying alone in the white land”, but it ends and vibrates again.
--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 09:14, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Lu Xun also affirmed Gao E’s sequel, and just expressed regret for the “revitalization” of Merchant Mansion at the end of the book. He claimed in chapter 24 of Chinese Novel Outline History(In 1923 and 1924, published in two volumes by the New Trend Union of Peking University, and in 1925, published in one volume by Beixin Publishing House in Beijing) that although the last forty chapters are only half of the original version in quantity, events occurred constantly and loss and death were in succession, which was quite consistent with the statement “birds ate and flew, then left the bleak place”. But it was a pity that the sequel ended in revitalization. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 00:58, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==
以上三位权威学者对高鹗续书的评价不尽相同，但有两点共识：高鹗的后四十回逊于曹雪芹的前八十回，但他完成了曹雪芹的未竟之业，使残缺的《红楼梦》成为完璧；尤其打破了中国传统小说的“团圆迷信”，使《红楼梦》成为中国小说史上首部悲剧小说，这在中国小说发展史上是一个伟大创举。我认为三位先生的这两点共识是客观公正的，是高见卓识。

The above three authoritative scholars hold various comments on Gao E’s sequel, sharing two points of consensus. One the one hand, Gao E’s last forty chapters are inferior to Cao Xueqin’s first eighty counterparts, but he has completed Cao’s unfinished work, rendering A Dream in Red Mansions perfect. On the other hand, in particular, Gao E breaks the routine of “reunion superstition”in traditional Chinese novels and makes A Dream in Red Mansions the first tragic writing in the past records of Chinese novels, which is a great pioneering work in the history of Chinese novel development. As far as I am concerned, these two points proposed by the three respected scholars are objective, fair and insightful. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 14:23, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The above three authoritative scholars hold various comments on Gao E’s sequel, but sharing two points of consensus. One the one hand, Gao E’s last forty chapters are inferior to Cao Xueqin’s first eighty counterparts, but he has completed Cao’s unfinished work, rendering the incomplete ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' complete. On the other hand, in particular, Gao E breaks the routine of “reunion superstition”in traditional Chinese novels and makes ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' become the first tragic writing in the past records of Chinese novels, which is a great pioneering work in the history of Chinese novel development. As far as I am concerned, these two points proposed by the three respected scholars are objective, fair and insightful.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:49, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==
晚近的某些“新红学家”尽管对高鹗大加挞伐，却无法推翻三位先生的这两点共识；最多只能进一步证明高鹗的续书比不上曹雪芹的原作，而不能抹煞高鹗续书的这两大功绩。我们可以设想，如果没有高鹗的续书，只能有两种结果：一是我们只能看到一部残缺不全的《红楼梦》，犹如只能欣赏一只断尾巴的孔雀；二是我们只能看到《红楼复梦》、《红楼圆梦》之类下三流续作，使《红楼梦》跳不出“团圆”小说的窠臼。

Although some recent "new Redologists" criticized Gao E drastically, they could not overturn the consensus of the three gentlemen; at most, they could only further prove that Gao E's sequel is not comparable to Cao Xueqin's original, rather than erase the two achievements of Gao E's renewal. We can imagine that if we have no Gao E's sequel, there can only be two results: one is that we can only see an incomplete ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', like only enjoying a peacock with a broken tail, the other is that we can only see ''A Dream of Red Mansions Again'', ''A Dream of Red Mansions Reunion'' and other renewals that are third-classs, which makes ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' cannot jump out of the mold of "reunion" novel.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:45, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 16:25, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Although some recent “new Redologists” criticized Gao E drastically, they could not overturn the two consensuses of the three gentlemen; they could only further prove that Gao E's sequel is not comparable to Cao Xueqin's original, rather than obliterate the two achievements of Gao E's continuation. We can imagine that, without Gao E's sequel, there would be only two results: one is that we could only see an incomplete ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', as if we could only appreciate a peacock with a broken tail, the other is that we can only see such third-rate sequels like ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' Again, ''A Dream of Red Mansions Reunion'', making ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' cannot jump out of the set pattern of "reunion" novel. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 06:17, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==
因此，不仅我们应该感谢高鹗，如果曹雪芹地下有知，也会视高鹗为知己。胡适等三位先生论证了高鹗的两大功绩，就等于完全肯定了完整的一百二十回的《红楼梦》。但完整的《红楼梦》有两种版本，即“程甲本”和“程乙本”，两者的出版时间仅隔一年左右。

Therefore, not only should we be grateful to Gao E, if Cao Xueqin was alive and knew about it, he would also regard Gao E as a confidant. Hu Shi and other three gentlemen demonstrated Gao E’s three achievements, which was equivalent to confirming the complete 120 chapters of a Dream of Red Mansions. However, there are two versions of the complete work, namely the “Cheng A edition” and “Cheng B edition”, whose publishing interval was only about one year. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 15:35, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Hu Shi and other three gentlemen demonstrated gao e's two great achievements, which is equivalent to confirming the complete 120 chapters of a Dream of Red Mansions. However, there are two versions of the complete work, namely the "Cheng Jiabo edition" and "Cheng Yibo edition", which were published only about a year apart.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 05:17, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==
这两种版本究竟哪一种更好呢？当然是“程乙本”，因为它是高鹗对“程甲本”精心修订的定稿本。程伟元和高鹗在“程乙本”《〈红楼梦〉引言》中说：因急欲公诸同好，故初印时不及细校，间有纰缪。今复聚集各原本，详加校阅，改订无讹。

Which of these two versions is better? Of course, it is "Cheng B", because it is gao e to "Cheng A" carefully revised final version. Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E said in "Cheng Yiben" "DREAM of Red Mansions" introduction: Due to the urgent desire for public relations, the initial printing was not corrected in detail, and there were mistakes. This complex gathered the original, detailed review, change without error.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 05:12, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Which version is better? Of course, it is "Cheng Yi", because it is gao e to "Cheng Jia" carefully revised final version. Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E said in "Cheng Yi" "DREAM of Red Mansions" introduction: Due to the urgent desire for public relations, the initial printing was not corrected in detail, and there were mistakes. This complex gathered the original, detailed review, change without error.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 12:36, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==
惟阅者谅之。这就是说，高鹗续写后四十回并修订曹雪芹的前八十回时，“因急欲公诸同好”，未能像曹雪芹那样“批阅十载，增删五次”，而是匆促而成，在排印过程中又没有仔细校对，以致“纰缪”难免，因而立即加以修订再版，从而产生了“程乙本”。可见“程乙本”是对“程甲本”的“纰缪”加以修订的本子，自然胜于“程甲本”了。

Only those who read it will forgive it. That is to say, when Gao E continued to write the last 40 chapters and revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters, "because he was anxious to be good to the public", he failed to "review for ten years, add and delete five times" as Cao Xueqin did.Hurriedly,he did not proofread carefully in the process of typesetting, so that "mistakes" were inevitable.Therefore, he immediately revised and reprinted it, resulting in "the version of Cheng Yi". It can be seen that "the version of Cheng Yi" is a book to revise the "mistakes" of "the version of Cheng Jia", which is naturally better than "the version of Cheng Jia".--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 02:57, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Only readers will forgive it. That is to say, when Gao E continued to write the last 40 chapters and revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters, he was anxious to share it with the public, so he failed to review for ten years, add and delete five times as Cao Xueqin did.He hurried to finish it, not proofreading carefully in the process of typesetting, so mistakes were inevitable. Therefore, \ he immediately revised and reprinted another verison, resulting in appearing "Cheng Yi (the second) Edition". It can be seen that " Cheng Yi" is a book to revise the "mistakes" of "Cheng Jia (the first) Edition", which is naturally better than "Cheng Jia".--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 07:43, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==
然而由于出版商不加细较，以为初刊本更为可靠，以致在相当一段时间内，翻印的“程甲本”曾大行其道。直到1927年，胡适先生因亚东图书馆老板汪元放先生点校并出版过“程甲本”，便将自己珍藏的“程乙本”推荐给汪先生。汪先生便将“程乙本”与“程甲本”加以仔细对勘，并加上新式标点，予以出版。

However, the publisher did not go into details, and believed that the first edition was more reliable. So in a fairly long period, the translated and printed “Cheng Jia (the first) Edition” became popular. Until 1927, Mr. Hushi recommended his treasured collection of “Cheng Yi (the second) Edition” to the owner of Yadong Library, Mr. Wang Yuanfang after he heard that Mr. Wang had punctuated, proofead and published“Cheng Jia (the first) Edition”. Then Mr. Wang checked against another between “Cheng Jia” and “Cheng Yi” , added the new punctuation and published it.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 03:17, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

However, the publisher did not proofread carefully and believed that the first edition was more reliable. So in a fairly long period, the printed “Chengjia Edition” became popular. Until 1927, Mr. Hushi recommended his treasured collection of “Chengyi Edition” to Mr. Wang Yuanfang who was the owner of Yadong Library because Mr. Wang once proofread and published “Chengjia Edition”. Then Mr. Wang contrasted “Chengjia Edition” with “Chengyi Edition” in detail and decided to add the new-style punctuations to the latter and publish it.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 11:00, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==
胡适先生并为该书写了《重印乾隆壬子本〈红楼梦〉序》。他在《序》文中说：现在印出的程乙本，就是那“聚集各原本，详加校阅，改订无讹”的本子，可说是高鹗、程伟元合刻的定本。这个改本有许多改订修正之处，胜于程甲本。

Mr.Hushi wrote "A Preface for the Re-printed Qianlong Renzi Edition of ''A Dream in Red Mansions''" for this book. In the preface, he said that the newly-printed Chengyi edition which was revised carefully by referring to all kinds of original editions to make sure no incorrect information in it, was the final edition made by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan. This edition had many corrections so it was better than the Chengjia edition. --[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 08:47, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

Mr.Hushi has written ''A Preface for the Re-printed Qianlong Renzi Version of "''A Dream in Red Mansions''"'' for this book. In this preface, he said that the current printed Chengyi edition was the final edition made by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan which was revised carefully by gathering all kinds of original editions to make sure no incorrect information was in it. This edition had many corrections so it was much better than the Chengjia edition.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 06:58, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==
但这个本子发行在后，程甲本已有人翻刻了；初本的一些矛盾错误仍旧留在现行各本里，虽经各家批注里指出，终没有人敢改正。胡适先生并举了三个例子，以证明“程乙本”胜于“程甲本”。由此可知，胡适先生不仅是第一个发现并公开指出“程乙本”胜于“程甲本”的人，而且推荐并贡献出了自己珍藏的“程乙本”初刊本，为“程乙本”后来的广泛流行起了决定性的作用。

But after the release of this edition, Cheng Jia edition has already been reprinted. Some contradictions and errors from the original edition still remained in the current edition. Although many literary masters has pointed out these mistakes in their annotations, no one eventually dared to correct them. And Mr. Hu Shi gave three examples to prove that Cheng Yi edition was better than Cheng Jia edition. So it can be seen that he was not only the first to discover and publicly pointed out this, but also recommended and contributed the original Cheng Yi edition of his own treasure, which played a decisive role in the wide popularity of this edition.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 00:55, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

But after the release of this edition, Cheng Jia edition has already been reprinted. Some contradictions and errors of the original edition still remained in the current edition. Although many literary masters had pointed out these mistakes in their annotations, but no one eventually dared to correct them. And Mr. Hu Shi gave three examples to prove that Cheng Yi edition was better than Cheng Jia edition. So it can be seen that he was not only the first to discover and publicly pointed out this, but also recommended and contributed the original Cheng Yi edition of his own treasure, and that played a decisive role in the wide popularity of its edition.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 06:19, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==
汪原放先生也没有辜负胡适先生的重托，不仅出版了“程乙本”，而且对两个“程本”加以仔细对勘，并用增删改动文字的统计数字与具体例子（详见下文），进一步证明了“程乙本”优于“程甲本”。由于胡适先生的学术威望和汪原放先生点校的“程乙本”面世，尤其是“程乙本”确实胜于“程甲本”，故此后书商大多舍弃了“程甲本”，竞相刊印“程乙本”，“程乙本”几乎一统天下。这种局面一直持续到上世纪五六十年代。

Mr.Wang Yuanfang also lived up to the great trust of Mr.Hu Shi. He not only published "Cheng Yiben", but also carefully surveyed the two "Cheng Yiben", and changed the statistics and specific examples (see below for details), further proving that "Cheng Yiben" was better than "Cheng Jiaben". Because Mr.Hu Shi's academic prestige and Mr.Wang Yuanfang's "Cheng Yiben" were published, especially "Cheng Yiben" was indeed better than "Cheng Jiaben", so most booksellers abandoned "Cheng Jiaben" and competed to print "Cheng Yiben", " Cheng Yiben " almost unified the whole world. The situation has been continuing until the 1950s and 1960s.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 14:48, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Mr. Wang Yuanfang also lived up to Mr. Hu Shi's great trust. He not only published "Cheng Yi Ben", but also carefully surveyed the two "Cheng Ben", and further proved that "Cheng Yi Ben" was better than "Cheng Jia Ben" with statistics and specific examples of adding, deleting and changing words (see below for details). Due to the academic prestige of Mr. Hu Shi and the appearance of "Cheng Yi Ben" ordered by Mr. Wang Yuanfang, especially "Cheng Yi Ben" is indeed better than "Cheng Jia Ben", most booksellers abandoned "Cheng Jia Ben" and competed to publish "Cheng Yi Ben" and "Cheng Yi Ben" almost dominates the world. This situation lasted until the 1950s and 1960s.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 13:31, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==
然而到了八十年代以后，“程乙本”一统天下的局面却被打破了，各种版本的《红楼梦》纷纷涌现，其中多为拼凑本，即前八十回采用抄本，后四十回则多采用高鹗作废了的“程甲本”，从而造成了《红楼梦》版本的混乱现象。这种混乱现象使本来已经解决了的《红楼梦》版本问题又重新出现纷争，也使普通读者陷入了不知如何选择《红楼梦》的境地。
However, after the 1980s, the situation of "Cheng Yi Ben" dominating the world was broken, and various versions of a dream of Red Mansions emerged one after another, most of which were piecemeal copies, that is, the transcripts of the first 80 chapters were used, and the "Cheng Jia Ben" cancelled by Gao e was used in the last 40 chapters, resulting in the confusion of the version of a dream of Red Mansions. This chaotic phenomenon makes the original version of a dream of Red Mansions once again controversial, and makes ordinary readers fall into the situation of not knowing how to choose a dream of Red Mansions.

However, after the 1980s, the dominating situation of "Cheng Yi version"was broken, and various versions of The Dream of Red Mansions emerged one after another, most of which were cobbled together, where the first eighty editions used the codified version, while the last forty editions mostly used Gao E's cancelled Cheng Jia version, thus causing confusion in the version of a Dream of Red Mansions.This kind of confusion makes the issue of the edition of a Dream of Red Mansions reappear, and also makes ordinary readers have no idea how to choose a Dream of Red Mansions.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 06:27, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==
钱锺书先生虽然不研究《红楼梦》，但对《红楼梦》版本的混乱现象却很不以为然。他在上世纪九十年代说过（大意）：《红楼梦》研究中的许多纠葛与纷争，大多源于版本问题。在同一问题上，张三根据这个版本，李四根据那个版本，公说公有理，婆说婆有理，一万年也说不清，实在无谓得很。

Although Qian zhongshu never study ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', he considers that the phenomenon of mess versions does not really matter.In the 1990s, he said that (roughly meaning)most of the disputes in the study of ''The Dream of Red Mansions'' resulted from the issue of versions. On the same issue, different people refer to different versions for their so-called reasonable purpose.Thus, the disputes can never be settled. And such a phenomenon is really meaningless.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 06:23, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Although Qian zhongshu never study ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', he considered disapprovingly that the phenomenon of chaos versions does not really matter.In the 1990s, he said that (a rough meaning)most of the disputes in the study of ''The Dream of Red Mansions'' resulted from the issue of versions. On the same issue, different people refer to different versions for their so-called reasonable purpose.Thus, the disputes can never be settled. And such a phenomenon is really meaningless.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 06:47, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==
这是《红楼梦》的悲剧，也是中国学界的悲剧。为了永久保存《红楼梦》这笔珍贵遗产，也为了给广大读者提供一个《红楼梦》的范本，必须从众多版本中确定一个最好的版本，而这个版本就是胡适先生推荐的“程乙本”。至于其他版本，则只供研究之用。

This is not only the tragedy of The Dream of the Red Chamber , but also the tragedy of Chinese academic circles. In order to permanently preserve the precious heritage of The Dream of the Red Chamber and provide readers with a model of The Dream of the Red Chamber, we must determine the best version from many versions, and this version is the "Cheng Yi version" recommended by Mr. Hu Shi. Other versions are only for research purposes only.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 14:00, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

This is not only a tragedy of Dream of the Red Chamber , but also a tragedy of Chinese academic circles. In order to permanently preserve the precious heritage of Dream of the Red Chamber and provide readers with a model of Dream of the Red Chamber, we must determine the best version from many versions, and this version is the "Cheng Yi version" recommended by Mr. Hu Shi. Other versions are only for research purposes only.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 11:15, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==
我完全赞成以上诸位先生的看法，毋须我再费笔墨，所以我在这里只是为他们的看法提供一些实例。首先，“程乙本”的前八十回由于经过了高鹗(也许还有程伟元)的大量修订，较之诸抄本大有改观，使之更加完善。具体来说，就是对众多异文加以筛选，去除讹误，择善而从，并加以必要的补阙、修改、删节和增饰。

I totally agree with the views of the above teachers, so I don't need to say more, so I will just provide some examples for their views here. First of all, the first eighty books of "Cheng Yi version" have been revised extensively by Gao Osprey (and perhaps Cheng Wei Yuan), which is a great improvement over the codices and makes it more perfect. Specifically, it is the screening of many different texts, the removal of errors, the selection of good, and the necessary additions, modifications, abridgments and additions.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 10:56, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

I totally agree with the opinions of you all, so I don't bother to say more. So I will just provide some examples for their views here. First of all, the first eightith chapters of "Cheng Yi's version" have been revised for many times by Gao Osprey (and perhaps Cheng Wei Yuan), which is an improvement over the codices and makes it more perfect. Specifically, it made a selection from many different texts, corrected errors, selected the good, and offered the necessary additions, modifications, removal and polishment.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 07:28, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==
试举六例如下：例一：原作第十七、十八两回合用一套回目，第十九回没有回目。高鹗将那套合用的回目归第十七回，而为第十八、十九两回补拟了回目。例二：原作第十八回写元妃省亲回府，“只见园中香烟缭绕，花彩缤纷，处处灯光相映，时时细乐声喧，说不尽太平景象，富贵风流”，下面却接着有这样一段：此时自己回想当初在大荒山中青埂峰下，那等凄凉寂寞。

Here are six examples. Firstly, the chapter 17 and 18 of the original work shared the same title and the 19th one didn't have have any. Gao-E merged the shared one into chapter 17 and rethought a title for chapter 18 and 19. Secondly, chapter 18 in the original one showed that Yuan concubine visited relatives, as "See nothing but scent lingering, flowers blossoming, lights glistening and bustle hustleing.WHat a stable and flourish society!" Here goes another saying: at that time I recalled the time when I in the foot of Dahuangshan Mountain, and I felt so lonely.

Here are six examples. Firstly, the chapter 17 and 18 of the original work shared the same title and the 19th one didn't have any. Gao'E merged the shared one into chapter 17 and rethought a title for chapter 18 and 19. Secondly, chapter 18 in the original one showed that Yuan concubine visited relatives, as "See nothing but scent lingering, flowers blossoming, lights glistening and bustle hustleing.WHat a stable and flourish society!" Here goes another saying: at that time I recalled the time when I in the foot of Dahuangshan Mountain, and I felt so lonely.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 09:55, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==
若不亏癞僧、跛道二人携来到此，又安能得见这般世面？本欲作一篇《灯月赋》、《省亲颂》，以志今日之事，但又恐入了别书的俗套。按此时之景，即作一赋一赞，也不能得尽其妙；即不作赋、赞，其豪华富丽，观者诸公亦可想而知矣。

If the Monk and the Taoist don't bring me here, how could I can see such elephant. I wanted to write an ''Ode to Lantern Moon'' or ''Ode to Visiting Relatives'' to commemorate today's event, but I was afraid to falling into the conventions of other books. The scene of this period, we can't get its wonderful in length even we write a praise. And if we don't write, the viewer also can imagine its luxurious richly.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:26, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

If not the monk with scappy head and the lame Taoist priest bring me here, how could I can see such the world like this. I wanted to write an ''Ode to Lantern Moon'' or ''Ode to Visiting Relatives'' to commemorate today's event, but I was afraid to falling into the conventions of other books. In the scene of this period, we can't get the wonderfulness in length even we write a praise. And if we don't write, the viewer also can imagine its luxury and richness.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 02:18, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==
所以倒是省了这工夫纸墨，且说正经的为是。本书前面已经交代得明明白白，大荒山青埂峰下的那块石头被一僧一道携入红尘后已幻化为口衔通灵宝玉的贾宝玉，而从这段话看，那块石头的化身却是贾元春，难道姐弟二人都是那块石头所化吗？如果说这段话的前大半截是写贾宝玉的心理活动，误安在了贾元春的头上，也还是说不通，因为不可能在描写贾元春省亲观感的文字当中无缘无故插入一段对贾宝玉的心理描写。

Therefore the time to write them is saved, and it is time to talk something serious. It has been clearly explained in the front of this book that the stone under the Loveroot Peak of the Great Wilderness Mountain has been transformed into Precious Jade Merchant with psychic jade in his mouth after being brought into the world by a monk and a Taoist priest. From this paragraph, however, the incarnation of that stone is First Spring Merchant. Are both the sister and brother transformed by that stone? If the first half of this paragraph is about Precious Jade Merchant's psychological activities, and is mistakenly thought as First Spring Merchant's, it still doesn't make sense. Because it is impossible to insert a psychological description of Precious Jade Merchant into the words describing First Spring Merchant's feelings about relatives for no reason.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:16, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

If the first half of this paragraph is about Precious Jade Merchant's psychological activities, which is mistakenly thought as First Spring Merchant's, it still doesn't make sense.
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 10:13, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==
尤为荒唐的是，从“观者诸公”以下文字，又突然变为作者的第三人称口气，更令人丈二金刚，摸不着头脑。如此语无伦次的拙劣文字，决非曹雪芹的原文，而是抄书者的误抄或窜文。“程乙本”将其全部删除，犹如割除了一个赘瘤，使行文变得合理而又通畅。

What is particularly absurd is that, from the following words "all the audience", and suddenly into the third person tone of the author,which is even more puzzling. Such incoherent poor text, not Cao Xueqin's original text, but the copy of the wrong copy or channelized text. "Cheng Yi version" deleted all of them, just like cutting out a superfluous tumor, so that the writing becomes reasonable and unobstructed.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 12:58, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Such incoherent poor text, not Cao Xueqin Autor's original text, but the copy of the wrong copy or channelized text. "Cheng Yi version" deleted all of them, just like cutting out a superfluous tumor, so that the writing becomes reasonable and unobstructed.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 14:50, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==
例三：原作第二十二回写荣国府作灯谜游戏，目的在于通过各人制作的灯谜，以暗示各自的性情、志向及将来结局，是全书的重要段落。大约因曹雪芹当时没有完全想好，故只写了贾母、贾政、元春、迎春、探春、惜春、宝钗的灯谜，而将宝玉、黛玉、湘云的灯谜暂缺，留待以后补写，不料曹雪芹突然去世，未及补写，致使原稿残缺。高鹗大胆地将原作宝钗的灯谜移作黛玉的灯谜，又增写了宝钗和宝玉的灯谜，我以为移得合理，增作也很精彩。

Example 3: the 22nd episode of the original work is that everyone plays lantern riddles in the Jung-guo-Anwesen ，The purpose is to hint their temperament, aspirations and future outcome through the lantern riddles made by each person，It is an important paragraph of the whole book. It may be that Cao Xueqin Autor didn't think well at that time, so he only wrote the riddles of Grandma Merchant, Master Merchant, First Spring Merchant, Spring Pleasure Merchant, Seeking-Spring Merchant, Cherishing Spring Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, but didn't write the riddles of Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History for the time being，and planned to fill them up later. Unexpectedly, Cao Xueqin Autor died suddenly and didn't have time to make up, resulting in the mutilation of the original. Gao E boldly changed the lantern riddle of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass into that of Mascara Jade Forest, and added the lantern riddles of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Precious Jade Merchant. I think this change is very reasonable and the added part is also very wonderful.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 01:31, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Example 3: the 22nd chapter of the original work is that everyone plays lantern riddles in the Rong Mansion, The purpose is to hint their temperament, aspirations and future respectively through the lantern riddles made by each person，It is an important plot of the whole work.
Possibly because Cao Xueqin did not think well at that time, he only wrote the riddles of Grandma Merchant, Master Merchant, First Spring Merchant, Spring Pleasure Merchant, Seeking-Spring Merchant, Cherishing Spring Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, but didn’t write the riddles of Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History for the time being，and planned to fill them up later. Unexpectedly, Cao Xueqin died suddenly and didn’t have time to make up, resulting in the mutilation of the original. Gao E boldly changed the lantern riddle of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass into that of Mascara Jade Forest, and added the lantern riddles of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Precious Jade Merchant. I think this change is very reasonable and the added part is also very wonderful.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:58, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==
但高鹗也有失误和疏漏：失误在于删掉或漏掉了原作惜春的灯谜，疏漏在于未给湘云补写灯谜。惜春的灯谜我已补入第二十二回（参见该回原文及其注释），以弥补高鹗的失误；而湘云的灯谜却只好仍阙，成为永远的遗憾。例四：原作第二十五回在写王熙凤被魇魔法弄得精神错乱时，插入一段对薛蟠的描写：别人慌张自不必讲，独有薛蟠更比诸人忙到十分：又恐薛姨妈被人挤倒，又恐薛宝钗被人瞧见，又恐香菱被人臊皮──知道贾珍等是在女人身上做功夫的，因此忙的不堪。

However, Gao E also made some mistakes and omissions: the mistake lies in deleting or missing the original lantern riddles made by Cherishing Spring Merchant, and the omission lies in not rewriting the lantern riddles for Fragrant-cloud History. I have added the riddle of Spring-cherish Merchant in Chapter 22 to make up for Gao E’s mistake; But the lantern riddles of Fragrant-cloud History have yet to be unfilled, which becomes a permanent regret. Example 4: In chapter 25 of the original,When writing about Splendid Phoenix King being deranged by magic, a description of Dragon Marshgrass is inserted: The others, it goes without saying,were still more distraught. But of them all Dragon Marshgrass was the most frantic, being afraid that in the crush his mother might be knocked over, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stared at, or Wiselotus Potterymaker exposed to indignities -- for he knew what libertines Treasure Merchant and the rest were.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:43, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

However, Gao E also made a mistake and had an oversight: the mistake lies in deleting or missing the original lantern riddles made by Cherishing Spring Merchant, and the omission lies in not rewriting the lantern riddles for Fragrant-cloud History. I already added the riddle of Spring-cherish Merchant in Chapter 22 to make up for Gao E’s mistake; But Fragrant-cloud History’s lantern riddles have yet to be unfilled, which becomes an eternal regret. Example 4: In chapter 25 of the original,When writing about Splendid Phoenix King being deranged by magic, a description of Dragon Marshgrass is inserted: The others, it goes without saying,were still more distraught. But of them all Dragon Marshgrass was the most frantic, being afraid that in the crush his mother might be knocked over, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stared at, or Wiselotus Potterymaker exposed to indignities -- for he knew what libertines Treasure Merchant and the rest were.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 14:51, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==
忽一眼瞥见了林黛玉风流婉转，已酥倒在那里。这段话十分荒谬：其一，贾、薛两家为近亲，贾珍与薛宝钗是表兄妹，贾珍怎么敢对表妹起歹心呢？薛蟠岂非杞人忧天？其二，薛蟠虽然混账，与林黛玉也是表兄妹，况且见面的机会很多，薛蟠怎么会“一眼瞥见了林黛玉”就“酥倒在那里”呢？

Dragon Marshgrass's eye suddenly falling on Mascara Jade Forest, he was so enchanted by her charms that he almost melted on the spot. This paragraph is very absurd: First, Family Merchant and Family Marshgrass are close relatives, and Treasure Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass are cousins. How dare Treasure Merchant want to have a love affair with his cousin? Isn't Dragon Marshgrass entertained imaginary and groundless fear? Second, although Dragon Marshgrass is a jerk, Mascara Jade Forest is his cousin. Besides, there are many opportunities to meet Mascara Jade. How could Dragon Marshgrass“almost melted on the spot when his eye suddenly fell on Mascara Jade Forest”? --[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 09:44, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Dragon Marshgrass suddenly caught a glimpse of Mascara Jade Forest, who was pretty and gentle, and collapsed there. This paragraph is very absurd: Firstly, Family Merchant and Family Marshgrass are close relatives, and Treasure Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass are cousins. How dare Treasure Merchant want to have a love affair with his cousin? Isn't Dragon Marshgrass alarmist? Secondly, although Dragon Marshgrass is a jerk, Mascara Jade Forest is his cousin. Besides, there are many opportunities to meet Mascara Jade. How could Dragon Marshgrass “collapsed there because of a glimpse of Mascara Jade Forest”?--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:15, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==
而脂批竟称赞道：“忙中写闲，真大手眼、大手笔。”这如果不是偶然失误，便只能说是不识好歹了。“程乙本”将其删除，倒可当得起“大手眼、大手笔”的评语。例五：原作第六十三回中用了一千多字的篇幅，大写贾宝玉、史湘云等人只是为了好玩，如何将芳官、葵官打扮成“小土番儿”，如何改称“犬戎名姓”。

However, the Zhi Yanzhai's critiques unexpectedly praised: "Snatch a little leisure from a busy writing , which is really big eyes and a big deal." If this is not an accidental mistake, it can only be said to be ungrateful. If "Cheng Yi version" deletes it, it can be regarded as a comment of "big eyes and a big deal". Example 5: in the sixty-third chapter of the original work, more than 1,000 words were used to capitalize the name of Precious Jade Merchant, Fragrant-cloud History and others, which is just for fun, and to describe how to dress Fragrant Official and Sunflower as "Xiao Tu Fan er" and how to change "the surname and name of Quan Rong".--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:21, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

However, critiques of Zhi Yanzhai(one of the earliest critics of "A Dream in Red Mansions" ) unexpectedly praised: "Snatch a little leisure from a busy writing , which is really weighty." If it is not an accidental mistake, it can only be said to be ungrateful. "Cheng Yi version" deletes it, thus it can be regarded as the comment of "weighty writings". Example 5: in the sixty-third chapter of the original work, more than 1,000 words were used to describe that how Precious Jade Merchant, Fragrant-cloud History and others dress Fang Guan and Kui Guan as "Xiao Tu Fan er" and how they change "the name of Quan Rong" just for fun.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 06:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==
而且竟然让贾宝玉说出这样的话来：如今四海宾服，八方宁静，千载百载，不用武备。咱们虽一戏一笑，也该称颂，方不负坐享升平了。这种描写既十分无聊，又与贾宝玉的性格背道而驰，尤其侮辱了包括满族在内的少数民族，真可谓拙劣的文字，因此“程乙本”完全予以删除是绝对必要的。

What's more, in Zhi Yangzhai's version, Precious Jade Merchant said that"Nowadays, people within Four Seas were all submitted and social stability was achieved in all directions. Weapons were not needed in nearly thousands of years. Therefore, our laughs and teases also deserved extolling thus we lived up to the prosperity." This kind of descriptions were very boring and ran counter to the characteristics of Jia Baoyu, and they particularly insulted national minorities including Manchu, which were really bad writings. Thus, it's quite necessary for "Cheng Yi's version" to delete these words.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 07:05, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

What's more, in Zhi Yangzhai's version, Baoyu even said things like this:"Nowadays, people from all over the world bow to our emperor, and social stability's greatly achieved. No military preparation's needed in the days ahead. Therefore, our laughs and teases also deserved extolling thus we lived up to the prosperity." Such descriptions are boring and against Baoyu's characteristic, and also insulted national minorities including Manchu, which are truly awful writings. Thus, it's quite necessary for Cheng&Gao's second version to delete these words.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 06:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==
例六：原作第六十一回开头有一段写柳家的与小厮斗嘴的文字，既毫无意义，又有“几根×毛”、“×声浪嗓”的粗话，故“程乙本”删掉了百馀字也完全正确。像这样的例子不胜枚举，它们足可以证明，高鹗对前八十回的修订是完全必要和合理的，“程乙本”前八十回优于原作的事实是任何人也难以抹煞的。其次，再就两种“程本”而言，由于“程乙本”是“程甲本”的修订本，自然也就更加完善。

Example six: The descriptive words about the argument between Liu's and his servant in the chapter sixty one of the original version are quite meaningless, and vulgarism like "some x hairs","some nasty voices" are also included at the same time，that's why the Cheng&Gao's second version had correctly deleted hundreds of words of the original one. Such examples are numerous and are solid proofs to the necessity and justifiability of Gao E's revision of original former eighty chapters, and it's also undeniable that former eighty chapters in the Cheng&Gao's second version are better than ones in the original. Moreover, in terms of the two versions of Cheng&Gao's, the second version is obviously more perfect for it's revised on the base of the first one.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 05:33, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Example six: the original 61st back at the beginning of a paragraph to write the fighting words by Liu and his following boy, not only meaningless, but also "a few pubic hair", "obscene voice" of foul language, so "Cheng B book "deleted a few hundred words is also completely correct. Such examples are numerous, and they are sufficient to prove that the revision of the first eighty chapters by Gao Hu is completely necessary and reasonable, and the fact that the first eighty chapters of "Cheng B book" is better than the original is hard to be denied by anyone. Secondly, in terms of the two "Cheng books", since the "Cheng B book" is a revised version of the "Cheng A book", it is naturally more perfect.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:37, 12 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==
关于这一点，最有力的证据是一组现成的统计数字。前面说过，汪原放先生于1927年曾将“程乙本”与“程甲本”加以对勘，并将两者的异文作了统计，其结果是：“程乙本”较之“程甲本”改动(包括增与改)了总共21506字，其中前八十回改动15537字，后四十回改动5969字。(见汪原放《重印乾隆壬子本〈红楼梦〉校读后记》)这些改动主要有三个方面：其一，是对“程甲本”中的“纰缪”文字加以改正。

About this point, the strongest evidence is a set of readily available statistics. As mentioned earlier, Mr. Wang Yuanfang in 1927 compared the "Cheng B book" with the "Cheng A book" and made statistics on the differences between the two texts, and the result was: "Cheng B book" compared with "Cheng A book" changes (including increase and change) a total of 21506 words, including the first eighty chapters changed 15537 words, the last forty chapters changed 5969 words. (See Wang Yuanfang "reprinted Qianlong nonzi book" after reading "Dream of the Red Chamber") These changes are mainly in three aspects: one, is the "Cheng A book" in the "error" text to correct.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:38, 12 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

The strongest evidence for this is a set of available statistics. As mentioned earlier, Mr. Wang Yuanfang in 1927 compared the "Cheng B book" with the "Cheng A book" and made statistics on the differences between the two texts, and the result was: a total of 21506 words (including complements and modifications) were changed in "Cheng B book" compared with "Cheng A book", including 15537 words changed in the first eighty chapters, and 5969 words changed in the last forty chapters. (Refer to Wang Yuanfang "reprinted Qianlong nonzi book" after reading "Dream of the Red Chamber") These changes are mainly in three aspects: one, is the modification of the "error" text in Cheng A book.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 13:03, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==
如第二回“冷子兴演说荣国府”中，“程甲本”对原作的如下一段文字未作改动：这政老爷的夫人王氏……第二胎生了一位小姐，生在大年初一，就奇了。不想次年又生了一位公子，说来更奇：一落胞胎，嘴里便衔下一块五彩晶莹的玉来，还有许多字迹。这位“小姐”就是贾元春(元妃)，这位“公子”就是贾宝玉。

For example, the "Leng Zixing's speech in Rong Mansion" in chapter 2, "Cheng Jia's translation version" did not change the following text of the original work: The wife of Lord Zheng Mrs Wang…… gave birth to a girl on the first day of the lunar year,which was magical enough. It was even more magical that she gave birth to a boy in the next year: he was born with a colorful and crystal jade in his mouth, and the jade was written by some scripts. The "girl" is First Spring Merchant (Yuan Concubine), while the "boy" is Precious Jade Merchant.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:23, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

For example, in the "Leng Zixing's speech in Rong Mansion" from chapter 2, the following text of the original work remained intact in "Cheng Jia(the first)edition": Mrs Wang, the wife of Lord Zheng …… gave birth to her second child, a girl, on the first day of the lunar year, which was magical enough. It was even more magical that she gave birth to a boy in the following year: when he was born, a colorful and crystal jade with many scripts on it was in his mouth. The "girl" is First Spring Merchant (Yuan Concubine), while the "boy" is Precious Jade Merchant.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 10:39, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==
而这段文字显然与第十八回中的一段文字相矛盾：那宝玉未入学之先，三四岁时，已得元妃口传，教授了几本书，识了数千字在腹中：虽为姊弟，有如母子。
“有如母子”的贾元春和贾宝玉，不可能只差一岁，可见第二回那段文字有明显的“纰缪”。“程乙本”将“次年”改为“隔了十几年”，便合情合理了。

This paragraph obviously contradicts with the description in the eighteenth chapter: before Precious Jade,at the age of three or four, entered the school, he had been taught several books by Yuan Concubine(First Spring Merchant) by word of mouth and thus had known thousands of words in his mind. They are sister and brother in blood relation, but more like mother and son. Precious Jade Merchant and First Spring Merchant, "like mother and son",could not be only one year apart,so there is an obvious "mistake"in the paragraph from the second chapter. Therefore, it is reasonable to change "the following year" into "more than a decade after" in "Cheng Yi(the second) Edition".--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 09:28, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

While this paragraph obviously contradicts with one in the eighteenth chapter: before Precious Jade, at the age of three or four, entered the school, he had been taught several books by Yuan Concubine(First Spring Merchant) by word of mouth and thus had learned thousands of words in his mind. They are elder sister and younger brother, but more like mother and son. Precious Jade Merchant and First Spring Merchant could not be only one year apart,so there is an obvious "mistake" in the paragraph of the second chapter. Therefore, it is reasonable to change "the following year" into "more than a decade after" in "Cheng Yi(the second) Edition".--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 01:53, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==
其二，是将文言词语尽量改为白话或俗语，从而使《红楼梦》的语言更为通俗易懂。譬如：“若”改为“要”，“与”改为“给”，“亦”改为“也”，“此”改为“这”，“口”改为“嘴”，“何”改为“为什么”，“如何”改为“怎么”，“如此”改为“这么着”，“葳蕤”改为“委琐”，等等。其三，是增加了许多“儿”字，将词语加以“儿”化，从而使《红楼梦》语言的京味特点更加突出。

Secondly, classical words were changed into vernacular or colloquial language as far as possible so as to make the language of A Dream of Red Mansions more understandable. For instance: "ruo" was translated into "yao"(if), "yu" into "yao"(to), "yi" into "ye"(also), "ci" into "zhe"(this), "kou" into "zui"(mouth),"he" into "wei shen me"(why), "ru he" into "zen me"(how), "ru ci" into "zhe me zhao"(in this way), "weisui" into "weisuo"(obscene) and so on. Thirdly, lots of "er" were added into A Dream of Red Mansions, so that the Beijing flavor of the language in A Dream of Red Mansions is more distinct.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==
关于这一点，几乎随处可见，因而不再举例。《红楼梦》是一部近百万字的巨著，要想完全揭示“程乙本”的版本优点，只能将它与其他版本一一对勘，并将异文一一列出。单凭以上的简单说明，只能是挂一漏万。

This point can be seen almost everywhere, so I will not give examples. “Dream of the Red Chamber” is a masterpiece of nearly one million words. If we want to fully reveal the merits of "Cheng Yi's translation version", we can only investigate it with other translation versions and list the differences one by one. The above simple explanation is still incomplete and full of omissions.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 07:24, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
This point can be seen almost everywhere, so I don't want to give an example.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 05:25, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==
不过我可以向读者负责地保证：如果你是出于欣赏的目的阅读《红楼梦》，那么选择“程乙本”将是最明智的。三、校勘问题我们说“程乙本”为《红楼梦》的最佳版本，并不是说它完美无缺，也不是说其他版本一概不如“程乙本”，只是说它在总体上更胜一筹而已。
But I can responsibly assure readers that if you are reading a Dream of Red Mansions for enjoyment, cheng Yiben is the wisest choice. To say that Cheng Yiben is the best version of a Dream of Red Mansions does not mean that it is perfect, nor that all other versions are inferior to Cheng Yiben, but that it is superior in general.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 05:23, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

But I can responsibly assure readers that if you are reading ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' for enjoyment, Cheng Yi version is the wisest choice. Three: Revision. To say that Cheng Yi version is the best version of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' does not mean that it is perfect, nor that all other versions are inferior to Cheng Yi version, but that it is superior in general.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 13:42, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==
事实上，或因高鹗和程伟元的疏忽，或因排字工人的失误，致使“程乙本”仍存在不少“纰缪”。譬如：第八十六回说贾元春生于“甲申年正月丙寅”；至第九十五回则说：“是年甲寅年十二月十八日立春，元妃薨日是十二月十九日，已交卯年寅月，存年四十三岁。”“程甲本”和“程乙本”都是如此。

In fact, due to the negligence of Gao'e and Cheng Weiyuan, or the mistakes made by typesetters, there are still many "mistakes" in "Chengyi version". For example, the eighty-sixth chapter expounds that Jia Yuanchun was born in "Bingyin, the first month of the year Jiashen". To the 95th chapter it expounds that "In that year, the spring began on December 18th of the lunar calendar, Jiayin year, and the day consort Yuan died was on December 19, which was in the month of Yin and year of Mao. Hence consort Yuan died at the age of 43.", which are the same both in "Chengjia version" and "Chengyi version".--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 14:17, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

In fact, due to the negligence of Gao'e and Cheng Weiyuan, or the mistakes made by typesetters, there are still many "mistakes" in "Chengyi version". For example, the eighty-sixth chapter expounds that First Spring Merchant was born in "Bingyin, the first month of the year Jiashen". To the 95th chapter it expounds that "In that year, the spring began on December 18th of the lunar calendar, Jiayin year, and the day Princess Merchant died was on December 19, which was in the month of Yin and year of Mao. Hence consort Yuan died at the age of 43.", which are the same both in "Chengjia version" and "Chengyi version".

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==
而实际上前后存在明显矛盾：甲申年至甲寅年是三十年，按照当时以虚岁计算年龄的习惯，元妃享年应是三十一岁；即使因元妃薨于立春次日，算作乙卯年，也只有三十二岁。无论如何也不会是四十三岁。可见“程甲本”已错，而“程乙本”也没有订正。

In fact,there is clear contradiction:the years from JiaShen to JiaYin are thirty years, and according to the custom of calculating age in terms of nominal age at the time, Princess Merchant would have been thirty-one years old; even if the death of Princess Merchant took place on the day after the first day of spring, which is counted as the year yi Mao, she would have been only thirty-two years old. In any case, it would not have been forty-three years old. It is clear that the "Cheng Jia version" is wrong, and the "Cheng Yi version" has not been revised.

In fact,there is an obvious contradiction:the years from JiaShen to JiaYin are thirty years, and according to the custom of calculating age in terms of nominal age at the time, Princess Yuan would have been thirty-one years old; even if the death of Princess Yuan took place on the day after the first day of spring, which is counted as the year YiMao, she would have been only thirty-two years old. In any case, it would not have been forty-three years old. It is clear that the "Cheng Jia version" is wrong, and the "Cheng Yi version" has not been revised either.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 06:37, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==
这个明显的失误，早在1927年由汪原放校点、亚东图书馆出版的“程乙本”《红楼梦》已经改正，而上世纪八十年代以后出版的诸多号称经过了“精校”的“程甲本”和“程乙本”《红楼梦》，包括那些拼凑本，却依旧保留了这个失误，这不能不说是一种讽刺。其实“程乙本”的其他文字失误还有不少，并非像高鹗、程伟元所说“改订无讹”。“程乙本”既非十全十美，而我们要供献于读者的是一部普及本的《红楼梦》，因此有必要汲取其他版本的长处，使其尽量完美。

This obvious mistake was corrected in “Cheng Yi Version" （a version of "A Dream of Red Mansions"） checked by Wang Yuanfang and published by Yadong library as early as 1927. It is ironic that many "Cheng Jia Version" and "Cheng Yi Version" published after the 1980s, including those patchwork books, still retain this mistake. In fact, there are many other word mistakes in "Cheng Yi Version", which is not “absolutely right after revision” as Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan said. "Cheng Yi Version" is not perfect, and what we want to offer to readers is a popular version of “A Dream of Red Mansions.” Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the advantages of other versions to make it as perfect as possible.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 14:22, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

This obvious mistake was corrected in “Cheng Yiben" （a version of "a dream of Red Mansions"） checked by Wang Yuanfang and published by Yadong Library as early as 1927. It is ironic that many "Cheng Jiaben" and "Cheng Yiben", which claimed carefully checked and published after the 1980s , including those patchwork books, still retain this mistake. In fact, there are many other word mistakes in "Cheng Yiben", which is not “absolutely right after revision” as Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan said. "Cheng Yiben" is not perfect, and what we want to offer to readers is a widespread version of “a dream of Red Mansions.” Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the advantages of other versions to make it as perfect as possible.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:05, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==
为此，本书以“程乙本”(北京图书馆出版社影印本)为底本，以“程甲本”(北京图书馆出版社影印本)为主校本，并以下列版本为参校本：汪原放校勘“程乙本”(上海亚东图书馆刊本)、王希廉(雪香)评“程甲本”(清道光十二年刊本)、“梦稿本”“庚辰本”“己卯本”“甲戌本”(后四种均为上海古籍出版社影印本)。在以上八种版本中，前五种均为一百二十回全本，后三种均为前八十回的残存本。

For this purpose, this book uses “Cheng Yiben”(photocopy of Beijing Library Publishing House) as master copy, “Cheng Jiaben” as main collated edition, and the followings as references—Wang Yuanfang’s collation “Cheng Yiben”(Shanghai Yadong Library edition)、Wang Xilian’s “Cheng Jiaben” commentary(edition in the twelfth year of Qing Daoguang)、“Meng Gaoben”、“Geng Chenben”、“Ji Maoben”、and “Jia Xuben”(the last four all are photocopies of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House). In the above eight editions, the first five are all complete editions of 120 chapters, and the last three are all incomplete editions of 80 chapters.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

For this purpose, this book uses “Cheng Yiben”(photocopy of Beijing Library Publishing House) as the master copy, “Cheng Jiaben” as the main collated edition, and the followings as references—Wang Yuanfang’s collation of “Cheng Yiben”(Shanghai Yadong Library edition)、Wang Xilian’s comments on “Cheng Jiaben” (edition in the twelfth year of Qing Daoguang)、“Meng Gaoben”、“Geng Chenben”、“Ji Maoben”、and “Jia Xuben”(the last four all are photocopies of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House). In the above eight editions, the first five are all complete editions of 120 chapters, and the last three are all incomplete editions of 80 chapters.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 05:57, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==
我的校勘总原则是：既要尽量保持底本的原貌，又要保证全书的质量。具体来说则遵循以下几条：（一）底本与校本之间虽有异文，但底本基本可通者，即使校本文字更好，也不作改动。（二）底本中的各种错误(包括内容与文字的错误)、文字倒置、文理不通等，尽量用校本改正，若校本同样错误则径改。

My primary principle of collation is that: maintain the original meaning of master copy, and garantee the quality through the book. Specifically, abiding by the following advice: One, although there are differences between the master copy and the checked copy, the former whose meaning is basically faithful and smooth remains untouched, even though the checked copy is better. Two: various mistakes in master copy（including errors in contents and text），the inversion of words, unsmooth words and contents and so forth should be corrected based on master copy. But if mistakes are also existed in the master copy, then it should be corrected directly.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 12:43, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

My primary principle of collation is that: maintain the original meaning of master copy, and guarantee the book’s quality. To be more specific, following these advices: First, although there are differences between the master copy and the checked copy, the former whose meaning is basically faithful and smooth should be untouched, even though the checked copy is better. Second: various mistakes in master copy（including errors in contents and text), like the inversion of words, unsmooth words and contents and so forth should be corrected based on master copy. But if mistakes are also existed in the master copy, it should be corrected directly.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 06:46, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==
（三）底本和校本中的僻字、怪字、俗字，本来并无特别意义，毫无保留价值，只能为读者增加阅读障碍，因此径改为通用字。如“揌”和“”改为“塞”，“嘴”改为“努嘴”，“椅子”改为“拿椅子”，等等。（四）古人对别字多不在乎，故底本和校本中屡见不鲜，但在当今的读者看来却十分别扭，甚至可能被误解，因而酌情径改。

Three, the rare words, strange words, common words in the master copy and in the checked copy had no special meaning, and no reservation value, can only increase the reading barrier for readers. So they need to be changed to universal words. Such as "揌" changed to “塞", "嘴" changed to "努嘴", "椅子" changed to "拿椅子", etc. Four, the ancients didn’t care about the wrongly written characters, so it is common in the master copy and the checked copy. They seem very awkward for today's readers and may even be misunderstood. Therefore they should be appropriately modified.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 14:12, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

（3）Some characters in a copy for the record or for reproduction and in checked copy, which are not commonly used, or look strange, or are popular but irregular, have no special significance and no reserved value, only increasing the reading barrier for readers. Therefore, these characters are changed to universal characters. For example, "揌" are changed to "塞", "嘴" is changed to "努嘴", "椅子" is changed to "拿椅子" and so on.（4） The ancients didn't care much about the wrongly written characters, so they can be commonly seen in a copy for the record or for reproduction and in checked copy. However, when seeing these characters, today’s readers may feel awkward, and may even misunderstand their meanings. Thus they are supposed to be changed for appropriateness.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 12:37, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==
如“必真”改为“逼真”，“奈烦”改为“耐烦”，“悔气”改为“晦气”，“渥”改为“焐”，“握”改为“捂”，等等。（五）有些字在古代汉语中可以通用（借用），在现代汉语中却严加区分。《红楼梦》也存在大量借用字，如果一一加以改动，不一定合适。

For example, "必真" is changed to "逼真", "奈烦" is changed to "耐烦", "悔气" is changed to "晦气", "渥" is changed to "握 ", "焐" is changed to "捂" and so on. Some words can be commonly used (borrowed) in ancient Chinese, While in modern Chinese they are strictly distinguished. There are also a large number of loanwords in the A Dream of Red Mansions, which may not be appropriate if changed one by one.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:06, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

For instance, "必真" is changed to "逼真", "奈烦" is changed to "耐烦", "悔气" is changed to "晦气","渥" is changed to "握 ", "焐" is changed to "捂", etc. Wait. Some characters can be used (borrowed) in ancient Chinese, but they are strictly distinguished in modern Chinese. There are also a lot of borrowed words in "A Dream of Red Mansions". If you change them one by one, it may not be appropriate.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 11:44, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==
因此只有在以下两种情况之下才作改动：一是可能引起误解；二是同一词语而用字不同。如等同于数字“一”的“么”，极易与“什么”、“怎么”的“么”相混，故改为“幺”。又如表示时间的“一会”和“一回”混用，“一会儿”和“一回儿”混用，统一为“一会”和“一会儿”；表示位置的“旁”和“傍”混用，“旁边”和“傍边”混用，统一为“旁”和“旁边”；“赔礼”和“陪礼”混用，“赔罪”和“陪罪”混用，统一为“赔礼”和“赔罪”；等等。

Therefore, changes should only be made in the following two situations: one is that it may cause misunderstanding; the other is the same phrase but different words. For example, the "么" equivalent to the number "一" is easily confused with the "么" of "什么" and "怎么", so it is changed to "幺". Another example is the mixed use of "一会" and "一回" for time, and "一会儿" and "一回儿" are mixed together, unified into "一会" and "一会儿";"旁" and "傍" to indicate position are mixed together, "旁边" and "傍边" are mixed together, unified into "旁" and "旁边"; "赔礼" and "陪礼" are mixed together, and "赔罪" and "陪罪" are mixed together , Unified into "赔礼" and "赔罪"; and so on.

Therefore, changes should only be made in the following two situations: one is that it may cause misunderstanding; the other is the same phrase formed by different words. For example, the "么" equivalent to the number "一" is easily confused with the "么" of "什么" and "怎么", so it is changed to "幺". Another example is the mixed use of "一会" and "一回" for time, and in case that "一会儿" and "一回儿" are mixed together, they are unified into "一会" and "一会儿"respectively ;"旁" and "傍" to indicating position are mixed together,and "旁边" and "傍边" are mixed together, so they are unified into "旁" and "旁边"; "赔礼" and "陪礼" are mixed together, and "赔罪" and "陪罪" are mixed together , so they are unified into "赔礼" and "赔罪"etc.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 09:49, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==
（六）本书采用简化汉字，为异体字的处理提供了方便，故一律按照简化汉字的规定处理。任何语言都在不断发展变化，故古今汉语有很大不同，以至于定字工作成为古籍整理中最为复杂的问题之一，很难做到尽善尽美。仅根据以上几条，只能是有助于减少读者的阅读障碍罢了。

(Six) Simplified Chinese characters are used in this book to provide convenience for the processing of variant characters. Therefore, they are processed in accordance with the provisions of simplified Chinese characters . Any language is constantly changing, so ancient and modern Chinese is very different. Therefore, deciding which word to use has become one of the most complex problems in the collection of ancient books, which is difficult to be perfect. Just according to the above, it can only help reduce the difficulties in their reading.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 13:59, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==
为了节省篇幅，一律不出校文。四、注释问题 “注释”亦称“注解”，最初是由于经书文字艰涩难懂，故对经书的字句加以解释；如果注文仍旧难懂或未尽其义，再对注文加以解释，则称“疏”。注文和疏文合称则谓之“注疏”。

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlì 日语语言文学女 202120081562==
后来逐步扩大范围，对一切文献中的疑难字句加以解释，均称之为“注释”。由于中国历史悠久，古今汉语及名物变化巨大，致使后人读古籍的困难越来越大，因此对古籍的注释也就显得越来越有必要。《红楼梦》虽是一部旧白话小说，但它汲取了诗、词、曲、赋、歌、诔等各种精华，又涉及谜语、酒令、建筑、服饰、珍禽异兽、奇花异卉、神话传说、名人秀女、琴棋书画、医卜星相、风俗礼仪等多种知识，白话文言间用，成语典故成堆。

==Nadia 202011080004==
对于一般读者来说，所有这些都可能是阅读中的绊脚石。

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==
本注释的使命就是为读者清除这些绊脚石，使阅读畅通无阻。

This annotation is meant to remove the barriers in reading and make it easier to read.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==
因此凡是我认为可能影响读者阅读的地方，便予以注释，决不假装视而不见，决不避难就易。

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==
为了节省篇幅，我仅举一例。第五十六回“敏探春兴利除宿弊，贤宝钗小惠全大体”中，有贾探春与薛宝钗谈论经济的一段话：
In order to save space, I will give just one example. In the fifty-sixth chapter, "Min Tanchun prospering the benefits and eliminating the disadvantages, Xian Baochai and Xiaohui are all in general", there is a passage between Jia Tanchun and Xue Baochai discussing the economy:

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==
宝钗笑道：“真真膏粱纨袴之谈。你们虽是千金，原不知道这些事。
Baochai smiled and said: "It's really tempting to talk about it. Although you--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 14:09, 6 November 2021 (UTC) are a daughter, you don't know these things.

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==
但只你们也都念过书，识过字的，竟没看见过朱夫子有一篇《不自弃文》么？”
But if you have all studied and read, haven't you seen Master Zhu's article "Don't Abandon Oneself"?

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==
探春笑道：“虽也看过，不过是勉人自励，虚比浮词，那里真是有的？”
Tanchun said and smile, "Although I have seen it, it's just a matter of encouraging others to encourage themselves. It's a meaningless word. Is there really something happen?"

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==
宝钗道：“朱子都行了虚比浮词了？那句句都是有的。

==Öncü 202121080008==
你才办了两天事，就利欲熏心，把朱子都看虚浮了。
You have been working on it for two days only, and blinded by greed, you have made ZhuZi look vain.--[[User:HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU|HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU]] ([[User talk:HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU|talk]]) 16:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

You have only been doing things for two days, then you desire for money and profit fascinated the heart, and you think Zhu Zi is Unrealistic. --[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 09:29, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Akira Jantarat

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==
你再出去，见了那些利弊大事，越发连孔子也都看虚了呢！”

If you go to a larger world and see greater benefits or disadvantages, I am afraid you will be a little bit down on what Kongzi said.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 14:19, 6 November 2021 (UTC)Akira

If you go out again and see the pros and cons of major events, you will be even more deceptive!--[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:50, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==
探春笑道：“你这样一个通人，竟没看见《姬子》书？

Tan-tschun Smiled and said "you are such a familiar person, but have you read the "Ji Zi" book?--[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:41, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Tan-tschun smiled and said: "You are such a familiar person, but haven't you read the book "Ji Zi"? --[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 10:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw -Ei Mon Kyaw-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 10:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==
当日《姬子》有云：‘登利禄之场，处运筹之界者，穷尧舜之词，背孔孟之道。’”

On that day, "Jizi" said: ‘The field of Deng Lilu, those who are in the realm of management, are poor in the words of Yao and Shun, and recite the way of Confucius and Mencius. ’"
--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 13:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)EI MON KYAW
-EI MON KYAW-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 13:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

There was a saying in ''Himeko'' that day: "Deng LiLu, and those who operate in this realm, steal the words of Yao and Shun, and memorize Confucianism."--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 13:38, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==
宝钗笑道：“底下三句呢？”探春笑道：“如今断章取义，念出底下一句，我自己骂我自己不成？”

Bau-tschai smiled: "What about the next three sentences?" Tan-tschun smiled: "Now that I have read the next sentence out of context, can I blame myself for failing?"--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 13:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Translation: Bau-tschai smiled: "What about the next three sentences?" Tan-tschun smiled: "Now I take the next sentence out of context, and if I read the next sentence out of context, I can't blame myself?"--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 11:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==
在这段话中，提到了朱熹的《不自弃文》，还有《姬子》一书。

Translation: In this passage, Zhu Xi's "don't abandoned the text--[[User:Muhammad Numan|Muhammad Numan]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Numan|talk]]) 14:13, 6 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Muhammad Numan|Muhammad Numan]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Numan|talk]]) 14:13, 6 November 2021 (UTC)" and the book "Ji Zi" are mentioned.

==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==
我所看到的几个《红楼梦》注本，对《不自弃文》有所注释，而对《姬子》却避而不注。

20211208 homework

2021-12-29T16:16:54Z

Mao Yawen: /* 毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514 */

20211124 homework

2021-12-29T16:14:18Z

Mao Yawen: /* 马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

我很纳闷：《不自弃文》是篇名，《姬子》是书名，应该同等对待，要么都予注释，要么都不注释，为什么一注一不注呢？难道前者生僻而需要注释，后者人所共知而不必注释吗？显然不是，只能说是避难就易，这与注释的宗旨完全背道而驰。
I wonder that since No Self-surrender is the title of the passage and Jizi is the title of the book, which should be treated equally, why did the situation happened that one annotated while one did not? Did the former need to be annotated while the latter is known to all without having to be annotated? Obviously, it is for choosing the easier way, which is completely contrary to the purpose of the annotation.

I wonder: "don't abandon yourself" is the title, and "Ji Zi" is the title of the book. It should be treated equally, either annotated or not annotated. Why not annotate one note at a time? Is it true that the former is remote and needs annotation, while the latter is well known and does not need annotation? Obviously not, it can only be said that it is easy to avoid difficulties, which is completely contrary to the purpose of the notes.

--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 07:01, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 法语语言文学女 202120081477==

那怕注为“《姬子》不详”，也还不失为态度诚实。老实说，起初我对《姬子》也一头雾水，因为见所未见，闻所未闻。但根据我自定的注释原则，我不能回避。

Even if it is noted as "Ji Zi" unknown ", it can be regarded as an honest attitude. To be honest, at first I was confused about Ji Zi, because I had never seen or heard of it. But according to my own annotation principle, I can't avoid it.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 11:20, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Even if it is noted as "unknown Ji Zi" , it can still be regarded as an honest attitude. To be honest, at first I was confused about ''Ji Zi'', because I had never seen or heard of it. But according to my own annotation principle, I can't avoid it.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:36, 22 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

于是我首先求助于《中国古典数字工程》，肯定了中国根本不存在《姬子》这么一本书，完全是曹雪芹所杜撰，正如《古今人物通考》、《中国历代文选》都是曹雪芹杜撰一样。其次，我记得俞平伯先生有一篇专门解释《姬子》的文章，但文章的题目、发表时间以及文章内容却不记得了。经过两天的翻箱倒柜，我终于找到了这篇文章，它的题目是《读〈红楼梦〉随笔》第九节《姬子》，初载于《文汇报》1954年1月25日；又收入《红楼梦研究参考资料选辑》第二辑，人民文学出版社1973年11月出版。

Therefore, I first made reference htiw "Chinese Classical Digital Engineering" and confirmed that there was no such a book called "Ji Zi" in China, which was completely written by Cao Xueqin, just as Cao Xueqin wrote "General Examination of Ancient and Modern Characters" and "Selected Chinese Writings in Past Dynasties". Secondly, I remember that Mr. Yu Pingbo had a special article explaining ''JiZi'', but I do not remember the title, publication time and content of the article. After two days of searching, I finally found this article. Its title is ''Ji Zi'', section 9 of Essays on Reading ''A Dream of Red Mansion''. It was first published in Wenhui Daily on January 25, 1954. It was also included in the second series of ''Selected Research Reference Materials on A Dream of Red Mansion'', published by People's Literature Publishing House in November 1973.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:46, 22 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

So, I firstly searched ''Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' and confirmed there was no such a book called "Ji Zi" in China. This book was completely made up by Cao Xueqin like the same thing he did to ''General Examination of Ancient and Modern Characters'' and ''Selected Chinese Writings in Past Dynasties''.Then, I recalled that Mr. Yu Pingbo especially wrote an article to explain ''Ji Zi'', but I didn't remember the title, publication time and content.After two days of searching, I finally found it. The title of it was ''Ji Zi'', section 9 of Essays on Reading ''A Dream of Red Mansion'' which was first published in Wenhui Daily on January 25, 1954. and then was included in the second series of ''Selected Research Reference Materials on A Dream of Red Mansion'', published by People's Literature Publishing House in November 1973.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:20, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

据俞先生在文章中说：姬子书到底是部什么书呢，谁也说不上来。特别前些日子把这一回书选为高中国文的教材，教员讲解时碰到问题，每来信相询，我亦不能对。但经过研究，他还是写了这篇文章，作为回答。

According to Mr.Yu in his article: nobody can tell what book ''Ji Zi'' really is. Moreover, this chapter of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' with the name ''Ji Zhi'' has been selected as the reading material of the high school,and I can't say anything when the teacher who failed to explain it in the classroom come to me.But after careful research, he still write an article to reply this question.

According to Mr. Yu in his article: nobody can tell what book ''Ji Zi'' really is. In particular, this chapter was selected as a reading material for the Chinese language in high school some days ago, the teachers encountered problems when explaining it, and they wrote to me every time to ask about it, but I couldn't get it right. But after researching, he wrote this article as an answer.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:37, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

他的结论有三点：其一，《姬子》是“作者杜撰”，并以第三回的《古今人物通考》也是杜撰而作为佐证。其二，“这原来是一个笑话”，是探春“拿姬子来抵制”宝钗用以压人的朱子和孔子，而“比朱子孔子再大，只好是姬子了。殆以周公姓姬，作为顽笑”。

There are three points in his conclusion: one, ''Ji Zi'' is "the author fabricated", and to the third round of " the general examination of ancient and modern characters" is also fabricated and as proof. Second, "this turns out to be a joke", is Tanchun " take ''Ji Zi'' to resist" Baochai and used to press people by citing Zhu Zi and Confucius, and "higher level than Zhu Zi and Confucius can only be ''Ji Zi''. Probably Zhou Gong was surnamed Ji as a joke.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:35, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
There are three points in his conclusion: first, ''Ji Zi'' is "fabricated by the author", and can be proved by the fabrication of the third round of " the general examination of ancient and modern characters". Second, "this turns out to be a joke", which Tanchun " held ''Ji Zi'' to resist” Baochai who used to press her by citing Zhu Zi and Confucius, but “requiring higher level than Zhu Zi and Confucius, there’s only be ''Ji Zi''. Probably Zhou Gong was surnamed Ji as a joke.”--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 12:25, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

其三，“有人或者要问为什么净瞎捣乱，造书名？我回答：这是小说。”《中国古典数字工程》可以证明俞先生的“杜撰说”是正确的，因此我把俞先生的意见用以注释《姬子》。
Thirdly, "Someone may ask why messing around and making a title? I replied: This is a novel. "It can be proved by ''The Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' that Mr. Yu’s “theory of fabrication” is correct. Therefore, I applied Mr. Gong's opinion to annotate ''Jizi''.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 04:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Thirdly, "Someone may ask why to mess around and make a title? I replied: This is a novel. "It can be proved by ''The Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' that Mr. Yu’s ''Theory of Fabrication'' is correct. Therefore, I applied Mr. Gong's opinion to annotate ''Ji Tzu''.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 11:01, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

据我所知，现在有人搜集了周公的几篇佚文，将其编为集子，按照《老子》、《庄子》、《孟子》之类的惯例，即命名为《姬子》，但这与曹雪芹毫不相干，《红楼梦》中的《姬子》书名绝对是杜撰。此外，有的注本虽然对《不自弃文》作了注释，却只是简述该文的大意，而没有注出曹雪芹的深刻用意。原来朱熹的徒子徒孙认为此文格调低下，有失朱夫子的身份，故将此文排除在众多朱熹文集之外，只有明·朱培编《文公大全集补遗》卷八从抄本《朱熹家谱》中引录，另有《朱子文集大全类编·卷二一·庭训》亦予收录。

As far as I know, someone collected several lost articles of Duke of Zhou, edited them into an anthology and named it ''Ji Tzu'' according to the routine of ''Lao Tzu'', ''Chang Tzu'' and ''Mencius'' and so on. However, this thing is irrelevant to Cao Xueqin, so the title of ''Ji Tzu'' in ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is absolutely fabricated. Besides, although some books with annotations made interpretation to ''No Self-surrender'', they just told the main idea of this article rather than annotating the deep meaning made by Cao Xueqin. In fact, disciples and followers of Zhu Xi thought the style of this passage beneath his dignity is very low, so they excluded it out of many anthologies of Zhu Xi. Only when Zhu Pei(Ming dynasty) edited the eighth roll of ''Supplement to Collected Works of Duke Wen'', he incited it from transcript of ''Zhu Xi’s Genealogy''. In addition, it is also included in ''Complete Works of Zhu Tzua•Roll Twenty-one•Home Hearing''.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 03:47, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

As far as I know, now someone collected several lost articles of Duke of Zhou and edited them into a collection that was named ''Ji Tzu'' according to the routine of ''Lao Tzu'', ''Chang Tzu'' and ''Mencius'' and so on. However, this thing is irrelevant to Cao Xueqin, so the title of ''Ji Tzu'' in ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is absolutely fabricated. Besides, although some books with annotations made interpretations to ''No Self-surrender'', they just briefly described the main idea of this article rather than annotating the deep meaning of Cao Xueqin. In fact, disciples and followers of Zhu Xi thought this passage was low in style and demeaned Zhu Xi, so they excluded it out of many anthologies of Zhu Xi. Only when Zhu Pei(Ming dynasty) edited the Book Eight of ''Supplement to Collected Works of Duke Wen'', he incited it from transcript of Zhu Xi’s Genealogy. In addition, ''Complete Works of Zhu Tzua• Book Twenty-one•Home Hearing'' was also included.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 03:07, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìna 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

曹雪芹借宝钗之口说出这篇少见的文章，一则以显示宝钗无书不读，再者也暗示自己博览群籍，同时也对那些自封的朱熹卫士予以调侃。可见曹雪芹即使开玩笑，也非闲笔，总有一定的用意。（详见注释）鉴于所要注释的词语性质不同，因此对注文的要求也有所不同。

Saying this rare writing through Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, on the one hand Cao Xueqin showed her strong love of reading as well as implied own extensive reading, and on the other, he played off those self-appointed guards of Zhu Xi. Obviously, his joking is not casual but absolutely with some profound meaning.(see annotations) The nature of words annotated is different, so the requirements for explanatory notes are different as well.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 02:41, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

其一，对于一般的疑难词语，重在疏通文意，多不引经据典，追根溯源。其二，对于成语、典故，则既要注明其出典，又要解释其本义，还要说明其引申义或比喻义。其三，对于各种名物（如建筑、服饰、官署、官职、琴棋书画、医卜星相等），则力求变专门术语为通俗语言，以利读者理解。

Firstly, as for normally confusing words, the emphasis is on clearing up the meaning of the text, as much quoting scripture and tracing the roots as possible. Secondly, for idioms and allusions, it is necessary to indicate their origins, explain their original meanings, and also include their derivative meanings or metaphorical meanings. Thirdly, for all kinds of physical objects (such as architecture, costumes, official offices, official positions, Four Arts( qin, chess, calligraphy and painting), medicine, divination and astrology, etc.), the attempt is to turn specialized terms into common language in order to facilitate readers’ understanding.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 11:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Firstly, as for common confusing words, it should emphasize on clearing up the meaning of the text, as much quoting scripture and tracing the roots as possible. Secondly, for idioms and allusions, it is necessary to indicate their origins, explain their original meanings, and also include their derivative meanings or metaphorical meanings. Thirdly, for various technical terms of objects (such as architecture, costumes, official offices, official positions, Four Arts( qin, chess, calligraphy and painting), medicine, divination and astrology, etc.), the attempt is to turn specialized terms into common language in order to facilitate readers’ understanding.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 12:17, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

其四，对于历史名人，则注明其所在朝代、简历及突出事迹。对于传说人物，则注明其出处及相关故事。其五，对于珍禽异兽、奇花异卉等，则注明其出处来历、奇异之处及相关故事。

Fourthly, as for historical celebrities, their dynasties, resumes and outstanding deeds should be indicated. As for legendary figures, their sources and related stories should be indicated. Fifthly, as for rare birds and animals, unusual flowers and different plants, etc., their origins and histories, peculiar places and related stories should be indicated.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 14:36, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Fourthly, as for historical celebrities, their dynasties, resumes and outstanding deeds should be indicated. As for legendary figures, their sources and related stories should be indicated. Fifthly, as for rare birds and fabulous beasts, unusual flowers and different plants, etc., their origins and histories, peculiarities and related stories should be indicated.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 15:50, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

其六，对于风俗、礼仪、节气等，则注明其形成沿革、具体内容。其七，对于谜语，则既要揭出谜底，又要解释谜语中的疑难词语、成语典故，还要说明谜底的根据。对于酒令，则要参照令谱，详述酒令的玩法及过程。

Sixthly, in terms of customs, etiquette and solar terms, its formation, development and content should be indicated. Seventhly, in terms of riddles, answers should be uncovered and an explanation is expected to be given to the answer as well as to difficult words, idioms and allusions in the riddle. Finally, in terms of drinking games, elaboration should be given on the rules and the process according to the instruction manual.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 15:51, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Sixthly, in terms of customs, etiquette and solar terms, its formation, development and content should be indicated. Seventhly, in terms of riddles, answers should be uncovered and it is necessary to explain the difficult words and idioms in the riddle, and to explain the basis of the answer.Finally, in terms of drinking games, elaboration should be given on the rules and the process according to the instruction manual.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:45, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

其八，对于所引前人诗、词、曲、文等，皆要注明出处；诗、词、曲照录全文，文则节录相关的文字。其九，对于具有隐寓或暗示意味的诗、词、曲、文、成语、典故、谜语、酒令等，因其关系到故事情节的发展和人物性格、运命的描写，故除了作注释之外，还要揭示其隐藏的含义。总而言之，注文以释难为易、释疑为明为宗旨，以释义准确、释文简炼为目标。

Eighthly, reference to predecessors' poems, Ci, Qu, essay, etc., must indicate the source; Poems, Ci, Qu are transcribed without changing the original words, and the essay takes the relevant words. Ninthly, for poems, Ci, Qu, essay, idioms, allusions, riddles, drinkers’ wager game and so on with implicit or suggestive meaning, because they are related to the development of the story plot and the description of the character and fate, so in addition to making annotations, but also to reveal his hidden meaning. In a word, the annotations aim to explain the difficulty as easy, to explain the doubt as clear. Aim to explain the meaning accurately and explain the text concisely.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:32, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Eight, all quotations from poems, lyrics, songs and essays should be attributed to the source; the poems, lyrics and songs should be reproduced in their entirety, while the essays should be excerpted from the relevant texts. Nine, for poems, lyrics, songs, texts, idioms, allusions, riddles, wine orders, etc., which have an implicit or suggestive meaning, as they relate to the development of the storyline and the description of the characters' personalities and fortunes. The commentary should reveal their hidden meanings in addition to annotations. All in all, the aim of the commentary is to explain the difficult for the easy and the doubtful for the clear, and to explain the meaning accurately and to explain the text concisely.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:32, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

愿望虽然如此，但学力有限，经验欠缺，愿望能否实现，毫无把握。诚望方家指教，读者检验。

第一回甄士隐梦幻识通灵贾雨村风尘怀闺秀

Although I wish to do so, I am not sure whether my wish can be realized because of my limited learning and lack of experience.I hope that the readers will test it.

Chapter 1 Hidden Turth--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:33, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Although I wish to do so, I am not sure whether the wish can come true with my limited ability and experience. Sincerely hope that other authors teach something and readers check it.

Chapter 1 Zhen Shiyin, in a vision, apprehends spirituality. Jia Yucun, in the windy and dusty world, cherishes fond thoughts of a beautiful maiden. --[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 07:21, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

此开卷第一回也。作者自云：曾历过一番梦幻之后，故将真事隐去，而借“通灵”之说，撰此《石头记》一书也，故曰“甄士隐”云云。但书中所记何事何人

This is the first chapter of the book. The author said that after going through the illusion, he prefered covering some truth and in virtue of mysticism wrote the novel ''The Story of the Stone''，so instead he used the name of Zhen Shiyin as a major speaker. But things and people noted in it--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 03:59, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

This is the first chapter of the book.Subsequent to the visions of a dream which he had，on some previous occasion，experienced，the writer personally relates，he designedly concealed the true circumstances，and borrowed the attributes of perception and spirituality to relate this story of the Record of the Stone. With this purpose，he made use of such designations as Chen Shih-yin and the like. What are，however，the events recorded in this work？--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 10:19, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

自己又云：“今风尘碌碌，一事无成。忽念及当日所有之女子，一一细考较去，觉其行止见识，皆出我之上；我堂堂须眉，诚不若彼裙钗：我实愧则有馀，悔又无益，大无可如何之日也。当此日，欲将已往所赖天恩祖德，锦衣纨袴之时，饫甘餍肥之日，背父兄教育之恩，负师友规训之德，以致今日一技无成、半生潦倒之罪，编述一集，以告天下：知我之负罪固多，然闺阁中历历有人，万不可因我之不肖，自护己短，一并使其泯灭也。

The author speaking for himself, goes on to explain, with the lack of success which attended every single concern, I suddenly bethought myself of the womankind of past ages. Passing one by one under a minute scrutiny, I felt that in action and in lore, one and all were far above me; that in spite of the majesty of my manliness, I could not, in point of fact, compare with these characters of the gentle sex. And my shame forsooth then knew no bounds; while regret, on the other hand, was of no avail, as there was not even a remote possibility of a day of remedy.On this very day it was that I became desirous to compile, in a connected form, for publication throughout the world, with a view to (universal) information, how that I bear inexorable and manifold retribution; inasmuch as what time, by the sustenance of the benevolence of Heaven, and the virtue of my ancestors, my apparel was rich and fine, and as what days my fare was savory and sumptuous, I disregarded the bounty of education and nurture of father and mother, and paid no heed to the virtue of precept and injunction of teachers and friends, with the result that I incurred the punishment, of failure recently in the least trifle, and the reckless waste of half my lifetime. There have been meanwhile, generation after generation, those in the inner chambers, the whole mass of whom could not, on any account, be, through my influence, allowed to fall into extinction, in order that I, unfilial as I have been, may have the means to screen my own shortcomings.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 12:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The author goes on to explain, with the lack of success which attended every single concern, I suddenly bethought myself of the womankind of past ages. Thinking of them one by one under a minute scrutiny, I felt that in action and in lore, one and all were far above me; that in spite of the majesty of my manliness, I could not, in point of fact, compare with these characters of the gentle sex. And my shame forsooth then knew no bounds; while regret, on the other hand, was of no avail, as there was not even a remote possibility of a day of remedy.On this very day it was that I became desirous to compile, in a connected form, for publication throughout the world, with a view to (universal) information, how that I bear inexorable and manifold retribution; inasmuch as what time, by the sustenance of the benevolence of Heaven, and the virtue of my ancestors, my apparel was rich and fine, and as what days my fare was savory and sumptuous, I disregarded the bounty of education and nurture of father and mother, and paid no heed to the virtue of precept and injunction of teachers and friends, with the result that I incurred the punishment, of failure recently in the least trifle, and the reckless waste of half my lifetime. There had been meanwhile, generation after generation, those in the inner chambers, the whole mass of whom could not, on any account, be, through my influence, allowed to fall into extinction, in order that I, unfilial as I have been, may have the means to hide my own shortcomings.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:34, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==

所以蓬牖茅椽，绳床瓦灶，并不足妨我襟怀；况那晨风夕月，阶柳庭花，更觉得润人笔墨。我虽不学无文，又何妨用假语村言敷演出来，亦可使闺阁昭传，复可破一时之闷，醒同人之目，不亦宜乎？”故曰“贾雨村”云云。

"Though my home is now a thatched cottage in which there are shabby windows, bed made of rope and earthen stove, all of these can not change my being broad and level. Besides, the morning breeze, the dew of night, the willows by me steps and the flowers in the yard inspired me to wield my pen. Though I have little learning and literary talent, it doesn't matter if I tell a tale in rustic language to record those lovely girls. This should help readers distract them from their worries. And that's the reason why I use the name Rainvillage Merchant."--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 13:27, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

"Though my home is now a thatched cottage in which there are shabby windows, bed made of rope and earthen stove, all of these can not change my being broad and level. Besides, the morning breeze, the dew of night, the willows by me steps and the flowers in the yard inspired me to wield my pen. Though I have little learning and literary talent, it doesn't matter if I tell a tale in rustic language to record those lovely girls. This should help readers distract them from their worries. And that's the reason why I use the name Jia Yucun."--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 14:19, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==

更于篇中间用“梦”、“幻”等字，却是此书本旨，兼寓提醒阅者之意。看官：你道此书从何而起？说来虽近荒唐，细玩颇有趣味。

In the middle of the article, the words "dream" and "fantasy" are the purpose of the book and the meaning of reminding readers. Reader: where did you start this book? Although it's absurd, it's fun to play.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 13:21, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
In the middle of the article, the words "dream" and "fantasy" are the purpose of the book and the meaning of reminding readers. Reader: where did you start this book? Although it's absurd, it's fun to play.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:33, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

却说那女娲氏炼石补天之时，于大荒山无稽崖，炼成高十二丈、见方二十四丈大的顽石三万六千五百零一块，那娲皇只用了三万六千五百块，单单剩下一块未用，弃在青埂峰下。谁知此石自经锻炼之后，灵性已通，自去自来，可大可小。因见众石俱得补天，独自己无才，不得入选，遂自怨自愧，日夜悲哀。一日，正当嗟悼之际，俄见一僧一道远远而来，生得骨格不凡，丰神迥异，来到这青埂峰下，席地坐谈。It is said that, once upon a time, when Nuwa was refining stones to mend the sky, she refined them into 36,501 pieces of hard stones 12-feet high and 24-feet square on the Wuji Cliff of the Da Huangshan Mountain. Numa, the creator of human beings in Chinese myth, only used 36,500 pieces, leaving only one unused and abandoned it under the Qinggeng Peak.Who knows, after the stone has been refined and created, its spirit has been passed. It can be big or small.Seeing that all the stones were able to mend the sky, he had no talent and could not be selected, so he complained and felt ashamed and mourned day and night. One day, at the time of mourning, he suddenly saw a monk and a Taoism priest with extraordinary personality coming from afar. They came to the Qinggeng Peak and sat on the ground to talk.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:34, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

It is said that, once upon a time, when Nuwa(Goddesses of Sky-patching) was refining stones to mend the sky, she refined them into 36,501 pieces of hard stones 12-feet high and 24-feet square on the Wuji Cliff of the Da Huangshan Mountain. Numa, the creator of human beings in Chinese myth, only used 36,500 pieces, leaving only one unused and abandoned it under the Qinggeng Peak.Who knows, after the stone has been refined and created, it had its spirit, it moved freely and could be big or small.Seeing that all the stones were able to mend the sky, he had no talent and could not be selected, so he complained and felt ashamed and mourned day and night. One day, at the time of mourning, he suddenly saw a monk and a Taoism priest with extraordinary personality coming from afar. They came to the Qinggeng Peak and sat on the ground to talk.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 05:57, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

见着这块鲜莹明洁的石头，且又缩成扇坠一般，甚属可爱。那僧托于掌上，笑道：“形体倒也是个灵物了，只是没有实在的好处。须得再镌上几个字，使人人见了，便知你是件奇物。

It was lovely to see this bright and clean stone shrinking like a fan. Resting on his palm, the monk smiled and said, "The body is a spiritual being, but it has no real benefit. Words had to be engraved so that everyone could see you and know that you were a wonder.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 15:01, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
Looking at this bright and clean stone shrinking like a fan, which is so lovely, with the stone on his palm the monk smiled and said, "Your body is a spiritual being, but ihas no real benefits. Words should be engraved so that everyone could see you and know that you are a wonder.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:42, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

然后携你到那昌明隆盛之邦、诗礼簪缨之族、花柳繁华地、温柔富贵乡那里去走一遭。”石头听了大喜，因问：“不知可镌何字？携到何方？望乞明示。”那僧笑道：“你且莫问，日后自然明白。”
Then take you there, a city-state of prosperity, a family of scholar, a place of flowers and willows. After listening, Stone asked rejoicingly: “I do not know what word I can write? Where I will be taken to? I hope get your instruction.” The monk smiled, “You do not rush into answer, and you will know it some day.”--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Then I'll take you for a walk to the prosperous country, the family of poems, gifts and tassels, the prosperous place of flowers and willows, and the gentle and rich township. " The stone was overjoyed when he asked, "I don't know what word to engrave? Where to carry it? I hope to beg clearly." the monk smiled and said, “You do not rush into answer, and you will know it some day.”--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 14:54, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

说毕，便袖了，同那道人飘然而去，竟不知投向何方。又不知过了几世几劫，因有个空空道人访道求仙，从这大荒山无稽崖青埂峰下经过，忽见一块大石，上面字迹分明，编述历历。空空道人乃从头一看，原来是无才补天，幻形入世，被那茫茫大士、渺渺真人携入红尘、引登彼岸的一块顽石：上面叙着堕落之乡、投胎之处，以及家庭琐事、闺阁闲情、诗词谜语，倒还全备。

Having concluded these words, he put the stone in his sleeve, and proceeded on his journey, in company with the Taoist priest. No one knows where he took the stone. Nor can it be known how many centuries and ages elapsed, before a Taoist priest, named K'ung K'ung, passed, during his researches after the eternal reason and his quest after immortality, by these Ta Huang Hills, Wu Ch'i cave and Ch'ing Keng Peak. Suddenly seeing a large stone, on the surface of which the handwriting on it is clear and the calendar is compiled, K'ung K'ung examined them from first to last. They, in fact, explained how that this stone had originally been devoid of the properties essential for the repairs to the heavens, how it would be transmuted into human form and introduced by Mang Mang the High Lord, and Miao Miao, the Divine, into the world of mortals, and how it would be led over the other bank (across the San Sara). On the surface, it describes the land of degeneration, the place of reincarnation, as well as family trivia, boudoir leisure, poetry, riddles, which could not be ascertained.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 04:54, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Having concluded these words, he put the stone in his sleeve, and proceeded leisurely on his journey, in company with the Taoist. However, no one knew where he went. Nor can it be known how many centuries and ages elapsed, before a Taoist priest, Kongkong daoren Dauist by name, passed, during his researches after the eternal reason and his quest after immortality, by these Da Huang Hills, Wu Ch'i cave and Ch'ing Keng Peak. Suddenly perceiving a large block of stone, on the surface of which the traces of characters giving in a connected form, the various incidents of its fate could be clearly predicted. Kongkong daoren Dauist examined them from beginning to end. In fact, they explained how this block of worthless stone which had originally been devoid of the properties essential for the mending to the heavens, would be transmuted into human form and introduced by Mang Mang the High Lord, and Miao Miao, the Divine, into the world of mortals, and how it would be led over the other world (across the San Sara). On the surface, it recorded the spot of its degeneration and the place of its birth. The complete recording also included various family trifles, trivial affairs of young ladies, verses and riddles.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 06:17, 28 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 12:02, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

只是朝代年纪，失落无考。后面又有一偈云：无才可去补苍天，枉入红尘若许年。此系身前身后事，倩谁记去作奇传？

But the name of the dynasty and the year of the reign were obliterated and could not be confirmed. There was also a Buddhist verse following behind:
Lacking in virtues to mend the azure skies,
in vain I have been into the mortal world for many years.
These facts are of a former and after life,
but who will record a strange legend for me?--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 03:57, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

But the name of the dynasty and the year of the reign were obliterated and could not be confirmed. There was also a Buddhist verse following behind:
Lacking in virtues to mend the azure sky, nothing have I gained within the years spent in the secular world. All of these about my present life and afterlife, who would record them for me?--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 14:59, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

空空道人看了一回，晓得这石头有些来历，遂向石头说道：“石兄，你这一段故事，据你自己说来，有些趣味，故镌写在此，意欲闻世传奇。据我看来：第一件，无朝代年纪可考；第二件，并无大贤大忠理朝廷、治风俗的善政，其中只不过几个异样女子，或情或痴，或小才微善。我纵然抄去，也算不得一种奇书。”

As the Taoist priest named Kongkong once has examined the stone, he had some idea about the story on it, and then said to the stone, "Brother, maybe in your opinion, the story inscribed on you is of some interest so as to be kept here to win a fame throughout the world. But to my mind, it is far from a legend book to be transcribed. Firstly, there are hardly any clues about the time period of the background; secondly, no outstanding governance regarding politics and costumes has been achieved by great talents or loyal officials, and what it mainly narrates are merely several unusual women, some stuck in love, some boasting subtle intelligence and benevolence."--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 09:02, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

As the Taoist priest named Kongkong once has examined the stone, he knew that the stone had some history, and then said to the stone, "Brother, maybe in your opinion, the story inscribed on you is of some interest so as to be kept here to win a fame throughout the world. But to my mind, it is far from a legend book to be transcribed. Firstly, there are hardly any clues about the time period of the background; secondly, no outstanding governance regarding politics and costumes has been achieved by great talents or loyal officials, and what it mainly narrates are merely several unusual women, some stuck in love, some boasting subtle intelligence and benevolence."--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 03:05, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

石头果然答道：“我师何必太痴？我想历来野史的朝代，无非假借汉、唐的名色；莫如我这石头所记，不借此套，只按自己的事体情理，反倒新鲜别致。况且那野史中，或讪谤君相，或贬人妻女，奸淫凶恶，不可胜数；更有一种风月笔墨，其淫秽污臭，最易坏人子弟。

The stone answered: “Why are you so stubborn? I think the dynasties of unofficial history are nothing more than under the guise of Han, Tang. They are not as good as the stories recorded by me, a stone, which don’t follow the convention but according to the real facts and therefore are more novel on the contrary. Moreover, those unofficial histories are either slandering the emperor and his subjects, or belittling other people’s wives and children. There are countless descriptions of ferocity and adultery which are the most likely to have a bad influence on the younger generation.”--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 10:54, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The stone answered: “Why are you so stubborn? I think the dynasties recorded in the unofficial histories are nothing more than under the guise of Han and Tang Dynasty. They are not as good as the stories recorded by me, a stone, which don’t follow the convention but according to the real facts and therefore are more novel on the contrary. Besides, those unofficial histories are either slandering the emperor and his subjects, or belittling other people’s wives and children. There are countless descriptions of ferocity and adultery which are most likely to have a bad influence on the younger generation.” --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 11:10, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

至于才子佳人等书，则又开口文君，满篇子建，千部一腔，千人一面，且终不能不涉淫滥。在作者不过要写出自己的两首情诗艳赋来，故假捏出男女二人名姓；又必旁添一小人拨乱其间，如戏中小丑一般。更可厌者，之乎者也，非理即文，大不近情，自相矛盾。

As for the books about the talented and the beauties, they talked about Wen and Jun, the pages were also full of Zi and Jian. A thousand volumes present the same thing, and a thousand person are also in the same character. Moreover, they cannot avoid to some licentious things. The authors, who had to write several sentimental odes and elegant ballads, had falsely invented the names of both men and women, and also some bad guys who like a clown in a play made some troubles in there. As for the annoying men, they had nothing in their minds and talked about Li and Wen, which had no link with the targeted things and paradoxical in the whole.--[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 00:53, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
As for books related to talented scholars and beautiful ladies, he also talked about Wenjun, who is good at articles and is capricious, but he could not avoid prostitution in the end. The author just wants to write two of his own love poems, so he falsely pinches out the names of men and women; he must add a little person to make trouble in the meantime, like a clown in a play. The more annoying, the more it is, the unreasonable is the literary, the most unkind, self-contradictory.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 03:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

竟不如我这半世亲见亲闻的几个女子，虽不敢说强似前代书中所有之人，但观其事迹原委，亦可消愁破闷；至于几首歪诗，也可以喷饭供酒。其间离合悲欢，兴衰际遇，俱是按迹循踪，不敢稍加穿凿，至失其真。只愿世人当那醉馀睡醒之时，或避事消愁之际，把此一玩，不但是洗旧翻新，却也省了些寿命筋力，不更去谋虚逐妄了。
It’s not as good as the few women I’ve seen and heard about in this half of my life. Although I dare not say that she is better than all the people in the books of the previous generations. Looking at their deeds, you can also relieve your sorrow and boredom. As for a few poor poems, you can also taste them while eating and drinking.The joys and sorrows, the ups and downs all follow the traces, daring not to lose the truth. I only hope that when the world is awake, or when avoiding troubles and sorrows ,they can enjoy it, not only to renovate, but also to save some lifespan and energy, not to seek falsehood.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 03:15, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

I am not as good as the women I have seen and heard in my life. Though I cannot say that they are as good as all the people in the books of previous generations, I can relieve my sorrow and despair by watching their deeds. As for a few crooked poems, you can also spray rice for wine. During the separation of joys and sorrows, ups and downs, are all traced, dare not slightly cut, to lose its true. I only hope that when people wake up from their drunkenness, or when they are relieved of their sorrow, they will not only wash the old and renew it, but also save some strength of life, so as not to seek for false things.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:39, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

我师意为如何？”空空道人听如此说，思忖半晌，将这《石头记》再检阅一遍。因见上面大旨不过谈情，亦只是实录其事，绝无伤时诲淫之病，方从头至尾抄写回来，闻世传奇。
What does my master think?" Empty Taoist listen to say so, ponder a long time, will this "stone" review again. Seeing that the message above was only a talk of love, and only a record of it, without suffering from the disease of lewdness, I copied it back from beginning to end and heard the legend of the world.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:38, 24 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 13:10, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

What do I mean? " After hearing this, Taoist Kongkong thought for a long time and reviewed the stone story again. Seeing that the above general purpose is nothing but romance, it is only a factual record of its affairs, and there is no disease of obscenity at the time of injury, so I copied it back from beginning to end and heard the legend of the world.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 04:35, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

从此空空道人因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空，遂改名情僧，改《石头记》为《情僧录》。东鲁孔梅溪题曰《风月宝鉴》。后因曹雪芹于悼红轩中披阅十载，增删五次，纂成目录，分出章回，又题曰《金陵十二钗》，并题一绝。
Since then empty Taoist empty because of empty see color, from color feeling, feeling into color, since color wukong, he then changed his epithet into Monk in Love, and changed ''The story of the Stone'' into ''Record of Monk in Love''. Kong Meixi of The Eastern Lu dynasty wrote the book ''Catalogue of Chinese Ancient Romance''.After cao Xueqin in mourning red xuan read ten years, add and delete five times, compiled into a directory, a chapter back, and the title yue ''The Twelve Flowers of Gold Mausoleum '', and a must.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 04:31, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Since then Empty Taoist saw form through emptiness, generated emotions due to form, into which emptiness was stilled and epiphany was revealed, he then changed his epithet into Monk in Love, and changed ''The story of the Stone'' into ''Record of Monk in Love'', which was called ''Catalogue of Chinese Ancient Romance'' by Kong Meixi of The Eastern Lu dynasty. Afterwards Cao Xueqin read and amended it for ten years, revised and polished it for five times, and then compiled it into a directory with chapters and sections. Finally he entitled it ''The Twelve Flowers of Gold Mausoleum'' attached with a Chinese quatrain.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 04:55, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

即此便是《石头记》的缘起。诗云：满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪。都云作者痴，谁解其中味?

This was the origin of ''The Story of The Stone''. A poem once said, “the whole novel is full of absurd words, as well as bitter tears. People all consider the author crazy, but is there anyone who knows its true meaning？--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 07:22, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

This is the origin of ''The Story of the Stone''. The poem says: The pages were full of idle words which was penned with hot and bitter tears; All men call the author fool, but no one understood his secret message.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 08:25, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

《石头记》缘起既明，正不知那石头上面记着何人何事？看官请听。按那石上书云：当日地陷东南，这东南有个姑苏城，城中阊门最是红尘中一二等富贵风流之地。

Now that the origin of the stone is clear, let us see what was written on the stone. Dear readers, please listen. Long ago, the earth dipped downwards in the southeast where there was a city named Gusu; and the quarter around Changmen Gate of Gusu was one of the most fashionable centres of wealth and nobility in the world of men. --[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 02:10, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

The origin of "The Story of the Stone" was clear, but did you know who or what was written on the stone? Please listen to me and go on. According to the record on the stone: One day, there was a subsidence in southeast and there was Gusu City. In the city, the quarter around Changmen Gate was one of the most fashionable centres of wealth and nobility in the world of men. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:13, 23 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

这阊门外有个十里街，街内有个仁清巷，巷内有个古庙，因地方狭窄，人皆呼作“葫芦庙”。庙旁住着一家乡宦，姓甄名费，字士隐；嫡妻封氏，性情贤淑，深明礼义。家中虽不甚富贵，然本地也推他为望族了。

Outside the city of Changmen gate, there was a Shili street and a Renqing lane was on the street. In the Renqing lane, there was an ancient temple called "Hulu temple" owing to it`s narrow location. Next to the temple lived a hometown official named Zhen Fei, courtesy named Shi Yin; his legal wife, surnamed Feng, was a virtuous person with a deep sense of courtesy and righteousness. Although the family was not very rich, the local people also thought that he was a prominent family. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 14:02, 21 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

Outside the Changmen gate was the Shili street and the Renqing lane, inside which was an ancient temple, called the "Gourd temple" for its narrow space. Next to the temple lived a retired official named Zhen Fei, whose courtesy name was Shi Yin; his legal wife Mrs. Feng was a virtuous person with a deep awareness of courtesy and righteousness. Although the family was not very rich, the locals also regarded him as a noble man.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:19, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

因这甄士隐禀性恬淡，不以功名为念，每日只以观花种竹、酌酒吟诗为乐，倒是神仙一流人物。只是一件不足：年过半百，膝下无儿；只有一女，乳名英莲，年方三岁。一日炎夏永昼，士隐于书房闲坐，手倦抛书，伏几盹睡，不觉矇眬中走至一处，不辨是何地方。

Hidden Truth had a tranquil mind, indifferent to fame or gain. The only fun in every day life was enjoying beautiful flowers and planting bamboo, drinking nectared wine and reciting poetry. What a fairy-like figure! There was only one pity, that is, though in his fifty years old, he had no son nut only one three-year-old daughter, named Pity Zhen. One day in the hot summer, Hidden Truth was sitting idly in his study. Tired, he threw away his book and fell asleep at his desk, drifting to a place he could not tell.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 03:19, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Zhen Shiyin had a tranquil mind, indifferent to fame or gain. The only fun in every day life was enjoying beautiful flowers and planting bamboo, drinking nectared wine and reciting poetry. What a fairy-like figure! But there was one pity, that is, though in his fifty years old, he had no son nut only one three-year-old daughter, named Yinglian. One day in the hot summer, Shenyin was sitting idly in his study. He was so tired that he threw away his book and fell asleep at his desk, drifting to a place he could not tell.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 05:12, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

忽见那厢来了一僧一道，且行且谈。只听道人问道：“你携了此物，意欲何往？”那僧笑道：“你放心。如今现有一段风流公案，正该了结，这一干风流冤家，尚未投胎人世。

Unexpectedly he espied， in the opposite direction， two priests coming towards him： the one a Buddhist， the other a Taoist. As they advanced they kept up the conversation in which they were engaged. "Whither do you purpose taking the object you have brought away？" he heard the Taoist inquire. To this question the Buddhist replied with a smile： "Set your mind at ease，" he said； "there's now in maturity a plot of a general character involving mundane pleasures， which will presently come to a denouement. The whole number of the votaries of voluptuousness have， as yet， not been quickened or entered the world.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 05:07, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Unexpectedly he espied, from the opposite direction, A monk and a Taoist coming up to him. As they advanced, they kept up the conversation in which they were engaged. "Whither do you purpose taking the thing you have brought away？" He heard the Taoist inquire. The Buddhist replied with a smile: "Set your mind at ease. There's now a case of romantic affairs, which should presently come to a denouement. The whole number of the votaries of voluptuousness involved in have not been reincarnated.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:31, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

趁此机会，就将此物夹带于中，使他去经历经历。”那道人道：“原来近日风流冤家又将造劫历世，但不知起于何处，落于何方？”那僧道：“此事说来好笑。

Taking this opportunity, we can mingle it in them and let it experience the life on earth." The Taoist said: "So those debtors of love affairs will be reincarnated and then suffer on earth. But from which place will the reincarnation start and in which direction will them be placed still remain unsettled." The monk said: "It's a funny story. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:28, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Taking this opportunity, we can carry it away and let it experience the life on earth. ”The Taoist priest said: "The debtors of love affairs will be reincarnated and then suffer on earth recently. But it' s unknown that from when the story started and to where will it go.“ The monk said: "It's a funny story....-- --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 08:23, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

只因当年这个石头，娲皇未用，自己却也落得逍遥自在，各处去游玩。一日来到警幻仙子处，那仙子知他有些来历，因留他在赤霞宫中，名他为赤霞宫神瑛侍者。他却常在西方灵河岸上行走，看见那灵河岸上三生石畔有棵绛珠仙草，十分娇娜可爱，遂日以甘露灌溉，这绛珠草始得久延岁月。

This stone have not been used by The Empress Nu Wo. Thus It used to be free to roam on the heavens until one day he came to the Fairy of Wonders, who knew his special background. So she kept him in her palace and gave him the name by the Divine Eunuch of the Cabernet Palace. He often walked along the bank of West Sacred River where he saw a delicate and lovely Red Bead flower on the bank of the Three Living Stones. Being struck with the great beauty of this flower, the stone remained there, tending its protegee with the most loving care, and daily moistening its roots with the choicest nectar of the sky. Yielding to the influence of disinterested love, the Red Bead flower lived a longer life. --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 07:32, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Because this stone in that age hasn‘t been used by a goddess in Chinese mythology，he could be careless and can go to visit many places for fun. One day，he come to the Fairy of Wonders who knew his special background. So she kept him in her palace and gave him the name by the Divine Eunuch of the Cabernet Palace.But he always walks by the bank of the West Sacred River. One day，he saw a fairy grass beside the Three Living Stones on the bank of the river，which is cute and delicate，so he irrigated it day by day，making it living longer.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:31, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

后来既受天地精华，复得甘露滋养，遂脱了草木之胎，幻化人形，仅仅修成女体，终日游于离恨天外，饥餐秘情果，渴饮灌愁水。只因尚未酬报灌溉之德，故甚至五内郁结着一段缠绵不尽之意。常说：‘自己受了他雨露之惠，我并无此水可还。
Afterwards，because of the essence of the nature and the nutrients of the dew，it gradually got rid of itself from the trees and become a human-being，but only can become a female，meandering outside all day long，when feeling hungry，she would eat fruits，and when feeling thirsty，she would drink water.The reason for her lingering emotions is that she haven‘t showed her gratitude to her benefactors.She always said that：“I was benefited from his dew，but I can‘t bring back a report.”--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

他若下世为人，我也同去走一遭，但把我一生所有的眼泪还他，也还得过了。’因此一事，就勾出多少风流冤家都要下凡，造历幻缘，那绛珠仙草也在其中。今日这石正该下世，我来特地将他仍带到警幻仙子案前，给他挂了号，同这些情鬼下凡，一了此案。”

If he could be reincarnated as human in the next life, I would also go with him but only in this time return all the sorrows to him, which can let me go through the life. “For this reason, how many pretty teases have to descend to the world suffering the illusory fates, and the Crimson Pearl Flower is also among them. Today, this stone is about to be born, so I comes here specially to bring him to the court of Fairy Maiden Jinhuan, registering him and letting him go down to the earth with ghosts in order to settle the case.”--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 12:37, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

If he could be reincarnated as human in the next life, I would go with him, but I should also return all the sorrows in this time to him, which can enable me to go through the life. "For this reason, lots of pretty teases have to descend to the world suffering the illusory destiny, and that Red Bead Flower is also amomg them. Today this jade is about to be born, so I come here specially to take him to the court of the fairy Disenchantment, endowing him with a registration and letting him go down to the earth with those sentimental ghosts so as to settle the case.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 15:16, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

那道人道：“果是好笑，从来不闻有‘还泪’之说。趁此，你我何不也下世度脱几个，岂不是一场功德？”那僧道：“正合吾意。你且同我到警幻仙子宫中，将这蠢物交割清楚，待这一干风流孽鬼下世，你我再去。如今有一半落尘，然犹未全集。”

The Taoist priest says:"It's really ridiculous. I have never heard of the saying of 'returning tears'. We can also take this opportunity to release several souls from purgatory (help several souls of the decease get rid of worldly sufferings). Isn't it a merit?" The monk replies:"It's exactly what I am hoping for. You and I are going to the palace of the fairy Disenchantment, and to deliver such a jade and figure it out. When these dissolute and sinful evils all pass away, we will go to the afterlife. Half of them have fallen into the earthly world, but they have not yet gathered completely."--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 15:04, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

The Taoist priest says:"It's really ridiculous. I have never heard of the saying of 'returning tears'. We can also take this opportunity to release several souls from purgatory (help several souls of the decease get rid of worldly sufferings). Isn't it a merit?" The monk replies:"It's exactly what I am hoping for. You and I will go the palace of the fairy maiden Jing Huan, and to deliver such a jade and figure it out. When these dissolute and sinful evils all pass away, we will go to the afterlife. Half of them have fallen into the earthly world, but they have not yet gathered completely."--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 06:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

道人道：“既如此，便随你去来。”却说甄士隐俱听得明白，遂不禁上前施礼，笑问道：“二位仙师请了。”那僧、道也忙答礼相问。

The Taoist said, "In that case, let's go with you." Then Hidden Truth heard and understood, so he could not help but go forward to salute, smiling and saying, " Please, distinguished masters." The monk and the Taoist also replied with manners.

The Taoist said, "In that case, let's go with you." Then Hidden Truth heard and understood, so he could not help but go forward to salute, smiling and saying, " Please, distinguished masters." The monk and the Taoist also immediately replied with manners.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 10:50, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

士隐因说道：“适闻仙师所谈因果，实人世罕闻者。但弟子愚拙，不能洞悉明白。若蒙大开痴顽，备细一闻，弟子洗耳谛听，稍能警省，亦可免沉沦之苦了。”

Hidden Truth said: "What you master talked about the cause and effect is definitely rare in the world. But I am stupid and can't fully understand it. If you can explain it for me to get rid of infatuation and stubbornness, I will listen to you carefully and then take warning from it, avoiding the suffering of enthrallment."--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 08:01, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth then said, "I have just heard you master's words about karma, a truly rare insight in the world. But I am too ignorant to understand it. If I could be enlightened by you two to get rid of infatuation and stubbornness, I would certainly listen carefully to all that you say and then take warning from it, avoiding the suffering of enthrallment."--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:54, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

二仙笑道：“此乃玄机，不可预泄。到那时只不要忘了我二人，便可跳出火坑矣。”士隐听了，不便再问，因笑道：“玄机固不可泄露，但适云‘蠢物’，不知为何？或可得见否？”那僧说：“若问此物，倒有一面之缘。”

The two immortals laughed and said, "It is something metaphysical and cannot be divulged in advance. At that time, just don't forget the two of us, and you will be free from your predicament." When Hidden Truth heard this, he stopped pursuing the matter. He laughed and said, "Of course the mystery must not be divulged, but I don't quite understand what the 'stupid thing' is that you just mentioned. Perhaps I have a chance to see it?" The monk said, "This thing you are asking about, you do have the fortune to see it.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:39, 22 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 12:48, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

The two immortals laughed and said, "It is metaphysical and cannot be divulged in advance. At that time, if you don't forget two of us, and you will be free from your predicament." When Shi Yin heard this, he stopped pursuing the matter. He laughed and said, "Of course the mystery must not be divulged, but I don't quite understand what the 'stupid thing' is that you just mentioned. Perhaps I have a chance to see it?" The monk said, "This thing you are asking about, you do have the fortune to see it.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 06:17, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

说着取出，递与士隐。士隐接了看时，原来是块鲜明美玉，上面字迹分明，镌着“通灵宝玉”四字，后面还有几行小字。正欲细看时，那僧便说已到幻境，就强从手中夺了去。

He said and took it out to Hidden Truth. ShiYin received it and found it a bright beautiful jade in which there were four clear characters:Tong Ling Bao Yu followes by several lines of words.When Hidden Truth craved for a careful look, that monk said that he had reached the illusion, so he snatched it from ShiYin's hand.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 02:57, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Then he said as he took it out and handed it to Hidden Truth. Hidden Truth took a look, and it turned out to be a piece of bright beautiful jade, with clear writing above, engraved with the “Tongling jade”. There were a few lines of small characters behind. When he was about to take a closer look, the monk said he had reached the Illusory Land and snatched the jade from his hands.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 01:47, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

和那道人竟过了一座大石牌坊，上面大书四字，乃是“太虚幻境”。两边又有一副对联道：假作真时真亦假，无为有处有还无。士隐意欲也跟着过去，方举步时，忽听一声霹雳，若山崩地陷。

And with that Taoist priest actually passed a large stone archway, above which was engraved four big words, is “ Illusory Land of Great Void ”.On both sides there was a pair of couplets: If false is taken as the truth, then truth is said to be lieing , when nothing is taken as being, then being itself is turned into nothing. Hidden Truth also wanted to pass the big stone archway, but the moment he was about to raise his foot, he heard a crack of thunder which sounded as if the hills were rending asunder and the earth falling in.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 02:52, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

And that Taoist passed a large stone pagoda, written on it four big words, is "Taixu fantasy realm". On both sides, there is a couplet saying: "Falsehood is true when it is true, and there is nothing where there is nothing". Hidden Truth also wanted to follow, when just ready to raise his feet, he heard a thunderbolt all of a sudden, as if a landslide happened.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 02:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

士隐大叫一声，定睛看时，只见烈日炎炎，芭蕉冉冉，梦中之事便忘了一半。又见奶母抱了英莲走来。士隐见女儿越发生得粉装玉琢，乖觉可喜，便伸手接来，抱在怀中，斗他玩耍一会。

Hidden Truth cried out, and when he fixed his eyes, only seeing the sun is shining, the weather is bright, and the plantains are flourishing, and then he forgot half of his dream. Later, the lactating mother coming with Pity Zhen in her arms. When Hidden Truth noted that his daughter was becoming more and more beautiful and cute, he reached out and took her in his arms, and teased her for a while.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 02:43, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth cried out, fixing his eyes on the blazing sun and supplely drooping banana leaves, only to be oblivious to half of his dream. Then the wet nurse came over with Pity Zhen in her arms. Hidden Truth perceived that his daughter became so fair and lovely that he couldn’t wait to cradle her in his arms to amuse her.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 05:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

== Headline text ==
==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

又带至街前，看那过会的热闹。方欲进来时，只见从那边来了一僧一道：那僧癞头跣足，那道跛足蓬头，疯疯癫癫，挥霍谈笑而至。及到了他门前，看见士隐抱着英莲，那僧便大哭起来，又向士隐道：“施主，你把这有命无运、累及爹娘之物抱在怀内作甚？”

Hidden Truth then took his lovely daughter out into the street to see the lively meeting. When he was about to enter the door, he saw a monk and a Taoist coming from the other side: the monk had ringworm on his head and no shoes or socks on his feet; the Taoist priest was characterized by lameness and untidy hair. They came over, crazy, talking and laughing. When they got to Hidden Truth’s door, seeing him holding Pity Zhen in his arms. The monk began to cry and said to Hidden Truth, “ Benefactor, why did you cradle such an ill-fated and encumbering child in your arms？”--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 01:35, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin then took his lovely daughter to the street to see the lively agora. When he was about to enter the door, he saw a monk and a Taoist priest coming from the other side: the monk had ringworm on his head and no shoes or socks on his feet; the Taoist priest was characterized by lameness and untidy hair. They acted like a lunatic and came over,talking and laughing. When they got to Shiyin’s door, seeing him holding Yinglian in his arms. The monk began to cry and said to Shiyin, “ Benefactor, why did you cradle such an ill-fated and encumbering child in your arms？”--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:06, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

士隐听了，知是疯话，也不睬他。那僧还说：“舍我罢，舍我罢。”士隐不耐烦，便抱着女儿转身。

After listening to him,Shiyin knew that it's crazy words and ignored him.But the monk also said:"Give her to me,give her to me." Shiyin was impatient,so he held his daughter and turned to leave.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 05:59, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

After listening to him, Hidden Truth knew that it was lunatic ravings and ignored him. But the monk complemented:"Give her to me, give her to me." Hidden Truth got impatient, so he embraced his daughter and turned around. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 12:14, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

才要进去，那僧乃指着他大笑，口内念了四句言词，道是：惯养娇生笑你痴，菱花空对雪澌澌。好防佳节元宵后，便是烟消火灭时。

When he was about to get in, the monk pointed at him and laughed, mumbling four sentences, which mean “how crazy that you pamper your daughter like this, (see you embrace Yinglian), just like the summer lotus are exposed to the winter snow. Beware of the days after the Lantern Festival, then there is a fire to vanish everything.”--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 03:03, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
When he wanted to go in, the monk pointed at him and laughed, saying…--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 06:56, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

士隐听得明白，心下犹豫，意欲问他来历，只听道人说道：“你我不必同行，就此分手，各干营生去罢。三劫后，我在北邙山等你，会齐了，同往太虚幻境销号。”那僧道：“最妙，最妙。”
Shi Yin understood and hesitated, intending to ask him where he came from. The Taoist said, "You and I don't need to go together. Three days later, I wait for you in north mangshan, meet together, with the imaginary land sales number." The monk said, "The best, the best."--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 06:44, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin understood,hesitated in his heart,and wanted to ask him where he came from.He only heard the Taoist say: "You and I don't have to go together, just break up and go to work. After the Three Tribulations, I will wait for you in Beimanshan,nnd go to the Tai Unreal Realm to sell the number." The monk said: "The most wonderful, the most wonderful."--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 13:40, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

说毕，二人一去，再不见个踪影了。士隐心中此时自忖：“这两个人必有来历，很该问他一问，如今后悔却已晚了。”这士隐正在痴想，忽见隔壁葫芦庙内寄居的一个穷儒，姓贾名化、表字时飞、别号雨村的走来。

After that,the two went away,and they were nowhere to be seen.Shiyin thought to himself at this moment: "These two people must have a history.It's time to ask him,but now it's too late to regret." Shiyin was thinking about it,but suddenly saw a poor scholar living in the Hulu temple next door whose first name is Jia,last name hua,Courtesy name Shifei,and another name Yucun came.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 13:37, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

After saying that, the two went away, and there was no sign of them anymore. Shiyin thought to himself at this moment: "These two people surely had some backgrounds. I should have asked him, but it was too late to regret now." Shiyin was daydreaming, but suddenly saw a poor scholar living in the Hulu temple next door coming up. His first name is hua, last name is jia, secondary personal name is Shifei, and another name is Rainvillage Merchant.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 14:46, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

这贾雨村原系湖州人氏，也是诗书仕宦之族。因他生于末世，父母祖宗根基已尽，人口衰丧，只剩得他一身一口。在家乡无益，因进京求取功名，再整基业。

Rainvillage Merchant was born in Huzhou and came from a family of Confucian scholars and officials. Because he was born in last phase of age, the roots of his ancestors had died out. Family declined, and left him alone. He found no benefit in hometown, so he went to Beijing to strive for fame and tried to make another solid foundation for family.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 03:10, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Jia Yucun came from Huzhou and was born in a family of scholars and officials. However, because he was born in the last phase of the age, the root of his ancestors had died out and family declined, leaving him alone in the world. He found no benefit in hometown, so he went to Beijing to strive for success and fame and tried to make the revitalization of his family.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 04:46, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

自前岁来此，又淹蹇住了，暂寄庙中安身，每日卖文作字为生，故士隐常与他交接。当下雨村见了士隐，忙施礼陪笑道：“老先生倚门伫望，敢街市上有甚新闻么？”士隐笑道：“非也。适因小女啼哭，引他出来作耍。正是无聊的很，贾兄来得正好，请入小斋，彼此俱可消此永昼。”

Since arriving in Beijing the year before last, Jia Yuchun had led a hard life, living only in a temple. He wrote poems and articles in exchange for money every day, so Shiyin often often met with him. Once Yucun saw Shiyin, hurriedly saluted and said with a smile, " Sir, you are leaning on the door and looking at something. Is there any news in the market?" Shiyin smiled and said, "No. Just because my little girl cried, so I took her out to play. I am so bored now and you are so nice to appear in time. Please come into my study with me, so that we can both kill the boring time." --[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 03:35, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Since arriving in Beijing the year before last, Jia Yuchun found himself in difficult conditions and desperate straits. He lived only in a temple and made a living by writing in exchange for money every day, so Shiyin often met with him. At that moment, Yucun saw Shiyin, hurriedly saluted and said with smile, " An old gentleman as you, leaning on the door and looking at something, I wander that is there any news in the street?" Shiyin smiled and said, "Hardly, just because my little girl cried, so I take her out to play. I am so bored now and you‘ve come just at the right moment. Please come into my study, so that we can spend the long day together."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 14:13, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

说着，便令人送女儿进去。自携了雨村来至书房中，小童献茶。方谈得三五句话，忽家人飞报：“严老爷来拜。”

While he was talking, he asked someone to take his daughter back to her room. Then he took Yucun to his study, and a child offered a cup of tea for each of them. But just said a few words, suddenly the family member came quickly to say that "Master Yan came to visit."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 07:30, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

While talking, he asked someone to take his daughter back to her room. Then he took Rainvillage Merchant to his study, and a child offered a cup of tea for each of them. But just said a few words, suddenly the family member came quickly to say that "Master Yan came to visit." --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 14:01, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

士隐慌忙起身谢道：“恕诓驾之罪。且请略坐，弟即来奉陪。”雨村起身也让道：“老先生请便。晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨！”说着，士隐已出前厅去了。

HiddenTruth stood up hurriedly and said, " Excuse me.Please sit for a moment first, and I will entertain you at once."Rainvillage Merchant also stood up and answered:" Old gentleman, you go. I often come to you here as a guest, wait a little while is not the matter!" Said, Hidden Truth had walked out of the guest room.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 02:51, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin hurriedly got up and thanked, "excuse the crime of cheating driving. Please sit down and my brother will accompany you." Yucun got up and said, "please help yourself, sir. My late life is a regular guest. Why not wait a minute!" said Shiyin, who had left the front hall.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 13:44, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

这里雨村且翻弄诗籍解闷，忽听得窗外有女子嗽声。雨村遂起身往外一看，原来是一个丫鬟在那里掐花儿：生的仪容不俗，眉目清秀，虽无十分姿色，却也有动人之处。雨村不觉看得呆了。那甄家丫鬟掐了花儿，方欲走时，猛抬头见窗内有人：敝巾旧服，虽是贫窘，然生得腰圆背厚，面阔口方，更兼剑眉星眼，直鼻方腮。
Here in the rain village, I turned to poetry books to relieve my boredom. Suddenly I heard a woman coughing outside the window. Yucun then got up and looked out. It turned out that it was a servant girl pinching flowers there: Sheng's appearance was not vulgar and his eyebrows were beautiful. Although he was not very beautiful, he was also moving. Yucun was stunned. The Zhen servant girl pinched the flowers. When Fang was about to leave, she suddenly looked up and saw someone in the window: Although I was poor and embarrassed, I had a round waist, thick back, wide face and square mouth. I also had sword eyebrows, star eyes, straight nose and square cheeks.

Yuncun was reading poems to relieve his boredom, suddenly hearing a girl outside the window coughing. Yucun stood up and found a housemaid picking flowers: she was of good appearance and pretty features. Although she was not perfect, she had something touching. Yucun felt stunned. The girl had pinched the flowers and was about to leave when she suddenly raised her head and saw someone in the window. In rags, he had a round waist and a thick back, a wide face and a square mouth, with a sword eyebrow and star eyes, a straight nose and a square cheek.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 10:14, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

这丫鬟忙转身回避，心下自想：“这人生的这样雄壮，却又这样褴褛。我家并无这样贫窘亲友，想他定是主人常说的什么贾雨村了。怪道又说他必非久困之人，每每有意帮助周济他，只是没什么机会。”如此一想，不免又回头一两次。雨村见他回头，便以为这女子心中有意于他，遂狂喜不禁，自谓此女子必是个巨眼英豪，风尘中之知己。
The housemaid turned away quickly and said to herself:” the man is so grand and ragged. I don’t have such deprived friends and relatives, thus he must be Rain Village Merchant that the master has mentioned frequently. It’s said that he will not be trapped in poverty for a long time. The master has meant to help him but doesn’t find a proper chance.” At the thought of this, she looked back for several times, which misled Rian Village to think the girl was attracted by him and felt very excited. He believed that the girl must have a pair of wisdom eye and was his true friend in difficulty.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 02:16, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The housemaid turned away hurriedly and thought to herself:” the man is so strong, but his clothes are shabby. I don’t have such deprived friends and relatives, thus he must be Jia Yucun that the master has mentioned frequently. It’s said that he will not be trapped in poverty for a long time. The master has always meant to help him but doesn’t find a proper chance.” At the thought of this, she looked back for several times, which misled Yu Cun to think the girl was attracted by him and felt very excited. He believed that the girl must have a good taste and was his true friend in difficulty.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 11:27, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

一时小童进来，雨村打听得前面留饭，不可久待，遂从夹道中，自便门出去了。士隐待客既散，知雨村已去，便也不去再邀。一日，到了中秋佳节。

When a child came in, Rainvillage heard that the host entertained the guests meal. Therefore, he knew that he couldn't stay long, so he went out through the lane and went out by himself. Later, Hidden Truth had already served guests, knowing that Rainvillage had gone, so he didn't invite again. One day, it was the Mid Autumn Festival.

When a child came in, Rainvillage heard that the host entertained the guests meal. Therefore, he knew that he couldn't stay long, so he went out through the lane and went out by himself. Later, Hidden Truth had already served guests, knowing that Rainvillage had gone, so he didn't invite again. One day, it was the Mid Autumn Festival.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:53, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

士隐家宴已毕，又另具一席于书房，自己步至庙中来邀雨村。原来雨村自那日见了甄家丫鬟曾回顾他两次，自谓是个知己，便时刻放在心上。今又正值中秋，不免对月有怀，因而口占五言一律云：

Shiiyin‘s family banquet has been completed, and another seat in the study, he came to the temple to invite Yucun. It turns out that since that day Yucun saw the Zhen family maid had looked back at him twice, since he said he was a confidant, so he always put on his heart. Now it was the mid-autumn festival, so I couldn't help but feel nostalgic for the moon, so I took five words from the mouth and said.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:51, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth's family banquet has been completed, and another seat in the study, he came to the temple to invite Rainvillage Merchant. It turns out that since that day Yucun saw the Family of Zhen maid had looked back at him twice, since he said he was a confidant, so he always put on his heart. Now it was the mid-autumn festival, so I couldn't help but feel nostalgic for the moon, so I took five words from the mouth and said.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 11:23, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

未卜三生愿，频添一段愁。闷来时敛额，行去几回头。自顾风前影，谁堪月下俦？蟾光如有意，先上玉人楼。

I haven’t realized my dream yet, but had sorrowful experience. I often frown when I feel depressed and look back repeatedly when I farewell. With the wind blowing, I look at my shadow. Who can be my partner? If the moon helps,please shed light on the girl’s window and show her my love.

I haven’t realized my dream yet, but had sorrowful experience. I often frown when I feel depressed and look back repeatedly when I farewell. With the wind blowing, I look at my shadow. Who can be my partner? If the moon helps,please shed light on the girl’s window and show her my love.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 12:02, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

雨村吟罢，因又思及平生抱负，苦未逢时，乃又搔首对天长叹，复高吟一联云：玉在椟中求善价，钗于奁内待时飞。恰值士隐走来听见，笑道：“雨村兄真抱负不凡也！”

After Rainvillage Merchant finished reciting the love poems of Lucky, he thought of his great ambitions and thought that he had not met a good time, so he recited a pair of couplets that he created aloud: "Jade and hairpin are all placed in the box, hoping that one day it can realize its value and play its role." Just when Hidden Truth came to hear it, Shiyin smiled and said, "Brother Rainvillage Merchant is really ambitious!"--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:38, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

After Rainvillage Merchant finished reciting the love poems of Lucky, he thought of his great ambitions and thought that he had not met a good time, so he recited aloud a pair of couplets that he created: "Jade and hairpin are all placed in the box, hoping that one day it can realize its value and play its role." Just when Hidden Truth came to hear it, Shiyin smiled and said, "Rainvillage Merchant is really ambitious!"--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 16:53, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

雨村忙笑道：“不敢。不过偶吟前人之句，何期过誉如此！”因问：“老先生何兴至此？”士隐笑道：“今夜中秋，俗谓团圆之节。想尊兄旅寄僧房，不无寂寥之感。故特具小酌，邀兄到敝斋一饮。不知可纳芹意否？”

Rainvillage Merchant laughed and hurriedly said, "No no, I just recite the words of the predecessors. You speak too highly of me!" he asked, "Why did you come here, sir?" Hidden Truth smiled, "Tonight is the reunion time of Mid Autumn Festival. You lodged with a monk's room alone. So I come to invite you to have a drink with me. What do you think?"--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:51, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

"Why did you come here, master?"
You are lodged with a monk's room alone. --[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 02:18, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

雨村听了，并不推辞，便笑道：“既蒙谬爱，何敢拂此盛情！”说着，便同士隐复过这边书院中来了。须臾茶毕，早已设下杯盘，那美酒佳肴，自不必说。

Hearing this, Rainvillage Merchant did not refuse, but said with a smile: "Since I am indebted to you, I dare not live up to this feeling." Then he and Hidden Truth came to the academy here. In a moment they had finished their tea, and a feast had already been set up, with wine and food, in which the delicacy was all.

They went to the court in front of Hidden Truth 's study. Soon they had fin rished their tea and sat down to a collation of choice wine and delicacies.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 11:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

二人归坐，先是款酌慢饮；渐次谈至兴浓，不觉飞觥献斝起来。当时街坊上家家箫管，户户笙歌；当头一轮明月，飞彩凝辉。二人愈添豪兴，酒到杯干。

At first, they drank slowly,but their spirits rose as they talked and they began to drink more recklessly. At that time, Flutes and strings can be heard everywhere and every family in the neighborhood was singing; When a bright moon rises, The two became more and more cheerful, and the wine dried cup up.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 14:26, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

At first, they drank slowly,but their spirits rose as they talked in depth， they began to drink more recklessly. At that time, the sound of flutes and strings can be heard everywhere and every family in the neighborhood was playing and singing; When a bright moon rises, The two became more and more cheerful and drained cup after cup.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 11:39, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

雨村此时已有七八分酒意，狂兴不禁，乃对月寓怀，口占一绝云：时逢三五便团圆，满把清光护玉栏。天上一轮才捧出，人间万姓仰头看。士隐听了，大叫：“妙极！弟每谓兄必非久居人下者，今所吟之句，飞腾之兆已现，不日可接履于云霄之上了。可贺，可贺！”

Rainvillage Merchant, eight-tenths drunk, cannot suppress his high spirits. As he gazed at the moon, he fostered thoughts, to which he gave vent by the recital of a double couplet.

"On the fifteenth the moon is full, Her pure rays fill the court; As her bright orb sails up the sky, All men on earth gaze upwards at the sight."

"Excellent!" cried Hidden Truth with a loud voice, after he had heard these lines; "I have repeatedly maintained that it was impossible for you to remain in a subordinate position for a long period, and now the verses are a prognostic of your rapid advancement. In a few days you will extend your footsteps far above the clouds! Let me congratulate you."！

Rainvillage Merchant, eight-tenths drunk, cannot suppress his elation. As he gazed at the moon, he improvised a poetry to the moon and declaimed it:

"On the fifteenth the moon is full, Her pure rays fill the court; As her bright orb sails up the sky, All men on earth gaze upwards at the sight."

"Excellent!" cried Hidden Truth with a loud voice, after he had heard these lines; "I have repeatedly maintained that it was impossible for you to remain in a subordinate position for a long period, and now the verses reveals your rapid advancement. In a few days you will extend your footsteps far above the clouds! Let me congratulate you."！--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 04:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

乃亲斟一斗为贺。雨村饮干，忽叹道：“非晚生酒后狂言，若论时尚之学，晚生也或可去充数挂名。只是如今行李路费，一概无措，神京路远，非赖卖字撰文，即能到得。”士隐不待说完，便道：“兄何不早言？弟已久有此意，但每遇兄时，并未谈及，故未敢唐突。今既如此，弟虽不才，‘义利’二字，却还识得。且喜明岁正当大比，兄宜作速入都，春闱一捷，方不负兄之所学。其盘费馀事，弟自代为处置，亦不枉兄之谬识矣。”

Hidden Truth filled another large cup of alcohol. Rainvillage Merchant tossed it off and then signed. "Don't think this is just a talk after being drunk," he said, "I'm sure I could acquit myself quite creditably in the examinations, but I have no money in my wallet for my travelling expenses and the capital is far away. I can't raise enough money by selling my words and articles ...." "Why didn't you say so before?" interjected Shiyin. "I've always thought about this, but since you never mentioned it it is inappropriate for me to mention this subject. If that's how things are, dull as I am at least I know what's due to a firend. Luckily the Metropolitan Examinations are coming up next year. You must go as fast as you can to the capital and prove your learning in the Spring Test. I shall take it an honor to take care of the travelling expenses and other business for you."--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 04:28, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth filled another large cup of alcohol for congratulation. Rainvillage Merchant tossed it off and then sighed: "Don't think this is just a talk after drinking. I'm sure I could acquit myself quite creditably in the examinations, but I have no money in my wallet for my travelling expenses and the capital is far away. I can't raise enough money only by selling my words and articles ...." "Why didn't you say that before?" interjected Hidden Truth. "I've always thought about this, but since you never mentioned it.It is inappropriate for me to mention this subject. If that's how things are, dull as I am at least I know what's due to a real friend. Luckily the Metropolitan Examinations are coming up next year. You must go as fast as you can to the capital and prove your learning in the Spring Test. I shall take it an honor to take care of the travelling expenses and other business for you."--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 11:43, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

当下即命小童进去，速封五十两白银并两套冬衣。又云：“十九日乃黄道之期，兄可即买舟西上。待雄飞高举，明冬再晤，岂非大快之事！”雨村收了银、衣，不过略谢一语，并不介意，仍是吃酒谈笑。

Hidden Truth immediately ordered the child to go in and quickly seal fifty liang silver and two sets of winter clothes. And he also said, "the 19th of March is the time of the zodiac, and you can buy a boat to the west. Isn't it a great pleasure to wait for triumph of the war[1] and meet again the next winter?" Rainvillage Merchant received the silver and clothes, but he thanked Hidden Truth a little. He didn't mind and was still drinking wine, talking and laughing.

[1]The war between Li Zicheng and the emperor Chongzhen. On March 19 of the lunar calendar in 1644, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself. Then, Li Zicheng entered Beijing to overthrow the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 03:23, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin immediately ordered the child in and seal fifty liang silver and two suits of winter clothes quickly. Then he said, "the 19th of March is favorable time, and you can buy a boat to the west. Isn't it a great pleasure to wait for triumph of the war[1] and meet again the next winter?" Yucun received the silver and clothes, but he thanked Shiyin a little. He didn't mind and was still drinking wine, talking and laughing.

[1]The war between Li Zicheng and the emperor Chongzhen. On March 19 of the lunar calendar in 1644, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself. Then, Li Zicheng entered Beijing to overthrow the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 12:15, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

那天已交三鼓，二人方散。士隐送雨村去后，回房一觉，直至红日三竿方醒。因思昨夜之事，意欲写荐书两封与雨村，带至都中去，使雨村投谒个仕宦之家，为寄身之地。

Jia Yunchun and Zhen Shiyin drank until midnight and then dispersed. Zhen Shiyin sent Jia Yuchun bedchamber and went back his room to sleep. He didn't wake up until the late morning. Considering Zhen Shiyin's bad conditions, Zhen Shiyin intended to write two recommendation letters for Jia Yuchun, so Jia Yuchun could take and deliver it to a family of dignities in Qi Zhou city to find a place to stay.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 06:10, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

These two friends drank until midnight and then left. Zhen Shiyin sent Jia Yuchun back to his bedchamber and headed back to sleep. He didn't wake up until the noon time. Zhen Shiyin intended to write two recommendation letters for Jia Yuchun considering his bad condition, so Jia Yuchun could take and deliver it to some family of dignities in Qi Zhou city to find a fine place to settle.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 05:11, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

因使人过去请时，那家人回来说：“和尚说：贾爷今日五鼓已进京去了，也曾留下话与和尚转达老爷，说：‘读书人不在黄道黑道，总以事理为要，不及面辞了。’”士隐听了，也只得罢了。真是闲处光阴易过，倏忽又是元宵佳节。

The family came back and said, “The monk said: The Five Drums of Master Jia has entered Beijing today, and he also left a message with the monk to convey to the master, saying:'The scholar is not in the zodiacal and underworld, and he always takes affair as the priority. , It's too late to resign.'" Shiyin listened and had no choice but to leave. It's really easy to spend leisure time, and suddenly it is the Lantern Festival.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 13:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

When the family came back, they said, "The monk said that Master Merchant had gone to the capital between three and five o'clock today, and had left a message for the monk to convey to you, saying, 'No matter what the background of a scholar is, it is always important to take care of things, so it is too late to say goodbye.'" When Hidden Truth heard this, he had no choice but to do nothing. It was easy to spend time at leisure, and suddenly it was the Lantern Festival again.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 13:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

士隐令家人霍启抱了英莲，去看社火花灯。半夜中霍启因要小解，便将英莲放在一家门槛上坐着。待他小解完了来抱时，那有英莲的踪影。

Zhen Shiyin asked his family member Huo Qi to carry Yinglian and go to see the lanterns. In the middle of the night, Huo Qi had to take a piss, so he left Yinglian sitting on the threshold of a door. When he came to carry her after taking a piss, there was no sign of Yinglian.

Hidden Truth asked his family member trouble beginner to carry Pity Zhen and go to see the lanterns. In the middle of the night, trouble beginner left Pity Zhen alone sitting on the threshold of a door because of the urgency of urinating. When he came back, Pity Zhen disappeared.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:11, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

急的霍启直寻了半夜，至天明不见。那霍启也不敢回来见主人，便逃往他乡去了。那士隐夫妇见女儿一夜不归，便知有些不好。再使几人去找寻，回来皆云影响全无。

Huo Qi was so anxious that he looked for her all night and did not find her by dawn. So he did not dare to return to meet the host and he fled to his hometown. Mr. and Mrs. Shi Yin felt something is about to go wrong when they found their daughter didn't go home all night. They sent more people to look for her, but when they came back they said they didn't have any trace of her.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 14:22, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Being so anxious, Huo Qi looked for her all night but in vain till dawn. Dare not to return to his master, he fled to another place. Mr. and Mrs. Shi Yin felt something wrong when their daughter didn't go home all night. More people were sent to look for her, but only to find no trace of her.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:11, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

夫妻二人半世只生此女，一旦失去，何等烦恼，因此昼夜啼哭，几乎不顾性命。看看一月，士隐已先得病，夫人封氏也因思女搆疾，日日请医问卦。不想这日三月十五，葫芦庙中炸供，那和尚不小心，油锅火逸，便烧着窗纸。

The couple, having spent half of their lifetime, couldn't bear the thought of losing their only child. They wept day and night, almost risking their lives. In January, Shi Yin was already sick, and his wife Feng shi also fell ill for missing her daughter excessively and had to see doctors and fortunetellers everyday. Unfortunately, on March 15, when frying tributes in the calabash Temple, the careless monk let the fire escape from the oil boiler, which set the window paper on fire.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:57, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The couple, having spent half of their lifetime, couldn't bear the annoyance of losing their only daughter. They wept all days and nights, almost risking their lives. In January, Hidden Truth was already sick, and his wife Feng also got ill for missing her daughter excessively and had to call the doctors and fortunetellers everyday. Unfortunately, on March 15, when frying tributes in the calabash Temple, the careless monk let the fire escape from the oil boiler, which set the window paper on fire.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:11, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

此方人家俱用竹篱木壁，也是劫数应当如此，于是接二连三，牵五挂四，将一条街烧得如火焰山一般。彼时虽有军民来救，那火已成了势了，如何救得下，直烧了一夜方熄，也不知烧了多少人家。只可怜甄家在隔壁，早成了一堆瓦砾场了，只有他夫妇并几个家人的性命不曾伤了，急的士隐惟跌足长叹而已。

This family deserves this fate for using bamboos and wood as hedge. One by one, the whole street burnt like the Mountain of Flames. At that time, though the army and people came for rescue, the fire had already been too large to put out. It didn't burn until the morning. It cannot be estimated that how many houses had been destroyed. Poor Hiden Truth's house next door had turned into a pile of rubble, only the couple and the families unhurt, which made Hidden Truth anxious and sigh deeply.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 14:44, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

This family deserved this fate for using bamboos and wood as hedge. One house by one house, the whole street burnt like the Mountain of Flames. At that time, though the army and people came for rescue, the fire had already been too large to put out. It didn't burn until the morning. It cannot be estimated that how many houses had been destroyed. The fire had turned Poor Zhen's house next door into a pile of rubble, only the couple and several families unhurt, which made Zhen Shiyin anxious and sigh deeply.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 10:47, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

与妻子商议，且到田庄上去住。偏值近年水旱不收，贼盗蜂起，官兵剿捕，田庄上又难以安身。只得将田地都折变了，携了妻子与两个丫鬟，投他岳丈家去。

He discussed with his wife, and went to live on the farm. However, in recent years, harvests have been ruined by flood and drought, and thieves and robbers have been rising. It was difficult to settle down on the farm. He had to sell his lands at a discount and took his wife and two maids to seek his father-in-law's help.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 10:42, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
Take counsel with his wife, and come to live at the Grange. Partial value in recent years flood and drought do not harvest, thieves bee, officers and soldiers suppression, the grange and difficult to live. He had to change the land and went to his husband's house with his wife and two maids.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 12:22, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

他岳丈名唤封肃，本贯大如州人氏，虽是务农，家中却还殷实。今见女婿这等狼狈而来，心中便有些不乐。幸而士隐还有折变田产的银子在身边，拿出来托他随便置买些房地，以为后日衣食之计。

His father-in-law's name was Feng Su. His native place was Such State. Although he was a farmer, his family was well off. Now, seeing her son-in-law come in such a discomfiture, I felt unhappy. Fortunately, there are hidden converted field of silver in the side, took out to entrust him to buy some premises, that the day after the means of food and clothing.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 10:19, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

His father-in-law's name was Feng Su, who was originally from Daru State. Although he was a farmer, his family was well off. Now, seeing his son-in-law come in such a discomfiture, he felt unpleasant inside. Fortunately, there are hidden silver of converted field by his side, so he took it out to entrust him to purchase some premises for buying food and clothing in the future.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 11:40, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

那封肃便半用半赚的，略与他些薄田破屋。士隐乃读书之人，不惯生理稼穑等事，勉强支持了一二年，越发穷了。封肃见面时，便说些现成话儿；且人前人后，又怨他不会过，只一味好吃懒做。

Feng Su made money while using some of it, and provided small fields and a shabby house with him. Shi Yin was a scholar and was not used to farming and other handworks. He reluctantly struggled for a year or two and became poorer and poorer. When Feng Su met him, he said something ready-made. But behind Shiyin's back, he complained that he couldn't live his life well by just being lazy.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 11:34, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Feng Su made money while using some of it, and provided small fields and a shabby house with him. Hidden Truth was a scholar and was not used to farming and other handworks. He reluctantly struggled for a year or two and became poorer and poorer. When Feng Su met him, he said something ready-made. But behind Shiyin's back, he complained that he couldn't live his life well by just being lazy.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 12:15, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

士隐知道了，心中未免悔恨；再兼上年惊唬，急忿怨痛：暮年之人，那禁得贫病交攻，竟渐渐的露出那下世的光景来。可巧这日拄了拐，扎挣到街前散散心时，忽见那边来了一个跛足道人，疯狂落拓，麻鞋鹑衣，口内念着几句言词道：

When Hidden Truth found out about this, he felt remorse in his heart; he was also frightened of the previous year, and he felt angry and resentful: a man in his twilight years, who could not help being attacked by poverty and illness, was gradually revealing the scene of his next life. It happened that when he was on crutches, he went to the street for a walk, and suddenly he saw a crippled Taoist, crazy and untidy, with sackcloth shoes and quails, reciting a few words under his breath.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 02:26, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

When Hidden Truth found out this, he felt remorse in his heart; he was also frightened of the previous year, angry and resentful: a man in his twilight， who could not be able to be attacked by poverty and illness, was gradually revealing the scene of his next life. It happened that when he was on crutches, he went to the street for a walk, and suddenly he saw a crippled Taoist, crazy and untidy, with ragged shoes and clothes，reciting a few words under his breath.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 07:00, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了。古今将相在何方？荒冢一堆草没了。世人都晓神仙好，只有金银忘不了。终朝只恨聚无多，及到多时眼闭了。

The common people know that immortals are good, but they can't forget their achievements and fame. Where are the generals and prime ministers from ancient times to the present？What we can see are just deserted graves full of grass. The common people know that immortals are good, but they can‘t forget gold and silver. Till the end of life，they would regret their inability to create as much wealth as possible when they are alive and regret they are going to the heaven after they have accumulated plenty of wealth.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 02:42, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

All the common people know that immortals are good, but they can't forget their achievements and ambitions. Where are the great ones of old？They are just deserted graves full of grass. All the common people know that immortals are good, but they can‘t forget gold and silver. They grub for money all their lives until death seals up their eyes.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 07:24, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

世人都晓神仙好，只有姣妻忘不了。君生日日说恩情，君死又随人去了。世人都晓神仙好，只有儿孙忘不了。痴心父母古来多，孝顺子孙谁见了？

All men want to be immortals, but dote on the wives they’ve married. Those who swear to love their husband forever, but remarry as soon as he’s dead. All men want to be immortals, but dote on the sons they’ve gotten. Although infatuated parents are numerous, who ever saw really filial sons or daughters?--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:05, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Everyone in the world knows that the gods are good, but only the pretty wife can't forget. You swear to remember your husband’s kindness, but when your husband die, you go away with others. Everyone knows that the gods are good, but only the children and grandchildren cannot be forgotten. There are many loving parents in the past, but who has seen the filial children?--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 09:04, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

士隐听了，便迎上来道：“你满口说些什么？只听见些‘好’、‘了’，‘好’、‘了’。”那道人笑道：“你若果听见‘好’、‘了’二字，还算你明白。可知世上万般，好便是了，了便是好：若不了，便不好；若要好，须是了。我这歌儿便叫《好了歌》。
When the hermit heard it, he came up and said, "What are you talking about ?" I just hear 'Hao’ (means good), 'Liao' (means end) 'Hao’, ‘Liao'. The man laughed, "If you hear the words 'Hao' and 'Liao', you understand it. In this world, good is end, and the end is good. If there is no end, there is no good, and vice versa. My song is called ‘The Song of ‘Hao’ and ‘ Liao’. ”--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 08:54, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth came over after heard this and said: “ What are you talking about? I just hear the words ‘good’ and ‘end’.” That man laughed, “ You heard the words ‘good’ and ‘end’, that means you got a few things going for you. In this world, good is end, and end is good. If there is no end, there is no good, and vice versa. My song is called ''All Dood Things Must End''.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 12:19, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

士隐本是有夙慧的，一闻此言，心中早已悟彻，因笑道：“且住，待我将你这《好了歌》注解出来何如？”道人笑道：“你就请解。”士隐乃说道：陋室空堂，当年笏满床。

So intelligent, Hidden Truth understood the essence of the song entirely in his head as soon as he heard it, and said: “ Wait a minute. How about I explain your song ''All Good Things Must End'' ？” The Taoist priest said, laughing : “ Would you please explain.” Hidden Truth then explain: “ The empty and dilapidated rattraps we see today, were the grand mansions full of beds and boards used by dignitaries at that time.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 08:01, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

So intelligent as Hidden Truth is, he understood the essence of the song entirely in his head as soon as once hearing it, and said: “ Wait a minute. How about I explain your song ''All Good Things Must End'' ？” The Taoist priest said, laughing : “ Would you please explain.” Hidden Truth then explain: “ The empty and dilapidated rattraps we see today, were the grand mansions full of boards used by courtiers at that time.”--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:23, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

衰草枯杨，曾为歌舞场。蛛丝儿结满雕梁，绿纱今又在蓬窗上。说甚么脂正浓，粉正香，如何两鬓又成霜？
Humble hovels and abandoned halls where courtiers once paid daily calls；Bleak places where weeds and trees scarcely thrive
were once with a show of peace and prosperity．When cobwebs cover the mansion’s gilded beams，and collage casement with choice muslin gleams．Would you of perfumed elegance recite? Even as you speak, the raven locks turn white．--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:06, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Withered grass and withered poplar, This used to be a place where people sang and danced. The spider silk is full of carved beams, but the green gauze is on the simple window. The fat is thick and the powder is fragrant, how the temples become the color of frost?--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 15:20, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

昨日黄土陇头埋白骨，今宵红绡帐底卧鸳鸯。金满箱，银满箱，转眼乞丐人皆谤。正叹他人命不长，那知自己归来丧。

Yesterday the bones were buried in the loess, and the mandarin ducks(allusions to couples) lie under the red silk tent tonight. Boxes full of gold, boxes full of silver, everyone yelled and insulted beggars in a blink of an eye. I'm sighing that the lives of others are not long, and I know I'm back to be mourned.

Yesterday the bones were buried in the loess, then tonight it is the time for a newly married couple to sleep behind bed curtains with burning red candle lights.Boxes full of gold, boxes full of silver, everyone yelled and insulted beggars in a blink of an eye. I'm sighed that the lives of others are not long, but failed to predict my own future after return from the funeral.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 11:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

训有方，保不定日后作强梁；择膏粱，谁承望流落在烟花巷。因嫌纱帽小，致使锁枷扛；昨怜破袄寒，今嫌紫蟒长。乱烘烘，你方唱罢我登场，反认他乡是故乡。

Though she was well educated according to her parent's plan, one can become a bandit later. She tried her best to marry into a rich family. However, she ended up in a (red-light)? district beyond everyone's expectation. People who are not satisfied with their positions have to spend the rest of their life in a prison in chains. People who used to be very poor and used worn coats to resist the cold were not satisfied with fancy clothes after they became rich. I come on the stage as soon as you have finished your singing in a chaotic manner. Taking other's hometown as my own. --[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 11:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 16:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

If properly educated under parents' guidance, one can probabaly become a bandit later. Although trying her best to marry a rich man, she ends up with a driftage in the red-light district beyond everyone's expectation. People's unsatisfication with their positions leads to their miserable life in prison with chains on their bodies. People who used to be very poor and used worn coats to resist the cold were not satisfied with gorgeous clothes any more when they became rich. In noisy disorder, you just finished and I come on the scene.Instead, taking other's hometown as my own.--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 15:17, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

甚荒唐，到头来，都是为他人作嫁衣裳。那疯跛道人听了，拍掌大笑道：“解得切，解得切！”士隐便说一声：“走罢。”

It's so ridiculous. In the end, they made wedding clothes for others. Hearing this, the crazy lame Taoist clapped his hands and laughed, saying "All right, all right !" Then Shiyin said, "let's go."

It's ridiculous. In the end, they make wedding clothes for others. The crazy lame Taoist listened, clapped his hands and laughed and said, "it's right, it's right!" Shiyin said, "let's go."--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 11:43, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

== Headline text ==
==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

将道人肩上的搭裢抢过来背上，竟不回家，同着疯道人飘飘而去。当下哄动街坊，众人当作一件新闻传说。封氏闻知此信，哭个死去活来。

He grabbed the lap on the Taoist's shoulder and carried it on his back. He didn't go home and floated away with the crazy Taoist. At that moment, the neighborhood was stirred up and everyone regarded it as a news legend. When Feng heard this letter, he cried to death.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 11:34, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==Nadia 202011080004==

只得与父亲商议，遣人各处访寻，那讨音信。

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==

无奈何，只得依靠着他父母度日。

He was so helpless that he had to rely on his parents to survive.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==

幸而身边还有两个旧日的丫鬟伏侍，主仆三人，日夜作些针线，帮着父亲用度。

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==

那封肃虽然每日抱怨，也无可奈何了。
Although Feng Su complained every day, he was helpless

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==

这日那甄家的大丫鬟在门前买线，忽听得街上喝道之声。
The other day, the eldest maid of the Chen family was buying thread at the door when she heard a shout from the street.--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 14:50, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==

众人都说：“新太爷到任了。”
Everyone said: "The new grandfather has arrived"

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==

丫鬟隐在门内看时，只见军牢、快手一对一对过去，俄而大轿内抬着一个乌帽猩袍的官府来了。
When the maid concealed in the door, she saw the military jail and quick hands passing one by one, and the official mansion carrying a black hat and ape robe came in the big sedan chair.

==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==

那丫鬟倒发了个怔，自思：“这官儿好面善，倒像在那里见过的。”

<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>
The maid was startled, and thought to herself: "This official is so good-natured, but it looks like someone I've seen there."

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==

于是进入房中，也就丢过，不在心上。

Then she went into the room and laid the matter aside ，without taking it to heart.

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==

至晚间正待歇息之时，忽听一片声打的门响，许多人乱嚷，说：“本县太爷的差人来传人问话！”

English:
When I was about to rest in the evening, I heard a bang on the door suddenly, and many people shouted in disorder, saying, "The county's grandfather's messenger is here for questioning!"

==Öncü 202121080008==

封肃听了，唬得目瞪口呆。

Fengsu hear it,he gaped in consternation --[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 13:28, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==

不知有何祸事，且听下回分解。

Don't know something calamity happened, will describe in the ensuing chapter.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 06:36, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

If you don't know what calamity took place, listen to the break down given in the next chapter.--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 12:54, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==

通灵──“通灵宝玉”的简称。Psychic--short for ''Psychic Treasure.--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 12:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Psychic -- the abbreviation for "Psychic Treasure". --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 03:35, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==

亦即下文所说女娲炼石补天所剩的那块“顽石”，因其历经锻炼而“灵性已通”，并能幻化为贾宝玉，故称。

That is to say, the "stubborn stone" left by Nüwa's refining stone to replenish the sky. As it has undergone training, it has "spiritual achievement" and can be transformed into Jia Baoyu, so it is called. --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 03:48, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

That is to say, the "stubborn stone" left by Nüwa's refining stone to replenish the sky, because it has undergone training, has "spiritually achieved" and can be transformed into Jia Baoyu, so it is called.--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 06:10, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==

《石头记》──此书的本名。
"Story of the Stone" - the original name of the book. --[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 06:26, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

20211124 homework

2021-12-29T16:11:54Z

Mao Yawen: /* 毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

我很纳闷：《不自弃文》是篇名，《姬子》是书名，应该同等对待，要么都予注释，要么都不注释，为什么一注一不注呢？难道前者生僻而需要注释，后者人所共知而不必注释吗？显然不是，只能说是避难就易，这与注释的宗旨完全背道而驰。
I wonder that since No Self-surrender is the title of the passage and Jizi is the title of the book, which should be treated equally, why did the situation happened that one annotated while one did not? Did the former need to be annotated while the latter is known to all without having to be annotated? Obviously, it is for choosing the easier way, which is completely contrary to the purpose of the annotation.

I wonder: "don't abandon yourself" is the title, and "Ji Zi" is the title of the book. It should be treated equally, either annotated or not annotated. Why not annotate one note at a time? Is it true that the former is remote and needs annotation, while the latter is well known and does not need annotation? Obviously not, it can only be said that it is easy to avoid difficulties, which is completely contrary to the purpose of the notes.

--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 07:01, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 法语语言文学女 202120081477==

那怕注为“《姬子》不详”，也还不失为态度诚实。老实说，起初我对《姬子》也一头雾水，因为见所未见，闻所未闻。但根据我自定的注释原则，我不能回避。

Even if it is noted as "Ji Zi" unknown ", it can be regarded as an honest attitude. To be honest, at first I was confused about Ji Zi, because I had never seen or heard of it. But according to my own annotation principle, I can't avoid it.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 11:20, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Even if it is noted as "unknown Ji Zi" , it can still be regarded as an honest attitude. To be honest, at first I was confused about ''Ji Zi'', because I had never seen or heard of it. But according to my own annotation principle, I can't avoid it.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:36, 22 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

于是我首先求助于《中国古典数字工程》，肯定了中国根本不存在《姬子》这么一本书，完全是曹雪芹所杜撰，正如《古今人物通考》、《中国历代文选》都是曹雪芹杜撰一样。其次，我记得俞平伯先生有一篇专门解释《姬子》的文章，但文章的题目、发表时间以及文章内容却不记得了。经过两天的翻箱倒柜，我终于找到了这篇文章，它的题目是《读〈红楼梦〉随笔》第九节《姬子》，初载于《文汇报》1954年1月25日；又收入《红楼梦研究参考资料选辑》第二辑，人民文学出版社1973年11月出版。

Therefore, I first made reference htiw "Chinese Classical Digital Engineering" and confirmed that there was no such a book called "Ji Zi" in China, which was completely written by Cao Xueqin, just as Cao Xueqin wrote "General Examination of Ancient and Modern Characters" and "Selected Chinese Writings in Past Dynasties". Secondly, I remember that Mr. Yu Pingbo had a special article explaining ''JiZi'', but I do not remember the title, publication time and content of the article. After two days of searching, I finally found this article. Its title is ''Ji Zi'', section 9 of Essays on Reading ''A Dream of Red Mansion''. It was first published in Wenhui Daily on January 25, 1954. It was also included in the second series of ''Selected Research Reference Materials on A Dream of Red Mansion'', published by People's Literature Publishing House in November 1973.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:46, 22 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

So, I firstly searched ''Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' and confirmed there was no such a book called "Ji Zi" in China. This book was completely made up by Cao Xueqin like the same thing he did to ''General Examination of Ancient and Modern Characters'' and ''Selected Chinese Writings in Past Dynasties''.Then, I recalled that Mr. Yu Pingbo especially wrote an article to explain ''Ji Zi'', but I didn't remember the title, publication time and content.After two days of searching, I finally found it. The title of it was ''Ji Zi'', section 9 of Essays on Reading ''A Dream of Red Mansion'' which was first published in Wenhui Daily on January 25, 1954. and then was included in the second series of ''Selected Research Reference Materials on A Dream of Red Mansion'', published by People's Literature Publishing House in November 1973.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:20, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

据俞先生在文章中说：姬子书到底是部什么书呢，谁也说不上来。特别前些日子把这一回书选为高中国文的教材，教员讲解时碰到问题，每来信相询，我亦不能对。但经过研究，他还是写了这篇文章，作为回答。

According to Mr.Yu in his article: nobody can tell what book ''Ji Zi'' really is. Moreover, this chapter of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' with the name ''Ji Zhi'' has been selected as the reading material of the high school,and I can't say anything when the teacher who failed to explain it in the classroom come to me.But after careful research, he still write an article to reply this question.

According to Mr. Yu in his article: nobody can tell what book ''Ji Zi'' really is. In particular, this chapter was selected as a reading material for the Chinese language in high school some days ago, the teachers encountered problems when explaining it, and they wrote to me every time to ask about it, but I couldn't get it right. But after researching, he wrote this article as an answer.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:37, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

他的结论有三点：其一，《姬子》是“作者杜撰”，并以第三回的《古今人物通考》也是杜撰而作为佐证。其二，“这原来是一个笑话”，是探春“拿姬子来抵制”宝钗用以压人的朱子和孔子，而“比朱子孔子再大，只好是姬子了。殆以周公姓姬，作为顽笑”。

There are three points in his conclusion: one, ''Ji Zi'' is "the author fabricated", and to the third round of " the general examination of ancient and modern characters" is also fabricated and as proof. Second, "this turns out to be a joke", is Tanchun " take ''Ji Zi'' to resist" Baochai and used to press people by citing Zhu Zi and Confucius, and "higher level than Zhu Zi and Confucius can only be ''Ji Zi''. Probably Zhou Gong was surnamed Ji as a joke.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:35, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
There are three points in his conclusion: first, ''Ji Zi'' is "fabricated by the author", and can be proved by the fabrication of the third round of " the general examination of ancient and modern characters". Second, "this turns out to be a joke", which Tanchun " held ''Ji Zi'' to resist” Baochai who used to press her by citing Zhu Zi and Confucius, but “requiring higher level than Zhu Zi and Confucius, there’s only be ''Ji Zi''. Probably Zhou Gong was surnamed Ji as a joke.”--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 12:25, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

其三，“有人或者要问为什么净瞎捣乱，造书名？我回答：这是小说。”《中国古典数字工程》可以证明俞先生的“杜撰说”是正确的，因此我把俞先生的意见用以注释《姬子》。
Thirdly, "Someone may ask why messing around and making a title? I replied: This is a novel. "It can be proved by ''The Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' that Mr. Yu’s “theory of fabrication” is correct. Therefore, I applied Mr. Gong's opinion to annotate ''Jizi''.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 04:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Thirdly, "Someone may ask why to mess around and make a title? I replied: This is a novel. "It can be proved by ''The Chinese Classical Digital Engineering'' that Mr. Yu’s ''Theory of Fabrication'' is correct. Therefore, I applied Mr. Gong's opinion to annotate ''Ji Tzu''.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 11:01, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

据我所知，现在有人搜集了周公的几篇佚文，将其编为集子，按照《老子》、《庄子》、《孟子》之类的惯例，即命名为《姬子》，但这与曹雪芹毫不相干，《红楼梦》中的《姬子》书名绝对是杜撰。此外，有的注本虽然对《不自弃文》作了注释，却只是简述该文的大意，而没有注出曹雪芹的深刻用意。原来朱熹的徒子徒孙认为此文格调低下，有失朱夫子的身份，故将此文排除在众多朱熹文集之外，只有明·朱培编《文公大全集补遗》卷八从抄本《朱熹家谱》中引录，另有《朱子文集大全类编·卷二一·庭训》亦予收录。

As far as I know, someone collected several lost articles of Duke of Zhou, edited them into an anthology and named it ''Ji Tzu'' according to the routine of ''Lao Tzu'', ''Chang Tzu'' and ''Mencius'' and so on. However, this thing is irrelevant to Cao Xueqin, so the title of ''Ji Tzu'' in ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is absolutely fabricated. Besides, although some books with annotations made interpretation to ''No Self-surrender'', they just told the main idea of this article rather than annotating the deep meaning made by Cao Xueqin. In fact, disciples and followers of Zhu Xi thought the style of this passage beneath his dignity is very low, so they excluded it out of many anthologies of Zhu Xi. Only when Zhu Pei(Ming dynasty) edited the eighth roll of ''Supplement to Collected Works of Duke Wen'', he incited it from transcript of ''Zhu Xi’s Genealogy''. In addition, it is also included in ''Complete Works of Zhu Tzua•Roll Twenty-one•Home Hearing''.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 03:47, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

As far as I know, now someone collected several lost articles of Duke of Zhou and edited them into a collection that was named ''Ji Tzu'' according to the routine of ''Lao Tzu'', ''Chang Tzu'' and ''Mencius'' and so on. However, this thing is irrelevant to Cao Xueqin, so the title of ''Ji Tzu'' in ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is absolutely fabricated. Besides, although some books with annotations made interpretations to ''No Self-surrender'', they just briefly described the main idea of this article rather than annotating the deep meaning of Cao Xueqin. In fact, disciples and followers of Zhu Xi thought this passage was low in style and demeaned Zhu Xi, so they excluded it out of many anthologies of Zhu Xi. Only when Zhu Pei(Ming dynasty) edited the Book Eight of ''Supplement to Collected Works of Duke Wen'', he incited it from transcript of Zhu Xi’s Genealogy. In addition, ''Complete Works of Zhu Tzua• Book Twenty-one•Home Hearing'' was also included.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 03:07, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìna 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

曹雪芹借宝钗之口说出这篇少见的文章，一则以显示宝钗无书不读，再者也暗示自己博览群籍，同时也对那些自封的朱熹卫士予以调侃。可见曹雪芹即使开玩笑，也非闲笔，总有一定的用意。（详见注释）鉴于所要注释的词语性质不同，因此对注文的要求也有所不同。

Saying this rare writing through Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, on the one hand Cao Xueqin showed her strong love of reading as well as implied own extensive reading, and on the other, he played off those self-appointed guards of Zhu Xi. Obviously, his joking is not casual but absolutely with some profound meaning.(see annotations) The nature of words annotated is different, so the requirements for explanatory notes are different as well.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 02:41, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

其一，对于一般的疑难词语，重在疏通文意，多不引经据典，追根溯源。其二，对于成语、典故，则既要注明其出典，又要解释其本义，还要说明其引申义或比喻义。其三，对于各种名物（如建筑、服饰、官署、官职、琴棋书画、医卜星相等），则力求变专门术语为通俗语言，以利读者理解。

Firstly, as for normally confusing words, the emphasis is on clearing up the meaning of the text, as much quoting scripture and tracing the roots as possible. Secondly, for idioms and allusions, it is necessary to indicate their origins, explain their original meanings, and also include their derivative meanings or metaphorical meanings. Thirdly, for all kinds of physical objects (such as architecture, costumes, official offices, official positions, Four Arts( qin, chess, calligraphy and painting), medicine, divination and astrology, etc.), the attempt is to turn specialized terms into common language in order to facilitate readers’ understanding.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 11:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Firstly, as for common confusing words, it should emphasize on clearing up the meaning of the text, as much quoting scripture and tracing the roots as possible. Secondly, for idioms and allusions, it is necessary to indicate their origins, explain their original meanings, and also include their derivative meanings or metaphorical meanings. Thirdly, for various technical terms of objects (such as architecture, costumes, official offices, official positions, Four Arts( qin, chess, calligraphy and painting), medicine, divination and astrology, etc.), the attempt is to turn specialized terms into common language in order to facilitate readers’ understanding.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 12:17, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

其四，对于历史名人，则注明其所在朝代、简历及突出事迹。对于传说人物，则注明其出处及相关故事。其五，对于珍禽异兽、奇花异卉等，则注明其出处来历、奇异之处及相关故事。

Fourthly, as for historical celebrities, their dynasties, resumes and outstanding deeds should be indicated. As for legendary figures, their sources and related stories should be indicated. Fifthly, as for rare birds and animals, unusual flowers and different plants, etc., their origins and histories, peculiar places and related stories should be indicated.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 14:36, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Fourthly, as for historical celebrities, their dynasties, resumes and outstanding deeds should be indicated. As for legendary figures, their sources and related stories should be indicated. Fifthly, as for rare birds and fabulous beasts, unusual flowers and different plants, etc., their origins and histories, peculiarities and related stories should be indicated.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 15:50, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

其六，对于风俗、礼仪、节气等，则注明其形成沿革、具体内容。其七，对于谜语，则既要揭出谜底，又要解释谜语中的疑难词语、成语典故，还要说明谜底的根据。对于酒令，则要参照令谱，详述酒令的玩法及过程。

Sixthly, in terms of customs, etiquette and solar terms, its formation, development and content should be indicated. Seventhly, in terms of riddles, answers should be uncovered and an explanation is expected to be given to the answer as well as to difficult words, idioms and allusions in the riddle. Finally, in terms of drinking games, elaboration should be given on the rules and the process according to the instruction manual.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 15:51, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Sixthly, in terms of customs, etiquette and solar terms, its formation, development and content should be indicated. Seventhly, in terms of riddles, answers should be uncovered and it is necessary to explain the difficult words and idioms in the riddle, and to explain the basis of the answer.Finally, in terms of drinking games, elaboration should be given on the rules and the process according to the instruction manual.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:45, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

其八，对于所引前人诗、词、曲、文等，皆要注明出处；诗、词、曲照录全文，文则节录相关的文字。其九，对于具有隐寓或暗示意味的诗、词、曲、文、成语、典故、谜语、酒令等，因其关系到故事情节的发展和人物性格、运命的描写，故除了作注释之外，还要揭示其隐藏的含义。总而言之，注文以释难为易、释疑为明为宗旨，以释义准确、释文简炼为目标。

Eighthly, reference to predecessors' poems, Ci, Qu, essay, etc., must indicate the source; Poems, Ci, Qu are transcribed without changing the original words, and the essay takes the relevant words. Ninthly, for poems, Ci, Qu, essay, idioms, allusions, riddles, drinkers’ wager game and so on with implicit or suggestive meaning, because they are related to the development of the story plot and the description of the character and fate, so in addition to making annotations, but also to reveal his hidden meaning. In a word, the annotations aim to explain the difficulty as easy, to explain the doubt as clear. Aim to explain the meaning accurately and explain the text concisely.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:32, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Eight, all quotations from poems, lyrics, songs and essays should be attributed to the source; the poems, lyrics and songs should be reproduced in their entirety, while the essays should be excerpted from the relevant texts. Nine, for poems, lyrics, songs, texts, idioms, allusions, riddles, wine orders, etc., which have an implicit or suggestive meaning, as they relate to the development of the storyline and the description of the characters' personalities and fortunes. The commentary should reveal their hidden meanings in addition to annotations. All in all, the aim of the commentary is to explain the difficult for the easy and the doubtful for the clear, and to explain the meaning accurately and to explain the text concisely.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:32, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

愿望虽然如此，但学力有限，经验欠缺，愿望能否实现，毫无把握。诚望方家指教，读者检验。

第一回甄士隐梦幻识通灵贾雨村风尘怀闺秀

Although I wish to do so, I am not sure whether my wish can be realized because of my limited learning and lack of experience.I hope that the readers will test it.

Chapter 1 Hidden Turth--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:33, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Although I wish to do so, I am not sure whether the wish can come true with my limited ability and experience. Sincerely hope that other authors teach something and readers check it.

Chapter 1 Zhen Shiyin, in a vision, apprehends spirituality. Jia Yucun, in the windy and dusty world, cherishes fond thoughts of a beautiful maiden. --[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 07:21, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

此开卷第一回也。作者自云：曾历过一番梦幻之后，故将真事隐去，而借“通灵”之说，撰此《石头记》一书也，故曰“甄士隐”云云。但书中所记何事何人

This is the first chapter of the book. The author said that after going through the illusion, he prefered covering some truth and in virtue of mysticism wrote the novel ''The Story of the Stone''，so instead he used the name of Zhen Shiyin as a major speaker. But things and people noted in it--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 03:59, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

This is the first chapter of the book.Subsequent to the visions of a dream which he had，on some previous occasion，experienced，the writer personally relates，he designedly concealed the true circumstances，and borrowed the attributes of perception and spirituality to relate this story of the Record of the Stone. With this purpose，he made use of such designations as Chen Shih-yin and the like. What are，however，the events recorded in this work？--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 10:19, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

自己又云：“今风尘碌碌，一事无成。忽念及当日所有之女子，一一细考较去，觉其行止见识，皆出我之上；我堂堂须眉，诚不若彼裙钗：我实愧则有馀，悔又无益，大无可如何之日也。当此日，欲将已往所赖天恩祖德，锦衣纨袴之时，饫甘餍肥之日，背父兄教育之恩，负师友规训之德，以致今日一技无成、半生潦倒之罪，编述一集，以告天下：知我之负罪固多，然闺阁中历历有人，万不可因我之不肖，自护己短，一并使其泯灭也。

The author speaking for himself, goes on to explain, with the lack of success which attended every single concern, I suddenly bethought myself of the womankind of past ages. Passing one by one under a minute scrutiny, I felt that in action and in lore, one and all were far above me; that in spite of the majesty of my manliness, I could not, in point of fact, compare with these characters of the gentle sex. And my shame forsooth then knew no bounds; while regret, on the other hand, was of no avail, as there was not even a remote possibility of a day of remedy.On this very day it was that I became desirous to compile, in a connected form, for publication throughout the world, with a view to (universal) information, how that I bear inexorable and manifold retribution; inasmuch as what time, by the sustenance of the benevolence of Heaven, and the virtue of my ancestors, my apparel was rich and fine, and as what days my fare was savory and sumptuous, I disregarded the bounty of education and nurture of father and mother, and paid no heed to the virtue of precept and injunction of teachers and friends, with the result that I incurred the punishment, of failure recently in the least trifle, and the reckless waste of half my lifetime. There have been meanwhile, generation after generation, those in the inner chambers, the whole mass of whom could not, on any account, be, through my influence, allowed to fall into extinction, in order that I, unfilial as I have been, may have the means to screen my own shortcomings.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 12:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The author goes on to explain, with the lack of success which attended every single concern, I suddenly bethought myself of the womankind of past ages. Thinking of them one by one under a minute scrutiny, I felt that in action and in lore, one and all were far above me; that in spite of the majesty of my manliness, I could not, in point of fact, compare with these characters of the gentle sex. And my shame forsooth then knew no bounds; while regret, on the other hand, was of no avail, as there was not even a remote possibility of a day of remedy.On this very day it was that I became desirous to compile, in a connected form, for publication throughout the world, with a view to (universal) information, how that I bear inexorable and manifold retribution; inasmuch as what time, by the sustenance of the benevolence of Heaven, and the virtue of my ancestors, my apparel was rich and fine, and as what days my fare was savory and sumptuous, I disregarded the bounty of education and nurture of father and mother, and paid no heed to the virtue of precept and injunction of teachers and friends, with the result that I incurred the punishment, of failure recently in the least trifle, and the reckless waste of half my lifetime. There had been meanwhile, generation after generation, those in the inner chambers, the whole mass of whom could not, on any account, be, through my influence, allowed to fall into extinction, in order that I, unfilial as I have been, may have the means to hide my own shortcomings.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:34, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==

所以蓬牖茅椽，绳床瓦灶，并不足妨我襟怀；况那晨风夕月，阶柳庭花，更觉得润人笔墨。我虽不学无文，又何妨用假语村言敷演出来，亦可使闺阁昭传，复可破一时之闷，醒同人之目，不亦宜乎？”故曰“贾雨村”云云。

"Though my home is now a thatched cottage in which there are shabby windows, bed made of rope and earthen stove, all of these can not change my being broad and level. Besides, the morning breeze, the dew of night, the willows by me steps and the flowers in the yard inspired me to wield my pen. Though I have little learning and literary talent, it doesn't matter if I tell a tale in rustic language to record those lovely girls. This should help readers distract them from their worries. And that's the reason why I use the name Rainvillage Merchant."--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 13:27, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

"Though my home is now a thatched cottage in which there are shabby windows, bed made of rope and earthen stove, all of these can not change my being broad and level. Besides, the morning breeze, the dew of night, the willows by me steps and the flowers in the yard inspired me to wield my pen. Though I have little learning and literary talent, it doesn't matter if I tell a tale in rustic language to record those lovely girls. This should help readers distract them from their worries. And that's the reason why I use the name Jia Yucun."--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 14:19, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==

更于篇中间用“梦”、“幻”等字，却是此书本旨，兼寓提醒阅者之意。看官：你道此书从何而起？说来虽近荒唐，细玩颇有趣味。

In the middle of the article, the words "dream" and "fantasy" are the purpose of the book and the meaning of reminding readers. Reader: where did you start this book? Although it's absurd, it's fun to play.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 13:21, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
In the middle of the article, the words "dream" and "fantasy" are the purpose of the book and the meaning of reminding readers. Reader: where did you start this book? Although it's absurd, it's fun to play.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:33, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

却说那女娲氏炼石补天之时，于大荒山无稽崖，炼成高十二丈、见方二十四丈大的顽石三万六千五百零一块，那娲皇只用了三万六千五百块，单单剩下一块未用，弃在青埂峰下。谁知此石自经锻炼之后，灵性已通，自去自来，可大可小。因见众石俱得补天，独自己无才，不得入选，遂自怨自愧，日夜悲哀。一日，正当嗟悼之际，俄见一僧一道远远而来，生得骨格不凡，丰神迥异，来到这青埂峰下，席地坐谈。It is said that, once upon a time, when Nuwa was refining stones to mend the sky, she refined them into 36,501 pieces of hard stones 12-feet high and 24-feet square on the Wuji Cliff of the Da Huangshan Mountain. Numa, the creator of human beings in Chinese myth, only used 36,500 pieces, leaving only one unused and abandoned it under the Qinggeng Peak.Who knows, after the stone has been refined and created, its spirit has been passed. It can be big or small.Seeing that all the stones were able to mend the sky, he had no talent and could not be selected, so he complained and felt ashamed and mourned day and night. One day, at the time of mourning, he suddenly saw a monk and a Taoism priest with extraordinary personality coming from afar. They came to the Qinggeng Peak and sat on the ground to talk.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:34, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

It is said that, once upon a time, when Nuwa(Goddesses of Sky-patching) was refining stones to mend the sky, she refined them into 36,501 pieces of hard stones 12-feet high and 24-feet square on the Wuji Cliff of the Da Huangshan Mountain. Numa, the creator of human beings in Chinese myth, only used 36,500 pieces, leaving only one unused and abandoned it under the Qinggeng Peak.Who knows, after the stone has been refined and created, it had its spirit, it moved freely and could be big or small.Seeing that all the stones were able to mend the sky, he had no talent and could not be selected, so he complained and felt ashamed and mourned day and night. One day, at the time of mourning, he suddenly saw a monk and a Taoism priest with extraordinary personality coming from afar. They came to the Qinggeng Peak and sat on the ground to talk.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 05:57, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

见着这块鲜莹明洁的石头，且又缩成扇坠一般，甚属可爱。那僧托于掌上，笑道：“形体倒也是个灵物了，只是没有实在的好处。须得再镌上几个字，使人人见了，便知你是件奇物。

It was lovely to see this bright and clean stone shrinking like a fan. Resting on his palm, the monk smiled and said, "The body is a spiritual being, but it has no real benefit. Words had to be engraved so that everyone could see you and know that you were a wonder.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 15:01, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
Looking at this bright and clean stone shrinking like a fan, which is so lovely, with the stone on his palm the monk smiled and said, "Your body is a spiritual being, but ihas no real benefits. Words should be engraved so that everyone could see you and know that you are a wonder.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:42, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

然后携你到那昌明隆盛之邦、诗礼簪缨之族、花柳繁华地、温柔富贵乡那里去走一遭。”石头听了大喜，因问：“不知可镌何字？携到何方？望乞明示。”那僧笑道：“你且莫问，日后自然明白。”
Then take you there, a city-state of prosperity, a family of scholar, a place of flowers and willows. After listening, Stone asked rejoicingly: “I do not know what word I can write? Where I will be taken to? I hope get your instruction.” The monk smiled, “You do not rush into answer, and you will know it some day.”--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Then I'll take you for a walk to the prosperous country, the family of poems, gifts and tassels, the prosperous place of flowers and willows, and the gentle and rich township. " The stone was overjoyed when he asked, "I don't know what word to engrave? Where to carry it? I hope to beg clearly." the monk smiled and said, “You do not rush into answer, and you will know it some day.”--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 14:54, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

说毕，便袖了，同那道人飘然而去，竟不知投向何方。又不知过了几世几劫，因有个空空道人访道求仙，从这大荒山无稽崖青埂峰下经过，忽见一块大石，上面字迹分明，编述历历。空空道人乃从头一看，原来是无才补天，幻形入世，被那茫茫大士、渺渺真人携入红尘、引登彼岸的一块顽石：上面叙着堕落之乡、投胎之处，以及家庭琐事、闺阁闲情、诗词谜语，倒还全备。

Having concluded these words, he put the stone in his sleeve, and proceeded on his journey, in company with the Taoist priest. No one knows where he took the stone. Nor can it be known how many centuries and ages elapsed, before a Taoist priest, named K'ung K'ung, passed, during his researches after the eternal reason and his quest after immortality, by these Ta Huang Hills, Wu Ch'i cave and Ch'ing Keng Peak. Suddenly seeing a large stone, on the surface of which the handwriting on it is clear and the calendar is compiled, K'ung K'ung examined them from first to last. They, in fact, explained how that this stone had originally been devoid of the properties essential for the repairs to the heavens, how it would be transmuted into human form and introduced by Mang Mang the High Lord, and Miao Miao, the Divine, into the world of mortals, and how it would be led over the other bank (across the San Sara). On the surface, it describes the land of degeneration, the place of reincarnation, as well as family trivia, boudoir leisure, poetry, riddles, which could not be ascertained.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 04:54, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Having concluded these words, he put the stone in his sleeve, and proceeded leisurely on his journey, in company with the Taoist. However, no one knew where he went. Nor can it be known how many centuries and ages elapsed, before a Taoist priest, Kongkong daoren Dauist by name, passed, during his researches after the eternal reason and his quest after immortality, by these Da Huang Hills, Wu Ch'i cave and Ch'ing Keng Peak. Suddenly perceiving a large block of stone, on the surface of which the traces of characters giving in a connected form, the various incidents of its fate could be clearly predicted. Kongkong daoren Dauist examined them from beginning to end. In fact, they explained how this block of worthless stone which had originally been devoid of the properties essential for the mending to the heavens, would be transmuted into human form and introduced by Mang Mang the High Lord, and Miao Miao, the Divine, into the world of mortals, and how it would be led over the other world (across the San Sara). On the surface, it recorded the spot of its degeneration and the place of its birth. The complete recording also included various family trifles, trivial affairs of young ladies, verses and riddles.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 06:17, 28 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 12:02, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

只是朝代年纪，失落无考。后面又有一偈云：无才可去补苍天，枉入红尘若许年。此系身前身后事，倩谁记去作奇传？

But the name of the dynasty and the year of the reign were obliterated and could not be confirmed. There was also a Buddhist verse following behind:
Lacking in virtues to mend the azure skies,
in vain I have been into the mortal world for many years.
These facts are of a former and after life,
but who will record a strange legend for me?--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 03:57, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

But the name of the dynasty and the year of the reign were obliterated and could not be confirmed. There was also a Buddhist verse following behind:
Lacking in virtues to mend the azure sky, nothing have I gained within the years spent in the secular world. All of these about my present life and afterlife, who would record them for me?--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 14:59, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

空空道人看了一回，晓得这石头有些来历，遂向石头说道：“石兄，你这一段故事，据你自己说来，有些趣味，故镌写在此，意欲闻世传奇。据我看来：第一件，无朝代年纪可考；第二件，并无大贤大忠理朝廷、治风俗的善政，其中只不过几个异样女子，或情或痴，或小才微善。我纵然抄去，也算不得一种奇书。”

As the Taoist priest named Kongkong once has examined the stone, he had some idea about the story on it, and then said to the stone, "Brother, maybe in your opinion, the story inscribed on you is of some interest so as to be kept here to win a fame throughout the world. But to my mind, it is far from a legend book to be transcribed. Firstly, there are hardly any clues about the time period of the background; secondly, no outstanding governance regarding politics and costumes has been achieved by great talents or loyal officials, and what it mainly narrates are merely several unusual women, some stuck in love, some boasting subtle intelligence and benevolence."--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 09:02, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

As the Taoist priest named Kongkong once has examined the stone, he knew that the stone had some history, and then said to the stone, "Brother, maybe in your opinion, the story inscribed on you is of some interest so as to be kept here to win a fame throughout the world. But to my mind, it is far from a legend book to be transcribed. Firstly, there are hardly any clues about the time period of the background; secondly, no outstanding governance regarding politics and costumes has been achieved by great talents or loyal officials, and what it mainly narrates are merely several unusual women, some stuck in love, some boasting subtle intelligence and benevolence."--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 03:05, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

石头果然答道：“我师何必太痴？我想历来野史的朝代，无非假借汉、唐的名色；莫如我这石头所记，不借此套，只按自己的事体情理，反倒新鲜别致。况且那野史中，或讪谤君相，或贬人妻女，奸淫凶恶，不可胜数；更有一种风月笔墨，其淫秽污臭，最易坏人子弟。

The stone answered: “Why are you so stubborn? I think the dynasties of unofficial history are nothing more than under the guise of Han, Tang. They are not as good as the stories recorded by me, a stone, which don’t follow the convention but according to the real facts and therefore are more novel on the contrary. Moreover, those unofficial histories are either slandering the emperor and his subjects, or belittling other people’s wives and children. There are countless descriptions of ferocity and adultery which are the most likely to have a bad influence on the younger generation.”--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 10:54, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The stone answered: “Why are you so stubborn? I think the dynasties recorded in the unofficial histories are nothing more than under the guise of Han and Tang Dynasty. They are not as good as the stories recorded by me, a stone, which don’t follow the convention but according to the real facts and therefore are more novel on the contrary. Besides, those unofficial histories are either slandering the emperor and his subjects, or belittling other people’s wives and children. There are countless descriptions of ferocity and adultery which are most likely to have a bad influence on the younger generation.” --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 11:10, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

至于才子佳人等书，则又开口文君，满篇子建，千部一腔，千人一面，且终不能不涉淫滥。在作者不过要写出自己的两首情诗艳赋来，故假捏出男女二人名姓；又必旁添一小人拨乱其间，如戏中小丑一般。更可厌者，之乎者也，非理即文，大不近情，自相矛盾。

As for the books about the talented and the beauties, they talked about Wen and Jun, the pages were also full of Zi and Jian. A thousand volumes present the same thing, and a thousand person are also in the same character. Moreover, they cannot avoid to some licentious things. The authors, who had to write several sentimental odes and elegant ballads, had falsely invented the names of both men and women, and also some bad guys who like a clown in a play made some troubles in there. As for the annoying men, they had nothing in their minds and talked about Li and Wen, which had no link with the targeted things and paradoxical in the whole.--[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 00:53, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
As for books related to talented scholars and beautiful ladies, he also talked about Wenjun, who is good at articles and is capricious, but he could not avoid prostitution in the end. The author just wants to write two of his own love poems, so he falsely pinches out the names of men and women; he must add a little person to make trouble in the meantime, like a clown in a play. The more annoying, the more it is, the unreasonable is the literary, the most unkind, self-contradictory.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 03:24, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

竟不如我这半世亲见亲闻的几个女子，虽不敢说强似前代书中所有之人，但观其事迹原委，亦可消愁破闷；至于几首歪诗，也可以喷饭供酒。其间离合悲欢，兴衰际遇，俱是按迹循踪，不敢稍加穿凿，至失其真。只愿世人当那醉馀睡醒之时，或避事消愁之际，把此一玩，不但是洗旧翻新，却也省了些寿命筋力，不更去谋虚逐妄了。
It’s not as good as the few women I’ve seen and heard about in this half of my life. Although I dare not say that she is better than all the people in the books of the previous generations. Looking at their deeds, you can also relieve your sorrow and boredom. As for a few poor poems, you can also taste them while eating and drinking.The joys and sorrows, the ups and downs all follow the traces, daring not to lose the truth. I only hope that when the world is awake, or when avoiding troubles and sorrows ,they can enjoy it, not only to renovate, but also to save some lifespan and energy, not to seek falsehood.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 03:15, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

I am not as good as the women I have seen and heard in my life. Though I cannot say that they are as good as all the people in the books of previous generations, I can relieve my sorrow and despair by watching their deeds. As for a few crooked poems, you can also spray rice for wine. During the separation of joys and sorrows, ups and downs, are all traced, dare not slightly cut, to lose its true. I only hope that when people wake up from their drunkenness, or when they are relieved of their sorrow, they will not only wash the old and renew it, but also save some strength of life, so as not to seek for false things.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:39, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

我师意为如何？”空空道人听如此说，思忖半晌，将这《石头记》再检阅一遍。因见上面大旨不过谈情，亦只是实录其事，绝无伤时诲淫之病，方从头至尾抄写回来，闻世传奇。
What does my master think?" Empty Taoist listen to say so, ponder a long time, will this "stone" review again. Seeing that the message above was only a talk of love, and only a record of it, without suffering from the disease of lewdness, I copied it back from beginning to end and heard the legend of the world.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:38, 24 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 13:10, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

What do I mean? " After hearing this, Taoist Kongkong thought for a long time and reviewed the stone story again. Seeing that the above general purpose is nothing but romance, it is only a factual record of its affairs, and there is no disease of obscenity at the time of injury, so I copied it back from beginning to end and heard the legend of the world.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 04:35, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

从此空空道人因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空，遂改名情僧，改《石头记》为《情僧录》。东鲁孔梅溪题曰《风月宝鉴》。后因曹雪芹于悼红轩中披阅十载，增删五次，纂成目录，分出章回，又题曰《金陵十二钗》，并题一绝。
Since then empty Taoist empty because of empty see color, from color feeling, feeling into color, since color wukong, he then changed his epithet into Monk in Love, and changed ''The story of the Stone'' into ''Record of Monk in Love''. Kong Meixi of The Eastern Lu dynasty wrote the book ''Catalogue of Chinese Ancient Romance''.After cao Xueqin in mourning red xuan read ten years, add and delete five times, compiled into a directory, a chapter back, and the title yue ''The Twelve Flowers of Gold Mausoleum '', and a must.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 04:31, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Since then Empty Taoist saw form through emptiness, generated emotions due to form, into which emptiness was stilled and epiphany was revealed, he then changed his epithet into Monk in Love, and changed ''The story of the Stone'' into ''Record of Monk in Love'', which was called ''Catalogue of Chinese Ancient Romance'' by Kong Meixi of The Eastern Lu dynasty. Afterwards Cao Xueqin read and amended it for ten years, revised and polished it for five times, and then compiled it into a directory with chapters and sections. Finally he entitled it ''The Twelve Flowers of Gold Mausoleum'' attached with a Chinese quatrain.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 04:55, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

即此便是《石头记》的缘起。诗云：满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪。都云作者痴，谁解其中味?

This was the origin of ''The Story of The Stone''. A poem once said, “the whole novel is full of absurd words, as well as bitter tears. People all consider the author crazy, but is there anyone who knows its true meaning？--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 07:22, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

This is the origin of ''The Story of the Stone''. The poem says: The pages were full of idle words which was penned with hot and bitter tears; All men call the author fool, but no one understood his secret message.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 08:25, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

《石头记》缘起既明，正不知那石头上面记着何人何事？看官请听。按那石上书云：当日地陷东南，这东南有个姑苏城，城中阊门最是红尘中一二等富贵风流之地。

Now that the origin of the stone is clear, let us see what was written on the stone. Dear readers, please listen. Long ago, the earth dipped downwards in the southeast where there was a city named Gusu; and the quarter around Changmen Gate of Gusu was one of the most fashionable centres of wealth and nobility in the world of men. --[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 02:10, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

The origin of "The Story of the Stone" was clear, but did you know who or what was written on the stone? Please listen to me and go on. According to the record on the stone: One day, there was a subsidence in southeast and there was Gusu City. In the city, the quarter around Changmen Gate was one of the most fashionable centres of wealth and nobility in the world of men. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:13, 23 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

这阊门外有个十里街，街内有个仁清巷，巷内有个古庙，因地方狭窄，人皆呼作“葫芦庙”。庙旁住着一家乡宦，姓甄名费，字士隐；嫡妻封氏，性情贤淑，深明礼义。家中虽不甚富贵，然本地也推他为望族了。

Outside the city of Changmen gate, there was a Shili street and a Renqing lane was on the street. In the Renqing lane, there was an ancient temple called "Hulu temple" owing to it`s narrow location. Next to the temple lived a hometown official named Zhen Fei, courtesy named Shi Yin; his legal wife, surnamed Feng, was a virtuous person with a deep sense of courtesy and righteousness. Although the family was not very rich, the local people also thought that he was a prominent family. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 14:02, 21 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

Outside the Changmen gate was the Shili street and the Renqing lane, inside which was an ancient temple, called the "Gourd temple" for its narrow space. Next to the temple lived a retired official named Zhen Fei, whose courtesy name was Shi Yin; his legal wife Mrs. Feng was a virtuous person with a deep awareness of courtesy and righteousness. Although the family was not very rich, the locals also regarded him as a noble man.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:19, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

因这甄士隐禀性恬淡，不以功名为念，每日只以观花种竹、酌酒吟诗为乐，倒是神仙一流人物。只是一件不足：年过半百，膝下无儿；只有一女，乳名英莲，年方三岁。一日炎夏永昼，士隐于书房闲坐，手倦抛书，伏几盹睡，不觉矇眬中走至一处，不辨是何地方。

Hidden Truth had a tranquil mind, indifferent to fame or gain. The only fun in every day life was enjoying beautiful flowers and planting bamboo, drinking nectared wine and reciting poetry. What a fairy-like figure! There was only one pity, that is, though in his fifty years old, he had no son nut only one three-year-old daughter, named Pity Zhen. One day in the hot summer, Hidden Truth was sitting idly in his study. Tired, he threw away his book and fell asleep at his desk, drifting to a place he could not tell.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 03:19, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Zhen Shiyin had a tranquil mind, indifferent to fame or gain. The only fun in every day life was enjoying beautiful flowers and planting bamboo, drinking nectared wine and reciting poetry. What a fairy-like figure! But there was one pity, that is, though in his fifty years old, he had no son nut only one three-year-old daughter, named Yinglian. One day in the hot summer, Shenyin was sitting idly in his study. He was so tired that he threw away his book and fell asleep at his desk, drifting to a place he could not tell.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 05:12, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

忽见那厢来了一僧一道，且行且谈。只听道人问道：“你携了此物，意欲何往？”那僧笑道：“你放心。如今现有一段风流公案，正该了结，这一干风流冤家，尚未投胎人世。

Unexpectedly he espied， in the opposite direction， two priests coming towards him： the one a Buddhist， the other a Taoist. As they advanced they kept up the conversation in which they were engaged. "Whither do you purpose taking the object you have brought away？" he heard the Taoist inquire. To this question the Buddhist replied with a smile： "Set your mind at ease，" he said； "there's now in maturity a plot of a general character involving mundane pleasures， which will presently come to a denouement. The whole number of the votaries of voluptuousness have， as yet， not been quickened or entered the world.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 05:07, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Unexpectedly he espied, from the opposite direction, A monk and a Taoist coming up to him. As they advanced, they kept up the conversation in which they were engaged. "Whither do you purpose taking the thing you have brought away？" He heard the Taoist inquire. The Buddhist replied with a smile: "Set your mind at ease. There's now a case of romantic affairs, which should presently come to a denouement. The whole number of the votaries of voluptuousness involved in have not been reincarnated.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:31, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

趁此机会，就将此物夹带于中，使他去经历经历。”那道人道：“原来近日风流冤家又将造劫历世，但不知起于何处，落于何方？”那僧道：“此事说来好笑。

Taking this opportunity, we can mingle it in them and let it experience the life on earth." The Taoist said: "So those debtors of love affairs will be reincarnated and then suffer on earth. But from which place will the reincarnation start and in which direction will them be placed still remain unsettled." The monk said: "It's a funny story. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:28, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Taking this opportunity, we can carry it away and let it experience the life on earth. ”The Taoist priest said: "The debtors of love affairs will be reincarnated and then suffer on earth recently. But it' s unknown that from when the story started and to where will it go.“ The monk said: "It's a funny story....-- --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 08:23, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

只因当年这个石头，娲皇未用，自己却也落得逍遥自在，各处去游玩。一日来到警幻仙子处，那仙子知他有些来历，因留他在赤霞宫中，名他为赤霞宫神瑛侍者。他却常在西方灵河岸上行走，看见那灵河岸上三生石畔有棵绛珠仙草，十分娇娜可爱，遂日以甘露灌溉，这绛珠草始得久延岁月。

This stone have not been used by The Empress Nu Wo. Thus It used to be free to roam on the heavens until one day he came to the Fairy of Wonders, who knew his special background. So she kept him in her palace and gave him the name by the Divine Eunuch of the Cabernet Palace. He often walked along the bank of West Sacred River where he saw a delicate and lovely Red Bead flower on the bank of the Three Living Stones. Being struck with the great beauty of this flower, the stone remained there, tending its protegee with the most loving care, and daily moistening its roots with the choicest nectar of the sky. Yielding to the influence of disinterested love, the Red Bead flower lived a longer life. --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 07:32, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Because this stone in that age hasn‘t been used by a goddess in Chinese mythology，he could be careless and can go to visit many places for fun. One day，he come to the Fairy of Wonders who knew his special background. So she kept him in her palace and gave him the name by the Divine Eunuch of the Cabernet Palace.But he always walks by the bank of the West Sacred River. One day，he saw a fairy grass beside the Three Living Stones on the bank of the river，which is cute and delicate，so he irrigated it day by day，making it living longer.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:31, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

后来既受天地精华，复得甘露滋养，遂脱了草木之胎，幻化人形，仅仅修成女体，终日游于离恨天外，饥餐秘情果，渴饮灌愁水。只因尚未酬报灌溉之德，故甚至五内郁结着一段缠绵不尽之意。常说：‘自己受了他雨露之惠，我并无此水可还。
Afterwards，because of the essence of the nature and the nutrients of the dew，it gradually got rid of itself from the trees and become a human-being，but only can become a female，meandering outside all day long，when feeling hungry，she would eat fruits，and when feeling thirsty，she would drink water.The reason for her lingering emotions is that she haven‘t showed her gratitude to her benefactors.She always said that：“I was benefited from his dew，but I can‘t bring back a report.”--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 15:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

他若下世为人，我也同去走一遭，但把我一生所有的眼泪还他，也还得过了。’因此一事，就勾出多少风流冤家都要下凡，造历幻缘，那绛珠仙草也在其中。今日这石正该下世，我来特地将他仍带到警幻仙子案前，给他挂了号，同这些情鬼下凡，一了此案。”

If he could be reincarnated as human in the next life, I would also go with him but only in this time return all the sorrows to him, which can let me go through the life. “For this reason, how many pretty teases have to descend to the world suffering the illusory fates, and the Crimson Pearl Flower is also among them. Today, this stone is about to be born, so I comes here specially to bring him to the court of Fairy Maiden Jinhuan, registering him and letting him go down to the earth with ghosts in order to settle the case.”--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 12:37, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

If he could be reincarnated as human in the next life, I would go with him, but I should also return all the sorrows in this time to him, which can enable me to go through the life. "For this reason, lots of pretty teases have to descend to the world suffering the illusory destiny, and that Crimson Pearl Flower is also amomg them. Today this jade is about to be born, so I come here specially to take him to the court of Fairy Maiden Jinhuan, endowing him with a registration and letting him go down to the earth with those sentimental ghosts so as to settle the case.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 15:16, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

那道人道：“果是好笑，从来不闻有‘还泪’之说。趁此，你我何不也下世度脱几个，岂不是一场功德？”那僧道：“正合吾意。你且同我到警幻仙子宫中，将这蠢物交割清楚，待这一干风流孽鬼下世，你我再去。如今有一半落尘，然犹未全集。”

The Taoist priest says:"It's really ridiculous. I have never heard of the saying of 'returning tears'. We can also take this opportunity to release several souls from purgatory (help several souls of the decease get rid of worldly sufferings). Isn't it a merit?" The monk replies:"It's exactly what I am hoping for. You and I are going to the palace of the fairy Disenchantment, and to deliver such a jade and figure it out. When these dissolute and sinful evils all pass away, we will go to the afterlife. Half of them have fallen into the earthly world, but they have not yet gathered completely."--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 15:04, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

The Taoist priest says:"It's really ridiculous. I have never heard of the saying of 'returning tears'. We can also take this opportunity to release several souls from purgatory (help several souls of the decease get rid of worldly sufferings). Isn't it a merit?" The monk replies:"It's exactly what I am hoping for. You and I will go the palace of the fairy maiden Jing Huan, and to deliver such a jade and figure it out. When these dissolute and sinful evils all pass away, we will go to the afterlife. Half of them have fallen into the earthly world, but they have not yet gathered completely."--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 06:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

道人道：“既如此，便随你去来。”却说甄士隐俱听得明白，遂不禁上前施礼，笑问道：“二位仙师请了。”那僧、道也忙答礼相问。

The Taoist said, "In that case, let's go with you." Then Hidden Truth heard and understood, so he could not help but go forward to salute, smiling and saying, " Please, distinguished masters." The monk and the Taoist also replied with manners.

The Taoist said, "In that case, let's go with you." Then Hidden Truth heard and understood, so he could not help but go forward to salute, smiling and saying, " Please, distinguished masters." The monk and the Taoist also immediately replied with manners.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 10:50, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

士隐因说道：“适闻仙师所谈因果，实人世罕闻者。但弟子愚拙，不能洞悉明白。若蒙大开痴顽，备细一闻，弟子洗耳谛听，稍能警省，亦可免沉沦之苦了。”

Hidden Truth said: "What you master talked about the cause and effect is definitely rare in the world. But I am stupid and can't fully understand it. If you can explain it for me to get rid of infatuation and stubbornness, I will listen to you carefully and then take warning from it, avoiding the suffering of enthrallment."--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 08:01, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth then said, "I have just heard you master's words about karma, a truly rare insight in the world. But I am too ignorant to understand it. If I could be enlightened by you two to get rid of infatuation and stubbornness, I would certainly listen carefully to all that you say and then take warning from it, avoiding the suffering of enthrallment."--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:54, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

二仙笑道：“此乃玄机，不可预泄。到那时只不要忘了我二人，便可跳出火坑矣。”士隐听了，不便再问，因笑道：“玄机固不可泄露，但适云‘蠢物’，不知为何？或可得见否？”那僧说：“若问此物，倒有一面之缘。”

The two immortals laughed and said, "It is something metaphysical and cannot be divulged in advance. At that time, just don't forget the two of us, and you will be free from your predicament." When Hidden Truth heard this, he stopped pursuing the matter. He laughed and said, "Of course the mystery must not be divulged, but I don't quite understand what the 'stupid thing' is that you just mentioned. Perhaps I have a chance to see it?" The monk said, "This thing you are asking about, you do have the fortune to see it.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:39, 22 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 12:48, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

The two immortals laughed and said, "It is metaphysical and cannot be divulged in advance. At that time, if you don't forget two of us, and you will be free from your predicament." When Shi Yin heard this, he stopped pursuing the matter. He laughed and said, "Of course the mystery must not be divulged, but I don't quite understand what the 'stupid thing' is that you just mentioned. Perhaps I have a chance to see it?" The monk said, "This thing you are asking about, you do have the fortune to see it.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 06:17, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

说着取出，递与士隐。士隐接了看时，原来是块鲜明美玉，上面字迹分明，镌着“通灵宝玉”四字，后面还有几行小字。正欲细看时，那僧便说已到幻境，就强从手中夺了去。

He said and took it out to Hidden Truth. ShiYin received it and found it a bright beautiful jade in which there were four clear characters:Tong Ling Bao Yu followes by several lines of words.When Hidden Truth craved for a careful look, that monk said that he had reached the illusion, so he snatched it from ShiYin's hand.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 02:57, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Then he said as he took it out and handed it to Hidden Truth. Hidden Truth took a look, and it turned out to be a piece of bright beautiful jade, with clear writing above, engraved with the “Tongling jade”. There were a few lines of small characters behind. When he was about to take a closer look, the monk said he had reached the Illusory Land and snatched the jade from his hands.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 01:47, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

和那道人竟过了一座大石牌坊，上面大书四字，乃是“太虚幻境”。两边又有一副对联道：假作真时真亦假，无为有处有还无。士隐意欲也跟着过去，方举步时，忽听一声霹雳，若山崩地陷。

And with that Taoist priest actually passed a large stone archway, above which was engraved four big words, is “ Illusory Land of Great Void ”.On both sides there was a pair of couplets: If false is taken as the truth, then truth is said to be lieing , when nothing is taken as being, then being itself is turned into nothing. Hidden Truth also wanted to pass the big stone archway, but the moment he was about to raise his foot, he heard a crack of thunder which sounded as if the hills were rending asunder and the earth falling in.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 02:52, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

And that Taoist passed a large stone pagoda, written on it four big words, is "Taixu fantasy realm". On both sides, there is a couplet saying: "Falsehood is true when it is true, and there is nothing where there is nothing". Hidden Truth also wanted to follow, when just ready to raise his feet, he heard a thunderbolt all of a sudden, as if a landslide happened.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 02:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

士隐大叫一声，定睛看时，只见烈日炎炎，芭蕉冉冉，梦中之事便忘了一半。又见奶母抱了英莲走来。士隐见女儿越发生得粉装玉琢，乖觉可喜，便伸手接来，抱在怀中，斗他玩耍一会。

Hidden Truth cried out, and when he fixed his eyes, only seeing the sun is shining, the weather is bright, and the plantains are flourishing, and then he forgot half of his dream. Later, the lactating mother coming with Pity Zhen in her arms. When Hidden Truth noted that his daughter was becoming more and more beautiful and cute, he reached out and took her in his arms, and teased her for a while.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 02:43, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth cried out, fixing his eyes on the blazing sun and supplely drooping banana leaves, only to be oblivious to half of his dream. Then the wet nurse came over with Pity Zhen in her arms. Hidden Truth perceived that his daughter became so fair and lovely that he couldn’t wait to cradle her in his arms to amuse her.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 05:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

== Headline text ==
==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

又带至街前，看那过会的热闹。方欲进来时，只见从那边来了一僧一道：那僧癞头跣足，那道跛足蓬头，疯疯癫癫，挥霍谈笑而至。及到了他门前，看见士隐抱着英莲，那僧便大哭起来，又向士隐道：“施主，你把这有命无运、累及爹娘之物抱在怀内作甚？”

Hidden Truth then took his lovely daughter out into the street to see the lively meeting. When he was about to enter the door, he saw a monk and a Taoist coming from the other side: the monk had ringworm on his head and no shoes or socks on his feet; the Taoist priest was characterized by lameness and untidy hair. They came over, crazy, talking and laughing. When they got to Hidden Truth’s door, seeing him holding Pity Zhen in his arms. The monk began to cry and said to Hidden Truth, “ Benefactor, why did you cradle such an ill-fated and encumbering child in your arms？”--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 01:35, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin then took his lovely daughter to the street to see the lively agora. When he was about to enter the door, he saw a monk and a Taoist priest coming from the other side: the monk had ringworm on his head and no shoes or socks on his feet; the Taoist priest was characterized by lameness and untidy hair. They acted like a lunatic and came over,talking and laughing. When they got to Shiyin’s door, seeing him holding Yinglian in his arms. The monk began to cry and said to Shiyin, “ Benefactor, why did you cradle such an ill-fated and encumbering child in your arms？”--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:06, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

士隐听了，知是疯话，也不睬他。那僧还说：“舍我罢，舍我罢。”士隐不耐烦，便抱着女儿转身。

After listening to him,Shiyin knew that it's crazy words and ignored him.But the monk also said:"Give her to me,give her to me." Shiyin was impatient,so he held his daughter and turned to leave.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 05:59, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

After listening to him, Hidden Truth knew that it was lunatic ravings and ignored him. But the monk complemented:"Give her to me, give her to me." Hidden Truth got impatient, so he embraced his daughter and turned around. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 12:14, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

才要进去，那僧乃指着他大笑，口内念了四句言词，道是：惯养娇生笑你痴，菱花空对雪澌澌。好防佳节元宵后，便是烟消火灭时。

When he was about to get in, the monk pointed at him and laughed, mumbling four sentences, which mean “how crazy that you pamper your daughter like this, (see you embrace Yinglian), just like the summer lotus are exposed to the winter snow. Beware of the days after the Lantern Festival, then there is a fire to vanish everything.”--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 03:03, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
When he wanted to go in, the monk pointed at him and laughed, saying…--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 06:56, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

士隐听得明白，心下犹豫，意欲问他来历，只听道人说道：“你我不必同行，就此分手，各干营生去罢。三劫后，我在北邙山等你，会齐了，同往太虚幻境销号。”那僧道：“最妙，最妙。”
Shi Yin understood and hesitated, intending to ask him where he came from. The Taoist said, "You and I don't need to go together. Three days later, I wait for you in north mangshan, meet together, with the imaginary land sales number." The monk said, "The best, the best."--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 06:44, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin understood,hesitated in his heart,and wanted to ask him where he came from.He only heard the Taoist say: "You and I don't have to go together, just break up and go to work. After the Three Tribulations, I will wait for you in Beimanshan,nnd go to the Tai Unreal Realm to sell the number." The monk said: "The most wonderful, the most wonderful."--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 13:40, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

说毕，二人一去，再不见个踪影了。士隐心中此时自忖：“这两个人必有来历，很该问他一问，如今后悔却已晚了。”这士隐正在痴想，忽见隔壁葫芦庙内寄居的一个穷儒，姓贾名化、表字时飞、别号雨村的走来。

After that,the two went away,and they were nowhere to be seen.Shiyin thought to himself at this moment: "These two people must have a history.It's time to ask him,but now it's too late to regret." Shiyin was thinking about it,but suddenly saw a poor scholar living in the Hulu temple next door whose first name is Jia,last name hua,Courtesy name Shifei,and another name Yucun came.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 13:37, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

After saying that, the two went away, and there was no sign of them anymore. Shiyin thought to himself at this moment: "These two people surely had some backgrounds. I should have asked him, but it was too late to regret now." Shiyin was daydreaming, but suddenly saw a poor scholar living in the Hulu temple next door coming up. His first name is hua, last name is jia, secondary personal name is Shifei, and another name is Rainvillage Merchant.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 14:46, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

这贾雨村原系湖州人氏，也是诗书仕宦之族。因他生于末世，父母祖宗根基已尽，人口衰丧，只剩得他一身一口。在家乡无益，因进京求取功名，再整基业。

Rainvillage Merchant was born in Huzhou and came from a family of Confucian scholars and officials. Because he was born in last phase of age, the roots of his ancestors had died out. Family declined, and left him alone. He found no benefit in hometown, so he went to Beijing to strive for fame and tried to make another solid foundation for family.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 03:10, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Jia Yucun came from Huzhou and was born in a family of scholars and officials. However, because he was born in the last phase of the age, the root of his ancestors had died out and family declined, leaving him alone in the world. He found no benefit in hometown, so he went to Beijing to strive for success and fame and tried to make the revitalization of his family.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 04:46, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

自前岁来此，又淹蹇住了，暂寄庙中安身，每日卖文作字为生，故士隐常与他交接。当下雨村见了士隐，忙施礼陪笑道：“老先生倚门伫望，敢街市上有甚新闻么？”士隐笑道：“非也。适因小女啼哭，引他出来作耍。正是无聊的很，贾兄来得正好，请入小斋，彼此俱可消此永昼。”

Since arriving in Beijing the year before last, Jia Yuchun had led a hard life, living only in a temple. He wrote poems and articles in exchange for money every day, so Shiyin often often met with him. Once Yucun saw Shiyin, hurriedly saluted and said with a smile, " Sir, you are leaning on the door and looking at something. Is there any news in the market?" Shiyin smiled and said, "No. Just because my little girl cried, so I took her out to play. I am so bored now and you are so nice to appear in time. Please come into my study with me, so that we can both kill the boring time." --[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 03:35, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Since arriving in Beijing the year before last, Jia Yuchun found himself in difficult conditions and desperate straits. He lived only in a temple and made a living by writing in exchange for money every day, so Shiyin often met with him. At that moment, Yucun saw Shiyin, hurriedly saluted and said with smile, " An old gentleman as you, leaning on the door and looking at something, I wander that is there any news in the street?" Shiyin smiled and said, "Hardly, just because my little girl cried, so I take her out to play. I am so bored now and you‘ve come just at the right moment. Please come into my study, so that we can spend the long day together."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 14:13, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

说着，便令人送女儿进去。自携了雨村来至书房中，小童献茶。方谈得三五句话，忽家人飞报：“严老爷来拜。”

While he was talking, he asked someone to take his daughter back to her room. Then he took Yucun to his study, and a child offered a cup of tea for each of them. But just said a few words, suddenly the family member came quickly to say that "Master Yan came to visit."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 07:30, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

While talking, he asked someone to take his daughter back to her room. Then he took Rainvillage Merchant to his study, and a child offered a cup of tea for each of them. But just said a few words, suddenly the family member came quickly to say that "Master Yan came to visit." --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 14:01, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

士隐慌忙起身谢道：“恕诓驾之罪。且请略坐，弟即来奉陪。”雨村起身也让道：“老先生请便。晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨！”说着，士隐已出前厅去了。

HiddenTruth stood up hurriedly and said, " Excuse me.Please sit for a moment first, and I will entertain you at once."Rainvillage Merchant also stood up and answered:" Old gentleman, you go. I often come to you here as a guest, wait a little while is not the matter!" Said, Hidden Truth had walked out of the guest room.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 02:51, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin hurriedly got up and thanked, "excuse the crime of cheating driving. Please sit down and my brother will accompany you." Yucun got up and said, "please help yourself, sir. My late life is a regular guest. Why not wait a minute!" said Shiyin, who had left the front hall.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 13:44, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

这里雨村且翻弄诗籍解闷，忽听得窗外有女子嗽声。雨村遂起身往外一看，原来是一个丫鬟在那里掐花儿：生的仪容不俗，眉目清秀，虽无十分姿色，却也有动人之处。雨村不觉看得呆了。那甄家丫鬟掐了花儿，方欲走时，猛抬头见窗内有人：敝巾旧服，虽是贫窘，然生得腰圆背厚，面阔口方，更兼剑眉星眼，直鼻方腮。
Here in the rain village, I turned to poetry books to relieve my boredom. Suddenly I heard a woman coughing outside the window. Yucun then got up and looked out. It turned out that it was a servant girl pinching flowers there: Sheng's appearance was not vulgar and his eyebrows were beautiful. Although he was not very beautiful, he was also moving. Yucun was stunned. The Zhen servant girl pinched the flowers. When Fang was about to leave, she suddenly looked up and saw someone in the window: Although I was poor and embarrassed, I had a round waist, thick back, wide face and square mouth. I also had sword eyebrows, star eyes, straight nose and square cheeks.

Yuncun was reading poems to relieve his boredom, suddenly hearing a girl outside the window coughing. Yucun stood up and found a housemaid picking flowers: she was of good appearance and pretty features. Although she was not perfect, she had something touching. Yucun felt stunned. The girl had pinched the flowers and was about to leave when she suddenly raised her head and saw someone in the window. In rags, he had a round waist and a thick back, a wide face and a square mouth, with a sword eyebrow and star eyes, a straight nose and a square cheek.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 10:14, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

这丫鬟忙转身回避，心下自想：“这人生的这样雄壮，却又这样褴褛。我家并无这样贫窘亲友，想他定是主人常说的什么贾雨村了。怪道又说他必非久困之人，每每有意帮助周济他，只是没什么机会。”如此一想，不免又回头一两次。雨村见他回头，便以为这女子心中有意于他，遂狂喜不禁，自谓此女子必是个巨眼英豪，风尘中之知己。
The housemaid turned away quickly and said to herself:” the man is so grand and ragged. I don’t have such deprived friends and relatives, thus he must be Rain Village Merchant that the master has mentioned frequently. It’s said that he will not be trapped in poverty for a long time. The master has meant to help him but doesn’t find a proper chance.” At the thought of this, she looked back for several times, which misled Rian Village to think the girl was attracted by him and felt very excited. He believed that the girl must have a pair of wisdom eye and was his true friend in difficulty.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 02:16, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The housemaid turned away hurriedly and thought to herself:” the man is so strong, but his clothes are shabby. I don’t have such deprived friends and relatives, thus he must be Jia Yucun that the master has mentioned frequently. It’s said that he will not be trapped in poverty for a long time. The master has always meant to help him but doesn’t find a proper chance.” At the thought of this, she looked back for several times, which misled Yu Cun to think the girl was attracted by him and felt very excited. He believed that the girl must have a good taste and was his true friend in difficulty.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 11:27, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

一时小童进来，雨村打听得前面留饭，不可久待，遂从夹道中，自便门出去了。士隐待客既散，知雨村已去，便也不去再邀。一日，到了中秋佳节。

When a child came in, Rainvillage heard that the host entertained the guests meal. Therefore, he knew that he couldn't stay long, so he went out through the lane and went out by himself. Later, Hidden Truth had already served guests, knowing that Rainvillage had gone, so he didn't invite again. One day, it was the Mid Autumn Festival.

When a child came in, Rainvillage heard that the host entertained the guests meal. Therefore, he knew that he couldn't stay long, so he went out through the lane and went out by himself. Later, Hidden Truth had already served guests, knowing that Rainvillage had gone, so he didn't invite again. One day, it was the Mid Autumn Festival.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:53, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

士隐家宴已毕，又另具一席于书房，自己步至庙中来邀雨村。原来雨村自那日见了甄家丫鬟曾回顾他两次，自谓是个知己，便时刻放在心上。今又正值中秋，不免对月有怀，因而口占五言一律云：

Shiiyin‘s family banquet has been completed, and another seat in the study, he came to the temple to invite Yucun. It turns out that since that day Yucun saw the Zhen family maid had looked back at him twice, since he said he was a confidant, so he always put on his heart. Now it was the mid-autumn festival, so I couldn't help but feel nostalgic for the moon, so I took five words from the mouth and said.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:51, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth's family banquet has been completed, and another seat in the study, he came to the temple to invite Rainvillage Merchant. It turns out that since that day Yucun saw the Family of Zhen maid had looked back at him twice, since he said he was a confidant, so he always put on his heart. Now it was the mid-autumn festival, so I couldn't help but feel nostalgic for the moon, so I took five words from the mouth and said.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 11:23, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

未卜三生愿，频添一段愁。闷来时敛额，行去几回头。自顾风前影，谁堪月下俦？蟾光如有意，先上玉人楼。

I haven’t realized my dream yet, but had sorrowful experience. I often frown when I feel depressed and look back repeatedly when I farewell. With the wind blowing, I look at my shadow. Who can be my partner? If the moon helps,please shed light on the girl’s window and show her my love.

I haven’t realized my dream yet, but had sorrowful experience. I often frown when I feel depressed and look back repeatedly when I farewell. With the wind blowing, I look at my shadow. Who can be my partner? If the moon helps,please shed light on the girl’s window and show her my love.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 12:02, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

雨村吟罢，因又思及平生抱负，苦未逢时，乃又搔首对天长叹，复高吟一联云：玉在椟中求善价，钗于奁内待时飞。恰值士隐走来听见，笑道：“雨村兄真抱负不凡也！”

After Rainvillage Merchant finished reciting the love poems of Lucky, he thought of his great ambitions and thought that he had not met a good time, so he recited a pair of couplets that he created aloud: "Jade and hairpin are all placed in the box, hoping that one day it can realize its value and play its role." Just when Hidden Truth came to hear it, Shiyin smiled and said, "Brother Rainvillage Merchant is really ambitious!"--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:38, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

After Rainvillage Merchant finished reciting the love poems of Lucky, he thought of his great ambitions and thought that he had not met a good time, so he recited aloud a pair of couplets that he created: "Jade and hairpin are all placed in the box, hoping that one day it can realize its value and play its role." Just when Hidden Truth came to hear it, Shiyin smiled and said, "Rainvillage Merchant is really ambitious!"--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 16:53, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

雨村忙笑道：“不敢。不过偶吟前人之句，何期过誉如此！”因问：“老先生何兴至此？”士隐笑道：“今夜中秋，俗谓团圆之节。想尊兄旅寄僧房，不无寂寥之感。故特具小酌，邀兄到敝斋一饮。不知可纳芹意否？”

Rainvillage Merchant laughed and hurriedly said, "No no, I just recite the words of the predecessors. You speak too highly of me!" he asked, "Why did you come here, sir?" Hidden Truth smiled, "Tonight is the reunion time of Mid Autumn Festival. You lodged with a monk's room alone. So I come to invite you to have a drink with me. What do you think?"--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:51, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

"Why did you come here, master?"
You are lodged with a monk's room alone. --[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 02:18, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

雨村听了，并不推辞，便笑道：“既蒙谬爱，何敢拂此盛情！”说着，便同士隐复过这边书院中来了。须臾茶毕，早已设下杯盘，那美酒佳肴，自不必说。

Hearing this, Rainvillage Merchant did not refuse, but said with a smile: "Since I am indebted to you, I dare not live up to this feeling." Then he and Hidden Truth came to the academy here. In a moment they had finished their tea, and a feast had already been set up, with wine and food, in which the delicacy was all.

They went to the court in front of Hidden Truth 's study. Soon they had fin rished their tea and sat down to a collation of choice wine and delicacies.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 11:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

二人归坐，先是款酌慢饮；渐次谈至兴浓，不觉飞觥献斝起来。当时街坊上家家箫管，户户笙歌；当头一轮明月，飞彩凝辉。二人愈添豪兴，酒到杯干。

At first, they drank slowly,but their spirits rose as they talked and they began to drink more recklessly. At that time, Flutes and strings can be heard everywhere and every family in the neighborhood was singing; When a bright moon rises, The two became more and more cheerful, and the wine dried cup up.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 14:26, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

At first, they drank slowly,but their spirits rose as they talked in depth， they began to drink more recklessly. At that time, the sound of flutes and strings can be heard everywhere and every family in the neighborhood was playing and singing; When a bright moon rises, The two became more and more cheerful and drained cup after cup.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 11:39, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

雨村此时已有七八分酒意，狂兴不禁，乃对月寓怀，口占一绝云：时逢三五便团圆，满把清光护玉栏。天上一轮才捧出，人间万姓仰头看。士隐听了，大叫：“妙极！弟每谓兄必非久居人下者，今所吟之句，飞腾之兆已现，不日可接履于云霄之上了。可贺，可贺！”

Rainvillage Merchant, eight-tenths drunk, cannot suppress his high spirits. As he gazed at the moon, he fostered thoughts, to which he gave vent by the recital of a double couplet.

"On the fifteenth the moon is full, Her pure rays fill the court; As her bright orb sails up the sky, All men on earth gaze upwards at the sight."

"Excellent!" cried Hidden Truth with a loud voice, after he had heard these lines; "I have repeatedly maintained that it was impossible for you to remain in a subordinate position for a long period, and now the verses are a prognostic of your rapid advancement. In a few days you will extend your footsteps far above the clouds! Let me congratulate you."！

Rainvillage Merchant, eight-tenths drunk, cannot suppress his elation. As he gazed at the moon, he improvised a poetry to the moon and declaimed it:

"On the fifteenth the moon is full, Her pure rays fill the court; As her bright orb sails up the sky, All men on earth gaze upwards at the sight."

"Excellent!" cried Hidden Truth with a loud voice, after he had heard these lines; "I have repeatedly maintained that it was impossible for you to remain in a subordinate position for a long period, and now the verses reveals your rapid advancement. In a few days you will extend your footsteps far above the clouds! Let me congratulate you."！--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 04:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

乃亲斟一斗为贺。雨村饮干，忽叹道：“非晚生酒后狂言，若论时尚之学，晚生也或可去充数挂名。只是如今行李路费，一概无措，神京路远，非赖卖字撰文，即能到得。”士隐不待说完，便道：“兄何不早言？弟已久有此意，但每遇兄时，并未谈及，故未敢唐突。今既如此，弟虽不才，‘义利’二字，却还识得。且喜明岁正当大比，兄宜作速入都，春闱一捷，方不负兄之所学。其盘费馀事，弟自代为处置，亦不枉兄之谬识矣。”

Hidden Truth filled another large cup of alcohol. Rainvillage Merchant tossed it off and then signed. "Don't think this is just a talk after being drunk," he said, "I'm sure I could acquit myself quite creditably in the examinations, but I have no money in my wallet for my travelling expenses and the capital is far away. I can't raise enough money by selling my words and articles ...." "Why didn't you say so before?" interjected Shiyin. "I've always thought about this, but since you never mentioned it it is inappropriate for me to mention this subject. If that's how things are, dull as I am at least I know what's due to a firend. Luckily the Metropolitan Examinations are coming up next year. You must go as fast as you can to the capital and prove your learning in the Spring Test. I shall take it an honor to take care of the travelling expenses and other business for you."--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 04:28, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth filled another large cup of alcohol for congratulation. Rainvillage Merchant tossed it off and then sighed: "Don't think this is just a talk after drinking. I'm sure I could acquit myself quite creditably in the examinations, but I have no money in my wallet for my travelling expenses and the capital is far away. I can't raise enough money only by selling my words and articles ...." "Why didn't you say that before?" interjected Hidden Truth. "I've always thought about this, but since you never mentioned it.It is inappropriate for me to mention this subject. If that's how things are, dull as I am at least I know what's due to a real friend. Luckily the Metropolitan Examinations are coming up next year. You must go as fast as you can to the capital and prove your learning in the Spring Test. I shall take it an honor to take care of the travelling expenses and other business for you."--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 11:43, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

当下即命小童进去，速封五十两白银并两套冬衣。又云：“十九日乃黄道之期，兄可即买舟西上。待雄飞高举，明冬再晤，岂非大快之事！”雨村收了银、衣，不过略谢一语，并不介意，仍是吃酒谈笑。

Hidden Truth immediately ordered the child to go in and quickly seal fifty liang silver and two sets of winter clothes. And he also said, "the 19th of March is the time of the zodiac, and you can buy a boat to the west. Isn't it a great pleasure to wait for triumph of the war[1] and meet again the next winter?" Rainvillage Merchant received the silver and clothes, but he thanked Hidden Truth a little. He didn't mind and was still drinking wine, talking and laughing.

[1]The war between Li Zicheng and the emperor Chongzhen. On March 19 of the lunar calendar in 1644, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself. Then, Li Zicheng entered Beijing to overthrow the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 03:23, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Shiyin immediately ordered the child in and seal fifty liang silver and two suits of winter clothes quickly. Then he said, "the 19th of March is favorable time, and you can buy a boat to the west. Isn't it a great pleasure to wait for triumph of the war[1] and meet again the next winter?" Yucun received the silver and clothes, but he thanked Shiyin a little. He didn't mind and was still drinking wine, talking and laughing.

[1]The war between Li Zicheng and the emperor Chongzhen. On March 19 of the lunar calendar in 1644, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself. Then, Li Zicheng entered Beijing to overthrow the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 12:15, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

那天已交三鼓，二人方散。士隐送雨村去后，回房一觉，直至红日三竿方醒。因思昨夜之事，意欲写荐书两封与雨村，带至都中去，使雨村投谒个仕宦之家，为寄身之地。

Jia Yunchun and Zhen Shiyin drank until midnight and then dispersed. Zhen Shiyin sent Jia Yuchun bedchamber and went back his room to sleep. He didn't wake up until the late morning. Considering Zhen Shiyin's bad conditions, Zhen Shiyin intended to write two recommendation letters for Jia Yuchun, so Jia Yuchun could take and deliver it to a family of dignities in Qi Zhou city to find a place to stay.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 06:10, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

These two friends drank until midnight and then left. Zhen Shiyin sent Jia Yuchun back to his bedchamber and headed back to sleep. He didn't wake up until the noon time. Zhen Shiyin intended to write two recommendation letters for Jia Yuchun considering his bad condition, so Jia Yuchun could take and deliver it to some family of dignities in Qi Zhou city to find a fine place to settle.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 05:11, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

因使人过去请时，那家人回来说：“和尚说：贾爷今日五鼓已进京去了，也曾留下话与和尚转达老爷，说：‘读书人不在黄道黑道，总以事理为要，不及面辞了。’”士隐听了，也只得罢了。真是闲处光阴易过，倏忽又是元宵佳节。

The family came back and said, “The monk said: The Five Drums of Master Jia has entered Beijing today, and he also left a message with the monk to convey to the master, saying:'The scholar is not in the zodiacal and underworld, and he always takes affair as the priority. , It's too late to resign.'" Shiyin listened and had no choice but to leave. It's really easy to spend leisure time, and suddenly it is the Lantern Festival.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 13:21, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

When the family came back, they said, "The monk said that Master Merchant had gone to the capital between three and five o'clock today, and had left a message for the monk to convey to you, saying, 'No matter what the background of a scholar is, it is always important to take care of things, so it is too late to say goodbye.'" When Hidden Truth heard this, he had no choice but to do nothing. It was easy to spend time at leisure, and suddenly it was the Lantern Festival again.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 13:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

士隐令家人霍启抱了英莲，去看社火花灯。半夜中霍启因要小解，便将英莲放在一家门槛上坐着。待他小解完了来抱时，那有英莲的踪影。

Zhen Shiyin asked his family member Huo Qi to carry Yinglian and go to see the lanterns. In the middle of the night, Huo Qi had to take a piss, so he left Yinglian sitting on the threshold of a door. When he came to carry her after taking a piss, there was no sign of Yinglian.

Hidden Truth asked his family member trouble beginner to carry Pity Zhen and go to see the lanterns. In the middle of the night, trouble beginner left Pity Zhen alone sitting on the threshold of a door because of the urgency of urinating. When he came back, Pity Zhen disappeared.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:11, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

急的霍启直寻了半夜，至天明不见。那霍启也不敢回来见主人，便逃往他乡去了。那士隐夫妇见女儿一夜不归，便知有些不好。再使几人去找寻，回来皆云影响全无。

Huo Qi was so anxious that he looked for her all night and did not find her by dawn. So he did not dare to return to meet the host and he fled to his hometown. Mr. and Mrs. Shi Yin felt something is about to go wrong when they found their daughter didn't go home all night. They sent more people to look for her, but when they came back they said they didn't have any trace of her.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 14:22, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Being so anxious, Huo Qi looked for her all night but in vain till dawn. Dare not to return to his master, he fled to another place. Mr. and Mrs. Shi Yin felt something wrong when their daughter didn't go home all night. More people were sent to look for her, but only to find no trace of her.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:11, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

夫妻二人半世只生此女，一旦失去，何等烦恼，因此昼夜啼哭，几乎不顾性命。看看一月，士隐已先得病，夫人封氏也因思女搆疾，日日请医问卦。不想这日三月十五，葫芦庙中炸供，那和尚不小心，油锅火逸，便烧着窗纸。

The couple, having spent half of their lifetime, couldn't bear the thought of losing their only child. They wept day and night, almost risking their lives. In January, Shi Yin was already sick, and his wife Feng shi also fell ill for missing her daughter excessively and had to see doctors and fortunetellers everyday. Unfortunately, on March 15, when frying tributes in the calabash Temple, the careless monk let the fire escape from the oil boiler, which set the window paper on fire.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:57, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The couple, having spent half of their lifetime, couldn't bear the annoyance of losing their only daughter. They wept all days and nights, almost risking their lives. In January, Hidden Truth was already sick, and his wife Feng also got ill for missing her daughter excessively and had to call the doctors and fortunetellers everyday. Unfortunately, on March 15, when frying tributes in the calabash Temple, the careless monk let the fire escape from the oil boiler, which set the window paper on fire.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:11, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

此方人家俱用竹篱木壁，也是劫数应当如此，于是接二连三，牵五挂四，将一条街烧得如火焰山一般。彼时虽有军民来救，那火已成了势了，如何救得下，直烧了一夜方熄，也不知烧了多少人家。只可怜甄家在隔壁，早成了一堆瓦砾场了，只有他夫妇并几个家人的性命不曾伤了，急的士隐惟跌足长叹而已。

This family deserves this fate for using bamboos and wood as hedge. One by one, the whole street burnt like the Mountain of Flames. At that time, though the army and people came for rescue, the fire had already been too large to put out. It didn't burn until the morning. It cannot be estimated that how many houses had been destroyed. Poor Hiden Truth's house next door had turned into a pile of rubble, only the couple and the families unhurt, which made Hidden Truth anxious and sigh deeply.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 14:44, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

This family deserved this fate for using bamboos and wood as hedge. One house by one house, the whole street burnt like the Mountain of Flames. At that time, though the army and people came for rescue, the fire had already been too large to put out. It didn't burn until the morning. It cannot be estimated that how many houses had been destroyed. The fire had turned Poor Zhen's house next door into a pile of rubble, only the couple and several families unhurt, which made Zhen Shiyin anxious and sigh deeply.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 10:47, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

与妻子商议，且到田庄上去住。偏值近年水旱不收，贼盗蜂起，官兵剿捕，田庄上又难以安身。只得将田地都折变了，携了妻子与两个丫鬟，投他岳丈家去。

He discussed with his wife, and went to live on the farm. However, in recent years, harvests have been ruined by flood and drought, and thieves and robbers have been rising. It was difficult to settle down on the farm. He had to sell his lands at a discount and took his wife and two maids to seek his father-in-law's help.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 10:42, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
Take counsel with his wife, and come to live at the Grange. Partial value in recent years flood and drought do not harvest, thieves bee, officers and soldiers suppression, the grange and difficult to live. He had to change the land and went to his husband's house with his wife and two maids.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 12:22, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

他岳丈名唤封肃，本贯大如州人氏，虽是务农，家中却还殷实。今见女婿这等狼狈而来，心中便有些不乐。幸而士隐还有折变田产的银子在身边，拿出来托他随便置买些房地，以为后日衣食之计。

His father-in-law's name was Feng Su. His native place was Such State. Although he was a farmer, his family was well off. Now, seeing her son-in-law come in such a discomfiture, I felt unhappy. Fortunately, there are hidden converted field of silver in the side, took out to entrust him to buy some premises, that the day after the means of food and clothing.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 10:19, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

His father-in-law's name was Feng Su, who was originally from Daru State. Although he was a farmer, his family was well off. Now, seeing his son-in-law come in such a discomfiture, he felt unpleasant inside. Fortunately, there are hidden silver of converted field by his side, so he took it out to entrust him to purchase some premises for buying food and clothing in the future.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 11:40, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

那封肃便半用半赚的，略与他些薄田破屋。士隐乃读书之人，不惯生理稼穑等事，勉强支持了一二年，越发穷了。封肃见面时，便说些现成话儿；且人前人后，又怨他不会过，只一味好吃懒做。

Feng Su made money while using some of it, and provided small fields and a shabby house with him. Shi Yin was a scholar and was not used to farming and other handworks. He reluctantly struggled for a year or two and became poorer and poorer. When Feng Su met him, he said something ready-made. But behind Shiyin's back, he complained that he couldn't live his life well by just being lazy.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 11:34, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Feng Su made money while using some of it, and provided small fields and a shabby house with him. Hidden Truth was a scholar and was not used to farming and other handworks. He reluctantly struggled for a year or two and became poorer and poorer. When Feng Su met him, he said something ready-made. But behind Shiyin's back, he complained that he couldn't live his life well by just being lazy.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 12:15, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

士隐知道了，心中未免悔恨；再兼上年惊唬，急忿怨痛：暮年之人，那禁得贫病交攻，竟渐渐的露出那下世的光景来。可巧这日拄了拐，扎挣到街前散散心时，忽见那边来了一个跛足道人，疯狂落拓，麻鞋鹑衣，口内念着几句言词道：

When Hidden Truth found out about this, he felt remorse in his heart; he was also frightened of the previous year, and he felt angry and resentful: a man in his twilight years, who could not help being attacked by poverty and illness, was gradually revealing the scene of his next life. It happened that when he was on crutches, he went to the street for a walk, and suddenly he saw a crippled Taoist, crazy and untidy, with sackcloth shoes and quails, reciting a few words under his breath.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 02:26, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

When Hidden Truth found out this, he felt remorse in his heart; he was also frightened of the previous year, angry and resentful: a man in his twilight， who could not be able to be attacked by poverty and illness, was gradually revealing the scene of his next life. It happened that when he was on crutches, he went to the street for a walk, and suddenly he saw a crippled Taoist, crazy and untidy, with ragged shoes and clothes，reciting a few words under his breath.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 07:00, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了。古今将相在何方？荒冢一堆草没了。世人都晓神仙好，只有金银忘不了。终朝只恨聚无多，及到多时眼闭了。

The common people know that immortals are good, but they can't forget their achievements and fame. Where are the generals and prime ministers from ancient times to the present？What we can see are just deserted graves full of grass. The common people know that immortals are good, but they can‘t forget gold and silver. Till the end of life，they would regret their inability to create as much wealth as possible when they are alive and regret they are going to the heaven after they have accumulated plenty of wealth.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 02:42, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

All the common people know that immortals are good, but they can't forget their achievements and ambitions. Where are the great ones of old？They are just deserted graves full of grass. All the common people know that immortals are good, but they can‘t forget gold and silver. They grub for money all their lives until death seals up their eyes.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 07:24, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

世人都晓神仙好，只有姣妻忘不了。君生日日说恩情，君死又随人去了。世人都晓神仙好，只有儿孙忘不了。痴心父母古来多，孝顺子孙谁见了？

All men want to be immortals, but dote on the wives they’ve married. Those who swear to love their husband forever, but remarry as soon as he’s dead. All men want to be immortals, but dote on the sons they’ve gotten. Although infatuated parents are numerous, who ever saw really filial sons or daughters?--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:05, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Everyone in the world knows that the gods are good, but only the pretty wife can't forget. You swear to remember your husband’s kindness, but when your husband die, you go away with others. Everyone knows that the gods are good, but only the children and grandchildren cannot be forgotten. There are many loving parents in the past, but who has seen the filial children?--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 09:04, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

士隐听了，便迎上来道：“你满口说些什么？只听见些‘好’、‘了’，‘好’、‘了’。”那道人笑道：“你若果听见‘好’、‘了’二字，还算你明白。可知世上万般，好便是了，了便是好：若不了，便不好；若要好，须是了。我这歌儿便叫《好了歌》。
When the hermit heard it, he came up and said, "What are you talking about ?" I just hear 'Hao’ (means good), 'Liao' (means end) 'Hao’, ‘Liao'. The man laughed, "If you hear the words 'Hao' and 'Liao', you understand it. In this world, good is end, and the end is good. If there is no end, there is no good, and vice versa. My song is called ‘The Song of ‘Hao’ and ‘ Liao’. ”--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 08:54, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Hidden Truth came over after heard this and said: “ What are you talking about? I just hear the words ‘good’ and ‘end’.” That man laughed, “ You heard the words ‘good’ and ‘end’, that means you got a few things going for you. In this world, good is end, and end is good. If there is no end, there is no good, and vice versa. My song is called ''All Dood Things Must End''.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 12:19, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

士隐本是有夙慧的，一闻此言，心中早已悟彻，因笑道：“且住，待我将你这《好了歌》注解出来何如？”道人笑道：“你就请解。”士隐乃说道：陋室空堂，当年笏满床。

So intelligent, Hidden Truth understood the essence of the song entirely in his head as soon as he heard it, and said: “ Wait a minute. How about I explain your song ''All Good Things Must End'' ？” The Taoist priest said, laughing : “ Would you please explain.” Hidden Truth then explain: “ The empty and dilapidated rattraps we see today, were the grand mansions full of beds and boards used by dignitaries at that time.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 08:01, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

So intelligent as Hidden Truth is, he understood the essence of the song entirely in his head as soon as once hearing it, and said: “ Wait a minute. How about I explain your song ''All Good Things Must End'' ？” The Taoist priest said, laughing : “ Would you please explain.” Hidden Truth then explain: “ The empty and dilapidated rattraps we see today, were the grand mansions full of boards used by courtiers at that time.”--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:23, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

衰草枯杨，曾为歌舞场。蛛丝儿结满雕梁，绿纱今又在蓬窗上。说甚么脂正浓，粉正香，如何两鬓又成霜？
Humble hovels and abandoned halls where courtiers once paid daily calls；Bleak places where weeds and trees scarcely thrive
were once with a show of peace and prosperity．When cobwebs cover the mansion’s gilded beams，and collage casement with choice muslin gleams．Would you of perfumed elegance recite? Even as you speak, the raven locks turn white．--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:06, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Withered grass and withered poplar, This used to be a place where people sang and danced. The spider silk is full of carved beams, but the green gauze is on the simple window. The fat is thick and the powder is fragrant, how the temples become the color of frost?--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 15:20, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

昨日黄土陇头埋白骨，今宵红绡帐底卧鸳鸯。金满箱，银满箱，转眼乞丐人皆谤。正叹他人命不长，那知自己归来丧。

Yesterday the bones were buried in the loess, and the mandarin ducks(allusions to couples) lie under the red silk tent tonight. Boxes full of gold, boxes full of silver, everyone yelled and insulted beggars in a blink of an eye. I'm sighing that the lives of others are not long, and I know I'm back to be mourned.

Yesterday the bones were buried in the loess, then tonight it is the time for a newly married couple to sleep behind bed curtains with burning red candle lights.Boxes full of gold, boxes full of silver, everyone yelled and insulted beggars in a blink of an eye. I'm sighed that the lives of others are not long, but failed to predict my own future after return from the funeral.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 11:36, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

训有方，保不定日后作强梁；择膏粱，谁承望流落在烟花巷。因嫌纱帽小，致使锁枷扛；昨怜破袄寒，今嫌紫蟒长。乱烘烘，你方唱罢我登场，反认他乡是故乡。

Though she was well educated according to her parent's plan, one can become a bandit later. She tried her best to marry into a rich family. However, she ended up in a (red-light)? district beyond everyone's expectation. People who are not satisfied with their positions have to spend the rest of their life in a prison in chains. People who used to be very poor and used worn coats to resist the cold were not satisfied with fancy clothes after they became rich. I come on the stage as soon as you have finished your singing in a chaotic manner. Taking other's hometown as my own. --[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 11:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 16:56, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

If properly educated under parents' guidance, one can probabaly become a bandit later. Although trying her best to marry a rich man, she ends up with a driftage in the red-light district beyond everyone's expectation. People's unsatisfication with their positions leads to their miserable life in prison with chains on their bodies. People who used to be very poor and used worn coats to resist the cold were not satisfied with gorgeous clothes any more when they became rich. In noisy disorder, you just finished and I come on the scene.Instead, taking other's hometown as my own.--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 15:17, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

甚荒唐，到头来，都是为他人作嫁衣裳。那疯跛道人听了，拍掌大笑道：“解得切，解得切！”士隐便说一声：“走罢。”

It's so ridiculous. In the end, they made wedding clothes for others. Hearing this, the crazy lame Taoist clapped his hands and laughed, saying "All right, all right !" Then Shiyin said, "let's go."

It's ridiculous. In the end, they make wedding clothes for others. The crazy lame Taoist listened, clapped his hands and laughed and said, "it's right, it's right!" Shiyin said, "let's go."--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 11:43, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

== Headline text ==
==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

将道人肩上的搭裢抢过来背上，竟不回家，同着疯道人飘飘而去。当下哄动街坊，众人当作一件新闻传说。封氏闻知此信，哭个死去活来。

He grabbed the lap on the Taoist's shoulder and carried it on his back. He didn't go home and floated away with the crazy Taoist. At that moment, the neighborhood was stirred up and everyone regarded it as a news legend. When Feng heard this letter, he cried to death.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 11:34, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==Nadia 202011080004==

只得与父亲商议，遣人各处访寻，那讨音信。

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==

无奈何，只得依靠着他父母度日。

He was so helpless that he had to rely on his parents to survive.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==

幸而身边还有两个旧日的丫鬟伏侍，主仆三人，日夜作些针线，帮着父亲用度。

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==

那封肃虽然每日抱怨，也无可奈何了。
Although Feng Su complained every day, he was helpless

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==

这日那甄家的大丫鬟在门前买线，忽听得街上喝道之声。
The other day, the eldest maid of the Chen family was buying thread at the door when she heard a shout from the street.--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 14:50, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==

众人都说：“新太爷到任了。”
Everyone said: "The new grandfather has arrived"

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==

丫鬟隐在门内看时，只见军牢、快手一对一对过去，俄而大轿内抬着一个乌帽猩袍的官府来了。
When the maid concealed in the door, she saw the military jail and quick hands passing one by one, and the official mansion carrying a black hat and ape robe came in the big sedan chair.

==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==

那丫鬟倒发了个怔，自思：“这官儿好面善，倒像在那里见过的。”

<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>
The maid was startled, and thought to herself: "This official is so good-natured, but it looks like someone I've seen there."

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==

于是进入房中，也就丢过，不在心上。

Then she went into the room and laid the matter aside ，without taking it to heart.

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==

至晚间正待歇息之时，忽听一片声打的门响，许多人乱嚷，说：“本县太爷的差人来传人问话！”

English:
When I was about to rest in the evening, I heard a bang on the door suddenly, and many people shouted in disorder, saying, "The county's grandfather's messenger is here for questioning!"

==Öncü 202121080008==

封肃听了，唬得目瞪口呆。

Fengsu hear it,he gaped in consternation --[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 13:28, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==

不知有何祸事，且听下回分解。

Don't know something calamity happened, will describe in the ensuing chapter.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 06:36, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

If you don't know what calamity took place, listen to the break down given in the next chapter.--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 12:54, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==

通灵──“通灵宝玉”的简称。Psychic--short for ''Psychic Treasure.--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 12:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Psychic -- the abbreviation for "Psychic Treasure". --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 03:35, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==

亦即下文所说女娲炼石补天所剩的那块“顽石”，因其历经锻炼而“灵性已通”，并能幻化为贾宝玉，故称。

That is to say, the "stubborn stone" left by Nüwa's refining stone to replenish the sky. As it has undergone training, it has "spiritual achievement" and can be transformed into Jia Baoyu, so it is called. --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 03:48, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

That is to say, the "stubborn stone" left by Nüwa's refining stone to replenish the sky, because it has undergone training, has "spiritually achieved" and can be transformed into Jia Baoyu, so it is called.--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 06:10, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==

《石头记》──此书的本名。
"Story of the Stone" - the original name of the book. --[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 06:26, 24 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

20211208 homework

2021-12-29T16:07:46Z

Mao Yawen: /* 毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514 */

20211208 homework

2021-12-29T16:03:41Z

Mao Yawen: /* 马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513 */

20211215 homework

2021-12-29T16:00:03Z

Mao Yawen: /* 毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

鼎：古代食器。胡羼(chàn忏) ──胡闹。羼：本义为群羊杂居。引申为杂乱不纯，乱七八糟。

Tripod (Ding in Chinese): ancient food utensil. Hu Chan in Chinese means nonsense. Chan in Chinese originally means that the sheep live together, whose extensive meaning is mess.
----

Tripod: ancient food utensil. Hi Chan - nonsense. The original meaning is that sheep live together. It is extended meaning to be messy, impure and messy.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 01:25, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 法语语言文学女 202120081477==

抓──即“抓周”，亦称“试儿”、“试周”。旧俗于婴儿满周岁时，父母摆列各种小件器物，任其抓取，以测试其秉性、智愚、志趣。此俗始于江南，后亦传到北方。

Grasping -- namely "grasping the week", also known as "trying the child" and "trying the week". The old custom is that when a baby reaches the age of one year, his parents arrange all kinds of small objects and let him grab them to test his temperament, intelligence and interest. This custom began in the south of the Yangtze River and later spread to the north.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 01:23, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Catch ─ ─ means "catch the week", also known as "test" and "test week". The old custom is when the baby reaches one year old, the parents arrange all kinds of small utensils and let them grab them to test their disposition, wisdom and ambition. This custom began in the south of the Yangtze River and then spread to the north.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 07:41, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==

事见北朝周·颜之推《颜氏家训·风操》：“江南风俗，儿生一期(年)，为制新衣，盥浴装饰，男则用弓矢纸笔，女则刀尺针缕(线)，并加饮食之物及珍宝服玩，置之儿前，观其发意所取，以验贪亷智愚，名之为试儿。”

It is said in Yan's family instructions and customs by Yan Zhitui of the Northern Dynasty that "the custom in the south of the Yangtze River was born in the first year. It was to make new clothes and decorate bathrooms. Men used bows and arrows, paper and pens, women used knives, rulers, needles and threads (lines), and played with food and precious clothes. They were placed in front of their children and looked at what they wanted to take to test their greed, wisdom and stupidity. They were called test children."--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 07:37, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

It is said in Yan's family instructions and customs by Yan Zhitui of ''the Northern Dynasty'' that the custom in the south of the Yangtze River was born in the first year. It was to make new clothes and decorate bathrooms. Men used bows and arrows, paper and pens, women used knives, rulers, needles and threads (lines), and played with food and precious clothes. They were placed in front of their children and looked at what they wanted to take to test their greed, wisdom and stupidity. They were called test children."--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 12:20, 20 December 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

(宋·赵彦卫《云麓漫钞》卷二也有相同记载)又宋·叶真《爱日斋丛钞》卷一：“《玉壶野史》记曹武惠王(曹彬)始生周晬日，父母以百玩之具罗于席，观其所取。

(Song · Zhao Yanwei's ''Yunlu Manchao'', Volume 2 has the same record) and Song · Ye Zhen, Volume 1, ''Ai Ri Zhai Cong Chao'': "''In the History of Jade Pot'', when King Cao Wu hui (Cao Bin) was on the year ahead in the first week of his birth, his parents viewed the year he took with a hundred toys on the table.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 12:24, 20 December 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

（also recorded in Volume 2 of ''Yunlu Essay'' by Zhao Yanwei，Song Dynasty） Volume 1 of ''Ai Rizhai Essay'' by Ye Zhen，Song Dynasty：“ ''History of Jade Pot'' records that King Wuhui（Cao Bin）'s parents put many toys on the table and observed his choice when he was 100 days years old.”--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:53, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

== Headline text ==
==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

武惠王左手提干戈，右手提俎豆，斯须取一印，馀无所视。曹，真定人。江南遗俗乃在此(指真定)，今俗谓试周是也。”

Lord Wuhui holds weapons with his left hand and dinnerware in his right hand.Then he looks at a seal and graps it without seeing anything else.Lord Wuhui, whose first name is Cao, comes from Zhen Ding county. The place is called Shi Zhou now, on whiche Jiang Nan's old cities lay.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:23, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Lord Wuhui holds weapons with his left hand and dinnerware in his right hand.Then he looks at a seal and graps it without seeing anything else.Lord Wuhui, whose first name is Cao, comes from Zhen Ding county. The place is so-called Shizhou now, on which ancient Jiangnan lay.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:07, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

致知格物──语出《礼记·大学》：“致知在格物，格物而后知至。”意谓要想获得知识，必须探究事物的道理。致：获得，取得。

Zhi Zhi Ge Wu- ''From The Book of Rites·Daxue'': "Zhizhi lies in Gewu, and after Gewu, knowledge arrives." It means that in order to gain knowledge, one must inquire into the truth of things. Zhi: To acquire, to obtain.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 05:18, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Zhi Zhi Ge Wu - originated from ''The Book of Rites·Daxue'': "The intention of Zhizhi refers to Gewu, and after the process of Gewu, knowledge will be obtained." It means that in order to gain knowledge, one must inquire into the truth of things. Zhi: to acquire, and to obtain.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 14:45, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

格：推究，探究，探讨。尧……张──尧、舜、禹、汤、文、武，即唐尧、虞舜、夏禹、成汤、周文王、周武王，是从上古至西周的明君；

Ge: means deduction, exploration and discussion. Yao...Zhang──Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, namely Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Xia Yu, Cheng Tang, Emperor Wen of Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, they are all wise emperors from ancient times to the Zhou Dynasty;--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 13:11, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Ge: means deduction, exploration and discussion. Yao...Zhang──Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, namely Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Xia Yu, Cheng Tang, Emperor Wen of Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, they are all wise emperors from ancient times to Zhou Dynasty;--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 12:13, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

周、召，即周公旦、召公奭，都是西周的贤相；孔、孟，即孔丘(通称孔子)、孟轲(通称孟子)，都是儒学的创始人；董、韩、周、程、朱、张，即汉代董仲舒、唐代韩愈、北宋周敦颐、北宋程颢和程颐兄弟、南宋朱熹、北宋张载，都是儒学理论家。

Zhou, called the Duke of Zhou, and Zhao, called Duke of Shi, are both talented prime ministers (in feudal China); Kong (generally called Confucius) and Meng (generally called Mencius) are both founders of Confucianism; Dong (Dong Zhongshu in Han Dynasty), Han (Han Yu in Tang Dynasty), Zhou (Zhou Dunyi in the Northern Song Dynasty), Cheng (Cheng Jing and Cheng Yi brothers in the Northern Song Dynasty), Zhu (Zhu Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty), Zhang (Zhang Zai in the Northern Song Dynasty) are all Confucian theorists. --[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 07:19, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Zhou and Zhao are respectively the Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Shi and both are talented prime ministers of the Western Zhou Dynasty; both Kong (generally called Confucius) and Meng (generally called Mencius) are founders of Confucianism; Dong (Dong Zhongshu in Han Dynasty), Han (Han Yu in Tang Dynasty), Zhou (Zhou Dunyi in the Northern Song Dynasty), Cheng (Cheng Jing and Cheng Yi brothers in the Northern Song Dynasty), Zhu (Zhu Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty), Zhang (Zhang Zai in the Northern Song Dynasty) are all Confucian theorists. --[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 08:09, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnuó 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

这些人皆是儒家竭力推崇的人物。蚩尤……秦桧──蚩尤、共工，都是传说中上古最凶恶的部族首领；桀、纣、始皇，即夏桀、商纣王、秦始皇，都是登峰造极的暴君；

All these people are strong recommended by confucianists such as Chi You(a mythological warrior engaged in fighting with the Yellow Emperor), Qin Hui (a traitor in the Song dynasty in Chinese history)and so on. Among them both Chi You and Gong Gong (the water god in ancient Chinses history and the devil of floods) are the most ferocious tribal chief in the Chinese legend;and all Xia Jie, Shang Zhou and Qin Shi Huang, being respectively the emperor Jie of Xia Dynasty，the emperor Zhou of Shang Dynasty and the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, are extremely tyrannical.

All these people are strongly recommended by Confucianists such as Chi You(a mythological warrior engaged in fighting with the Yellow Emperor), Qin Hui (a traitor in the Song dynasty in Chinese history)and so on. Among them both Chi You and Gong Gong (the water god in ancient Chinses history and the devil of floods) are the most ferocious tribal chief in the Chinese legend;and all Xia Jie, Shang Zhou and Qin Shi Huang, being respectively the emperor Jie of Xia Dynasty，the emperor Zhou of Shang Dynasty and the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, are extremely tyrannical.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:13, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

王莽、曹操、桓温、安禄山、秦桧，他们分别是汉代、三国、东晋、唐代、南宋人，都是大奸臣乃至叛逆之贼。许由……朝云──许由，传说他是上古时为了逃避帝位而终生隐居的贤人；陶潜(即陶渊明)、阮籍、嵇康、刘伶，都是魏晋时期著名文学家及不与流俗同低昂的独行之士；

Wang Mang, Cao Cao, Huan Wen, An Lushan and Qin Kuei, who were in the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty respectively, were all great treacherous court officials and even traitors. It were Xu You... Zhao Yun -- Xu You who were said a sage who lived in seclusion all his life in order to escape the throne in ancient times. Tao Qian (Tao Yuanming), Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and Liu Ling were all prestigious persons in the Wei and Jin dynasties and mavericks who did not flow along with the turbid currents of the mainstream thought.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:10, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

Wang Mang, Cao Cao, Huan Wen, An Lushan and Qin Kuei, who were in the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty respectively, were all great treacherous court officials and even traitors. Xu You... Zhao Yun -- Xu You. It is said that he was a sage who lived in seclusion all his life in order to escape the throne in ancient times. Tao Qian (Tao Yuanming), Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and Liu Ling were all famous writers in the Wei and Jin dynasties and mavericks who did not flow along with the turbid currents of the world.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 11:57, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

王谢二族，指东晋王导和谢安，都是显贵；顾虎头，即顾恺之，字虎头，是东晋名画家；陈后主、唐明皇、宋徽宗，都是有才气的风流皇帝；

The Two families of Wang and Xie, namely Wang Dao and Xie An, were both nobility in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Gu Hutou, also known as Gu Kaizhi, was a famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Emperor Chen Shubao of Chen, Emperor Ming of Tang and Emperor Huizong of Song were all talented and romantic emperors.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 10:07, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

The Two families of Wang and Xie, namely Wang Dao and Xie An, were both of the nobility in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Gu Hutou, also known as Gu Kaizhi, was a famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Emperor Chen Shubao of Chen, Emperor Ming of Tang and Emperor Huizong of Song were all talented and romantic emperors. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 01:02, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

刘庭芝即刘希夷(字庭芝)、温飞卿即温庭筠(字飞卿)，都是唐代名诗人；米南宫即米芾(南宫为世称)，是北宋名画家；石曼卿即石延年(字曼卿)、柳蓍卿即柳永(字蓍卿)、秦少游即秦观(字少游)，都是北宋著名文学家；

Liu Tingzhi, or Liu Xiyi (courtesy name Tingzhi), Wen Feiqin refers orWen Tingyun (courtesy name Feiqing) are both famous poets of the Tang Dynasty. Mi Nangong, or Mi Fu (nickname Nangong), was a famous painter of the Northern Song Dynasty; Shi Manqing, or Shi Yannian (courtesy name Manqing), Liu Yaoqing, or Liu Yong (courtesy name Yaoqing), and Qin Shaoyou, or Qin Guan (courtesy name Shaoyou), were famous literary scholars of the Northern Song Dynasty.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 01:03, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Liu Tingzhi, or Liu Xiyi (styled Tingzhi), Wen Feiqin refers orWen Tingyun (styled Feiqing) are both famous poets of the Tang Dynasty. Mi Nangong, or Mi Fu (nickname Nangong), was a famous painter of the Northern Song Dynasty; Shi Manqing, or Shi Yannian (styled Manqing), Liu Yaoqing, or Liu Yong (styled Yaoqing), and Qin Shaoyou, or Qin Guan (styled Shaoyou), were famous literary scholars of the Northern Song Dynasty.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 12:27, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

倪云林即倪瓒，字云林，是元代名画家；唐伯虎即唐寅(字伯虎)、祝枝山即祝允明(字枝山)，都是明代名画家、文学家；李龟年(唐代人)、黄幡绰(唐代人)、敬新磨(五代后唐人)，都是名艺人；

Ni Yunlin, i.e Ni Zan, was a famous painter in the Yuan Dynasty. Tang Bohu i.e Tang Yin (styled Bohu), Zhu Zhishan i.e Zhu Yunming (styled Zhishan), are famous Ming dynasty painters, litterateurs; Li Gunian (Tang Dynasty), Huang Fan Chuo (Tang Dynasty), Jing Xinmo (five dynasties later Tang dynasty), are famous artists;--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 12:23, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Ni Yunlin, or Ni Zan, or Ni Yunlin, was a famous painter in the Yuan dynasty; Tang Bohu (or Tang Yin) and Zhu Zhishan (or Zhu Yunming) were famous painters and literary figures in the Ming dynasty; Li Guinian (of the Tang dynasty), Huang Fanchuo (of the Tang dynasty), and Jing Xinmo (of the post-Tang dynasty of the Five Dynasties) were all famous artists.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 06:39, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

卓文君(已见第一回注)、红拂(先为隋相杨素的侍女，后私奔李靖，也是前蜀·杜光庭《虬髯客传》中的女主人公)、薛涛(唐代才妓)、崔莺(即唐·元稹《会真记》、元·王实甫《西厢记》中的崔莺莺)、朝云(宋代名妓)，他们都是以才貌流芳的名女。

Zhuo Wenjun (see the first chapter note), Hong Fu (she used to be as the servant of the Sui minister Yang Su, then eloping to Li Jing; she was also the heroine of ''The Legend of the Gnarled Man'' by Du Guangting), Xue Tao (a talented prostitute of the Tang Dynasty), Cui Ying (i.e. Cui Yingying of Yuan Zhen's ''The Book of Hui Zhen'' and Wang Shifu's "The Western Chamber"), Zhaoyun (a famous prostitute of the Song Dynasty), they are all famous for their talent and beauty. --[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 06:32, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Zhuo Wenjun ( the first chapter noted), Hong Fu (she used to be as the servant of the minister of Sui Dynasty Yang Su, then eloping to Li Jing, also the heroine of ''The Legend of the Gnarled Man'' by Du Guangting), Xue Tao (a talented prostitute of the Tang Dynasty), Cui Ying (namely Cui Yingying of Yuan Zhen's ''The Book of Hui Zhen'' and Wang Shifu's "The Western Chamber"), Zhaoyun (a famous prostitute of the Song Dynasty), they are all famous for their talent and beauty.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 12:25, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

成则公侯败则贼──意谓成功的人便能获得公爵、侯爵之类的高官显爵，失败的人便被看作贼寇。表示世上并无公理，世人不讲是非，只论成功与失败，即只以成败论英雄。这里化用了“败则盗贼，成则帝王”。

Success makes the Duke while failure makes the theif ——which means that, If one is successful, he will be worshipped as the Duke. While one is unsuccessful, he will be despised as the thief. It expresses that there is no generally acknowledged truth in the world and people neglect justice and only pay attention to success and failure, that is, the sole measure. It coins a phrase here, “Failure makes a thief， success a king.”--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 12:25, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

The winner is Duke, the looser is theif means that the person who succeeded would be entitled like Duke and who failed would be dispised as a theif. It presents that there is no generally acknowledged truth in the world and people neglect justice and only pay attention to success and failure, that is, the sole measure. It coins a phrase here, “Failure makes a thief， success a king.”--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 14:58, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

出自宋·邓牧《君道》：“嘻！天下何常之有？败则盗贼，成则帝王。”东床──指女婿。典出《晋书·王羲之传》、南朝宋·刘义庆《世说新语·雅量》：晋朝太尉郗鉴派人至丞相王导家相婿，王丞相令其到东厢房随意挑选。

It is cited from Deng Mu's How to Be Emperor, a work in Song dynasty, saying "how can the world be immutable! The loser is the thief, and the winner is the emperor." Dongchuang refers to the son-in-law, used in Books of Jin: Wang Xizhi's Biography" and Liu Yiqing's "Shi Shuo Xin Yu · Elegance" (Southern Song dynasty): In Jin dynasty Tai Wei (supreme government official in charge of military affairs) Xijian sent an underlying to the prime minister Wang Dao's house for taking in a son-in-law, and Prime Minister Wang invite him to choose at will in the east wing.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 14:43, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

It is cited from Deng Mu's How to Be Emperor, a work in Song dynasty, saying "how can the world be immutable! The loser is the thief, and the winner is the emperor." Dongchuang refers to the son-in-law, used in Books of Jin: Wang Xizhi's Biography" and Liu Yiqing's "Shi Shuo Xin Yu · Elegance" (Southern Song dynasty): In Jin dynasty Tai Wei (supreme government official in charge of military affairs) Xijian sent an official to the prime minister Wang Dao's house choosing a son-in-law, and Prime Minister Wang invited him to choose at will in the east wing room.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:51, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==

此人过去一看，见王家诸郎皆很矜持，唯独王羲之坦腹躺在东床之上，毫不在乎。此人回报，郗鉴即选中王羲之为婿。后世即以“东床”、“东床坦腹”、“东床客”、“东床娇客”等代指女婿。

The man looked over and saw that all the lords of Wang family were very reserved, except Wang Xizhi, who was lying on the east bed and didn't care, showing his belly. In return, Xi Jian chose Wang Xizhi as his son-in-law. Later generations referred to the son-in-law with "East Bed", "East Bed Man Showing Belly", "East Bed Guest", "East Bed Distinguished Guest" and so on.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 04:59, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

The man looked over and saw that all the lords of Wang family were very reserved, except Wang Xizhi, who was lying on the east bed and didn't care, showing his belly. In return, Xi Jian chose Wang Xizhi as his son-in-law. Later generations referred to the son-in-law with "East Bed", "East Bed Man Showing Belly", "East Bed Guest", "East Bed Distinguished Guest" and so on.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:54, 19 December 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

退了一舍之地──意谓退避三十里。形容退居其后，不敢与争。一舍：三十里。这里化用了“退避三舍”之典。He retreat thirty miles. It describes retreating behind and not daring to compete with. Yishe: Thirty Li. The code of "retreat and give up" is used here.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 13:53, 19 December 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

He retreat thirty miles. It describes retreating behind and not daring to compete with. Yishe: Thirty Li. The code of "retreat and give up" is used here
--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 12:02, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

典出《左传·僖公二十三年》：春秋时，晋国公子重耳出奔至楚，楚成王礼遇之，因问道：“公子若反(返)晋国，则何以报不谷？”重耳对曰：“若以君之灵，得反晋国，晋、楚治兵，遇于中原，其辟(避)君三舍。”
This story comes from ''Zuo Zhuan · Xi public twenty three years'': During the Spring and Autumn Period (777-476 BC), Childe Chong Er of the state of Jin went to the state of Chu. King Cheng of Chu gave a banquet for Chong er and asked, "If childe returns to the state of Jin, how will you repay me? Chong Er answered, "If I can return to the state of Jin, if the troops of the state of Jin and the state of Chu meet each other in the Central Plains, I will ask the troops of the state of Jin to retreat 90 li.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 06:56, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
This story comes from ''Zuo Zhuan · Xi public twenty three years'': During the Spring and Autumn Period (777-476 BC), Childe Chong Er of the state of Jin went to the state of Chu. King Cheng of Chu gave a banquet for Chong er and asked, "If childe returns to the state of Jin, how will you repay me? Chong Er answered, "If I can return to the state of Jin, if the troops of the state of Jin and the state of Chu meet each other in the Central Plains, I will ask the troops of the state of Jin to retreat 90 li.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 09:18, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

后重耳返国为君，晋、楚城濮(在今山东省鄄城县西南)之战，重耳遵守诺言，晋军果“退三舍以辟之”。

第三回

托内兄如海荐西宾接外孙贾母惜孤女

Then Childe Chong Er came back to his country as Emperor. In the battle of Jin and Chu in Chengpu (in southwest of Juancheng county in Shandong province), he keeps his promise, then the army of Jin actually retreated to avoid the war.

Chapter 3

Entrust cousin Ru Hai with recommendations of distinguished gusts; Accept granddaughter lady Dowager takes pity on orphan girl

Then Childe Chong Er came back to his country as Emperor. In the battle of Jin and Chu in Chengpu (in southwest of Juancheng county in Shandong province), he keeps his promise, then the army of Jin actually retreated to avoid the war.

Chapter 3

Entrust cousin Ru Hai with recommendations of distinguished gusts; Welcoming her granddaughter, lady Dowager takes pity on the orphan girl.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 11:13, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

却说雨村忙回头看时，不是别人，乃是当日同僚一案参革的张如圭。他系此地人，革后家居，今打听得都中奏准起复旧员之信，他便四下里寻情找门路，忽遇见雨村，故忙道喜。二人见了礼，张如圭便将此信告知雨村。

Rainvillage Merchant, turning round in a hurry, perceived that the speaker was no other than a certain Chang Rugui, an old colleague of his, who had been denounced and deprived of office, on account of some case or other; a native of that district, who had, since his degradation, resided in his home.Having come to hear the news that a memorial, presented in the capital, that the former officers (who had been cashiered) should be reinstated, had received the imperial consent, he had promptly done all he could, in every nook and corner, to obtain influence, and to find the means (of righting his position,) when he, unexpectedly, came across Rainvillage Merchant, to whom he therefore lost no time in offering his congratulations. The two friends exchanged the conventional salutations, and Chang Ju-kuei communicated the tidings to Yue-ts'un.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 07:11, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

Rainvillage Merchant, speedily looking back on, perceived that the speaker was no other than a certain Chang Ju-kuei, an old colleague of his, who had participated in the former case but been denounced and deprived of office, on account of some case or other. He was a native of that district, who had resided at home since his degradation. Having lately come to hear the news that a memorial, presented in the capital, that the former officers (who had been cashiered) should be reinstated, had received the imperial consent, he had promptly done all he could to obtain influence, and to find the means of righting his position. When he, unexpectedly, came across Rainvillage Merchant, he offered offering his congratulations to him soon. The two friends greeted to each other, exchanging the conventional salutations, and Chang Ju-kuei forthwith passed on the information to Rainvillage Merchant.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 04:55, 15 December 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 13:42, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

欢喜，忙忙叙了两句，各自别去回家。冷子兴听得此言，便忙献计，令雨村央求林如海，转向都中去央烦贾政。雨村领其意而别，回至馆中，忙寻邸报看真确了。次日，面谋之如海。如海道：“天缘凑巧。

Rainvillage Merchant was delighted, but after he had made a few remarks in a hurry, each took his leave and sped on his own way homewards. After hearing this conversation, Leng Tzu-hsing hastened at once to propose a plan, advising Rainvillage Merchant to request Lin Ju-hai, then, in his turn, to appeal to Master Merchant in the capital for support.Rainvillage Merchant accepted the suggestion, and took leave of him. Upon returning to the quarter, he made all haste to lay his hand on the Metropolitan Gazette, to ascertain whether the news was authentic or not. On the next day, he had a personal consultation with Ju-hai. "Providence and good fortune are both alike propitious!" said by Ju-hai.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 04:57, 15 December 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 13:45, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

Yue-ts'un was delighted, but after he they made a short conversation, each of them stepped on their own way homewards. After hearing the words of Yue-ts'un, Leng Tzu-hsing hastened at once to propose a plan, advising Yue-ts'un to request Lin Ju-hai, then, in his turn, to appeal to Chia Cheng in the capital for support. Yue-ts'un accepted the suggestion, and took leave of him. Upon returning to the quarter, he made all haste to read the Metropolitan Gazette, to ascertain the authenticity of that news. On the next day, he made a personal consultation with Ju-hai. Thus, Ju-hai said, "Providence and good fortune are both alike propitious!" --[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:06, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

因贱荆去世，都中家岳母念及小女无人依傍，前已遣了男女、船只来接，因小女未曾大痊，故尚未行。此刻正思送女进京。因向蒙教训之恩，未经酬报，遇此机会，岂有不尽心图报之理？弟已预筹之，修下荐书一封，托内兄务为周全，方可稍尽弟之鄙诚；

Since my wife has passed away, my mother-in-law has long before dispatched servants and transporting boats here to fetch my lonely daughter. But she has not set off yet due to the fact that she had not fully recovered at that time. As she is in good condition now, I am considering sending her to her grandma's. Once you have taught my daughter but desired no handsome payment; while now you need help, how can I sit on the fence? I have already well prepared for that in advance --- a recommendation letter has been written to my brother-in-law, to ensure your success in career. Only in this way can I show my gratitude towards you.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 08:15, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Since my wife has passed away, my mother-in-law who lives in the capital worried that my daughter has no one to rely on. So she has long before dispatched servants and transporting boats here to fetch my lonely daughter. But she has not set off yet due to the fact that she had not fully recovered at that time. As she is in good condition now, I am considering sending her to her grandma's. Once you have taught my daughter but desired no handsome payment; while now you need help, how can I sit on the fence? I have already well prepared for that in advance --- a recommendation letter has been written to my brother-in-law, to ensure your success in career. Only in this way can I show my gratitude towards you.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 07:43, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

即有所费，弟于内家信中写明，不劳吾兄多虑。”雨村一面打恭，谢不释口；一面又问：“不知令亲大人现居何职？只怕晚生草率，不敢进谒。”如海笑道：“若论舍亲，与尊兄犹系一家，乃荣公之孙：大内兄现袭一等将军之职，名赦，字恩侯；

“As for the possible costs, I will explain in the letter. You don’t need to worry about it.” Yu Cun bent down and expressed his gratitude, asking: “What does your brother do now? I’m worried that I would take the liberty to pay a visit, it’s too hasty.” Ru Hai laughed and said: “My brother and your brother belong to the same family. They are both descendants of Origin Merchant. My eldest brother is now a first-class general, his name is Pardon Merchant, whose alternative given name is Enhou.”--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 07:38, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

“As for the possible costs, I will explain in the letter. You needn’t to worry about it.” Yu Cun bent down and expressed his gratitude, asking: “What does your brother do now? I’m worried that I would take the liberty to pay a visit, it’s too hasty.” Ru Hai laughed and said: “My brother and your brother belong to the same family. They are both descendants of Ronggong. The eldest brother of my wife is now a first-class general, his name is Pardon Merchant, whose alternative given name is Enhou.” --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 23:46, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

二内兄名政，字存周，现任工部员外郎，其为人谦恭厚道，大有祖父遗风，非膏粱轻薄之流，故弟致书烦托，否则不但有污尊兄清操，即弟亦不屑为矣。”雨村听了，心下方信了昨日子兴之言，于是又谢了林如海。

“The second brother of my wife named Zheng, his style name is Cunzhou. He is the Yuanwai official of the Ministry of Works in feudal China. He is moderate and kind, has the dignity of his grandfather, and is not the flimsy type. Therefore, my brother sent a letter to me. Otherwise, I will not only pollute my brother's operation, but also despise my brother.” After hearing this, Yuchun had believed the words of Zixing yesterday, therefore, he thanked Lin Ruhai again. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 01:27, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

The second brother-in-law is named Zheng, and the word is kept in Zhou. He is currently a member of the Ministry of Engineering. He is courteous and kind. He has a grandfather's legacy. He is not anointing and frivolous. Disdainful. "Yucun listened, and believed in Xing's words from yesterday, so he thanked Lin Ruhai again.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 14:12, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

如海又说：“择了出月初二日小女入都，吾兄即同路而往，岂不两便？”雨村唯唯听命，心中十分得意。如海遂打点礼物并饯行之事，雨村一一领了。那女学生原不忍离亲而去，无奈他外祖母必欲其往，且兼如海说：“汝父年已半百，再无续室之意；
Ruhai also said: "I chose the girl to enter the capital on the second day of the lunar month, and my brother will go the same way. Isn't it both convenient?" Yucun obeyed,and RuHai was very satisfied . Ruhai then took some gifts and walked away, and Yucun took them one by one. The girl student couldn't bear to leave her relatives, but his grandmother wanted to go there. She also said like the sea: "Your father is half a hundred years old, and there is no intention to remarry.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 14:11, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
Ruhai said, "I chose the second day of the month to enter the capital, and my brother went the same way. Rain village obedient, the heart is very proud. Such as Haisui make gifts and farewell dinner, Rain village one by one. The girl could not bear to leave her, but her grandmother wanted her to go, saying, "Your father is fifty years old, and has no intention of staying in the house;--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 12:27, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

且汝多病，年又极小，上无亲母教养，下无姊妹扶持。今去依傍外祖母及舅氏姊妹，正好减我内顾之忧，如何不去？”黛玉听了，方洒泪拜别，随了奶娘及荣府中几个老妇登舟而去。雨村另有船只，带了两个小童，依附黛玉而行。
You are sick, you are young, you have no mother to nurse you, and no sisters to nurse you. Now I am going to my grandmother and my uncle and sisters, which will relieve my worries. Why not?" When Mascara Jade Forest heard this, she said goodbye with tears and followed the wet nurse and some old women in the Rong House to the boat. Yucun had another boat with two children attached to Mascara Jade Forest.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 12:25, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
----

And you are sick, very young, no mother to raise, no sister support. Today I go to rely on my grandmother and uncle's sisters, just to reduce my internal worries, how not to go? Dai Yu listened, and Fang shed tears to say goodbye, and followed the grandmother and several old women in the Rong Mansion to board the boat. There was another boat in the rain village, with two children, who were attached to Daiyu.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 12:29, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

一日到了京都，雨村先整了衣冠，带着童仆，拿了宗侄的名帖，至荣府门上投了。彼时贾政已看了妹丈之书，即忙请入相会。见雨村相貌魁伟，言谈不俗；且这贾政最喜的是读书人，礼贤下士，拯溺救危，大有祖风；况又系妹丈致意：因此优待雨村，更又不同。
One day, when Rainvillage Merchant arrived in Jingdou, he dressed himself, and went to Rongfu with his nephew's name card. At this time Master Jia had seen his brother-in-law's letter, immediately invited him to come in to meet. Rainvillage Merchant looked tall and handsome and talked well. And Master Jia most like scholar, courtesy, saving, great predecessors style; Therefore, Master Jia is very good to Rainvillage Merchant. He is different from others.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 08:18, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

One day, when Rainvillage Merchant arrived in Jingdou, he dressed himself, and went to Rongfu with his nephew's name card. At the very moment that Master Jia had received his brother-in-law's letter, he immediately invited him to come in to meet. Rainvillage Merchant looked tall and handsome and talked well. And Master Jia most like scholar, courtesy, saving, great predecessors style; Therefore, Master Jia is very good to Rainvillage Merchant. He is different from others--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 12:39, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

便极力帮助，题奏之日，谋了一个复职。不上两月，便选了金陵应天府，辞了贾政，择日到任去了，不在话下。且说黛玉自那日弃舟登岸时，便有荣府打发轿子并拉行李车辆伺候。这黛玉尝听得母亲说，他外祖母家与别人家不同

They tried to help, the day of the title, sought a reinstatement. Within two months, he was elected to Jinling Yingtianfu, resigned from Jia Zheng, and left for his post on a certain day. Now, when Mascara Jade abandoned her boat and landed on the shore that day, she was served by a sedan chair sent by the Rongfu and a luggage cart. Mascara Jade heard from her mother that her grandmother's family was different from others.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 12:40, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

They sought to a position the day that he presented a petition to the throne. Within two months, he was elected to Jinling Mansion, resigned from Master Merchant，and left for his post on a certain day. Now, when Mascara Jade disembarked that day, she was served by a sedan chair sent by the Rongguo Mansion and a luggage cart. Mascara Jade heard from her mother that her grandmother's family was different from others.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 12:44, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

他近日所见的这几个三等的仆妇，吃穿用度，已是不凡；何况今至其家，都要步步留心，时时在意，不要多说一句话，不可多行一步路，恐被人耻笑了去。自上了轿，进了城，从纱窗中瞧了一瞧，其街市之繁华，人烟之阜盛，自非别处可比。

In the past few days, she has been deeply impressed by the food, clothing and behavior of the low- ranking attendants who accompanied her. She decided that in their new home, she must always be vigilant and carefully weigh every word so as not to be ridiculed for any stupid mistake. When she carried into the city, she peeped out through the gauze window on her chair at the bustling and crowded streets, which she had never seen before.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 08:32, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

The three-class servants she had seen recently have an extraordinary cost of food and clothing. What's more, since got on the sedan chair and entered the city, the prosperous market and the populousness of the city through the screen window were not comparable to other places. when coming to grandmother's mansion must pay attention to every step and be cautious with words so as not to be ridiculed by others. Daiyu thought. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 15:56, 12 December 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

又行了半日，忽见街北蹲着两个大石狮子，三间兽头大门，门前列坐着十来个华冠丽服之人。正门不开，只东、西两角门有人出入。正门之上有一匾，匾上大书“敕造宁国府”五个大字。黛玉想道：“这是外祖的长房了。”

After half day, there are two large stone lions squatting on the north side of the street, three gates decorated with beast head, and a dozen people in gorgeous crowns and clothes are sitting in front of the gate. The main gate is closing, only the east and west corners enterences are accessible. There is a plaque above the main gate with five big characters "Ningguo Mansion". "That must be grandfather's the first son's mansion."Daiyu thought. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 15:39, 12 December 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

After another half-day walk, they came to a street with two huge stone lions crouching on the north side and three gates decorated with beast head, in front of which ten or more people in gorgeous crowns and clothes were sitting. The main gate was shut, with only people passing in and out of the other two smaller gates. On a board above the main gate was written in big characters "Ningguo Mansion Built at Imperial Command". Daiyu realized that this must be where the elder branch of her grandmather's family lived.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 05:40, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

又往西不远，照样也是三间大门，方是荣国府，却不进正门，只由西角门而进。轿子抬着走了一箭之远，将转弯时便歇了轿，后面的婆子也都下来了。另换了四个眉目秀洁的十七八岁的小厮上来抬着轿子，众婆子步下跟随。

A little further to the west they came to another three gates. This was the Rong Mansion. Instead of going through the main gate, they entered the one on the west. The bearers carried the chair a bow-shot further, and then set it down at the turning and withdrew, the maidservants now going down the chair. Another four seventeen or eighteen smartly dressed lads picked up the chair, followed by the maids.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 05:09, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Not far to the west is the same three-room gate, which is the Rongguo Mansion. Instead of going through the main gate, they entered the one on the west. The bearers carried the chair a bow-shot further, and then set it down at the turning and withdrew, the maidservants now going down the chair. Another four seventeen or eighteen smartly dressed lads picked up the chair, followed by the maids.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 07:26, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

至一垂花门前落下，那小厮俱肃然退出。众婆子上前打起轿帘，扶黛玉下了轿。黛玉扶着婆子的手，进了垂花门，两边是超手游廊，正中是穿堂，当地放着一个紫檀架子大理石屏风。转过屏风，小小三间厅房。

When the palanquin was dropped in front of a pendant door, the attendants all retired in silence. The ladies came forward and raised the curtain of the palanquin and helped Daiyu out of the palanquin. The two sides of the door are overhand corridors, and the centre is a hall with a marble screen on a rosewood frame. Turning past the screen, there is a small three-room hall.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 07:22, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

After the palanquin was dropped in front of a floral-pendant gates, the attendants all retreated in silence. The maids came forward and drew the curtain of the palanquin to help Mascara Jade Forest out of the palanquin. Holding the hands of those maids, Black Jade enter the floral-pendant gates. On the two sides of the door were Chaoshou veranda, and in the center was a vestibule with a marble screen in a rosewood frame. Past the screen, there were three small rooms. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 13:01, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

厅后便是正房大院：正面五间上房，皆是雕梁画栋；两边穿山游廊、厢房，挂着各色鹦鹉、画眉等雀鸟。台阶上坐着几个穿红着绿的丫头，一见他们来了，都笑迎上来道：“刚才老太太还念诵呢，可巧就来了。”于是三四人争着打帘子。一面听得人说：“林姑娘来了。”

Behind the banqueting hall was the courtyard of the principal rooms: the five principal rooms on the front all had carved beams and painted rafters; from the roof of the verandah on both sides, the cages of parrots, thrushes and various birds hung there. A few girls in red and green sat on the steps. Saw they coming, the girls all smiled and came up: “Just now grandma was taking about you. You arrived just in time.” Then they rushed to pull the curtain. From the other side, a man said: “Miss Forest is coming.”--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:28, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

Behind the hall was the courtyard of the central house: five principal rooms in the front with carved beams, while along two sides corridors and chambers with colorfully painted birds as parrots and thrush. There were several maids in red and green sitting on the steps. Seeing visitors coming, they greeted them with smiles, saying, "The old lady just talked about you again and again in anticipation, and here you are." then the four maids scrambled to open the curtain. Meanwhile a man said, "Miss Forest is coming."--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 12:47, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

黛玉方进房，只见两个人扶着一位鬓发如银的老母迎上来。黛玉知是外祖母了，正欲下拜，早被外祖母抱住，搂入怀中，“心肝儿肉”叫着大哭起来。当下侍立之人无不下泪，黛玉也哭个不休。众人慢慢解劝，那黛玉方拜见了外祖母。
An silver-haired old lady supported by two maids came and welcomed her while Mascara Jade entered the room. Realizing that this was her grandmother, she was about to bow down to show her respects. Suddenly she was tightly hugged by grandmoa who crying out harrowingly "my sweet heart!" Servants and maids were all in tears, and Black Jade also sobbed unceasingly. People persuaded them softly, then Mascara Jade was able to pay her respects to her grandmother. --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 12:14, 19 December 2021 (U

As Dai Yu just came to the home, there came a silver-haired old woman.Dai Yu knew she was grandma, and as she was going to bow down to show her respect, she has been already hugged by her grandma, who cried:"my sweety!". The surrounding maids all cried, as well as Dai Yu. The crowds slowy persuade her, and Dai Yu then showed her respect to her grandma.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 14:01, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

贾母方一一指与黛玉道：“这是你大舅母。这是二舅母。这是你先前珠大哥的媳妇珠大嫂子。”黛玉一一拜见。贾母又说：“请姑娘们。今日远客来了，可以不必上学去。”众人答应了一声，便去了两个。

Baoyu's grandmother than introduce them respectively:"This is your eldest aunt, and this is your second aunt.This is your Zhu brother's wife. Dai Yu greet them one by one.Baoyu's grandmother than said that:"Invite the gilrs. Today here come the dear guest, so they don't need to go to school." Surrounding people said yes, and two of them left.

The Lady Dowager then introduced them respectively to Daiyu: "This is your eldest aunt, and this is your second uncle's wife. This is your deceased elder brother Zhu's wife." Daiyu greeted them one by one. Her grandmother then said: "Tell all the girls to come here. We have visitor who came from afar, so they don't need to go to school." Surrounding people answered yes, and two of them left to call them.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 07:22, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

不一时，只见三个奶妈并五六个丫鬟，拥着三位姑娘来了：第一个肌肤微丰，身材合中，腮凝新荔，鼻腻鹅脂，温柔沉默，观之可亲；第二个削肩细腰，长挑身材，鸭蛋脸儿，俊眼修眉，顾盼神飞，文彩精华，见之忘俗；

In a little while, three grannies and five or six servant girls turned up, clustering with three ladies. The first was somewhere plump in figure and of average height; her cheek was in beautiful shape, like a fresh lichee; her nose was glossy like the goose grease; she was gentle and quiet in nature, who looks very friendly. The second was thin and tall with an oval face, sparking eyes and long eyebrows; her elegance and quick-witted mind tickle people’s fancy, letting them forget everything vulgar.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 08:11, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

After a while, the three young ladies showed up, escorted by three wet nurses and five or six maids. The first was slightly plump and of medium height; her cheeks were as smooth and soft as the newly ripened lichees, and her nose was as glossy as goose fat. She was tender and reticent, and looked very affable. The second had drooping shoulders and a slender waist; she was tall and slim, with an oval face, bright and piercing eyes as well as delicate eyebrows. She seemed elegant, quick-witted and in high spirits, with a display of distinctive charm. People who looked at her were to forget everything vulgar and tawdry.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 23:42, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

第三个身量未足，形容尚小：其钗环裙袄，三人皆是一样的妆束。黛玉忙起身，迎上来见礼，互相厮认，归了坐位。丫鬟送上茶来。不过叙些黛玉之母如何得病，如何请医服药，如何送死发丧。不免贾母又伤感起来，因说：“我这些女孩儿，所疼的独有你母亲。

The third one was not yet fully grown, and she still had the face of a child. All the three young ladies were dressed in similar garments, that is, the tunics and the skirts with the same bracelets and head ornaments. Mascara Jade Forest hastily rose to greet politely these cousins, and then they introduced to and acquainted with each other, after which they took seats while the maids served the tea. All their talk now was about Mascara Jade Forest's mother: the culprit for her illness, the medicine that the doctors prescribed for treating her disease, and the conduction of her funeral and mourning ceremonies. Inevitably, Grandma Merchant couldn't help being affected painfully. "Of all my chilren I loved your mother best," she told Mascara Jade.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 07:49, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

今一旦先我而亡，不得见面，怎不伤心！”说着，携了黛玉的手，又哭起来。众人都忙相劝慰，方略略止住。众人见黛玉年纪虽小，其举止言谈不俗；身体面貌虽弱不胜衣，却有一段风流态度，便知他有不足之症。

Once she died before me, I could not see her again. She said, taking Mascara Jade Forest's hand, and cried again. Everyone was busy trying to console her, and soon she slightly stopped. They saw that although Mascara Jade Forest was young, her manner and speech were not ordinary; although her health was weak, she had graceful and elegant manner, so they knew that she had a disease of deficiency.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 08:43, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

"Once she died before me, it is so sad that I could not see her again." she said, taking Mascara Jade Forest's hand, and cried again. Everyone was trying to console her, and then she slightly stopped. They saw that although Mascara Jade Forest was young, her manner and speech were not ordinary; although she was weak, she had graceful and elegant gestures, so they learned that she had a disease of deficiency.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 06:35, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

因问：“常服何药？为何不治好了？”黛玉道：“我自来如此，从会吃饭时便吃药到如今了，经过多少名医，总未见效。那一年我才三岁，记得来了一个癞头和尚，说要化我去出家，我父母自是不从。

So they asked:" What medicine do you usually take? Why doesn't it work?" Mascara Jade Forest replied:" I am used to getting along with my disease. I have been taking medicine since I could eat. A lot of famous daocters cannot contribute to my illness.When I was three years old, a monk with favus on the head came to persuade me to become a nun,but my parents declined him.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 08:07, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

They then asked, "What medicines do you take regularly? Why can't you cure your illness?" Mascara Jade Forest, "I am used to getting along with my disease. I have been taking medicine since I could eat. A lot of famous docters cannot contribute to my illness. I was only three years old when I remember a mangy monk came and said he wanted to convert me to a monk, but my parents refused.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 06:29, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

他又说：‘既舍不得他，但只怕他的病，一生也不能好的；若要好时，除非从此以后，总不许见哭声，除父母之外，凡有外亲，一概不见，方可平安了此一生。’这和尚疯疯癫癫，说了这些不经之谈，也没人理他。

The monk said, "if you can't bear to part with her she'll probably nerver get well. The only remedy is to keep her from hearing weeping and from seeing any relatives apart from her father and mother. That's her only hope of having a quiet life." No one paid any attention, of course, to such crazy talk.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 06:24, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

The monk said, "if you can't bear to separate with her, she'll probably nerver get well. The only remedy is to keep her from hearing weeping and from seeing any relatives apart from her father and mother. That's her only hope of having a quiet life." No one paid any attention, of course, to such nonsense talk.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 12:12, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

[[Media:Example.ogg]]==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

如今还是吃人参养荣丸。”贾母道：“这正好，我这里正配丸药呢，叫他们多配一料就是了。”一语未完，只听后院中有笑语声，说：“我来迟了，没得迎接远客。”黛玉思忖道：“这些人个个皆敛声屏气如此，这来者是谁，这样放诞无礼？”

Now Mascara Jade Forest is still taking ginseng pills.And Grandma Merchant said:" What a coincidence! The pills are making now, I just tell them to add one." The words have not been finished, but there is a laugh in the back yard, which said:" I come late and fail to welcome our distinguished guest." Mascara Jade Forest thought: all people here are holding their breath, who is this person that is so arrogant and rude?--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 08:19, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Now Lin Daiyu is still taking ginseng pills. And Grandma Merchant said:" It just so happens that I have been asking them to dispense the pills, just asking them to do one more portion." The words are not finished, but there is a laugh in the back yard, which said:" I am late and fail to welcome our distinguished guest." Mascara Jade Forest thought: “all people here are holding their breath, who is this person that is so arrogant and rude?”--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 09:33, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

心下想时，只见一群媳妇、丫鬟拥着一个丽人，从后房进来。这个人打扮与姑娘们不同，彩绣辉煌，恍若神妃仙子：头上戴着金丝八宝攒珠髻，绾着朝阳五凤挂珠钗；项上戴着赤金盘螭缨络圈；身上穿着缕金百蝶穿花大红云缎窄褃袄，外罩五彩刻丝石青银鼠褂；

While Mascara Jade Forest is still thinking about it, a group of daughters-in-law and maids cluster around a beauty coming in from the back room. She dresses up differently from other girls, with colorful embroidery splendor, and looks like a divine concubine or a fairy: wearing a gold silk beads bun decorated with eight treasures and the five phoenix hairpin hanging with beads on the head; a red gold coiled chi dragon tassel ring around the neck; the bright red made of cloud satin material narrow lining cotton jacket with decorations of wisps of gold hundred butterflies and flowers, and the outer coat with decorations of the multicolored engraved silk stone green silver mouse. --[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 09:34, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Mascara Jade Forest was still thinking about it when she saw a group of daughters-in-law and maids embracing a beautiful woman who came in from the back room. This woman dresses differently from the girls, with colorful embroidery splendor, and looks like a divine concubine fairy: wearing a gold silk eight treasure save beads bun and the sunrise five phoenix hanging beads hairpin on the head; a red gold coiled chi dragon tassel ring around the neck; wearing the bright red made of cloud satin material narrow lining cotton jacket with decorations of wisps of gold hundred butterflies and flowers, and the outer coat with decorations of the multicolored engraved silk stone green silver mouse.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 07:47, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

下着翡翠撒花洋绉裙。一双丹凤三角眼，两弯柳叶吊梢眉。身量苗条，体格风骚。粉面含春威不露，丹唇未启笑先闻。黛玉连忙起身接见。贾母笑道：“你不认得他。他是我们这里有名的一个泼辣货，南京所谓‘辣子’，你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了。”

Splendid Pheonix King wore a jadeite flowered dress underneath, with a pair of phoenix triangle eyes and two curved willow hanging eyebrows. Her figure is slim and her physique is flirtatious. She can be described with “ the face is delicate and beautiful, spirited character of her is not revealed in the appearance, red lips beautiful, not yet open mouth first heard her laugh”. Mascara Jade Forest hastily got up to curtsy to her. Grandma Merchant said with a smile, "You do not recognize her. She is famous for her boldness and vigorousness here, she is truly the 'chilli woman' in Nanjing dialect, you can just call her ' chilli Feng'."--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 07:35, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Splendid Pheonix King, characterized by a pair of phoenix triangle eyes and two curved willow hanging eyebrows, wore an emerald flowered crepe skirt. She was slender and coquettish, with a delicate face and a smiling lip. Mascara Jade Forest promptly rose quickly to greet her. Grandma Merchant said with a smile: “ you don’t know him. He is famous for her fierceness and toughness, namely the so-called Nanjing chilli. So you can just call him ‘Chilli Pheonix’.”--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 12:48, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

黛玉正不知以何称呼，众姊妹都忙告诉黛玉道：“这是琏二嫂子。”黛玉虽不曾识面，听见他母亲说过：大舅贾赦之子贾琏，娶的就是二舅母王氏的内侄女，自幼假充男儿教养，叫做王熙凤学名。黛玉忙陪笑见礼，以“嫂”呼之。

Mascara Jade Forest was insensible of what to call her. Then her sisters told her promptly: “ this is your sister-in-law Romance Second Merchant.” Although Mascara Jade Forest had never met her, she heard of her from his mother: Romance Merchant, the son of her Uncle Pardon Merchant, had married the niece of Aunt King, named scientifically Splendid Phoenix King, was brought up as a male offspring since childhood. Mascara Jade Forest was engaged in smiling and saluting at her, calling her “sister-in-law”.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 12:32, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Daiyu didn't know what to call her. Then her sisters told her promptly: “This is your sister-in-law Lian Er.” Although Daiyu had never met her, she heard of her from his mother: Jia Lian, the son of her Uncle Jia She, had married the niece of Aunt Wang.She was brought up as a male offspring since childhood and her academic name is Wang Xifeng. Daiyu was engaged in smiling and saluting at her, calling her “sister-in-law”.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 01:55, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

这熙凤携着黛玉的手，上下细细打量了一回，便仍送至贾母身边坐下，因笑道：“天下真有这样标致人儿！我今日才算看见了。况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是嫡亲的孙女儿似的，怨不得老祖宗天天嘴里心里放不下。

Taking Daiyu's hand, Xifeng looked up and down her carefully, then she sent her to Mother Jia's side to sit down.She laughed and said:"There is really such a beautiful person in the world!I didn't see her until today.Moreover,the style of her makes her be more like your son's daughter than your daughter's daughter.It's no wonder that you are concerned about her so much.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 01:49, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Taking Mascara Jade Forest's hand, Splendid Phoenix King looked her up and down carefully, then sent her to Grandma Merchant's side to sit down. She laughed and said:"There is really such a beautiful person in the world! I haven’t seen her until today. Moreover, her extraordinary temperament makes her be more like your son's daughter rather than your daughter's daughter. It's no wonder that you are concerned about her so much. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 06:48, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

只可怜我这妹妹这么命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了呢？”说着便用帕拭泪。贾母笑道：“我才好了，你又来招我；你妹妹远路才来，身子又弱，也才劝住了：快别再提了。”

I pity my sister for being so miserable, how could my aunt died so early?" She said, wiping her tears with her handkerchief. Grandma Merchant laughed and said, "I've just recovered. You come to provoke me again. Your sister has just arrived from a long journey and is weak, so she has just been persuaded: Don't mention it again."--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 02:37, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

I pity my sister who is so miserable, how could my aunt have died?" She said, wiping her tears with her handkerchief. Your sister has only just arrived from a long journey and is weak, so she has only just been persuaded to stop talking about it."--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 08:22, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

熙凤听了，忙转悲为喜道：“正是呢，我一见了妹妹，一心都在他身上，又是喜欢，又是伤心，竟忘了老祖宗了。该打，该打！”又忙拉着黛玉的手问道：“妹妹几岁了？可也上过学？现吃什么药？在这里别想家。

The first time I saw my sister, I was all over him, and I liked him, and I was sad, and I forgot about my ancestors. You should be beaten, you should be beaten!" He also took Daiyu's hand and asked, "How old is my sister? How old is she? What kind of medicine do you take now? Don't be homesick here.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 08:21, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

The first time I saw my sister, I was all over him, and I liked him, and I was sad, and I forgot about my ancestors. You should be beaten, you should be beaten!" He also took Daiyu's hand and asked, "How old is my sister? How old is she? What kind of medicine do you take now? Don't be homesick here.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 11:14, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

要什么吃的，什么玩的，只管告诉我；丫头、老婆们不好，也只管告诉我。”黛玉一一答应。一面熙凤又问人：“林姑娘的东西可搬进来了？带了几个人来？你们赶早打扫两间屋子，叫他们歇歇儿去。”

Just tell me what you want to eat and play; Girls and old servants are not good, just tell me. " Daiyu nodded one by one. On one side, Xifeng asked, "have you moved in Miss Lin's things? How many people have you brought? Clean the two rooms early and tell them to have a rest."--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 06:54, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Tell me what you want to eat and play; And if the maids or old nurses aren't good to you, just let me know. " Mascara Jade Forest nodded one by one. At the same time, Splendid Phoenix asked, "Have Miss Forest's things been moved in? And how many people does she bring? Clean the two rooms as soon as possible and tell them to have a rest there."--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 08:24, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

说话时已摆了果茶上来，熙凤亲自布让。又见二舅母问他：“月钱放完了没有？”熙凤道：“放完了。刚才带了人到后楼上找缎子，找了半日，也没见昨儿太太说的那个。想必太太记错了。”王夫人道：“有没有，什么要紧！”

Fruits and tea had been prepared when Splendid Phoenix was talking, and she arranged them by herself. Lady King asked her whether the monthly payment has been given out, she answered yes. “I looked for the satin in the back stairs with some people for hours just now, but didn’t find which madam mentioned yesterday. Madam must be wrong.” Splendid Phoenix King said, and Lady King answered, “ It doesn’t matter if there is or not.”--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 07:45, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Fruits and tea had been prepared when Xifeng was talking, and she arranged them by herself. The second aunt asked her, "Have the monthly payment been given out?" Xifeng answered, "Yes. And I looked for the satin in the back stairs with some people for hours just now, but didn’t find what madam mentioned yesterday. Madam mabey remember something wrong.” Mrs. Wang replied, “ It doesn’t matter if there is or not.”--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 09:03, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

因又说道：“该随手拿出两个来，给你这妹妹裁衣裳啊。等晚上想着，再叫人去拿罢。”熙凤道：“我倒先料着了，知道妹妹这两日必到，我已经预备下了。等太太回去过了目，好送来。”

Mrs. Wang said, "You should take out a couple of satin pieces to cut your sister's dress. When you think of this matter in the evening, send someone for the satin ." Xifeng said, "I expected it. I knew my sister would arrive in these two days, and I had already made preparations. I will send someone for the satin as soon as you have returned and examined it."--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 08:52, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Mrs. Wang added, "You should take out a couple of satin pieces to cut your sister's dress. When you think of this in the evening, send someone for the satin ." Xifeng said, "I have expected it. I know my sister will arrive in these two days, and I have already made preparations. I will send someone for the satin as soon as you have examined it."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 13:58, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

王夫人一笑，点头不语。当下茶果已撤，贾母命两个老嬷嬷带黛玉去见两个舅舅去。维时贾赦之妻邢氏忙起身笑回道：“我带了外甥女儿过去，到底便宜些。”

Her Ladyship smiled, nodded and said nothing. Now the refreshments were cleared away and the Lady Dowager ordered two nurses to take Daiyu to see her two uncles. At this time, Mrs. She also immediately stood up, replied with smile, "it's also very convenient for me to take my niece."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 13:51, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Her Lady City smiled, nodded but said nothing. Now the refreshments were cleared away and the Lady Dowager ordered two mothers to take Mascara Jade Forest to see her two uncles. At this time, Lady Xing immediately stood up, replied with a smile, "it's also very convenient for me to take my niece."--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 08:37, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

贾母笑道：“正是呢，你也去罢，不必过来了。”那邢夫人答应了，遂带着黛玉，和王夫人作辞，大家送至穿堂。垂花门前早有众小厮拉过一辆翠幄青油车来，邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起。

Grandma Merchant laughed and said: “ Yeah, you can also leave, and don’t have to come here.” Lady City promised, and said goodbye to Lady King with Mascara Jade Forest , all of them went through the hallway. The ingenious green carriage, which drove by a group of manservants stood in front of the floral-pendant gates, Lady City set in the car with Mascara Jade Forest, several old mothers put down the car shade, instructing boys uplift the carriage. --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 08:35, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

The mother laughed and said, "Exactly, you also go, no need to come." That Mrs. Xing agreed, so took Daiyu, and Mrs. Wang to say goodbye, we sent to the wear hall. The tent green oil carriage in front of the flower gate, Mrs. Xing took Daiyu to sit on it, the wives put down the curtain, and ordered the boys to lift it.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 01:13, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

拉至宽处，驾上驯骡，出了西角门往东，过荣府正门，入一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前方下了车。邢夫人挽着黛玉的手进入院中。黛玉度其处必是荣府中之花园隔断过来的。
Pulled to a wide place, driving on the tame mule, out of the west corner gate to the east, past the main gate of Rongfu, into a black-painted gate, to the front of the ceremony door down the car. Mrs. Xing took Daiyu's hand and entered the courtyard. The first thing you need to do is to get to the garden.

Then he took the mule，went out the west Corner gate to the east, passed the main gate of Rongfu, entered a black painted gate, and got off in front of Yi gate. Lady Xing took Daiyu's hand and entered the courtyard. Daiyu spent its place must be the garden in the rong mansion partition come over.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 01:38, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

进入三层仪门，果见正房、厢房、游廊悉皆小巧别致，不似那边的轩峻壮丽，且院中随处之树木山石皆好。及进入正室，早有许多艳妆丽服之姬妾、丫鬟迎着。邢夫人让黛玉坐了；一面令人到外书房中请贾赦。

When we entered the three-story ceremonial gate, the main room, wing room and verandah were all small and unique, unlike those of the other side. Besides, the trees, mountains and stones in the courtyard were all good. When they entered the main room, there were many concubines and servant girls dressed in colourful makeup and beautiful clothes waiting for them. Lady City asked Mascarra Jade to sit down and then let others invite Pardon Merchant in the outer study.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 01:02, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

When entering the three- layers ceremonial gate, Daiyu found that the main room, wing room and verandah were all small and unique, unlike those of the other side. Besides, the trees, mountains and stones in the courtyard were all good. When they entered the main room, there were many concubines and servant girls dressed in heavy makeup and beautiful clothes waiting for them. Madam Xing asked Daiyu to sit down and then let others invite Jia She in the outer study.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 12:10, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

一时回来说：“老爷说了：‘连日身上不好，见了姑娘，彼此伤心，暂且不忍相见。劝姑娘不必伤怀想家，跟着老太太和舅母，是和家里一样的。姐妹们虽拙，大家一处作伴，也可以解些烦闷。或有委屈之处，只管说，别外道了才是。’”

Mrs.Xing came back and said, "the master said, 'I've been felt not so good for days. I am afraid that I will be emotional if I see you, so I can't bear to see you for the time being. I advise you not to be homesick. It's the same as home to follow the old lady and aunt. Although the sisters are clumsy, you can relieve some boredom if you keep company together. If you have grievances, just tell us and make yourself at home.''--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 12:07, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

Mrs.Xing came back and said, "the master said, 'I've been felt not so good for days. I am afraid that I will be emotional if I see you, so I can't bear to see you for the time being. I advise you not to be homesick. It's the same as home to follow the old lady and aunt. Although the sisters are clumsy, you can relieve some boredom if you keep company together. If you have grievances, just tell us and make yourself at home.''--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:45, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

黛玉忙站起身来，一一答应了。再坐一刻便告辞，邢夫人苦留吃过饭去。黛玉笑回道：“舅母爱惜赐饭，原不应辞；只是还要过去拜见二舅舅，恐去迟了不恭，异日再领。望舅母容谅。”

Daiyu stood up and agreed one by one. Sitting for a moment and then said goodbye, Mrs. Xing painstakingly stay to eat a meal. Daiyu smile back: "aunt love to give rice, should not resign; just have to go over to see second uncle, afraid to go late disrespectful, another day to receive. I hope aunt forgive me."--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 07:44, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

Mascara Jade Forest stood up and agreed one by one. Sitting for a moment and then said goodbye, Lady City painstakingly stay to eat a meal. Mascara Jade Forest smile back: "aunt love to give rice, should not resign; just have to go over to see second uncle, afraid to go late disrespectful, another day to receive. I hope aunt forgive me.

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

邢夫人道：“这也罢了。”遂命两个嬷嬷用方才坐来的车送过去。于是黛玉告辞。邢夫人送至仪门前，又嘱咐了众人几句，眼看着车去了方回来。一时黛玉进入荣府，下了车，只见一条大甬路直接出大门来。

Lady City said: “That’s fine.” So she ordered two Sisters to send Mascara Jade Forest back by Carriage used before. So Mascara Jade Forest farewell others. Lady City saw her off and said some words to others, seeing the carriage come back and forth. Once Daiyu entered The House of Rong and got off the carriage, she saw a long and wide road.

Lady City said: “That’s fine.” So she ordered two Sisters to send Mascara Jade Forest back by Carriage used before. So Mascara Jade Forest farewell others. Lady City saw her off to the gate of etiquetteand said some words to others, seeing the carriage come back and forth. Once Daiyu entered The House of Rong and got off the carriage, she saw a long and wide road.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:26, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

众嬷嬷引着，便往东转弯，走过一座东西穿堂，向南大厅之后，仪门内大院落：上面五间大正房，两边厢房，鹿顶耳房钻山，四通八达，轩昂壮丽，比各处不同。黛玉便知这方是正内室。

Led by the mammy, she turned east, passed through an east-west hall, and came to the south hall, where she found a large courtyard inside the Gate of Yi: five main rooms on the top, flanks on both sides, and deer's roof and ears, extending in all directions, magnificent and different from other places. Daiyu knew this was the inner room.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 09:10, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

Led by the mammies, they turned eastward and passed through an east-west hallway and the southward hall, she found a large courtyard inside the secondary gate: five main rooms on the top, flanks on both sides, and a small flat topped house next to the main house, extending in all directions, magnificent and different from other places. Daiyu knew this was the inner room.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:08, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

进入堂屋，抬头迎面先见一个赤金九龙青地大匾，匾上写着斗大三个字，是“荣禧堂”；后有一行小字：“某年月日书赐荣国公贾源”，又有“万幾宸翰”之宝。大紫檀雕螭案上，设着三尺多高青绿古铜鼎，悬着待漏随朝墨龙大画，一边是錾金彝，一边是玻璃盆。

Entering the main room, I looked up and saw a great blue board framed in gilded dragons. On the plaque, there were two big words "Jubilee Hall"; Then there is a line of small characters: "on a certain date, this was given to Source Merchant, the Duke of Honor", and there was the treasure of Emperor's handwriting. On the large red sandalwood table that carved with dragon, there was a green bronze tripod more than three feet high, hanging a large ink dragon painting that seemed to attend the imperial court session in the early morning, with gilded wine vessels on one side and a glass basin on the other.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 08:11, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

there was a green bronze tripod more than three feet high, hanging a large ink dragon painting that seemed to attend the imperial court session in the early morning, with gilded wine vessels on one side and a glass basin on the other.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 12:05, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

地下两溜十六张楠木圈椅。又有一副对联，乃是乌木联牌镶着錾金字迹，道是：座上珠玑昭日月，堂前黼黻焕烟霞。下面一行小字是“世教弟勋袭东安郡王穆莳拜手书”。原来王夫人时常居坐宴息也不在这正室中，只在东边的三间耳房内。

On the ground two rows of 16 nanmu armchairs. There is also a pair of couplets, ebony couplet inset with gold handwriting, it said:The pearl and jade in the seat can shine with the sun and the moon; The people in front of the lobby wearing official clothes, its colors like clouds like clouds. The next line is written by Mu Shibai, the hereditary king of Dongpyeong County, who is a brother who has been taught by your family for generations.For Lady King often sat and reposed not in this main room, but in the three eastern rooms.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 03:36, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Since Lady King seldom sat in this main hall but used three rooms on the east side for relaxation.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 10:04, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

于是嬷嬷们引黛玉进东房门来。临窗大炕上铺着猩红洋毯，正面设着大红金钱蟒引枕，秋香色金钱蟒大条褥；两边设一对梅花式洋漆小几：左边几上摆着文王鼎，鼎旁匙箸、香盒；右边几上摆着汝窑美人觚，里面插着时鲜花草。

So that the nannies led Mascara Jade Forest through the door of the eastern wing. The large kang by the window was covered with a scarlet foreign rug. In the middle were red back-rests and turquoise bolsters, both with dragon-design medallions, and a long greenish yellow mattress also with dragon medallions. On the two sides， stood one of a pair of small teapoys of foreign lacquer of plum-blossom pattern. On the left-hand table were a tripod, spoons, chopsticks and an incense container; On the right-hand table were a slender-waisted porcelain vase from the Ruzhou Kiln in which were placed seasonable flowers.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 09:48, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Thereupon,the nannies led Mascara Jade Forest through the door of the eastern wing. The large kang by the window was covered with a scarlet foreign rug. In the middle were red back-rests and turquoise bolsters, both with dragon-design medallions, and a long greenish yellow mattress also with dragon medallions. On the two sides stood on a pair of small teapoys of foreign lacquer of plum-blossom pattern. On the left-hand table were a tripod, spoons, chopsticks and an incense container; On the right-hand table were a slender-waisted porcelain vase from the Ruzhou Kiln in which were placed seasonable flowers.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 13:47, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

地下面，西一溜四张大椅，都搭着银红撒花椅搭，底下四副脚踏；两边又有一对高几，几上茗碗、瓶花俱备。其馀陈设，不必细说。老嬷嬷让黛玉上炕坐。炕沿上却也有两个锦褥对设。

On the floor on the west side of the room, were four chairs in a row, all of which were covered with antimacassars, embroidered with silverish-red flowers.Beneath them stood four footstools. On either side, was also a pair of high teapoys which were covered with teacups and flower vases.The rest of the room need not be described in detail.
The nannies urged Mascara Jade Forest to sit on the kang, on the edge of which were two brocade cushions. --[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 13:42, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

On the floor facing on the west wall were four chairs in a row, all of which were covered with ornamented cloth embroidered with silverish-red flowers.Beneath them stood four footstools. On either side were a pair of high table with teacups and flower vases.Other decorations in the rest of the room need not be described in detail.The nannies urged Mascara Jade Forest to sit on the kang, on the edge of which were two brocade cushions.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 09:50, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

黛玉度其位次，便不上炕，只就东边椅上坐了。本房的丫鬟忙捧上茶来。黛玉一面吃了，打量这些丫鬟们妆饰衣裙，举止行动，果与别家不同。

Considering her status in the family, Daiyu sat on one of the chairs on the east side instead of sitting on the ''kang''. The maids in attendance served tea immediately. When she was sipping the tea, she observed the maids’ make-up,clothes and deportment, which, her thought, were indeed quite different from those in other families.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 09:38, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

Considering her status in the family, Mascara Jade sat on one of the chairs on the east side instead of sitting on the ''kang''. The maids in attendance served tea immediately.Sipping the tea, she observed the maids’ make-up,clothes and deportment, which, her thought, were indeed quite different from those in other families.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:18, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

茶未吃了，只见一个穿红绫袄、青绸掐牙背心的一个丫鬟走来笑道：“太太说，请林姑娘到那边坐罢。”老嬷嬷听了，于是又引黛玉出来，到了东廊三间小正房内。

Before the tea was drunk, a servant girl wearing a red silk jacket and a green satin vest came up and smiled, "Lady King invited Miss Forest to come and sit over there." When the old Nanny heard this, she led Mascara Jade out again and went to the third small main room on the east porch.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 03:33, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Before they drank tea over, a servant girl in a red silk jacket and a green satin vest came up and smiled, "Mrs. Wang invited Miss Lin to come and sit over there." When the old Mammy heard this, she led Daiyu out again to the third small main room on the east porch.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 11:10, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

正面炕上横设一张炕桌，上面堆着书籍、茶具；靠东壁面西设着半旧的青缎靠背、引枕。王夫人却坐在西边下首，亦是半旧青缎靠背、坐褥。见黛玉来了，便往东让。

On the kang there was a kang table on which books and tea sets piled up. Half new backrests and pillows made of blue satins were set on the east side of the wall. However, Mrs. Wang set at the foot of the west wall where half new backrests and mattresses made of blue satins were displayed. Mrs. Wang moved to the east side when she saw Lin Daiyu come in.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 11:11, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

On the kang lies a kang table,on which books and tea sets are piled up. Half new backrests and pillows made of blue satins were put on the east side of the wall. However, Mrs. Wang sat at the foot of the west wall where half new backrests and mattresses made of blue satins are displayed. Mrs. Wang moved to the east side when she saw Daiyu coming in.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 12:11, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

黛玉心中料定这是贾政之位。因见挨炕一溜三张椅子上也搭着半旧的弹花椅袱，黛玉便向椅上坐了。王夫人再三让他上炕，他方挨王夫人坐下。王夫人因说：“你舅舅今日斋戒去了，再见罢。

Daiyu thought it must be Jia Zhen's seat. Seeing that there were half-old bouncing chair blankets on the three chairs slid by the kang, Daiyu sat on the chair. Mrs. Wang repeatedly asked him to go to the kang, then she sat down next to Mrs. Wang. Mrs. Wang said: "Your uncle has gone fast today, goodbye.

Mascara Jade thought that this was Master Merchant's seat， because she saw that there were three chairs next to the bed with a half-used chair, so Mascara Jade sat down on the chair. She sat down next to Lady King after she had asked her to go to the bed again and again. Lady King said, "Your uncle went to fast today, see you later.”--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 12:29, 19 December 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

只是有句话嘱咐你：你三个姐妹倒都极好，以后一处念书认字，学针线，或偶一玩笑，却都有个尽让的。我就只一件不放心：我有一个孽根祸胎，是家里的混世魔王，今日因往庙里还愿去，尚未回来，晚上你看见就知道了。

I just have one thing to tell you: your three sisters are all very good, and in the future they will study and learn to read and write together, and learn to sew, or occasionally play jokes, but all of them will do their best. There is only one thing I am not sure about: I have a sinful child who is the evil one in my family, and he has not returned yet because he has gone to the temple to pay his respects.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:19, 13 December 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

I just want to remind you: your sisters are very kind , and in the future you will study together, and learn to read and write and learn to sew. Sometimes you will play jokes at each other, but you will be very tolerant to each other. There is only one thing I am worried about: there is a naughty boy in our family, and he has not returned yet because he has gone to the temple to redeem his wishes, you will see him in the evening.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 07:45, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

你以后总不用理会他，你这些姐姐妹妹都不敢沾惹他的。”黛玉素闻母亲说过：“有个内侄，乃衔玉而生，顽劣异常，不喜读书，最喜在内帏厮混。外祖母又溺爱，无人敢管。”

“You can ignore him later and none of your sisters dare to bother him. ” Daiyu heard from her mother: “I have a nephew, who was born with jade in his mouth. He is very naughty and don’t like to read, but prefer to play with girls. His grandma has always spoiled him so that everyone let him be. ”--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 07:27, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

"You can ignore him in future because none of your sisters dare to mess up with him". Mascara Jade has long heard from her mother about him: "I have a nephew, born with a jade in his mouth, who is very naughty and doesn’t like to read, but prefers to hang around with girls. His grandma has always spoiled him so that everyone let him be". --[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 12:31, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

今见王夫人所说，便知是这位表兄。一面陪笑道：“舅母所说，可是衔玉而生的？在家时，记得母亲常说：这位哥哥比我大一岁，小名就叫宝玉，性虽憨顽，说待姊妹们却是极好的。

What Lady King described today is the cousin for sure. Mascara Jade said while smiling:" Is the person you just mentioned my cousin born with a jade? I remember when I was at home my mother often said that the cousin nicknamed Precious Jade is one year older than me. Although he is a little mischievous, he is very friendly with his sisters".--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:27, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Who Lady King described today is the cousin for sure. Mascara Jade said while smiling:" Is this my cousin you just mentioned born with a jade? I remember when I was at home my mother often said that the cousin nicknamed Precious Jade is one year older than me. Although he is a little mischievous, he is very friendly with his sisters".--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:06, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

况我来了，自然和姊妹们一处，弟兄们是另院别房，岂有沾惹之理？”王夫人笑道：“你不知道原故。他和别人不同，自幼因老太太疼爱，原系和姐妹们一处娇养惯了的。

Now I come here,undoubtfully I live with my sisters. The brothers are in some different houses. Is there any reason to mess with them?" Lady King smiled and said, "You don't know. Unlike the others, he had been coddled by his sisters since he was young for the love of Grandma Merchant.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 15:30, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Now I come here,undoubtfully I live with my sisters. The brothers are in some different houses. Is there any reason to mess with them?" Lady King smiled and said, "You don't know the reason. Unlike others, he had been coddled by his sisters since he was young for the love of Grandma Merchant.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 03:20, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

若姐妹们不理他，他倒还安静些；若一日姐妹们和他多说了一句话，他心上一喜，便生出许多事来：所以嘱咐你别理会他。他嘴里一时甜言蜜语，一时有天没日，疯疯傻傻，只休信他。”黛玉一一的都答应着。

“If the sisters ignore him, he is a bit quieter: if one day the sisters talk to him more, he is so happy that he will stir up many troubles: so I tell you to ignore him. He may talk sweetly for a while, and he may be crazy and silly for a while, just don't believe him.” Daiyu replied one by one.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 08:45, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
If the sisters ignore him, he will be quiet; if one day they talk to him more, he will be happy, and many things will happen: so I tell you to ignore him. His mouth a sweet talk, a moment there is no day, crazy and silly, just do not believe him. Daiyu agreed one by one.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 12:06, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

忽见一个丫鬟来说：“老太太那里传晚饭了。”王夫人忙携了黛玉，出后房门，由后廊往西，出了角门，是一条南北甬路，南边是倒座三间小小抱厦厅，北边立着一个粉油大影壁，后有一个半大门，小小一所房屋。
Suddenly see a servant girl to say: "old lady there spread supper." Lady King and Mascara Jade Forest went out of the back door, leading from the back corridor to the west and out of the corner gate. There was a north-south corridor, with three small rooms in the south, a big screen wall of powder and oil in the north, and a small house with a half gate behind.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 13:53, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Suddenly a servant girl said, "the old lady has passed on dinner." Lady King hurriedly took Mascara Jade Pearl out of the back door, from the back porch to the west, out of the corner door. It is a North-South corridor. In the south is the inverted three small balcony halls. In the north is a oil-powdered large shadow wall, followed by a half gate and a small house.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 12:28, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

王夫人笑指向黛玉道：“这是你凤姐姐的屋子。回来你好往这里找他去，少什么东西，只管和他说就是了。”这院门上也有几个才总角的小厮，都垂手侍立。王夫人遂携黛玉穿过一个东西穿堂，便是贾母的后院了。

Lady King smiled at Mascara Jade Pearl and said: "This is your sister Phoenix's house. If you come back, you can find her here. And if there's anything missing, just tell her." On the gate of the courtyard, there were also several young boys who were only in their childhood, all standing with their hands down. Lady King then took Mascara Jade Pearl through an east-west hall, which was Grandma Merchant's backyard.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 07:30, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Lady King smiled at Mascara Jade Pearl and said: "This is your sister Phoenix's house. If you come back, you can find her here. And if there's anything missing, just tell her." On the gate of the courtyard,there were also a few young boys on the door of this courtyard, all standing with their hands down.. Lady King then took Mascara Jade Pearl through an east-west hall, which was Grandma Merchant's backyard.

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

于是进入后房门，已有许多人在此伺候，见王夫人来，方安设桌椅；贾珠之妻李氏捧杯，熙凤安箸，王夫人进羹。贾母正面榻上独坐，两旁四张空椅。熙凤忙拉黛玉在左边第一张椅子上坐下，黛玉十分推让。

So they entered the back room, where many people were already waiting, and when they saw Lady King coming, they placed the table and chairs; Li, wife of Treasure Merchant, held the cup, Lady King placed the chopsticks, and Splendid Phoenix King drank the soup. Grandma Merchant was sitting alone on a couch, flanked by four empty chairs. Splendid Phoenix King was busy pulling Mascara Jade Forest to sit in the first chair on the left, but Mascara Jade Forest was too embarrassed to sit.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 00:57, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

So they entered the back room, where many people were already waiting, and when they saw Lady King coming, they placed the table and chairs; Li, wife of Treasure Merchant, held the cup, Lady King placed the chopsticks, and Splendid Phoenix King drank the soup. Grandma Merchant was sitting alone on a couch, flanked by four empty chairs. Splendid Phoenix King was busy pulling Mascara Jade Forest to sit in the first chair on the left, but Mascara Jade Forest was too embarrassed to sit.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 03:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

贾母笑道：“你舅母和嫂子们是不在这里吃饭的。你是客，原该这么坐。”黛玉方告了坐，就坐了。贾母命王夫人也坐了。迎春姊妹三个告了坐，方上来：迎春坐右手第一，探春左第二，惜春右第二。

Grandama Merchant said with a smile, "your aunt and sister-in-law don't eat here. You are a guest. You should have sat here." Mascara Jade Forest then sat down. Grandama Merchant ordered Lady King to sit down. The three sisters of Spring Pleasure Merchant sat down：Spring Pleasure Merchant sat first on the right hand, Seeking-Spring Merchant second on the left, and Cherishing Spring Merchant second on the right.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 10:36, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Grandama Merchant said with a smile, "your aunts and sisters-in-law don't eat here. You are a guest. You should have sat here." Mascara Jade Forest then sat down. Grandama Merchant ordered Lady King to sit down. The three sisters of Spring Pleasure Merchant were asked to sit down: Spring Pleasure Merchant sat first on the right hand, Seeking-Spring Merchant second on the left, and Cherishing Spring Merchant second on the right.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:02, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

旁边丫鬟执着拂尘、漱盂、巾帕，李纨、凤姐立于案边布让；外间伺候的媳妇、丫鬟虽多，却连一声咳嗽不闻。饭毕，各各有丫鬟用小茶盘捧上茶来。当日林家教女以惜福养身，每饭后必过片时方吃茶，不伤脾胃；

Standing at the table, the servant girls held the horsetail whisks, vessels for mouthwash and handkerchiefs. Silk Plum and Splendid Phoenix King sent dishes, refreshments to guests and invited them to eat. Though there were many servant girls in the outer room, they could not be heard to utter a sound. When the meal was over, each servant girl brought tea with a small tray. Mascara Jade Forest took tea after each meal to keep health and not hurt her spleen and stomach.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:55, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

The servant girls are standing at the table with the horsetail whisks, vessels for mouthwash and handkerchiefs. Silk Plum and Splendid Phoenix King sent dishes, refreshments to guests and invited them to eat. Though there were many servant girls in the outer room, they could not be heard to utter a sound. When the meal was over, each servant girl brought tea with a small tray. Mascara Jade Forest took tea after each meal to keep health and not hurt her spleen and stomach.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 09:23, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

[[Media:Example.ogg]]==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

今黛玉见了这里许多规矩不似家中，也只得随和些。接了茶，又有人捧过漱盂来，黛玉也漱了口，又盥手毕。然后又捧上茶来，这方是吃的茶。贾母便说：“你们去罢，让我们自在说说话儿。”
Mascara Jade Forest saw many rules here are not like her home. She was also easy-going. After receiving the tea, someone else took a gargle bowl for her. Mascara Jade Forest also rinsed her mouth and finished washing her hands again. Then tea which was for drinking was brought in. Then Grandma Merchant said to servants , "You all go and let's have a talk in our own comfort."

Now Mascara Jade saw many rules here are not like the rules of her home. She can only be easygoing. She caught the teacup. Some domestics came over with a mouthwash basin. Mascara Jade gargled and washed her hands. Then the servant brought back tea, and this was tea for drinking.Then Dowager Lady Jia said to servant, "You all go and let's have a talk in our own comfort."--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 10:47, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

王夫人遂起身，又说了两句闲话儿，方引李、凤二人去了。贾母因问黛玉念何书，黛玉道：“刚念了《四书》。”黛玉又问姊妹读何书，贾母道：“读什么书，不过认几个字罢了。”

Lady King stood up and said something idle, then led Lady Plum and Splendid Phoenix King to leave. When Dowager Lady Jia asked Mascara Jade what books she had read, Mascara Jade replied, "I just have read the ''Four Books''." When Mascara Jade asked her sisters what books they read, Dowager Lady Jia said, "They don't read anything. They only know a few words."--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 09:25, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Lady King rose as soon as she heard these words, and having made a few irrelevant remarks, she led the way and left the room along with the two ladies, Mrs. Li and Splendid Phoenix king.Grandma Merchant, having inquired of Mascara Jade what books she was reading, "I have just begun reading the Four Books," Mascara Jade replied. "What books are my cousins reading?" Mascara Jade went on to ask. "Books, you say!" exclaimed Grandma Merchant; "why all they know are a few characters, that's all."--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:15, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

一语未了，只听外面一阵脚步响，丫鬟进来报道：“宝玉来了。”黛玉心想：“这个宝玉，不知是怎样个惫懒人呢。”及至进来一看，却是位青年公子：头上戴着束发嵌宝紫金冠，齐眉勒着二龙戏珠金抹额；

The sentence was barely out of her lips, when a continuous sounding of footsteps
was heard outside, and a waiting maid entered and announced that Precious Jade was
coming. Mascara Jade was speculating in her mind how it was that this Precious Jade had
turned out such a good-for-nothing fellow, when he happened to walk in.
He was, in fact, a young man of tender years, wearing on his head, to hold his
hair together, a cap of gold of purplish tinge, inlaid with precious gems.
Parallel with his eyebrows was attached a circlet, embroidered with gold, and
representing two dragons snatching a pearl.
--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 08:36, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

After a word, only a sound of footsteps outside, the maid came in and reported: "Baoyu is here." Daiyu thought to herself: "This Baoyu, I don't know what a tired lazy person." When she came in, she was a young man. He wears a purple and gold crown with hair inlaid on his head, and his forehead are tied with gold frontlet（The shape is two dragons playing with pearled）.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 15:21, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

一件二色金百蝶穿花大红箭袖，束着五彩丝攒花结长穗宫绦，外罩石青起花八团倭缎排穗褂；登着青缎粉底小朝靴。面若中秋之月，色如春晓之花；鬓若刀裁，眉如墨画，鼻如悬胆，睛若秋波。

A big red arrow sleeve decorated with two-color golden butterfly flowers, is tied with multicolored silk and knotted with long spikes, and is covered with azurite and satin rowed gowns; it wears small green satin and powder-soled boots. The face is as round and beautiful as the moon of Mid-Autumn Festival, the complexion is like a flower of spring dawn; the temples are like a knife cut, the eyebrows are like ink painting, the nose is like a hanging gall, and the eyes are like autumn waves.

A big red arrow sleeve decorated with two-color golden butterfly flowers, is tied with multicolored silk and knotted with long spikes, and is covered with azurite and satin rowed gowns; he wore small green satin and powder-soled boots. The face is as round and beautiful as the moon at mid-autumn, the complexion is like a flower of in spring; the temples as if chiselled with a knife, the eyebrows are like ink painting, the nose is like a a well-cut and shapely nose, and the eyes are like vernal waves.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 06:19, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

虽怒时而似笑，即嗔视而有情。项上金螭缨络，又有一根五色丝绦，系着一块美玉。黛玉一见，便吃一大惊，心中想道：“好生奇怪：倒像在那里见过的，何等眼熟！”只见这宝玉向贾母请了安，贾母便命：“去见你娘来。”

His angry look even resembled a smile; his glance was full of sentiment.Round his neck he had a gold dragon necklet with a fringe; also a cord of variegated silk, to which was attached a piece of beautiful jade. When Mascara Jade Forest saw this, she was shocked."How very strange." she was reflecting in her mind; "it would seem as if I had seen him somewhere or other, for his face appears extremely familiar to my eyes;" Precious Jade Merchant greeted Grandma Merchant "Go and see your mother and then come back," remarked her venerable ladyship.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 06:08, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

His angry look somentimes even resembled a smile; his glance was full of sentiment.Round his neck he had a gold dragon necklet with a fringe; also a cord of silk of five colours, to which was attached a piece of beautiful jade. When Mascara Jade Forest saw this, she was shocked and thought to herself: "How strange it is." she was reflecting in her mind; "as if I had seen him somewhere or other, for his face appears extremely familiar to my eyes;" Precious Jade Merchant greeted Lady Dowager "Go and see your mother and then come back."--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 11:46, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

即转身去了。一会再来时已换了冠带：头上周围一转的短发都结成小辫，红丝结束，共攒至顶中胎发，总编一根大辫，黑亮如漆，从顶至梢，一串四颗大珠，用金八宝坠脚；身上穿着银红撒花半旧大袄；仍旧带着项圈、宝玉、寄名锁、护身符等物；

Then turned around and went. He has changed the crown band when coming back for a while: the short hair around the head is braided, the red silk ends, and the hair is gathered up to the top of the fetus. The chief editor is a big braid, black and shiny, from top to tip , A string of four large beads, with gold eight treasures falling to the feet; wearing a silver-red half-old coat with flowers; still wearing collars, gems, locks, amulets, etc.;

He turned away. When he came back later, he had changed his crown belt: the short hair around his head was braided, and the red silk ended. He saved up to the top and middle fetal hair. The chief editor had a big braid, black and bright as paint, a string of four big beads from the top to the tip, and dropped his feet with gold eight treasures; He was wearing a silver red flower sprinkled semi-old coat; Still wearing collars, precious jade, name sending locks, amulets, etc--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 12:56, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

下面半露松绿撒花绫裤，锦边弹墨袜，厚底大红鞋。越显得面如傅粉，唇若施脂；转盼多情，语言若笑。天然一段风韵，全在眉梢；平生万种情思，悉堆眼角。看其外貌，最是极好，却难知其底细。
His lower body showed loose green flower pants, cotton socks and a pair of thick soled red shoes. This makes him look more beautiful. The lips seem to have been powdered with rouge; When he speaks, he often has a smile on his face, and his eyebrows can convey affection. A person's style and temperament, including what he thinks, can be conveyed through his eyes. His appearance is very good-looking, but I don't know whether he has real connotation.

==Nadia 202011080004==

后人有《西江月》二词批的极确，词曰：

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==

无故寻愁觅恨，有时似傻如狂。
Seeking sorrow and hate for no reason, sometimes seems stupid and crazy.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==

纵然生得好皮囊，腹内原来草莽。

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==

潦倒不通庶务，愚顽怕读文章。

I'm not able to get through general affairs, and I'm afraid of reading articles.

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==

行为偏僻性乖张，那管世人诽谤。
He who behaves in a perverse way has no control over the slander of course.--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 03:29, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==

又曰：富贵不知乐业，贫穷难耐凄凉。
It is also known that wealth does not know pleasure and happiness, and poverty cannot endure loneliness.

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==

可怜辜负好时光，于国于家无望。
Translation: The poor lived up to the good times, and the country was hopeless at home.

==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==

天下无能第一，古今不肖无双。

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==

寄言纨袴与膏粱，莫效此儿形状。

English; the author is to give some suggestion to playboys of high official that they do not follow the example of Jia Baoyu.

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==

却说贾母见他进来，笑道：“外客没见就脱了衣裳了，还不去见你妹妹呢。”

But she said that Mother Jia saw him come in and smiled: "The foreigner took off her clothes without seeing him, so she won't go to see your sister."

==Öncü 202121080008==

宝玉早已看见了一个袅袅婷婷的女儿，便料定是林姑妈之女，忙来见礼。

Precious Jade had already seen a daughter with a gentle posture, thought might be the daughter of Aunt Lin, then hurried to meet her.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 04:17, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==

归了坐细看时，真是与众各别。

When I look at you carefully, I think you are different.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 09:59, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

When I returned to take a closer look, it was really different. --[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 07:41, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==

只见：两弯似蹙非蹙笼烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目。

I saw two bends like the frowning of smoked eyebrows, at first they seemed happy but not really happy, yet affectionate eyebrows. --[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 07:41, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

I saw: two curved eyebrows that looked like a frown, a pair of eyebrows that seemed to be happy or not. --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 23:18, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==

态生两靥之愁，娇袭一身之病。

The sorrow of the two distresses, the disease of the whole body. --[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 23:17, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

The sorrow of two distresses, spoiled - the disease of the whole body.------Ei Mon Kyaw [[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 09:15, 15 December 2021 (UTC)--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 09:15, 15 December 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==

泪光点点，娇喘微微。

Tears shone a little, and she breathed slightly.--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 09:47, 15 December 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw -----Ei Mon Kyaw[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 09:47, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
The tears droped, and she breathed slowly. --[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 11:58, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

The eyes twinkled with tears and she breathed slightly.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 12:18, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

Trans Type EN 4

2021-12-29T14:59:14Z

Mao Yawen: /* Translation Methods under Domesticating Strategy */

=Chapter 4 On Translation Strategies and Translation Methods in Chinese Translation of English Prose -- A Case Study of Chinese Translation of English Prose "The Pleasures of Ignorance"=

浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例

毛雅文 Mao Yawen, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==

Prose, together with poetry, novel and drama, is a kind of literary form. It is not limited to rhythm, plot and characters, flexible in form, real and natural. English prose has a long history and various types, so it becomes an important object in translation practice and research. In China, the most famous English prose writers are Francis Bacon and Charles Lamb, hence, their works can be regarded as the focus of studies on Chinese translation of English prose. In fact, Chinese translation of English prose draws less attention in translation circle of China, compared with that of English poetry and drama. With English prose as the starting point, this paper will introduce the characteristics of English prose and the domestic studies on its Chinese translation, and take the Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance", the representative work of English modern prose writer Robert Lynd, as an example to analyze its translation strategies and methods.

==摘要==

散文是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并称的一种文体，不拘泥于韵律、情节、人物，形式灵活，真实自然。英语散文历史悠久，类型多样，是翻译实践与研究中的重要研究对象。在我国，最著名的英语散文家是弗朗西斯·培根和查尔斯·兰姆，他们的作品也因此成为英语散文汉译的重点。而事实上，我国翻译界更加重视的是诗歌与小说的汉译，英语散文汉译的研究相较之下比较滞后。本文将以英语散文为切入点，介绍英语散文的特点及其在我国的汉译研究，并以英国现代散文家罗伯特·林德的代表作《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例，主要分析其中的策略及方法。

==Key Words==

"The Pleasures of Ignorance"; Chinese translation of English prose; translation strategies; translation methods; translation techniques

==关键词==

《无知的乐趣》；英语散文汉译；翻译策略；翻译方法；翻译技巧

==Introduction==

This chapter will point to the research background and its significance, and briefly set forth the structure of this paper and the methods used.

===Research Background and Significance===

In recent years, with the deepening of the reform and opening-up, the channels of international cultural exchange have become increasingly unblocked, and China's translation industry has also flourished. The studies on translation theory, drawing lesson from western translation studies, have yielded fruitful results, and more noteworthily, remarkable achievements have been made in studies on literary translation for all to see. (Hou 2014: 1)

Prose is a basic literary form in written or spoken language that typically exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure. A large number of works in philosophy, history, economics, journalism, etc, are examples of works written in prose. It can be seen that prose, which is widely used for creation, occupies an important position in literature. However, there are few researchers majoring in prose translation, still fewer ones who specialize in the Chinese translation of English prose. Given the above, this paper, based on previous studies, will study the Chinese translation of English prose, and take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" created by the English prose writer Robert Lynd, exploring its characteristics in translation strategies and methods, so as to provide better understanding and some reference for the appreciation and translation of English prose. (He 2018: 6) (Song 2018: 1)

===Methodology and Structure===

This paper will employ the methods of literature research and case analysis. The paper consists of three parts. The first section is the literature review, explicating the distinctive properties and linguistic features of English prose, and the prose translation with its principles, as well as introducing the previous studies on the Chinese translation of English prose at home. The second part, the core of this paper, will take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation version of Robert Lynd's prose work "The Pleasures of Ignorance" as an example, carry out the interpretation of this translation in terms of its types, styles as well as strategies and methods employed. Lastly, the conclusion will point to the findings in this study and the weaknesses in the paper.

==Literature Review==

This part will draw into the domestic previous studies on Chinese translation of English prose.

With regard to the Chinese translation of English prose, at present, there are few domestic scholars dedicated to its systematic research. According to the different perspectives, the relevant researches at home can be roughly divided into three categories.

First, concerning research on the theory of Chinese translation of English prose into Chinese, there is a relatively small number of studies in this direction. One of the most fruitful works is ''The Study and Translation of British and American Prose'' co-authored by Zhao Xiuming and Zhao Zhangjin (2010), which makes a detailed investigation of the literary characteristics, historical evolution and style evolution of British and American prose. The work also discusses the basic principles of English prose translation in terms of pre-translation text analysis, historical and cultural context, artistic principles, and styles, etc., which can offer a reference for the further study of the theories and practices of English prose translation. (Hou 2014: 4)

Second, regarding research on the famous translators of English and American prose with their translation styles and skills, Xia Ying explored the style of Professor Cao's translation of Francis Bacon with the essay titled "Research on Professor Cao Minglunss Chinese translation of bacon prose". Some others probed into Liu Bingshans's and Liu Shicong's thoughts on prose translation which have guiding significance for prose translation practice. (Hou 2014: 4)

Third, as regards research on the practice of Chinese translation English prose based on translation theory, Huang Jianling (2012) analyzed the Chinese translation of Bacon's essays from the perspective of translation aesthetics. Hu Hongyun (2013) translates and elaborates on the British prose "Farewell" in vocabulary, semantics, style and cultural transmission, on the basis of Eugene Nida's Functional Equivalence theory. (Hou 2014: 5)

These researches and investigations have laid a solid foundation for future studies and the analysis in this paper.

==Overview of English Prose==

Prose can be defined in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In the broad sense, prose refers to all the written and oral works in a loose form free from parallelism; and in the narrow sense, it specifically means the writings with certain literary qualities, such as essays, and a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel, drama and movie-television literature.

This section will clarify the distinctive characteristics and linguistic features of English prose, as well as its translation principles.

===Distinctive Features of English Prose===

As an independent literary genre, English prose has its distinctive characteristics.

The first characteristic is its expression of sincere feeling. Prose mostly depicts the real people, things and scenery, and is generated based on record and recollection of life. With prose, the author frequently describes his or her personal experiences, which expresses feelings full of personality and style. So in this sense, prose can be considered as an earnest conversation between the author and the readers. (Zhang 2011: 28)

Secondly, English prose is characterized by a wide material selection. In English prose, one detail, episode and facet of life can be used to display the author's specific emotions and circumstances, and all materials related to the theme can also be employed. It places no emphasis on rhythm and rhyme, like poetry, as well as to plot and characters, like drama. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Besides, English prose features a free and loose structure. The structure of prose writings is free and flexible. Prose is elastic and natural and boasts descriptive, argumentative and lyrical qualities, thereof constituting its most distinctive advantage. There are no strict restrictions and fixed patterns in the prose structure, but its flexibility and randomness are not tantamount to disorder and scatter, and its choice of theme and expression of feelings should be closely centered on one mainline. (Zhang 2011: 29)

===Linguistic Features of English Prose===

Compared with other literary forms, prose has no more skills to resort to. Therefore, as regards the form of artistic expression, English prose mainly has recourse to its language features.

First and foremost, succinctness and fluency characterize the English prose language. The concise prose language not only fully delivers the content that the author intends to convey but effectively shows the author's emotions and attitude towards persons and things. This is not the result of the author's deliberate elaboration, but the natural overflow of his or her plain and pure emotion. The fluency of prose language refers to both the informal use of words and phrases, and the author's sound expression of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Meanwhile, colloquial style and literary grace are characteristic of prose language. As prose mainly focuses on the description of the author's personal stories and sentiments, thus, he speaks or writes with his posture, style and tone, as if he is confiding to the readers, so as to highlight the agreeable conversation style and unique colloquial style. Colloquial prose language is natural due to its simplicity, friendly owing to its ease of communication, and true thanks to its individuality. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Furthermore, another linguistic feature of English prose is the smooth rhythm and reading. The rhythmic beauty of prose language is reflected in phonetic respect and sentence patterns. The prose reading is catchy, with no obstacles and awkwardness, and its rhythm is in line with the natural law of oral breathing pauses as well as with the ups and downs of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 30)

===Principles of English Prose Translation===

The beauty of prose lies in its language and artistic conception, the two permeating each other and jointly creating the artistic charm of prose. In prose translation practice, the following principles can be observed to reproduce the artistic appeal.

Keep an eye on sound and rhythm. Despite that the sound and rhythm of prose are often internal, not as obvious, regular and musical as that of poetry, they are not disordered with no aesthetic purpose. On the contrary, they effectively represent the variation of emotion in the prose and are consistent with its unique aesthetic interest. This illustrates that in prose translation, on the one hand, the translators should recognize the great value and significance of prose sound and rhythm; on the other hand, with the intention of reproducing the linguistic subtleties of the original text, the translators can fully touch its aesthetic interest from the cadence between the lines, and perceive its inner rhythm from sentence length and speech speed. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Pay attention to the personalized mode of discourse. Different writers with various discourse modes bring about manifold writing styles. Not only is the personalized mode of discourse reflected in the author's choice of words and sentences as well as the layout of the prose, but also his thoughts and aesthetic interest. As a result, the translators can start with analyzing the original writer's one classic work and then his anthology and even look closely at the literary features of his age, in order to grasp the writer's personalized discourse mode, which is of particular importance to reproduce his artistic personality and the characteristics of his emotional expression in translation practice. (Zhang 2011: 31)

Place a premium on the unity of scene and emotion. The unity of scene and interest in prose is embodied in diverse ways of language expression and structure, as well as the images or settings created by the author. In translation practice, based on the unity of scene and interest in the prose, it is beneficial to preserve and reproduce the overall aesthetic orientation of the original text through aesthetic reconstruction in word selection and layout, so that the translated text can obtain the aesthetic taste similar to the original prose. (Zhang 2011: 31)

All in all, a general understanding of English prose can facilitate the study of its Chinese translation.

==Case Study of Chinese Translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance"==

The selected source text is "The Pleasures of Ignorance", written by Robert Lynd.

Robert Lynd (1879-1949), born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a modern critic and prose writer. He, together with E. V. Lucas, was a pioneer in reviving the tradition of Charles Lamb's prose. And "The Pleasures of Ignorance" is one of his notable prose works.

This prose points out that it is because of ignorance that people are interested in nature and the world and pursue knowledge, and the process of seeking knowledge is full of pleasure, by which the author emphasizes the importance of learning more and gaining insight. The article reveals somewhat erudition and aesthetic sensibility, as well as love for nature and passion for life. From his leisurely writing, the author's maturity of thought and capability in the usage of words is unveiled. Though the tone of the original text makes the readers feel that the author is chatting with them, giving people familiarity and closeness, it is not particularly colloquial. On the contrary, there is a kind of exactness and elegance of the learned between the lines, thus it can be seen that the case text is a typical scholar prose. (Zhu 2007: 326)

[[File:Source Text & Target Text.docx]]

The translator Professor Liu Bingshan firmly grasps these features of the original text and conveys the original style by carefully choosing words and sentences, with the principles of faithfulness, smoothness and expressiveness. His Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" will be analyzed in terms of translation strategies and methods. (Zhu 2007: 326)

There is a natural connection between translation strategies and translation methods, but the two concepts are often confused. It is generally believed that translation strategies (such as foreignization and domestication) are at the cultural level, while the translation methods (such as literal translation and free translation) are at the textual level. Translation methods are the approaches, steps and techniques used to achieve a specific translation purpose based on a certain translation strategy in translation activities, whereas translation strategies are a collection of principles and methods. Consequently, this paper will enunciate the translation text on the basis of translation methods under foreignization strategy and domestication strategy respectively. (Xiong 2014: 84)

===Translation Methods under Foreignizing Strategy===

Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This strategy is "an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" to have an alien reading experience. The translation methods under foreignization employed in Professor Liu's target text include literal translation, zero-translation and transliteration. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 13)

====Literal Translation====

Literal translation is in fact looser renditions that replace individual source language words with individual target language words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language. (Lian 2006: 12)

Specifically, in the case translation text, the translator faithfully retains some personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in the original text.

Example 1(1):

It is impossible to take a walk in the country with an average townsman—especially, perhaps, in April or May—without being amazed at the vast continent of his ignorance.

同一个普通的城里人到乡下去走一走，特别是在四月或五月里，那么。对他的无知范围之广阔，就不能不感到惊奇。任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 1(2):

This ignorance, however, is not altogether miserable.

不过，这种无知也并非全然不幸。

Example 1(3):

But ''your and my'' ignorance is not confined to cuckoos.

但是，''你我的''无知并不仅限于杜鹃这一方面。

Example 1(4):

A contemporary English novelist was once asked by a foreigner what was the most important crop in England.

一个外国人问一位当代英国小说家，英国最重要的农作物是什么。

The translation of these sentences, though properly altering the word order and voice with the adherence to the target-language syntactic norms, does not adopt the usage of transferred meaning in dealing with the lexical sense.

The use of literal translation, especially the retaining of the personal pronouns, like "we" and "you and I", conveys the style of the original text, showing friendliness and intimacy.

====Zero-Translation====

Zero translation refers to the translation in which the translators do not use the ready-made words in the target language to translate the source language words. This translation phenomenon occurs when adjustments must be made due to the differences in the syntactic structures of the two languages. For example, some articles and personal pronouns are not translated in E-C translation. (Fang 2011: 108)

In Liu's translation, zero-translation is particularly displayed by omission, a translation technique.

''Omission of the expletives It and There:''

Example 2(1):

''It'' is impossible to take a walk in the country oneself without being amazed at the vast continent of one's own ignorance.

任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 2(2):

''There'' are occasions on which a memory of this kind is an affliction, especially if one has a passion for accuracy.

这样的记忆力，在某些场合自然叫人伤脑筋，尤其当人渴望精确的时候。

''Omission of English articles:''

Example 2(3):

Thousands of men and women live and die without knowing the difference between ''a'' beech and ''an'' elm, between ''the'' song of ''a'' thrush and ''the'' song of ''a'' blackbird.

成干上万的男男女女，从生到死，一辈子也说不出山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，听不出画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

''Omission of pronouns:''

Example 2(4):

... as she (the cuckoo) lays ''her'' egg on the ground and takes it in ''her'' bill to the nest in which it is destined to breed infanticide.

把蛋下到地面上，然后再用尖嘴把它叨进那注定要发生杀婴罪行的窠巢里。

The application of zero-translation can render the translation text concise, neat and fluent, and make the rhythm of the prose more natural and flexible, conforming to the principle of prose translation.

====Transliteration====

Proper names such as the names of persons and places of foreign countries, are, as a rule, to be transliterated, i.e., to be translated by using Chinese characters to represent the sound in articulating these names. In transliteration, the translators should follow the original pronunciation of proper names. (Lian 2006: 344)

Example 3(1): Hamlet 哈姆雷特

Example 3(2): Pickwick 匹克威克

The above two names are both transliterated from their original English sound.

Besides, in transliteration, the translators sometimes should also use the standard pronunciation of the Chinese characters. One of the difficulties in transliterating a foreign name in Chinese characters lies in the lack of many foreign sounds in Chinese, and the variation in the pronunciation of the Chinese characters causes confusion. The remedy is to fix certain Chinese characters for a certain syllable of foreign names. And many long-standing translated names, though not named after the original sounds, have been recognized by the world and are generally invariable. (Lian 2006: 346)

Example 3(3): Montaigne 蒙田

This name is not translated from its original French sound as "蒙泰涅", but translated as "蒙田", the translated name that is recognized by Chinese translators for a long time and fixed on the syllable of foreign names.

Transliteration plays a crucial role in the translation of proper nouns and technical terms, which ensures the correct conveyance of information.

The translation methods under foreignization are able to make the translation process more visible, by means of showing how translators are deeply involved in the construction of culture and ideology. The use of these methods can retain the foreignness of the source text and produce on the target-language readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original, through which the readers can further understand the foreign expressions and cultures, realizing the differences between the two countries.

===Translation Methods under Domesticating Strategy===

Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. This strategy is "an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home". In other words, as regards the use of domesticating strategy, the translators are required to make target-language readers feel familiar and close through conveying the content of the original text with the expressions to which TL readers are accustomed. And in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance", free translation method and imitation method under domestication are used and displayed in several translation techniques. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 14)

====Free Translation====

Free translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes the transfer of the meaning or the "spirit" of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of this method is to accommodate the needs of the target-language readers by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture which does not therefore sound "foreign". (Shuttleworth & Cowie 2014: 59) (Lian 2006: 12)

Such a method, in this case study, is specifically embodied in the choice of words packed with Chinese characteristics, that is, diction, also a translation technique. For example,

Example 4(1):

Probably in a modern city the man who can distinguish between a thrush's and a blackbird's song is ''the exception''.

在一个现代化城市里，能听得出画眉和山乌鸦叫声不同的人，恐怕是''凤毛麟角''。

Example 4(2):

It is not that we have not seen the birds. It is simply that we ''have not noticed'' them.

所以如此，并不是因为这些鸟我们没有见过，而只是因为我们''习焉不察''。

Example 4(3):

When in the oak's green arms the cuckoo ''sings'',

And first delights men in the ''lovely springs''.

杜鹃在橡树的绿色怀抱里''啭啼''，

第一个为人们带来''欢欣、美好的春意''。

In translating these sentences, the translator transfers some words into vocabulary or phrases with conspicuously Chinese features. For instance, the transfer of "the exception" and "have not noticed" to Chinese idioms "凤毛麟角" (that describes rare and precious items) and "习焉不察" (which means that one is too accustomed to something to call it in questions), respectively, exemplify the typical Chinese four-character structure. Moreover, the verb "sings" is transferred to "啭啼" (that describes birds' melodious chirp), a Chinese term composed of two words with the same left side, which is one of common and special linguistic phenomena in Chinese language. Meanwhile, "the lovely springs" is transferred to "欢欣、美好的春意" (a joyful and wonderful feeling brought by the spring) through abstraction.

Thus, it can be seen that the application of free translation can reproduce the sense of the original text more smoothly and idiomatically. And the wide adoption of the four-character structures enhances the academic atmosphere of the translation version.

====Imitation====

With regard to the use of imitation, the translators do not stick to the meaning details of the original text, let alone its vocabulary and syntactic structure, but take the original text as a reference model, either by deleting or condensing to only translate its gist and key information, or by adding and expanding to deliver more information than that in the original text. (Xiong 2014: 85)

Example 5:

Thousands of ''men and women'' ''live and die'' ''without knowing'' the difference between a beech and an elm, between the song of a thrush and the song of a blackbird.

成千上万的''男男女女''，''从生到死''，''一辈子''也''说不出''山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，''听不出''画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

In the translation of this sentence, a variety of translation techniques are employed.

(1) Conversion:

The translator uses conversion to alter the syntactic structure of the original sentence.

The predicate "live and die" is converted into the preposition phrase "从生到死" as the adverbial in Chinese.

And the adverbial preposition phrase in the source text "without knowing" is converted into the predicate in Chinese translation.

(2) Division:

In accordance with the need of Chinese expression, "without knowing" is divided into two verb phrases "说不出" and "听不出" in Chinese as the predicate.

(3) Addition:

With the addition of the expression "一辈子", the translator highlights a long time between life and death.

(4) Repetition:

The plural form "men and women" is translated into the reiterative locution "男男女女" by repetition.

The change of sentence structure via techniques such as conversion and division as well as of vocabulary via repetition and addition renders the translation natural and smooth, showing the translator’s superb handling of the original text.

Example 6:

...we are all the ''more'' delighted ''at the spectacle of'' its ''runaway flight'' as it (the cuckoo) ''hurries'' from wood to wood conscious of its crimes ...

一日''看见''它（杜鹃）因为自己犯了罪而''煌惶不安地''从这个林子飞''逃''向那个林子 ... 我们才会觉得''大大''开心。

In this example, there are also various translation techniques used.

(1)　Conversion:

Firstly, the preposition phrase "at the spectacle of" is converted into the verb "看见" in Chinese.

Secondly, the noun phrase "runaway flight" is converted into Chinese verbs "飞" (fly) and "逃" (escape).

Besides, the verb "hurries" (that means to move quickly in a particular direction) is converted into "惶惶不安地" (which means to feel panic, afraid and utterly uneasy), a Chinese adverb to modify the verbs "飞" and "逃", which endows the subject cuckoo with somewhat human characteristic.

(2) Repetition:

The adjective "more" is translated into the reiterative locution "大大", a Chinese adverb equivalent to "very" or "extremely" in English to modify the adjective "delighted".

In this example, the adjustment of the sentence order and conversion of parts of speech make the translation more consistent with the word sequence in Chinese. Meanwhile, the choice of words such as the Chinese four-character structure "惶惶不安" conveys the romantic charm beyond the original text. And there are also indicators of the use of repetition embodied in the typical Chinese reiterative locutions like "惶惶" and "大大".

Example 7:

I have myself a ''capricious'' and ''leaking'' memory.

我自己的记忆力也是''漏洞百出''、''不听使唤''。

Although this is a short sentence, it still contains the flexible use of translation techniques.

(1)　Conversion:

At first, the original object "memory" is converted to the subject in the Chinese translation.

And then, the subject "I" with its appositive "myself" is converted into the attribute "我自己的" to modify the subject in the translation "记忆".

(2)　Addition:

On account of the conversion of the subject and the verb, the original predicate "have" is inappropriate. The addition of "也是" that is equivalent to the verb "be" in English enforces the completeness of sentence structure. And this is a structural addition mainly due to the structural difference between Chinese and English.

(3)　Diction:

The two vivid adjectives "capricious" and "leaking" are translated as "不听使唤" and "漏洞百出" respectively which are typical Chinese four-character structures. The Chinese adjective "漏洞百出(的)" means that the loopholes appear one after another, which is often used to describe that one's writing or speech is untenable because of lack of sufficient reasons and grounds. And here, this word shows the author's weak memory with which he forgets things time and again. And the other adjective "不听使唤(的)" generally depicts that someone loses control and is not obedient to the rules or instructions. Here, the word properly demonstrates that the author cannot manipulate his memory well and also cannot preclude it from being weaker. The use of these two words conforms to the choice of affective and stylistic meanings.

In this example, the conversion of the subject and object, as well as the change of the predicate, enable the translation to be more closely in accord with the Chinese sentential structure. Moreover, the two figurative adjectives packed with personified traits not only fully convey the author's intention, but also enhance the literariness of the translation and even display a lively mood beyond the original text.

Example 8:

We know, again, that, the blossom precedes and ''not succeeds'' the fruit of the apple-tree, but ''this does not lessen our amazement at'' the beautiful holiday of a May orchard.

另外，我们知道苹果树''先''开花，''后''结果，可是五月''一旦''到来，果园里一片欢闹的花海。''我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？''

This is a typical example of the imitation method embodied in the use of diverse translation techniques.

(1) Conversion:

Regarding the conversion of word classes, the noun "blossom" is converted into the Chinese verb "开花".

Concerning the conversion of sentence members, the object in the clause "apple-tree" is converted into the subject "苹果树" in the Chinese translation. And the attribute "May" is converted into the adverbial in Chinese as "五月一旦到来".

Considering the conversion of sentence patterns, the negative sentence "this does not lessen our amazement at..." is converted into an interrogative sentence "我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？".

(2)　Negation:

The negative form "not succeeds" in English is translated into the affirmative form "后结果" in Chinese, intensifying a positive tone on which Chinese language often places emphasis.

(3)　Division:

The original complicated sentence in English is divided into several simplex clauses and phrases in Chinese, which underlines the "chronicle style" of Chinese language with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.

(4)　Addition:

Now that the original sentence is divided into smaller components, it is necessary to supply connectors for better cohesion. The addition of the logical connectors in Chinese such as "先", "后", "一旦" and "仍然" renders the translation more smooth and expressive.

In this instance, the translator flexibly takes advantage of the techniques such as conversion, negation and division, not only contributing to the diversity of sentence patterns but also adding a sense of warmth and vividness of the translation. Additionally, the semantic addition of logical connectors renders the translation more cohesive and coherent.

Example 9:

Once more I shall ''see'' the world as a garden through ''the eyes'' of a stranger, ''my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields''.

那时，我像一个陌生者进人大花园，''放眼四望''，''五色缤纷''的原野再一次使我''目不暇接''，''心迷神醉''。

As regards this example, the translator enriches the meaning of the original text and creates a more balmy atmosphere by employing various translation techniques.

(1) Division:

The long complex sentence, composed of two clauses, is divided into several separated clauses arranged in a certain order, which renders the translation rhythmic and highlights the focus of expression.

(2) Addition:

The addition of the Chinese set phrase "目不暇接" (which means that so many wonderful things and so swift change of scenery come into sight that the eyes are kept fully occupied) makes the context more coherent, as it echoes "see" and "the eyes" in the preceding and connects the "painted fields" in the following that greet the author's eyes and take his breath away.

(3) Diction:

The verb "see" is translated into "放眼四望" (to look around), the noun phrase "breath taken away with surprise" into "心醉神迷" (to be thrown into ecstasies), and the adjective "painted" into "五彩缤纷" (colorful). These recurring four-character structures in translation are loaded with positive meanings, and proper to depict the attractive scenery and to be used in scholarly prose.

(4) Conversion:

The original clause "my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields" is in passive voice, and is converted into the active voice in Chinese translation "五色缤纷的原野再一次使我目不暇接，心迷神醉". This kind of conversion is due to the fact that the Chinese passive form marked by "被" is traditionally felt to be an "inflictive voice", mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable, contrasted with the cheerful aura overflowing the original text.

The translator employs short clauses separated from the original complex sentence to bestow smoothness and naturalness on the translation and strengthen its artistic appeal. Furthermore, the translator selects the words that tally with the affective, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original. And the opportune addition of words and change of voice also polish the translation.

The reasonable use of the imitation translation method can make the translation more idiomatic and vivid, and even enable the translation to overshadow the original text in terms of showcasing the artistic and aesthetic charm.

In a word, translation methods under domesticating strategy will involve the careful selection of texts which lend themselves to being translated in this manner, the conscious adoption of a fluent, natural-sounding target language style, the adaptation of target text to conform to target discourse types, the interpolation of explanatory material, the removal of source language REALIA and the general harmonization of target text with target language preconceptions and preferences. These methods can render the translation highly literary, aesthetic and readable, and also can to some extent optimize the source text. The appropriate application of domesticating translation is able to even become a sublimation of the original.

==Conclusion==

This paper makes an analysis of translation strategies and translation methods in English prose, with translator Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" created by Robert Lynd as an example. With translation strategies and methods as the starting point, this paper considers Chinese translation of English prose as the research subject. The paper first introduces English prose along with its distinctive properties, linguistics features and principles of its translation. And then this paper carries out the interpretation of translation strategies and methods in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" in which the application of translation methods as well as techniques under foreignizing and domesticating strategies are elaborated, and the concrete effects they exert are also elucidated.

===Major Findings===

Based on the above study of translation strategies and methods employed in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the features or common ground of Chinese translation of English prose in terms of translation strategies and methods can be generally summarized.

In Chinese translation of English prose, foreignization strategy and domestication strategy are both used in the light of the style, linguistic features, and syntactic structures of the source text.

But, on the whole, the domesticating translation strategy which includes translation methods such as free translation and imitation is applied more frequently compared with foreignization. This is because that prose translation falls into literary translation that is special on the grounds of the unique characteristics of the original literary works. In literary works, or specifically, in English prose, some words are not used with their literal meanings but their connotative or extension meanings, so literal translation under foreignization may not correctly convey the real significance of the original text. Meanwhile, in English prose, there are complex syntactic structures whose translation cannot be carried out with no proper conversion and alteration. Additionally, multiple rhetoric devices such as metaphor, metonymy and allusion are used in English literary works, and the literal translation of these figures of speech may elude the target-language readers because of the cultural differences and the obscurity of the translation. However, the appropriate adoption of translation methods under domestication strategy, to some extent, can give the target-language readers a sense of closeness and deliver the aesthetic charm with the premise that the real meaning of the original text can be ensured.

In terms of translation methods under foreignizing strategy, literal translation is used when the lexical meaning of the source text is lucid and the syntactic structures in it are relatively simple and clear, so the translators need not find a new path in the mode of expression in order to be faithful to the source text. And the use of literal translation can convey the information more objectively and avoid the interference of translators' subjective factors. Meanwhile, in Chinese translation of English prose, the use of zero-translation is frequent but imperceptible, with the omission of some words peculiar to English, such as expletives it and there, English articles and pronouns, but sometimes the English pronouns can also be retained to show a sense of closeness and friendliness. Besides, transliteration is used for the translation of proper nouns and technical terms not only in English prose but also in almost all text types, conforming to the principles of being named after the original sound and of the translated names accepted through common practice. In a word, translation methods under foreignization can ensure the objective conveyance of information of the original text and preserve its foreignness and unique cultural values that can enrich the target-language readers' knowledge and their languages.

With regard to translation methods under domesticating strategy, in Chinese translation English prose, free translation and imitation method are oftentimes employed. English prose, as one of the English literary genres, boasts distinctive features of literature, such as aesthetic value, the language with hidden meanings and the usual use of figures of speech as well as culturally loaded images, which may not be shown vividly and be easily understood by target-language readers via literal or word-for-word translation. Thus, translation methods under domestication, with careful choice of words, proper adjustment of syntactic structures and sentence sequence, and appropriate sublimation of the original text, can express the original author's feelings more lively, render the translation more fluent, idiomatic and expressive, and display the aesthetic charm of the source text.

At the lexical level, in Chinese translation of English prose, the translation techniques --- diction, addition, conversion and repetition --- are usually used. The typical Chinese four-character structures appear time from time in Chinese translation, and the translators choose the words in line with the affectionate, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original prose, which intensify literariness and satisfy the characteristics of scholar prose. Moreover, the addition of Chinese conjunctive words and logical connectors by which sentences in translation are connected into a text can create better cohesion. Furthermore, the conversion of word classes in translation is based on the contrastive studies of English and Chinese, viz., English with its nominal style is static whereas Chinese with its verbal style is dynamic. Besides, it is one of the peculiarities of Chinese to reduplicate characters or words in word-formation and to repeat the similar or same word or expression in a discourse for expressiveness and parallelism, which can render translation more appealing to Chinese readers and produce the rhetorical and grammatical effect.

At the syntactic level, the translation techniques --- conversion and division--- are often employed in Chinese translation of English prose. To start with, conversion in the syntactic respect involves conversions of sentence members, sentence patterns and the voice. The conversion of word classes often results in the conversion of sentence members, and the alteration of sentences patterns like the inter-conversion between assertive or negative sentences and question sentences can variegate sentence types in translation. The conversion of passive voice in English prose into active voice in Chinese translation is due to the preference for active forms that can produce a positive effect in Chinese language. What's more, part of sentences in English prose are longer and more complicated because of subordination, a fundamental feature of English, and it may be hard to reproduce the original thought with following the original sentence structure in translation, hence the division of complex English sentences into word-groups, clauses or simplex sentences in Chinese can endow Chinese translation of English prose with more naturalness, fluency and sense of rhythm.

The research on the features of translation strategies and methods in Chinese translation of English prose, theoretically can offer a deeper insight into English prose and its translation, and practically can help to some extent improve the quality of Chinese translation of English prose.

===Limitations and Suggestions===

There are drawbacks in this paper: firstly, the paper takes only one piece of English prose as an example in case study, so it lacks strong persuasiveness; secondly, since there are few researchers on prose translation at home and abroad, especially those specializing in Chinese translation of English prose, this paper resorts to insufficient literature guidance and reference; thirdly, owing to the confined conditions and narrow academic capacity, this paper is devoid of enough depth and breadth as well as favorable insight and acuity, thus the theoretical support and practical assistance it provides are bound to be limited. As a consequence, it is expected that researchers in this field can cooperate well to build up a system to minimize the possible errors and create more thorough and holistic works to enunciate and improve Chinese translation of English prose.

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Trans Type EN 4

2021-12-29T14:48:47Z

Mao Yawen: /* Zero-Translation */

=Chapter 4 On Translation Strategies and Translation Methods in Chinese Translation of English Prose -- A Case Study of Chinese Translation of English Prose "The Pleasures of Ignorance"=

浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例

毛雅文 Mao Yawen, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==

Prose, together with poetry, novel and drama, is a kind of literary form. It is not limited to rhythm, plot and characters, flexible in form, real and natural. English prose has a long history and various types, so it becomes an important object in translation practice and research. In China, the most famous English prose writers are Francis Bacon and Charles Lamb, hence, their works can be regarded as the focus of studies on Chinese translation of English prose. In fact, Chinese translation of English prose draws less attention in translation circle of China, compared with that of English poetry and drama. With English prose as the starting point, this paper will introduce the characteristics of English prose and the domestic studies on its Chinese translation, and take the Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance", the representative work of English modern prose writer Robert Lynd, as an example to analyze its translation strategies and methods.

==摘要==

散文是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并称的一种文体，不拘泥于韵律、情节、人物，形式灵活，真实自然。英语散文历史悠久，类型多样，是翻译实践与研究中的重要研究对象。在我国，最著名的英语散文家是弗朗西斯·培根和查尔斯·兰姆，他们的作品也因此成为英语散文汉译的重点。而事实上，我国翻译界更加重视的是诗歌与小说的汉译，英语散文汉译的研究相较之下比较滞后。本文将以英语散文为切入点，介绍英语散文的特点及其在我国的汉译研究，并以英国现代散文家罗伯特·林德的代表作《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例，主要分析其中的策略及方法。

==Key Words==

"The Pleasures of Ignorance"; Chinese translation of English prose; translation strategies; translation methods; translation techniques

==关键词==

《无知的乐趣》；英语散文汉译；翻译策略；翻译方法；翻译技巧

==Introduction==

This chapter will point to the research background and its significance, and briefly set forth the structure of this paper and the methods used.

===Research Background and Significance===

In recent years, with the deepening of the reform and opening-up, the channels of international cultural exchange have become increasingly unblocked, and China's translation industry has also flourished. The studies on translation theory, drawing lesson from western translation studies, have yielded fruitful results, and more noteworthily, remarkable achievements have been made in studies on literary translation for all to see. (Hou 2014: 1)

Prose is a basic literary form in written or spoken language that typically exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure. A large number of works in philosophy, history, economics, journalism, etc, are examples of works written in prose. It can be seen that prose, which is widely used for creation, occupies an important position in literature. However, there are few researchers majoring in prose translation, still fewer ones who specialize in the Chinese translation of English prose. Given the above, this paper, based on previous studies, will study the Chinese translation of English prose, and take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" created by the English prose writer Robert Lynd, exploring its characteristics in translation strategies and methods, so as to provide better understanding and some reference for the appreciation and translation of English prose. (He 2018: 6) (Song 2018: 1)

===Methodology and Structure===

This paper will employ the methods of literature research and case analysis. The paper consists of three parts. The first section is the literature review, explicating the distinctive properties and linguistic features of English prose, and the prose translation with its principles, as well as introducing the previous studies on the Chinese translation of English prose at home. The second part, the core of this paper, will take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation version of Robert Lynd's prose work "The Pleasures of Ignorance" as an example, carry out the interpretation of this translation in terms of its types, styles as well as strategies and methods employed. Lastly, the conclusion will point to the findings in this study and the weaknesses in the paper.

==Literature Review==

This part will draw into the domestic previous studies on Chinese translation of English prose.

With regard to the Chinese translation of English prose, at present, there are few domestic scholars dedicated to its systematic research. According to the different perspectives, the relevant researches at home can be roughly divided into three categories.

First, concerning research on the theory of Chinese translation of English prose into Chinese, there is a relatively small number of studies in this direction. One of the most fruitful works is ''The Study and Translation of British and American Prose'' co-authored by Zhao Xiuming and Zhao Zhangjin (2010), which makes a detailed investigation of the literary characteristics, historical evolution and style evolution of British and American prose. The work also discusses the basic principles of English prose translation in terms of pre-translation text analysis, historical and cultural context, artistic principles, and styles, etc., which can offer a reference for the further study of the theories and practices of English prose translation. (Hou 2014: 4)

Second, regarding research on the famous translators of English and American prose with their translation styles and skills, Xia Ying explored the style of Professor Cao's translation of Francis Bacon with the essay titled "Research on Professor Cao Minglunss Chinese translation of bacon prose". Some others probed into Liu Bingshans's and Liu Shicong's thoughts on prose translation which have guiding significance for prose translation practice. (Hou 2014: 4)

Third, as regards research on the practice of Chinese translation English prose based on translation theory, Huang Jianling (2012) analyzed the Chinese translation of Bacon's essays from the perspective of translation aesthetics. Hu Hongyun (2013) translates and elaborates on the British prose "Farewell" in vocabulary, semantics, style and cultural transmission, on the basis of Eugene Nida's Functional Equivalence theory. (Hou 2014: 5)

These researches and investigations have laid a solid foundation for future studies and the analysis in this paper.

==Overview of English Prose==

Prose can be defined in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In the broad sense, prose refers to all the written and oral works in a loose form free from parallelism; and in the narrow sense, it specifically means the writings with certain literary qualities, such as essays, and a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel, drama and movie-television literature.

This section will clarify the distinctive characteristics and linguistic features of English prose, as well as its translation principles.

===Distinctive Features of English Prose===

As an independent literary genre, English prose has its distinctive characteristics.

The first characteristic is its expression of sincere feeling. Prose mostly depicts the real people, things and scenery, and is generated based on record and recollection of life. With prose, the author frequently describes his or her personal experiences, which expresses feelings full of personality and style. So in this sense, prose can be considered as an earnest conversation between the author and the readers. (Zhang 2011: 28)

Secondly, English prose is characterized by a wide material selection. In English prose, one detail, episode and facet of life can be used to display the author's specific emotions and circumstances, and all materials related to the theme can also be employed. It places no emphasis on rhythm and rhyme, like poetry, as well as to plot and characters, like drama. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Besides, English prose features a free and loose structure. The structure of prose writings is free and flexible. Prose is elastic and natural and boasts descriptive, argumentative and lyrical qualities, thereof constituting its most distinctive advantage. There are no strict restrictions and fixed patterns in the prose structure, but its flexibility and randomness are not tantamount to disorder and scatter, and its choice of theme and expression of feelings should be closely centered on one mainline. (Zhang 2011: 29)

===Linguistic Features of English Prose===

Compared with other literary forms, prose has no more skills to resort to. Therefore, as regards the form of artistic expression, English prose mainly has recourse to its language features.

First and foremost, succinctness and fluency characterize the English prose language. The concise prose language not only fully delivers the content that the author intends to convey but effectively shows the author's emotions and attitude towards persons and things. This is not the result of the author's deliberate elaboration, but the natural overflow of his or her plain and pure emotion. The fluency of prose language refers to both the informal use of words and phrases, and the author's sound expression of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Meanwhile, colloquial style and literary grace are characteristic of prose language. As prose mainly focuses on the description of the author's personal stories and sentiments, thus, he speaks or writes with his posture, style and tone, as if he is confiding to the readers, so as to highlight the agreeable conversation style and unique colloquial style. Colloquial prose language is natural due to its simplicity, friendly owing to its ease of communication, and true thanks to its individuality. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Furthermore, another linguistic feature of English prose is the smooth rhythm and reading. The rhythmic beauty of prose language is reflected in phonetic respect and sentence patterns. The prose reading is catchy, with no obstacles and awkwardness, and its rhythm is in line with the natural law of oral breathing pauses as well as with the ups and downs of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 30)

===Principles of English Prose Translation===

The beauty of prose lies in its language and artistic conception, the two permeating each other and jointly creating the artistic charm of prose. In prose translation practice, the following principles can be observed to reproduce the artistic appeal.

Keep an eye on sound and rhythm. Despite that the sound and rhythm of prose are often internal, not as obvious, regular and musical as that of poetry, they are not disordered with no aesthetic purpose. On the contrary, they effectively represent the variation of emotion in the prose and are consistent with its unique aesthetic interest. This illustrates that in prose translation, on the one hand, the translators should recognize the great value and significance of prose sound and rhythm; on the other hand, with the intention of reproducing the linguistic subtleties of the original text, the translators can fully touch its aesthetic interest from the cadence between the lines, and perceive its inner rhythm from sentence length and speech speed. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Pay attention to the personalized mode of discourse. Different writers with various discourse modes bring about manifold writing styles. Not only is the personalized mode of discourse reflected in the author's choice of words and sentences as well as the layout of the prose, but also his thoughts and aesthetic interest. As a result, the translators can start with analyzing the original writer's one classic work and then his anthology and even look closely at the literary features of his age, in order to grasp the writer's personalized discourse mode, which is of particular importance to reproduce his artistic personality and the characteristics of his emotional expression in translation practice. (Zhang 2011: 31)

Place a premium on the unity of scene and emotion. The unity of scene and interest in prose is embodied in diverse ways of language expression and structure, as well as the images or settings created by the author. In translation practice, based on the unity of scene and interest in the prose, it is beneficial to preserve and reproduce the overall aesthetic orientation of the original text through aesthetic reconstruction in word selection and layout, so that the translated text can obtain the aesthetic taste similar to the original prose. (Zhang 2011: 31)

All in all, a general understanding of English prose can facilitate the study of its Chinese translation.

==Case Study of Chinese Translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance"==

The selected source text is "The Pleasures of Ignorance", written by Robert Lynd.

Robert Lynd (1879-1949), born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a modern critic and prose writer. He, together with E. V. Lucas, was a pioneer in reviving the tradition of Charles Lamb's prose. And "The Pleasures of Ignorance" is one of his notable prose works.

This prose points out that it is because of ignorance that people are interested in nature and the world and pursue knowledge, and the process of seeking knowledge is full of pleasure, by which the author emphasizes the importance of learning more and gaining insight. The article reveals somewhat erudition and aesthetic sensibility, as well as love for nature and passion for life. From his leisurely writing, the author's maturity of thought and capability in the usage of words is unveiled. Though the tone of the original text makes the readers feel that the author is chatting with them, giving people familiarity and closeness, it is not particularly colloquial. On the contrary, there is a kind of exactness and elegance of the learned between the lines, thus it can be seen that the case text is a typical scholar prose. (Zhu 2007: 326)

[[File:Source Text & Target Text.docx]]

The translator Professor Liu Bingshan firmly grasps these features of the original text and conveys the original style by carefully choosing words and sentences, with the principles of faithfulness, smoothness and expressiveness. His Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" will be analyzed in terms of translation strategies and methods. (Zhu 2007: 326)

There is a natural connection between translation strategies and translation methods, but the two concepts are often confused. It is generally believed that translation strategies (such as foreignization and domestication) are at the cultural level, while the translation methods (such as literal translation and free translation) are at the textual level. Translation methods are the approaches, steps and techniques used to achieve a specific translation purpose based on a certain translation strategy in translation activities, whereas translation strategies are a collection of principles and methods. Consequently, this paper will enunciate the translation text on the basis of translation methods under foreignization strategy and domestication strategy respectively. (Xiong 2014: 84)

===Translation Methods under Foreignizing Strategy===

Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This strategy is "an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" to have an alien reading experience. The translation methods under foreignization employed in Professor Liu's target text include literal translation, zero-translation and transliteration. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 13)

====Literal Translation====

Literal translation is in fact looser renditions that replace individual source language words with individual target language words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language. (Lian 2006: 12)

Specifically, in the case translation text, the translator faithfully retains some personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in the original text.

Example 1(1):

It is impossible to take a walk in the country with an average townsman—especially, perhaps, in April or May—without being amazed at the vast continent of his ignorance.

同一个普通的城里人到乡下去走一走，特别是在四月或五月里，那么。对他的无知范围之广阔，就不能不感到惊奇。任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 1(2):

This ignorance, however, is not altogether miserable.

不过，这种无知也并非全然不幸。

Example 1(3):

But ''your and my'' ignorance is not confined to cuckoos.

但是，''你我的''无知并不仅限于杜鹃这一方面。

Example 1(4):

A contemporary English novelist was once asked by a foreigner what was the most important crop in England.

一个外国人问一位当代英国小说家，英国最重要的农作物是什么。

The translation of these sentences, though properly altering the word order and voice with the adherence to the target-language syntactic norms, does not adopt the usage of transferred meaning in dealing with the lexical sense.

The use of literal translation, especially the retaining of the personal pronouns, like "we" and "you and I", conveys the style of the original text, showing friendliness and intimacy.

====Zero-Translation====

Zero translation refers to the translation in which the translators do not use the ready-made words in the target language to translate the source language words. This translation phenomenon occurs when adjustments must be made due to the differences in the syntactic structures of the two languages. For example, some articles and personal pronouns are not translated in E-C translation. (Fang 2011: 108)

In Liu's translation, zero-translation is particularly displayed by omission, a translation technique.

''Omission of the expletives It and There:''

Example 2(1):

''It'' is impossible to take a walk in the country oneself without being amazed at the vast continent of one's own ignorance.

任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 2(2):

''There'' are occasions on which a memory of this kind is an affliction, especially if one has a passion for accuracy.

这样的记忆力，在某些场合自然叫人伤脑筋，尤其当人渴望精确的时候。

''Omission of English articles:''

Example 2(3):

Thousands of men and women live and die without knowing the difference between ''a'' beech and ''an'' elm, between ''the'' song of ''a'' thrush and ''the'' song of ''a'' blackbird.

成干上万的男男女女，从生到死，一辈子也说不出山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，听不出画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

''Omission of pronouns:''

Example 2(4):

... as she (the cuckoo) lays ''her'' egg on the ground and takes it in ''her'' bill to the nest in which it is destined to breed infanticide.

把蛋下到地面上，然后再用尖嘴把它叨进那注定要发生杀婴罪行的窠巢里。

The application of zero-translation can render the translation text concise, neat and fluent, and make the rhythm of the prose more natural and flexible, conforming to the principle of prose translation.

====Transliteration====

Proper names such as the names of persons and places of foreign countries, are, as a rule, to be transliterated, i.e., to be translated by using Chinese characters to represent the sound in articulating these names. In transliteration, the translators should follow the original pronunciation of proper names. (Lian 2006: 344)

Example 3(1): Hamlet 哈姆雷特

Example 3(2): Pickwick 匹克威克

The above two names are both transliterated from their original English sound.

Besides, in transliteration, the translators sometimes should also use the standard pronunciation of the Chinese characters. One of the difficulties in transliterating a foreign name in Chinese characters lies in the lack of many foreign sounds in Chinese, and the variation in the pronunciation of the Chinese characters causes confusion. The remedy is to fix certain Chinese characters for a certain syllable of foreign names. And many long-standing translated names, though not named after the original sounds, have been recognized by the world and are generally invariable. (Lian 2006: 346)

Example 3(3): Montaigne 蒙田

This name is not translated from its original French sound as "蒙泰涅", but translated as "蒙田", the translated name that is recognized by Chinese translators for a long time and fixed on the syllable of foreign names.

Transliteration plays a crucial role in the translation of proper nouns and technical terms, which ensures the correct conveyance of information.

The translation methods under foreignization are able to make the translation process more visible, by means of showing how translators are deeply involved in the construction of culture and ideology. The use of these methods can retain the foreignness of the source text and produce on the target-language readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original, through which the readers can further understand the foreign expressions and cultures, realizing the differences between the two countries.

===Translation Methods under Domesticating Strategy===

Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. This strategy is "an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home". In other words, as regards the use of domesticating strategy, the translators are required to make target-language readers feel familiar and close through conveying the content of the original text with the expressions to which TL readers are accustomed. And in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", free translation method and imitation method under domestication are used and displayed in several translation techniques. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 14)

====Free Translation====

Free translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes the transfer of the meaning or the "spirit" of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of this method is to accommodate the needs of the target-language readers by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture which does not therefore sound "foreign". (Shuttleworth & Cowie 2014: 59) (Lian 2006: 12)

Such a method, in this case study, is specifically embodied in the choice of words packed with Chinese characteristics, that is, diction, also a translation technique. For example,

Example 4(1):

Probably in a modern city the man who can distinguish between a thrush's and a blackbird's song is ''the exception''.

在一个现代化城市里，能听得出画眉和山乌鸦叫声不同的人，恐怕是''凤毛麟角''。

Example 4(2):

It is not that we have not seen the birds. It is simply that we ''have not noticed'' them.

所以如此，并不是因为这些鸟我们没有见过，而只是因为我们''习焉不察''。

Example 4(3):

When in the oak's green arms the cuckoo ''sings'',

And first delights men in the ''lovely springs''.

杜鹃在橡树的绿色怀抱里''啭啼''，

第一个为人们带来''欢欣、美好的春意''。

In translating these sentences, the translator transfers some words into vocabulary or phrases with conspicuously Chinese features. For instance, the transfer of "the exception" and "have not noticed" to Chinese idioms "凤毛麟角" (that describes rare and precious items) and "习焉不察" (which means that one is too accustomed to something to call it in questions), respectively, exemplify the typical Chinese four-character structure. Moreover, the verb "sings" is transferred to "啭啼" (that describes birds' melodious chirp), a Chinese term composed of two words with the same left side, which is one of common and special linguistic phenomena in Chinese language. Meanwhile, "the lovely springs" is transferred to "欢欣、美好的春意" (a joyful and wonderful feeling brought by the spring) through abstraction.

Thus, it can be seen that the application of free translation can reproduce the sense of the original text more smoothly and idiomatically. And the wide adoption of the four-character structures enhances the academic atmosphere of the translation version.

====Imitation====

With regard to the use of imitation, the translators do not stick to the meaning details of the original text, let alone its vocabulary and syntactic structure, but take the original text as a reference model, either by deleting or condensing to only translate its gist and key information, or by adding and expanding to deliver more information than that in the original text. (Xiong 2014: 85)

Example 5:

Thousands of ''men and women'' ''live and die'' ''without knowing'' the difference between a beech and an elm, between the song of a thrush and the song of a blackbird.

成千上万的''男男女女''，''从生到死''，''一辈子''也''说不出''山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，''听不出''画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

In the translation of this sentence, a variety of translation techniques are employed.

(1) Conversion:

The translator uses conversion to alter the syntactic structure of the original sentence.

The predicate "live and die" is converted into the preposition phrase "从生到死" as the adverbial in Chinese.

And the adverbial preposition phrase in the source text "without knowing" is converted into the predicate in Chinese translation.

(2) Division:

In accordance with the need of Chinese expression, "without knowing" is divided into two verb phrases "说不出" and "听不出" in Chinese as the predicate.

(3) Addition:

With the addition of the expression "一辈子", the translator highlights a long time between life and death.

(4) Repetition:

The plural form "men and women" is translated into the reiterative locution "男男女女" by repetition.

The change of sentence structure via techniques such as conversion and division as well as of vocabulary via repetition and addition renders the translation natural and smooth, showing the translator’s superb handling of the original text.

Example 6:

...we are all the ''more'' delighted ''at the spectacle of'' its ''runaway flight'' as it (the cuckoo) ''hurries'' from wood to wood conscious of its crimes ...

一日''看见''它（杜鹃）因为自己犯了罪而''煌惶不安地''从这个林子飞''逃''向那个林子 ... 我们才会觉得''大大''开心。

In this example, there are also various translation techniques used.

(1)　Conversion:

Firstly, the preposition phrase "at the spectacle of" is converted into the verb "看见" in Chinese.

Secondly, the noun phrase "runaway flight" is converted into Chinese verbs "飞" (fly) and "逃" (escape).

Besides, the verb "hurries" (that means to move quickly in a particular direction) is converted into "惶惶不安地" (which means to feel panic, afraid and utterly uneasy), a Chinese adverb to modify the verbs "飞" and "逃", which endows the subject cuckoo with somewhat human characteristic.

(2) Repetition:

The adjective "more" is translated into the reiterative locution "大大", a Chinese adverb equivalent to "very" or "extremely" in English to modify the adjective "delighted".

In this example, the adjustment of the sentence order and conversion of parts of speech make the translation more consistent with the word sequence in Chinese. Meanwhile, the choice of words such as the Chinese four-character structure "惶惶不安" conveys the romantic charm beyond the original text. And there are also indicators of the use of repetition embodied in the typical Chinese reiterative locutions like "惶惶" and "大大".

Example 7:

I have myself a ''capricious'' and ''leaking'' memory.

我自己的记忆力也是''漏洞百出''、''不听使唤''。

Although this is a short sentence, it still contains the flexible use of translation techniques.

(1)　Conversion:

At first, the original object "memory" is converted to the subject in the Chinese translation.

And then, the subject "I" with its appositive "myself" is converted into the attribute "我自己的" to modify the subject in the translation "记忆".

(2)　Addition:

On account of the conversion of the subject and the verb, the original predicate "have" is inappropriate. The addition of "也是" that is equivalent to the verb "be" in English enforces the completeness of sentence structure. And this is a structural addition mainly due to the structural difference between Chinese and English.

(3)　Diction:

The two vivid adjectives "capricious" and "leaking" are translated as "不听使唤" and "漏洞百出" respectively which are typical Chinese four-character structures. The Chinese adjective "漏洞百出(的)" means that the loopholes appear one after another, which is often used to describe that one's writing or speech is untenable because of lack of sufficient reasons and grounds. And here, this word shows the author's weak memory with which he forgets things time and again. And the other adjective "不听使唤(的)" generally depicts that someone loses control and is not obedient to the rules or instructions. Here, the word properly demonstrates that the author cannot manipulate his memory well and also cannot preclude it from being weaker. The use of these two words conforms to the choice of affective and stylistic meanings.

In this example, the conversion of the subject and object, as well as the change of the predicate, enable the translation to be more closely in accord with the Chinese sentential structure. Moreover, the two figurative adjectives packed with personified traits not only fully convey the author's intention, but also enhance the literariness of the translation and even display a lively mood beyond the original text.

Example 8:

We know, again, that, the blossom precedes and ''not succeeds'' the fruit of the apple-tree, but ''this does not lessen our amazement at'' the beautiful holiday of a May orchard.

另外，我们知道苹果树''先''开花，''后''结果，可是五月''一旦''到来，果园里一片欢闹的花海。''我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？''

This is a typical example of the imitation method embodied in the use of diverse translation techniques.

(1) Conversion:

Regarding the conversion of word classes, the noun "blossom" is converted into the Chinese verb "开花".

Concerning the conversion of sentence members, the object in the clause "apple-tree" is converted into the subject "苹果树" in the Chinese translation. And the attribute "May" is converted into the adverbial in Chinese as "五月一旦到来".

Considering the conversion of sentence patterns, the negative sentence "this does not lessen our amazement at..." is converted into an interrogative sentence "我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？".

(2)　Negation:

The negative form "not succeeds" in English is translated into the affirmative form "后结果" in Chinese, intensifying a positive tone on which Chinese language often places emphasis.

(3)　Division:

The original complicated sentence in English is divided into several simplex clauses and phrases in Chinese, which underlines the "chronicle style" of Chinese language with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.

(4)　Addition:

Now that the original sentence is divided into smaller components, it is necessary to supply connectors for better cohesion. The addition of the logical connectors in Chinese such as "先", "后", "一旦" and "仍然" renders the translation more smooth and expressive.

In this instance, the translator flexibly takes advantage of the techniques such as conversion, negation and division, not only contributing to the diversity of sentence patterns but also adding a sense of warmth and vividness of the translation. Additionally, the semantic addition of logical connectors renders the translation more cohesive and coherent.

Example 9:

Once more I shall ''see'' the world as a garden through ''the eyes'' of a stranger, ''my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields''.

那时，我像一个陌生者进人大花园，''放眼四望''，''五色缤纷''的原野再一次使我''目不暇接''，''心迷神醉''。

As regards this example, the translator enriches the meaning of the original text and creates a more balmy atmosphere by employing various translation techniques.

(1) Division:

The long complex sentence, composed of two clauses, is divided into several separated clauses arranged in a certain order, which renders the translation rhythmic and highlights the focus of expression.

(2) Addition:

The addition of the Chinese set phrase "目不暇接" (which means that so many wonderful things and so swift change of scenery come into sight that the eyes are kept fully occupied) makes the context more coherent, as it echoes "see" and "the eyes" in the preceding and connects the "painted fields" in the following that greet the author's eyes and take his breath away.

(3) Diction:

The verb "see" is translated into "放眼四望" (to look around), the noun phrase "breath taken away with surprise" into "心醉神迷" (to be thrown into ecstasies), and the adjective "painted" into "五彩缤纷" (colorful). These recurring four-character structures in translation are loaded with positive meanings, and proper to depict the attractive scenery and to be used in scholarly prose.

(4) Conversion:

The original clause "my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields" is in passive voice, and is converted into the active voice in Chinese translation "五色缤纷的原野再一次使我目不暇接，心迷神醉". This kind of conversion is due to the fact that the Chinese passive form marked by "被" is traditionally felt to be an "inflictive voice", mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable, contrasted with the cheerful aura overflowing the original text.

The translator employs short clauses separated from the original complex sentence to bestow smoothness and naturalness on the translation and strengthen its artistic appeal. Furthermore, the translator selects the words that tally with the affective, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original. And the opportune addition of words and change of voice also polish the translation.

The reasonable use of the imitation translation method can make the translation more idiomatic and vivid, and even enable the translation to overshadow the original text in terms of showcasing the artistic and aesthetic charm.

In a word, translation methods under domesticating strategy will involve the careful selection of texts which lend themselves to being translated in this manner, the conscious adoption of a fluent, natural-sounding target language style, the adaptation of target text to conform to target discourse types, the interpolation of explanatory material, the removal of source language REALIA and the general harmonization of target text with target language preconceptions and preferences. These methods can render the translation highly literary, aesthetic and readable, and also can to some extent optimize the source text. The appropriate application of domesticating translation is able to even become a sublimation of the original.

==Conclusion==

This paper makes an analysis of translation strategies and translation methods in English prose, with translator Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" created by Robert Lynd as an example. With translation strategies and methods as the starting point, this paper considers Chinese translation of English prose as the research subject. The paper first introduces English prose along with its distinctive properties, linguistics features and principles of its translation. And then this paper carries out the interpretation of translation strategies and methods in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" in which the application of translation methods as well as techniques under foreignizing and domesticating strategies are elaborated, and the concrete effects they exert are also elucidated.

===Major Findings===

Based on the above study of translation strategies and methods employed in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the features or common ground of Chinese translation of English prose in terms of translation strategies and methods can be generally summarized.

In Chinese translation of English prose, foreignization strategy and domestication strategy are both used in the light of the style, linguistic features, and syntactic structures of the source text.

But, on the whole, the domesticating translation strategy which includes translation methods such as free translation and imitation is applied more frequently compared with foreignization. This is because that prose translation falls into literary translation that is special on the grounds of the unique characteristics of the original literary works. In literary works, or specifically, in English prose, some words are not used with their literal meanings but their connotative or extension meanings, so literal translation under foreignization may not correctly convey the real significance of the original text. Meanwhile, in English prose, there are complex syntactic structures whose translation cannot be carried out with no proper conversion and alteration. Additionally, multiple rhetoric devices such as metaphor, metonymy and allusion are used in English literary works, and the literal translation of these figures of speech may elude the target-language readers because of the cultural differences and the obscurity of the translation. However, the appropriate adoption of translation methods under domestication strategy, to some extent, can give the target-language readers a sense of closeness and deliver the aesthetic charm with the premise that the real meaning of the original text can be ensured.

In terms of translation methods under foreignizing strategy, literal translation is used when the lexical meaning of the source text is lucid and the syntactic structures in it are relatively simple and clear, so the translators need not find a new path in the mode of expression in order to be faithful to the source text. And the use of literal translation can convey the information more objectively and avoid the interference of translators' subjective factors. Meanwhile, in Chinese translation of English prose, the use of zero-translation is frequent but imperceptible, with the omission of some words peculiar to English, such as expletives it and there, English articles and pronouns, but sometimes the English pronouns can also be retained to show a sense of closeness and friendliness. Besides, transliteration is used for the translation of proper nouns and technical terms not only in English prose but also in almost all text types, conforming to the principles of being named after the original sound and of the translated names accepted through common practice. In a word, translation methods under foreignization can ensure the objective conveyance of information of the original text and preserve its foreignness and unique cultural values that can enrich the target-language readers' knowledge and their languages.

With regard to translation methods under domesticating strategy, in Chinese translation English prose, free translation and imitation method are oftentimes employed. English prose, as one of the English literary genres, boasts distinctive features of literature, such as aesthetic value, the language with hidden meanings and the usual use of figures of speech as well as culturally loaded images, which may not be shown vividly and be easily understood by target-language readers via literal or word-for-word translation. Thus, translation methods under domestication, with careful choice of words, proper adjustment of syntactic structures and sentence sequence, and appropriate sublimation of the original text, can express the original author's feelings more lively, render the translation more fluent, idiomatic and expressive, and display the aesthetic charm of the source text.

At the lexical level, in Chinese translation of English prose, the translation techniques --- diction, addition, conversion and repetition --- are usually used. The typical Chinese four-character structures appear time from time in Chinese translation, and the translators choose the words in line with the affectionate, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original prose, which intensify literariness and satisfy the characteristics of scholar prose. Moreover, the addition of Chinese conjunctive words and logical connectors by which sentences in translation are connected into a text can create better cohesion. Furthermore, the conversion of word classes in translation is based on the contrastive studies of English and Chinese, viz., English with its nominal style is static whereas Chinese with its verbal style is dynamic. Besides, it is one of the peculiarities of Chinese to reduplicate characters or words in word-formation and to repeat the similar or same word or expression in a discourse for expressiveness and parallelism, which can render translation more appealing to Chinese readers and produce the rhetorical and grammatical effect.

At the syntactic level, the translation techniques --- conversion and division--- are often employed in Chinese translation of English prose. To start with, conversion in the syntactic respect involves conversions of sentence members, sentence patterns and the voice. The conversion of word classes often results in the conversion of sentence members, and the alteration of sentences patterns like the inter-conversion between assertive or negative sentences and question sentences can variegate sentence types in translation. The conversion of passive voice in English prose into active voice in Chinese translation is due to the preference for active forms that can produce a positive effect in Chinese language. What's more, part of sentences in English prose are longer and more complicated because of subordination, a fundamental feature of English, and it may be hard to reproduce the original thought with following the original sentence structure in translation, hence the division of complex English sentences into word-groups, clauses or simplex sentences in Chinese can endow Chinese translation of English prose with more naturalness, fluency and sense of rhythm.

The research on the features of translation strategies and methods in Chinese translation of English prose, theoretically can offer a deeper insight into English prose and its translation, and practically can help to some extent improve the quality of Chinese translation of English prose.

===Limitations and Suggestions===

There are drawbacks in this paper: firstly, the paper takes only one piece of English prose as an example in case study, so it lacks strong persuasiveness; secondly, since there are few researchers on prose translation at home and abroad, especially those specializing in Chinese translation of English prose, this paper resorts to insufficient literature guidance and reference; thirdly, owing to the confined conditions and narrow academic capacity, this paper is devoid of enough depth and breadth as well as favorable insight and acuity, thus the theoretical support and practical assistance it provides are bound to be limited. As a consequence, it is expected that researchers in this field can cooperate well to build up a system to minimize the possible errors and create more thorough and holistic works to enunciate and improve Chinese translation of English prose.

==References==

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之 (2011). 中国译学大辞典 [M] Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海: 上海教育出版社 Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 108.

He Xiuqin 何秀琴 (2018). 期待视角下的英语散文汉译研究 --- 以《散文佳作108篇》为例 [D] Research on English-Chinese Translation of Prose from the Perspective of Horizon of Expectation -- A Case Study of ''Anthology of Chinese and English Prose''. 南昌大学 Nanchang University, 1-8.

Hou Qiang 侯强 (2014). 英语散文汉译策略研究 --- 以“韩素音青年翻译奖”参赛文本为例 [D]. On the Translation Strategies of English Prose: A Case Study of the Chinese version in "Han Suyin Award for Young Translators". 厦门大学 Xiamen University, 1-4 & 40.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (2006). 英译汉教程 [M] A Coursebook on English-Chinese Translation. 北京: 高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 12-14 & 49 & 52 & 54 & 67-175 & 211 & 253-262 & 344-348.

Song Jie 宋颉 (2018). 翻译美学视角下的民国散文英译风格研究 [D]. A Study of Styles of English Translation of Chinese Essays during Period of the Republic of China from Perspective of Translation and Aesthetics. 上海外国语大学 Shanghai International Studies University, 1-12.

Shuttleworth, Mark & Cowie, Moira (2014). Dictionary of Translation Studies [M]. London and New York: Routledge, 43-44 & 59 & 144-145.

Venuti, Lawrence (1992). Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology [C]. London and New York: Routledge, 5-20.

Venuti, Lawrence (2004). The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 7-25.

Xiong Bing 熊兵 (2014). 翻译研究中的概念混淆 [J]. On the Conceptual Confusion in Translation Studies. 中国翻译 Chinese Translation, 3: 82-88.

Zhang Baohong 张保红 (2011). 文学翻译 Literary Translation [M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 28-88.

Zhu Mingju 朱明炬 (2007). 英汉名篇名译 [M] Chinese Translation of Famous English Works. 南京: 译林出版社 Nanjing: Yilin Press, 319-328.

Trans Type EN 4

2021-12-29T14:29:31Z

Mao Yawen: /* Chapter 4 On Translation Strategies and Translation Methods in Chinese Translation of English Prose -- A Case Study of Chinese Translation of English Prose "Pleasures of Ignorance" */

=Chapter 4 On Translation Strategies and Translation Methods in Chinese Translation of English Prose -- A Case Study of Chinese Translation of English Prose "The Pleasures of Ignorance"=

浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例

毛雅文 Mao Yawen, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==

Prose, together with poetry, novel and drama, is a kind of literary form. It is not limited to rhythm, plot and characters, flexible in form, real and natural. English prose has a long history and various types, so it becomes an important object in translation practice and research. In China, the most famous English prose writers are Francis Bacon and Charles Lamb, hence, their works can be regarded as the focus of studies on Chinese translation of English prose. In fact, Chinese translation of English prose draws less attention in translation circle of China, compared with that of English poetry and drama. With English prose as the starting point, this paper will introduce the characteristics of English prose and the domestic studies on its Chinese translation, and take the Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance", the representative work of English modern prose writer Robert Lynd, as an example to analyze its translation strategies and methods.

==摘要==

散文是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并称的一种文体，不拘泥于韵律、情节、人物，形式灵活，真实自然。英语散文历史悠久，类型多样，是翻译实践与研究中的重要研究对象。在我国，最著名的英语散文家是弗朗西斯·培根和查尔斯·兰姆，他们的作品也因此成为英语散文汉译的重点。而事实上，我国翻译界更加重视的是诗歌与小说的汉译，英语散文汉译的研究相较之下比较滞后。本文将以英语散文为切入点，介绍英语散文的特点及其在我国的汉译研究，并以英国现代散文家罗伯特·林德的代表作《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例，主要分析其中的策略及方法。

==Key Words==

"The Pleasures of Ignorance"; Chinese translation of English prose; translation strategies; translation methods; translation techniques

==关键词==

《无知的乐趣》；英语散文汉译；翻译策略；翻译方法；翻译技巧

==Introduction==

This chapter will point to the research background and its significance, and briefly set forth the structure of this paper and the methods used.

===Research Background and Significance===

In recent years, with the deepening of the reform and opening-up, the channels of international cultural exchange have become increasingly unblocked, and China's translation industry has also flourished. The studies on translation theory, drawing lesson from western translation studies, have yielded fruitful results, and more noteworthily, remarkable achievements have been made in studies on literary translation for all to see. (Hou 2014: 1)

Prose is a basic literary form in written or spoken language that typically exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure. A large number of works in philosophy, history, economics, journalism, etc, are examples of works written in prose. It can be seen that prose, which is widely used for creation, occupies an important position in literature. However, there are few researchers majoring in prose translation, still fewer ones who specialize in the Chinese translation of English prose. Given the above, this paper, based on previous studies, will study the Chinese translation of English prose, and take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" created by the English prose writer Robert Lynd, exploring its characteristics in translation strategies and methods, so as to provide better understanding and some reference for the appreciation and translation of English prose. (He 2018: 6) (Song 2018: 1)

===Methodology and Structure===

This paper will employ the methods of literature research and case analysis. The paper consists of three parts. The first section is the literature review, explicating the distinctive properties and linguistic features of English prose, and the prose translation with its principles, as well as introducing the previous studies on the Chinese translation of English prose at home. The second part, the core of this paper, will take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation version of Robert Lynd's prose work "The Pleasures of Ignorance" as an example, carry out the interpretation of this translation in terms of its types, styles as well as strategies and methods employed. Lastly, the conclusion will point to the findings in this study and the weaknesses in the paper.

==Literature Review==

This part will draw into the domestic previous studies on Chinese translation of English prose.

With regard to the Chinese translation of English prose, at present, there are few domestic scholars dedicated to its systematic research. According to the different perspectives, the relevant researches at home can be roughly divided into three categories.

First, concerning research on the theory of Chinese translation of English prose into Chinese, there is a relatively small number of studies in this direction. One of the most fruitful works is ''The Study and Translation of British and American Prose'' co-authored by Zhao Xiuming and Zhao Zhangjin (2010), which makes a detailed investigation of the literary characteristics, historical evolution and style evolution of British and American prose. The work also discusses the basic principles of English prose translation in terms of pre-translation text analysis, historical and cultural context, artistic principles, and styles, etc., which can offer a reference for the further study of the theories and practices of English prose translation. (Hou 2014: 4)

Second, regarding research on the famous translators of English and American prose with their translation styles and skills, Xia Ying explored the style of Professor Cao's translation of Francis Bacon with the essay titled "Research on Professor Cao Minglunss Chinese translation of bacon prose". Some others probed into Liu Bingshans's and Liu Shicong's thoughts on prose translation which have guiding significance for prose translation practice. (Hou 2014: 4)

Third, as regards research on the practice of Chinese translation English prose based on translation theory, Huang Jianling (2012) analyzed the Chinese translation of Bacon's essays from the perspective of translation aesthetics. Hu Hongyun (2013) translates and elaborates on the British prose "Farewell" in vocabulary, semantics, style and cultural transmission, on the basis of Eugene Nida's Functional Equivalence theory. (Hou 2014: 5)

These researches and investigations have laid a solid foundation for future studies and the analysis in this paper.

==Overview of English Prose==

Prose can be defined in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In the broad sense, prose refers to all the written and oral works in a loose form free from parallelism; and in the narrow sense, it specifically means the writings with certain literary qualities, such as essays, and a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel, drama and movie-television literature.

This section will clarify the distinctive characteristics and linguistic features of English prose, as well as its translation principles.

===Distinctive Features of English Prose===

As an independent literary genre, English prose has its distinctive characteristics.

The first characteristic is its expression of sincere feeling. Prose mostly depicts the real people, things and scenery, and is generated based on record and recollection of life. With prose, the author frequently describes his or her personal experiences, which expresses feelings full of personality and style. So in this sense, prose can be considered as an earnest conversation between the author and the readers. (Zhang 2011: 28)

Secondly, English prose is characterized by a wide material selection. In English prose, one detail, episode and facet of life can be used to display the author's specific emotions and circumstances, and all materials related to the theme can also be employed. It places no emphasis on rhythm and rhyme, like poetry, as well as to plot and characters, like drama. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Besides, English prose features a free and loose structure. The structure of prose writings is free and flexible. Prose is elastic and natural and boasts descriptive, argumentative and lyrical qualities, thereof constituting its most distinctive advantage. There are no strict restrictions and fixed patterns in the prose structure, but its flexibility and randomness are not tantamount to disorder and scatter, and its choice of theme and expression of feelings should be closely centered on one mainline. (Zhang 2011: 29)

===Linguistic Features of English Prose===

Compared with other literary forms, prose has no more skills to resort to. Therefore, as regards the form of artistic expression, English prose mainly has recourse to its language features.

First and foremost, succinctness and fluency characterize the English prose language. The concise prose language not only fully delivers the content that the author intends to convey but effectively shows the author's emotions and attitude towards persons and things. This is not the result of the author's deliberate elaboration, but the natural overflow of his or her plain and pure emotion. The fluency of prose language refers to both the informal use of words and phrases, and the author's sound expression of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Meanwhile, colloquial style and literary grace are characteristic of prose language. As prose mainly focuses on the description of the author's personal stories and sentiments, thus, he speaks or writes with his posture, style and tone, as if he is confiding to the readers, so as to highlight the agreeable conversation style and unique colloquial style. Colloquial prose language is natural due to its simplicity, friendly owing to its ease of communication, and true thanks to its individuality. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Furthermore, another linguistic feature of English prose is the smooth rhythm and reading. The rhythmic beauty of prose language is reflected in phonetic respect and sentence patterns. The prose reading is catchy, with no obstacles and awkwardness, and its rhythm is in line with the natural law of oral breathing pauses as well as with the ups and downs of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 30)

===Principles of English Prose Translation===

The beauty of prose lies in its language and artistic conception, the two permeating each other and jointly creating the artistic charm of prose. In prose translation practice, the following principles can be observed to reproduce the artistic appeal.

Keep an eye on sound and rhythm. Despite that the sound and rhythm of prose are often internal, not as obvious, regular and musical as that of poetry, they are not disordered with no aesthetic purpose. On the contrary, they effectively represent the variation of emotion in the prose and are consistent with its unique aesthetic interest. This illustrates that in prose translation, on the one hand, the translators should recognize the great value and significance of prose sound and rhythm; on the other hand, with the intention of reproducing the linguistic subtleties of the original text, the translators can fully touch its aesthetic interest from the cadence between the lines, and perceive its inner rhythm from sentence length and speech speed. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Pay attention to the personalized mode of discourse. Different writers with various discourse modes bring about manifold writing styles. Not only is the personalized mode of discourse reflected in the author's choice of words and sentences as well as the layout of the prose, but also his thoughts and aesthetic interest. As a result, the translators can start with analyzing the original writer's one classic work and then his anthology and even look closely at the literary features of his age, in order to grasp the writer's personalized discourse mode, which is of particular importance to reproduce his artistic personality and the characteristics of his emotional expression in translation practice. (Zhang 2011: 31)

Place a premium on the unity of scene and emotion. The unity of scene and interest in prose is embodied in diverse ways of language expression and structure, as well as the images or settings created by the author. In translation practice, based on the unity of scene and interest in the prose, it is beneficial to preserve and reproduce the overall aesthetic orientation of the original text through aesthetic reconstruction in word selection and layout, so that the translated text can obtain the aesthetic taste similar to the original prose. (Zhang 2011: 31)

All in all, a general understanding of English prose can facilitate the study of its Chinese translation.

==Case Study of Chinese Translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance"==

The selected source text is "The Pleasures of Ignorance", written by Robert Lynd.

Robert Lynd (1879-1949), born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a modern critic and prose writer. He, together with E. V. Lucas, was a pioneer in reviving the tradition of Charles Lamb's prose. And "The Pleasures of Ignorance" is one of his notable prose works.

This prose points out that it is because of ignorance that people are interested in nature and the world and pursue knowledge, and the process of seeking knowledge is full of pleasure, by which the author emphasizes the importance of learning more and gaining insight. The article reveals somewhat erudition and aesthetic sensibility, as well as love for nature and passion for life. From his leisurely writing, the author's maturity of thought and capability in the usage of words is unveiled. Though the tone of the original text makes the readers feel that the author is chatting with them, giving people familiarity and closeness, it is not particularly colloquial. On the contrary, there is a kind of exactness and elegance of the learned between the lines, thus it can be seen that the case text is a typical scholar prose. (Zhu 2007: 326)

[[File:Source Text & Target Text.docx]]

The translator Professor Liu Bingshan firmly grasps these features of the original text and conveys the original style by carefully choosing words and sentences, with the principles of faithfulness, smoothness and expressiveness. His Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" will be analyzed in terms of translation strategies and methods. (Zhu 2007: 326)

There is a natural connection between translation strategies and translation methods, but the two concepts are often confused. It is generally believed that translation strategies (such as foreignization and domestication) are at the cultural level, while the translation methods (such as literal translation and free translation) are at the textual level. Translation methods are the approaches, steps and techniques used to achieve a specific translation purpose based on a certain translation strategy in translation activities, whereas translation strategies are a collection of principles and methods. Consequently, this paper will enunciate the translation text on the basis of translation methods under foreignization strategy and domestication strategy respectively. (Xiong 2014: 84)

===Translation Methods under Foreignizing Strategy===

Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This strategy is "an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" to have an alien reading experience. The translation methods under foreignization employed in Professor Liu's target text include literal translation, zero-translation and transliteration. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 13)

====Literal Translation====

Literal translation is in fact looser renditions that replace individual source language words with individual target language words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language. (Lian 2006: 12)

Specifically, in the case translation text, the translator faithfully retains some personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in the original text.

Example 1(1):

It is impossible to take a walk in the country with an average townsman—especially, perhaps, in April or May—without being amazed at the vast continent of his ignorance.

同一个普通的城里人到乡下去走一走，特别是在四月或五月里，那么。对他的无知范围之广阔，就不能不感到惊奇。任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 1(2):

This ignorance, however, is not altogether miserable.

不过，这种无知也并非全然不幸。

Example 1(3):

But ''your and my'' ignorance is not confined to cuckoos.

但是，''你我的''无知并不仅限于杜鹃这一方面。

Example 1(4):

A contemporary English novelist was once asked by a foreigner what was the most important crop in England.

一个外国人问一位当代英国小说家，英国最重要的农作物是什么。

The translation of these sentences, though properly altering the word order and voice with the adherence to the target-language syntactic norms, does not adopt the usage of transferred meaning in dealing with the lexical sense.

The use of literal translation, especially the retaining of the personal pronouns, like "we" and "you and I", conveys the style of the original text, showing friendliness and intimacy.

====Zero-Translation====

Zero translation refers to the translation in which the translators do not use the ready-made words in the target language to translate the source language words. This translation phenomenon occurs when adjustments must be made due to the differences in the syntactic structures of the two languages. For example, some articles and personal pronouns are not translated in E-C translation. (Fang 2011: 108)

In Liu's Translation, zero-translation is particularly displayed by omission, a translation technique.

''Omission of the expletives It and There:''

Example 2(1):

''It'' is impossible to take a walk in the country oneself without being amazed at the vast continent of one's own ignorance.

任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 2(2):

''There'' are occasions on which a memory of this kind is an affliction, especially if one has a passion for accuracy.

这样的记忆力，在某些场合自然叫人伤脑筋，尤其当人渴望精确的时候。

''Omission of English articles:''

Example 2(3):

Thousands of men and women live and die without knowing the difference between ''a'' beech and ''an'' elm, between ''the'' song of ''a'' thrush and ''the'' song of ''a'' blackbird.

成干上万的男男女女，从生到死，一辈子也说不出山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，听不出画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

''Omission of pronouns:''

Example 2(4):

... as she (the cuckoo) lays ''her'' egg on the ground and takes it in ''her'' bill to the nest in which it is destined to breed infanticide.

把蛋下到地面上，然后再用尖嘴把它叨进那注定要发生杀婴罪行的窠巢里。

The application of zero-translation can render the translation text concise, neat and fluent, and make the rhythm of the prose more natural and flexible, conforming to the principle of prose translation.

====Transliteration====

Proper names such as the names of persons and places of foreign countries, are, as a rule, to be transliterated, i.e., to be translated by using Chinese characters to represent the sound in articulating these names. In transliteration, the translators should follow the original pronunciation of proper names. (Lian 2006: 344)

Example 3(1): Hamlet 哈姆雷特

Example 3(2): Pickwick 匹克威克

The above two names are both transliterated from their original English sound.

Besides, in transliteration, the translators sometimes should also use the standard pronunciation of the Chinese characters. One of the difficulties in transliterating a foreign name in Chinese characters lies in the lack of many foreign sounds in Chinese, and the variation in the pronunciation of the Chinese characters causes confusion. The remedy is to fix certain Chinese characters for a certain syllable of foreign names. And many long-standing translated names, though not named after the original sounds, have been recognized by the world and are generally invariable. (Lian 2006: 346)

Example 3(3): Montaigne 蒙田

This name is not translated from its original French sound as "蒙泰涅", but translated as "蒙田", the translated name that is recognized by Chinese translators for a long time and fixed on the syllable of foreign names.

Transliteration plays a crucial role in the translation of proper nouns and technical terms, which ensures the correct conveyance of information.

The translation methods under foreignization are able to make the translation process more visible, by means of showing how translators are deeply involved in the construction of culture and ideology. The use of these methods can retain the foreignness of the source text and produce on the target-language readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original, through which the readers can further understand the foreign expressions and cultures, realizing the differences between the two countries.

===Translation Methods under Domesticating Strategy===

Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. This strategy is "an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home". In other words, as regards the use of domesticating strategy, the translators are required to make target-language readers feel familiar and close through conveying the content of the original text with the expressions to which TL readers are accustomed. And in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", free translation method and imitation method under domestication are used and displayed in several translation techniques. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 14)

====Free Translation====

Free translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes the transfer of the meaning or the "spirit" of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of this method is to accommodate the needs of the target-language readers by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture which does not therefore sound "foreign". (Shuttleworth & Cowie 2014: 59) (Lian 2006: 12)

Such a method, in this case study, is specifically embodied in the choice of words packed with Chinese characteristics, that is, diction, also a translation technique. For example,

Example 4(1):

Probably in a modern city the man who can distinguish between a thrush's and a blackbird's song is ''the exception''.

在一个现代化城市里，能听得出画眉和山乌鸦叫声不同的人，恐怕是''凤毛麟角''。

Example 4(2):

It is not that we have not seen the birds. It is simply that we ''have not noticed'' them.

所以如此，并不是因为这些鸟我们没有见过，而只是因为我们''习焉不察''。

Example 4(3):

When in the oak's green arms the cuckoo ''sings'',

And first delights men in the ''lovely springs''.

杜鹃在橡树的绿色怀抱里''啭啼''，

第一个为人们带来''欢欣、美好的春意''。

In translating these sentences, the translator transfers some words into vocabulary or phrases with conspicuously Chinese features. For instance, the transfer of "the exception" and "have not noticed" to Chinese idioms "凤毛麟角" (that describes rare and precious items) and "习焉不察" (which means that one is too accustomed to something to call it in questions), respectively, exemplify the typical Chinese four-character structure. Moreover, the verb "sings" is transferred to "啭啼" (that describes birds' melodious chirp), a Chinese term composed of two words with the same left side, which is one of common and special linguistic phenomena in Chinese language. Meanwhile, "the lovely springs" is transferred to "欢欣、美好的春意" (a joyful and wonderful feeling brought by the spring) through abstraction.

Thus, it can be seen that the application of free translation can reproduce the sense of the original text more smoothly and idiomatically. And the wide adoption of the four-character structures enhances the academic atmosphere of the translation version.

====Imitation====

With regard to the use of imitation, the translators do not stick to the meaning details of the original text, let alone its vocabulary and syntactic structure, but take the original text as a reference model, either by deleting or condensing to only translate its gist and key information, or by adding and expanding to deliver more information than that in the original text. (Xiong 2014: 85)

Example 5:

Thousands of ''men and women'' ''live and die'' ''without knowing'' the difference between a beech and an elm, between the song of a thrush and the song of a blackbird.

成千上万的''男男女女''，''从生到死''，''一辈子''也''说不出''山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，''听不出''画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

In the translation of this sentence, a variety of translation techniques are employed.

(1) Conversion:

The translator uses conversion to alter the syntactic structure of the original sentence.

The predicate "live and die" is converted into the preposition phrase "从生到死" as the adverbial in Chinese.

And the adverbial preposition phrase in the source text "without knowing" is converted into the predicate in Chinese translation.

(2) Division:

In accordance with the need of Chinese expression, "without knowing" is divided into two verb phrases "说不出" and "听不出" in Chinese as the predicate.

(3) Addition:

With the addition of the expression "一辈子", the translator highlights a long time between life and death.

(4) Repetition:

The plural form "men and women" is translated into the reiterative locution "男男女女" by repetition.

The change of sentence structure via techniques such as conversion and division as well as of vocabulary via repetition and addition renders the translation natural and smooth, showing the translator’s superb handling of the original text.

Example 6:

...we are all the ''more'' delighted ''at the spectacle of'' its ''runaway flight'' as it (the cuckoo) ''hurries'' from wood to wood conscious of its crimes ...

一日''看见''它（杜鹃）因为自己犯了罪而''煌惶不安地''从这个林子飞''逃''向那个林子 ... 我们才会觉得''大大''开心。

In this example, there are also various translation techniques used.

(1)　Conversion:

Firstly, the preposition phrase "at the spectacle of" is converted into the verb "看见" in Chinese.

Secondly, the noun phrase "runaway flight" is converted into Chinese verbs "飞" (fly) and "逃" (escape).

Besides, the verb "hurries" (that means to move quickly in a particular direction) is converted into "惶惶不安地" (which means to feel panic, afraid and utterly uneasy), a Chinese adverb to modify the verbs "飞" and "逃", which endows the subject cuckoo with somewhat human characteristic.

(2) Repetition:

The adjective "more" is translated into the reiterative locution "大大", a Chinese adverb equivalent to "very" or "extremely" in English to modify the adjective "delighted".

In this example, the adjustment of the sentence order and conversion of parts of speech make the translation more consistent with the word sequence in Chinese. Meanwhile, the choice of words such as the Chinese four-character structure "惶惶不安" conveys the romantic charm beyond the original text. And there are also indicators of the use of repetition embodied in the typical Chinese reiterative locutions like "惶惶" and "大大".

Example 7:

I have myself a ''capricious'' and ''leaking'' memory.

我自己的记忆力也是''漏洞百出''、''不听使唤''。

Although this is a short sentence, it still contains the flexible use of translation techniques.

(1)　Conversion:

At first, the original object "memory" is converted to the subject in the Chinese translation.

And then, the subject "I" with its appositive "myself" is converted into the attribute "我自己的" to modify the subject in the translation "记忆".

(2)　Addition:

On account of the conversion of the subject and the verb, the original predicate "have" is inappropriate. The addition of "也是" that is equivalent to the verb "be" in English enforces the completeness of sentence structure. And this is a structural addition mainly due to the structural difference between Chinese and English.

(3)　Diction:

The two vivid adjectives "capricious" and "leaking" are translated as "不听使唤" and "漏洞百出" respectively which are typical Chinese four-character structures. The Chinese adjective "漏洞百出(的)" means that the loopholes appear one after another, which is often used to describe that one's writing or speech is untenable because of lack of sufficient reasons and grounds. And here, this word shows the author's weak memory with which he forgets things time and again. And the other adjective "不听使唤(的)" generally depicts that someone loses control and is not obedient to the rules or instructions. Here, the word properly demonstrates that the author cannot manipulate his memory well and also cannot preclude it from being weaker. The use of these two words conforms to the choice of affective and stylistic meanings.

In this example, the conversion of the subject and object, as well as the change of the predicate, enable the translation to be more closely in accord with the Chinese sentential structure. Moreover, the two figurative adjectives packed with personified traits not only fully convey the author's intention, but also enhance the literariness of the translation and even display a lively mood beyond the original text.

Example 8:

We know, again, that, the blossom precedes and ''not succeeds'' the fruit of the apple-tree, but ''this does not lessen our amazement at'' the beautiful holiday of a May orchard.

另外，我们知道苹果树''先''开花，''后''结果，可是五月''一旦''到来，果园里一片欢闹的花海。''我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？''

This is a typical example of the imitation method embodied in the use of diverse translation techniques.

(1) Conversion:

Regarding the conversion of word classes, the noun "blossom" is converted into the Chinese verb "开花".

Concerning the conversion of sentence members, the object in the clause "apple-tree" is converted into the subject "苹果树" in the Chinese translation. And the attribute "May" is converted into the adverbial in Chinese as "五月一旦到来".

Considering the conversion of sentence patterns, the negative sentence "this does not lessen our amazement at..." is converted into an interrogative sentence "我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？".

(2)　Negation:

The negative form "not succeeds" in English is translated into the affirmative form "后结果" in Chinese, intensifying a positive tone on which Chinese language often places emphasis.

(3)　Division:

The original complicated sentence in English is divided into several simplex clauses and phrases in Chinese, which underlines the "chronicle style" of Chinese language with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.

(4)　Addition:

Now that the original sentence is divided into smaller components, it is necessary to supply connectors for better cohesion. The addition of the logical connectors in Chinese such as "先", "后", "一旦" and "仍然" renders the translation more smooth and expressive.

In this instance, the translator flexibly takes advantage of the techniques such as conversion, negation and division, not only contributing to the diversity of sentence patterns but also adding a sense of warmth and vividness of the translation. Additionally, the semantic addition of logical connectors renders the translation more cohesive and coherent.

Example 9:

Once more I shall ''see'' the world as a garden through ''the eyes'' of a stranger, ''my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields''.

那时，我像一个陌生者进人大花园，''放眼四望''，''五色缤纷''的原野再一次使我''目不暇接''，''心迷神醉''。

As regards this example, the translator enriches the meaning of the original text and creates a more balmy atmosphere by employing various translation techniques.

(1) Division:

The long complex sentence, composed of two clauses, is divided into several separated clauses arranged in a certain order, which renders the translation rhythmic and highlights the focus of expression.

(2) Addition:

The addition of the Chinese set phrase "目不暇接" (which means that so many wonderful things and so swift change of scenery come into sight that the eyes are kept fully occupied) makes the context more coherent, as it echoes "see" and "the eyes" in the preceding and connects the "painted fields" in the following that greet the author's eyes and take his breath away.

(3) Diction:

The verb "see" is translated into "放眼四望" (to look around), the noun phrase "breath taken away with surprise" into "心醉神迷" (to be thrown into ecstasies), and the adjective "painted" into "五彩缤纷" (colorful). These recurring four-character structures in translation are loaded with positive meanings, and proper to depict the attractive scenery and to be used in scholarly prose.

(4) Conversion:

The original clause "my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields" is in passive voice, and is converted into the active voice in Chinese translation "五色缤纷的原野再一次使我目不暇接，心迷神醉". This kind of conversion is due to the fact that the Chinese passive form marked by "被" is traditionally felt to be an "inflictive voice", mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable, contrasted with the cheerful aura overflowing the original text.

The translator employs short clauses separated from the original complex sentence to bestow smoothness and naturalness on the translation and strengthen its artistic appeal. Furthermore, the translator selects the words that tally with the affective, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original. And the opportune addition of words and change of voice also polish the translation.

The reasonable use of the imitation translation method can make the translation more idiomatic and vivid, and even enable the translation to overshadow the original text in terms of showcasing the artistic and aesthetic charm.

In a word, translation methods under domesticating strategy will involve the careful selection of texts which lend themselves to being translated in this manner, the conscious adoption of a fluent, natural-sounding target language style, the adaptation of target text to conform to target discourse types, the interpolation of explanatory material, the removal of source language REALIA and the general harmonization of target text with target language preconceptions and preferences. These methods can render the translation highly literary, aesthetic and readable, and also can to some extent optimize the source text. The appropriate application of domesticating translation is able to even become a sublimation of the original.

==Conclusion==

This paper makes an analysis of translation strategies and translation methods in English prose, with translator Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" created by Robert Lynd as an example. With translation strategies and methods as the starting point, this paper considers Chinese translation of English prose as the research subject. The paper first introduces English prose along with its distinctive properties, linguistics features and principles of its translation. And then this paper carries out the interpretation of translation strategies and methods in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" in which the application of translation methods as well as techniques under foreignizing and domesticating strategies are elaborated, and the concrete effects they exert are also elucidated.

===Major Findings===

Based on the above study of translation strategies and methods employed in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the features or common ground of Chinese translation of English prose in terms of translation strategies and methods can be generally summarized.

In Chinese translation of English prose, foreignization strategy and domestication strategy are both used in the light of the style, linguistic features, and syntactic structures of the source text.

But, on the whole, the domesticating translation strategy which includes translation methods such as free translation and imitation is applied more frequently compared with foreignization. This is because that prose translation falls into literary translation that is special on the grounds of the unique characteristics of the original literary works. In literary works, or specifically, in English prose, some words are not used with their literal meanings but their connotative or extension meanings, so literal translation under foreignization may not correctly convey the real significance of the original text. Meanwhile, in English prose, there are complex syntactic structures whose translation cannot be carried out with no proper conversion and alteration. Additionally, multiple rhetoric devices such as metaphor, metonymy and allusion are used in English literary works, and the literal translation of these figures of speech may elude the target-language readers because of the cultural differences and the obscurity of the translation. However, the appropriate adoption of translation methods under domestication strategy, to some extent, can give the target-language readers a sense of closeness and deliver the aesthetic charm with the premise that the real meaning of the original text can be ensured.

In terms of translation methods under foreignizing strategy, literal translation is used when the lexical meaning of the source text is lucid and the syntactic structures in it are relatively simple and clear, so the translators need not find a new path in the mode of expression in order to be faithful to the source text. And the use of literal translation can convey the information more objectively and avoid the interference of translators' subjective factors. Meanwhile, in Chinese translation of English prose, the use of zero-translation is frequent but imperceptible, with the omission of some words peculiar to English, such as expletives it and there, English articles and pronouns, but sometimes the English pronouns can also be retained to show a sense of closeness and friendliness. Besides, transliteration is used for the translation of proper nouns and technical terms not only in English prose but also in almost all text types, conforming to the principles of being named after the original sound and of the translated names accepted through common practice. In a word, translation methods under foreignization can ensure the objective conveyance of information of the original text and preserve its foreignness and unique cultural values that can enrich the target-language readers' knowledge and their languages.

With regard to translation methods under domesticating strategy, in Chinese translation English prose, free translation and imitation method are oftentimes employed. English prose, as one of the English literary genres, boasts distinctive features of literature, such as aesthetic value, the language with hidden meanings and the usual use of figures of speech as well as culturally loaded images, which may not be shown vividly and be easily understood by target-language readers via literal or word-for-word translation. Thus, translation methods under domestication, with careful choice of words, proper adjustment of syntactic structures and sentence sequence, and appropriate sublimation of the original text, can express the original author's feelings more lively, render the translation more fluent, idiomatic and expressive, and display the aesthetic charm of the source text.

At the lexical level, in Chinese translation of English prose, the translation techniques --- diction, addition, conversion and repetition --- are usually used. The typical Chinese four-character structures appear time from time in Chinese translation, and the translators choose the words in line with the affectionate, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original prose, which intensify literariness and satisfy the characteristics of scholar prose. Moreover, the addition of Chinese conjunctive words and logical connectors by which sentences in translation are connected into a text can create better cohesion. Furthermore, the conversion of word classes in translation is based on the contrastive studies of English and Chinese, viz., English with its nominal style is static whereas Chinese with its verbal style is dynamic. Besides, it is one of the peculiarities of Chinese to reduplicate characters or words in word-formation and to repeat the similar or same word or expression in a discourse for expressiveness and parallelism, which can render translation more appealing to Chinese readers and produce the rhetorical and grammatical effect.

At the syntactic level, the translation techniques --- conversion and division--- are often employed in Chinese translation of English prose. To start with, conversion in the syntactic respect involves conversions of sentence members, sentence patterns and the voice. The conversion of word classes often results in the conversion of sentence members, and the alteration of sentences patterns like the inter-conversion between assertive or negative sentences and question sentences can variegate sentence types in translation. The conversion of passive voice in English prose into active voice in Chinese translation is due to the preference for active forms that can produce a positive effect in Chinese language. What's more, part of sentences in English prose are longer and more complicated because of subordination, a fundamental feature of English, and it may be hard to reproduce the original thought with following the original sentence structure in translation, hence the division of complex English sentences into word-groups, clauses or simplex sentences in Chinese can endow Chinese translation of English prose with more naturalness, fluency and sense of rhythm.

The research on the features of translation strategies and methods in Chinese translation of English prose, theoretically can offer a deeper insight into English prose and its translation, and practically can help to some extent improve the quality of Chinese translation of English prose.

===Limitations and Suggestions===

There are drawbacks in this paper: firstly, the paper takes only one piece of English prose as an example in case study, so it lacks strong persuasiveness; secondly, since there are few researchers on prose translation at home and abroad, especially those specializing in Chinese translation of English prose, this paper resorts to insufficient literature guidance and reference; thirdly, owing to the confined conditions and narrow academic capacity, this paper is devoid of enough depth and breadth as well as favorable insight and acuity, thus the theoretical support and practical assistance it provides are bound to be limited. As a consequence, it is expected that researchers in this field can cooperate well to build up a system to minimize the possible errors and create more thorough and holistic works to enunciate and improve Chinese translation of English prose.

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Hou Qiang 侯强 (2014). 英语散文汉译策略研究 --- 以“韩素音青年翻译奖”参赛文本为例 [D]. On the Translation Strategies of English Prose: A Case Study of the Chinese version in "Han Suyin Award for Young Translators". 厦门大学 Xiamen University, 1-4 & 40.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (2006). 英译汉教程 [M] A Coursebook on English-Chinese Translation. 北京: 高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 12-14 & 49 & 52 & 54 & 67-175 & 211 & 253-262 & 344-348.

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Trans Type EN 4

2021-12-29T14:25:55Z

Mao Yawen: /* Case Study of Chinese Translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" */

=Chapter 4 On Translation Strategies and Translation Methods in Chinese Translation of English Prose -- A Case Study of Chinese Translation of English Prose "Pleasures of Ignorance"=

浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例

毛雅文 Mao Yawen, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==

Prose, together with poetry, novel and drama, is a kind of literary form. It is not limited to rhythm, plot and characters, flexible in form, real and natural. English prose has a long history and various types, so it becomes an important object in translation practice and research. In China, the most famous English prose writers are Francis Bacon and Charles Lamb, hence, their works can be regarded as the focus of studies on Chinese translation of English prose. In fact, Chinese translation of English prose draws less attention in translation circle of China, compared with that of English poetry and drama. With English prose as the starting point, this paper will introduce the characteristics of English prose and the domestic studies on its Chinese translation, and take the Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the representative work of English modern prose writer Robert Lynd, as an example to analyze its translation strategies and methods.

==摘要==

散文是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并称的一种文体，不拘泥于韵律、情节、人物，形式灵活，真实自然。英语散文历史悠久，类型多样，是翻译实践与研究中的重要研究对象。在我国，最著名的英语散文家是弗朗西斯·培根和查尔斯·兰姆，他们的作品也因此成为英语散文汉译的重点。而事实上，我国翻译界更加重视的是诗歌与小说的汉译，英语散文汉译的研究相较之下比较滞后。本文将以英语散文为切入点，介绍英语散文的特点及其在我国的汉译研究，并以英国现代散文家罗伯特·林德的代表作《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例，主要分析其中的策略及方法。

==Key Words==

"Pleasures of Ignorance"; Chinese translation of English prose; translation strategies; translation methods; translation techniques

==关键词==

《无知的乐趣》；英语散文汉译；翻译策略；翻译方法；翻译技巧

==Introduction==

This chapter will point to the research background and its significance, and briefly set forth the structure of this paper and the methods used.

===Research Background and Significance===

In recent years, with the deepening of the reform and opening-up, the channels of international cultural exchange have become increasingly unblocked, and China's translation industry has also flourished. The studies on translation theory, drawing lesson from western translation studies, have yielded fruitful results, and more noteworthily, remarkable achievements have been made in studies on literary translation for all to see. (Hou 2014: 1)

Prose is a basic literary form in written or spoken language that typically exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure. A large number of works in philosophy, history, economics, journalism, etc, are examples of works written in prose. It can be seen that prose, which is widely used for creation, occupies an important position in literature. However, there are few researchers majoring in prose translation, still fewer ones who specialize in the Chinese translation of English prose. Given the above, this paper, based on previous studies, will study the Chinese translation of English prose, and take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" created by the English prose writer Robert Lynd, exploring its characteristics in translation strategies and methods, so as to provide better understanding and some reference for the appreciation and translation of English prose. (He 2018: 6) (Song 2018: 1)

===Methodology and Structure===

This paper will employ the methods of literature research and case analysis. The paper consists of three parts. The first section is the literature review, explicating the distinctive properties and linguistic features of English prose, and the prose translation with its principles, as well as introducing the previous studies on the Chinese translation of English prose at home. The second part, the core of this paper, will take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation version of Robert Lynd's prose work "Pleasures of Ignorance" as an example, carry out the interpretation of this translation in terms of its types, styles as well as strategies and methods employed. Lastly, the conclusion will point to the findings in this study and the weaknesses in the paper.

==Literature Review==

This part will draw into the domestic previous studies on Chinese translation of English prose.

With regard to the Chinese translation of English prose, at present, there are few domestic scholars dedicated to its systematic research. According to the different perspectives, the relevant researches at home can be roughly divided into three categories.

First, concerning research on the theory of Chinese translation of English prose into Chinese, there is a relatively small number of studies in this direction. One of the most fruitful works is ''The Study and Translation of British and American Prose'' co-authored by Zhao Xiuming and Zhao Zhangjin (2010), which makes a detailed investigation of the literary characteristics, historical evolution and style evolution of British and American prose. The work also discusses the basic principles of English prose translation in terms of pre-translation text analysis, historical and cultural context, artistic principles, and styles, etc., which can offer a reference for the further study of the theories and practices of English prose translation. (Hou 2014: 4)

Second, regarding research on the famous translators of English and American prose with their translation styles and skills, Xia Ying explored the style of Professor Cao's translation of Francis Bacon with the essay titled "Research on Professor Cao Minglunss Chinese translation of bacon prose". Some others probed into Liu Bingshans's and Liu Shicong's thoughts on prose translation which have guiding significance for prose translation practice. (Hou 2014: 4)

Third, as regards research on the practice of Chinese translation English prose based on translation theory, Huang Jianling (2012) analyzed the Chinese translation of Bacon's essays from the perspective of translation aesthetics. Hu Hongyun (2013) translates and elaborates on the British prose "Farewell" in vocabulary, semantics, style and cultural transmission, on the basis of Eugene Nida's Functional Equivalence theory. (Hou 2014: 5)

These researches and investigations have laid a solid foundation for future studies and the analysis in this paper.

==Overview of English Prose==

Prose can be defined in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In the broad sense, prose refers to all the written and oral works in a loose form free from parallelism; and in the narrow sense, it specifically means the writings with certain literary qualities, such as essays, and a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel, drama and movie-television literature.

This section will clarify the distinctive characteristics and linguistic features of English prose, as well as its translation principles.

===Distinctive Features of English Prose===

As an independent literary genre, English prose has its distinctive characteristics.

The first characteristic is its expression of sincere feeling. Prose mostly depicts the real people, things and scenery, and is generated based on record and recollection of life. With prose, the author frequently describes his or her personal experiences, which expresses feelings full of personality and style. So in this sense, prose can be considered as an earnest conversation between the author and the readers. (Zhang 2011: 28)

Secondly, English prose is characterized by a wide material selection. In English prose, one detail, episode and facet of life can be used to display the author's specific emotions and circumstances, and all materials related to the theme can also be employed. It places no emphasis on rhythm and rhyme, like poetry, as well as to plot and characters, like drama. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Besides, English prose features a free and loose structure. The structure of prose writings is free and flexible. Prose is elastic and natural and boasts descriptive, argumentative and lyrical qualities, thereof constituting its most distinctive advantage. There are no strict restrictions and fixed patterns in the prose structure, but its flexibility and randomness are not tantamount to disorder and scatter, and its choice of theme and expression of feelings should be closely centered on one mainline. (Zhang 2011: 29)

===Linguistic Features of English Prose===

Compared with other literary forms, prose has no more skills to resort to. Therefore, as regards the form of artistic expression, English prose mainly has recourse to its language features.

First and foremost, succinctness and fluency characterize the English prose language. The concise prose language not only fully delivers the content that the author intends to convey but effectively shows the author's emotions and attitude towards persons and things. This is not the result of the author's deliberate elaboration, but the natural overflow of his or her plain and pure emotion. The fluency of prose language refers to both the informal use of words and phrases, and the author's sound expression of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Meanwhile, colloquial style and literary grace are characteristic of prose language. As prose mainly focuses on the description of the author's personal stories and sentiments, thus, he speaks or writes with his posture, style and tone, as if he is confiding to the readers, so as to highlight the agreeable conversation style and unique colloquial style. Colloquial prose language is natural due to its simplicity, friendly owing to its ease of communication, and true thanks to its individuality. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Furthermore, another linguistic feature of English prose is the smooth rhythm and reading. The rhythmic beauty of prose language is reflected in phonetic respect and sentence patterns. The prose reading is catchy, with no obstacles and awkwardness, and its rhythm is in line with the natural law of oral breathing pauses as well as with the ups and downs of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 30)

===Principles of English Prose Translation===

The beauty of prose lies in its language and artistic conception, the two permeating each other and jointly creating the artistic charm of prose. In prose translation practice, the following principles can be observed to reproduce the artistic appeal.

Keep an eye on sound and rhythm. Despite that the sound and rhythm of prose are often internal, not as obvious, regular and musical as that of poetry, they are not disordered with no aesthetic purpose. On the contrary, they effectively represent the variation of emotion in the prose and are consistent with its unique aesthetic interest. This illustrates that in prose translation, on the one hand, the translators should recognize the great value and significance of prose sound and rhythm; on the other hand, with the intention of reproducing the linguistic subtleties of the original text, the translators can fully touch its aesthetic interest from the cadence between the lines, and perceive its inner rhythm from sentence length and speech speed. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Pay attention to the personalized mode of discourse. Different writers with various discourse modes bring about manifold writing styles. Not only is the personalized mode of discourse reflected in the author's choice of words and sentences as well as the layout of the prose, but also his thoughts and aesthetic interest. As a result, the translators can start with analyzing the original writer's one classic work and then his anthology and even look closely at the literary features of his age, in order to grasp the writer's personalized discourse mode, which is of particular importance to reproduce his artistic personality and the characteristics of his emotional expression in translation practice. (Zhang 2011: 31)

Place a premium on the unity of scene and emotion. The unity of scene and interest in prose is embodied in diverse ways of language expression and structure, as well as the images or settings created by the author. In translation practice, based on the unity of scene and interest in the prose, it is beneficial to preserve and reproduce the overall aesthetic orientation of the original text through aesthetic reconstruction in word selection and layout, so that the translated text can obtain the aesthetic taste similar to the original prose. (Zhang 2011: 31)

All in all, a general understanding of English prose can facilitate the study of its Chinese translation.

==Case Study of Chinese Translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance"==

The selected source text is "The Pleasures of Ignorance", written by Robert Lynd.

Robert Lynd (1879-1949), born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a modern critic and prose writer. He, together with E. V. Lucas, was a pioneer in reviving the tradition of Charles Lamb's prose. And "Pleasures of Ignorance" is one of his notable prose works.

This prose points out that it is because of ignorance that people are interested in nature and the world and pursue knowledge, and the process of seeking knowledge is full of pleasure, by which the author emphasizes the importance of learning more and gaining insight. The article reveals somewhat erudition and aesthetic sensibility, as well as love for nature and passion for life. From his leisurely writing, the author's maturity of thought and capability in the usage of words is unveiled. Though the tone of the original text makes the readers feel that the author is chatting with them, giving people familiarity and closeness, it is not particularly colloquial. On the contrary, there is a kind of exactness and elegance of the learned between the lines, thus it can be seen that the case text is a typical scholar prose. (Zhu 2007: 326)

[[File:Source Text & Target Text.docx]]

The translator Professor Liu Bingshan firmly grasps these features of the original text and conveys the original style by carefully choosing words and sentences, with the principles of faithfulness, smoothness and expressiveness. His Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" will be analyzed in terms of translation strategies and methods. (Zhu 2007: 326)

There is a natural connection between translation strategies and translation methods, but the two concepts are often confused. It is generally believed that translation strategies (such as foreignization and domestication) are at the cultural level, while the translation methods (such as literal translation and free translation) are at the textual level. Translation methods are the approaches, steps and techniques used to achieve a specific translation purpose based on a certain translation strategy in translation activities, whereas translation strategies are a collection of principles and methods. Consequently, this paper will enunciate the translation text on the basis of translation methods under foreignization strategy and domestication strategy respectively. (Xiong 2014: 84)

===Translation Methods under Foreignizing Strategy===

Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This strategy is "an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" to have an alien reading experience. The translation methods under foreignization employed in Professor Liu's target text include literal translation, zero-translation and transliteration. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 13)

====Literal Translation====

Literal translation is in fact looser renditions that replace individual source language words with individual target language words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language. (Lian 2006: 12)

Specifically, in the case translation text, the translator faithfully retains some personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in the original text.

Example 1(1):

It is impossible to take a walk in the country with an average townsman—especially, perhaps, in April or May—without being amazed at the vast continent of his ignorance.

同一个普通的城里人到乡下去走一走，特别是在四月或五月里，那么。对他的无知范围之广阔，就不能不感到惊奇。任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 1(2):

This ignorance, however, is not altogether miserable.

不过，这种无知也并非全然不幸。

Example 1(3):

But ''your and my'' ignorance is not confined to cuckoos.

但是，''你我的''无知并不仅限于杜鹃这一方面。

Example 1(4):

A contemporary English novelist was once asked by a foreigner what was the most important crop in England.

一个外国人问一位当代英国小说家，英国最重要的农作物是什么。

The translation of these sentences, though properly altering the word order and voice with the adherence to the target-language syntactic norms, does not adopt the usage of transferred meaning in dealing with the lexical sense.

The use of literal translation, especially the retaining of the personal pronouns, like "we" and "you and I", conveys the style of the original text, showing friendliness and intimacy.

====Zero-Translation====

Zero translation refers to the translation in which the translators do not use the ready-made words in the target language to translate the source language words. This translation phenomenon occurs when adjustments must be made due to the differences in the syntactic structures of the two languages. For example, some articles and personal pronouns are not translated in E-C translation. (Fang 2011: 108)

In Liu's Translation, zero-translation is particularly displayed by omission, a translation technique.

''Omission of the expletives It and There:''

Example 2(1):

''It'' is impossible to take a walk in the country oneself without being amazed at the vast continent of one's own ignorance.

任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 2(2):

''There'' are occasions on which a memory of this kind is an affliction, especially if one has a passion for accuracy.

这样的记忆力，在某些场合自然叫人伤脑筋，尤其当人渴望精确的时候。

''Omission of English articles:''

Example 2(3):

Thousands of men and women live and die without knowing the difference between ''a'' beech and ''an'' elm, between ''the'' song of ''a'' thrush and ''the'' song of ''a'' blackbird.

成干上万的男男女女，从生到死，一辈子也说不出山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，听不出画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

''Omission of pronouns:''

Example 2(4):

... as she (the cuckoo) lays ''her'' egg on the ground and takes it in ''her'' bill to the nest in which it is destined to breed infanticide.

把蛋下到地面上，然后再用尖嘴把它叨进那注定要发生杀婴罪行的窠巢里。

The application of zero-translation can render the translation text concise, neat and fluent, and make the rhythm of the prose more natural and flexible, conforming to the principle of prose translation.

====Transliteration====

Proper names such as the names of persons and places of foreign countries, are, as a rule, to be transliterated, i.e., to be translated by using Chinese characters to represent the sound in articulating these names. In transliteration, the translators should follow the original pronunciation of proper names. (Lian 2006: 344)

Example 3(1): Hamlet 哈姆雷特

Example 3(2): Pickwick 匹克威克

The above two names are both transliterated from their original English sound.

Besides, in transliteration, the translators sometimes should also use the standard pronunciation of the Chinese characters. One of the difficulties in transliterating a foreign name in Chinese characters lies in the lack of many foreign sounds in Chinese, and the variation in the pronunciation of the Chinese characters causes confusion. The remedy is to fix certain Chinese characters for a certain syllable of foreign names. And many long-standing translated names, though not named after the original sounds, have been recognized by the world and are generally invariable. (Lian 2006: 346)

Example 3(3): Montaigne 蒙田

This name is not translated from its original French sound as "蒙泰涅", but translated as "蒙田", the translated name that is recognized by Chinese translators for a long time and fixed on the syllable of foreign names.

Transliteration plays a crucial role in the translation of proper nouns and technical terms, which ensures the correct conveyance of information.

The translation methods under foreignization are able to make the translation process more visible, by means of showing how translators are deeply involved in the construction of culture and ideology. The use of these methods can retain the foreignness of the source text and produce on the target-language readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original, through which the readers can further understand the foreign expressions and cultures, realizing the differences between the two countries.

===Translation Methods under Domesticating Strategy===

Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. This strategy is "an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home". In other words, as regards the use of domesticating strategy, the translators are required to make target-language readers feel familiar and close through conveying the content of the original text with the expressions to which TL readers are accustomed. And in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", free translation method and imitation method under domestication are used and displayed in several translation techniques. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 14)

====Free Translation====

Free translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes the transfer of the meaning or the "spirit" of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of this method is to accommodate the needs of the target-language readers by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture which does not therefore sound "foreign". (Shuttleworth & Cowie 2014: 59) (Lian 2006: 12)

Such a method, in this case study, is specifically embodied in the choice of words packed with Chinese characteristics, that is, diction, also a translation technique. For example,

Example 4(1):

Probably in a modern city the man who can distinguish between a thrush's and a blackbird's song is ''the exception''.

在一个现代化城市里，能听得出画眉和山乌鸦叫声不同的人，恐怕是''凤毛麟角''。

Example 4(2):

It is not that we have not seen the birds. It is simply that we ''have not noticed'' them.

所以如此，并不是因为这些鸟我们没有见过，而只是因为我们''习焉不察''。

Example 4(3):

When in the oak's green arms the cuckoo ''sings'',

And first delights men in the ''lovely springs''.

杜鹃在橡树的绿色怀抱里''啭啼''，

第一个为人们带来''欢欣、美好的春意''。

In translating these sentences, the translator transfers some words into vocabulary or phrases with conspicuously Chinese features. For instance, the transfer of "the exception" and "have not noticed" to Chinese idioms "凤毛麟角" (that describes rare and precious items) and "习焉不察" (which means that one is too accustomed to something to call it in questions), respectively, exemplify the typical Chinese four-character structure. Moreover, the verb "sings" is transferred to "啭啼" (that describes birds' melodious chirp), a Chinese term composed of two words with the same left side, which is one of common and special linguistic phenomena in Chinese language. Meanwhile, "the lovely springs" is transferred to "欢欣、美好的春意" (a joyful and wonderful feeling brought by the spring) through abstraction.

Thus, it can be seen that the application of free translation can reproduce the sense of the original text more smoothly and idiomatically. And the wide adoption of the four-character structures enhances the academic atmosphere of the translation version.

====Imitation====

With regard to the use of imitation, the translators do not stick to the meaning details of the original text, let alone its vocabulary and syntactic structure, but take the original text as a reference model, either by deleting or condensing to only translate its gist and key information, or by adding and expanding to deliver more information than that in the original text. (Xiong 2014: 85)

Example 5:

Thousands of ''men and women'' ''live and die'' ''without knowing'' the difference between a beech and an elm, between the song of a thrush and the song of a blackbird.

成千上万的''男男女女''，''从生到死''，''一辈子''也''说不出''山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，''听不出''画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

In the translation of this sentence, a variety of translation techniques are employed.

(1) Conversion:

The translator uses conversion to alter the syntactic structure of the original sentence.

The predicate "live and die" is converted into the preposition phrase "从生到死" as the adverbial in Chinese.

And the adverbial preposition phrase in the source text "without knowing" is converted into the predicate in Chinese translation.

(2) Division:

In accordance with the need of Chinese expression, "without knowing" is divided into two verb phrases "说不出" and "听不出" in Chinese as the predicate.

(3) Addition:

With the addition of the expression "一辈子", the translator highlights a long time between life and death.

(4) Repetition:

The plural form "men and women" is translated into the reiterative locution "男男女女" by repetition.

The change of sentence structure via techniques such as conversion and division as well as of vocabulary via repetition and addition renders the translation natural and smooth, showing the translator’s superb handling of the original text.

Example 6:

...we are all the ''more'' delighted ''at the spectacle of'' its ''runaway flight'' as it (the cuckoo) ''hurries'' from wood to wood conscious of its crimes ...

一日''看见''它（杜鹃）因为自己犯了罪而''煌惶不安地''从这个林子飞''逃''向那个林子 ... 我们才会觉得''大大''开心。

In this example, there are also various translation techniques used.

(1)　Conversion:

Firstly, the preposition phrase "at the spectacle of" is converted into the verb "看见" in Chinese.

Secondly, the noun phrase "runaway flight" is converted into Chinese verbs "飞" (fly) and "逃" (escape).

Besides, the verb "hurries" (that means to move quickly in a particular direction) is converted into "惶惶不安地" (which means to feel panic, afraid and utterly uneasy), a Chinese adverb to modify the verbs "飞" and "逃", which endows the subject cuckoo with somewhat human characteristic.

(2) Repetition:

The adjective "more" is translated into the reiterative locution "大大", a Chinese adverb equivalent to "very" or "extremely" in English to modify the adjective "delighted".

In this example, the adjustment of the sentence order and conversion of parts of speech make the translation more consistent with the word sequence in Chinese. Meanwhile, the choice of words such as the Chinese four-character structure "惶惶不安" conveys the romantic charm beyond the original text. And there are also indicators of the use of repetition embodied in the typical Chinese reiterative locutions like "惶惶" and "大大".

Example 7:

I have myself a ''capricious'' and ''leaking'' memory.

我自己的记忆力也是''漏洞百出''、''不听使唤''。

Although this is a short sentence, it still contains the flexible use of translation techniques.

(1)　Conversion:

At first, the original object "memory" is converted to the subject in the Chinese translation.

And then, the subject "I" with its appositive "myself" is converted into the attribute "我自己的" to modify the subject in the translation "记忆".

(2)　Addition:

On account of the conversion of the subject and the verb, the original predicate "have" is inappropriate. The addition of "也是" that is equivalent to the verb "be" in English enforces the completeness of sentence structure. And this is a structural addition mainly due to the structural difference between Chinese and English.

(3)　Diction:

The two vivid adjectives "capricious" and "leaking" are translated as "不听使唤" and "漏洞百出" respectively which are typical Chinese four-character structures. The Chinese adjective "漏洞百出(的)" means that the loopholes appear one after another, which is often used to describe that one's writing or speech is untenable because of lack of sufficient reasons and grounds. And here, this word shows the author's weak memory with which he forgets things time and again. And the other adjective "不听使唤(的)" generally depicts that someone loses control and is not obedient to the rules or instructions. Here, the word properly demonstrates that the author cannot manipulate his memory well and also cannot preclude it from being weaker. The use of these two words conforms to the choice of affective and stylistic meanings.

In this example, the conversion of the subject and object, as well as the change of the predicate, enable the translation to be more closely in accord with the Chinese sentential structure. Moreover, the two figurative adjectives packed with personified traits not only fully convey the author's intention, but also enhance the literariness of the translation and even display a lively mood beyond the original text.

Example 8:

We know, again, that, the blossom precedes and ''not succeeds'' the fruit of the apple-tree, but ''this does not lessen our amazement at'' the beautiful holiday of a May orchard.

另外，我们知道苹果树''先''开花，''后''结果，可是五月''一旦''到来，果园里一片欢闹的花海。''我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？''

This is a typical example of the imitation method embodied in the use of diverse translation techniques.

(1) Conversion:

Regarding the conversion of word classes, the noun "blossom" is converted into the Chinese verb "开花".

Concerning the conversion of sentence members, the object in the clause "apple-tree" is converted into the subject "苹果树" in the Chinese translation. And the attribute "May" is converted into the adverbial in Chinese as "五月一旦到来".

Considering the conversion of sentence patterns, the negative sentence "this does not lessen our amazement at..." is converted into an interrogative sentence "我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？".

(2)　Negation:

The negative form "not succeeds" in English is translated into the affirmative form "后结果" in Chinese, intensifying a positive tone on which Chinese language often places emphasis.

(3)　Division:

The original complicated sentence in English is divided into several simplex clauses and phrases in Chinese, which underlines the "chronicle style" of Chinese language with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.

(4)　Addition:

Now that the original sentence is divided into smaller components, it is necessary to supply connectors for better cohesion. The addition of the logical connectors in Chinese such as "先", "后", "一旦" and "仍然" renders the translation more smooth and expressive.

In this instance, the translator flexibly takes advantage of the techniques such as conversion, negation and division, not only contributing to the diversity of sentence patterns but also adding a sense of warmth and vividness of the translation. Additionally, the semantic addition of logical connectors renders the translation more cohesive and coherent.

Example 9:

Once more I shall ''see'' the world as a garden through ''the eyes'' of a stranger, ''my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields''.

那时，我像一个陌生者进人大花园，''放眼四望''，''五色缤纷''的原野再一次使我''目不暇接''，''心迷神醉''。

As regards this example, the translator enriches the meaning of the original text and creates a more balmy atmosphere by employing various translation techniques.

(1) Division:

The long complex sentence, composed of two clauses, is divided into several separated clauses arranged in a certain order, which renders the translation rhythmic and highlights the focus of expression.

(2) Addition:

The addition of the Chinese set phrase "目不暇接" (which means that so many wonderful things and so swift change of scenery come into sight that the eyes are kept fully occupied) makes the context more coherent, as it echoes "see" and "the eyes" in the preceding and connects the "painted fields" in the following that greet the author's eyes and take his breath away.

(3) Diction:

The verb "see" is translated into "放眼四望" (to look around), the noun phrase "breath taken away with surprise" into "心醉神迷" (to be thrown into ecstasies), and the adjective "painted" into "五彩缤纷" (colorful). These recurring four-character structures in translation are loaded with positive meanings, and proper to depict the attractive scenery and to be used in scholarly prose.

(4) Conversion:

The original clause "my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields" is in passive voice, and is converted into the active voice in Chinese translation "五色缤纷的原野再一次使我目不暇接，心迷神醉". This kind of conversion is due to the fact that the Chinese passive form marked by "被" is traditionally felt to be an "inflictive voice", mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable, contrasted with the cheerful aura overflowing the original text.

The translator employs short clauses separated from the original complex sentence to bestow smoothness and naturalness on the translation and strengthen its artistic appeal. Furthermore, the translator selects the words that tally with the affective, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original. And the opportune addition of words and change of voice also polish the translation.

The reasonable use of the imitation translation method can make the translation more idiomatic and vivid, and even enable the translation to overshadow the original text in terms of showcasing the artistic and aesthetic charm.

In a word, translation methods under domesticating strategy will involve the careful selection of texts which lend themselves to being translated in this manner, the conscious adoption of a fluent, natural-sounding target language style, the adaptation of target text to conform to target discourse types, the interpolation of explanatory material, the removal of source language REALIA and the general harmonization of target text with target language preconceptions and preferences. These methods can render the translation highly literary, aesthetic and readable, and also can to some extent optimize the source text. The appropriate application of domesticating translation is able to even become a sublimation of the original.

==Conclusion==

This paper makes an analysis of translation strategies and translation methods in English prose, with translator Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" created by Robert Lynd as an example. With translation strategies and methods as the starting point, this paper considers Chinese translation of English prose as the research subject. The paper first introduces English prose along with its distinctive properties, linguistics features and principles of its translation. And then this paper carries out the interpretation of translation strategies and methods in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" in which the application of translation methods as well as techniques under foreignizing and domesticating strategies are elaborated, and the concrete effects they exert are also elucidated.

===Major Findings===

Based on the above study of translation strategies and methods employed in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the features or common ground of Chinese translation of English prose in terms of translation strategies and methods can be generally summarized.

In Chinese translation of English prose, foreignization strategy and domestication strategy are both used in the light of the style, linguistic features, and syntactic structures of the source text.

But, on the whole, the domesticating translation strategy which includes translation methods such as free translation and imitation is applied more frequently compared with foreignization. This is because that prose translation falls into literary translation that is special on the grounds of the unique characteristics of the original literary works. In literary works, or specifically, in English prose, some words are not used with their literal meanings but their connotative or extension meanings, so literal translation under foreignization may not correctly convey the real significance of the original text. Meanwhile, in English prose, there are complex syntactic structures whose translation cannot be carried out with no proper conversion and alteration. Additionally, multiple rhetoric devices such as metaphor, metonymy and allusion are used in English literary works, and the literal translation of these figures of speech may elude the target-language readers because of the cultural differences and the obscurity of the translation. However, the appropriate adoption of translation methods under domestication strategy, to some extent, can give the target-language readers a sense of closeness and deliver the aesthetic charm with the premise that the real meaning of the original text can be ensured.

In terms of translation methods under foreignizing strategy, literal translation is used when the lexical meaning of the source text is lucid and the syntactic structures in it are relatively simple and clear, so the translators need not find a new path in the mode of expression in order to be faithful to the source text. And the use of literal translation can convey the information more objectively and avoid the interference of translators' subjective factors. Meanwhile, in Chinese translation of English prose, the use of zero-translation is frequent but imperceptible, with the omission of some words peculiar to English, such as expletives it and there, English articles and pronouns, but sometimes the English pronouns can also be retained to show a sense of closeness and friendliness. Besides, transliteration is used for the translation of proper nouns and technical terms not only in English prose but also in almost all text types, conforming to the principles of being named after the original sound and of the translated names accepted through common practice. In a word, translation methods under foreignization can ensure the objective conveyance of information of the original text and preserve its foreignness and unique cultural values that can enrich the target-language readers' knowledge and their languages.

With regard to translation methods under domesticating strategy, in Chinese translation English prose, free translation and imitation method are oftentimes employed. English prose, as one of the English literary genres, boasts distinctive features of literature, such as aesthetic value, the language with hidden meanings and the usual use of figures of speech as well as culturally loaded images, which may not be shown vividly and be easily understood by target-language readers via literal or word-for-word translation. Thus, translation methods under domestication, with careful choice of words, proper adjustment of syntactic structures and sentence sequence, and appropriate sublimation of the original text, can express the original author's feelings more lively, render the translation more fluent, idiomatic and expressive, and display the aesthetic charm of the source text.

At the lexical level, in Chinese translation of English prose, the translation techniques --- diction, addition, conversion and repetition --- are usually used. The typical Chinese four-character structures appear time from time in Chinese translation, and the translators choose the words in line with the affectionate, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original prose, which intensify literariness and satisfy the characteristics of scholar prose. Moreover, the addition of Chinese conjunctive words and logical connectors by which sentences in translation are connected into a text can create better cohesion. Furthermore, the conversion of word classes in translation is based on the contrastive studies of English and Chinese, viz., English with its nominal style is static whereas Chinese with its verbal style is dynamic. Besides, it is one of the peculiarities of Chinese to reduplicate characters or words in word-formation and to repeat the similar or same word or expression in a discourse for expressiveness and parallelism, which can render translation more appealing to Chinese readers and produce the rhetorical and grammatical effect.

At the syntactic level, the translation techniques --- conversion and division--- are often employed in Chinese translation of English prose. To start with, conversion in the syntactic respect involves conversions of sentence members, sentence patterns and the voice. The conversion of word classes often results in the conversion of sentence members, and the alteration of sentences patterns like the inter-conversion between assertive or negative sentences and question sentences can variegate sentence types in translation. The conversion of passive voice in English prose into active voice in Chinese translation is due to the preference for active forms that can produce a positive effect in Chinese language. What's more, part of sentences in English prose are longer and more complicated because of subordination, a fundamental feature of English, and it may be hard to reproduce the original thought with following the original sentence structure in translation, hence the division of complex English sentences into word-groups, clauses or simplex sentences in Chinese can endow Chinese translation of English prose with more naturalness, fluency and sense of rhythm.

The research on the features of translation strategies and methods in Chinese translation of English prose, theoretically can offer a deeper insight into English prose and its translation, and practically can help to some extent improve the quality of Chinese translation of English prose.

===Limitations and Suggestions===

There are drawbacks in this paper: firstly, the paper takes only one piece of English prose as an example in case study, so it lacks strong persuasiveness; secondly, since there are few researchers on prose translation at home and abroad, especially those specializing in Chinese translation of English prose, this paper resorts to insufficient literature guidance and reference; thirdly, owing to the confined conditions and narrow academic capacity, this paper is devoid of enough depth and breadth as well as favorable insight and acuity, thus the theoretical support and practical assistance it provides are bound to be limited. As a consequence, it is expected that researchers in this field can cooperate well to build up a system to minimize the possible errors and create more thorough and holistic works to enunciate and improve Chinese translation of English prose.

==References==

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之 (2011). 中国译学大辞典 [M] Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海: 上海教育出版社 Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 108.

He Xiuqin 何秀琴 (2018). 期待视角下的英语散文汉译研究 --- 以《散文佳作108篇》为例 [D] Research on English-Chinese Translation of Prose from the Perspective of Horizon of Expectation -- A Case Study of ''Anthology of Chinese and English Prose''. 南昌大学 Nanchang University, 1-8.

Hou Qiang 侯强 (2014). 英语散文汉译策略研究 --- 以“韩素音青年翻译奖”参赛文本为例 [D]. On the Translation Strategies of English Prose: A Case Study of the Chinese version in "Han Suyin Award for Young Translators". 厦门大学 Xiamen University, 1-4 & 40.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (2006). 英译汉教程 [M] A Coursebook on English-Chinese Translation. 北京: 高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 12-14 & 49 & 52 & 54 & 67-175 & 211 & 253-262 & 344-348.

Song Jie 宋颉 (2018). 翻译美学视角下的民国散文英译风格研究 [D]. A Study of Styles of English Translation of Chinese Essays during Period of the Republic of China from Perspective of Translation and Aesthetics. 上海外国语大学 Shanghai International Studies University, 1-12.

Shuttleworth, Mark & Cowie, Moira (2014). Dictionary of Translation Studies [M]. London and New York: Routledge, 43-44 & 59 & 144-145.

Venuti, Lawrence (1992). Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology [C]. London and New York: Routledge, 5-20.

Venuti, Lawrence (2004). The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 7-25.

Xiong Bing 熊兵 (2014). 翻译研究中的概念混淆 [J]. On the Conceptual Confusion in Translation Studies. 中国翻译 Chinese Translation, 3: 82-88.

Zhang Baohong 张保红 (2011). 文学翻译 Literary Translation [M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 28-88.

Zhu Mingju 朱明炬 (2007). 英汉名篇名译 [M] Chinese Translation of Famous English Works. 南京: 译林出版社 Nanjing: Yilin Press, 319-328.

Trans Type EN 4

2021-12-29T14:17:15Z

Mao Yawen: /* Literature Review */

=Chapter 4 On Translation Strategies and Translation Methods in Chinese Translation of English Prose -- A Case Study of Chinese Translation of English Prose "Pleasures of Ignorance"=

浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例

毛雅文 Mao Yawen, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==

Prose, together with poetry, novel and drama, is a kind of literary form. It is not limited to rhythm, plot and characters, flexible in form, real and natural. English prose has a long history and various types, so it becomes an important object in translation practice and research. In China, the most famous English prose writers are Francis Bacon and Charles Lamb, hence, their works can be regarded as the focus of studies on Chinese translation of English prose. In fact, Chinese translation of English prose draws less attention in translation circle of China, compared with that of English poetry and drama. With English prose as the starting point, this paper will introduce the characteristics of English prose and the domestic studies on its Chinese translation, and take the Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the representative work of English modern prose writer Robert Lynd, as an example to analyze its translation strategies and methods.

==摘要==

散文是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并称的一种文体，不拘泥于韵律、情节、人物，形式灵活，真实自然。英语散文历史悠久，类型多样，是翻译实践与研究中的重要研究对象。在我国，最著名的英语散文家是弗朗西斯·培根和查尔斯·兰姆，他们的作品也因此成为英语散文汉译的重点。而事实上，我国翻译界更加重视的是诗歌与小说的汉译，英语散文汉译的研究相较之下比较滞后。本文将以英语散文为切入点，介绍英语散文的特点及其在我国的汉译研究，并以英国现代散文家罗伯特·林德的代表作《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例，主要分析其中的策略及方法。

==Key Words==

"Pleasures of Ignorance"; Chinese translation of English prose; translation strategies; translation methods; translation techniques

==关键词==

《无知的乐趣》；英语散文汉译；翻译策略；翻译方法；翻译技巧

==Introduction==

This chapter will point to the research background and its significance, and briefly set forth the structure of this paper and the methods used.

===Research Background and Significance===

In recent years, with the deepening of the reform and opening-up, the channels of international cultural exchange have become increasingly unblocked, and China's translation industry has also flourished. The studies on translation theory, drawing lesson from western translation studies, have yielded fruitful results, and more noteworthily, remarkable achievements have been made in studies on literary translation for all to see. (Hou 2014: 1)

Prose is a basic literary form in written or spoken language that typically exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure. A large number of works in philosophy, history, economics, journalism, etc, are examples of works written in prose. It can be seen that prose, which is widely used for creation, occupies an important position in literature. However, there are few researchers majoring in prose translation, still fewer ones who specialize in the Chinese translation of English prose. Given the above, this paper, based on previous studies, will study the Chinese translation of English prose, and take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" created by the English prose writer Robert Lynd, exploring its characteristics in translation strategies and methods, so as to provide better understanding and some reference for the appreciation and translation of English prose. (He 2018: 6) (Song 2018: 1)

===Methodology and Structure===

This paper will employ the methods of literature research and case analysis. The paper consists of three parts. The first section is the literature review, explicating the distinctive properties and linguistic features of English prose, and the prose translation with its principles, as well as introducing the previous studies on the Chinese translation of English prose at home. The second part, the core of this paper, will take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation version of Robert Lynd's prose work "Pleasures of Ignorance" as an example, carry out the interpretation of this translation in terms of its types, styles as well as strategies and methods employed. Lastly, the conclusion will point to the findings in this study and the weaknesses in the paper.

==Literature Review==

This part will draw into the domestic previous studies on Chinese translation of English prose.

With regard to the Chinese translation of English prose, at present, there are few domestic scholars dedicated to its systematic research. According to the different perspectives, the relevant researches at home can be roughly divided into three categories.

First, concerning research on the theory of Chinese translation of English prose into Chinese, there is a relatively small number of studies in this direction. One of the most fruitful works is ''The Study and Translation of British and American Prose'' co-authored by Zhao Xiuming and Zhao Zhangjin (2010), which makes a detailed investigation of the literary characteristics, historical evolution and style evolution of British and American prose. The work also discusses the basic principles of English prose translation in terms of pre-translation text analysis, historical and cultural context, artistic principles, and styles, etc., which can offer a reference for the further study of the theories and practices of English prose translation. (Hou 2014: 4)

Second, regarding research on the famous translators of English and American prose with their translation styles and skills, Xia Ying explored the style of Professor Cao's translation of Francis Bacon with the essay titled "Research on Professor Cao Minglunss Chinese translation of bacon prose". Some others probed into Liu Bingshans's and Liu Shicong's thoughts on prose translation which have guiding significance for prose translation practice. (Hou 2014: 4)

Third, as regards research on the practice of Chinese translation English prose based on translation theory, Huang Jianling (2012) analyzed the Chinese translation of Bacon's essays from the perspective of translation aesthetics. Hu Hongyun (2013) translates and elaborates on the British prose "Farewell" in vocabulary, semantics, style and cultural transmission, on the basis of Eugene Nida's Functional Equivalence theory. (Hou 2014: 5)

These researches and investigations have laid a solid foundation for future studies and the analysis in this paper.

==Overview of English Prose==

Prose can be defined in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In the broad sense, prose refers to all the written and oral works in a loose form free from parallelism; and in the narrow sense, it specifically means the writings with certain literary qualities, such as essays, and a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel, drama and movie-television literature.

This section will clarify the distinctive characteristics and linguistic features of English prose, as well as its translation principles.

===Distinctive Features of English Prose===

As an independent literary genre, English prose has its distinctive characteristics.

The first characteristic is its expression of sincere feeling. Prose mostly depicts the real people, things and scenery, and is generated based on record and recollection of life. With prose, the author frequently describes his or her personal experiences, which expresses feelings full of personality and style. So in this sense, prose can be considered as an earnest conversation between the author and the readers. (Zhang 2011: 28)

Secondly, English prose is characterized by a wide material selection. In English prose, one detail, episode and facet of life can be used to display the author's specific emotions and circumstances, and all materials related to the theme can also be employed. It places no emphasis on rhythm and rhyme, like poetry, as well as to plot and characters, like drama. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Besides, English prose features a free and loose structure. The structure of prose writings is free and flexible. Prose is elastic and natural and boasts descriptive, argumentative and lyrical qualities, thereof constituting its most distinctive advantage. There are no strict restrictions and fixed patterns in the prose structure, but its flexibility and randomness are not tantamount to disorder and scatter, and its choice of theme and expression of feelings should be closely centered on one mainline. (Zhang 2011: 29)

===Linguistic Features of English Prose===

Compared with other literary forms, prose has no more skills to resort to. Therefore, as regards the form of artistic expression, English prose mainly has recourse to its language features.

First and foremost, succinctness and fluency characterize the English prose language. The concise prose language not only fully delivers the content that the author intends to convey but effectively shows the author's emotions and attitude towards persons and things. This is not the result of the author's deliberate elaboration, but the natural overflow of his or her plain and pure emotion. The fluency of prose language refers to both the informal use of words and phrases, and the author's sound expression of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Meanwhile, colloquial style and literary grace are characteristic of prose language. As prose mainly focuses on the description of the author's personal stories and sentiments, thus, he speaks or writes with his posture, style and tone, as if he is confiding to the readers, so as to highlight the agreeable conversation style and unique colloquial style. Colloquial prose language is natural due to its simplicity, friendly owing to its ease of communication, and true thanks to its individuality. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Furthermore, another linguistic feature of English prose is the smooth rhythm and reading. The rhythmic beauty of prose language is reflected in phonetic respect and sentence patterns. The prose reading is catchy, with no obstacles and awkwardness, and its rhythm is in line with the natural law of oral breathing pauses as well as with the ups and downs of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 30)

===Principles of English Prose Translation===

The beauty of prose lies in its language and artistic conception, the two permeating each other and jointly creating the artistic charm of prose. In prose translation practice, the following principles can be observed to reproduce the artistic appeal.

Keep an eye on sound and rhythm. Despite that the sound and rhythm of prose are often internal, not as obvious, regular and musical as that of poetry, they are not disordered with no aesthetic purpose. On the contrary, they effectively represent the variation of emotion in the prose and are consistent with its unique aesthetic interest. This illustrates that in prose translation, on the one hand, the translators should recognize the great value and significance of prose sound and rhythm; on the other hand, with the intention of reproducing the linguistic subtleties of the original text, the translators can fully touch its aesthetic interest from the cadence between the lines, and perceive its inner rhythm from sentence length and speech speed. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Pay attention to the personalized mode of discourse. Different writers with various discourse modes bring about manifold writing styles. Not only is the personalized mode of discourse reflected in the author's choice of words and sentences as well as the layout of the prose, but also his thoughts and aesthetic interest. As a result, the translators can start with analyzing the original writer's one classic work and then his anthology and even look closely at the literary features of his age, in order to grasp the writer's personalized discourse mode, which is of particular importance to reproduce his artistic personality and the characteristics of his emotional expression in translation practice. (Zhang 2011: 31)

Place a premium on the unity of scene and emotion. The unity of scene and interest in prose is embodied in diverse ways of language expression and structure, as well as the images or settings created by the author. In translation practice, based on the unity of scene and interest in the prose, it is beneficial to preserve and reproduce the overall aesthetic orientation of the original text through aesthetic reconstruction in word selection and layout, so that the translated text can obtain the aesthetic taste similar to the original prose. (Zhang 2011: 31)

All in all, a general understanding of English prose can facilitate the study of its Chinese translation.

==Case Study of Chinese Translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance"==

The selected source text is "The Pleasures of Ignorance", written by Robert Lynd.

Robert Lynd (1879-1949), born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a modern critic and prose writer. He, together with E. V. Lucas, was a pioneer in reviving the tradition of Charles Lamb's prose. And The Pleasures of Ignorance is one of his notable prose works.

This prose points out that it is because of ignorance that people are interested in nature and the world and pursue knowledge, and the process of seeking knowledge is full of pleasure, by which the author emphasizes the importance of learning more and gaining insight. The article reveals somewhat erudition and aesthetic sensibility, as well as love for nature and passion for life. From his leisurely writing, the author's maturity of thought and capability in the usage of words is unveiled. Though the tone of the original text makes the readers feel that the author is chatting with them, giving people familiarity and closeness, it is not particularly colloquial. On the contrary, there is a kind of exactness and elegance of the learned between the lines, thus it can be seen that the case text is a typical scholar prose. (Zhu 2007: 326)

[[File:Source Text & Target Text.docx]]

The translator Professor Liu Bingshan firmly grasps these features of the original text and conveys the original style by carefully choosing words and sentences, with the principles of faithfulness, smoothness and expressiveness. His Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" will be analyzed in terms of translation strategies and methods. (Zhu 2007: 326)

There is a natural connection between translation strategies and translation methods, but the two concepts are often confused. It is generally believed that translation strategies (such as foreignization and domestication) are at the cultural level, while the translation methods (such as literal translation and free translation) are at the textual level. Translation methods are the approaches, steps and techniques used to achieve a specific translation purpose based on a certain translation strategy in translation activities, whereas translation strategies are a collection of principles and methods. Consequently, this paper will enunciate the translation text on the basis of translation methods under foreignization strategy and domestication strategy respectively. (Xiong 2014: 84)

===Translation Methods under Foreignizing Strategy===

Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This strategy is "an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" to have an alien reading experience. The translation methods under foreignization employed in Professor Liu's target text include literal translation, zero-translation and transliteration. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 13)

====Literal Translation====

Literal translation is in fact looser renditions that replace individual source language words with individual target language words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language. (Lian 2006: 12)

Specifically, in the case translation text, the translator faithfully retains some personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in the original text.

Example 1(1):

It is impossible to take a walk in the country with an average townsman—especially, perhaps, in April or May—without being amazed at the vast continent of his ignorance.

同一个普通的城里人到乡下去走一走，特别是在四月或五月里，那么。对他的无知范围之广阔，就不能不感到惊奇。任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 1(2):

This ignorance, however, is not altogether miserable.

不过，这种无知也并非全然不幸。

Example 1(3):

But ''your and my'' ignorance is not confined to cuckoos.

但是，''你我的''无知并不仅限于杜鹃这一方面。

Example 1(4):

A contemporary English novelist was once asked by a foreigner what was the most important crop in England.

一个外国人问一位当代英国小说家，英国最重要的农作物是什么。

The translation of these sentences, though properly altering the word order and voice with the adherence to the target-language syntactic norms, does not adopt the usage of transferred meaning in dealing with the lexical sense.

The use of literal translation, especially the retaining of the personal pronouns, like "we" and "you and I", conveys the style of the original text, showing friendliness and intimacy.

====Zero-Translation====

Zero translation refers to the translation in which the translators do not use the ready-made words in the target language to translate the source language words. This translation phenomenon occurs when adjustments must be made due to the differences in the syntactic structures of the two languages. For example, some articles and personal pronouns are not translated in E-C translation. (Fang 2011: 108)

In Liu's Translation, zero-translation is particularly displayed by omission, a translation technique.

''Omission of the expletives It and There:''

Example 2(1):

''It'' is impossible to take a walk in the country oneself without being amazed at the vast continent of one's own ignorance.

任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 2(2):

''There'' are occasions on which a memory of this kind is an affliction, especially if one has a passion for accuracy.

这样的记忆力，在某些场合自然叫人伤脑筋，尤其当人渴望精确的时候。

''Omission of English articles:''

Example 2(3):

Thousands of men and women live and die without knowing the difference between ''a'' beech and ''an'' elm, between ''the'' song of ''a'' thrush and ''the'' song of ''a'' blackbird.

成干上万的男男女女，从生到死，一辈子也说不出山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，听不出画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

''Omission of pronouns:''

Example 2(4):

... as she (the cuckoo) lays ''her'' egg on the ground and takes it in ''her'' bill to the nest in which it is destined to breed infanticide.

把蛋下到地面上，然后再用尖嘴把它叨进那注定要发生杀婴罪行的窠巢里。

The application of zero-translation can render the translation text concise, neat and fluent, and make the rhythm of the prose more natural and flexible, conforming to the principle of prose translation.

====Transliteration====

Proper names such as the names of persons and places of foreign countries, are, as a rule, to be transliterated, i.e., to be translated by using Chinese characters to represent the sound in articulating these names. In transliteration, the translators should follow the original pronunciation of proper names. (Lian 2006: 344)

Example 3(1): Hamlet 哈姆雷特

Example 3(2): Pickwick 匹克威克

The above two names are both transliterated from their original English sound.

Besides, in transliteration, the translators sometimes should also use the standard pronunciation of the Chinese characters. One of the difficulties in transliterating a foreign name in Chinese characters lies in the lack of many foreign sounds in Chinese, and the variation in the pronunciation of the Chinese characters causes confusion. The remedy is to fix certain Chinese characters for a certain syllable of foreign names. And many long-standing translated names, though not named after the original sounds, have been recognized by the world and are generally invariable. (Lian 2006: 346)

Example 3(3): Montaigne 蒙田

This name is not translated from its original French sound as "蒙泰涅", but translated as "蒙田", the translated name that is recognized by Chinese translators for a long time and fixed on the syllable of foreign names.

Transliteration plays a crucial role in the translation of proper nouns and technical terms, which ensures the correct conveyance of information.

The translation methods under foreignization are able to make the translation process more visible, by means of showing how translators are deeply involved in the construction of culture and ideology. The use of these methods can retain the foreignness of the source text and produce on the target-language readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original, through which the readers can further understand the foreign expressions and cultures, realizing the differences between the two countries.

===Translation Methods under Domesticating Strategy===

Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. This strategy is "an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home". In other words, as regards the use of domesticating strategy, the translators are required to make target-language readers feel familiar and close through conveying the content of the original text with the expressions to which TL readers are accustomed. And in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", free translation method and imitation method under domestication are used and displayed in several translation techniques. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 14)

====Free Translation====

Free translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes the transfer of the meaning or the "spirit" of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of this method is to accommodate the needs of the target-language readers by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture which does not therefore sound "foreign". (Shuttleworth & Cowie 2014: 59) (Lian 2006: 12)

Such a method, in this case study, is specifically embodied in the choice of words packed with Chinese characteristics, that is, diction, also a translation technique. For example,

Example 4(1):

Probably in a modern city the man who can distinguish between a thrush's and a blackbird's song is ''the exception''.

在一个现代化城市里，能听得出画眉和山乌鸦叫声不同的人，恐怕是''凤毛麟角''。

Example 4(2):

It is not that we have not seen the birds. It is simply that we ''have not noticed'' them.

所以如此，并不是因为这些鸟我们没有见过，而只是因为我们''习焉不察''。

Example 4(3):

When in the oak's green arms the cuckoo ''sings'',

And first delights men in the ''lovely springs''.

杜鹃在橡树的绿色怀抱里''啭啼''，

第一个为人们带来''欢欣、美好的春意''。

In translating these sentences, the translator transfers some words into vocabulary or phrases with conspicuously Chinese features. For instance, the transfer of "the exception" and "have not noticed" to Chinese idioms "凤毛麟角" (that describes rare and precious items) and "习焉不察" (which means that one is too accustomed to something to call it in questions), respectively, exemplify the typical Chinese four-character structure. Moreover, the verb "sings" is transferred to "啭啼" (that describes birds' melodious chirp), a Chinese term composed of two words with the same left side, which is one of common and special linguistic phenomena in Chinese language. Meanwhile, "the lovely springs" is transferred to "欢欣、美好的春意" (a joyful and wonderful feeling brought by the spring) through abstraction.

Thus, it can be seen that the application of free translation can reproduce the sense of the original text more smoothly and idiomatically. And the wide adoption of the four-character structures enhances the academic atmosphere of the translation version.

====Imitation====

With regard to the use of imitation, the translators do not stick to the meaning details of the original text, let alone its vocabulary and syntactic structure, but take the original text as a reference model, either by deleting or condensing to only translate its gist and key information, or by adding and expanding to deliver more information than that in the original text. (Xiong 2014: 85)

Example 5:

Thousands of ''men and women'' ''live and die'' ''without knowing'' the difference between a beech and an elm, between the song of a thrush and the song of a blackbird.

成千上万的''男男女女''，''从生到死''，''一辈子''也''说不出''山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，''听不出''画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

In the translation of this sentence, a variety of translation techniques are employed.

(1) Conversion:

The translator uses conversion to alter the syntactic structure of the original sentence.

The predicate "live and die" is converted into the preposition phrase "从生到死" as the adverbial in Chinese.

And the adverbial preposition phrase in the source text "without knowing" is converted into the predicate in Chinese translation.

(2) Division:

In accordance with the need of Chinese expression, "without knowing" is divided into two verb phrases "说不出" and "听不出" in Chinese as the predicate.

(3) Addition:

With the addition of the expression "一辈子", the translator highlights a long time between life and death.

(4) Repetition:

The plural form "men and women" is translated into the reiterative locution "男男女女" by repetition.

The change of sentence structure via techniques such as conversion and division as well as of vocabulary via repetition and addition renders the translation natural and smooth, showing the translator’s superb handling of the original text.

Example 6:

...we are all the ''more'' delighted ''at the spectacle of'' its ''runaway flight'' as it (the cuckoo) ''hurries'' from wood to wood conscious of its crimes ...

一日''看见''它（杜鹃）因为自己犯了罪而''煌惶不安地''从这个林子飞''逃''向那个林子 ... 我们才会觉得''大大''开心。

In this example, there are also various translation techniques used.

(1)　Conversion:

Firstly, the preposition phrase "at the spectacle of" is converted into the verb "看见" in Chinese.

Secondly, the noun phrase "runaway flight" is converted into Chinese verbs "飞" (fly) and "逃" (escape).

Besides, the verb "hurries" (that means to move quickly in a particular direction) is converted into "惶惶不安地" (which means to feel panic, afraid and utterly uneasy), a Chinese adverb to modify the verbs "飞" and "逃", which endows the subject cuckoo with somewhat human characteristic.

(2) Repetition:

The adjective "more" is translated into the reiterative locution "大大", a Chinese adverb equivalent to "very" or "extremely" in English to modify the adjective "delighted".

In this example, the adjustment of the sentence order and conversion of parts of speech make the translation more consistent with the word sequence in Chinese. Meanwhile, the choice of words such as the Chinese four-character structure "惶惶不安" conveys the romantic charm beyond the original text. And there are also indicators of the use of repetition embodied in the typical Chinese reiterative locutions like "惶惶" and "大大".

Example 7:

I have myself a ''capricious'' and ''leaking'' memory.

我自己的记忆力也是''漏洞百出''、''不听使唤''。

Although this is a short sentence, it still contains the flexible use of translation techniques.

(1)　Conversion:

At first, the original object "memory" is converted to the subject in the Chinese translation.

And then, the subject "I" with its appositive "myself" is converted into the attribute "我自己的" to modify the subject in the translation "记忆".

(2)　Addition:

On account of the conversion of the subject and the verb, the original predicate "have" is inappropriate. The addition of "也是" that is equivalent to the verb "be" in English enforces the completeness of sentence structure. And this is a structural addition mainly due to the structural difference between Chinese and English.

(3)　Diction:

The two vivid adjectives "capricious" and "leaking" are translated as "不听使唤" and "漏洞百出" respectively which are typical Chinese four-character structures. The Chinese adjective "漏洞百出(的)" means that the loopholes appear one after another, which is often used to describe that one's writing or speech is untenable because of lack of sufficient reasons and grounds. And here, this word shows the author's weak memory with which he forgets things time and again. And the other adjective "不听使唤(的)" generally depicts that someone loses control and is not obedient to the rules or instructions. Here, the word properly demonstrates that the author cannot manipulate his memory well and also cannot preclude it from being weaker. The use of these two words conforms to the choice of affective and stylistic meanings.

In this example, the conversion of the subject and object, as well as the change of the predicate, enable the translation to be more closely in accord with the Chinese sentential structure. Moreover, the two figurative adjectives packed with personified traits not only fully convey the author's intention, but also enhance the literariness of the translation and even display a lively mood beyond the original text.

Example 8:

We know, again, that, the blossom precedes and ''not succeeds'' the fruit of the apple-tree, but ''this does not lessen our amazement at'' the beautiful holiday of a May orchard.

另外，我们知道苹果树''先''开花，''后''结果，可是五月''一旦''到来，果园里一片欢闹的花海。''我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？''

This is a typical example of the imitation method embodied in the use of diverse translation techniques.

(1) Conversion:

Regarding the conversion of word classes, the noun "blossom" is converted into the Chinese verb "开花".

Concerning the conversion of sentence members, the object in the clause "apple-tree" is converted into the subject "苹果树" in the Chinese translation. And the attribute "May" is converted into the adverbial in Chinese as "五月一旦到来".

Considering the conversion of sentence patterns, the negative sentence "this does not lessen our amazement at..." is converted into an interrogative sentence "我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？".

(2)　Negation:

The negative form "not succeeds" in English is translated into the affirmative form "后结果" in Chinese, intensifying a positive tone on which Chinese language often places emphasis.

(3)　Division:

The original complicated sentence in English is divided into several simplex clauses and phrases in Chinese, which underlines the "chronicle style" of Chinese language with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.

(4)　Addition:

Now that the original sentence is divided into smaller components, it is necessary to supply connectors for better cohesion. The addition of the logical connectors in Chinese such as "先", "后", "一旦" and "仍然" renders the translation more smooth and expressive.

In this instance, the translator flexibly takes advantage of the techniques such as conversion, negation and division, not only contributing to the diversity of sentence patterns but also adding a sense of warmth and vividness of the translation. Additionally, the semantic addition of logical connectors renders the translation more cohesive and coherent.

Example 9:

Once more I shall ''see'' the world as a garden through ''the eyes'' of a stranger, ''my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields''.

那时，我像一个陌生者进人大花园，''放眼四望''，''五色缤纷''的原野再一次使我''目不暇接''，''心迷神醉''。

As regards this example, the translator enriches the meaning of the original text and creates a more balmy atmosphere by employing various translation techniques.

(1) Division:

The long complex sentence, composed of two clauses, is divided into several separated clauses arranged in a certain order, which renders the translation rhythmic and highlights the focus of expression.

(2) Addition:

The addition of the Chinese set phrase "目不暇接" (which means that so many wonderful things and so swift change of scenery come into sight that the eyes are kept fully occupied) makes the context more coherent, as it echoes "see" and "the eyes" in the preceding and connects the "painted fields" in the following that greet the author's eyes and take his breath away.

(3) Diction:

The verb "see" is translated into "放眼四望" (to look around), the noun phrase "breath taken away with surprise" into "心醉神迷" (to be thrown into ecstasies), and the adjective "painted" into "五彩缤纷" (colorful). These recurring four-character structures in translation are loaded with positive meanings, and proper to depict the attractive scenery and to be used in scholarly prose.

(4) Conversion:

The original clause "my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields" is in passive voice, and is converted into the active voice in Chinese translation "五色缤纷的原野再一次使我目不暇接，心迷神醉". This kind of conversion is due to the fact that the Chinese passive form marked by "被" is traditionally felt to be an "inflictive voice", mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable, contrasted with the cheerful aura overflowing the original text.

The translator employs short clauses separated from the original complex sentence to bestow smoothness and naturalness on the translation and strengthen its artistic appeal. Furthermore, the translator selects the words that tally with the affective, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original. And the opportune addition of words and change of voice also polish the translation.

The reasonable use of the imitation translation method can make the translation more idiomatic and vivid, and even enable the translation to overshadow the original text in terms of showcasing the artistic and aesthetic charm.

In a word, translation methods under domesticating strategy will involve the careful selection of texts which lend themselves to being translated in this manner, the conscious adoption of a fluent, natural-sounding target language style, the adaptation of target text to conform to target discourse types, the interpolation of explanatory material, the removal of source language REALIA and the general harmonization of target text with target language preconceptions and preferences. These methods can render the translation highly literary, aesthetic and readable, and also can to some extent optimize the source text. The appropriate application of domesticating translation is able to even become a sublimation of the original.

==Conclusion==

This paper makes an analysis of translation strategies and translation methods in English prose, with translator Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" created by Robert Lynd as an example. With translation strategies and methods as the starting point, this paper considers Chinese translation of English prose as the research subject. The paper first introduces English prose along with its distinctive properties, linguistics features and principles of its translation. And then this paper carries out the interpretation of translation strategies and methods in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" in which the application of translation methods as well as techniques under foreignizing and domesticating strategies are elaborated, and the concrete effects they exert are also elucidated.

===Major Findings===

Based on the above study of translation strategies and methods employed in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the features or common ground of Chinese translation of English prose in terms of translation strategies and methods can be generally summarized.

In Chinese translation of English prose, foreignization strategy and domestication strategy are both used in the light of the style, linguistic features, and syntactic structures of the source text.

But, on the whole, the domesticating translation strategy which includes translation methods such as free translation and imitation is applied more frequently compared with foreignization. This is because that prose translation falls into literary translation that is special on the grounds of the unique characteristics of the original literary works. In literary works, or specifically, in English prose, some words are not used with their literal meanings but their connotative or extension meanings, so literal translation under foreignization may not correctly convey the real significance of the original text. Meanwhile, in English prose, there are complex syntactic structures whose translation cannot be carried out with no proper conversion and alteration. Additionally, multiple rhetoric devices such as metaphor, metonymy and allusion are used in English literary works, and the literal translation of these figures of speech may elude the target-language readers because of the cultural differences and the obscurity of the translation. However, the appropriate adoption of translation methods under domestication strategy, to some extent, can give the target-language readers a sense of closeness and deliver the aesthetic charm with the premise that the real meaning of the original text can be ensured.

In terms of translation methods under foreignizing strategy, literal translation is used when the lexical meaning of the source text is lucid and the syntactic structures in it are relatively simple and clear, so the translators need not find a new path in the mode of expression in order to be faithful to the source text. And the use of literal translation can convey the information more objectively and avoid the interference of translators' subjective factors. Meanwhile, in Chinese translation of English prose, the use of zero-translation is frequent but imperceptible, with the omission of some words peculiar to English, such as expletives it and there, English articles and pronouns, but sometimes the English pronouns can also be retained to show a sense of closeness and friendliness. Besides, transliteration is used for the translation of proper nouns and technical terms not only in English prose but also in almost all text types, conforming to the principles of being named after the original sound and of the translated names accepted through common practice. In a word, translation methods under foreignization can ensure the objective conveyance of information of the original text and preserve its foreignness and unique cultural values that can enrich the target-language readers' knowledge and their languages.

With regard to translation methods under domesticating strategy, in Chinese translation English prose, free translation and imitation method are oftentimes employed. English prose, as one of the English literary genres, boasts distinctive features of literature, such as aesthetic value, the language with hidden meanings and the usual use of figures of speech as well as culturally loaded images, which may not be shown vividly and be easily understood by target-language readers via literal or word-for-word translation. Thus, translation methods under domestication, with careful choice of words, proper adjustment of syntactic structures and sentence sequence, and appropriate sublimation of the original text, can express the original author's feelings more lively, render the translation more fluent, idiomatic and expressive, and display the aesthetic charm of the source text.

At the lexical level, in Chinese translation of English prose, the translation techniques --- diction, addition, conversion and repetition --- are usually used. The typical Chinese four-character structures appear time from time in Chinese translation, and the translators choose the words in line with the affectionate, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original prose, which intensify literariness and satisfy the characteristics of scholar prose. Moreover, the addition of Chinese conjunctive words and logical connectors by which sentences in translation are connected into a text can create better cohesion. Furthermore, the conversion of word classes in translation is based on the contrastive studies of English and Chinese, viz., English with its nominal style is static whereas Chinese with its verbal style is dynamic. Besides, it is one of the peculiarities of Chinese to reduplicate characters or words in word-formation and to repeat the similar or same word or expression in a discourse for expressiveness and parallelism, which can render translation more appealing to Chinese readers and produce the rhetorical and grammatical effect.

At the syntactic level, the translation techniques --- conversion and division--- are often employed in Chinese translation of English prose. To start with, conversion in the syntactic respect involves conversions of sentence members, sentence patterns and the voice. The conversion of word classes often results in the conversion of sentence members, and the alteration of sentences patterns like the inter-conversion between assertive or negative sentences and question sentences can variegate sentence types in translation. The conversion of passive voice in English prose into active voice in Chinese translation is due to the preference for active forms that can produce a positive effect in Chinese language. What's more, part of sentences in English prose are longer and more complicated because of subordination, a fundamental feature of English, and it may be hard to reproduce the original thought with following the original sentence structure in translation, hence the division of complex English sentences into word-groups, clauses or simplex sentences in Chinese can endow Chinese translation of English prose with more naturalness, fluency and sense of rhythm.

The research on the features of translation strategies and methods in Chinese translation of English prose, theoretically can offer a deeper insight into English prose and its translation, and practically can help to some extent improve the quality of Chinese translation of English prose.

===Limitations and Suggestions===

There are drawbacks in this paper: firstly, the paper takes only one piece of English prose as an example in case study, so it lacks strong persuasiveness; secondly, since there are few researchers on prose translation at home and abroad, especially those specializing in Chinese translation of English prose, this paper resorts to insufficient literature guidance and reference; thirdly, owing to the confined conditions and narrow academic capacity, this paper is devoid of enough depth and breadth as well as favorable insight and acuity, thus the theoretical support and practical assistance it provides are bound to be limited. As a consequence, it is expected that researchers in this field can cooperate well to build up a system to minimize the possible errors and create more thorough and holistic works to enunciate and improve Chinese translation of English prose.

==References==

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之 (2011). 中国译学大辞典 [M] Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海: 上海教育出版社 Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 108.

He Xiuqin 何秀琴 (2018). 期待视角下的英语散文汉译研究 --- 以《散文佳作108篇》为例 [D] Research on English-Chinese Translation of Prose from the Perspective of Horizon of Expectation -- A Case Study of ''Anthology of Chinese and English Prose''. 南昌大学 Nanchang University, 1-8.

Hou Qiang 侯强 (2014). 英语散文汉译策略研究 --- 以“韩素音青年翻译奖”参赛文本为例 [D]. On the Translation Strategies of English Prose: A Case Study of the Chinese version in "Han Suyin Award for Young Translators". 厦门大学 Xiamen University, 1-4 & 40.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (2006). 英译汉教程 [M] A Coursebook on English-Chinese Translation. 北京: 高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 12-14 & 49 & 52 & 54 & 67-175 & 211 & 253-262 & 344-348.

Song Jie 宋颉 (2018). 翻译美学视角下的民国散文英译风格研究 [D]. A Study of Styles of English Translation of Chinese Essays during Period of the Republic of China from Perspective of Translation and Aesthetics. 上海外国语大学 Shanghai International Studies University, 1-12.

Shuttleworth, Mark & Cowie, Moira (2014). Dictionary of Translation Studies [M]. London and New York: Routledge, 43-44 & 59 & 144-145.

Venuti, Lawrence (1992). Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology [C]. London and New York: Routledge, 5-20.

Venuti, Lawrence (2004). The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 7-25.

Xiong Bing 熊兵 (2014). 翻译研究中的概念混淆 [J]. On the Conceptual Confusion in Translation Studies. 中国翻译 Chinese Translation, 3: 82-88.

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Trans Type EN 4

2021-12-29T14:16:03Z

Mao Yawen: /* Literature Review */

=Chapter 4 On Translation Strategies and Translation Methods in Chinese Translation of English Prose -- A Case Study of Chinese Translation of English Prose "Pleasures of Ignorance"=

浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例

毛雅文 Mao Yawen, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==

Prose, together with poetry, novel and drama, is a kind of literary form. It is not limited to rhythm, plot and characters, flexible in form, real and natural. English prose has a long history and various types, so it becomes an important object in translation practice and research. In China, the most famous English prose writers are Francis Bacon and Charles Lamb, hence, their works can be regarded as the focus of studies on Chinese translation of English prose. In fact, Chinese translation of English prose draws less attention in translation circle of China, compared with that of English poetry and drama. With English prose as the starting point, this paper will introduce the characteristics of English prose and the domestic studies on its Chinese translation, and take the Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the representative work of English modern prose writer Robert Lynd, as an example to analyze its translation strategies and methods.

==摘要==

散文是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并称的一种文体，不拘泥于韵律、情节、人物，形式灵活，真实自然。英语散文历史悠久，类型多样，是翻译实践与研究中的重要研究对象。在我国，最著名的英语散文家是弗朗西斯·培根和查尔斯·兰姆，他们的作品也因此成为英语散文汉译的重点。而事实上，我国翻译界更加重视的是诗歌与小说的汉译，英语散文汉译的研究相较之下比较滞后。本文将以英语散文为切入点，介绍英语散文的特点及其在我国的汉译研究，并以英国现代散文家罗伯特·林德的代表作《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例，主要分析其中的策略及方法。

==Key Words==

"Pleasures of Ignorance"; Chinese translation of English prose; translation strategies; translation methods; translation techniques

==关键词==

《无知的乐趣》；英语散文汉译；翻译策略；翻译方法；翻译技巧

==Introduction==

This chapter will point to the research background and its significance, and briefly set forth the structure of this paper and the methods used.

===Research Background and Significance===

In recent years, with the deepening of the reform and opening-up, the channels of international cultural exchange have become increasingly unblocked, and China's translation industry has also flourished. The studies on translation theory, drawing lesson from western translation studies, have yielded fruitful results, and more noteworthily, remarkable achievements have been made in studies on literary translation for all to see. (Hou 2014: 1)

Prose is a basic literary form in written or spoken language that typically exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure. A large number of works in philosophy, history, economics, journalism, etc, are examples of works written in prose. It can be seen that prose, which is widely used for creation, occupies an important position in literature. However, there are few researchers majoring in prose translation, still fewer ones who specialize in the Chinese translation of English prose. Given the above, this paper, based on previous studies, will study the Chinese translation of English prose, and take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" created by the English prose writer Robert Lynd, exploring its characteristics in translation strategies and methods, so as to provide better understanding and some reference for the appreciation and translation of English prose. (He 2018: 6) (Song 2018: 1)

===Methodology and Structure===

This paper will employ the methods of literature research and case analysis. The paper consists of three parts. The first section is the literature review, explicating the distinctive properties and linguistic features of English prose, and the prose translation with its principles, as well as introducing the previous studies on the Chinese translation of English prose at home. The second part, the core of this paper, will take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation version of Robert Lynd's prose work "Pleasures of Ignorance" as an example, carry out the interpretation of this translation in terms of its types, styles as well as strategies and methods employed. Lastly, the conclusion will point to the findings in this study and the weaknesses in the paper.

==Literature Review==

This part will draw into the domestic previous studies on Chinese translation of English prose.

With regard to the Chinese translation of English prose, at present, there are few domestic scholars dedicated to its systematic research. According to the different perspectives, the relevant researches at home can be roughly divided into three categories.

First, concerning research on the theory of Chinese translation of English prose into Chinese, there is a relatively small number of studies in this direction. One of the most fruitful works is ''The Study and Translation of British and American Prose'' co-authored by Zhao Xiuming and Zhao Zhangjin (2010), which makes a detailed investigation of the literary characteristics, historical evolution and style evolution of British and American prose. The work also discusses the basic principles of English prose translation in terms of pre-translation text analysis, historical and cultural context, artistic principles, and styles, etc., which can offer a reference for the further study of the theories and practices of English prose translation. (Hou 2014: 4)

Second, regarding research on the famous translators of English and American prose with their translation styles and skills, Xia Ying explored the style of Professor Cao's translation of Francis Bacon with the essay titled "Research on Professor Cao Minglunss Chinese translation of bacon prose". Some others probed into Liu Bingshans's and Liu Shicong's thoughts on prose translation which have guiding significance for prose translation practice. (Hou 2014: 4)

Third, as regards research on the practice of Chinese translation English prose based on translation theory, Huang Jianling (2012) analyzed the Chinese translation of Bacon's essays from the perspective of translation aesthetics. Hu Hongyun (2013) translates and elaborates on the British prose Farewell in vocabulary, semantics, style and cultural transmission, on the basis of Eugene Nida's Functional Equivalence theory. (Hou 2014: 5)

These researches and investigations have laid a solid foundation for future studies and the analysis in this paper.

==Overview of English Prose==

Prose can be defined in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In the broad sense, prose refers to all the written and oral works in a loose form free from parallelism; and in the narrow sense, it specifically means the writings with certain literary qualities, such as essays, and a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel, drama and movie-television literature.

This section will clarify the distinctive characteristics and linguistic features of English prose, as well as its translation principles.

===Distinctive Features of English Prose===

As an independent literary genre, English prose has its distinctive characteristics.

The first characteristic is its expression of sincere feeling. Prose mostly depicts the real people, things and scenery, and is generated based on record and recollection of life. With prose, the author frequently describes his or her personal experiences, which expresses feelings full of personality and style. So in this sense, prose can be considered as an earnest conversation between the author and the readers. (Zhang 2011: 28)

Secondly, English prose is characterized by a wide material selection. In English prose, one detail, episode and facet of life can be used to display the author's specific emotions and circumstances, and all materials related to the theme can also be employed. It places no emphasis on rhythm and rhyme, like poetry, as well as to plot and characters, like drama. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Besides, English prose features a free and loose structure. The structure of prose writings is free and flexible. Prose is elastic and natural and boasts descriptive, argumentative and lyrical qualities, thereof constituting its most distinctive advantage. There are no strict restrictions and fixed patterns in the prose structure, but its flexibility and randomness are not tantamount to disorder and scatter, and its choice of theme and expression of feelings should be closely centered on one mainline. (Zhang 2011: 29)

===Linguistic Features of English Prose===

Compared with other literary forms, prose has no more skills to resort to. Therefore, as regards the form of artistic expression, English prose mainly has recourse to its language features.

First and foremost, succinctness and fluency characterize the English prose language. The concise prose language not only fully delivers the content that the author intends to convey but effectively shows the author's emotions and attitude towards persons and things. This is not the result of the author's deliberate elaboration, but the natural overflow of his or her plain and pure emotion. The fluency of prose language refers to both the informal use of words and phrases, and the author's sound expression of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Meanwhile, colloquial style and literary grace are characteristic of prose language. As prose mainly focuses on the description of the author's personal stories and sentiments, thus, he speaks or writes with his posture, style and tone, as if he is confiding to the readers, so as to highlight the agreeable conversation style and unique colloquial style. Colloquial prose language is natural due to its simplicity, friendly owing to its ease of communication, and true thanks to its individuality. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Furthermore, another linguistic feature of English prose is the smooth rhythm and reading. The rhythmic beauty of prose language is reflected in phonetic respect and sentence patterns. The prose reading is catchy, with no obstacles and awkwardness, and its rhythm is in line with the natural law of oral breathing pauses as well as with the ups and downs of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 30)

===Principles of English Prose Translation===

The beauty of prose lies in its language and artistic conception, the two permeating each other and jointly creating the artistic charm of prose. In prose translation practice, the following principles can be observed to reproduce the artistic appeal.

Keep an eye on sound and rhythm. Despite that the sound and rhythm of prose are often internal, not as obvious, regular and musical as that of poetry, they are not disordered with no aesthetic purpose. On the contrary, they effectively represent the variation of emotion in the prose and are consistent with its unique aesthetic interest. This illustrates that in prose translation, on the one hand, the translators should recognize the great value and significance of prose sound and rhythm; on the other hand, with the intention of reproducing the linguistic subtleties of the original text, the translators can fully touch its aesthetic interest from the cadence between the lines, and perceive its inner rhythm from sentence length and speech speed. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Pay attention to the personalized mode of discourse. Different writers with various discourse modes bring about manifold writing styles. Not only is the personalized mode of discourse reflected in the author's choice of words and sentences as well as the layout of the prose, but also his thoughts and aesthetic interest. As a result, the translators can start with analyzing the original writer's one classic work and then his anthology and even look closely at the literary features of his age, in order to grasp the writer's personalized discourse mode, which is of particular importance to reproduce his artistic personality and the characteristics of his emotional expression in translation practice. (Zhang 2011: 31)

Place a premium on the unity of scene and emotion. The unity of scene and interest in prose is embodied in diverse ways of language expression and structure, as well as the images or settings created by the author. In translation practice, based on the unity of scene and interest in the prose, it is beneficial to preserve and reproduce the overall aesthetic orientation of the original text through aesthetic reconstruction in word selection and layout, so that the translated text can obtain the aesthetic taste similar to the original prose. (Zhang 2011: 31)

All in all, a general understanding of English prose can facilitate the study of its Chinese translation.

==Case Study of Chinese Translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance"==

The selected source text is "The Pleasures of Ignorance", written by Robert Lynd.

Robert Lynd (1879-1949), born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a modern critic and prose writer. He, together with E. V. Lucas, was a pioneer in reviving the tradition of Charles Lamb's prose. And The Pleasures of Ignorance is one of his notable prose works.

This prose points out that it is because of ignorance that people are interested in nature and the world and pursue knowledge, and the process of seeking knowledge is full of pleasure, by which the author emphasizes the importance of learning more and gaining insight. The article reveals somewhat erudition and aesthetic sensibility, as well as love for nature and passion for life. From his leisurely writing, the author's maturity of thought and capability in the usage of words is unveiled. Though the tone of the original text makes the readers feel that the author is chatting with them, giving people familiarity and closeness, it is not particularly colloquial. On the contrary, there is a kind of exactness and elegance of the learned between the lines, thus it can be seen that the case text is a typical scholar prose. (Zhu 2007: 326)

[[File:Source Text & Target Text.docx]]

The translator Professor Liu Bingshan firmly grasps these features of the original text and conveys the original style by carefully choosing words and sentences, with the principles of faithfulness, smoothness and expressiveness. His Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" will be analyzed in terms of translation strategies and methods. (Zhu 2007: 326)

There is a natural connection between translation strategies and translation methods, but the two concepts are often confused. It is generally believed that translation strategies (such as foreignization and domestication) are at the cultural level, while the translation methods (such as literal translation and free translation) are at the textual level. Translation methods are the approaches, steps and techniques used to achieve a specific translation purpose based on a certain translation strategy in translation activities, whereas translation strategies are a collection of principles and methods. Consequently, this paper will enunciate the translation text on the basis of translation methods under foreignization strategy and domestication strategy respectively. (Xiong 2014: 84)

===Translation Methods under Foreignizing Strategy===

Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This strategy is "an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" to have an alien reading experience. The translation methods under foreignization employed in Professor Liu's target text include literal translation, zero-translation and transliteration. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 13)

====Literal Translation====

Literal translation is in fact looser renditions that replace individual source language words with individual target language words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language. (Lian 2006: 12)

Specifically, in the case translation text, the translator faithfully retains some personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in the original text.

Example 1(1):

It is impossible to take a walk in the country with an average townsman—especially, perhaps, in April or May—without being amazed at the vast continent of his ignorance.

同一个普通的城里人到乡下去走一走，特别是在四月或五月里，那么。对他的无知范围之广阔，就不能不感到惊奇。任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 1(2):

This ignorance, however, is not altogether miserable.

不过，这种无知也并非全然不幸。

Example 1(3):

But ''your and my'' ignorance is not confined to cuckoos.

但是，''你我的''无知并不仅限于杜鹃这一方面。

Example 1(4):

A contemporary English novelist was once asked by a foreigner what was the most important crop in England.

一个外国人问一位当代英国小说家，英国最重要的农作物是什么。

The translation of these sentences, though properly altering the word order and voice with the adherence to the target-language syntactic norms, does not adopt the usage of transferred meaning in dealing with the lexical sense.

The use of literal translation, especially the retaining of the personal pronouns, like "we" and "you and I", conveys the style of the original text, showing friendliness and intimacy.

====Zero-Translation====

Zero translation refers to the translation in which the translators do not use the ready-made words in the target language to translate the source language words. This translation phenomenon occurs when adjustments must be made due to the differences in the syntactic structures of the two languages. For example, some articles and personal pronouns are not translated in E-C translation. (Fang 2011: 108)

In Liu's Translation, zero-translation is particularly displayed by omission, a translation technique.

''Omission of the expletives It and There:''

Example 2(1):

''It'' is impossible to take a walk in the country oneself without being amazed at the vast continent of one's own ignorance.

任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 2(2):

''There'' are occasions on which a memory of this kind is an affliction, especially if one has a passion for accuracy.

这样的记忆力，在某些场合自然叫人伤脑筋，尤其当人渴望精确的时候。

''Omission of English articles:''

Example 2(3):

Thousands of men and women live and die without knowing the difference between ''a'' beech and ''an'' elm, between ''the'' song of ''a'' thrush and ''the'' song of ''a'' blackbird.

成干上万的男男女女，从生到死，一辈子也说不出山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，听不出画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

''Omission of pronouns:''

Example 2(4):

... as she (the cuckoo) lays ''her'' egg on the ground and takes it in ''her'' bill to the nest in which it is destined to breed infanticide.

把蛋下到地面上，然后再用尖嘴把它叨进那注定要发生杀婴罪行的窠巢里。

The application of zero-translation can render the translation text concise, neat and fluent, and make the rhythm of the prose more natural and flexible, conforming to the principle of prose translation.

====Transliteration====

Proper names such as the names of persons and places of foreign countries, are, as a rule, to be transliterated, i.e., to be translated by using Chinese characters to represent the sound in articulating these names. In transliteration, the translators should follow the original pronunciation of proper names. (Lian 2006: 344)

Example 3(1): Hamlet 哈姆雷特

Example 3(2): Pickwick 匹克威克

The above two names are both transliterated from their original English sound.

Besides, in transliteration, the translators sometimes should also use the standard pronunciation of the Chinese characters. One of the difficulties in transliterating a foreign name in Chinese characters lies in the lack of many foreign sounds in Chinese, and the variation in the pronunciation of the Chinese characters causes confusion. The remedy is to fix certain Chinese characters for a certain syllable of foreign names. And many long-standing translated names, though not named after the original sounds, have been recognized by the world and are generally invariable. (Lian 2006: 346)

Example 3(3): Montaigne 蒙田

This name is not translated from its original French sound as "蒙泰涅", but translated as "蒙田", the translated name that is recognized by Chinese translators for a long time and fixed on the syllable of foreign names.

Transliteration plays a crucial role in the translation of proper nouns and technical terms, which ensures the correct conveyance of information.

The translation methods under foreignization are able to make the translation process more visible, by means of showing how translators are deeply involved in the construction of culture and ideology. The use of these methods can retain the foreignness of the source text and produce on the target-language readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original, through which the readers can further understand the foreign expressions and cultures, realizing the differences between the two countries.

===Translation Methods under Domesticating Strategy===

Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. This strategy is "an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home". In other words, as regards the use of domesticating strategy, the translators are required to make target-language readers feel familiar and close through conveying the content of the original text with the expressions to which TL readers are accustomed. And in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", free translation method and imitation method under domestication are used and displayed in several translation techniques. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 14)

====Free Translation====

Free translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes the transfer of the meaning or the "spirit" of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of this method is to accommodate the needs of the target-language readers by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture which does not therefore sound "foreign". (Shuttleworth & Cowie 2014: 59) (Lian 2006: 12)

Such a method, in this case study, is specifically embodied in the choice of words packed with Chinese characteristics, that is, diction, also a translation technique. For example,

Example 4(1):

Probably in a modern city the man who can distinguish between a thrush's and a blackbird's song is ''the exception''.

在一个现代化城市里，能听得出画眉和山乌鸦叫声不同的人，恐怕是''凤毛麟角''。

Example 4(2):

It is not that we have not seen the birds. It is simply that we ''have not noticed'' them.

所以如此，并不是因为这些鸟我们没有见过，而只是因为我们''习焉不察''。

Example 4(3):

When in the oak's green arms the cuckoo ''sings'',

And first delights men in the ''lovely springs''.

杜鹃在橡树的绿色怀抱里''啭啼''，

第一个为人们带来''欢欣、美好的春意''。

In translating these sentences, the translator transfers some words into vocabulary or phrases with conspicuously Chinese features. For instance, the transfer of "the exception" and "have not noticed" to Chinese idioms "凤毛麟角" (that describes rare and precious items) and "习焉不察" (which means that one is too accustomed to something to call it in questions), respectively, exemplify the typical Chinese four-character structure. Moreover, the verb "sings" is transferred to "啭啼" (that describes birds' melodious chirp), a Chinese term composed of two words with the same left side, which is one of common and special linguistic phenomena in Chinese language. Meanwhile, "the lovely springs" is transferred to "欢欣、美好的春意" (a joyful and wonderful feeling brought by the spring) through abstraction.

Thus, it can be seen that the application of free translation can reproduce the sense of the original text more smoothly and idiomatically. And the wide adoption of the four-character structures enhances the academic atmosphere of the translation version.

====Imitation====

With regard to the use of imitation, the translators do not stick to the meaning details of the original text, let alone its vocabulary and syntactic structure, but take the original text as a reference model, either by deleting or condensing to only translate its gist and key information, or by adding and expanding to deliver more information than that in the original text. (Xiong 2014: 85)

Example 5:

Thousands of ''men and women'' ''live and die'' ''without knowing'' the difference between a beech and an elm, between the song of a thrush and the song of a blackbird.

成千上万的''男男女女''，''从生到死''，''一辈子''也''说不出''山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，''听不出''画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

In the translation of this sentence, a variety of translation techniques are employed.

(1) Conversion:

The translator uses conversion to alter the syntactic structure of the original sentence.

The predicate "live and die" is converted into the preposition phrase "从生到死" as the adverbial in Chinese.

And the adverbial preposition phrase in the source text "without knowing" is converted into the predicate in Chinese translation.

(2) Division:

In accordance with the need of Chinese expression, "without knowing" is divided into two verb phrases "说不出" and "听不出" in Chinese as the predicate.

(3) Addition:

With the addition of the expression "一辈子", the translator highlights a long time between life and death.

(4) Repetition:

The plural form "men and women" is translated into the reiterative locution "男男女女" by repetition.

The change of sentence structure via techniques such as conversion and division as well as of vocabulary via repetition and addition renders the translation natural and smooth, showing the translator’s superb handling of the original text.

Example 6:

...we are all the ''more'' delighted ''at the spectacle of'' its ''runaway flight'' as it (the cuckoo) ''hurries'' from wood to wood conscious of its crimes ...

一日''看见''它（杜鹃）因为自己犯了罪而''煌惶不安地''从这个林子飞''逃''向那个林子 ... 我们才会觉得''大大''开心。

In this example, there are also various translation techniques used.

(1)　Conversion:

Firstly, the preposition phrase "at the spectacle of" is converted into the verb "看见" in Chinese.

Secondly, the noun phrase "runaway flight" is converted into Chinese verbs "飞" (fly) and "逃" (escape).

Besides, the verb "hurries" (that means to move quickly in a particular direction) is converted into "惶惶不安地" (which means to feel panic, afraid and utterly uneasy), a Chinese adverb to modify the verbs "飞" and "逃", which endows the subject cuckoo with somewhat human characteristic.

(2) Repetition:

The adjective "more" is translated into the reiterative locution "大大", a Chinese adverb equivalent to "very" or "extremely" in English to modify the adjective "delighted".

In this example, the adjustment of the sentence order and conversion of parts of speech make the translation more consistent with the word sequence in Chinese. Meanwhile, the choice of words such as the Chinese four-character structure "惶惶不安" conveys the romantic charm beyond the original text. And there are also indicators of the use of repetition embodied in the typical Chinese reiterative locutions like "惶惶" and "大大".

Example 7:

I have myself a ''capricious'' and ''leaking'' memory.

我自己的记忆力也是''漏洞百出''、''不听使唤''。

Although this is a short sentence, it still contains the flexible use of translation techniques.

(1)　Conversion:

At first, the original object "memory" is converted to the subject in the Chinese translation.

And then, the subject "I" with its appositive "myself" is converted into the attribute "我自己的" to modify the subject in the translation "记忆".

(2)　Addition:

On account of the conversion of the subject and the verb, the original predicate "have" is inappropriate. The addition of "也是" that is equivalent to the verb "be" in English enforces the completeness of sentence structure. And this is a structural addition mainly due to the structural difference between Chinese and English.

(3)　Diction:

The two vivid adjectives "capricious" and "leaking" are translated as "不听使唤" and "漏洞百出" respectively which are typical Chinese four-character structures. The Chinese adjective "漏洞百出(的)" means that the loopholes appear one after another, which is often used to describe that one's writing or speech is untenable because of lack of sufficient reasons and grounds. And here, this word shows the author's weak memory with which he forgets things time and again. And the other adjective "不听使唤(的)" generally depicts that someone loses control and is not obedient to the rules or instructions. Here, the word properly demonstrates that the author cannot manipulate his memory well and also cannot preclude it from being weaker. The use of these two words conforms to the choice of affective and stylistic meanings.

In this example, the conversion of the subject and object, as well as the change of the predicate, enable the translation to be more closely in accord with the Chinese sentential structure. Moreover, the two figurative adjectives packed with personified traits not only fully convey the author's intention, but also enhance the literariness of the translation and even display a lively mood beyond the original text.

Example 8:

We know, again, that, the blossom precedes and ''not succeeds'' the fruit of the apple-tree, but ''this does not lessen our amazement at'' the beautiful holiday of a May orchard.

另外，我们知道苹果树''先''开花，''后''结果，可是五月''一旦''到来，果园里一片欢闹的花海。''我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？''

This is a typical example of the imitation method embodied in the use of diverse translation techniques.

(1) Conversion:

Regarding the conversion of word classes, the noun "blossom" is converted into the Chinese verb "开花".

Concerning the conversion of sentence members, the object in the clause "apple-tree" is converted into the subject "苹果树" in the Chinese translation. And the attribute "May" is converted into the adverbial in Chinese as "五月一旦到来".

Considering the conversion of sentence patterns, the negative sentence "this does not lessen our amazement at..." is converted into an interrogative sentence "我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？".

(2)　Negation:

The negative form "not succeeds" in English is translated into the affirmative form "后结果" in Chinese, intensifying a positive tone on which Chinese language often places emphasis.

(3)　Division:

The original complicated sentence in English is divided into several simplex clauses and phrases in Chinese, which underlines the "chronicle style" of Chinese language with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.

(4)　Addition:

Now that the original sentence is divided into smaller components, it is necessary to supply connectors for better cohesion. The addition of the logical connectors in Chinese such as "先", "后", "一旦" and "仍然" renders the translation more smooth and expressive.

In this instance, the translator flexibly takes advantage of the techniques such as conversion, negation and division, not only contributing to the diversity of sentence patterns but also adding a sense of warmth and vividness of the translation. Additionally, the semantic addition of logical connectors renders the translation more cohesive and coherent.

Example 9:

Once more I shall ''see'' the world as a garden through ''the eyes'' of a stranger, ''my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields''.

那时，我像一个陌生者进人大花园，''放眼四望''，''五色缤纷''的原野再一次使我''目不暇接''，''心迷神醉''。

As regards this example, the translator enriches the meaning of the original text and creates a more balmy atmosphere by employing various translation techniques.

(1) Division:

The long complex sentence, composed of two clauses, is divided into several separated clauses arranged in a certain order, which renders the translation rhythmic and highlights the focus of expression.

(2) Addition:

The addition of the Chinese set phrase "目不暇接" (which means that so many wonderful things and so swift change of scenery come into sight that the eyes are kept fully occupied) makes the context more coherent, as it echoes "see" and "the eyes" in the preceding and connects the "painted fields" in the following that greet the author's eyes and take his breath away.

(3) Diction:

The verb "see" is translated into "放眼四望" (to look around), the noun phrase "breath taken away with surprise" into "心醉神迷" (to be thrown into ecstasies), and the adjective "painted" into "五彩缤纷" (colorful). These recurring four-character structures in translation are loaded with positive meanings, and proper to depict the attractive scenery and to be used in scholarly prose.

(4) Conversion:

The original clause "my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields" is in passive voice, and is converted into the active voice in Chinese translation "五色缤纷的原野再一次使我目不暇接，心迷神醉". This kind of conversion is due to the fact that the Chinese passive form marked by "被" is traditionally felt to be an "inflictive voice", mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable, contrasted with the cheerful aura overflowing the original text.

The translator employs short clauses separated from the original complex sentence to bestow smoothness and naturalness on the translation and strengthen its artistic appeal. Furthermore, the translator selects the words that tally with the affective, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original. And the opportune addition of words and change of voice also polish the translation.

The reasonable use of the imitation translation method can make the translation more idiomatic and vivid, and even enable the translation to overshadow the original text in terms of showcasing the artistic and aesthetic charm.

In a word, translation methods under domesticating strategy will involve the careful selection of texts which lend themselves to being translated in this manner, the conscious adoption of a fluent, natural-sounding target language style, the adaptation of target text to conform to target discourse types, the interpolation of explanatory material, the removal of source language REALIA and the general harmonization of target text with target language preconceptions and preferences. These methods can render the translation highly literary, aesthetic and readable, and also can to some extent optimize the source text. The appropriate application of domesticating translation is able to even become a sublimation of the original.

==Conclusion==

This paper makes an analysis of translation strategies and translation methods in English prose, with translator Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" created by Robert Lynd as an example. With translation strategies and methods as the starting point, this paper considers Chinese translation of English prose as the research subject. The paper first introduces English prose along with its distinctive properties, linguistics features and principles of its translation. And then this paper carries out the interpretation of translation strategies and methods in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" in which the application of translation methods as well as techniques under foreignizing and domesticating strategies are elaborated, and the concrete effects they exert are also elucidated.

===Major Findings===

Based on the above study of translation strategies and methods employed in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the features or common ground of Chinese translation of English prose in terms of translation strategies and methods can be generally summarized.

In Chinese translation of English prose, foreignization strategy and domestication strategy are both used in the light of the style, linguistic features, and syntactic structures of the source text.

But, on the whole, the domesticating translation strategy which includes translation methods such as free translation and imitation is applied more frequently compared with foreignization. This is because that prose translation falls into literary translation that is special on the grounds of the unique characteristics of the original literary works. In literary works, or specifically, in English prose, some words are not used with their literal meanings but their connotative or extension meanings, so literal translation under foreignization may not correctly convey the real significance of the original text. Meanwhile, in English prose, there are complex syntactic structures whose translation cannot be carried out with no proper conversion and alteration. Additionally, multiple rhetoric devices such as metaphor, metonymy and allusion are used in English literary works, and the literal translation of these figures of speech may elude the target-language readers because of the cultural differences and the obscurity of the translation. However, the appropriate adoption of translation methods under domestication strategy, to some extent, can give the target-language readers a sense of closeness and deliver the aesthetic charm with the premise that the real meaning of the original text can be ensured.

In terms of translation methods under foreignizing strategy, literal translation is used when the lexical meaning of the source text is lucid and the syntactic structures in it are relatively simple and clear, so the translators need not find a new path in the mode of expression in order to be faithful to the source text. And the use of literal translation can convey the information more objectively and avoid the interference of translators' subjective factors. Meanwhile, in Chinese translation of English prose, the use of zero-translation is frequent but imperceptible, with the omission of some words peculiar to English, such as expletives it and there, English articles and pronouns, but sometimes the English pronouns can also be retained to show a sense of closeness and friendliness. Besides, transliteration is used for the translation of proper nouns and technical terms not only in English prose but also in almost all text types, conforming to the principles of being named after the original sound and of the translated names accepted through common practice. In a word, translation methods under foreignization can ensure the objective conveyance of information of the original text and preserve its foreignness and unique cultural values that can enrich the target-language readers' knowledge and their languages.

With regard to translation methods under domesticating strategy, in Chinese translation English prose, free translation and imitation method are oftentimes employed. English prose, as one of the English literary genres, boasts distinctive features of literature, such as aesthetic value, the language with hidden meanings and the usual use of figures of speech as well as culturally loaded images, which may not be shown vividly and be easily understood by target-language readers via literal or word-for-word translation. Thus, translation methods under domestication, with careful choice of words, proper adjustment of syntactic structures and sentence sequence, and appropriate sublimation of the original text, can express the original author's feelings more lively, render the translation more fluent, idiomatic and expressive, and display the aesthetic charm of the source text.

At the lexical level, in Chinese translation of English prose, the translation techniques --- diction, addition, conversion and repetition --- are usually used. The typical Chinese four-character structures appear time from time in Chinese translation, and the translators choose the words in line with the affectionate, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original prose, which intensify literariness and satisfy the characteristics of scholar prose. Moreover, the addition of Chinese conjunctive words and logical connectors by which sentences in translation are connected into a text can create better cohesion. Furthermore, the conversion of word classes in translation is based on the contrastive studies of English and Chinese, viz., English with its nominal style is static whereas Chinese with its verbal style is dynamic. Besides, it is one of the peculiarities of Chinese to reduplicate characters or words in word-formation and to repeat the similar or same word or expression in a discourse for expressiveness and parallelism, which can render translation more appealing to Chinese readers and produce the rhetorical and grammatical effect.

At the syntactic level, the translation techniques --- conversion and division--- are often employed in Chinese translation of English prose. To start with, conversion in the syntactic respect involves conversions of sentence members, sentence patterns and the voice. The conversion of word classes often results in the conversion of sentence members, and the alteration of sentences patterns like the inter-conversion between assertive or negative sentences and question sentences can variegate sentence types in translation. The conversion of passive voice in English prose into active voice in Chinese translation is due to the preference for active forms that can produce a positive effect in Chinese language. What's more, part of sentences in English prose are longer and more complicated because of subordination, a fundamental feature of English, and it may be hard to reproduce the original thought with following the original sentence structure in translation, hence the division of complex English sentences into word-groups, clauses or simplex sentences in Chinese can endow Chinese translation of English prose with more naturalness, fluency and sense of rhythm.

The research on the features of translation strategies and methods in Chinese translation of English prose, theoretically can offer a deeper insight into English prose and its translation, and practically can help to some extent improve the quality of Chinese translation of English prose.

===Limitations and Suggestions===

There are drawbacks in this paper: firstly, the paper takes only one piece of English prose as an example in case study, so it lacks strong persuasiveness; secondly, since there are few researchers on prose translation at home and abroad, especially those specializing in Chinese translation of English prose, this paper resorts to insufficient literature guidance and reference; thirdly, owing to the confined conditions and narrow academic capacity, this paper is devoid of enough depth and breadth as well as favorable insight and acuity, thus the theoretical support and practical assistance it provides are bound to be limited. As a consequence, it is expected that researchers in this field can cooperate well to build up a system to minimize the possible errors and create more thorough and holistic works to enunciate and improve Chinese translation of English prose.

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Trans Type EN 4

2021-12-29T14:15:04Z

Mao Yawen: /* Literature Review */

=Chapter 4 On Translation Strategies and Translation Methods in Chinese Translation of English Prose -- A Case Study of Chinese Translation of English Prose "Pleasures of Ignorance"=

浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例

毛雅文 Mao Yawen, Hunan Normal University, China

==Abstract==

Prose, together with poetry, novel and drama, is a kind of literary form. It is not limited to rhythm, plot and characters, flexible in form, real and natural. English prose has a long history and various types, so it becomes an important object in translation practice and research. In China, the most famous English prose writers are Francis Bacon and Charles Lamb, hence, their works can be regarded as the focus of studies on Chinese translation of English prose. In fact, Chinese translation of English prose draws less attention in translation circle of China, compared with that of English poetry and drama. With English prose as the starting point, this paper will introduce the characteristics of English prose and the domestic studies on its Chinese translation, and take the Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the representative work of English modern prose writer Robert Lynd, as an example to analyze its translation strategies and methods.

==摘要==

散文是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并称的一种文体，不拘泥于韵律、情节、人物，形式灵活，真实自然。英语散文历史悠久，类型多样，是翻译实践与研究中的重要研究对象。在我国，最著名的英语散文家是弗朗西斯·培根和查尔斯·兰姆，他们的作品也因此成为英语散文汉译的重点。而事实上，我国翻译界更加重视的是诗歌与小说的汉译，英语散文汉译的研究相较之下比较滞后。本文将以英语散文为切入点，介绍英语散文的特点及其在我国的汉译研究，并以英国现代散文家罗伯特·林德的代表作《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例，主要分析其中的策略及方法。

==Key Words==

"Pleasures of Ignorance"; Chinese translation of English prose; translation strategies; translation methods; translation techniques

==关键词==

《无知的乐趣》；英语散文汉译；翻译策略；翻译方法；翻译技巧

==Introduction==

This chapter will point to the research background and its significance, and briefly set forth the structure of this paper and the methods used.

===Research Background and Significance===

In recent years, with the deepening of the reform and opening-up, the channels of international cultural exchange have become increasingly unblocked, and China's translation industry has also flourished. The studies on translation theory, drawing lesson from western translation studies, have yielded fruitful results, and more noteworthily, remarkable achievements have been made in studies on literary translation for all to see. (Hou 2014: 1)

Prose is a basic literary form in written or spoken language that typically exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure. A large number of works in philosophy, history, economics, journalism, etc, are examples of works written in prose. It can be seen that prose, which is widely used for creation, occupies an important position in literature. However, there are few researchers majoring in prose translation, still fewer ones who specialize in the Chinese translation of English prose. Given the above, this paper, based on previous studies, will study the Chinese translation of English prose, and take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" created by the English prose writer Robert Lynd, exploring its characteristics in translation strategies and methods, so as to provide better understanding and some reference for the appreciation and translation of English prose. (He 2018: 6) (Song 2018: 1)

===Methodology and Structure===

This paper will employ the methods of literature research and case analysis. The paper consists of three parts. The first section is the literature review, explicating the distinctive properties and linguistic features of English prose, and the prose translation with its principles, as well as introducing the previous studies on the Chinese translation of English prose at home. The second part, the core of this paper, will take Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation version of Robert Lynd's prose work "Pleasures of Ignorance" as an example, carry out the interpretation of this translation in terms of its types, styles as well as strategies and methods employed. Lastly, the conclusion will point to the findings in this study and the weaknesses in the paper.

==Literature Review==

This part will draw into the domestic previous studies on Chinese translation of English prose.

With regard to the Chinese translation of English prose, at present, there are few domestic scholars dedicated to its systematic research. According to the different perspectives, the relevant researches at home can be roughly divided into three categories.

First, concerning research on the theory of Chinese translation of English prose into Chinese, there is a relatively small number of studies in this direction. One of the most fruitful works is ''The Study and Translation of British and American Prose'' co-authored by Zhao Xiuming and Zhao Zhangjin (2010), which makes a detailed investigation of the literary characteristics, historical evolution and style evolution of British and American prose. The work also discusses the basic principles of English prose translation in terms of pre-translation text analysis, historical and cultural context, artistic principles, and styles, etc., which can offer a reference for the further study of the theories and practices of English prose translation. (Hou 2014: 4)

Second, regarding research on the famous translators of English and American prose with their translation styles and skills, Xia Ying explored the style of Professor Cao's translation of Francis Bacon with the essay titled "Research on Professor Cao Minglunss Chinese translation of bacon prose". Some others probed into Liu Bingshans's and Liu Shicong's thoughts on prose translation which have guiding significance for prose translation practice. (Hou 2014: 4)

Third, as regards research on the practice of Chinese translation English prose based on translation theory, Huang Jianling (2021) analyzed the Chinese translation of Bacon's essays from the perspective of translation aesthetics. Hu Hongyun (2013) translates and elaborates on the British prose Farewell in vocabulary, semantics, style and cultural transmission, on the basis of Eugene Nida's Functional Equivalence theory. (Hou 2014: 5)

These researches and investigations have laid a solid foundation for future studies and the analysis in this paper.

==Overview of English Prose==

Prose can be defined in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In the broad sense, prose refers to all the written and oral works in a loose form free from parallelism; and in the narrow sense, it specifically means the writings with certain literary qualities, such as essays, and a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel, drama and movie-television literature.

This section will clarify the distinctive characteristics and linguistic features of English prose, as well as its translation principles.

===Distinctive Features of English Prose===

As an independent literary genre, English prose has its distinctive characteristics.

The first characteristic is its expression of sincere feeling. Prose mostly depicts the real people, things and scenery, and is generated based on record and recollection of life. With prose, the author frequently describes his or her personal experiences, which expresses feelings full of personality and style. So in this sense, prose can be considered as an earnest conversation between the author and the readers. (Zhang 2011: 28)

Secondly, English prose is characterized by a wide material selection. In English prose, one detail, episode and facet of life can be used to display the author's specific emotions and circumstances, and all materials related to the theme can also be employed. It places no emphasis on rhythm and rhyme, like poetry, as well as to plot and characters, like drama. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Besides, English prose features a free and loose structure. The structure of prose writings is free and flexible. Prose is elastic and natural and boasts descriptive, argumentative and lyrical qualities, thereof constituting its most distinctive advantage. There are no strict restrictions and fixed patterns in the prose structure, but its flexibility and randomness are not tantamount to disorder and scatter, and its choice of theme and expression of feelings should be closely centered on one mainline. (Zhang 2011: 29)

===Linguistic Features of English Prose===

Compared with other literary forms, prose has no more skills to resort to. Therefore, as regards the form of artistic expression, English prose mainly has recourse to its language features.

First and foremost, succinctness and fluency characterize the English prose language. The concise prose language not only fully delivers the content that the author intends to convey but effectively shows the author's emotions and attitude towards persons and things. This is not the result of the author's deliberate elaboration, but the natural overflow of his or her plain and pure emotion. The fluency of prose language refers to both the informal use of words and phrases, and the author's sound expression of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 29)

Meanwhile, colloquial style and literary grace are characteristic of prose language. As prose mainly focuses on the description of the author's personal stories and sentiments, thus, he speaks or writes with his posture, style and tone, as if he is confiding to the readers, so as to highlight the agreeable conversation style and unique colloquial style. Colloquial prose language is natural due to its simplicity, friendly owing to its ease of communication, and true thanks to its individuality. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Furthermore, another linguistic feature of English prose is the smooth rhythm and reading. The rhythmic beauty of prose language is reflected in phonetic respect and sentence patterns. The prose reading is catchy, with no obstacles and awkwardness, and its rhythm is in line with the natural law of oral breathing pauses as well as with the ups and downs of feelings. (Zhang 2011: 30)

===Principles of English Prose Translation===

The beauty of prose lies in its language and artistic conception, the two permeating each other and jointly creating the artistic charm of prose. In prose translation practice, the following principles can be observed to reproduce the artistic appeal.

Keep an eye on sound and rhythm. Despite that the sound and rhythm of prose are often internal, not as obvious, regular and musical as that of poetry, they are not disordered with no aesthetic purpose. On the contrary, they effectively represent the variation of emotion in the prose and are consistent with its unique aesthetic interest. This illustrates that in prose translation, on the one hand, the translators should recognize the great value and significance of prose sound and rhythm; on the other hand, with the intention of reproducing the linguistic subtleties of the original text, the translators can fully touch its aesthetic interest from the cadence between the lines, and perceive its inner rhythm from sentence length and speech speed. (Zhang 2011: 30)

Pay attention to the personalized mode of discourse. Different writers with various discourse modes bring about manifold writing styles. Not only is the personalized mode of discourse reflected in the author's choice of words and sentences as well as the layout of the prose, but also his thoughts and aesthetic interest. As a result, the translators can start with analyzing the original writer's one classic work and then his anthology and even look closely at the literary features of his age, in order to grasp the writer's personalized discourse mode, which is of particular importance to reproduce his artistic personality and the characteristics of his emotional expression in translation practice. (Zhang 2011: 31)

Place a premium on the unity of scene and emotion. The unity of scene and interest in prose is embodied in diverse ways of language expression and structure, as well as the images or settings created by the author. In translation practice, based on the unity of scene and interest in the prose, it is beneficial to preserve and reproduce the overall aesthetic orientation of the original text through aesthetic reconstruction in word selection and layout, so that the translated text can obtain the aesthetic taste similar to the original prose. (Zhang 2011: 31)

All in all, a general understanding of English prose can facilitate the study of its Chinese translation.

==Case Study of Chinese Translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance"==

The selected source text is "The Pleasures of Ignorance", written by Robert Lynd.

Robert Lynd (1879-1949), born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a modern critic and prose writer. He, together with E. V. Lucas, was a pioneer in reviving the tradition of Charles Lamb's prose. And The Pleasures of Ignorance is one of his notable prose works.

This prose points out that it is because of ignorance that people are interested in nature and the world and pursue knowledge, and the process of seeking knowledge is full of pleasure, by which the author emphasizes the importance of learning more and gaining insight. The article reveals somewhat erudition and aesthetic sensibility, as well as love for nature and passion for life. From his leisurely writing, the author's maturity of thought and capability in the usage of words is unveiled. Though the tone of the original text makes the readers feel that the author is chatting with them, giving people familiarity and closeness, it is not particularly colloquial. On the contrary, there is a kind of exactness and elegance of the learned between the lines, thus it can be seen that the case text is a typical scholar prose. (Zhu 2007: 326)

[[File:Source Text & Target Text.docx]]

The translator Professor Liu Bingshan firmly grasps these features of the original text and conveys the original style by carefully choosing words and sentences, with the principles of faithfulness, smoothness and expressiveness. His Chinese translation of "The Pleasures of Ignorance" will be analyzed in terms of translation strategies and methods. (Zhu 2007: 326)

There is a natural connection between translation strategies and translation methods, but the two concepts are often confused. It is generally believed that translation strategies (such as foreignization and domestication) are at the cultural level, while the translation methods (such as literal translation and free translation) are at the textual level. Translation methods are the approaches, steps and techniques used to achieve a specific translation purpose based on a certain translation strategy in translation activities, whereas translation strategies are a collection of principles and methods. Consequently, this paper will enunciate the translation text on the basis of translation methods under foreignization strategy and domestication strategy respectively. (Xiong 2014: 84)

===Translation Methods under Foreignizing Strategy===

Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This strategy is "an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" to have an alien reading experience. The translation methods under foreignization employed in Professor Liu's target text include literal translation, zero-translation and transliteration. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 13)

====Literal Translation====

Literal translation is in fact looser renditions that replace individual source language words with individual target language words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language. (Lian 2006: 12)

Specifically, in the case translation text, the translator faithfully retains some personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in the original text.

Example 1(1):

It is impossible to take a walk in the country with an average townsman—especially, perhaps, in April or May—without being amazed at the vast continent of his ignorance.

同一个普通的城里人到乡下去走一走，特别是在四月或五月里，那么。对他的无知范围之广阔，就不能不感到惊奇。任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 1(2):

This ignorance, however, is not altogether miserable.

不过，这种无知也并非全然不幸。

Example 1(3):

But ''your and my'' ignorance is not confined to cuckoos.

但是，''你我的''无知并不仅限于杜鹃这一方面。

Example 1(4):

A contemporary English novelist was once asked by a foreigner what was the most important crop in England.

一个外国人问一位当代英国小说家，英国最重要的农作物是什么。

The translation of these sentences, though properly altering the word order and voice with the adherence to the target-language syntactic norms, does not adopt the usage of transferred meaning in dealing with the lexical sense.

The use of literal translation, especially the retaining of the personal pronouns, like "we" and "you and I", conveys the style of the original text, showing friendliness and intimacy.

====Zero-Translation====

Zero translation refers to the translation in which the translators do not use the ready-made words in the target language to translate the source language words. This translation phenomenon occurs when adjustments must be made due to the differences in the syntactic structures of the two languages. For example, some articles and personal pronouns are not translated in E-C translation. (Fang 2011: 108)

In Liu's Translation, zero-translation is particularly displayed by omission, a translation technique.

''Omission of the expletives It and There:''

Example 2(1):

''It'' is impossible to take a walk in the country oneself without being amazed at the vast continent of one's own ignorance.

任何人独自到乡下去走一走，他对于自己的无知范围之广阔，都不能不感到惊奇。

Example 2(2):

''There'' are occasions on which a memory of this kind is an affliction, especially if one has a passion for accuracy.

这样的记忆力，在某些场合自然叫人伤脑筋，尤其当人渴望精确的时候。

''Omission of English articles:''

Example 2(3):

Thousands of men and women live and die without knowing the difference between ''a'' beech and ''an'' elm, between ''the'' song of ''a'' thrush and ''the'' song of ''a'' blackbird.

成干上万的男男女女，从生到死，一辈子也说不出山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，听不出画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

''Omission of pronouns:''

Example 2(4):

... as she (the cuckoo) lays ''her'' egg on the ground and takes it in ''her'' bill to the nest in which it is destined to breed infanticide.

把蛋下到地面上，然后再用尖嘴把它叨进那注定要发生杀婴罪行的窠巢里。

The application of zero-translation can render the translation text concise, neat and fluent, and make the rhythm of the prose more natural and flexible, conforming to the principle of prose translation.

====Transliteration====

Proper names such as the names of persons and places of foreign countries, are, as a rule, to be transliterated, i.e., to be translated by using Chinese characters to represent the sound in articulating these names. In transliteration, the translators should follow the original pronunciation of proper names. (Lian 2006: 344)

Example 3(1): Hamlet 哈姆雷特

Example 3(2): Pickwick 匹克威克

The above two names are both transliterated from their original English sound.

Besides, in transliteration, the translators sometimes should also use the standard pronunciation of the Chinese characters. One of the difficulties in transliterating a foreign name in Chinese characters lies in the lack of many foreign sounds in Chinese, and the variation in the pronunciation of the Chinese characters causes confusion. The remedy is to fix certain Chinese characters for a certain syllable of foreign names. And many long-standing translated names, though not named after the original sounds, have been recognized by the world and are generally invariable. (Lian 2006: 346)

Example 3(3): Montaigne 蒙田

This name is not translated from its original French sound as "蒙泰涅", but translated as "蒙田", the translated name that is recognized by Chinese translators for a long time and fixed on the syllable of foreign names.

Transliteration plays a crucial role in the translation of proper nouns and technical terms, which ensures the correct conveyance of information.

The translation methods under foreignization are able to make the translation process more visible, by means of showing how translators are deeply involved in the construction of culture and ideology. The use of these methods can retain the foreignness of the source text and produce on the target-language readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original, through which the readers can further understand the foreign expressions and cultures, realizing the differences between the two countries.

===Translation Methods under Domesticating Strategy===

Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. This strategy is "an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home". In other words, as regards the use of domesticating strategy, the translators are required to make target-language readers feel familiar and close through conveying the content of the original text with the expressions to which TL readers are accustomed. And in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", free translation method and imitation method under domestication are used and displayed in several translation techniques. (Venuti 2004: 20) (Lian 2006: 14)

====Free Translation====

Free translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes the transfer of the meaning or the "spirit" of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of this method is to accommodate the needs of the target-language readers by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture which does not therefore sound "foreign". (Shuttleworth & Cowie 2014: 59) (Lian 2006: 12)

Such a method, in this case study, is specifically embodied in the choice of words packed with Chinese characteristics, that is, diction, also a translation technique. For example,

Example 4(1):

Probably in a modern city the man who can distinguish between a thrush's and a blackbird's song is ''the exception''.

在一个现代化城市里，能听得出画眉和山乌鸦叫声不同的人，恐怕是''凤毛麟角''。

Example 4(2):

It is not that we have not seen the birds. It is simply that we ''have not noticed'' them.

所以如此，并不是因为这些鸟我们没有见过，而只是因为我们''习焉不察''。

Example 4(3):

When in the oak's green arms the cuckoo ''sings'',

And first delights men in the ''lovely springs''.

杜鹃在橡树的绿色怀抱里''啭啼''，

第一个为人们带来''欢欣、美好的春意''。

In translating these sentences, the translator transfers some words into vocabulary or phrases with conspicuously Chinese features. For instance, the transfer of "the exception" and "have not noticed" to Chinese idioms "凤毛麟角" (that describes rare and precious items) and "习焉不察" (which means that one is too accustomed to something to call it in questions), respectively, exemplify the typical Chinese four-character structure. Moreover, the verb "sings" is transferred to "啭啼" (that describes birds' melodious chirp), a Chinese term composed of two words with the same left side, which is one of common and special linguistic phenomena in Chinese language. Meanwhile, "the lovely springs" is transferred to "欢欣、美好的春意" (a joyful and wonderful feeling brought by the spring) through abstraction.

Thus, it can be seen that the application of free translation can reproduce the sense of the original text more smoothly and idiomatically. And the wide adoption of the four-character structures enhances the academic atmosphere of the translation version.

====Imitation====

With regard to the use of imitation, the translators do not stick to the meaning details of the original text, let alone its vocabulary and syntactic structure, but take the original text as a reference model, either by deleting or condensing to only translate its gist and key information, or by adding and expanding to deliver more information than that in the original text. (Xiong 2014: 85)

Example 5:

Thousands of ''men and women'' ''live and die'' ''without knowing'' the difference between a beech and an elm, between the song of a thrush and the song of a blackbird.

成千上万的''男男女女''，''从生到死''，''一辈子''也''说不出''山毛榉和榆树有什么区别，''听不出''画眉的叫声和山乌鸦的叫声有什么不同。

In the translation of this sentence, a variety of translation techniques are employed.

(1) Conversion:

The translator uses conversion to alter the syntactic structure of the original sentence.

The predicate "live and die" is converted into the preposition phrase "从生到死" as the adverbial in Chinese.

And the adverbial preposition phrase in the source text "without knowing" is converted into the predicate in Chinese translation.

(2) Division:

In accordance with the need of Chinese expression, "without knowing" is divided into two verb phrases "说不出" and "听不出" in Chinese as the predicate.

(3) Addition:

With the addition of the expression "一辈子", the translator highlights a long time between life and death.

(4) Repetition:

The plural form "men and women" is translated into the reiterative locution "男男女女" by repetition.

The change of sentence structure via techniques such as conversion and division as well as of vocabulary via repetition and addition renders the translation natural and smooth, showing the translator’s superb handling of the original text.

Example 6:

...we are all the ''more'' delighted ''at the spectacle of'' its ''runaway flight'' as it (the cuckoo) ''hurries'' from wood to wood conscious of its crimes ...

一日''看见''它（杜鹃）因为自己犯了罪而''煌惶不安地''从这个林子飞''逃''向那个林子 ... 我们才会觉得''大大''开心。

In this example, there are also various translation techniques used.

(1)　Conversion:

Firstly, the preposition phrase "at the spectacle of" is converted into the verb "看见" in Chinese.

Secondly, the noun phrase "runaway flight" is converted into Chinese verbs "飞" (fly) and "逃" (escape).

Besides, the verb "hurries" (that means to move quickly in a particular direction) is converted into "惶惶不安地" (which means to feel panic, afraid and utterly uneasy), a Chinese adverb to modify the verbs "飞" and "逃", which endows the subject cuckoo with somewhat human characteristic.

(2) Repetition:

The adjective "more" is translated into the reiterative locution "大大", a Chinese adverb equivalent to "very" or "extremely" in English to modify the adjective "delighted".

In this example, the adjustment of the sentence order and conversion of parts of speech make the translation more consistent with the word sequence in Chinese. Meanwhile, the choice of words such as the Chinese four-character structure "惶惶不安" conveys the romantic charm beyond the original text. And there are also indicators of the use of repetition embodied in the typical Chinese reiterative locutions like "惶惶" and "大大".

Example 7:

I have myself a ''capricious'' and ''leaking'' memory.

我自己的记忆力也是''漏洞百出''、''不听使唤''。

Although this is a short sentence, it still contains the flexible use of translation techniques.

(1)　Conversion:

At first, the original object "memory" is converted to the subject in the Chinese translation.

And then, the subject "I" with its appositive "myself" is converted into the attribute "我自己的" to modify the subject in the translation "记忆".

(2)　Addition:

On account of the conversion of the subject and the verb, the original predicate "have" is inappropriate. The addition of "也是" that is equivalent to the verb "be" in English enforces the completeness of sentence structure. And this is a structural addition mainly due to the structural difference between Chinese and English.

(3)　Diction:

The two vivid adjectives "capricious" and "leaking" are translated as "不听使唤" and "漏洞百出" respectively which are typical Chinese four-character structures. The Chinese adjective "漏洞百出(的)" means that the loopholes appear one after another, which is often used to describe that one's writing or speech is untenable because of lack of sufficient reasons and grounds. And here, this word shows the author's weak memory with which he forgets things time and again. And the other adjective "不听使唤(的)" generally depicts that someone loses control and is not obedient to the rules or instructions. Here, the word properly demonstrates that the author cannot manipulate his memory well and also cannot preclude it from being weaker. The use of these two words conforms to the choice of affective and stylistic meanings.

In this example, the conversion of the subject and object, as well as the change of the predicate, enable the translation to be more closely in accord with the Chinese sentential structure. Moreover, the two figurative adjectives packed with personified traits not only fully convey the author's intention, but also enhance the literariness of the translation and even display a lively mood beyond the original text.

Example 8:

We know, again, that, the blossom precedes and ''not succeeds'' the fruit of the apple-tree, but ''this does not lessen our amazement at'' the beautiful holiday of a May orchard.

另外，我们知道苹果树''先''开花，''后''结果，可是五月''一旦''到来，果园里一片欢闹的花海。''我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？''

This is a typical example of the imitation method embodied in the use of diverse translation techniques.

(1) Conversion:

Regarding the conversion of word classes, the noun "blossom" is converted into the Chinese verb "开花".

Concerning the conversion of sentence members, the object in the clause "apple-tree" is converted into the subject "苹果树" in the Chinese translation. And the attribute "May" is converted into the adverbial in Chinese as "五月一旦到来".

Considering the conversion of sentence patterns, the negative sentence "this does not lessen our amazement at..." is converted into an interrogative sentence "我们不是仍然惊为奇观吗？".

(2)　Negation:

The negative form "not succeeds" in English is translated into the affirmative form "后结果" in Chinese, intensifying a positive tone on which Chinese language often places emphasis.

(3)　Division:

The original complicated sentence in English is divided into several simplex clauses and phrases in Chinese, which underlines the "chronicle style" of Chinese language with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.

(4)　Addition:

Now that the original sentence is divided into smaller components, it is necessary to supply connectors for better cohesion. The addition of the logical connectors in Chinese such as "先", "后", "一旦" and "仍然" renders the translation more smooth and expressive.

In this instance, the translator flexibly takes advantage of the techniques such as conversion, negation and division, not only contributing to the diversity of sentence patterns but also adding a sense of warmth and vividness of the translation. Additionally, the semantic addition of logical connectors renders the translation more cohesive and coherent.

Example 9:

Once more I shall ''see'' the world as a garden through ''the eyes'' of a stranger, ''my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields''.

那时，我像一个陌生者进人大花园，''放眼四望''，''五色缤纷''的原野再一次使我''目不暇接''，''心迷神醉''。

As regards this example, the translator enriches the meaning of the original text and creates a more balmy atmosphere by employing various translation techniques.

(1) Division:

The long complex sentence, composed of two clauses, is divided into several separated clauses arranged in a certain order, which renders the translation rhythmic and highlights the focus of expression.

(2) Addition:

The addition of the Chinese set phrase "目不暇接" (which means that so many wonderful things and so swift change of scenery come into sight that the eyes are kept fully occupied) makes the context more coherent, as it echoes "see" and "the eyes" in the preceding and connects the "painted fields" in the following that greet the author's eyes and take his breath away.

(3) Diction:

The verb "see" is translated into "放眼四望" (to look around), the noun phrase "breath taken away with surprise" into "心醉神迷" (to be thrown into ecstasies), and the adjective "painted" into "五彩缤纷" (colorful). These recurring four-character structures in translation are loaded with positive meanings, and proper to depict the attractive scenery and to be used in scholarly prose.

(4) Conversion:

The original clause "my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields" is in passive voice, and is converted into the active voice in Chinese translation "五色缤纷的原野再一次使我目不暇接，心迷神醉". This kind of conversion is due to the fact that the Chinese passive form marked by "被" is traditionally felt to be an "inflictive voice", mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable, contrasted with the cheerful aura overflowing the original text.

The translator employs short clauses separated from the original complex sentence to bestow smoothness and naturalness on the translation and strengthen its artistic appeal. Furthermore, the translator selects the words that tally with the affective, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original. And the opportune addition of words and change of voice also polish the translation.

The reasonable use of the imitation translation method can make the translation more idiomatic and vivid, and even enable the translation to overshadow the original text in terms of showcasing the artistic and aesthetic charm.

In a word, translation methods under domesticating strategy will involve the careful selection of texts which lend themselves to being translated in this manner, the conscious adoption of a fluent, natural-sounding target language style, the adaptation of target text to conform to target discourse types, the interpolation of explanatory material, the removal of source language REALIA and the general harmonization of target text with target language preconceptions and preferences. These methods can render the translation highly literary, aesthetic and readable, and also can to some extent optimize the source text. The appropriate application of domesticating translation is able to even become a sublimation of the original.

==Conclusion==

This paper makes an analysis of translation strategies and translation methods in English prose, with translator Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" created by Robert Lynd as an example. With translation strategies and methods as the starting point, this paper considers Chinese translation of English prose as the research subject. The paper first introduces English prose along with its distinctive properties, linguistics features and principles of its translation. And then this paper carries out the interpretation of translation strategies and methods in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance" in which the application of translation methods as well as techniques under foreignizing and domesticating strategies are elaborated, and the concrete effects they exert are also elucidated.

===Major Findings===

Based on the above study of translation strategies and methods employed in Liu Bingshan's Chinese translation of "Pleasures of Ignorance", the features or common ground of Chinese translation of English prose in terms of translation strategies and methods can be generally summarized.

In Chinese translation of English prose, foreignization strategy and domestication strategy are both used in the light of the style, linguistic features, and syntactic structures of the source text.

But, on the whole, the domesticating translation strategy which includes translation methods such as free translation and imitation is applied more frequently compared with foreignization. This is because that prose translation falls into literary translation that is special on the grounds of the unique characteristics of the original literary works. In literary works, or specifically, in English prose, some words are not used with their literal meanings but their connotative or extension meanings, so literal translation under foreignization may not correctly convey the real significance of the original text. Meanwhile, in English prose, there are complex syntactic structures whose translation cannot be carried out with no proper conversion and alteration. Additionally, multiple rhetoric devices such as metaphor, metonymy and allusion are used in English literary works, and the literal translation of these figures of speech may elude the target-language readers because of the cultural differences and the obscurity of the translation. However, the appropriate adoption of translation methods under domestication strategy, to some extent, can give the target-language readers a sense of closeness and deliver the aesthetic charm with the premise that the real meaning of the original text can be ensured.

In terms of translation methods under foreignizing strategy, literal translation is used when the lexical meaning of the source text is lucid and the syntactic structures in it are relatively simple and clear, so the translators need not find a new path in the mode of expression in order to be faithful to the source text. And the use of literal translation can convey the information more objectively and avoid the interference of translators' subjective factors. Meanwhile, in Chinese translation of English prose, the use of zero-translation is frequent but imperceptible, with the omission of some words peculiar to English, such as expletives it and there, English articles and pronouns, but sometimes the English pronouns can also be retained to show a sense of closeness and friendliness. Besides, transliteration is used for the translation of proper nouns and technical terms not only in English prose but also in almost all text types, conforming to the principles of being named after the original sound and of the translated names accepted through common practice. In a word, translation methods under foreignization can ensure the objective conveyance of information of the original text and preserve its foreignness and unique cultural values that can enrich the target-language readers' knowledge and their languages.

With regard to translation methods under domesticating strategy, in Chinese translation English prose, free translation and imitation method are oftentimes employed. English prose, as one of the English literary genres, boasts distinctive features of literature, such as aesthetic value, the language with hidden meanings and the usual use of figures of speech as well as culturally loaded images, which may not be shown vividly and be easily understood by target-language readers via literal or word-for-word translation. Thus, translation methods under domestication, with careful choice of words, proper adjustment of syntactic structures and sentence sequence, and appropriate sublimation of the original text, can express the original author's feelings more lively, render the translation more fluent, idiomatic and expressive, and display the aesthetic charm of the source text.

At the lexical level, in Chinese translation of English prose, the translation techniques --- diction, addition, conversion and repetition --- are usually used. The typical Chinese four-character structures appear time from time in Chinese translation, and the translators choose the words in line with the affectionate, contextual and stylistic meanings of the original prose, which intensify literariness and satisfy the characteristics of scholar prose. Moreover, the addition of Chinese conjunctive words and logical connectors by which sentences in translation are connected into a text can create better cohesion. Furthermore, the conversion of word classes in translation is based on the contrastive studies of English and Chinese, viz., English with its nominal style is static whereas Chinese with its verbal style is dynamic. Besides, it is one of the peculiarities of Chinese to reduplicate characters or words in word-formation and to repeat the similar or same word or expression in a discourse for expressiveness and parallelism, which can render translation more appealing to Chinese readers and produce the rhetorical and grammatical effect.

At the syntactic level, the translation techniques --- conversion and division--- are often employed in Chinese translation of English prose. To start with, conversion in the syntactic respect involves conversions of sentence members, sentence patterns and the voice. The conversion of word classes often results in the conversion of sentence members, and the alteration of sentences patterns like the inter-conversion between assertive or negative sentences and question sentences can variegate sentence types in translation. The conversion of passive voice in English prose into active voice in Chinese translation is due to the preference for active forms that can produce a positive effect in Chinese language. What's more, part of sentences in English prose are longer and more complicated because of subordination, a fundamental feature of English, and it may be hard to reproduce the original thought with following the original sentence structure in translation, hence the division of complex English sentences into word-groups, clauses or simplex sentences in Chinese can endow Chinese translation of English prose with more naturalness, fluency and sense of rhythm.

The research on the features of translation strategies and methods in Chinese translation of English prose, theoretically can offer a deeper insight into English prose and its translation, and practically can help to some extent improve the quality of Chinese translation of English prose.

===Limitations and Suggestions===

There are drawbacks in this paper: firstly, the paper takes only one piece of English prose as an example in case study, so it lacks strong persuasiveness; secondly, since there are few researchers on prose translation at home and abroad, especially those specializing in Chinese translation of English prose, this paper resorts to insufficient literature guidance and reference; thirdly, owing to the confined conditions and narrow academic capacity, this paper is devoid of enough depth and breadth as well as favorable insight and acuity, thus the theoretical support and practical assistance it provides are bound to be limited. As a consequence, it is expected that researchers in this field can cooperate well to build up a system to minimize the possible errors and create more thorough and holistic works to enunciate and improve Chinese translation of English prose.

==References==

Fang Mengzhi 方梦之 (2011). 中国译学大辞典 [M] Dictionary of Translation Studies in China. 上海: 上海教育出版社 Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 108.

He Xiuqin 何秀琴 (2018). 期待视角下的英语散文汉译研究 --- 以《散文佳作108篇》为例 [D] Research on English-Chinese Translation of Prose from the Perspective of Horizon of Expectation -- A Case Study of ''Anthology of Chinese and English Prose''. 南昌大学 Nanchang University, 1-8.

Hou Qiang 侯强 (2014). 英语散文汉译策略研究 --- 以“韩素音青年翻译奖”参赛文本为例 [D]. On the Translation Strategies of English Prose: A Case Study of the Chinese version in "Han Suyin Award for Young Translators". 厦门大学 Xiamen University, 1-4 & 40.

Lian Shuneng 连淑能 (2006). 英译汉教程 [M] A Coursebook on English-Chinese Translation. 北京: 高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher Education Press, 12-14 & 49 & 52 & 54 & 67-175 & 211 & 253-262 & 344-348.

Song Jie 宋颉 (2018). 翻译美学视角下的民国散文英译风格研究 [D]. A Study of Styles of English Translation of Chinese Essays during Period of the Republic of China from Perspective of Translation and Aesthetics. 上海外国语大学 Shanghai International Studies University, 1-12.

Shuttleworth, Mark & Cowie, Moira (2014). Dictionary of Translation Studies [M]. London and New York: Routledge, 43-44 & 59 & 144-145.

Venuti, Lawrence (1992). Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology [C]. London and New York: Routledge, 5-20.

Venuti, Lawrence (2004). The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 7-25.

Xiong Bing 熊兵 (2014). 翻译研究中的概念混淆 [J]. On the Conceptual Confusion in Translation Studies. 中国翻译 Chinese Translation, 3: 82-88.

Zhang Baohong 张保红 (2011). 文学翻译 Literary Translation [M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 28-88.

Zhu Mingju 朱明炬 (2007). 英汉名篇名译 [M] Chinese Translation of Famous English Works. 南京: 译林出版社 Nanjing: Yilin Press, 319-328.

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-28T15:44:32Z

Mao Yawen: /* Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文（浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例）毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx|A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt).pptx|East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt)]]ppt by Liu Wei 刘薇; [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]]handout by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx|Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

*ppt 4: [A comparison of Chinese and English.[(ppt).pptx|A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt)]]ppt by Fu Hongyan 付红岩; [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English.docx|A comparison of Chinese and English]]handout by Li Xinxing 李心星.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-28T15:42:41Z

Mao Yawen: /* Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文（浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例）毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.pptx|A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.pptx]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt).pptx|East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt)]]ppt by Liu Wei 刘薇; [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]]handout by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx|Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

*ppt 4: [A comparison of Chinese and English.[(ppt).pptx|A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt)]]ppt by Fu Hongyan 付红岩; [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English.docx|A comparison of Chinese and English]]handout by Li Xinxing 李心星.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-28T15:38:46Z

Mao Yawen: /* Final exam class projects */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文（浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例）毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt).pptx|East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt)]]ppt by Liu Wei 刘薇; [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]]handout by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx|Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

*ppt 4: [A comparison of Chinese and English.[(ppt).pptx|A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt)]]ppt by Fu Hongyan 付红岩; [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English.docx|A comparison of Chinese and English]]handout by Li Xinxing 李心星.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
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西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

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