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	<id>https://bou.de/u/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Mark</id>
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	<updated>2026-04-04T14:07:48Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Jie_(born_1937)&amp;diff=93823</id>
		<title>Talk:Zhang Jie (born 1937)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Jie_(born_1937)&amp;diff=93823"/>
		<updated>2016-06-15T11:57:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Looks great! Very well formatted too. [[User:Pips|Pips]] 04:19, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yeah, really long, You really do know your subject well. But on the other hand you still have quite a few grammar problems to work out, but that's ok. If you're looking to shorten your content, just get rid of some of the background info about Mao Zedong and the communist government. It's good stuff, but it's not so important when your discussing just this author. But if that's not what you want to do, that's ok too. [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 06:53, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I enjoyed the paper. I thought the grammar was fine. I particularly enjoy the lay out of it and the pictures. This paper helps you to know what else was going on during the time of the author.[[User:Reddragon|Reddragon]] 07:38, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Love how much work went into the writing of this paper. It gets a little off track at times, something that can be fixed by eliminating unneccessary content not pertaining directly to Zhang Jie. All together a great display of how much work you are willing to put into your paper. Great Work--[[User:Foot|Foot]] 07:02, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
~Erica's Response.&lt;br /&gt;
I have read each one of your comments. I wanted to 'thank you' for your valuable insides! I have gone and made all of the corrections you have suggested. It has been a true pleasure meeting you all, ''&amp;quot;Thank you for helping me to continue to become.&amp;quot;'' Erica Angie Bazalar-Oaks&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It's rich in context and include some life details in it which makes it more attractive. Good job!--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 11:57, 15 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Modern_Chinese_Literature&amp;diff=93714</id>
		<title>Modern Chinese Literature</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Modern_Chinese_Literature&amp;diff=93714"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:39:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* Women writers */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Emergence of modern Chinese literature =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Historical and cultural background late Qing =&lt;br /&gt;
* Genre development in China, scholars as authors, Mandarin &amp;amp; Butterfly School&lt;br /&gt;
* Cao Xueqin, The Story of the Stone, also known as The Dream of the Red Chamber, 1791, transl. David Hawkes, John Minford&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Encounter with the West, Westernization =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Wu Jianren]]--[[User:Sunflowertide|Sunflowertide]] ([[User talk:Sunflowertide|talk]]) 10:49, 1 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** New Story of the Stone, utopian novel&lt;br /&gt;
* Liang Qichao, Accounts of the future of new China, utopian fragment&lt;br /&gt;
* Secondary Literature:&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang, David Derwei. Fin-de-siecle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849-1911. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang, David Derwei. “Translating Modernity.” Pollard, David E., ed. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840–1918. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 303-330.&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang Dun (王敦). “The Late Qing’s Other Utopias: China’s Science-Fictional Imagination, 1900-1910”, in: Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 34.2, September 2008: 37-61&lt;br /&gt;
** John Fitzgerald, The Unfinished History of China's Future, in: Thesis Eleven 1999 57:17, here pp. 21-23, http://the.sagepub.com/content/57/1/17&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= May Fourth iconoclasm - Historical and cultural background May Fourth =&lt;br /&gt;
* Liang Qichao, Foreword to the Publication of Political Novels in Translation, Denton 71-73&lt;br /&gt;
* Hu Shi, Some modest proposals for the Reform of Literature, D1996:123-139&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The role of translations and translators =&lt;br /&gt;
* Yan Fu&lt;br /&gt;
* Lin Shu&lt;br /&gt;
* the earliest translations [unpublished ppt presentation_woesler.pptx, paper: woesler_early_translations_of_german_literature_into_chinese_final.doc, paper]&lt;br /&gt;
* the selection process and intention of translations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Discovery of the alienated Self – World Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 1-185; focus on pages 1-30&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Lu Xun (1881-1936)]] Beween activism and self-doubt - the development of Lu Xun [[User:Maranda|Maranda]] 21:14, 11 September 2012 (UTC) and 21:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Lu Xun: Preface to the first collection of Short Stories &amp;quot;Call to arms&amp;quot; 1922 (LG:3-7), A Madman's Diary 1918 (LG:8-16), Kong Yiji 1919 (LG:17-21)&lt;br /&gt;
** Further information: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/courses/c503/mad.htm, http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/courses/c503/kong.htm&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;Hometown&amp;quot; http://www.coldbacon.com/writing/luxun-calltoarms.html#Home [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Living to see the Western literary epochs in Chinese time lapse. The Literary societies and May Fourth Romanticism =&lt;br /&gt;
* Required reading: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/publications/research/soc.htm&lt;br /&gt;
* Further reading: Literary Societies of Republican China. Edited by KIRK A. DENTON and MICHEL HOCKX. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2008. ix, 591 pp.&lt;br /&gt;
* Crescent Moon&lt;br /&gt;
* Creation Society&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Dafu, &amp;quot;Sinking&amp;quot; 1921 [31-55], Xu Zhimo's poems 1925-1930 [499-501]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Guo Moruo (1892 -1978)]]  [[User:DavidSmith|DavidSmith]] 21:40, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Guo Moruo: “The hound of heaven” 1920&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Literature of the 1930s =&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Qian Zhongshu (1910 – 1998)]] [[User:Ericaangie]] 13:19, 5 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Self-selected excerpts from Qian Zhongshu, [[Fortress besieged]] --[[User:Sunflowertide|Sunflowertide]] ([[User talk:Sunflowertide|talk]]) 10:36, 1 June 2016 (UTC) 1947&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Women writers =&lt;br /&gt;
* Literature of the Megacities - The inner life of Shanghainese women writers with a focus on Zhang Ailing&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Ailing]] -- 2012 Corinneb 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC) [[User:Mark]] 15:15, 25 May 2016 (UTC) &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ling Shuhua (1900-1990)]]  [[User:Mattstrock|Mattstrock]] 21:22, 1 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ling Shuhua, &amp;quot;The Night of Mid-Autumn Festival&amp;quot; [95-102];&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ Xiao Hong (1911-1942)]] [[User:PhilipHarding|PhilipHarding]] 03:04, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Xiao Hong, &amp;quot;Hands&amp;quot; [161-73]; &amp;quot;On the Oxcart&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Jie (born 1937)]][[User:Ericaangie|Ericaangie]] 18:18, 4 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The fall: Authors yoke their literature for a deceiving ideology. Lu Xun’s proud ox bows his head not only for children, but now also for party action =&lt;br /&gt;
* Lu Xun’s ambiguous attitude towards taking physical action, towards the impact of literature on society and towards serving an ideology with literature.&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao's claim of Lu Xun&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The socialist era, Yan'an Literature and Rectification =&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao Zedong, Poems, Talks in Yan'an: Literature and Art for the Masses and the Use of Traditional Forms, 1938, D1996:433-435&lt;br /&gt;
* Ding Ling, &amp;quot;When I Was in Hsia Village&amp;quot; [132-46]&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao Dun and &amp;quot;Spring Silkworms&amp;quot; [56-73]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Authors in transition: From Revolutionary Romanticism to Reform Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Wang Meng]] by Maranda 21:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Meng, Long Live [the] Youth!&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Meng, Hard Porridge, trans. by Chen Zishan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ba Jin]] [[User:PhilipHarding|PhilipHarding]] 21:43, 4 December 2012 (UTC): Family and the self-censorship in the later edition&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= On different paths: Bing Xin, Zhang Jie =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bing Xin]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhang Jie: Heavy Wings&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Jie: Kid From The Forest]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Chinese Modernism and the Aesthetic =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 189-321; focus on pages 189-207&lt;br /&gt;
* Shi Zhicun, &amp;quot;One Evening in the Rainy Season&amp;quot; [115-24]&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Shen Congwen, &amp;quot;Xiaoxiao&amp;quot; [82-94]&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Meijin, Baozi, and the White Kid&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Liteary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Post-Revolutionary Literature; Cultural Revolution =&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Red Detachment of Women&amp;quot; [Film Viewing]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Post-Mao Literature, Scars and realism, Roots literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 325-448; focus on pages 325-44&lt;br /&gt;
* Liu Heng, &amp;quot;Dogshit Food&amp;quot; [366-78]; scars literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Yan Lianke, &amp;quot;Black Bristle, White Bristles&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Scar Literature After &amp;quot;the Cultural Revolution&amp;quot;]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Lu Xinhua, Scar&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Master narrators Mo Yan, Yu Hua, Jia Pingwa, Wang Shuo =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mo Yan]] 莫言 by Corinne B.&lt;br /&gt;
: His story: &amp;quot;Old Gun&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion], novel 生死疲勞 &amp;quot;Life and Death are Wearing me out&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Yu Hua]], &amp;quot;Brothers&amp;quot; by David 06:48, 5 December 2012 (UTC)  by Jackie(BNU)2016&lt;br /&gt;
* Jia Pingwa&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Shuo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Contemporary Women authors =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bi Shumin]](毕淑敏), 女儿拳 Women’s boxing, 女心理师 The female psychologist&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Yan Geling]](严歌苓），The Flowers of War 金陵十三钗，Little Aunt Crane 小姨多鹤， The Lost Daughter of Happiness 扶桑&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Avant-garde literature and post-socialist present =&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Avant-garde literature]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[post-socialist present]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Su Tong]], &amp;quot;[[Escape]]&amp;quot; [445-54];[[Link title]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Hua, &amp;quot;[[On the Road at Eighteen]]&amp;quot; [439-44]&lt;br /&gt;
** modern Chinese literary life, such as publishing in journals and newspaper supplements, working within literary societies or associations, and dealing with censorship&lt;br /&gt;
* Gu Cheng, Mang Ke, Bei Dao: Poets of the Obscure School since the 1980s&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Taiwan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhang Dachun, &amp;quot;Lucky Worries About His Country&amp;quot; (403-416)&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhu Tianwen, &amp;quot;Fin de Siècle Splendor&amp;quot; [388-402]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Longing for something literature I: Historicizing, II: Tibet Exotism =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Historicizing]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Yu Dan]] 于丹, 《论语》心得 Confucius in your heart, [[Yi Zhongtian]] (易中天)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Alai]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Megacity Literature II - Peking and Vagabound Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Xu Zechen (徐则臣), 跑步穿过中关村 Peking double quick&lt;br /&gt;
* Liu Zhenyun (刘震云), 我叫刘跃 The pickpockets&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Between cult and celebrity =&lt;br /&gt;
* Cult author Guo Jingming&lt;br /&gt;
** Book series &amp;quot;Bestseller&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
** Guo Jingming (郭敬明), 悲伤逆流成河 Cry me a sad river&lt;br /&gt;
* Cult author Mian Mian&lt;br /&gt;
** Mian Mian (棉棉), 声名狼籍 Panda Sex&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Critical surrealist Han Han, young authors =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Han Han]] by Matt S.&lt;br /&gt;
:Triple door&lt;br /&gt;
:His Land&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Blog, Web and Fan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Blogs (blog literature?), from web to paper literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Ai Weiwei, Han Han, Annie Baobei&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Fan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Web literature portal qidian.com&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Yu_Hua&amp;diff=93713</id>
		<title>Talk:Yu Hua</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Yu_Hua&amp;diff=93713"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:36:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This is an interesting paper. I enjoyed knowing more up-close in his personality, nice content.[[User:Reddragon|Reddragon]] 07:20, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Elaborated paper, used several sources. Shows some interesting aspects of Yu Hua's life. Maybe you could indicate the sources more frequently, at least at the end of each paragraph and not only at the end of each chapter. [[User:Root|Root]] 21:10, 6 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
I'm curious as to his political standing or how his writings were accepted. It looks good though.[[User:Pips|Pips]] 22:25, 6 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a nice paper. By  reading this, I learned a lot more about Yu Hua. He is  a great writer and  I want him to be my idol. I like his calm and indifferent writing style. He just uses this kind of narrative style to show a lot more to us. We can see his deep feeling and love hidden in his words. It is a shock to  our deep heart. (by Jackie from BNU,2016)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This article offers me a good reading experience, I really appreciate the fluent writing and clear organization which help me learn more about the famous Chinese writer-Yu Hua.--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 07:36, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Mo_Yan&amp;diff=93712</id>
		<title>Talk:Mo Yan</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Mo_Yan&amp;diff=93712"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:32:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Looks good so far... obviously it's not finished though. [[User:Pips|Pips]] 04:17, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Agreed. I like the outline, and look forward to seeing more.--[[User:Foot|Foot]] 06:58, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yes, It looks like some work still needs to be done. But what I see, I like. Seriously though, you should hurry. &lt;br /&gt;
There isn't much time left! [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 06:58, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This paper is on the making. Not sure what is going on but I hope Corinne is doing well. She does not come &lt;br /&gt;
across to me as a person that would wait this long to complete this. You can do it Corinne! I know you can!.[[User:Reddragon|Reddragon]] 07:26, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I added a picture, I thought it might help :-) I hope your feeling better [[User:Random1|Random1]] 00:30, 7 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It needs to be seperated into several parts for better reading experience.--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 07:32, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:The_Scar_Literature_After_%22the_Cultural_Revolution%22&amp;diff=93711</id>
		<title>Talk:The Scar Literature After &quot;the Cultural Revolution&quot;</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:The_Scar_Literature_After_%22the_Cultural_Revolution%22&amp;diff=93711"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:29:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: Created page with &amp;quot;I enjoyed your presentation, but reading your page just discourage me because of the irregular structure. Hope you improve it.--~~~~&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I enjoyed your presentation, but reading your page just discourage me because of the irregular structure. Hope you improve it.--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 07:29, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Jie:_Kid_From_The_Forest&amp;diff=93709</id>
		<title>Talk:Zhang Jie: Kid From The Forest</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Jie:_Kid_From_The_Forest&amp;diff=93709"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:18:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: Created page with &amp;quot;It was good, but the organizations and the structure need to be improved.--~~~~&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It was good, but the organizations and the structure need to be improved.--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 07:18, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Bing_Xin&amp;diff=93708</id>
		<title>Talk:Bing Xin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Bing_Xin&amp;diff=93708"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:16:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This article is a stub! --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 00:48, 5 May 2016 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
It contains many informations about the Culture Revolution, however, the information is limited.Also, &amp;quot;Bing Xin's Children Literature&amp;quot;Part can be do more reseach on.Besides, well-done!--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 07:16, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Ling_Shuhua_(1900-1990)&amp;diff=93704</id>
		<title>Talk:Ling Shuhua (1900-1990)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Ling_Shuhua_(1900-1990)&amp;diff=93704"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:09:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Very well organized, except the first block. I think you put too much in the Childhood section. I noticed she was born in 1900, yet you included stuff all the way into the 1920's in that section. I would put the stuff from her teenage years on up into a different section. [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 17:30, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It looks good, but you have a lot more information in the first section than all the rest. I would just add more to the other sections. And I agree with the comment above.[[User:Pips|Pips]] 17:38, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I think that it looks really good! I noticed that you changed the childhood section to life, good call! [[User:Ellafitzgerald|Ellafitzgerald]] 13:17, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I enjoyed the motivations portion of the page. I thought the article was very well thought out and professionally done. --[[User:Foot|Foot]] 19:48, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few grammar and punctuation errors, another read through could help with that. Agreed, the first section needs to be broken up a bit. It reads like is should be several paragraphs not just one. Thanks for the list of her writings! And good job acknowledging the short comings of your sources. When you have so few sources, the temptation is to accept them with out question. Perhaps another &amp;quot;read through&amp;quot; would be a good idea. [[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 21:29, 12 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had no idea that she married Chen Yuan, I learned a lot about his movement in my studies I can understand why she became more political after marriage.  The long lists of publications tends to look like filler text.&lt;br /&gt;
The article is very well written. [[User:Random1|Random1]] 01:58, 19 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear Matt,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Looks really good to me, I also like your perfect photo source and license indication. Things which you may improve next time:&lt;br /&gt;
* A little bit longer, especially more valuing comments&lt;br /&gt;
* You have indicate the sources in the text, at least one per paragraph, but don't just refer to Wikipedia or the summary I gave you as a link. It is better to use the paper sources and indicate the page numbers.&lt;br /&gt;
Best, [[User:Root|Root]] 12:28, 23 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It's well-orgnized and I like it!--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 07:09, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Ling_Shuhua_(1900-1990)&amp;diff=93703</id>
		<title>Talk:Ling Shuhua (1900-1990)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Ling_Shuhua_(1900-1990)&amp;diff=93703"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:09:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Very well organized, except the first block. I think you put too much in the Childhood section. I noticed she was born in 1900, yet you included stuff all the way into the 1920's in that section. I would put the stuff from her teenage years on up into a different section. [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 17:30, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It looks good, but you have a lot more information in the first section than all the rest. I would just add more to the other sections. And I agree with the comment above.[[User:Pips|Pips]] 17:38, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I think that it looks really good! I noticed that you changed the childhood section to life, good call! [[User:Ellafitzgerald|Ellafitzgerald]] 13:17, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I enjoyed the motivations portion of the page. I thought the article was very well thought out and professionally done. --[[User:Foot|Foot]] 19:48, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few grammar and punctuation errors, another read through could help with that. Agreed, the first section needs to be broken up a bit. It reads like is should be several paragraphs not just one. Thanks for the list of her writings! And good job acknowledging the short comings of your sources. When you have so few sources, the temptation is to accept them with out question. Perhaps another &amp;quot;read through&amp;quot; would be a good idea. [[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 21:29, 12 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had no idea that she married Chen Yuan, I learned a lot about his movement in my studies I can understand why she became more political after marriage.  The long lists of publications tends to look like filler text.&lt;br /&gt;
The article is very well written. [[User:Random1|Random1]] 01:58, 19 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear Matt,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Looks really good to me, I also like your perfect photo source and license indication. Things which you may improve next time:&lt;br /&gt;
* A little bit longer, especially more valuing comments&lt;br /&gt;
* You have indicate the sources in the text, at least one per paragraph, but don't just refer to Wikipedia or the summary I gave you as a link. It is better to use the paper sources and indicate the page numbers.&lt;br /&gt;
Best, [[User:Root|Root]] 12:28, 23 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It's well-orgnized and I like it!&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Qian_Zhongshu_(1910_&amp;diff=93702</id>
		<title>Talk:Qian Zhongshu (1910 </title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Qian_Zhongshu_(1910_&amp;diff=93702"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:07:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Okay, you've got some really good stuff here. A lot of commentary, a few grammar problems to work out, though, but otherwise a great article. You also did a really good job on giving credit to your sources. [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 17:25, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
Hey, thank you so much for that nice comment. I am so glad you like it. I worked so hard on it. Thanks a lot! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You have a lot of good information but you really need to revise the grammar. The entire article is filled with grammar issues which is really distracting.[[User:Pips|Pips]] 17:40, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
Thank you for the good comments. I will go back and continue proofreading it to make it better. I appreciated, thanks!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You presented a lot of really good information with good images, I would maybe give it another read through to make sure that your writing is clear. Great job though! [[User:Ellafitzgerald|Ellafitzgerald]] 13:14, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
Thank you so much for the nice comments. I will continue to go through it and proofread it again. I was so tired. I was done by 5am, thinking I was not going to meet the deadline and some of proof notes went with it by accident. I will continue to proofread it so it can be smoother. I appreciate the comments. Thanks a lot! Erica&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Agree with all of the suggestions above. Maybe have someone take a look at it to correct small grammatical errors. Otherwise, it seems a lot of time and effort was spent writing this. Very good. --[[User:Foot|Foot]] 19:59, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
Thank you so much for this comment. Yes I spent a lot of time researching and writing this paper. I have made the grammatical corrections. I did put a lot of my draft notes in it instead of my finish notes. I thought I was not going to make the dead line. I apologize for this. I will continue proofreading it.&lt;br /&gt;
--------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although there is a powerpoint, more pictures are needed in the Wiky. Reddragon. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
Got more pictures in thanks,ERICA.&lt;br /&gt;
--------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lots of information, but I must agree that it would be good to have another person read the article to help find grammar and punctuation errors. They distract the reader from the information lead to focusing on the mistakes instead. Also, you state that you tried to be as accurate as possible with your information, but there are several easily noticeable historical and geographical mistakes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
I have corrected it. I apologize for the grammatical mistakes. I ended it at 5am after many hours of work and I was exhausted been one of the few students that was trying to meet the dead line that after all was extended. I went and edited for better reading. Thanks a lot for this comment. I appreciated.&lt;br /&gt;
--------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example, 1) in the section &amp;quot;1938-1941&amp;quot;, You state that Nanking is located north of Beijing. Nanking is actually located south of Beijing- the name &amp;quot;Nanking&amp;quot; means &amp;quot;South Capital&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Beijing&amp;quot; means &amp;quot;North Capital&amp;quot;- any map of China can be used to verify this. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
I corrected it. I must have been tired. I did know that Nanking was in the South part of China. Thank you so much for catching that. I truly appreciated&lt;br /&gt;
---------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2) You also state that, while fighting the Japanese, China was under the control of the &amp;quot;cruel&amp;quot; communists and Mao. Actually, China was a democratic Republic- officially- until 1949, and the communists were also fighting the Japanese before then. Mao didn't take charge of China until 4 years after the 1945 defeat of the Japanese, in 1949- incidentally, you stated that he died that year (Chairman Mao didn't die until 1976).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
I am correct. China was under Communism during the times of Mao Zedong in the 1949. My comment comes after the 1945 &amp;quot;Sino-Japanese War and ended in 1945&amp;quot;. It is understood the following events happened in the following years; hint the split in years. In any case I thank you so much because your comment as a reader helps me notice the sequence was lost, therefore your comment is very valuable to me. I will re-arrange this part by adding the date to better understand and send this info to a later section of years that follows under. Thank you for taking the time to reading it and help me to make it better. I truly appreciated. Also China did suffered from Communism before Mao, groups were forming in the South and it was not pleasant to the citizens. Thank you for your time in critiquing my work, it is well appreciated. Erica&lt;br /&gt;
---------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE On Mao&lt;br /&gt;
You are right! Thank you so much for catching that. I have made the correction. Your comments had helped me a lot. Have a nice day!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3) You also state that Germany helped fight against Japan- for most of these years Germany was Japan's ally, not enemy (this was the time of WWII). 4) At the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, the US Navy wasn't that powerful- one reason the attack was so devastating- the naval buildup came after the attack. And, World War II began before the U.S. declared war on Japan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
You are incorrect on this. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is historical information to show it is from War World I. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I&lt;br /&gt;
In the first week of World War I Japan proposed to the United Kingdom, its ally since 1902, that Japan would enter the war if it could take Germany's Pacific territories.[4] On August 7, 1914, the British government officially asked Japan for assistance in destroying the German raiders of the Kaiserliche Marine in and around Chinese waters. Japan sent Germany an ultimatum on August 14, 1914, which went unanswered; Japan then formally declared war on the Germany on August 23, 1914.&lt;br /&gt;
---------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I could cite other problems (if Beijing is in the north, how could Tsing-Hua (which you say under &amp;quot;1929&amp;quot; is located in the south) be in Beijing?), but it would be good for you to do some double checking too. You have an impressive list of sources- perhaps, if you placed a citation right after a quoted fact (as you would in any research paper), it would help to catch these kind of errors before the reader does. I look forward to reading the article after it is corrected. [[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 21:04, 12 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
The school was changed back and forth because of the war against Japan as a matter of protection. I wanted to add a quote on that to please you and to make it more clear. I will not add more quotes as it is not the way I choose to write and after your detail reading it seems to me that small corrections are been address. Thank you for your input on this, it helps me see how the reader understands the paper. I appreciated. Erica&lt;br /&gt;
---------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The explanation of his name is perfect in the intro. Splitting up the project by years was a great idea. I don't understand how he meets his match in 1935? [[User:Random1|Random1]] 01:50, 19 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
Thank you for the great comment. I thought splitting in dates will help to follow his tracks. If you could be so kind as to re-read the 1935 part is in there. It says that he meets his &amp;quot;match&amp;quot;, this is a term use to say he meet his equal in person. It says where they meet. Thanks a lot. Erica&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear Erica, overall a brilliant paper with good explanation and photos. However, you can still improve something in it if you want to make it really professional:&lt;br /&gt;
* Not only list the sources in the end, but refer each paragraph of the paper to the respective source.&lt;br /&gt;
* The official way to write Qian Zhongshu is with a small &amp;quot;s&amp;quot; in the middle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The photos you use need to be indicated as either Creative Commons licensed (e.g. with a link to Commons.Wikimedia, Flickr with indication of photographer) or free of copyright. The right way to quote photos you find in the article [[Gong Li]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
加油！&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Root|Root]] 11:59, 23 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
*RESPONSE FROM ERICA&lt;br /&gt;
Thank you so much Mr Woesler!! I will make the corrections soon. I apologize for just now answering this message.  I though I was done. I will do my best, thanks. Erica.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wow,so much information,but need to be more organized.--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 07:07, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Guo_Moruo_(1892_-1978)&amp;diff=93700</id>
		<title>Talk:Guo Moruo (1892 -1978)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Guo_Moruo_(1892_-1978)&amp;diff=93700"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T07:03:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Your first section is looking good. [[User:Ellafitzgerald|Ellafitzgerald]] 05:33, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At first it looks great, then I noticed you copied the entire Motivations section from the Liu Xun article! And you thought we wouldn't notice? Sorry to be so blunt, but you've got some revising to do. [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 17:23, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It looks good but the first thing I noticed was the picture of the Madman's diary by Lu Xun. Then of course I noticed you copied quite a bit.[[User:Pips|Pips]] 17:36, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I think the proper changes were made, and I enjoyed the article. --[[User:Foot|Foot]] 19:53, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I enjoyed your presentation and I thought it was well prepared. Reddragon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You have presented a lot of information, but it would be good for you to check the writing. The punctuation and grammar mistakes distract the reader from the content- instead of concentrating on what you say, it becomes too easy to concentrate on the mistakes instead. For example, you frequently change tenses (&amp;quot;he studies&amp;quot; instead of &amp;quot;he studied&amp;quot;- &amp;quot;they reach out&amp;quot; instead of &amp;quot;they reached out&amp;quot; etc.). Remember, a nation's name should always be capitalized (&amp;quot;Japan&amp;quot; not &amp;quot;japan&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;China&amp;quot; not &amp;quot;china&amp;quot;)- you should check for proper capitalization and punctuation. It might help to print this out and look at it that way (or, perhaps, to have a friend read it to check for grammar and punctuation mistakes). When you say &amp;quot;as follows&amp;quot; you should use a colon (:) before you start with the list. It was very interesting- please don't misunderstand me about that. I would love to re-read this article after you get it cleaned up.[[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 20:15, 12 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear David, looks generally good. Good comments of the peers. You can improve your paper by&lt;br /&gt;
* Adding references to the text passages, referring to the two books you used.&lt;br /&gt;
* Adding more about his fame as a translator of Goethe's &amp;quot;Sorrows of the Young Werther&amp;quot; as well as of his founding and work in the &amp;quot;Creation Society&amp;quot;. I understand that you complained that your two books did not explain the Creation Society, but you easily find information about it on the web. &lt;br /&gt;
Best, [[User:Root|Root]] 11:50, 23 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The motivation part can be divided into several specific parts.--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 07:03, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93699</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93699"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:59:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Zhang Ailing. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Click [http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg] for original source]]]&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 06:58, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 06:59, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93698</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93698"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:58:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Zhang Ailing. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Click [http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg] for original source]]]&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 06:58, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93697</id>
		<title>Talk:Lu Xun (1881-1936)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93697"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:57:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Well done, very concise. [[User:Pips|Pips]] 17:33, 7 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It looks really good! Great format and images! [[User:Ellafitzgerald|Ellafitzgerald]] 05:30, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not bad, formatting looks ok, but did it meet all the requirements? Mr. Woesler said he wanted more commentary and not just &amp;quot;the facts.&amp;quot; [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 17:18, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Too Short. We need deeper information on the best Chinese writer ever. Otherwise, well done. --[[User:Foot|Foot]] 20:02, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I though this presentation needed more preparation. I would have like to know more about the author. Reddragon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nice introduction to an influential writer that we, in the U.S. ought to know more about. You mention &amp;quot;many pen names&amp;quot; but don't list any of them. It might help someone who would like to find some of his works.[[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 19:56, 12 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear Maranda, looks really great for your first Wiki article. However, you might want to consider the following for your next paper:&lt;br /&gt;
* It can still be a little bit more elaborated.&lt;br /&gt;
* Lu Xun's main topic in life was &amp;quot;doubt&amp;quot;. Maybe you can add something about this &lt;br /&gt;
* The pen name hint is a good one, you may add more here too.&lt;br /&gt;
* I appreciate very much that you still extended your paper after Mingemperor's comment that it should contain more own commentary. [[User:Root|Root]] 11:46, 23 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It's very Detaied but has a little mistake. &lt;br /&gt;
In the first part concerning Lu Xun's youth, you mentioned that&amp;quot;In his youth, Lu Xun lived comfortably in Peking (Beijing) with his family, including his grandfather [a high ranking government official]&amp;quot;,however, it isn't right as we know Lu Xun was born and lived in Zhejiang Province, which is far away from Beijing.--[[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) 06:57, 10 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93696</id>
		<title>Talk:Lu Xun (1881-1936)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93696"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:56:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It's very Detaied but has a little mistake. &lt;br /&gt;
In the first part concerning Lu Xun's youth, you mentioned that&amp;quot;In his youth, Lu Xun lived comfortably in Peking (Beijing) with his family, including his grandfather [a high ranking government official]&amp;quot;,however, it isn't right as we know Lu Xun was born and lived in Zhejiang Province, which is far away from Beijing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Well done, very concise. [[User:Pips|Pips]] 17:33, 7 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It looks really good! Great format and images! [[User:Ellafitzgerald|Ellafitzgerald]] 05:30, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not bad, formatting looks ok, but did it meet all the requirements? Mr. Woesler said he wanted more commentary and not just &amp;quot;the facts.&amp;quot; [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 17:18, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Too Short. We need deeper information on the best Chinese writer ever. Otherwise, well done. --[[User:Foot|Foot]] 20:02, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I though this presentation needed more preparation. I would have like to know more about the author. Reddragon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nice introduction to an influential writer that we, in the U.S. ought to know more about. You mention &amp;quot;many pen names&amp;quot; but don't list any of them. It might help someone who would like to find some of his works.[[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 19:56, 12 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear Maranda, looks really great for your first Wiki article. However, you might want to consider the following for your next paper:&lt;br /&gt;
* It can still be a little bit more elaborated.&lt;br /&gt;
* Lu Xun's main topic in life was &amp;quot;doubt&amp;quot;. Maybe you can add something about this &lt;br /&gt;
* The pen name hint is a good one, you may add more here too.&lt;br /&gt;
* I appreciate very much that you still extended your paper after Mingemperor's comment that it should contain more own commentary. [[User:Root|Root]] 11:46, 23 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It's very detaied but has a little mistake.&lt;br /&gt;
In the first part concerning Lu Xun's youth, you mentioned that&amp;quot;In his youth, Lu Xun lived comfortably in Peking (Beijing) with his family, including his grandfather [a high ranking government official]&amp;quot;,however, it isn't right as we know Lu Xun was born and lived in Zhejiang Province, which is far away from Beijing.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93695</id>
		<title>Talk:Lu Xun (1881-1936)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93695"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:55:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It's very Detaied but has a little mistake. &lt;br /&gt;
In the first part concerning Lu Xun's youth, you mentioned that&amp;quot;In his youth, Lu Xun lived comfortably in Peking (Beijing) with his family, including his grandfather [a high ranking government official]&amp;quot;,however, it isn't right as we know Lu Xun was born and lived in Zhejiang Province, which is far away from Beijing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Well done, very concise. [[User:Pips|Pips]] 17:33, 7 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It looks really good! Great format and images! [[User:Ellafitzgerald|Ellafitzgerald]] 05:30, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not bad, formatting looks ok, but did it meet all the requirements? Mr. Woesler said he wanted more commentary and not just &amp;quot;the facts.&amp;quot; [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 17:18, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Too Short. We need deeper information on the best Chinese writer ever. Otherwise, well done. --[[User:Foot|Foot]] 20:02, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I though this presentation needed more preparation. I would have like to know more about the author. Reddragon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nice introduction to an influential writer that we, in the U.S. ought to know more about. You mention &amp;quot;many pen names&amp;quot; but don't list any of them. It might help someone who would like to find some of his works.[[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 19:56, 12 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear Maranda, looks really great for your first Wiki article. However, you might want to consider the following for your next paper:&lt;br /&gt;
* It can still be a little bit more elaborated.&lt;br /&gt;
* Lu Xun's main topic in life was &amp;quot;doubt&amp;quot;. Maybe you can add something about this &lt;br /&gt;
* The pen name hint is a good one, you may add more here too.&lt;br /&gt;
* I appreciate very much that you still extended your paper after Mingemperor's comment that it should contain more own commentary. [[User:Root|Root]] 11:46, 23 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93694</id>
		<title>Talk:Lu Xun (1881-1936)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93694"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:53:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Well done, very concise. [[User:Pips|Pips]] 17:33, 7 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It looks really good! Great format and images! [[User:Ellafitzgerald|Ellafitzgerald]] 05:30, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not bad, formatting looks ok, but did it meet all the requirements? Mr. Woesler said he wanted more commentary and not just &amp;quot;the facts.&amp;quot; [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 17:18, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Too Short. We need deeper information on the best Chinese writer ever. Otherwise, well done. --[[User:Foot|Foot]] 20:02, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I though this presentation needed more preparation. I would have like to know more about the author. Reddragon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nice introduction to an influential writer that we, in the U.S. ought to know more about. You mention &amp;quot;many pen names&amp;quot; but don't list any of them. It might help someone who would like to find some of his works.[[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 19:56, 12 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear Maranda, looks really great for your first Wiki article. However, you might want to consider the following for your next paper:&lt;br /&gt;
* It can still be a little bit more elaborated.&lt;br /&gt;
* Lu Xun's main topic in life was &amp;quot;doubt&amp;quot;. Maybe you can add something about this &lt;br /&gt;
* The pen name hint is a good one, you may add more here too.&lt;br /&gt;
* I appreciate very much that you still extended your paper after Mingemperor's comment that it should contain more own commentary. [[User:Root|Root]] 11:46, 23 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93693</id>
		<title>Talk:Lu Xun (1881-1936)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93693"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:53:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* Very Detaied but with a little mistake */ new section&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Well done, very concise. [[User:Pips|Pips]] 17:33, 7 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It looks really good! Great format and images! [[User:Ellafitzgerald|Ellafitzgerald]] 05:30, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not bad, formatting looks ok, but did it meet all the requirements? Mr. Woesler said he wanted more commentary and not just &amp;quot;the facts.&amp;quot; [[User:Mingemperor|Mingemperor]] 17:18, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Too Short. We need deeper information on the best Chinese writer ever. Otherwise, well done. --[[User:Foot|Foot]] 20:02, 10 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I though this presentation needed more preparation. I would have like to know more about the author. Reddragon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nice introduction to an influential writer that we, in the U.S. ought to know more about. You mention &amp;quot;many pen names&amp;quot; but don't list any of them. It might help someone who would like to find some of his works.[[User:Dekeo|Dekeo]] 19:56, 12 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear Maranda, looks really great for your first Wiki article. However, you might want to consider the following for your next paper:&lt;br /&gt;
* It can still be a little bit more elaborated.&lt;br /&gt;
* Lu Xun's main topic in life was &amp;quot;doubt&amp;quot;. Maybe you can add something about this &lt;br /&gt;
* The pen name hint is a good one, you may add more here too.&lt;br /&gt;
* I appreciate very much that you still extended your paper after Mingemperor's comment that it should contain more own commentary. [[User:Root|Root]] 11:46, 23 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Very Detaied but with a little mistake ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 In the first part concerning Lu Xun's youth, you mentioned that&amp;quot;In his youth, Lu Xun lived comfortably in Peking (Beijing) with his family, including his grandfather [a high ranking government official]&amp;quot;,however, it isn't right as we know Lu Xun was born and lived in Zhejiang Province, which is far away from Beijing.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93692</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93692"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:44:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Zhang Ailing. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Click [http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg] for original source]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93690</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93690"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:43:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Zhang Ailing. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg|256px|thumb|right|Click [http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg] for original source]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93689</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93689"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:43:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Zhang Ailing. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Click [http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg] for original source]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93687</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93687"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:40:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Zhang Ailing. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 [[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg]]http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93686</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93686"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:38:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Zhang Ailing. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 [[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg]]http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93685</id>
		<title>Lu Xun (1881-1936)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93685"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:37:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: Undo revision 93682 by Mark (talk)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Lu_Xun_1936.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Lu Xun. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lu_Xun_1936.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Childhood == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhou Shuren, later known as Lu Xun (his pen name) was born September 25, 1881. In his youth, Lu Xun lived comfortably in Peking (Beijing) with his family, including his grandfather [a high ranking government official]. Matters for Lu Xun and his family took a turn for the worst when his grandfather become chronically ill and needed expensive medication. In addition to illness and loss of wealth, Lu Xun's grandfather was accused of bribery and incarcerated for seven years. Once a year, Lu Xun's family was required to send money to The Ministry of Punishment to prevent his grandfather from being put to death. While in the process of being accused of bribery, Lu Xun’s grandfather became a victim to a government which encouraged it. This is where many of Lu Xun’s frustrations against the governmental workings of China began.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Motivations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Medicine was a special interest of Lu Xun. Partnered with the sickness of both his father and of his grandfather, and his desire to heal people, Lu Xun began to study medicine. Lu Xun’s father was made more ill by the traditional medicines which were used on him, leading to his father’s death. In 1903 Lu Xun traveled to Japan to study medicine. While in Japan, Lu Xun expanded his vision of medicine past traditional Chinese methods by adopting western techniques. This was not a popular idea at the time because of the Confucian values that were placed on tradition. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After some time in Japan, Lu Xun decided that he was not able to make as much of a difference in the field of medicine as he could in the field of literature. Lu Xun decided that change was to be brought about in China through “spiritual medicine” aka writing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:A Madman's Diary - Lu Xun.JPG|thumb|A Madman's Diary - Lu Xun]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While most writers focused on immediate change in the people of China, Lu Xun had different ideas. Lu Xun believed that change was to be gradual, and that it would start by teaching the children.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While studying literature, Lu Xun translated works from Russian, German, and Japanese into Chinese. He felt that these translations would help open the minds of his people to the outside “cures” for their political dis-empowerment. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of Lu Xun’s works were essay type writing when he first began, but after some time his ideas became unpopular, and therefore dangerous to publish so openly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1918, Lu Xun wrote “Diary of a Madman,” a short story which allegorically described the barbarian culture that China had made from tradition. He described the people in his book as cannibalistic, and looking to feed off of each other at every turn. The short story was a hit, and kicked of Lu Xun’s career to new heights. “A Call to Arms” was written 4 years later, and also became an influential force in Chinese Literature.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aware of the Communist power in the world at the time, Lu Xun believed that he could best reach his target audience through the Communist party. He followed many communist groups but never claimed to be a communist himself. He did have some disagreements with Shanghai Communists which landed him in a life threatening position. Lu Xun wrote under many pen names due to the controversial topics of his writing. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also controversial at the time was the &amp;quot;Woman Question.&amp;quot; Women were seen as having very little power to make change or to even have a positive place in society. Lu Xun did not see women this way. He started up a women's school and supported numerous female writers whom he saw capable of encouraging change in the flaws of society at the time. Women, for Lu Xun were just as formidable an opponent against societal or political suppression as men were. This was another revolutionary contribution Lu Xun made.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Shanghai - Lu Xun statue.jpg|thumb|Shanghai - Lu Xun statue]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Legacy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lu Xun died in Oct. 19 1936 of tuberculosis, and is still known as China’s most influential Fiction writer.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
To me, Lu Xun stood out as having incredible character. It has been stated in class many times that there is a person that comes along every once in a while that is just a genius (Einstein, Goethe, so on) and Lu Xun was one of those men. Lu Xun adjusted his tactics for reaching the people by finding the places where he could most effectively affect change, such as becoming a government official, changing from medicine to writing, and finding a niche in the communist community (although he never confessed believing in communist ideals). He knew where to reach the people. His empowerment of woman was seen in Zhang Ailing, one of the most influential modern writers in China.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because Lu Xun was able to reach the heart of China, enormous changes were made to Chinese ideals. For people around the world, including Germany and Japan, his works have become well known (mainly because Lu Xun translated into these languages as he was multilingual). Most have heard of ''Madmans Diary''. Unfortunately, his works are not as well known in the United States. The power of Lu Xun's writing is one that touches the soul enough to have power in any translation. His passion in writing is one which is difficult to find elsewhere. Any who have not read his works, are missing out on a motion motivating intellectual experience.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lau, S.M. Joseph, and Goldblatt, ''Howard. The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature'' 2nd Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. Print&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Denton, A. Kirk. ''Lu Xun Biography''MCLC Resource Center. 2002. Web http://mclc.osu.edu/rc/bios/lxbio.htm&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93683</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93683"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:36:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Zhang Ailing. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zhang_Ailing_1954.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 [[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg]]http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93682</id>
		<title>Lu Xun (1881-1936)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Lu_Xun_(1881-1936)&amp;diff=93682"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:35:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Lu_Xun_1936.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Lu Xun. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zhang_Ailing_1954.jpg here] for original source]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Childhood == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhou Shuren, later known as Lu Xun (his pen name) was born September 25, 1881. In his youth, Lu Xun lived comfortably in Peking (Beijing) with his family, including his grandfather [a high ranking government official]. Matters for Lu Xun and his family took a turn for the worst when his grandfather become chronically ill and needed expensive medication. In addition to illness and loss of wealth, Lu Xun's grandfather was accused of bribery and incarcerated for seven years. Once a year, Lu Xun's family was required to send money to The Ministry of Punishment to prevent his grandfather from being put to death. While in the process of being accused of bribery, Lu Xun’s grandfather became a victim to a government which encouraged it. This is where many of Lu Xun’s frustrations against the governmental workings of China began.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Motivations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Medicine was a special interest of Lu Xun. Partnered with the sickness of both his father and of his grandfather, and his desire to heal people, Lu Xun began to study medicine. Lu Xun’s father was made more ill by the traditional medicines which were used on him, leading to his father’s death. In 1903 Lu Xun traveled to Japan to study medicine. While in Japan, Lu Xun expanded his vision of medicine past traditional Chinese methods by adopting western techniques. This was not a popular idea at the time because of the Confucian values that were placed on tradition. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After some time in Japan, Lu Xun decided that he was not able to make as much of a difference in the field of medicine as he could in the field of literature. Lu Xun decided that change was to be brought about in China through “spiritual medicine” aka writing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:A Madman's Diary - Lu Xun.JPG|thumb|A Madman's Diary - Lu Xun]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While most writers focused on immediate change in the people of China, Lu Xun had different ideas. Lu Xun believed that change was to be gradual, and that it would start by teaching the children.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While studying literature, Lu Xun translated works from Russian, German, and Japanese into Chinese. He felt that these translations would help open the minds of his people to the outside “cures” for their political dis-empowerment. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of Lu Xun’s works were essay type writing when he first began, but after some time his ideas became unpopular, and therefore dangerous to publish so openly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1918, Lu Xun wrote “Diary of a Madman,” a short story which allegorically described the barbarian culture that China had made from tradition. He described the people in his book as cannibalistic, and looking to feed off of each other at every turn. The short story was a hit, and kicked of Lu Xun’s career to new heights. “A Call to Arms” was written 4 years later, and also became an influential force in Chinese Literature.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aware of the Communist power in the world at the time, Lu Xun believed that he could best reach his target audience through the Communist party. He followed many communist groups but never claimed to be a communist himself. He did have some disagreements with Shanghai Communists which landed him in a life threatening position. Lu Xun wrote under many pen names due to the controversial topics of his writing. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also controversial at the time was the &amp;quot;Woman Question.&amp;quot; Women were seen as having very little power to make change or to even have a positive place in society. Lu Xun did not see women this way. He started up a women's school and supported numerous female writers whom he saw capable of encouraging change in the flaws of society at the time. Women, for Lu Xun were just as formidable an opponent against societal or political suppression as men were. This was another revolutionary contribution Lu Xun made.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Shanghai - Lu Xun statue.jpg|thumb|Shanghai - Lu Xun statue]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Legacy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lu Xun died in Oct. 19 1936 of tuberculosis, and is still known as China’s most influential Fiction writer.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
To me, Lu Xun stood out as having incredible character. It has been stated in class many times that there is a person that comes along every once in a while that is just a genius (Einstein, Goethe, so on) and Lu Xun was one of those men. Lu Xun adjusted his tactics for reaching the people by finding the places where he could most effectively affect change, such as becoming a government official, changing from medicine to writing, and finding a niche in the communist community (although he never confessed believing in communist ideals). He knew where to reach the people. His empowerment of woman was seen in Zhang Ailing, one of the most influential modern writers in China.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because Lu Xun was able to reach the heart of China, enormous changes were made to Chinese ideals. For people around the world, including Germany and Japan, his works have become well known (mainly because Lu Xun translated into these languages as he was multilingual). Most have heard of ''Madmans Diary''. Unfortunately, his works are not as well known in the United States. The power of Lu Xun's writing is one that touches the soul enough to have power in any translation. His passion in writing is one which is difficult to find elsewhere. Any who have not read his works, are missing out on a motion motivating intellectual experience.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lau, S.M. Joseph, and Goldblatt, ''Howard. The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature'' 2nd Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. Print&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Denton, A. Kirk. ''Lu Xun Biography''MCLC Resource Center. 2002. Web http://mclc.osu.edu/rc/bios/lxbio.htm&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93680</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93680"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:32:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 [[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg]]http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93679</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93679"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:29:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 [[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg]] [http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93678</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93678"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:28:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
                                                                                                              [[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg]] &lt;br /&gt;
                                                                         [http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93677</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93677"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:27:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
                                                                                                              [File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;br /&gt;
                                                                         [http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93675</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93675"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:22:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&amp;diff=93673</id>
		<title>File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&amp;diff=93673"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:21:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg[http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&amp;diff=93672</id>
		<title>File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&amp;diff=93672"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:20:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.minxue.net/attachments/2011/03/24/1_20110324093157466wp.jpg]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&amp;diff=93671</id>
		<title>File:1 20110324093157466wp.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:1_20110324093157466wp.jpg&amp;diff=93671"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:17:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93670</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93670"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:12:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)'''&lt;br /&gt;
Modern famous Women Writer &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[1] Chang, Kang-I. Sun, and Stephen Owen, eds. The Cambridge history of Chinese literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93669</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93669"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:11:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)'''&lt;br /&gt;
Modern famous Women Writer &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Example.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[1] Chang, Kang-I. Sun, and Stephen Owen, eds. The Cambridge history of Chinese literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:256px-Zhang_Ailing_1954.jpg&amp;diff=93668</id>
		<title>File:256px-Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:256px-Zhang_Ailing_1954.jpg&amp;diff=93668"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:09:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93667</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93667"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:08:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Example.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Modern_Chinese_Literature&amp;diff=93666</id>
		<title>Modern Chinese Literature</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Modern_Chinese_Literature&amp;diff=93666"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T06:06:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* Women writers */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Emergence of modern Chinese literature =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Historical and cultural background late Qing =&lt;br /&gt;
* Genre development in China, scholars as authors, Mandarin &amp;amp; Butterfly School&lt;br /&gt;
* Cao Xueqin, The Story of the Stone, also known as The Dream of the Red Chamber, 1791, transl. David Hawkes, John Minford&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Encounter with the West, Westernization =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Wu Jianren]]--[[User:Sunflowertide|Sunflowertide]] ([[User talk:Sunflowertide|talk]]) 10:49, 1 June 2016 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** New Story of the Stone, utopian novel&lt;br /&gt;
* Liang Qichao, Accounts of the future of new China, utopian fragment&lt;br /&gt;
* Secondary Literature:&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang, David Derwei. Fin-de-siecle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849-1911. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang, David Derwei. “Translating Modernity.” Pollard, David E., ed. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840–1918. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 303-330.&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang Dun (王敦). “The Late Qing’s Other Utopias: China’s Science-Fictional Imagination, 1900-1910”, in: Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 34.2, September 2008: 37-61&lt;br /&gt;
** John Fitzgerald, The Unfinished History of China's Future, in: Thesis Eleven 1999 57:17, here pp. 21-23, http://the.sagepub.com/content/57/1/17&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= May Fourth iconoclasm - Historical and cultural background May Fourth =&lt;br /&gt;
* Liang Qichao, Foreword to the Publication of Political Novels in Translation, Denton 71-73&lt;br /&gt;
* Hu Shi, Some modest proposals for the Reform of Literature, D1996:123-139&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The role of translations and translators =&lt;br /&gt;
* Yan Fu&lt;br /&gt;
* Lin Shu&lt;br /&gt;
* the earliest translations [unpublished ppt presentation_woesler.pptx, paper: woesler_early_translations_of_german_literature_into_chinese_final.doc, paper]&lt;br /&gt;
* the selection process and intention of translations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Discovery of the alienated Self – World Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 1-185; focus on pages 1-30&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Lu Xun (1881-1936)]] Beween activism and self-doubt - the development of Lu Xun [[User:Maranda|Maranda]] 21:14, 11 September 2012 (UTC) and 21:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Lu Xun: Preface to the first collection of Short Stories &amp;quot;Call to arms&amp;quot; 1922 (LG:3-7), A Madman's Diary 1918 (LG:8-16), Kong Yiji 1919 (LG:17-21)&lt;br /&gt;
** Further information: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/courses/c503/mad.htm, http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/courses/c503/kong.htm&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;Hometown&amp;quot; http://www.coldbacon.com/writing/luxun-calltoarms.html#Home [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Living to see the Western literary epochs in Chinese time lapse. The Literary societies and May Fourth Romanticism =&lt;br /&gt;
* Required reading: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/publications/research/soc.htm&lt;br /&gt;
* Further reading: Literary Societies of Republican China. Edited by KIRK A. DENTON and MICHEL HOCKX. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2008. ix, 591 pp.&lt;br /&gt;
* Crescent Moon&lt;br /&gt;
* Creation Society&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Dafu, &amp;quot;Sinking&amp;quot; 1921 [31-55], Xu Zhimo's poems 1925-1930 [499-501]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Guo Moruo (1892 -1978)]]  [[User:DavidSmith|DavidSmith]] 21:40, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Guo Moruo: “The hound of heaven” 1920&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Literature of the 1930s =&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Qian Zhongshu (1910 – 1998)]] [[User:Ericaangie]] 13:19, 5 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Self-selected excerpts from Qian Zhongshu, [[Fortress besieged]] --[[User:Sunflowertide|Sunflowertide]] ([[User talk:Sunflowertide|talk]]) 10:36, 1 June 2016 (UTC) 1947&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Women writers =&lt;br /&gt;
* Literature of the Megacities - The inner life of Shanghainese women writers with a focus on Zhang Ailing&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Ailing]] -- [[User:Mark]] 15:15, 25 May 2016 (UTC) &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ling Shuhua (1900-1990)]]  [[User:Mattstrock|Mattstrock]] 21:22, 1 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ling Shuhua, &amp;quot;The Night of Mid-Autumn Festival&amp;quot; [95-102];&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ Xiao Hong (1911-1942)]] [[User:PhilipHarding|PhilipHarding]] 03:04, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Xiao Hong, &amp;quot;Hands&amp;quot; [161-73]; &amp;quot;On the Oxcart&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Jie (born 1937)]][[User:Ericaangie|Ericaangie]] 18:18, 4 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The fall: Authors yoke their literature for a deceiving ideology. Lu Xun’s proud ox bows his head not only for children, but now also for party action =&lt;br /&gt;
* Lu Xun’s ambiguous attitude towards taking physical action, towards the impact of literature on society and towards serving an ideology with literature.&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao's claim of Lu Xun&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The socialist era, Yan'an Literature and Rectification =&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao Zedong, Poems, Talks in Yan'an: Literature and Art for the Masses and the Use of Traditional Forms, 1938, D1996:433-435&lt;br /&gt;
* Ding Ling, &amp;quot;When I Was in Hsia Village&amp;quot; [132-46]&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao Dun and &amp;quot;Spring Silkworms&amp;quot; [56-73]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Authors in transition: From Revolutionary Romanticism to Reform Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Wang Meng]] by Maranda 21:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Meng, Long Live [the] Youth!&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Meng, Hard Porridge, trans. by Chen Zishan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ba Jin]] [[User:PhilipHarding|PhilipHarding]] 21:43, 4 December 2012 (UTC): Family and the self-censorship in the later edition&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= On different paths: Bing Xin, Zhang Jie =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bing Xin]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhang Jie: Heavy Wings&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Jie: Kid From The Forest]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Chinese Modernism and the Aesthetic =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 189-321; focus on pages 189-207&lt;br /&gt;
* Shi Zhicun, &amp;quot;One Evening in the Rainy Season&amp;quot; [115-24]&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Shen Congwen, &amp;quot;Xiaoxiao&amp;quot; [82-94]&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Meijin, Baozi, and the White Kid&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Liteary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Post-Revolutionary Literature; Cultural Revolution =&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Red Detachment of Women&amp;quot; [Film Viewing]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Post-Mao Literature, Scars and realism, Roots literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 325-448; focus on pages 325-44&lt;br /&gt;
* Liu Heng, &amp;quot;Dogshit Food&amp;quot; [366-78]; scars literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Yan Lianke, &amp;quot;Black Bristle, White Bristles&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Scar Literature After &amp;quot;the Cultural Revolution&amp;quot;]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Lu Xinhua, Scar&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Master narrators Mo Yan, Yu Hua, Jia Pingwa, Wang Shuo =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mo Yan]] 莫言 by Corinne B.&lt;br /&gt;
: His story: &amp;quot;Old Gun&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion], novel 生死疲勞 &amp;quot;Life and Death are Wearing me out&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Yu Hua]], &amp;quot;Brothers&amp;quot; by David 06:48, 5 December 2012 (UTC)  by Jackie(BNU)2016&lt;br /&gt;
* Jia Pingwa&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Shuo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Contemporary Women authors =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bi Shumin]](毕淑敏), 女儿拳 Women’s boxing, 女心理师 The female psychologist&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Yan Geling]](严歌苓），The Flowers of War 金陵十三钗，Little Aunt Crane 小姨多鹤， The Lost Daughter of Happiness 扶桑&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Avant-garde literature and post-socialist present =&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Avant-garde literature]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[post-socialist present]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Su Tong]], &amp;quot;[[Escape]]&amp;quot; [445-54];[[Link title]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Hua, &amp;quot;[[On the Road at Eighteen]]&amp;quot; [439-44]&lt;br /&gt;
** modern Chinese literary life, such as publishing in journals and newspaper supplements, working within literary societies or associations, and dealing with censorship&lt;br /&gt;
* Gu Cheng, Mang Ke, Bei Dao: Poets of the Obscure School since the 1980s&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Taiwan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhang Dachun, &amp;quot;Lucky Worries About His Country&amp;quot; (403-416)&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhu Tianwen, &amp;quot;Fin de Siècle Splendor&amp;quot; [388-402]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Longing for something literature I: Historicizing, II: Tibet Exotism =&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Dan 于丹, 《论语》心得 Confucius in your heart, Yi Zhongtian (易中天)&lt;br /&gt;
* Alai&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Megacity Literature II - Peking and Vagabound Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Xu Zechen (徐则臣), 跑步穿过中关村 Peking double quick&lt;br /&gt;
* Liu Zhenyun (刘震云), 我叫刘跃 The pickpockets&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Between cult and celebrity =&lt;br /&gt;
* Cult author Guo Jingming&lt;br /&gt;
** Book series &amp;quot;Bestseller&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
** Guo Jingming (郭敬明), 悲伤逆流成河 Cry me a sad river&lt;br /&gt;
* Cult author Mian Mian&lt;br /&gt;
** Mian Mian (棉棉), 声名狼籍 Panda Sex&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Critical surrealist Han Han, young authors =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Han Han]] by Matt S.&lt;br /&gt;
:Triple door&lt;br /&gt;
:His Land&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Blog, Web and Fan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Blogs (blog literature?), from web to paper literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Ai Weiwei, Han Han, Annie Baobei&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Fan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Web literature portal qidian.com&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93664</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing&amp;diff=93664"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T05:54:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* Literary Career */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Zhang Ailing 1954.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Youth== &lt;br /&gt;
Zhang Ailing was born and raised in a situation of political and Marital unrest, on September 9th of 1920, in Shanghai.  Born in a China that was attempting to place itself in the modern world, her society was in a state of change and development perfect for the rise of new and different authors.  Perfect especially, for a female author to become popular.  Her personal life matching the political era, she found herself changing setting often as in 1922 her family moved to Tianjin.  Her family was important to the Chinese government, which allowed them to live a privileged lifestyle. Despite their financial stability, the marriage of Zhang’s parents was unstable, and her mother left for the United Kingdom in 1925. Her father then veered off course, first taking a concubine, and becoming addicted to opium (Cultural China). Her mother returned in 1928 and the family returned to Shanghai. This created a sense of stability but they divorced two years later.  Her father remarried and raised her with his second wife.&lt;br /&gt;
Her life at home was fraught with abuse and discomfort.  Her father’s addiction prevented him from being a particularly supportive parent.  When she was 18, she contracted dysentery, unwilling to take her to a doctor, Zhang’s father and stepmother locked her in her room for 6 months.  After this time, she ran away to live with her mother.  This life of terror and abuse may bear great relation to her future reclusiveness, and also to her personal rather than political focus in her writing.  &lt;br /&gt;
In my opinion her childhood had a huge effect on her future writings.  Her youth was wrought with turmoil and distrust, as her father and stepmother were highly abusive, and her birth mother was often far from home.  I really believe that this disillusionment as a child led to her future, first as a writer of such powerful and emotive stories, and second, as a person who eventually withdrew from society.  As a child she learned to be alone perhaps as a coping mechanism, her personal intelligence and emotion led to her skill in writing and her desire to write.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Education==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang began school when she was 4 in a traditional Chinese school, but her mother wanted her to receive a western education, and when she turned 9, she began attending a western school. She had a particular love for language and literature and became fluent in English, in addition to her native Chinese. Zhang attended and graduated from a Christian High School but claimed her family was not religious.  Perhaps a religious school was the most western to be found in their particular setting.&lt;br /&gt;
Education was really important to Zhang, and in 1939, she planned to attend the University of London, on a Scholarship, but could not due to the war in China.  Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong until the Japanese Invasion forced her back into mainland China (Encyclopedia Britannica).  Eventually she attended St. John’s University, but had to drop out due to lack of funds, refusing to work any job except for writing.&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the inconsistency of her educational situation, Zhang had a love of the written word.  Her writing was hugely popular and influential in China, and remains popular to this day.  The ways in which she approached nontraditional relationships in her writing were completely revolutionary.  It is possible that her take on relationships came from the confused path of relationships she observed in her immediate family, and eventually in her own life.  I also believe that her less political stance in writing was a refreshing turn for readers of her time.  This must have led in some degree, to her popularity.  Her western education may have also influenced her particular style of writing, allowing her to branch out into stories of love that crossed the lines of tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She met her first husband, Hu Lancheng , in 1943.  He was married to his 3rd wife at the time, but they pursued a relationship and married a year later.  No mention is given to what happened to his 3rd wife.  Apparently unable to maintain a monogamous relationship, Hu was unfaithful, and they divorced in 1947, after only about 3 years of marriage.&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang later met an American Screenwriter, Ferdinand Reyher,  and in 1956 they were married. Before their marriage, Zhang became pregnant, and Reyher proposed but insisted that he did not want the baby.  It seemed that although he loved Zhang and wanted to be with her in a permanent relationship, he was not interested in becoming a father.  She eventually miscarried, and never had any children.   The couple were married for many years, even as Reyher became ill, and eventually died in 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
Her marital relationships perhaps only added to her disillusionment with the world, and contributed to her eventual reclusiveness.  Her writings may also have been in some way a reflection of her own relationships.  As she experienced love, first with a married man, and later with a foreigner, her eyes were opened to more of the facets that love could take.  This experience may have greatly influenced her desire to explore nontraditional love stories in her writing.  In contrast, perhaps her writing also inspired her to seek for love in more surprising and interesting places.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Literary Career==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zhang’s literary career was one of immense popularity.  In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she did not take a political approach to her writing.  She seemed more interested in exploring the intricacies of relationships, and particularly in portraying the workings of the human mind.  Her experience with both her own relationships and the relationships of her parents greatly influenced this desire to understand men and women, and how they interact with one another.  She wrote many popular books and short works, many of which have been translated into English and other languages.  She also worked as a translator, translating many books from Chinese into English.  &lt;br /&gt;
Her writings truly portray an innovation that is unique to her style.  I believe that her style, in which she portrays the inside of the female mind, and the workings of romantic love, stems from a life of learning what love is and is not.  I believe that she was proud of her Chinese heritage while still frustrated with the traditions that seemed to bind her people.  She sought for freedom, most especially the freedom to choose who you love.&lt;br /&gt;
Works&lt;br /&gt;
Love in a Fallen City &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Golden Cangue&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
Lust, Caution &lt;br /&gt;
Naked Earth &lt;br /&gt;
The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China&lt;br /&gt;
The Rouge of the North &lt;br /&gt;
Traces of Love and Other Stories&lt;br /&gt;
Written on Water &lt;br /&gt;
Sealed Off &lt;br /&gt;
Jasmine Tea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Later Life==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the death of her second husband, Zhang fell into reclusiveness.  Disillusioned with the world, she began to withdraw, until she almost never came out into the world.  When she died of heart failure in 1995 in Los Angeles, she was not discovered for several days.  It seems that her difficulties with relationships as a child and an adult, led her to dislike society.  That being said, she willed her estate to friends, who eventually left it to their own children.  &lt;br /&gt;
A reclusive life is not indicative of an unproductive state.  I like to compare the lives of Zhang Ailing, and Emily Dickinson, both were reclusive to some degree, but both also produced works of genius.  Sometimes, perhaps, a little seclusion is necessary in order produce works with meaning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Works Cited==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Elieen Chang (Zhang Ailing) - A Legendary Female Writer.&amp;quot; Cultural China. Cultural 	China, 2010. Web. 8 Oct 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Zhang Ailing&amp;quot;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;br /&gt;
	Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Corinneb|Corinneb]] 13:21, 8 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93661</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93661"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T05:43:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)'''&lt;br /&gt;
Modern famous Women Writer &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Example.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Example.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[1] Chang, Kang-I. Sun, and Stephen Owen, eds. The Cambridge history of Chinese literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93660</id>
		<title>Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93660"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T05:32:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: Created page with &amp;quot; == Zhang Ailing(1920-1995) == ----   ---- '''The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles'''  Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passio...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== Zhang Ailing(1920-1995) ==&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
'''The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example. First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work. At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, the use of racconrci(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels.&lt;br /&gt;
Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular. There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
'''Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
'''References'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[1] Chang, Kang-I. Sun, and Stephen Owen, eds. The Cambridge history of Chinese literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93658</id>
		<title>Talk:Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93658"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T05:24:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93657</id>
		<title>Talk:Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93657"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T05:24:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
[1] Chang, Kang-I. Sun, and Stephen Owen, eds. The Cambridge history of Chinese literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93656</id>
		<title>Talk:Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93656"/>
		<updated>2016-06-10T05:23:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles: */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called [[Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei)]] . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
[1] Chang, Kang-I. Sun, and Stephen Owen, eds. The Cambridge history of Chinese literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93533</id>
		<title>Talk:Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93533"/>
		<updated>2016-05-25T08:50:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles: ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example.&lt;br /&gt;
'''First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work.''' &lt;br /&gt;
At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Secondly, the use of racconrci'''(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular.''' There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called [[Media:“Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei)]] . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
[1] Chang, Kang-I. Sun, and Stephen Owen, eds. The Cambridge history of Chinese literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93532</id>
		<title>Talk:Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93532"/>
		<updated>2016-05-25T08:46:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: Modern talented woman writer: Eileen Chang&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of Eileen Chang's writing styles: ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example.&lt;br /&gt;
'''First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work.''' &lt;br /&gt;
At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Secondly, the use of racconrci'''(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular.''' There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eileen Chang Studies in Mainland China ==&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1940s, Eileen Chang just began her writing career. Soon after, she became one of the most popular writers in China. There was a famous catchphrase coined by the publishing industry, called “Ling in the South, Mei in the North.”(Nan Ling Bei Mei) . It was used to refer to the two most popular women writers at that time. Ling stands for Eileen Chang, while Mei stands for Mei Niang.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Actually, from 1940s to 1950s, although Eileen Chang was a well-known writer, not so many scholars studied her works. But there are several important critics of her. The most famous one among them is Fu Lei. He published a critical article in which confirmed the importance of Eileen Chang’s works. At the same time, Hu Lancheng, the lover of Eileen Chang, wrote another article of Eileen Chang’s novels. He regards Eileen Chang as a talent writer and an obstinate but lovely lover. Her works is a kind of harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After that, since the establishment of the PRC, Eileen Chang, who was thought to be a treasonous writer, was nearly unknown in the mainland China. No one dared to study her. The main part of Eileen Chang study is transformed to the west.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the culture revolution, C.T. Hsia’s “History of Modern Chinese Fiction” was translated into Chinese and published in Hong Kong in 1979. He highlights Shen Congwen, Qian Zhongshu as well as Eileen Chang in his book. It set off a new wave of Eileen Chang studies. Also, it stimulated the rewriting of literary history in 1988 and 1989. Eileen Chang won back the position which she deserved. This period sees a prosperous of Eileen Chang studies and the reevaluations of her works.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93531</id>
		<title>Talk:Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Talk:Zhang_Ailing(1920-1995)&amp;diff=93531"/>
		<updated>2016-05-25T08:43:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: Created page with &amp;quot; == The characters of her writing styles: ==  ----  Take the Golden Cangue as an example. '''First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work.'''  At first Cao Qiqiao, the...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== The characters of her writing styles: ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take the Golden Cangue as an example.&lt;br /&gt;
'''First of all, there is a flowing passion in her work.''' &lt;br /&gt;
At first Cao Qiqiao, the protagonist exchanged her love for money, but finally, she was only found being locked by her avarice and became unhappy ever since. She could not change the situation but only tasted the bitter destiny herself. In the story, although out of jealousy she had did something to hurt the others. But it can be seen that she is the weak as well. The protagonist is driven by her passion.&lt;br /&gt;
'''Secondly, the use of racconrci'''(similar to the montage in film-making), which was pointed by Fu Lei, is a significant feature of her delicate novels. &lt;br /&gt;
'''Most importantly, the mixed writing style of the writer is popular.''' There is no doubt that she was one of the most talent writers at that time. Her writing style is a mixture of Ancient and modern Chinese writing style which attract many readers.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Modern_Chinese_Literature&amp;diff=93530</id>
		<title>Modern Chinese Literature</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Modern_Chinese_Literature&amp;diff=93530"/>
		<updated>2016-05-25T07:16:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* Women writers */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Emergence of modern Chinese literature =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Historical and cultural background late Qing =&lt;br /&gt;
* Genre development in China, scholars as authors, Mandarin &amp;amp; Butterfly School&lt;br /&gt;
* Cao Xueqin, The Story of the Stone, also known as The Dream of the Red Chamber, 1791, transl. David Hawkes, John Minford&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Encounter with the West, Westernization =&lt;br /&gt;
* Wu Jianren, New Story of the Stone, utopian novel&lt;br /&gt;
* Liang Qichao, Accounts of the future of new China, utopian fragment&lt;br /&gt;
* Secondary Literature:&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang, David Derwei. Fin-de-siecle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849-1911. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang, David Derwei. “Translating Modernity.” Pollard, David E., ed. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840–1918. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 303-330.&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang Dun (王敦). “The Late Qing’s Other Utopias: China’s Science-Fictional Imagination, 1900-1910”, in: Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 34.2, September 2008: 37-61&lt;br /&gt;
** John Fitzgerald, The Unfinished History of China's Future, in: Thesis Eleven 1999 57:17, here pp. 21-23, http://the.sagepub.com/content/57/1/17&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= May Fourth iconoclasm - Historical and cultural background May Fourth =&lt;br /&gt;
* Liang Qichao, Foreword to the Publication of Political Novels in Translation, Denton 71-73&lt;br /&gt;
* Hu Shi, Some modest proposals for the Reform of Literature, D1996:123-139&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The role of translations and translators =&lt;br /&gt;
* Yan Fu&lt;br /&gt;
* Lin Shu&lt;br /&gt;
* the earliest translations [unpublished ppt presentation_woesler.pptx, paper: woesler_early_translations_of_german_literature_into_chinese_final.doc, paper]&lt;br /&gt;
* the selection process and intention of translations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Discovery of the alienated Self – World Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 1-185; focus on pages 1-30&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Lu Xun (1881-1936)]] Beween activism and self-doubt - the development of Lu Xun [[User:Maranda|Maranda]] 21:14, 11 September 2012 (UTC) and 21:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Lu Xun: Preface to the first collection of Short Stories &amp;quot;Call to arms&amp;quot; 1922 (LG:3-7), A Madman's Diary 1918 (LG:8-16), Kong Yiji 1919 (LG:17-21)&lt;br /&gt;
** Further information: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/courses/c503/mad.htm, http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/courses/c503/kong.htm&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;Hometown&amp;quot; http://www.coldbacon.com/writing/luxun-calltoarms.html#Home [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Living to see the Western literary epochs in Chinese time lapse. The Literary societies and May Fourth Romanticism =&lt;br /&gt;
* Required reading: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/publications/research/soc.htm&lt;br /&gt;
* Further reading: Literary Societies of Republican China. Edited by KIRK A. DENTON and MICHEL HOCKX. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2008. ix, 591 pp.&lt;br /&gt;
* Crescent Moon&lt;br /&gt;
* Creation Society&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Dafu, &amp;quot;Sinking&amp;quot; 1921 [31-55], Xu Zhimo's poems 1925-1930 [499-501]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Guo Moruo (1892 -1978)]]  [[User:DavidSmith|DavidSmith]] 21:40, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Guo Moruo: “The hound of heaven” 1920&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Literature of the 1930s =&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Qian Zhongshu (1910 – 1998)]] [[User:Ericaangie]] 13:19, 5 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Self-selected excerpts from Qian Zhongshu, &amp;quot;Fortress besieged&amp;quot; 1947&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Women writers =&lt;br /&gt;
* Literature of the Megacities - The inner life of Shanghainese women writers with a focus on Zhang Ailing&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Ailing(1920-1995)]] -- [[User:Mark]] 15:15, 25 May 2016 (UTC) &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ling Shuhua (1900-1990)]]  [[User:Mattstrock|Mattstrock]] 21:22, 1 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ling Shuhua, &amp;quot;The Night of Mid-Autumn Festival&amp;quot; [95-102];&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ Xiao Hong (1911-1942)]] [[User:PhilipHarding|PhilipHarding]] 03:04, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Xiao Hong, &amp;quot;Hands&amp;quot; [161-73]; &amp;quot;On the Oxcart&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Jie (born 1937)]][[User:Ericaangie|Ericaangie]] 18:18, 4 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The fall: Authors yoke their literature for a deceiving ideology. Lu Xun’s proud ox bows his head not only for children, but now also for party action =&lt;br /&gt;
* Lu Xun’s ambiguous attitude towards taking physical action, towards the impact of literature on society and towards serving an ideology with literature.&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao's claim of Lu Xun&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The socialist era, Yan'an Literature and Rectification =&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao Zedong, Poems, Talks in Yan'an: Literature and Art for the Masses and the Use of Traditional Forms, 1938, D1996:433-435&lt;br /&gt;
* Ding Ling, &amp;quot;When I Was in Hsia Village&amp;quot; [132-46]&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao Dun and &amp;quot;Spring Silkworms&amp;quot; [56-73]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Authors in transition: From Revolutionary Romanticism to Reform Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Wang Meng]] by Maranda 21:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Meng, Long Live [the] Youth!&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Meng, Hard Porridge, trans. by Chen Zishan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ba Jin]] [[User:PhilipHarding|PhilipHarding]] 21:43, 4 December 2012 (UTC): Family and the self-censorship in the later edition&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= On different paths: Bing Xin, Zhang Jie =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bing Xin]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhang Jie: Heavy Wings&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Jie: Kid From The Forest]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Chinese Modernism and the Aesthetic =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 189-321; focus on pages 189-207&lt;br /&gt;
* Shi Zhicun, &amp;quot;One Evening in the Rainy Season&amp;quot; [115-24]&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Shen Congwen, &amp;quot;Xiaoxiao&amp;quot; [82-94]&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Meijin, Baozi, and the White Kid&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Liteary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Post-Revolutionary Literature; Cultural Revolution =&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Red Detachment of Women&amp;quot; [Film Viewing]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Post-Mao Literature, Scars and realism, Roots literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 325-448; focus on pages 325-44&lt;br /&gt;
* Liu Heng, &amp;quot;Dogshit Food&amp;quot; [366-78]; scars literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Yan Lianke, &amp;quot;Black Bristle, White Bristles&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Scar Literature After &amp;quot;the Cultural Revolution&amp;quot;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Master narrators Mo Yan, Yu Hua, Jia Pingwa, Wang Shuo =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mo Yan]] 莫言 by Corinne B.&lt;br /&gt;
: His story: &amp;quot;Old Gun&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion], novel 生死疲勞 &amp;quot;Life and Death are Wearing me out&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Yu Hua]], &amp;quot;Brothers&amp;quot; by David 06:48, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Jia Pingwa&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Shuo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Contemporary Women authors =&lt;br /&gt;
* Bi Shumin (毕淑敏), 女儿拳 Women’s boxing, 女心理师 The female psychologist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Avant-garde literature and post-socialist present =&lt;br /&gt;
* Su Tong, &amp;quot;Escape&amp;quot; [445-54];&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Hua, &amp;quot;On the Road at Eighteen&amp;quot; [439-44]&lt;br /&gt;
** modern Chinese literary life, such as publishing in journals and newspaper supplements, working within literary societies or associations, and dealing with censorship&lt;br /&gt;
* Gu Cheng, Mang Ke, Bei Dao: Poets of the Obscure School since the 1980s&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Taiwan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhang Dachun, &amp;quot;Lucky Worries About His Country&amp;quot; (403-416)&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhu Tianwen, &amp;quot;Fin de Siècle Splendor&amp;quot; [388-402]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Longing for something literature I: Historicizing, II: Tibet Exotism =&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Dan 于丹, 《论语》心得 Confucius in your heart, Yi Zhongtian (易中天)&lt;br /&gt;
* Alai&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Megacity Literature II - Peking and Vagabound Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Xu Zechen (徐则臣), 跑步穿过中关村 Peking double quick&lt;br /&gt;
* Liu Zhenyun (刘震云), 我叫刘跃 The pickpockets&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Between cult and celebrity =&lt;br /&gt;
* Cult author Guo Jingming&lt;br /&gt;
** Book series &amp;quot;Bestseller&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
** Guo Jingming (郭敬明), 悲伤逆流成河 Cry me a sad river&lt;br /&gt;
* Cult author Mian Mian&lt;br /&gt;
** Mian Mian (棉棉), 声名狼籍 Panda Sex&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Critical surrealist Han Han, young authors =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Han Han]] by Matt S.&lt;br /&gt;
:Triple door&lt;br /&gt;
:His Land&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Blog, Web and Fan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Blogs (blog literature?), from web to paper literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Ai Weiwei, Han Han, Annie Baobei&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Fan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Web literature portal qidian.com&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Modern_Chinese_Literature&amp;diff=93529</id>
		<title>Modern Chinese Literature</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Modern_Chinese_Literature&amp;diff=93529"/>
		<updated>2016-05-25T07:14:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mark: /* Women writers */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Emergence of modern Chinese literature =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Historical and cultural background late Qing =&lt;br /&gt;
* Genre development in China, scholars as authors, Mandarin &amp;amp; Butterfly School&lt;br /&gt;
* Cao Xueqin, The Story of the Stone, also known as The Dream of the Red Chamber, 1791, transl. David Hawkes, John Minford&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Encounter with the West, Westernization =&lt;br /&gt;
* Wu Jianren, New Story of the Stone, utopian novel&lt;br /&gt;
* Liang Qichao, Accounts of the future of new China, utopian fragment&lt;br /&gt;
* Secondary Literature:&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang, David Derwei. Fin-de-siecle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849-1911. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang, David Derwei. “Translating Modernity.” Pollard, David E., ed. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840–1918. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 303-330.&lt;br /&gt;
** Wang Dun (王敦). “The Late Qing’s Other Utopias: China’s Science-Fictional Imagination, 1900-1910”, in: Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 34.2, September 2008: 37-61&lt;br /&gt;
** John Fitzgerald, The Unfinished History of China's Future, in: Thesis Eleven 1999 57:17, here pp. 21-23, http://the.sagepub.com/content/57/1/17&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= May Fourth iconoclasm - Historical and cultural background May Fourth =&lt;br /&gt;
* Liang Qichao, Foreword to the Publication of Political Novels in Translation, Denton 71-73&lt;br /&gt;
* Hu Shi, Some modest proposals for the Reform of Literature, D1996:123-139&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The role of translations and translators =&lt;br /&gt;
* Yan Fu&lt;br /&gt;
* Lin Shu&lt;br /&gt;
* the earliest translations [unpublished ppt presentation_woesler.pptx, paper: woesler_early_translations_of_german_literature_into_chinese_final.doc, paper]&lt;br /&gt;
* the selection process and intention of translations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Discovery of the alienated Self – World Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 1-185; focus on pages 1-30&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Lu Xun (1881-1936)]] Beween activism and self-doubt - the development of Lu Xun [[User:Maranda|Maranda]] 21:14, 11 September 2012 (UTC) and 21:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Lu Xun: Preface to the first collection of Short Stories &amp;quot;Call to arms&amp;quot; 1922 (LG:3-7), A Madman's Diary 1918 (LG:8-16), Kong Yiji 1919 (LG:17-21)&lt;br /&gt;
** Further information: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/courses/c503/mad.htm, http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/courses/c503/kong.htm&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;quot;Hometown&amp;quot; http://www.coldbacon.com/writing/luxun-calltoarms.html#Home [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Living to see the Western literary epochs in Chinese time lapse. The Literary societies and May Fourth Romanticism =&lt;br /&gt;
* Required reading: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/denton2/publications/research/soc.htm&lt;br /&gt;
* Further reading: Literary Societies of Republican China. Edited by KIRK A. DENTON and MICHEL HOCKX. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2008. ix, 591 pp.&lt;br /&gt;
* Crescent Moon&lt;br /&gt;
* Creation Society&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Dafu, &amp;quot;Sinking&amp;quot; 1921 [31-55], Xu Zhimo's poems 1925-1930 [499-501]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Guo Moruo (1892 -1978)]]  [[User:DavidSmith|DavidSmith]] 21:40, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Guo Moruo: “The hound of heaven” 1920&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Literature of the 1930s =&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Qian Zhongshu (1910 – 1998)]] [[User:Ericaangie]] 13:19, 5 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
** Self-selected excerpts from Qian Zhongshu, &amp;quot;Fortress besieged&amp;quot; 1947&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Women writers =&lt;br /&gt;
* Literature of the Megacities - The inner life of Shanghainese women writers with a focus on Zhang Ailing&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Ailing]] -- [[User:Mark]] 15:11, 25 May 2016 (UTC) &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ling Shuhua (1900-1990)]]  [[User:Mattstrock|Mattstrock]] 21:22, 1 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ling Shuhua, &amp;quot;The Night of Mid-Autumn Festival&amp;quot; [95-102];&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ Xiao Hong (1911-1942)]] [[User:PhilipHarding|PhilipHarding]] 03:04, 9 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Xiao Hong, &amp;quot;Hands&amp;quot; [161-73]; &amp;quot;On the Oxcart&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Jie (born 1937)]][[User:Ericaangie|Ericaangie]] 18:18, 4 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The fall: Authors yoke their literature for a deceiving ideology. Lu Xun’s proud ox bows his head not only for children, but now also for party action =&lt;br /&gt;
* Lu Xun’s ambiguous attitude towards taking physical action, towards the impact of literature on society and towards serving an ideology with literature.&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao's claim of Lu Xun&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The socialist era, Yan'an Literature and Rectification =&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao Zedong, Poems, Talks in Yan'an: Literature and Art for the Masses and the Use of Traditional Forms, 1938, D1996:433-435&lt;br /&gt;
* Ding Ling, &amp;quot;When I Was in Hsia Village&amp;quot; [132-46]&lt;br /&gt;
* Mao Dun and &amp;quot;Spring Silkworms&amp;quot; [56-73]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Authors in transition: From Revolutionary Romanticism to Reform Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Wang Meng]] by Maranda 21:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Meng, Long Live [the] Youth!&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Meng, Hard Porridge, trans. by Chen Zishan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ba Jin]] [[User:PhilipHarding|PhilipHarding]] 21:43, 4 December 2012 (UTC): Family and the self-censorship in the later edition&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= On different paths: Bing Xin, Zhang Jie =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bing Xin]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhang Jie: Heavy Wings&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zhang Jie: Kid From The Forest]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Chinese Modernism and the Aesthetic =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 189-321; focus on pages 189-207&lt;br /&gt;
* Shi Zhicun, &amp;quot;One Evening in the Rainy Season&amp;quot; [115-24]&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Shen Congwen, &amp;quot;Xiaoxiao&amp;quot; [82-94]&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Meijin, Baozi, and the White Kid&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Liteary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Post-Revolutionary Literature; Cultural Revolution =&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Red Detachment of Women&amp;quot; [Film Viewing]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Post-Mao Literature, Scars and realism, Roots literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* McDougall and Louie, 325-448; focus on pages 325-44&lt;br /&gt;
* Liu Heng, &amp;quot;Dogshit Food&amp;quot; [366-78]; scars literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Yan Lianke, &amp;quot;Black Bristle, White Bristles&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Scar Literature After &amp;quot;the Cultural Revolution&amp;quot;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Master narrators Mo Yan, Yu Hua, Jia Pingwa, Wang Shuo =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mo Yan]] 莫言 by Corinne B.&lt;br /&gt;
: His story: &amp;quot;Old Gun&amp;quot; [in China: A Traveler's Literary Companion], novel 生死疲勞 &amp;quot;Life and Death are Wearing me out&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Yu Hua]], &amp;quot;Brothers&amp;quot; by David 06:48, 5 December 2012 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
* Jia Pingwa&lt;br /&gt;
* Wang Shuo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Contemporary Women authors =&lt;br /&gt;
* Bi Shumin (毕淑敏), 女儿拳 Women’s boxing, 女心理师 The female psychologist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Avant-garde literature and post-socialist present =&lt;br /&gt;
* Su Tong, &amp;quot;Escape&amp;quot; [445-54];&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Hua, &amp;quot;On the Road at Eighteen&amp;quot; [439-44]&lt;br /&gt;
** modern Chinese literary life, such as publishing in journals and newspaper supplements, working within literary societies or associations, and dealing with censorship&lt;br /&gt;
* Gu Cheng, Mang Ke, Bei Dao: Poets of the Obscure School since the 1980s&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Taiwan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhang Dachun, &amp;quot;Lucky Worries About His Country&amp;quot; (403-416)&lt;br /&gt;
* Zhu Tianwen, &amp;quot;Fin de Siècle Splendor&amp;quot; [388-402]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Longing for something literature I: Historicizing, II: Tibet Exotism =&lt;br /&gt;
* Yu Dan 于丹, 《论语》心得 Confucius in your heart, Yi Zhongtian (易中天)&lt;br /&gt;
* Alai&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Megacity Literature II - Peking and Vagabound Literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Xu Zechen (徐则臣), 跑步穿过中关村 Peking double quick&lt;br /&gt;
* Liu Zhenyun (刘震云), 我叫刘跃 The pickpockets&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Between cult and celebrity =&lt;br /&gt;
* Cult author Guo Jingming&lt;br /&gt;
** Book series &amp;quot;Bestseller&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
** Guo Jingming (郭敬明), 悲伤逆流成河 Cry me a sad river&lt;br /&gt;
* Cult author Mian Mian&lt;br /&gt;
** Mian Mian (棉棉), 声名狼籍 Panda Sex&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Critical surrealist Han Han, young authors =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Han Han]] by Matt S.&lt;br /&gt;
:Triple door&lt;br /&gt;
:His Land&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Blog, Web and Fan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Blogs (blog literature?), from web to paper literature&lt;br /&gt;
* Ai Weiwei, Han Han, Annie Baobei&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Fan literature =&lt;br /&gt;
* Web literature portal qidian.com&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mark</name></author>
	</entry>
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