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2022-06-30T16:36:50Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas */

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==

===History===

The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

===Basic production process===

The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:
1.Bamboo is selected.
2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.
3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.
4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===

====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====

In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.

====Hakka second burial funerals====

Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig the old burial and enter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned.

====Hakka dance ceremony====

"Umbrella Dance" is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka Clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with "tea leaf drama" and "mountain song".

====Engagement present of the Yao people====

In the population of Yao located in Longhui County of Hunan, oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride.

====Funerals of the Dai people====

Dai people located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called "嘎拉沙" (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven. This type of umbrella is still available in a village today.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in China===

The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas are mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Romance of the Western Chamber. Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity.

====Yuhang, Zhejiang====

In Yuhang District, Zhejiang, oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (1769), by Dong Wenyuan, who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles.

In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established "Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction.

On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the oil-paper umbrella in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a "canvas" for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan, Chen Yue Xiang, Shen Lihua, and Sun Shuigen prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact (Antiquities Act[1]).

Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons,[2] which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella.

====Hunan====

Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha, Hunan province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恒泰纸伞店, Which is named after Tao Jiqiao, who established the shop during the Qing dynasty.

In 1900, Liang Jingting, who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San. It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The beautiful name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing (潘馈清) brothers started a factory called Feifei San (菲菲伞) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She(靖港雨伞社; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè) was abolished, and Taohengmao (陶恒茂) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated.

The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials.

====Taiwan====

Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin Agui and Wu Zhenxing invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called "廣" (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.

In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (广进胜) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin Xianglin and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De, have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in foreign countries===

====Japan====

Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa, and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa. The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period to Edo period.

====Tailand====

Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories.

===References===

1. The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Pub.L. 59–209, 34 Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906.

2."Hiromi Paper International". hiromipaper.com.

===Terms===

1.Yun:云氏

2.Lu Ban:鲁班

3.Washi:和纸

4.Hakka:客家人

5."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations":雨伞手工业合作社

6.Lianghongfa San:梁宏发伞

7.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San:湘潭木屐靖港油伞

8.wagasa:(Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"

9.janomegasa:(Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"

===Questions===

1.What did people in Song Dynasty commonly call the oil-paper umbrella?

2.What are the general production procedures of oil-paper umbrellas?

3.Why do Dai People use oil-paper umbrellas in funerals?

4.What is wagasa?

===Answers===

1.It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella".

2.First, bamboo is selected.Then, the bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Next, Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

3.Because the Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven.

4.Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

===The Definition of Yuan Drama===

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singly as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

===The Rise and development of Yuan Drama===

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

===Yuan Drama System===

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

===Representatives of Yuan Drama===

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

===Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama===

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

===Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama===

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

===Reference===

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

===Terms and Expressions===

poetic drama 杂剧

non-dramatic song 散曲

temple宫调

Zheng Gong 正宫

Zhonglu Gong 中吕宫

Nanlu Gong 南吕宫

Xianlu Gong 仙吕宫

Huangzhong Gong 黄钟宫

Damian tone 大面调

Double tone 双调

Shang tone 商调

Yue tone 越调

Qupai 曲牌

Dot the red lip 点绛唇

Shan Po Yang 山坡羊

Rhyme 曲韵

Level and oblique tones 平仄

Antithesis 对仗

two-word pair 两字对

end-to-end pair 首尾对

serif pair 衬字对

Four Greats of Yuan Drama 元曲四大家

Qu sheng 曲圣

Snow in Summer《窦娥冤》

Xiaoling 小令

Rescued by a courtesan《救风尘》

River-veiwing Pavilion《望江亭》

Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion《拜月亭》

Han Gong Qiu《汉宫秋》

famous in the world and amaze boudoir 名闻天下，声振闺阁

Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover《倩女离魂》

Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun《墙头马上》

===Questions===

1.What is Yuan drama?

2.How many periods had Yuan drama experienced during its development?

3.What are the six aspects embodying the system of Yuan drama?

4.Who are the "four greats of Yuan drama"?

5.What are the four tragedies of Yuan drama?

6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

'''1.A Brief Introduction'''

The Erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

'''2.The Development of Erhu'''

The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.

During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers; during the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development; during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing; during Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread; during this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.

After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

'''3.Construction'''

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:

Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.

Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.

Qín gan (琴杆), neck.

Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.

Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs

Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook

Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player

Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4

Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood

Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension

Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound

Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

'''4.Playing Technique'''

(1)Tuning

The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.

(2)Position

The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.

(3)Right hand

The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.

(4)Left hand

The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

'''5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics'''

(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》

(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》

(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》

(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》

(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》

(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》

(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》

(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》

(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）

(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

'''Reference'''
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Erhu--Wikipedia

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

'''Ⅰ Foreword'''

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, people' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

'''Ⅱ Overview'''

1.Views on Marriage and Love at Ancient Times

1.1 the ancient abnormal phenomenon of love

True love only happens in more special intimate relationships. Just like a very pleasing ancient love novel, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai two people love each other to the end, both died in love, this is not a beautiful love? You may find that true love in traditional love tends to break the rules, and is more likely to occur when there is a conflict of status or class between two people, and the result of such a relationship is not adultery, but elopement or even martyrdom.

As I said, these are still in the drama. They are people's ideal love stories and real stories. For example, the story of Zhuo Wenjun and Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty.

1.2 illegality of eloping

Sima Xiangru, Zhuo Wenjun and other elopements were not justified in ancient marriage norms. In ancient times, people respected the etiquette and customs of marriage, and so on. Eloping with another woman, falling in love, is a rare behavior. A normal marriage is one of matching families, bearing children, carrying on the family line, supporting husband and educating children. So in a traditional marriage, love is an anomaly. In ancient times, love was too extreme. Either two people lived a happy life, or both people died in love, just like the love story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. They loved each other very much, but in our modern view of love, this is a very extreme approach.

2.Views on Marriage and Love in Modern Times

2.1 the normalization trend of love concepts

Love has few elements in a Chinese marriage. For them, the Chinese view of love and marriage is still based on the traditional concept of marriage. You may not have noticed that in modern times, after the widespread practice of monogamy in the 1950s, our Chinese concept of love changed a lot. For example, the word "love" began at that time, that is, since then, there has been a general understanding that in the process of getting to know each other and falling in love, one should first fall in love, even if they have been talking for several years, one should not get married.

Therefore, in modern Chinese marriage, love has become a necessity of life and a factor that people attach great importance to when getting married. In this respect, the biggest difference between Chinese modern marriage and traditional marriage. After the 1950s, free love, free marriage and free divorce became the mainstream ideology.

2.2 freedom of divorce

As far as the freedom of divorce is concerned, attitudes are also changing. The definition of "wrongful marriage" is that the court will only give a divorce if one of the parties to the marriage has a wrongful marriage, such as desertion, domestic violence, affairs, etc. After a series of struggles, people from the fault divorce law to no fault divorce law. When we talk about no-fault divorce, it means that there is no fault in the couple, but they can divorce as long as the relationship breaks down.

When the Marriage Act was enacted in 1950, our country came into being in one step. The reasons for civil divorce in China are as follows: if the relationship between the two parties is broken, the marriage relationship can be dissolved; Emotional breakdown is a sufficient ground for divorce. Western countries have been striving for fault-free divorce. From the perspective of marriage reasons, the emotional factors of husband and wife have occupied a very important position. Since ancient times, the change of marriage form from traditional to modern is delightful.

'''Ⅲ Changes'''

1.mate selection views

In ancient times, the most typical ideal marriage was "matching family status", in which the economic strength and social status of the male and female were equal, and personal feelings were not included in the marriage criteria. Nowadays, people's view of mate selection and external conditions such as family rank and property have gradually changed to internal qualities such as personal feelings and knowledge.

2. celibacy

In ancient times, the principle of male master outside and female master inside was followed, but with the liberation of women's thought, the competition between men and women in the profession became increasingly fierce, resulting in more and more single women. In western countries such as Britain and France, there has been a rise in the prevalence of celibacy and a falling birth rate, according to reports. And the single with female intellectuals in the majority, female single people think, life is not designed for fertility, people's life should take career as the most important.

3. marriage autonomy

In ancient times, marriage emphasized the order of parents, matchmakers, three wives and four concubines, etc., while modern marriage proposed monogamy, against taking concubines, women's economic independence, freedom of love, freedom of marriage, freedom of divorce and other attitudes. In some developed areas, some celebrities and elegant people regard free marriage as a virtue, and they should pay attention to civilization in form.

4. the age of first marriage

In ancient times, men and women generally married at the age of 14 or 15. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, feminism rose, and women's ideas changed after they studied, resulting in the phenomenon of delayed marriage. The general decline of the rural economy in the late 1920s also helped to curb traditional early marriages.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==

'''Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meanings of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China. [1]

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also sent them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors. [2]

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [3]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.

Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[4]

'''Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[5]

'''Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern tang yuan flavors can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage. [6]

'''Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

Terms and Expressions

glutinous rice flour 糯米粉

The Winter Solstice 冬至

winter solstice dumpling 冬至团

Ling Tangyuan 凌汤圆

Five-colored Tangyuan 五色汤圆

4-flavor Tangyuan 四式汤圆

Sisters’ Tangyuan姐妹汤圆

Chicken Tangyuan 鸡肉汤圆

nutlet果仁

sesame 芝麻

osmanthus flowers桂花

jujube paste枣泥

Questions

1. What implied meanings does Tangyuan have?

2. When and where was Tangyuan originally developed?

3. What does the fundamental difference between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao lie in?

4. Which place serves five-colored Tangyuan?

5. When did the style of 4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province originate?

6. Which filling of Tangyuan do you like? Sweet or savory?

References

[1]百度百科汤圆 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%9C%86/1333352#reference-[2]-16853831-wrap

[2]冬至吃汤圆的由来和寓意https://www.5068.com/jierizhishi/a243416.html

[3][5] Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[4][6] Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

1.Introduction
Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.
Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.

2.Sichuan golden monkeys
Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word "golden silk", the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.
Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species

In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of "The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey". As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of "China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card" is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.

3.Guizhou golden monkeys
Guizhou golden monkey is also known as "grey snub-nosed monkey". However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it "oxtail monkey". Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called "snub-nosed monkey".
Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as "the only child in the world".
Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the "flavor" of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.

4.Yunnan golden monkeys
Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable "flaming red lip". In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.
They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the "snow Mountain spirit", mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where "three rivers flow simultaneously" in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.
Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.
The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.

Terms and expressions
Simiidaen. 类人猿科
Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴
Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴
Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴
Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴
Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴

Questions
How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?
What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?
How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?
Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?
What animal looks most like a human?

References
[1] 杨敬元美丽中国 Beautiful China
[2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发
[3] 徐元锋曾智慧特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴
[4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”
[5] 百度百科

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

'''1. Brief Introduction to Some Rich Businessmen'''

1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden
Net worth: $33.1 billion
Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.
Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.

2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com
Net worth: $23.5 billion
Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.

3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group
Net worth: $21.3 billion
Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.

4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance
Net worth: $16.2 billion
37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.
Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.

5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education
Net worth: $14 billion
With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.

6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian
Net worth: $8.8 billion
39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.

7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen
Net worth: $6.4 billion
Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.

8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell
Net worth: $5.3 billion
Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.

9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea
Net worth: $4.9 billion
New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.

10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.8 billion
Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.

11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker
Net worth: $3.7 billion
Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.

12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto
Net worth: $3.5 billion
Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.

13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&F
Net worth: $3.45 billion
Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.

14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.

15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.

16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.

17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi
Net worth: $2.8 billion
37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.
Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.

18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY
Net worth: $2.6 billion
Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.

19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.

20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.

'''2. Main Reasons '''

From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”, two features of demographic transition have also been a powerful driver of China’s growth in the past three and a half decades. The first feature is a favorable dependency ratio. China’s sharp decline in fertility rate has meant fewer young dependents to support for a given size of the working cohort. The fraction of primeage people in total population rose steadily for three decades, creating an unusually large demographic dividend, which in turn contributed to economic growth (Cai and Wang 2008; Wei 2015).

The second feature of demography that affects growth is the gender ratio imbalance of the premarital cohort. This less-studied factor may have a quantitatively significant effect as well. The one-child policy (now it is abolished) has yielded an unintended consequence in distorting the sex ratio in favor of boys. As the one-child generation enters the marriageable age, young men face a very competitive marriage market. In order to attract potential brides, families with sons choose to work harder, save more, and take on more risks, including exhibiting a higher propensity to be entrepreneurs (Wei and Zhang 2011a, b; Chang and Zhang 2015; Wei, Zhang, and Liu forthcoming). It is estimated that increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances has contributed to about two percentage points of economic growth per year (Wei and Zhang 2011b).

The innovation, especially in technology, brings huge profit to the economy. However, it also make giant bubbles.

'''Words and Expressions'''
shareholder 股东
ByteDance 字节跳动
e-commerce 电商

'''Questions'''

1. Who founded JD.com?

2. Who married Qiangdong Liu?

3. Is ByteDance the same thing as Tiktok?

4. Does Jay Chou play Kuaishou?

5. Has increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances contributed to economic growth per year?

'''Answers'''

1. Qiangdong Liu

2. Zetian Zhang

3. No

4. Yes

5. Yes

'''References'''

1. Mengjun Yang, Shilin Zheng, Lin Zhou. 2022. Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China
Economic Review 74, 101802.
2. Yue Hua, Yue Lu, Ruili Zhao. 2022. Global value chain engagement and air pollution: Evidence from
Chinese firms. Journal of Economic Surveys 36:3, 708-727.
3. Rui Chen. 2022. The effects of green credit policy on the formation of zombie firms: evidence from
Chinese listed firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32.
4.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/chinas-youngest-richest-billionaires-and-how-they-made-their-money.html

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==

===Survey===
Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.
Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.

===Jin Opera===
Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.
Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.
The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.
They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.
Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.
In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.
The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of "three big doors" (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and "three small doors" (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).

===Henan Opera===
Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.
Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.
Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.

===Yue Opera===
Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).
The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the "Little Hundred Flowers" troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.
Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.

===Huangmei Opera===
Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.
The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.
Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.
At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.

===Pingju Opera===
Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.
The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.
The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.
With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.

===Terms and Expressions===
Peking Opera 京剧

Bang Zi 梆子

Middle Opera 中戏

Inner Mongolia 内蒙古

The River Weishui 《渭水河》

Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》

The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》

The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》

The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》

Yangko 秧歌

Three big doors 三大门

Xu Sheng 须生

Zheng Dan 正旦

Big Flower Face 大花脸

Three small doors 三小门

Xiao Sheng 小生

Xiao Dan 小旦

Small Flower Face 小花脸

Henan Gaodiao 河南高调

Kunqu Drama 昆曲

Shao Opera 绍戏

Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏

Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》

===Questions===

1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?

2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?

3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.

4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?

5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?

6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?

===Answers===

1. Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera.

2. Three big doors (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and three small doors (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).

3. Qin Xianglian, Peach Blossom Nun, Mu Guiying in Command, Hua Mulan, etc.

4. It is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics.

5. Huangmei County, Hubei Province.

6. It is a dynamic stage performance, which reflects on life and expresses reality.

===References===

[1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.

[2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.

[3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.

[4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.

[5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.

[6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.

[7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.

[8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.

[9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.

[10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==
Brief Introduction

Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the "five major opera genres in China", and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.
Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song "Matching of Heavenly Fairies" has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas.
On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.

Origin

The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.

Development

Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera." Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. "Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set" defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: "Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the "Golden Triangle" of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the "opera nest".

Costume

Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.

Artistic features

The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.

Tune

Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities ("colorful cavity", "fairy cavity", "Yin Si cavity" three cavities collectively).

The main cadence of Huangmei opera

The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the "flower cavity" and both the characteristics of the two systems "three cavities".
The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.

Huangmei opera's flower cadence

Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the "flower cavity" cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.

Classical Works

Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are "the fairy match" "cowherd and weaving maiden" "the story of the Sophora" "the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse" "the couple watching the lantern" "hitting pig grass" and so on. One of the most famous is the "match of the immortals", tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.

References

1. 百度百科黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin
2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8
3. "Huangmei opera". China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.

Culture 2022 2

2022-06-30T16:22:29Z

Ou Xinyu: /* References */

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==

===History===

The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

===Basic production process===

The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:
1.Bamboo is selected.
2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.
3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.
4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===

====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====

In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.

====Hakka second burial funerals====

Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig the old burial and enter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned.

====Hakka dance ceremony====

"Umbrella Dance" is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka Clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with "tea leaf drama" and "mountain song".

====Engagement present of the Yao people====

In the population of Yao located in Longhui County of Hunan, oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride.

====Funerals of the Dai people====

Dai people located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called "嘎拉沙" (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven. This type of umbrella is still available in a village today.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in China===

The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas are mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Romance of the Western Chamber. Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity.

====Yuhang, Zhejiang====

In Yuhang District, Zhejiang, oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (1769), by Dong Wenyuan, who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles.

In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established "Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction.

On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the oil-paper umbrella in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a "canvas" for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan, Chen Yue Xiang, Shen Lihua, and Sun Shuigen prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact (Antiquities Act[1]).

Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons,[2] which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella.

====Hunan====

Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha, Hunan province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恒泰纸伞店, Which is named after Tao Jiqiao, who established the shop during the Qing dynasty.

In 1900, Liang Jingting, who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San. It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The beautiful name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing (潘馈清) brothers started a factory called Feifei San (菲菲伞) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She(靖港雨伞社; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè) was abolished, and Taohengmao (陶恒茂) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated.

The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials.

====Taiwan====

Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin Agui and Wu Zhenxing invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called "廣" (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.

In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (广进胜) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin Xianglin and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De, have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in foreign countries===

====Japan====

Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa, and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa. The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period to Edo period.

====Tailand====

Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories.

===References===

1. The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Pub.L. 59–209, 34 Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906.

2."Hiromi Paper International". hiromipaper.com.

===Terms===

1.Yun:云氏

2.Lu Ban:鲁班

3.Washi:和纸

4.Hakka:客家人

5."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations":雨伞手工业合作社

6.Lianghongfa San:梁宏发伞

7.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San:湘潭木屐靖港油伞

8.wagasa:(Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"

9.janomegasa:(Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"

===Questions===

1.What did people in Song Dynasty commonly call the oil-paper umbrella?

2.What are the general production procedures of oil-paper umbrellas?

3.Why do Dai People use oil-paper umbrellas in funerals?

4.What is wagasa?

===Answers===

1.It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella".

2.First, bamboo is selected.Then, the bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Next, Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

3.Because the Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven.

4.Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

===The Definition of Yuan Drama===

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singly as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

===The Rise and development of Yuan Drama===

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

===Yuan Drama System===

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

===Representatives of Yuan Drama===

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

===Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama===

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

===Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama===

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

===Reference===

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

===Terms and Expressions===

poetic drama 杂剧

non-dramatic song 散曲

temple宫调

Zheng Gong 正宫

Zhonglu Gong 中吕宫

Nanlu Gong 南吕宫

Xianlu Gong 仙吕宫

Huangzhong Gong 黄钟宫

Damian tone 大面调

Double tone 双调

Shang tone 商调

Yue tone 越调

Qupai 曲牌

Dot the red lip 点绛唇

Shan Po Yang 山坡羊

Rhyme 曲韵

Level and oblique tones 平仄

Antithesis 对仗

two-word pair 两字对

end-to-end pair 首尾对

serif pair 衬字对

Four Greats of Yuan Drama 元曲四大家

Qu sheng 曲圣

Snow in Summer《窦娥冤》

Xiaoling 小令

Rescued by a courtesan《救风尘》

River-veiwing Pavilion《望江亭》

Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion《拜月亭》

Han Gong Qiu《汉宫秋》

famous in the world and amaze boudoir 名闻天下，声振闺阁

Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover《倩女离魂》

Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun《墙头马上》

===Questions===

1.What is Yuan drama?

2.How many periods had Yuan drama experienced during its development?

3.What are the six aspects embodying the system of Yuan drama?

4.Who are the "four greats of Yuan drama"?

5.What are the four tragedies of Yuan drama?

6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

'''1.A Brief Introduction'''

The Erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

'''2.The Development of Erhu'''

The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.

During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers; during the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development; during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing; during Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread; during this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.

After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

'''3.Construction'''

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:

Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.

Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.

Qín gan (琴杆), neck.

Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.

Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs

Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook

Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player

Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4

Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood

Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension

Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound

Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

'''4.Playing Technique'''

(1)Tuning

The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.

(2)Position

The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.

(3)Right hand

The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.

(4)Left hand

The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

'''5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics'''

(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》

(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》

(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》

(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》

(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》

(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》

(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》

(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》

(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）

(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

'''Reference'''
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Erhu--Wikipedia

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

'''Ⅰ Foreword'''

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, people' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

'''Ⅱ Overview'''

1.Views on Marriage and Love at Ancient Times

1.1 the ancient abnormal phenomenon of love

True love only happens in more special intimate relationships. Just like a very pleasing ancient love novel, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai two people love each other to the end, both died in love, this is not a beautiful love? You may find that true love in traditional love tends to break the rules, and is more likely to occur when there is a conflict of status or class between two people, and the result of such a relationship is not adultery, but elopement or even martyrdom.

As I said, these are still in the drama. They are people's ideal love stories and real stories. For example, the story of Zhuo Wenjun and Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty.

1.2 illegality of eloping

Sima Xiangru, Zhuo Wenjun and other elopements were not justified in ancient marriage norms. In ancient times, people respected the etiquette and customs of marriage, and so on. Eloping with another woman, falling in love, is a rare behavior. A normal marriage is one of matching families, bearing children, carrying on the family line, supporting husband and educating children. So in a traditional marriage, love is an anomaly. In ancient times, love was too extreme. Either two people lived a happy life, or both people died in love, just like the love story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. They loved each other very much, but in our modern view of love, this is a very extreme approach.

2.Views on Marriage and Love in Modern Times

2.1 the normalization trend of love concepts

Love has few elements in a Chinese marriage. For them, the Chinese view of love and marriage is still based on the traditional concept of marriage. You may not have noticed that in modern times, after the widespread practice of monogamy in the 1950s, our Chinese concept of love changed a lot. For example, the word "love" began at that time, that is, since then, there has been a general understanding that in the process of getting to know each other and falling in love, one should first fall in love, even if they have been talking for several years, one should not get married.

Therefore, in modern Chinese marriage, love has become a necessity of life and a factor that people attach great importance to when getting married. In this respect, the biggest difference between Chinese modern marriage and traditional marriage. After the 1950s, free love, free marriage and free divorce became the mainstream ideology.

2.2 freedom of divorce

As far as the freedom of divorce is concerned, attitudes are also changing. The definition of "wrongful marriage" is that the court will only give a divorce if one of the parties to the marriage has a wrongful marriage, such as desertion, domestic violence, affairs, etc. After a series of struggles, people from the fault divorce law to no fault divorce law. When we talk about no-fault divorce, it means that there is no fault in the couple, but they can divorce as long as the relationship breaks down.

When the Marriage Act was enacted in 1950, our country came into being in one step. The reasons for civil divorce in China are as follows: if the relationship between the two parties is broken, the marriage relationship can be dissolved; Emotional breakdown is a sufficient ground for divorce. Western countries have been striving for fault-free divorce. From the perspective of marriage reasons, the emotional factors of husband and wife have occupied a very important position. Since ancient times, the change of marriage form from traditional to modern is delightful.

'''Ⅲ Changes'''

1.mate selection views

In ancient times, the most typical ideal marriage was "matching family status", in which the economic strength and social status of the male and female were equal, and personal feelings were not included in the marriage criteria. Nowadays, people's view of mate selection and external conditions such as family rank and property have gradually changed to internal qualities such as personal feelings and knowledge.

2. celibacy

In ancient times, the principle of male master outside and female master inside was followed, but with the liberation of women's thought, the competition between men and women in the profession became increasingly fierce, resulting in more and more single women. In western countries such as Britain and France, there has been a rise in the prevalence of celibacy and a falling birth rate, according to reports. And the single with female intellectuals in the majority, female single people think, life is not designed for fertility, people's life should take career as the most important.

3. marriage autonomy

In ancient times, marriage emphasized the order of parents, matchmakers, three wives and four concubines, etc., while modern marriage proposed monogamy, against taking concubines, women's economic independence, freedom of love, freedom of marriage, freedom of divorce and other attitudes. In some developed areas, some celebrities and elegant people regard free marriage as a virtue, and they should pay attention to civilization in form.

4. the age of first marriage

In ancient times, men and women generally married at the age of 14 or 15. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, feminism rose, and women's ideas changed after they studied, resulting in the phenomenon of delayed marriage. The general decline of the rural economy in the late 1920s also helped to curb traditional early marriages.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==

'''Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meanings of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China. [1]

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also sent them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors. [2]

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [3]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.

Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[4]

'''Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[5]

'''Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern tang yuan flavors can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage. [6]

'''Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

Terms and Expressions

glutinous rice flour 糯米粉

The Winter Solstice 冬至

winter solstice dumpling 冬至团

Ling Tangyuan 凌汤圆

Five-colored Tangyuan 五色汤圆

4-flavor Tangyuan 四式汤圆

Sisters’ Tangyuan姐妹汤圆

Chicken Tangyuan 鸡肉汤圆

nutlet果仁

sesame 芝麻

osmanthus flowers桂花

jujube paste枣泥

Questions

1. What implied meanings does Tangyuan have?

2. When and where was Tangyuan originally developed?

3. What does the fundamental difference between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao lie in?

4. Which place serves five-colored Tangyuan?

5. When did the style of 4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province originate?

6. Which filling of Tangyuan do you like? Sweet or savory?

References

[1]百度百科汤圆 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%9C%86/1333352#reference-[2]-16853831-wrap

[2]冬至吃汤圆的由来和寓意https://www.5068.com/jierizhishi/a243416.html

[3][5] Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[4][6] Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

1.Introduction
Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.
Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.

2.Sichuan golden monkeys
Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word "golden silk", the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.
Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species

In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of "The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey". As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of "China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card" is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.

3.Guizhou golden monkeys
Guizhou golden monkey is also known as "grey snub-nosed monkey". However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it "oxtail monkey". Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called "snub-nosed monkey".
Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as "the only child in the world".
Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the "flavor" of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.

4.Yunnan golden monkeys
Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable "flaming red lip". In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.
They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the "snow Mountain spirit", mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where "three rivers flow simultaneously" in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.
Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.
The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.

Terms and expressions
Simiidaen. 类人猿科
Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴
Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴
Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴
Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴
Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴

Questions
How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?
What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?
How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?
Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?
What animal looks most like a human?

References
[1] 杨敬元美丽中国 Beautiful China
[2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发
[3] 徐元锋曾智慧特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴
[4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”
[5] 百度百科

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

'''1. Brief Introduction to Some Rich Businessmen'''

1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden
Net worth: $33.1 billion
Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.
Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.

2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com
Net worth: $23.5 billion
Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.

3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group
Net worth: $21.3 billion
Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.

4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance
Net worth: $16.2 billion
37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.
Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.

5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education
Net worth: $14 billion
With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.

6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian
Net worth: $8.8 billion
39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.

7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen
Net worth: $6.4 billion
Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.

8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell
Net worth: $5.3 billion
Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.

9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea
Net worth: $4.9 billion
New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.

10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.8 billion
Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.

11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker
Net worth: $3.7 billion
Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.

12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto
Net worth: $3.5 billion
Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.

13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&F
Net worth: $3.45 billion
Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.

14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.

15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.

16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.

17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi
Net worth: $2.8 billion
37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.
Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.

18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY
Net worth: $2.6 billion
Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.

19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.

20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.

'''2. Main Reasons '''

From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”, two features of demographic transition have also been a powerful driver of China’s growth in the past three and a half decades. The first feature is a favorable dependency ratio. China’s sharp decline in fertility rate has meant fewer young dependents to support for a given size of the working cohort. The fraction of primeage people in total population rose steadily for three decades, creating an unusually large demographic dividend, which in turn contributed to economic growth (Cai and Wang 2008; Wei 2015).

The second feature of demography that affects growth is the gender ratio imbalance of the premarital cohort. This less-studied factor may have a quantitatively significant effect as well. The one-child policy (now it is abolished) has yielded an unintended consequence in distorting the sex ratio in favor of boys. As the one-child generation enters the marriageable age, young men face a very competitive marriage market. In order to attract potential brides, families with sons choose to work harder, save more, and take on more risks, including exhibiting a higher propensity to be entrepreneurs (Wei and Zhang 2011a, b; Chang and Zhang 2015; Wei, Zhang, and Liu forthcoming). It is estimated that increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances has contributed to about two percentage points of economic growth per year (Wei and Zhang 2011b).

The innovation, especially in technology, brings huge profit to the economy. However, it also make giant bubbles.

'''Words and Expressions'''
shareholder 股东
ByteDance 字节跳动
e-commerce 电商

'''Questions'''

1. Who founded JD.com?

2. Who married Qiangdong Liu?

3. Is ByteDance the same thing as Tiktok?

4. Does Jay Chou play Kuaishou?

5. Has increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances contributed to economic growth per year?

'''Answers'''

1. Qiangdong Liu

2. Zetian Zhang

3. No

4. Yes

5. Yes

'''References'''

1. Mengjun Yang, Shilin Zheng, Lin Zhou. 2022. Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China
Economic Review 74, 101802.
2. Yue Hua, Yue Lu, Ruili Zhao. 2022. Global value chain engagement and air pollution: Evidence from
Chinese firms. Journal of Economic Surveys 36:3, 708-727.
3. Rui Chen. 2022. The effects of green credit policy on the formation of zombie firms: evidence from
Chinese listed firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32.
4.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/chinas-youngest-richest-billionaires-and-how-they-made-their-money.html

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==

===Survey===
Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.
Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.

===Jin Opera===
Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.
Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.
The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.
They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.
Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.
In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.
The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of "three big doors" (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and "three small doors" (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).

===Henan Opera===
Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.
Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.
Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.

===Yue Opera===
Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).
The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the "Little Hundred Flowers" troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.
Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.

===Huangmei Opera===
Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.
The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.
Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.
At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.

===Pingju Opera===
Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.
The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.
The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.
With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.

===Terms and Expressions===
Peking Opera 京剧

Bang Zi 梆子

Middle Opera 中戏

Inner Mongolia 内蒙古

The River Weishui 《渭水河》

Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》

The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》

The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》

The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》

Yangko 秧歌

Three big doors 三大门

Xu Sheng 须生

Zheng Dan 正旦

Big Flower Face 大花脸

Three small doors 三小门

Xiao Sheng 小生

Xiao Dan 小旦

Small Flower Face 小花脸

Henan Gaodiao 河南高调

Kunqu Drama 昆曲

Shao Opera 绍戏

Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏

Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》

===Questions===
1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?

2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?

3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.

4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?

5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?

6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?

===References===

[1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.

[2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.

[3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.

[4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.

[5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.

[6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.

[7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.

[8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.

[9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.

[10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==
Brief Introduction

Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the "five major opera genres in China", and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.
Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song "Matching of Heavenly Fairies" has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas.
On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.

Origin

The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.

Development

Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera." Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. "Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set" defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: "Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the "Golden Triangle" of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the "opera nest".

Costume

Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.

Artistic features

The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.

Tune

Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities ("colorful cavity", "fairy cavity", "Yin Si cavity" three cavities collectively).

The main cadence of Huangmei opera

The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the "flower cavity" and both the characteristics of the two systems "three cavities".
The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.

Huangmei opera's flower cadence

Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the "flower cavity" cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.

Classical Works

Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are "the fairy match" "cowherd and weaving maiden" "the story of the Sophora" "the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse" "the couple watching the lantern" "hitting pig grass" and so on. One of the most famous is the "match of the immortals", tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.

References

1. 百度百科黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin
2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8
3. "Huangmei opera". China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.

Culture 2022 2

2022-06-30T16:21:18Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Questions */

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==

===History===

The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

===Basic production process===

The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:
1.Bamboo is selected.
2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.
3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.
4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===

====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====

In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.

====Hakka second burial funerals====

Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig the old burial and enter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned.

====Hakka dance ceremony====

"Umbrella Dance" is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka Clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with "tea leaf drama" and "mountain song".

====Engagement present of the Yao people====

In the population of Yao located in Longhui County of Hunan, oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride.

====Funerals of the Dai people====

Dai people located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called "嘎拉沙" (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven. This type of umbrella is still available in a village today.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in China===

The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas are mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Romance of the Western Chamber. Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity.

====Yuhang, Zhejiang====

In Yuhang District, Zhejiang, oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (1769), by Dong Wenyuan, who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles.

In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established "Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction.

On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the oil-paper umbrella in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a "canvas" for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan, Chen Yue Xiang, Shen Lihua, and Sun Shuigen prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact (Antiquities Act[1]).

Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons,[2] which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella.

====Hunan====

Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha, Hunan province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恒泰纸伞店, Which is named after Tao Jiqiao, who established the shop during the Qing dynasty.

In 1900, Liang Jingting, who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San. It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The beautiful name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing (潘馈清) brothers started a factory called Feifei San (菲菲伞) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She(靖港雨伞社; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè) was abolished, and Taohengmao (陶恒茂) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated.

The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials.

====Taiwan====

Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin Agui and Wu Zhenxing invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called "廣" (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.

In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (广进胜) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin Xianglin and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De, have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in foreign countries===

====Japan====

Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa, and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa. The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period to Edo period.

====Tailand====

Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories.

===References===

1. The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Pub.L. 59–209, 34 Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906.

2."Hiromi Paper International". hiromipaper.com.

===Terms===

1.Yun:云氏

2.Lu Ban:鲁班

3.Washi:和纸

4.Hakka:客家人

5."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations":雨伞手工业合作社

6.Lianghongfa San:梁宏发伞

7.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San:湘潭木屐靖港油伞

8.wagasa:(Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"

9.janomegasa:(Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"

===Questions===

1.What did people in Song Dynasty commonly call the oil-paper umbrella?

2.What are the general production procedures of oil-paper umbrellas?

3.Why do Dai People use oil-paper umbrellas in funerals?

4.What is wagasa?

===Answers===

1.It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella".

2.First, bamboo is selected.Then, the bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Next, Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

3.Because the Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven.

4.Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

===The Definition of Yuan Drama===

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singly as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

===The Rise and development of Yuan Drama===

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

===Yuan Drama System===

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

===Representatives of Yuan Drama===

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

===Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama===

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

===Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama===

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

===Reference===

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

===Terms and Expressions===

poetic drama 杂剧

non-dramatic song 散曲

temple宫调

Zheng Gong 正宫

Zhonglu Gong 中吕宫

Nanlu Gong 南吕宫

Xianlu Gong 仙吕宫

Huangzhong Gong 黄钟宫

Damian tone 大面调

Double tone 双调

Shang tone 商调

Yue tone 越调

Qupai 曲牌

Dot the red lip 点绛唇

Shan Po Yang 山坡羊

Rhyme 曲韵

Level and oblique tones 平仄

Antithesis 对仗

two-word pair 两字对

end-to-end pair 首尾对

serif pair 衬字对

Four Greats of Yuan Drama 元曲四大家

Qu sheng 曲圣

Snow in Summer《窦娥冤》

Xiaoling 小令

Rescued by a courtesan《救风尘》

River-veiwing Pavilion《望江亭》

Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion《拜月亭》

Han Gong Qiu《汉宫秋》

famous in the world and amaze boudoir 名闻天下，声振闺阁

Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover《倩女离魂》

Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun《墙头马上》

===Questions===

1.What is Yuan drama?

2.How many periods had Yuan drama experienced during its development?

3.What are the six aspects embodying the system of Yuan drama?

4.Who are the "four greats of Yuan drama"?

5.What are the four tragedies of Yuan drama?

6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

'''1.A Brief Introduction'''

The Erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

'''2.The Development of Erhu'''

The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.

During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers; during the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development; during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing; during Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread; during this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.

After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

'''3.Construction'''

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:

Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.

Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.

Qín gan (琴杆), neck.

Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.

Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs

Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook

Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player

Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4

Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood

Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension

Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound

Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

'''4.Playing Technique'''

(1)Tuning

The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.

(2)Position

The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.

(3)Right hand

The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.

(4)Left hand

The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

'''5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics'''

(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》

(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》

(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》

(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》

(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》

(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》

(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》

(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》

(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）

(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

'''Reference'''
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Erhu--Wikipedia

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

'''Ⅰ Foreword'''

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, people' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

'''Ⅱ Overview'''

1.Views on Marriage and Love at Ancient Times

1.1 the ancient abnormal phenomenon of love

True love only happens in more special intimate relationships. Just like a very pleasing ancient love novel, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai two people love each other to the end, both died in love, this is not a beautiful love? You may find that true love in traditional love tends to break the rules, and is more likely to occur when there is a conflict of status or class between two people, and the result of such a relationship is not adultery, but elopement or even martyrdom.

As I said, these are still in the drama. They are people's ideal love stories and real stories. For example, the story of Zhuo Wenjun and Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty.

1.2 illegality of eloping

Sima Xiangru, Zhuo Wenjun and other elopements were not justified in ancient marriage norms. In ancient times, people respected the etiquette and customs of marriage, and so on. Eloping with another woman, falling in love, is a rare behavior. A normal marriage is one of matching families, bearing children, carrying on the family line, supporting husband and educating children. So in a traditional marriage, love is an anomaly. In ancient times, love was too extreme. Either two people lived a happy life, or both people died in love, just like the love story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. They loved each other very much, but in our modern view of love, this is a very extreme approach.

2.Views on Marriage and Love in Modern Times

2.1 the normalization trend of love concepts

Love has few elements in a Chinese marriage. For them, the Chinese view of love and marriage is still based on the traditional concept of marriage. You may not have noticed that in modern times, after the widespread practice of monogamy in the 1950s, our Chinese concept of love changed a lot. For example, the word "love" began at that time, that is, since then, there has been a general understanding that in the process of getting to know each other and falling in love, one should first fall in love, even if they have been talking for several years, one should not get married.

Therefore, in modern Chinese marriage, love has become a necessity of life and a factor that people attach great importance to when getting married. In this respect, the biggest difference between Chinese modern marriage and traditional marriage. After the 1950s, free love, free marriage and free divorce became the mainstream ideology.

2.2 freedom of divorce

As far as the freedom of divorce is concerned, attitudes are also changing. The definition of "wrongful marriage" is that the court will only give a divorce if one of the parties to the marriage has a wrongful marriage, such as desertion, domestic violence, affairs, etc. After a series of struggles, people from the fault divorce law to no fault divorce law. When we talk about no-fault divorce, it means that there is no fault in the couple, but they can divorce as long as the relationship breaks down.

When the Marriage Act was enacted in 1950, our country came into being in one step. The reasons for civil divorce in China are as follows: if the relationship between the two parties is broken, the marriage relationship can be dissolved; Emotional breakdown is a sufficient ground for divorce. Western countries have been striving for fault-free divorce. From the perspective of marriage reasons, the emotional factors of husband and wife have occupied a very important position. Since ancient times, the change of marriage form from traditional to modern is delightful.

'''Ⅲ Changes'''

1.mate selection views

In ancient times, the most typical ideal marriage was "matching family status", in which the economic strength and social status of the male and female were equal, and personal feelings were not included in the marriage criteria. Nowadays, people's view of mate selection and external conditions such as family rank and property have gradually changed to internal qualities such as personal feelings and knowledge.

2. celibacy

In ancient times, the principle of male master outside and female master inside was followed, but with the liberation of women's thought, the competition between men and women in the profession became increasingly fierce, resulting in more and more single women. In western countries such as Britain and France, there has been a rise in the prevalence of celibacy and a falling birth rate, according to reports. And the single with female intellectuals in the majority, female single people think, life is not designed for fertility, people's life should take career as the most important.

3. marriage autonomy

In ancient times, marriage emphasized the order of parents, matchmakers, three wives and four concubines, etc., while modern marriage proposed monogamy, against taking concubines, women's economic independence, freedom of love, freedom of marriage, freedom of divorce and other attitudes. In some developed areas, some celebrities and elegant people regard free marriage as a virtue, and they should pay attention to civilization in form.

4. the age of first marriage

In ancient times, men and women generally married at the age of 14 or 15. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, feminism rose, and women's ideas changed after they studied, resulting in the phenomenon of delayed marriage. The general decline of the rural economy in the late 1920s also helped to curb traditional early marriages.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==

'''Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meanings of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China. [1]

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also sent them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors. [2]

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [3]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.

Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[4]

'''Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[5]

'''Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern tang yuan flavors can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage. [6]

'''Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

Terms and Expressions

glutinous rice flour 糯米粉

The Winter Solstice 冬至

winter solstice dumpling 冬至团

Ling Tangyuan 凌汤圆

Five-colored Tangyuan 五色汤圆

4-flavor Tangyuan 四式汤圆

Sisters’ Tangyuan姐妹汤圆

Chicken Tangyuan 鸡肉汤圆

nutlet果仁

sesame 芝麻

osmanthus flowers桂花

jujube paste枣泥

Questions

1. What implied meanings does Tangyuan have?

2. When and where was Tangyuan originally developed?

3. What does the fundamental difference between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao lie in?

4. Which place serves five-colored Tangyuan?

5. When did the style of 4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province originate?

6. Which filling of Tangyuan do you like? Sweet or savory?

References

[1]百度百科汤圆 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%9C%86/1333352#reference-[2]-16853831-wrap

[2]冬至吃汤圆的由来和寓意https://www.5068.com/jierizhishi/a243416.html

[3][5] Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[4][6] Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

1.Introduction
Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.
Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.

2.Sichuan golden monkeys
Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word "golden silk", the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.
Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species

In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of "The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey". As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of "China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card" is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.

3.Guizhou golden monkeys
Guizhou golden monkey is also known as "grey snub-nosed monkey". However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it "oxtail monkey". Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called "snub-nosed monkey".
Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as "the only child in the world".
Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the "flavor" of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.

4.Yunnan golden monkeys
Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable "flaming red lip". In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.
They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the "snow Mountain spirit", mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where "three rivers flow simultaneously" in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.
Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.
The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.

Terms and expressions
Simiidaen. 类人猿科
Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴
Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴
Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴
Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴
Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴

Questions
How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?
What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?
How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?
Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?
What animal looks most like a human?

References
[1] 杨敬元美丽中国 Beautiful China
[2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发
[3] 徐元锋曾智慧特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴
[4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”
[5] 百度百科

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

'''1. Brief Introduction to Some Rich Businessmen'''

1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden
Net worth: $33.1 billion
Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.
Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.

2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com
Net worth: $23.5 billion
Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.

3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group
Net worth: $21.3 billion
Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.

4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance
Net worth: $16.2 billion
37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.
Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.

5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education
Net worth: $14 billion
With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.

6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian
Net worth: $8.8 billion
39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.

7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen
Net worth: $6.4 billion
Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.

8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell
Net worth: $5.3 billion
Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.

9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea
Net worth: $4.9 billion
New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.

10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.8 billion
Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.

11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker
Net worth: $3.7 billion
Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.

12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto
Net worth: $3.5 billion
Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.

13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&F
Net worth: $3.45 billion
Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.

14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.

15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.

16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.

17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi
Net worth: $2.8 billion
37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.
Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.

18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY
Net worth: $2.6 billion
Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.

19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.

20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.

'''2. Main Reasons '''

From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”, two features of demographic transition have also been a powerful driver of China’s growth in the past three and a half decades. The first feature is a favorable dependency ratio. China’s sharp decline in fertility rate has meant fewer young dependents to support for a given size of the working cohort. The fraction of primeage people in total population rose steadily for three decades, creating an unusually large demographic dividend, which in turn contributed to economic growth (Cai and Wang 2008; Wei 2015).

The second feature of demography that affects growth is the gender ratio imbalance of the premarital cohort. This less-studied factor may have a quantitatively significant effect as well. The one-child policy (now it is abolished) has yielded an unintended consequence in distorting the sex ratio in favor of boys. As the one-child generation enters the marriageable age, young men face a very competitive marriage market. In order to attract potential brides, families with sons choose to work harder, save more, and take on more risks, including exhibiting a higher propensity to be entrepreneurs (Wei and Zhang 2011a, b; Chang and Zhang 2015; Wei, Zhang, and Liu forthcoming). It is estimated that increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances has contributed to about two percentage points of economic growth per year (Wei and Zhang 2011b).

The innovation, especially in technology, brings huge profit to the economy. However, it also make giant bubbles.

'''Words and Expressions'''
shareholder 股东
ByteDance 字节跳动
e-commerce 电商

'''Questions'''

1. Who founded JD.com?

2. Who married Qiangdong Liu?

3. Is ByteDance the same thing as Tiktok?

4. Does Jay Chou play Kuaishou?

5. Has increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances contributed to economic growth per year?

'''Answers'''

1. Qiangdong Liu

2. Zetian Zhang

3. No

4. Yes

5. Yes

'''References'''

1. Mengjun Yang, Shilin Zheng, Lin Zhou. 2022. Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China
Economic Review 74, 101802.
2. Yue Hua, Yue Lu, Ruili Zhao. 2022. Global value chain engagement and air pollution: Evidence from
Chinese firms. Journal of Economic Surveys 36:3, 708-727.
3. Rui Chen. 2022. The effects of green credit policy on the formation of zombie firms: evidence from
Chinese listed firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32.
4.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/chinas-youngest-richest-billionaires-and-how-they-made-their-money.html

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==

===Survey===
Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.
Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.

===Jin Opera===
Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.
Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.
The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.
They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.
Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.
In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.
The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of "three big doors" (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and "three small doors" (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).

===Henan Opera===
Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.
Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.
Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.

===Yue Opera===
Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).
The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the "Little Hundred Flowers" troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.
Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.

===Huangmei Opera===
Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.
The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.
Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.
At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.

===Pingju Opera===
Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.
The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.
The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.
With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.

===Terms and Expressions===
Peking Opera 京剧

Bang Zi 梆子

Middle Opera 中戏

Inner Mongolia 内蒙古

The River Weishui 《渭水河》

Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》

The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》

The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》

The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》

Yangko 秧歌

Three big doors 三大门

Xu Sheng 须生

Zheng Dan 正旦

Big Flower Face 大花脸

Three small doors 三小门

Xiao Sheng 小生

Xiao Dan 小旦

Small Flower Face 小花脸

Henan Gaodiao 河南高调

Kunqu Drama 昆曲

Shao Opera 绍戏

Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏

Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》

===Questions===
1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?

2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?

3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.

4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?

5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?

6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?

===References===
[1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.
[2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.
[3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.
[4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.
[5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.
[6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.
[7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.
[8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.
[9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.
[10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==
Brief Introduction

Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the "five major opera genres in China", and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.
Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song "Matching of Heavenly Fairies" has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas.
On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.

Origin

The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.

Development

Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera." Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. "Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set" defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: "Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the "Golden Triangle" of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the "opera nest".

Costume

Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.

Artistic features

The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.

Tune

Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities ("colorful cavity", "fairy cavity", "Yin Si cavity" three cavities collectively).

The main cadence of Huangmei opera

The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the "flower cavity" and both the characteristics of the two systems "three cavities".
The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.

Huangmei opera's flower cadence

Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the "flower cavity" cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.

Classical Works

Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are "the fairy match" "cowherd and weaving maiden" "the story of the Sophora" "the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse" "the couple watching the lantern" "hitting pig grass" and so on. One of the most famous is the "match of the immortals", tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.

References

1. 百度百科黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin
2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8
3. "Huangmei opera". China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.

Culture 2022 2

2022-06-30T16:19:29Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Terms and Expressions */

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==

===History===

The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

===Basic production process===

The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:
1.Bamboo is selected.
2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.
3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.
4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===

====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====

In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.

====Hakka second burial funerals====

Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig the old burial and enter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned.

====Hakka dance ceremony====

"Umbrella Dance" is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka Clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with "tea leaf drama" and "mountain song".

====Engagement present of the Yao people====

In the population of Yao located in Longhui County of Hunan, oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride.

====Funerals of the Dai people====

Dai people located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called "嘎拉沙" (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven. This type of umbrella is still available in a village today.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in China===

The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas are mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Romance of the Western Chamber. Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity.

====Yuhang, Zhejiang====

In Yuhang District, Zhejiang, oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (1769), by Dong Wenyuan, who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles.

In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established "Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction.

On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the oil-paper umbrella in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a "canvas" for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan, Chen Yue Xiang, Shen Lihua, and Sun Shuigen prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact (Antiquities Act[1]).

Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons,[2] which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella.

====Hunan====

Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha, Hunan province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恒泰纸伞店, Which is named after Tao Jiqiao, who established the shop during the Qing dynasty.

In 1900, Liang Jingting, who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San. It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The beautiful name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing (潘馈清) brothers started a factory called Feifei San (菲菲伞) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She(靖港雨伞社; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè) was abolished, and Taohengmao (陶恒茂) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated.

The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials.

====Taiwan====

Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin Agui and Wu Zhenxing invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called "廣" (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.

In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (广进胜) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin Xianglin and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De, have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in foreign countries===

====Japan====

Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa, and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa. The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period to Edo period.

====Tailand====

Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories.

===References===

1. The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Pub.L. 59–209, 34 Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906.

2."Hiromi Paper International". hiromipaper.com.

===Terms===

1.Yun:云氏

2.Lu Ban:鲁班

3.Washi:和纸

4.Hakka:客家人

5."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations":雨伞手工业合作社

6.Lianghongfa San:梁宏发伞

7.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San:湘潭木屐靖港油伞

8.wagasa:(Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"

9.janomegasa:(Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"

===Questions===

1.What did people in Song Dynasty commonly call the oil-paper umbrella?

2.What are the general production procedures of oil-paper umbrellas?

3.Why do Dai People use oil-paper umbrellas in funerals?

4.What is wagasa?

===Answers===

1.It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella".

2.First, bamboo is selected.Then, the bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Next, Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

3.Because the Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven.

4.Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

===The Definition of Yuan Drama===

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singly as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

===The Rise and development of Yuan Drama===

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

===Yuan Drama System===

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

===Representatives of Yuan Drama===

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

===Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama===

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

===Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama===

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

===Reference===

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

===Terms and Expressions===

poetic drama 杂剧

non-dramatic song 散曲

temple宫调

Zheng Gong 正宫

Zhonglu Gong 中吕宫

Nanlu Gong 南吕宫

Xianlu Gong 仙吕宫

Huangzhong Gong 黄钟宫

Damian tone 大面调

Double tone 双调

Shang tone 商调

Yue tone 越调

Qupai 曲牌

Dot the red lip 点绛唇

Shan Po Yang 山坡羊

Rhyme 曲韵

Level and oblique tones 平仄

Antithesis 对仗

two-word pair 两字对

end-to-end pair 首尾对

serif pair 衬字对

Four Greats of Yuan Drama 元曲四大家

Qu sheng 曲圣

Snow in Summer《窦娥冤》

Xiaoling 小令

Rescued by a courtesan《救风尘》

River-veiwing Pavilion《望江亭》

Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion《拜月亭》

Han Gong Qiu《汉宫秋》

famous in the world and amaze boudoir 名闻天下，声振闺阁

Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover《倩女离魂》

Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun《墙头马上》

===Questions===

1.What is Yuan drama?

2.How many periods had Yuan drama experienced during its development?

3.What are the six aspects embodying the system of Yuan drama?

4.Who are the "four greats of Yuan drama"?

5.What are the four tragedies of Yuan drama?

6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

'''1.A Brief Introduction'''

The Erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

'''2.The Development of Erhu'''

The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.

During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers; during the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development; during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing; during Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread; during this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.

After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

'''3.Construction'''

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:

Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.

Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.

Qín gan (琴杆), neck.

Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.

Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs

Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook

Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player

Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4

Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood

Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension

Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound

Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

'''4.Playing Technique'''

(1)Tuning

The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.

(2)Position

The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.

(3)Right hand

The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.

(4)Left hand

The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

'''5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics'''

(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》

(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》

(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》

(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》

(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》

(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》

(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》

(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》

(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）

(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

'''Reference'''
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Erhu--Wikipedia

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

'''Ⅰ Foreword'''

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, people' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

'''Ⅱ Overview'''

1.Views on Marriage and Love at Ancient Times

1.1 the ancient abnormal phenomenon of love

True love only happens in more special intimate relationships. Just like a very pleasing ancient love novel, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai two people love each other to the end, both died in love, this is not a beautiful love? You may find that true love in traditional love tends to break the rules, and is more likely to occur when there is a conflict of status or class between two people, and the result of such a relationship is not adultery, but elopement or even martyrdom.

As I said, these are still in the drama. They are people's ideal love stories and real stories. For example, the story of Zhuo Wenjun and Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty.

1.2 illegality of eloping

Sima Xiangru, Zhuo Wenjun and other elopements were not justified in ancient marriage norms. In ancient times, people respected the etiquette and customs of marriage, and so on. Eloping with another woman, falling in love, is a rare behavior. A normal marriage is one of matching families, bearing children, carrying on the family line, supporting husband and educating children. So in a traditional marriage, love is an anomaly. In ancient times, love was too extreme. Either two people lived a happy life, or both people died in love, just like the love story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. They loved each other very much, but in our modern view of love, this is a very extreme approach.

2.Views on Marriage and Love in Modern Times

2.1 the normalization trend of love concepts

Love has few elements in a Chinese marriage. For them, the Chinese view of love and marriage is still based on the traditional concept of marriage. You may not have noticed that in modern times, after the widespread practice of monogamy in the 1950s, our Chinese concept of love changed a lot. For example, the word "love" began at that time, that is, since then, there has been a general understanding that in the process of getting to know each other and falling in love, one should first fall in love, even if they have been talking for several years, one should not get married.

Therefore, in modern Chinese marriage, love has become a necessity of life and a factor that people attach great importance to when getting married. In this respect, the biggest difference between Chinese modern marriage and traditional marriage. After the 1950s, free love, free marriage and free divorce became the mainstream ideology.

2.2 freedom of divorce

As far as the freedom of divorce is concerned, attitudes are also changing. The definition of "wrongful marriage" is that the court will only give a divorce if one of the parties to the marriage has a wrongful marriage, such as desertion, domestic violence, affairs, etc. After a series of struggles, people from the fault divorce law to no fault divorce law. When we talk about no-fault divorce, it means that there is no fault in the couple, but they can divorce as long as the relationship breaks down.

When the Marriage Act was enacted in 1950, our country came into being in one step. The reasons for civil divorce in China are as follows: if the relationship between the two parties is broken, the marriage relationship can be dissolved; Emotional breakdown is a sufficient ground for divorce. Western countries have been striving for fault-free divorce. From the perspective of marriage reasons, the emotional factors of husband and wife have occupied a very important position. Since ancient times, the change of marriage form from traditional to modern is delightful.

'''Ⅲ Changes'''

1.mate selection views

In ancient times, the most typical ideal marriage was "matching family status", in which the economic strength and social status of the male and female were equal, and personal feelings were not included in the marriage criteria. Nowadays, people's view of mate selection and external conditions such as family rank and property have gradually changed to internal qualities such as personal feelings and knowledge.

2. celibacy

In ancient times, the principle of male master outside and female master inside was followed, but with the liberation of women's thought, the competition between men and women in the profession became increasingly fierce, resulting in more and more single women. In western countries such as Britain and France, there has been a rise in the prevalence of celibacy and a falling birth rate, according to reports. And the single with female intellectuals in the majority, female single people think, life is not designed for fertility, people's life should take career as the most important.

3. marriage autonomy

In ancient times, marriage emphasized the order of parents, matchmakers, three wives and four concubines, etc., while modern marriage proposed monogamy, against taking concubines, women's economic independence, freedom of love, freedom of marriage, freedom of divorce and other attitudes. In some developed areas, some celebrities and elegant people regard free marriage as a virtue, and they should pay attention to civilization in form.

4. the age of first marriage

In ancient times, men and women generally married at the age of 14 or 15. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, feminism rose, and women's ideas changed after they studied, resulting in the phenomenon of delayed marriage. The general decline of the rural economy in the late 1920s also helped to curb traditional early marriages.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==

'''Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meanings of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China. [1]

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also sent them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors. [2]

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [3]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.

Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[4]

'''Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[5]

'''Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern tang yuan flavors can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage. [6]

'''Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

Terms and Expressions

glutinous rice flour 糯米粉

The Winter Solstice 冬至

winter solstice dumpling 冬至团

Ling Tangyuan 凌汤圆

Five-colored Tangyuan 五色汤圆

4-flavor Tangyuan 四式汤圆

Sisters’ Tangyuan姐妹汤圆

Chicken Tangyuan 鸡肉汤圆

nutlet果仁

sesame 芝麻

osmanthus flowers桂花

jujube paste枣泥

Questions

1. What implied meanings does Tangyuan have?

2. When and where was Tangyuan originally developed?

3. What does the fundamental difference between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao lie in?

4. Which place serves five-colored Tangyuan?

5. When did the style of 4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province originate?

6. Which filling of Tangyuan do you like? Sweet or savory?

References

[1]百度百科汤圆 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%9C%86/1333352#reference-[2]-16853831-wrap

[2]冬至吃汤圆的由来和寓意https://www.5068.com/jierizhishi/a243416.html

[3][5] Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[4][6] Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

1.Introduction
Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.
Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.

2.Sichuan golden monkeys
Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word "golden silk", the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.
Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species

In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of "The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey". As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of "China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card" is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.

3.Guizhou golden monkeys
Guizhou golden monkey is also known as "grey snub-nosed monkey". However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it "oxtail monkey". Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called "snub-nosed monkey".
Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as "the only child in the world".
Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the "flavor" of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.

4.Yunnan golden monkeys
Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable "flaming red lip". In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.
They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the "snow Mountain spirit", mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where "three rivers flow simultaneously" in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.
Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.
The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.

Terms and expressions
Simiidaen. 类人猿科
Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴
Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴
Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴
Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴
Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴

Questions
How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?
What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?
How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?
Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?
What animal looks most like a human?

References
[1] 杨敬元美丽中国 Beautiful China
[2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发
[3] 徐元锋曾智慧特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴
[4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”
[5] 百度百科

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

'''1. Brief Introduction to Some Rich Businessmen'''

1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden
Net worth: $33.1 billion
Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.
Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.

2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com
Net worth: $23.5 billion
Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.

3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group
Net worth: $21.3 billion
Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.

4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance
Net worth: $16.2 billion
37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.
Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.

5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education
Net worth: $14 billion
With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.

6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian
Net worth: $8.8 billion
39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.

7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen
Net worth: $6.4 billion
Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.

8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell
Net worth: $5.3 billion
Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.

9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea
Net worth: $4.9 billion
New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.

10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.8 billion
Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.

11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker
Net worth: $3.7 billion
Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.

12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto
Net worth: $3.5 billion
Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.

13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&F
Net worth: $3.45 billion
Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.

14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.

15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.

16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.

17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi
Net worth: $2.8 billion
37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.
Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.

18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY
Net worth: $2.6 billion
Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.

19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.

20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.

'''2. Main Reasons '''

From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”, two features of demographic transition have also been a powerful driver of China’s growth in the past three and a half decades. The first feature is a favorable dependency ratio. China’s sharp decline in fertility rate has meant fewer young dependents to support for a given size of the working cohort. The fraction of primeage people in total population rose steadily for three decades, creating an unusually large demographic dividend, which in turn contributed to economic growth (Cai and Wang 2008; Wei 2015).

The second feature of demography that affects growth is the gender ratio imbalance of the premarital cohort. This less-studied factor may have a quantitatively significant effect as well. The one-child policy (now it is abolished) has yielded an unintended consequence in distorting the sex ratio in favor of boys. As the one-child generation enters the marriageable age, young men face a very competitive marriage market. In order to attract potential brides, families with sons choose to work harder, save more, and take on more risks, including exhibiting a higher propensity to be entrepreneurs (Wei and Zhang 2011a, b; Chang and Zhang 2015; Wei, Zhang, and Liu forthcoming). It is estimated that increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances has contributed to about two percentage points of economic growth per year (Wei and Zhang 2011b).

The innovation, especially in technology, brings huge profit to the economy. However, it also make giant bubbles.

'''Words and Expressions'''
shareholder 股东
ByteDance 字节跳动
e-commerce 电商

'''Questions'''

1. Who founded JD.com?

2. Who married Qiangdong Liu?

3. Is ByteDance the same thing as Tiktok?

4. Does Jay Chou play Kuaishou?

5. Has increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances contributed to economic growth per year?

'''Answers'''

1. Qiangdong Liu

2. Zetian Zhang

3. No

4. Yes

5. Yes

'''References'''

1. Mengjun Yang, Shilin Zheng, Lin Zhou. 2022. Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China
Economic Review 74, 101802.
2. Yue Hua, Yue Lu, Ruili Zhao. 2022. Global value chain engagement and air pollution: Evidence from
Chinese firms. Journal of Economic Surveys 36:3, 708-727.
3. Rui Chen. 2022. The effects of green credit policy on the formation of zombie firms: evidence from
Chinese listed firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32.
4.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/chinas-youngest-richest-billionaires-and-how-they-made-their-money.html

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==

===Survey===
Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.
Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.

===Jin Opera===
Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.
Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.
The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.
They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.
Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.
In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.
The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of "three big doors" (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and "three small doors" (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).

===Henan Opera===
Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.
Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.
Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.

===Yue Opera===
Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).
The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the "Little Hundred Flowers" troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.
Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.

===Huangmei Opera===
Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.
The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.
Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.
At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.

===Pingju Opera===
Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.
The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.
The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.
With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.

===Terms and Expressions===
Peking Opera 京剧

Bang Zi 梆子

Middle Opera 中戏

Inner Mongolia 内蒙古

The River Weishui 《渭水河》

Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》

The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》

The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》

The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》

Yangko 秧歌

Three big doors 三大门

Xu Sheng 须生

Zheng Dan 正旦

Big Flower Face 大花脸

Three small doors 三小门

Xiao Sheng 小生

Xiao Dan 小旦

Small Flower Face 小花脸

Henan Gaodiao 河南高调

Kunqu Drama 昆曲

Shao Opera 绍戏

Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏

Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》

===Questions===
1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?
2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?
3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.
4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?
5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?
6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?

===References===
[1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.
[2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.
[3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.
[4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.
[5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.
[6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.
[7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.
[8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.
[9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.
[10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==
Brief Introduction

Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the "five major opera genres in China", and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.
Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song "Matching of Heavenly Fairies" has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas.
On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.

Origin

The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.

Development

Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera." Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. "Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set" defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: "Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the "Golden Triangle" of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the "opera nest".

Costume

Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.

Artistic features

The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.

Tune

Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities ("colorful cavity", "fairy cavity", "Yin Si cavity" three cavities collectively).

The main cadence of Huangmei opera

The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the "flower cavity" and both the characteristics of the two systems "three cavities".
The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.

Huangmei opera's flower cadence

Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the "flower cavity" cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.

Classical Works

Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are "the fairy match" "cowherd and weaving maiden" "the story of the Sophora" "the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse" "the couple watching the lantern" "hitting pig grass" and so on. One of the most famous is the "match of the immortals", tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.

References

1. 百度百科黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin
2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8
3. "Huangmei opera". China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.

Culture 2022 2

2022-06-30T16:17:03Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas */

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==

===History===

The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

===Basic production process===

The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:
1.Bamboo is selected.
2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.
3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.
4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===

====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====

In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.

====Hakka second burial funerals====

Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig the old burial and enter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned.

====Hakka dance ceremony====

"Umbrella Dance" is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka Clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with "tea leaf drama" and "mountain song".

====Engagement present of the Yao people====

In the population of Yao located in Longhui County of Hunan, oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride.

====Funerals of the Dai people====

Dai people located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called "嘎拉沙" (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven. This type of umbrella is still available in a village today.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in China===

The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas are mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Romance of the Western Chamber. Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity.

====Yuhang, Zhejiang====

In Yuhang District, Zhejiang, oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (1769), by Dong Wenyuan, who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles.

In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established "Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction.

On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the oil-paper umbrella in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a "canvas" for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan, Chen Yue Xiang, Shen Lihua, and Sun Shuigen prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact (Antiquities Act[1]).

Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons,[2] which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella.

====Hunan====

Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha, Hunan province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恒泰纸伞店, Which is named after Tao Jiqiao, who established the shop during the Qing dynasty.

In 1900, Liang Jingting, who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San. It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The beautiful name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing (潘馈清) brothers started a factory called Feifei San (菲菲伞) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She(靖港雨伞社; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè) was abolished, and Taohengmao (陶恒茂) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated.

The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials.

====Taiwan====

Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin Agui and Wu Zhenxing invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called "廣" (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.

In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (广进胜) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin Xianglin and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De, have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in foreign countries===

====Japan====

Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa, and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa. The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period to Edo period.

====Tailand====

Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories.

===References===

1. The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Pub.L. 59–209, 34 Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906.

2."Hiromi Paper International". hiromipaper.com.

===Terms===

1.Yun:云氏

2.Lu Ban:鲁班

3.Washi:和纸

4.Hakka:客家人

5."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations":雨伞手工业合作社

6.Lianghongfa San:梁宏发伞

7.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San:湘潭木屐靖港油伞

8.wagasa:(Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"

9.janomegasa:(Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"

===Questions===

1.What did people in Song Dynasty commonly call the oil-paper umbrella?

2.What are the general production procedures of oil-paper umbrellas?

3.Why do Dai People use oil-paper umbrellas in funerals?

4.What is wagasa?

===Answers===

1.It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella".

2.First, bamboo is selected.Then, the bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Next, Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

3.Because the Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven.

4.Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

===The Definition of Yuan Drama===

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singly as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

===The Rise and development of Yuan Drama===

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

===Yuan Drama System===

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

===Representatives of Yuan Drama===

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

===Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama===

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

===Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama===

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

===Reference===

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

===Terms and Expressions===

poetic drama 杂剧

non-dramatic song 散曲

temple宫调

Zheng Gong 正宫

Zhonglu Gong 中吕宫

Nanlu Gong 南吕宫

Xianlu Gong 仙吕宫

Huangzhong Gong 黄钟宫

Damian tone 大面调

Double tone 双调

Shang tone 商调

Yue tone 越调

Qupai 曲牌

Dot the red lip 点绛唇

Shan Po Yang 山坡羊

Rhyme 曲韵

Level and oblique tones 平仄

Antithesis 对仗

two-word pair 两字对

end-to-end pair 首尾对

serif pair 衬字对

Four Greats of Yuan Drama 元曲四大家

Qu sheng 曲圣

Snow in Summer《窦娥冤》

Xiaoling 小令

Rescued by a courtesan《救风尘》

River-veiwing Pavilion《望江亭》

Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion《拜月亭》

Han Gong Qiu《汉宫秋》

famous in the world and amaze boudoir 名闻天下，声振闺阁

Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover《倩女离魂》

Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun《墙头马上》

===Questions===

1.What is Yuan drama?

2.How many periods had Yuan drama experienced during its development?

3.What are the six aspects embodying the system of Yuan drama?

4.Who are the "four greats of Yuan drama"?

5.What are the four tragedies of Yuan drama?

6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

'''1.A Brief Introduction'''

The Erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

'''2.The Development of Erhu'''

The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.

During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers; during the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development; during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing; during Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread; during this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.

After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

'''3.Construction'''

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:

Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.

Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.

Qín gan (琴杆), neck.

Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.

Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs

Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook

Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player

Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4

Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood

Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension

Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound

Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

'''4.Playing Technique'''

(1)Tuning

The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.

(2)Position

The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.

(3)Right hand

The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.

(4)Left hand

The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

'''5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics'''

(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》

(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》

(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》

(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》

(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》

(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》

(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》

(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》

(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）

(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

'''Reference'''
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Erhu--Wikipedia

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

'''Ⅰ Foreword'''

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, people' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

'''Ⅱ Overview'''

1.Views on Marriage and Love at Ancient Times

1.1 the ancient abnormal phenomenon of love

True love only happens in more special intimate relationships. Just like a very pleasing ancient love novel, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai two people love each other to the end, both died in love, this is not a beautiful love? You may find that true love in traditional love tends to break the rules, and is more likely to occur when there is a conflict of status or class between two people, and the result of such a relationship is not adultery, but elopement or even martyrdom.

As I said, these are still in the drama. They are people's ideal love stories and real stories. For example, the story of Zhuo Wenjun and Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty.

1.2 illegality of eloping

Sima Xiangru, Zhuo Wenjun and other elopements were not justified in ancient marriage norms. In ancient times, people respected the etiquette and customs of marriage, and so on. Eloping with another woman, falling in love, is a rare behavior. A normal marriage is one of matching families, bearing children, carrying on the family line, supporting husband and educating children. So in a traditional marriage, love is an anomaly. In ancient times, love was too extreme. Either two people lived a happy life, or both people died in love, just like the love story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. They loved each other very much, but in our modern view of love, this is a very extreme approach.

2.Views on Marriage and Love in Modern Times

2.1 the normalization trend of love concepts

Love has few elements in a Chinese marriage. For them, the Chinese view of love and marriage is still based on the traditional concept of marriage. You may not have noticed that in modern times, after the widespread practice of monogamy in the 1950s, our Chinese concept of love changed a lot. For example, the word "love" began at that time, that is, since then, there has been a general understanding that in the process of getting to know each other and falling in love, one should first fall in love, even if they have been talking for several years, one should not get married.

Therefore, in modern Chinese marriage, love has become a necessity of life and a factor that people attach great importance to when getting married. In this respect, the biggest difference between Chinese modern marriage and traditional marriage. After the 1950s, free love, free marriage and free divorce became the mainstream ideology.

2.2 freedom of divorce

As far as the freedom of divorce is concerned, attitudes are also changing. The definition of "wrongful marriage" is that the court will only give a divorce if one of the parties to the marriage has a wrongful marriage, such as desertion, domestic violence, affairs, etc. After a series of struggles, people from the fault divorce law to no fault divorce law. When we talk about no-fault divorce, it means that there is no fault in the couple, but they can divorce as long as the relationship breaks down.

When the Marriage Act was enacted in 1950, our country came into being in one step. The reasons for civil divorce in China are as follows: if the relationship between the two parties is broken, the marriage relationship can be dissolved; Emotional breakdown is a sufficient ground for divorce. Western countries have been striving for fault-free divorce. From the perspective of marriage reasons, the emotional factors of husband and wife have occupied a very important position. Since ancient times, the change of marriage form from traditional to modern is delightful.

'''Ⅲ Changes'''

1.mate selection views

In ancient times, the most typical ideal marriage was "matching family status", in which the economic strength and social status of the male and female were equal, and personal feelings were not included in the marriage criteria. Nowadays, people's view of mate selection and external conditions such as family rank and property have gradually changed to internal qualities such as personal feelings and knowledge.

2. celibacy

In ancient times, the principle of male master outside and female master inside was followed, but with the liberation of women's thought, the competition between men and women in the profession became increasingly fierce, resulting in more and more single women. In western countries such as Britain and France, there has been a rise in the prevalence of celibacy and a falling birth rate, according to reports. And the single with female intellectuals in the majority, female single people think, life is not designed for fertility, people's life should take career as the most important.

3. marriage autonomy

In ancient times, marriage emphasized the order of parents, matchmakers, three wives and four concubines, etc., while modern marriage proposed monogamy, against taking concubines, women's economic independence, freedom of love, freedom of marriage, freedom of divorce and other attitudes. In some developed areas, some celebrities and elegant people regard free marriage as a virtue, and they should pay attention to civilization in form.

4. the age of first marriage

In ancient times, men and women generally married at the age of 14 or 15. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, feminism rose, and women's ideas changed after they studied, resulting in the phenomenon of delayed marriage. The general decline of the rural economy in the late 1920s also helped to curb traditional early marriages.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==

'''Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meanings of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China. [1]

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also sent them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors. [2]

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [3]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.

Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[4]

'''Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[5]

'''Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern tang yuan flavors can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage. [6]

'''Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

Terms and Expressions

glutinous rice flour 糯米粉

The Winter Solstice 冬至

winter solstice dumpling 冬至团

Ling Tangyuan 凌汤圆

Five-colored Tangyuan 五色汤圆

4-flavor Tangyuan 四式汤圆

Sisters’ Tangyuan姐妹汤圆

Chicken Tangyuan 鸡肉汤圆

nutlet果仁

sesame 芝麻

osmanthus flowers桂花

jujube paste枣泥

Questions

1. What implied meanings does Tangyuan have?

2. When and where was Tangyuan originally developed?

3. What does the fundamental difference between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao lie in?

4. Which place serves five-colored Tangyuan?

5. When did the style of 4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province originate?

6. Which filling of Tangyuan do you like? Sweet or savory?

References

[1]百度百科汤圆 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%9C%86/1333352#reference-[2]-16853831-wrap

[2]冬至吃汤圆的由来和寓意https://www.5068.com/jierizhishi/a243416.html

[3][5] Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[4][6] Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

1.Introduction
Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.
Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.

2.Sichuan golden monkeys
Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word "golden silk", the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.
Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species

In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of "The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey". As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of "China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card" is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.

3.Guizhou golden monkeys
Guizhou golden monkey is also known as "grey snub-nosed monkey". However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it "oxtail monkey". Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called "snub-nosed monkey".
Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as "the only child in the world".
Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the "flavor" of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.

4.Yunnan golden monkeys
Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable "flaming red lip". In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.
They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the "snow Mountain spirit", mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where "three rivers flow simultaneously" in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.
Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.
The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.

Terms and expressions
Simiidaen. 类人猿科
Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴
Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴
Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴
Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴
Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴

Questions
How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?
What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?
How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?
Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?
What animal looks most like a human?

References
[1] 杨敬元美丽中国 Beautiful China
[2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发
[3] 徐元锋曾智慧特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴
[4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”
[5] 百度百科

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

'''1. Brief Introduction to Some Rich Businessmen'''

1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden
Net worth: $33.1 billion
Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.
Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.

2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com
Net worth: $23.5 billion
Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.

3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group
Net worth: $21.3 billion
Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.

4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance
Net worth: $16.2 billion
37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.
Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.

5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education
Net worth: $14 billion
With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.

6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian
Net worth: $8.8 billion
39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.

7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen
Net worth: $6.4 billion
Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.

8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell
Net worth: $5.3 billion
Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.

9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea
Net worth: $4.9 billion
New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.

10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.8 billion
Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.

11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker
Net worth: $3.7 billion
Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.

12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto
Net worth: $3.5 billion
Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.

13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&F
Net worth: $3.45 billion
Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.

14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.

15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.

16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group
Net worth: $3.1 billion
Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.

17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi
Net worth: $2.8 billion
37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.
Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.

18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY
Net worth: $2.6 billion
Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.

19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.

20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique
Net worth: $2.5 billion
Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.

'''2. Main Reasons '''

From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”, two features of demographic transition have also been a powerful driver of China’s growth in the past three and a half decades. The first feature is a favorable dependency ratio. China’s sharp decline in fertility rate has meant fewer young dependents to support for a given size of the working cohort. The fraction of primeage people in total population rose steadily for three decades, creating an unusually large demographic dividend, which in turn contributed to economic growth (Cai and Wang 2008; Wei 2015).

The second feature of demography that affects growth is the gender ratio imbalance of the premarital cohort. This less-studied factor may have a quantitatively significant effect as well. The one-child policy (now it is abolished) has yielded an unintended consequence in distorting the sex ratio in favor of boys. As the one-child generation enters the marriageable age, young men face a very competitive marriage market. In order to attract potential brides, families with sons choose to work harder, save more, and take on more risks, including exhibiting a higher propensity to be entrepreneurs (Wei and Zhang 2011a, b; Chang and Zhang 2015; Wei, Zhang, and Liu forthcoming). It is estimated that increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances has contributed to about two percentage points of economic growth per year (Wei and Zhang 2011b).

The innovation, especially in technology, brings huge profit to the economy. However, it also make giant bubbles.

'''Words and Expressions'''
shareholder 股东
ByteDance 字节跳动
e-commerce 电商

'''Questions'''

1. Who founded JD.com?

2. Who married Qiangdong Liu?

3. Is ByteDance the same thing as Tiktok?

4. Does Jay Chou play Kuaishou?

5. Has increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances contributed to economic growth per year?

'''Answers'''

1. Qiangdong Liu

2. Zetian Zhang

3. No

4. Yes

5. Yes

'''References'''

1. Mengjun Yang, Shilin Zheng, Lin Zhou. 2022. Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China
Economic Review 74, 101802.
2. Yue Hua, Yue Lu, Ruili Zhao. 2022. Global value chain engagement and air pollution: Evidence from
Chinese firms. Journal of Economic Surveys 36:3, 708-727.
3. Rui Chen. 2022. The effects of green credit policy on the formation of zombie firms: evidence from
Chinese listed firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32.
4.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/chinas-youngest-richest-billionaires-and-how-they-made-their-money.html

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==

===Survey===
Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.
Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.

===Jin Opera===
Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.
Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.
The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.
They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.
Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.
In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.
The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of "three big doors" (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and "three small doors" (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).

===Henan Opera===
Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.
Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.
Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.

===Yue Opera===
Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).
The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the "Little Hundred Flowers" troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.
Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.

===Huangmei Opera===
Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.
The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.
Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.
At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.

===Pingju Opera===
Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.
The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.
The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.
With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.

===Terms and Expressions===
Peking Opera 京剧
Bang Zi 梆子
Middle Opera 中戏
Inner Mongolia 内蒙古
The River Weishui 《渭水河》
Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》
The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》
The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》
The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》
Yangko 秧歌
Three big doors 三大门
Xu Sheng 须生
Zheng Dan 正旦
Big Flower Face 大花脸
Three small doors 三小门
Xiao Sheng 小生
Xiao Dan 小旦
Small Flower Face 小花脸
Henan Gaodiao 河南高调
Kunqu Drama 昆曲
Shao Opera 绍戏
Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏
Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》

===Questions===
1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?
2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?
3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.
4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?
5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?
6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?

===References===
[1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.
[2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.
[3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.
[4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.
[5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.
[6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.
[7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.
[8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.
[9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.
[10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==
Brief Introduction

Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the "five major opera genres in China", and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.
Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song "Matching of Heavenly Fairies" has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas.
On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.

Origin

The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.

Development

Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera." Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. "Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set" defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: "Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the "Golden Triangle" of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the "opera nest".

Costume

Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.

Artistic features

The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.

Tune

Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities ("colorful cavity", "fairy cavity", "Yin Si cavity" three cavities collectively).

The main cadence of Huangmei opera

The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the "flower cavity" and both the characteristics of the two systems "three cavities".
The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.

Huangmei opera's flower cadence

Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the "flower cavity" cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.

Classical Works

Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are "the fairy match" "cowherd and weaving maiden" "the story of the Sophora" "the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse" "the couple watching the lantern" "hitting pig grass" and so on. One of the most famous is the "match of the immortals", tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.

References

1. 百度百科黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin
2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8
3. "Huangmei opera". China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-06-29T15:23:10Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

Every student needs to find a topic, which is not in the textbook and has not been presented in class. Please check your topics in regard of this. All topics are ok except for those with red marks. Please suggest a new topic instead and wait for the teacher to remove the red marks.

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==

China was one of the first countries in the world to use currency, and has been using it for over 5,000 years. During the formation and development of ancient Chinese currency, it underwent five major evolutions: the evolution of natural currency to artificial currency, the evolution from a haphazard shape to a unified shape, the evolution from local to central minted coins, the evolution from paper weights to tung bao and yuan bao, and the evolution from metal money to paper money "Jiaozi". December 1, 1948, when the People's Bank of China was established and issued the first set of RMB.

1.Natural Currency to Artificial Currency

Natural currency is replaced by currency made by human beings. The history of Chinese currency spans more than 3000 years. Currency of some type has been used in China since the Neolithic age which can be traced back to between 3000 and 4500 years ago. Cowry shells are believed to have been the earliest form of currency used in Central China, and were used during the Neolithic period. With the development of economy, such kind of currency couldn't satisfy people's needs of exchanging things. Chinese started to make money by themselves instead of relying on the natural currency(Cowry shells). This currency broadened, Cowry shells were replaced totally.

2.Haphazard Shape to Unified Shape

From the advent of bronze coins in the Shang dynasty until the Warring States period, China had many shapes of currency. During the Warring States period not only did countries mint their own currency, but also various regions within a vassal state. The famous are the shovel coins of Zhao, the knife coins of Qi, the round square-hole coins of Qin and the ant-nose coins of Chu.

Around 210 BC, the first emperor of China Qin Shi Huang (260–210 BC) abolished all other forms of local currency and introduced a uniform copper coin. Paper currency was invented in China in the 9th century, but the base unit of currency remained the copper coin. Copper coins were used as the chief denomination of currency in China until the introduction of the yuan.

3.Local to Central Minted Coins

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the counties were allowed to mint money freely, causing confusion over the currency. In 113 BC, Emperor Wu withdrew the right to mint coins from the counties, and the central government unified the minting of the five baht coin, which became the only legal currency at the time. This established the central government's unified management of coin minting and issuance.

4.Paper Weights to Tung Bao and Yuan Bao

The coins minted since the Qin and Han dynasties were usually clearly marked with the weight of the money in the text, such as "half tael", "five baht", etc. (twenty-four baht is one tael). In the fourth year of the Tang Dynasty (621), Li Yuan decided to reform the coinage system, abolishing the ancient coins of different weights and taking the meaning of "opening up a new era" and casting the "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coin. The "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is a reversal of the old system of the Qin and Han dynasties, with no weight written on the coin, which is the evolution of Chinese ancient currency from paper weight to Tongbao and Yuanbao. "Kaiyuan Tongbao" money is Chinese earliest Tongbao money. After this copper money no longer use the money mark weight, all to Tongbao, Yuanbao, it has been used to the Xinhai Revolution after the "Republic of Tongbao".

5.Metal Money to Paper Money "Jiaozi"

During the Northern Song Dynasty, with the development of exchange, the amount of money in circulation increased. When Emperor Taizong of the Northern Song Dynasty, 800,000 Guan of coins were minted annually, which gradually increased later. Because of the shortage of copper material for casting money, the government to make up for the shortage of copper money, in some areas to cast a large number of iron money. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty", the cast iron money in Sichuan at that time weighed as much as 25 catties and 8 taels. The emergence of "Jiaozi" was an important evolution from metal money to paper money in the history of ancient money.

6.Modern Chinese Currency
Currently, the renminbi is the official currency of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is the legal tender in mainland China, but not in Hong Kong or Macau. The special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau use the Hong Kong dollar and the Macanese pataca, respectively. In the Republic of China (ROC), the New Taiwan dollar is the official legal tender in Taiwan since 2000.

With the development of the Internet and globalization, the renminbi is gradually partly replaced by the artificial money.

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - History:Wang Shouren==
'''Brief Introduction'''

WangShouren (1472-1529), originally known as Wang Yun, also named Wang Yangming, was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. Wang was the son of Wang Hua, the Minister of Nanjing Ministry of officials.Wang Shouren was an outstanding thinker, litterateur, militarist and educator in the Ming Dynasty.

In 1499, he was admitted as a jinshi and served as the minister of punishment. He was appointed as the yicheng of Longchang in Guizhou, the county magistrate of Luling, the imperial censor of Youjin capital, the grand coordinators of southern Jiangxi provinces, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, the minister of Nanjing Military Department, and the imperial censor of left capital in his political career. He successively pacified the banditry and chaos of southern and Jiangxi provinces, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, and the chaos of Zhu Chenhao, and was granted the title of new earl. He became one of the three literary ministers who won the title of nobility by virtue of military exploit in the Ming Dynasty. He died in 1529，at the age of 57.

The basic course of the development of the philosophy of the mind in the Ming Dynasty can be summarized as follows: Chen Xianzhang started, Zhan Ruoshui improved, and Wang Shouren integrated. Wang Shouren's Yangming School of mind was later spread to Japan, Korea and other countries. Its disciples are numerous and are known as "Yaojiang school" in the world. His article is broad and prosperous, and there is a free and easy spirit between the lines. His Complete Works of Duke Wang Wencheng was handed down from generation to generation.

'''Longchang Enlightment'''

In the winter of 1506, the eunuch Liu Jin was in charge of political affairs, and arrested more than 20 people for no reason, including the imperial censor of Nanjing. WangShouren was angry with Liu Jin for his wrongdoing of innocent people. He was demoted to Guizhou Longchang (70 miles northwest of Guiyang) as the manager of Longchang post. At the same time, his father, Wang Hua, was also driven out of Beijing and transferred to the position of minister of Nanjing.

During the journey, WangShouren was hunted by Liu Jin, and he forged a diving suicide to avoid being robbed. WangShouren escaped the hunt and secretly went to Nanjing to meet his father Wang Hua. Wang Hua said to him, "since the imperial court has appointed you, you have the responsibility. You'd better take office." Then he set out on his way to Longchang, Guizhou, where "thousands of mountains are thin and Miao and Liao live together". At that time, Longchang was still an uncivilized area. WangShouren was not discouraged. He taught the local people according to their customs and was supported by the people. During this period, he had a new understanding of the central idea of the University. WangShouren realized that "the way of saints is self-sufficient, and those who seek reason from it are wrong." During this period, he wrote "dogma to show all the students in the Longchang", which is called "Longchang Enlightenment" in history.

'''Unity of Knowledge and Practice'''

In 1508, WangShouren, the master of philosophy of the mind, gave a lecture at Guiyang Civilization Academy, and put forward the theory of unity of knowledge and Practice for the first time. The so-called "unity of knowledge and practice" is not the relationship between general knowledge and practice. "Knowledge" mainly refers to people's moral consciousness and ideology. "Practice" mainly refers to people's moral practice and practical action. Therefore, the relationship between knowledge and practice refers to the relationship between moral consciousness and moral practice, and also includes the relationship between some ideas and practical actions. WangShouren's thought of "unity of knowledge and action" includes the following two meanings.

1. There is practice in knowledge, and there is knowledge in practice. WangShouren believes that practice and knowledge is one thing and cannot be divided into two parts. "Practice and knowledge are two words,but be mentioned at the same time". From the perspective of moral education, WangShouren strongly opposes the disconnection between knowledge and practice and "knowledge but not practice" in moral education, and prominently attributes all morality to the conscious practice of individuals, which is of positive significance. Because from the perspective of moral education, moral consciousness is inseparable from moral behavior, and moral behavior is inseparable from moral consciousness. The two are inseparable from each other. Knowledge must be manifested as practice, and failure to do so cannot be regarded as true knowledge. Moral cognition and moral consciousness must be manifested in moral behavior. If we do not practice, we cannot be regarded as attaining true knowledge. WangShouren believes that conscience can do nothing but practice consciously, that is, knowledge. This is undoubtedly profound.

2. Knowing is practicing, knowing decides practicing. WangShouren said ,"knowledge is the idea of practice, practicing is the process of knowing; knowing is the beginning of practicing, and practice is the accomplishment of knowledge". It means that morality is the guiding ideology of human behavior, and acting according to the requirements of morality is the time to reach "conscience". The idea activity under the guidance of morality is the beginning of behavior, and the behavior conforming to the requirements of moral norms is the completion of "conscience".

'''Achievements'''

WangShouren opposes regarding Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius as unchanging commandments, and opposes blindly obeying feudal ethics. Instead, he emphasizes personal initiative. The philosophical proposition of "bringing conscience" and the methodology of "unity of knowledge and practice" put forward by him have the significance of breaking through the feudalistic ideas and calling for the liberation of thought and personality. Wang Shouren received a wide range of disciples to publicize his ideas, which was known as "Yangming school" (also known as "Yaojiang school"). His works, including 38 volumes of the Complete Works of Duke Wang Wencheng , were appraised by the academic circles as the earliest enlightenment philosophy in the late feudal medieval society of China.

In terms of calligraphy, WangShouRen's calligraphic works are mainly cursive. His calligraphy was mainly based on Wang Xizhi, and also on the bone techniques of Ouyang Xun and Huang Tingjian. He integrated the philosophy of the mind into calligraphy, which enriched Chinese calligraphy theory.
His main works are "University Questions", " Complete Works of Duke Wang Wencheng" and "Chuanxilu ". His works are included in the History of the Ming Dynasty and The Finest of Ancient Prose.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

1.jinshi进士

2.minister of punishment刑部尚书

3.yicheng of Guizhou Longchang贵州龙场驿丞

4.magistrate of a county知县

5.the imperial censor of Youjin capital右佥都御史

6.grand coordinators巡抚

7.governor总督；明初在用兵时派往地方巡视监察的官员;清朝始正式成为地方最高长官,一般管辖两省的军事和政治,也有管三省或只管一省的

8.the minister of Nanjing Military Department南京兵部尚书

9.pacify平定

10.banditry土匪行为(或活动)

11.Zhu Chenhao朱宸濠

12.new earl新建伯

13.literary minister文臣

14.military exploit军功

15.Chen Xianzhang陈献章

16.Zhan Ruoshui湛若水

17.Yaojiang school姚江学派,即阳明学派(明朝中晚期的主流学说)

18.Longchang Enlightment龙场悟道

19.Liu Jin刘瑾

20.take office上任

21.University《大学》

22.unity of knowledge and practice知行合一

23.Guiyang Civilization Academy贵阳文明学院

24.Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius孔孟之道

25.Complete Works of Duke Wang Wencheng《王文成公全书》

26.Wang Xizhi王羲之

27.Ouyang Xun欧阳询

28.Huang Tingjian黄庭坚

29.University Questions《大学问》

30.Chuanxilu《传习录》

31.History of the Ming Dynasty《明史》

32.The Finest of Ancient Prose《古文观止》

'''Questions'''

1. What is the basic course of the development of the philosophy of the mind in the Ming Dynasty?

2. Where did Wang Shouren comprehend the philosophy of mind?

3. What theory did WangShouren put forward when he gave lectures in Guiyang?

4. What does WangShouRen think is the relationship between knowledge and action?

5. What is the historical significance of the unity of knowledge and action?

'''References'''

1. 王阳明, 《传习录》;中州古籍出版社2008年1月

2. 《明史》列传第八十三王守仁传,国学网[引用日期2014-01-21]

3. 当年明月．《明朝那些事儿》：浙江人民出版社，2011年11月第1版

4. 杨嵘编著．《王阳明大全集》．北京：中国华侨出版社，2011年

5. 余姚历史人物——四大先贤．浙江在线[引用日期2020-08-20]

6. 《王守仁》，中国网[引用日期2014-01-20]

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰— Martial Arts:The Development of Chinese Swordsman Spirit==
--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

the outline of the first paragraph: a brief introduction of Chinese swordsman spirit+my basic understanding of Chinese swordsman spirit +the overall outline(perspectives)of the essays.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==
Luosifen, also called Snail rice noodle, is a Chinese noodle dish with “offensive” oder and a speciality of the city of Liuzhou, in Guangzhou, southern China.

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
'''Chinese Paper Cutting'''

Chinese paper-cutting is a folk art of cutting patterns on paper with scissors or carving knives to decorate life or to complement other folk activities. In China, paper-cutting has a wide popular base and is interwoven into the social life of people of all ethnic groups, and is an important part of various folklore activities. Its visual images and stylised formats, which continue to be passed down, contain rich cultural and historical information, express the social perceptions, moral concepts, practical experiences, life ideals and aesthetic interests of the general public, and have multiple social values such as cognition, edification, expression, expression, entertainment and communication.

'''Origin'''

Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and the art of paper-cutting could not have existed before then, but the use of thin sheets of material to make crafts through the technique of hollowing and carving was popular long before paper appeared. The earliest paper cuttings found in China are five paper cuttings of flowers from the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD), unearthed near the Flaming Mountains in Turpan, Xinjiang.

During the Tang Dynasty, paper-cutting was already in a period of great development, and folklore also made use of paper-cutting in the form of funnel printing plates, where people carved thick paper into flower plates and funneled dyes onto cloth to form beautiful patterns.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were already artists who cut paper as a profession. The maturity of the paper-making industry in the Song dynasty, with its wide range of paper products, provided the conditions for the popularity of paper-cutting. For example, they were used as gifts, as window flowers, or as decorations for lanterns and tealights.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the art of paper-cutting matured and reached its heyday. Although the art of paper-cutting came from the folk, it became a universal art in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early twentieth century, the May Fourth New Culture Movement, advocated by advanced intellectuals such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Liu Hannong and Zhou Zuoren, established the beginnings of Chinese folklore studies. In the 1930s, the artist Chen Zhinong began his research and creation of folkloric paper cutouts in Beijing. He used sketches and silhouettes to depict a large number of customs and folklore in old Beijing, including street vendors, workshops and artisans, food stalls and tea stalls, fairs and temples, and idle people in the marketplace.

In the 1940s, paper cut-outs based on real-life themes began to appear, and in 1944, for the first time, new folk paper cut-outs from the north-west were exhibited in the Shaanxi-Ganjiang-Ningxia border area, kicking off the development of paper-cutting art after the founding of New China. It can be said that paper-cutting in Yan'an ushered in a new era of paper-cutting in China.

After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the literary and artistic policy of "blossoming of a hundred flowers, pushing out new ideas", artists created a large number of new paper cuts expressing new socialist ideas and events, opening up the path of paper cutting creation and enriching the form and content of Chinese folk decorative arts. In addition to paper cutouts expressing the new weather in all walks of life, children, sports, acrobatics, songs and dances have also become the most common subjects for paper cutting.

Since its inception, the art of paper-cutting has been uninterrupted throughout Chinese history. It is one of the richest art forms in Chinese folk history and culture, as it has been incorporated into various folklore activities.

'''Classification'''

1. Monochrome Paper Cuttings
Monochrome paper-cutting is the most basic form of paper-cutting, cut in various colours such as red, green, brown, black and gold, and is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. It is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. Paper cuttings used for embroidery base patterns are often combined with cut-and-stab techniques. The stabbing is done by using the point of a needle to make small dots in the fine details of the pattern, leaving a 'hidden knife' in some parts, which can be used as a basis for changing stitches when embroidering. Folding paper cuts, silhouettes and torn paper are all forms of monochrome paper cutting.

 Folding Paper-Cutting
Folding paper-cutting is one of the most common methods of folk expression. The so-called folding papercut is a papercut made by folding and cutting in different ways. Folding paper cuttings are simple, easy to make, labor-saving and time-saving, shape general and certain deformation, especially suitable for the performance of structural symmetry of the form and symmetrical pattern, such as people, frogs, butterflies, turtles, reflections, fish, etc., geometric patterns, flowers, scenery, utensils and other subjects can be adapted, and unfolded extremely symmetrical, and can change a variety of suitable shape, two-party continuous, four-party continuous or multi-party continuous, which is it can long be This is one of the main reasons for its longevity, and it has played an important role in the popularisation of paper-cutting and the modelling of craft patterns in China.

 the Silhouette
The silhouette is an ancient form of paper-cutting art, which expresses the shape of people and objects through their outer contours, so it focuses most on the beauty and shape of the outer contours. The tools are mainly scissors and a carving knife, and the paper is usually black or heavy-coloured paper. When expressing the silhouette of a figure, it is usually cut while looking at the object. Silhouettes are well suited to showing translucent effects and are a very distinctive type of paper cutting.

 Three, torn paper
Torn paper is a new type of paper cut out from the traditional folklore. The method is to use different types of paper, using the method of tearing by hand to tear the shape, by hand instead of cutting will naturally be very limited, not suitable to show the effect of delicate work, but it is this limitation, but also shows its unique artistic personality, there is a kind of ancient and elegant simple, bold and majestic tone. In the process of tearing paper there is often a kind of randomness, a natural and natural flavour.

2. Colourful paper-cutting
With the exploration and development of paper-cutting expression, the form and technique of colour paper-cutting is gradually increasing, with dot-dyeing, overlaying, colour separation, colour filling, wood printing, spray painting, outlining and colour weaving. Each form has its own characteristics and unique features: dot-dye paper cuttings nourishing, decorative strong; set of colour paper cuttings crisp, bright colour blocks; colour paper cuttings divided into distinctive, colourful; colour paper cuttings are simple, clean, sharp, all give people a different feeling.

3. Three-dimensional paper-cutting
The three-dimensional paper cut-out can be monochrome or coloured. It uses a combination of painting, cutting, folding, gluing and other techniques to produce a new type of paper-cutting close to sculpture, relief, which draws on the skills of modern art, fully embodies the characteristics of realism and art romance, so that paper-cutting from a flat sense into three-dimensional, can be used for ornamental modelling and children's handicrafts [12].

'''Methods and techniques'''

1. Folding
Folding paper to produce a repetitive pattern is one of the most basic paper-cutting techniques, and is also an expressive technique used in monochrome paper-cutting. The different effects it produces depend on the number and angle of the folds. When using this technique to cut flowers, the paper can be folded twice or three times before cutting, and the resulting pattern is a four-sided or six-sided flush shape. If you are cutting animals or people, the shape after folding once is symmetrical. The folding paper cut is a symmetrical pattern, so the resulting pattern has a more rhythmic feel. This technique is mostly used for cutting flowers and topiary flowers, etc.

2. Yin and Yang carving
The basic effect of paper cutting is obtained through the use of yin and yang lines alone or in a mixture.
Yin engraving, also known as engraving, is to carve away the outline of the structure of the object, the method of expressing lines in a large block, the effect is thick, strong, a strong sense of weight, a strong sense of black and white contrast, was cut to carve away the blank composition of the pattern, line and line are not connected.
Yang engraving, also known as hollowing, is the exact opposite of shading, where the blanks are removed and the outline lines are retained. The lines of the pattern are solid, and the lines are connected. This method is smooth, clear and lusciously detailed.
The combination of yin and yang is the best way to express paper cutting. The presence of both yin and yang carving methods in the same piece of work makes for a varied composition and a sharp contrast between black, white and grey in the picture, making it a highly expressive paper-cutting technique.

3. Three, piercing holes
The basic outline is cut out on the paper with a knife or scissors, and then holes are pierced in the pattern with a needle, mainly to allow multiple layers of paper to be joined, while at the same time seeing the detail in the roughness. This technique is often used to embroider patterns, sometimes symmetrical, such as pillow flowers, shoe flowers, sleeve flowers, etc. When two to four of the same pattern are needed, the paper is cut and pierced with Xuan paper, and when it is unglued, there are several of the same pattern at the same time. The reason for using Xuan paper is that it is easy to adhere and thin enough to be used underneath for embroidery without affecting the aesthetic appeal. A quick and easy alternative to stapling is to use staples and staples, which also have the effect of joining multiple layers of paper.

'''Significance of content'''

Folk paper-cutting is good at combining a variety of objects together to produce the desired result. Whether one or more images are used in combination, they are all modelled by "using the image to imply meaning" or "using the meaning to construct the image", rather than according to objective natural forms. The artist is also apt to use similes to create a variety of auspicious objects, combining conventional images to express his own psychology. The pursuit of auspicious metaphors became one of the ultimate aims of the imagery combinations. Geographical isolation and cultural limitations, as well as the intrusion of adversity such as natural disasters, inspired a desire for a happy and fulfilling life. People's simple wish for good food and clothing, prosperity, health and longevity, and for everything to be as it should be, is conveyed through paper-cutting.
There are many images reflecting productive life in folk paper-cutting, and one of the greatest similarities between these works is the exaggeration of the subject, such as a big fish, a big pepper, a big silkworm, a big grain, etc. Through paper-cutting, people make up beautiful images to comfort their hearts, to promote the great creativity of man in conquering nature, to build their ideal world, and to affirm the power of man and inspire the courage to continue the struggle

'''Questions'''

1.What are the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. What are the categories of paper-cutting?

3.What is Yin and Yang carving?

4.What is the greatest similarity between folk paper-cuttings?

'''References'''

• 赵辰昕. 唱响非物质文化遗产保护专家访谈录[M]. 北京：中国发展出版社, 2012:295-296

•“非遗保护”在中国．人民网．2009-10-20[引用日期2015-10-12

•教育部办公厅关于公布第一批全国普通高校中华优秀传统文化传承基地名单的通知． - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站[引用日期2018-12-06]

•流行于中国民间的剪纸艺术．中国国际广播电台国际在线．2008-12-04[引用日期2015-10-11]

•剪纸的历史．中华五千年[引用日期2015-10-11]

•漫话剪纸艺术．正北方网．2012-03-02[引用日期2015-10-11]

•刘魁立，张旭. 剪纸[M]. 北京：中国社会出版社, 2008:16-17

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Traditional Craft: Bronze ==
Chinese bronze ware is representative of Chinese culture and technology in the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. It has special social status and is the product of a strict hierarchy. [1] Chinese bronze ware first appeared in 5,000 BC and was gradually replaced by ironware in the Han Dynasty. China's Bronze Age spanned about 3,000 years of history. Copper–tin-lead is the main material of bronze alloy.

In the early

The academic world is still exploring when Chinese bronzes originated. One said it was brought by westerners from Xinjiang, such as xiao the Cemetery [2].

In 1973, a round piece of copper was found in the remains of a house at the Yangshao Cultural site in Jiangzhai, Lintong, Shaanxi province. The house has been dated to around 4700 BC by carbon-14. Archaeologists identified the copper as a cast brass, a copper-zinc alloy. The earliest bronze ware unearthed in China is a bronze knife of Majiayao culture unearthed in Linjia, Dongxiang, Gansu province in 1975, which is about 2740 BC [3][4]. During the Xia Dynasty about 2000 BC, China entered the Bronze Age.

The bronze ware of the Xia Dynasty is represented by the bronze ware of Erlitou culture. Erlitou culture is represented by the elite site in Yanshi, Henan province, followed by Longshan culture in time. In elite culture, in addition to bronze tools, weapons, and ornaments, vessels made of bronze also appeared, of which jue was the most important. The bronze jue in Erlitou culture was made by the standard method, with a very thin body and equipped with 鋬 and flow [3].

The shape and ornamentation of early Chinese bronzes have inherited the characteristics of stone tools and pottery of the Neolithic Age. Bronze weapons and tools, most of their shapes from stone tools; The appearance of bronze vessels is mostly from pottery. Tripod, tripod, count, and 斝 all have pottery prototypes. Bronze ornamentation and inscriptions were followed by stone tools and pottery. The pottery unearthed in Longshan culture is mostly decorated with painted patterns, many of which are found in later bronzes, such as cloud thunder patterns and flat dragon patterns. There are various gluttonous patterns on jade articles in Liangzhu culture, which can also be seen on bronzes [3].

In elite culture, the technique of inlaying turquoise on bronzes appeared, and there are devices inlaid with turquoise into cross or taotie patterns in unearthed cultural relics [3].

Shang Dynasty bronze ware

Since the Shang Dynasty, bronze culture has reached its peak. The bronze wares of the Shang dynasty can be roughly divided into two stages: the Erligang period and the Yinxu period, in which The Shang King Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin.

The bronze wares of the Erligang period were mainly found in Erligang of Zhengzhou, Henan province, and Liuli Pavilion of Huixian County, which was connected with elite culture and inherited the characteristics of elite culture bronze wares. Compared with an elite period, the types of bronzes in the Erligang period increased significantly. 1. There are tripods, li vessels, and vessels. There are bowls for food; There are wine utensils, gu, Sir, 斝, corner, respect, 卣, pot, Beijing; Water has a disk, 盉; Weapons are ge, spear, 𨱆, knife, arrowheads; Tools such as ax, adz. Craftsmen of the Erigon period were already able to make large bronzes. The square ding unearthed in Qianjie of Zhangzhai in 1974 is 100 centimeters high and weighs 82.4 kilograms. A similar square tripod was found in Zhengzhou in 1982. In addition, inscriptions have appeared on Oregon bronzes. The earliest inscriptions bronze vessel is a li vessel stored in the Museum of Chinese History.

The bronze ware in Yin Ruins reached the first peak in the history of Chinese bronze ware development. From the Yin ruins as the center to Inner Mongolia and Liaoning in the north to the coast in the east to Gansu and Sichuan in the west, and Guangdong and Guangxi in the south, bronzes matching the characteristics of Yin Ruins have been unearthed. Both in quantity and quality, the bronzes of the Yin Dynasty had a great development, with more varieties and styles, more exquisite workmanship, and more elaborate and gorgeous patterns. The combination method reached a very high level in Yin Dynasty. The bronze system of this period was even larger. The largest single bronze ware discovered so far, the home wu large square ding, was found in Yin Ruins. During the Period of Yin ruins, there appeared not only a large number of bronze ritual vessels, weapons, and tools but also bronze Musical Instruments and chariot and horse implements.

Bronze statues of birds and animals, such as four sheep, an elephant, a pig, and an owl, were popular in the Shang Dynasty. In the Shang Dynasty, bronze plow, bronze plow, bronze plow, bronze plow, bronze rake, bronze saw, and other production tools appeared [5][6], although they were not popular yet. The earliest known bronze inscriptions appeared in the middle of the Shang Dynasty.

Western Zhou Dynasty bronze ware

The zhou people in the early Western Zhou dynasty continued the bronze ware form of the Shang Dynasty and also inherited the taotie patterns popular in Shang Dynasty. "Lu Shi Spring and Autumn · First knowledge overview" also recorded that "Zhou Ding tao, there is nobody, cannibalism did not swallow harm and its body, to report more also". Legend has it that Taotie, the son of the Jinyun family, was extremely greedy for money and food and came to a bad end in the end. He was assisted by Shun to destroy his tribe. [7] In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, taotie had been regarded as a necessary decorative pattern, reminding people to have a moderate diet and not to become "taotie". The Yun-lei pattern appeared in the middle of the Shang Dynasty but was not popular. After the ritual reform in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States Period, the pattern of Zhou bronzes gradually changed to the Yun-lei pattern. [8] Some western Zhou bronzes also bear inscriptions.

Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period bronze ware

Bronze smelting technology was still developing in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, but it was not as artistic as the previous dynasties, but practical and simple style. In the Shang dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, wine vessels were popular, but in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period, they had been greatly reduced. Hook and bronze mirrors were representative of the smelting level at that time. The largest number of bronze mirrors were unearthed in Changsha of Chu. The large zenghouyi chime bells and a series of other bronzes unearthed in Zengguo (now Suizhou, Hubei province) reflect the superior smelting technology of the Spring and Autumn Period. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, although bronze ware was still cast in the early stage, it was gradually replaced by early ironware. The smelting technology of copper mirrors continued, but also began to change in materials.

Reference
[1]吴来明，周亚. 雄奇宝器：古代青铜铸造术. 西安: 文物出版社. 2008年7月
[2] Ian Morris. 西方憑什麼：五萬年人類大歷史，破解中國落後之謎. : 183
[3] 李学勤. 《青铜器与古代史》. 联经出版社. 2005（再版）
[4] 路迪民王大业. 中国古代冶金与金属文物. 陕西科学技术出版社. 1998: 31 [2022-05-25]
[5] 王慧芳. 江西新干县大洋洲出土青铜农具研究[J]. 洛阳理工学院学报：社会科学版, 2016, 31(3):4
[6]陈振中.殷周的青铜锯[J]. 考古, 1984(1):6
[7] 《左传·文公十八年》：缙云氏有不才子，贪于饮食，冒于货贿，侵欲崇侈，不可盈厌，聚敛积实，不知纪极，不分孤寡，不恤穷匮，天下之民以比三凶，谓之饕餮。舜臣尧，宾于四门，流四凶族浑敦、穷奇、梼杌、饕餮，投诸四裔，以御魑魅。
[8] 郭沫若《彝器形象学试探》--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 14:12, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ==

'''Introduction'''

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%91%E7%A4%BE/6675997

Deyunshe, originally named as the Beijing Conversation Conference, is one of the biggest Chinese crosstalk organizations and folk art performance groups in China. Established in 1995, Deyunshe has been the common abbreviation of Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Company Ltd. since its renaming in 2003. Following its key principle of “lead crosstalk back to the theatre”, in these years, Deyunshe has made important contribution to the inheritance and innovation of Chinese crosstalk, opera, pingshu and other forms of folk art performance.

'''The Development of Deyunshe'''

Crosstalk is a kind of intangible cultural heritage with a long history in China. Generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng(1850-1861) and Emperor Tongzhi(1861-1874) period in Qing dynasty, the crosstalk art once almost disappeared but has been reborn and developed very rapidly especially since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. However, up to 1990s, crosstalk industry was locked into outmoded adversity again because of the newborn ways of entertainment, the decay of radios, and the obsolescence of the crosstalk content itself, etc.
In 1995, crosstalk artists Guo Degang, Li Jing and Zhang Wenshun established the Beijing Conversation Conference and began to perform at Guangde Building, Workers Club, Zhonghe Theatre and other tea houses or small-scale theaters. In 2003, the Beijing Conversation Conference changed its name to Deyunshe. In October 2004, Kaixin Chuaguan (Pleasant Teahouse), a programme of Beijing Joy FM, began to broadcast the live recordings of Deyunshe, showing a new performance form that differs from the traditional crosstalk at gala evenings. In 2010, Deyunshe changed its management methods into corporate governance, and made labor contract with all the artists. In July 2011, Deyunshe inaugurated a new form in the Beizhan Theatre, by using the dialects operas and comic dialogues to interpret crosstalk of various styles from the Qing dynasty to the Republic of China. In April 2013, the first branch of the Chinese crosstalk club, the Deyunshe Melbourne Branch, was established. On 17 July, 2014, Deyunshe started to call for the anti-vulgarity campaign to purify the crosstalk performance. After years of hard work, Deyunshe has come a long way in the resistance of the vulgarity, kitsch and low-brow content by destroying the decay and establishing the fresh. In June 2020, Deyunshe made a contract with Qilu University of Technology, planning to cooperatively build the Deyun College.
Since the establishment of Deyunshe in 1995, Guo Degang and his apprentices always hold some principles to inherit and innovate traditional Chinese crosstalk. For example, they believe crosstalk is essentially a kind of entertainment instead of a way of preaching, and it must appeal to all ages and social groups and root in small-scale theaters where artists can truly interact with audiences and hear the direct feedback voices. In a certain degree, it is the appearance of Guo Degang and his Deyunshe that draws a blueprint for the future development and breathes new life into crosstalk industry.
By 2022, Deyunshe has established many branches at home and abroad, including Beijing, Tianjin, Harbin, Changchun, Nanjing and Melbourne. As the headquarters of Deyunshe, Beijing Deyunshe is comprised of Tianqiao Theater, the birthplace of Beijing-style folk art, Sanlitun Theater, Sanqingyuan Theater, Xinjiekou Theater, Guangdelou Theater and Huguang Guild Hall Theater.

'''The Mentorship-system of Deyunshe'''

https://www.bilibili.com/read/mobile?id=379863

Up to now, Deyunshe still follows the mentorship-system of traditional Chinese opera and folk art industries and only accepts male apprentices. Most members or artists of Deyunshe are Guo Degang’s and his partner Yu Qian’s apprentices. Following the rank of “Yun, He, Jiu, Xiao, Long, Teng, Si, Hai” (Cloud, Crane, Nine, Sky, Dragon, Jump, Four, Sea)，every apprentice of Guo Degang will get a stage name after a formal ceremony of being admitted by Guo as his student after years of study.
During the period of learning crosstalk, apprentices do not need to give any tuition to their masters. When eating or shopping together, junior students even do not need to pay their own bills if there are any other seniors. At the same time, apprentices of Deyunshe have to abide by the rules of the club, for example, obeying their masters’ instruction, respecting seniors and other counterparts, visiting their masters personally during the “Three Festivals and Two Birthdays”(the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Spring Festival, the birthday of Confucius and the birthday of their masters), paying attention to self-cultivation, learning the skills assiduously, and abstaining from gambling, prostitution and other illegal acts, etc. If any apprentice violates the regulations, his master will deprive his stage name and dismiss him.

'''The Fandom Culture and Deyunshe'''

In recent years, Deyunshe has gained an increasingly larger fan base, and the fandom culture has dramatically influenced the development of Deyunshe. More crosstalk artists of Deyunshe are now regarded as celebrities and even idols. This is an unprecedented event in the history of crosstalk industry. On the one hand, the fandom culture does stimulate Deyunshe’s reformation and innovation. On the other hand, the complexity and pluralism of fans put much more pressure on artists. Sometimes the fans’ behavior such as trolling and invading comment areas and so on will cause heated controversies and damage the artists’ images.
To thank for the fans’ support, Deyunshe holds a special performance, called the “Festival of Gang’s Fans” every September since 2010. Zhang Yunlei, one of Guo Degang’s apprentices, nowadays has enjoyed phenomenal popularity and been called “the Artist of Taiping Lyrics” of post-1990s generation because of his mellifluous and sensational voice, handsome looks and incredible life experience. Guo Degang, Zhang Yunlei, Yue Yunpeng, Meng Hetang, Qin Xiaoxian and other crosstalk artists use their own influence and the power of fans to promote the spread and productive protection of crosstalk and other forms of traditional Chinese folk arts. For example, in many of Zhang’s crosstalk performances, thousands of fans chorused traditional Taiping Lyrics, opera lyrics and songs to echo and support him. In addition, during the “Cultural and Natural Heritage Day” in 2019, the social platform of Weibo invited some artists of Deyunshe, including Zhang Yunlei, Tao Yunsheng, Zhang Helun, Meng Hetang, and Zhou Jiuliang, to join a series of activities associated with the inheritance and development of intangible cultural heritage and disseminate crosstalk, pingshu, pingju (a local opera of north and northeast China), Beijing Opera, jinyun dagu (story- telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment) and so on to broader audience and receivers of traditional Chinese culture.

'''Representative Artists of Deyunshe'''

https://m.baidu.com/sf/vsearch?pd=image_content&word=%E9%83%AD%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B2%20%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F&tn=vsearch&sa=vs_kg_star_toppic&ms=1&from=1001192y&atn=page&fr=tab

Guo Degang, a famous Chinese crosstalk artist and the founder of Deyunshe, was born in Tianjin in 1973. He began to learn crosstalk, Beijing Opera, pingshu and so on at the age of 8, following his master, Hou Yaowen, a respected Chinese crosstalk artist. The New York Times described Guo as “the Chinese Ricky Gervais” in 2011, and said, “He is a comedian who specializes in a traditional form of performance comedy called crosstalk that has undergone a revival recently, largely because of Mr. Guo’s antics. Chinese media have dubbed him ‘the savior of cross talk’ for attracting young and middle-aged audience members to the aging crosstalk crowd.” As one of the the eighth-generation crosstalk performers, Guo Degang tries his best to appeal younger audiences by weeding out the didactic and stale contents and adding fresh contents that conform to the spirit of the age and are much closer to modern life. Based on tradition, he creates many new crosstalk works, including “Yang Naiwu Writes Indictment”, “The Bodyguard”, “Sell Opera Tickets”, and “I want to be on the Spring Festival Gala Evening”, etc.
Yu Qian, the fixed partner of Guo Degang and an apprentice of Chinese crosstalk master Shi Fukuan, is an expert at interacting with audiences and performing “Xiangua” (improvise on jokes in crosstalk). His acting style is cultured and leisurely, differing from but matching with Guo Degang’s lively and theatrical style.

https://m.baidu.com/sf/vsearch?pd=image_content&word=%E5%B2%B3%E4%BA%91%E9%B9%8F%20%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F&tn=vsearch&sa=vs_kg_star_toppic&ms=1&from=1001192y&atn=page&fr=tab

Yue Yunpeng, an apprentice of Guo Degang, mainly performs crosstalk as “Dougen” (the lead actor) with his fixed partner Sun Yue. As an old friend of all different gala evenings and a representative of new-generation crosstalk artist, Yue performed crosstalk at CCTV’s Spring Festival Gala for five times. His crosstalk works are always related to social reality, using a humorous way to criticize and roast the hypocrisy and seamy side of today’s society.

'''Different Ranks of Deyunshe Members'''

The rank of “wen” (culture): Xie Jin

The rank of “ming” (bright): Guo Degang, Yu Qian, Gao Feng, Sun Yue, Liu Zhe, Wang Shaoli, Shi Aidong, Liu Chunshan, Yang Jinming, Hou Zhen, Zhang Deyan, Zheng Hao

The rank of “yun” (cloud): Zhang Yunlei, Kong Yunlong, Luan Yunping, Yu Yunting, Zhu Yunfeng, Yue Yunpeng, Ning Yunxiang, Li Yunjie, Zhao Yunxia, Li Yuntian, Tao Yunsheng, Zhang Yunfan, Yu Yuntian

The rank of “he” (crane): Cao Heyang, Liu Hexiang, Yan Hexiang, Li Helin, Li Hebiao, Liu Heying, Zhang Helun, Gao Hecai, Zhang Hejun, Ji Hewu, Wu Hechen, Meng Hetang, Ynag Hetong, Liang Hekun, Zhong Hexuan, Ma Heqi, Zhang Hefeng, Yu Hezhen, Liu Heqing, Zhang Hewen, Sun Hebao, Yang Heling, Zhang Hefan, Qi Hetao, Lang Heyan, Guan Hebai, Wang Hejiang, Gao Hepeng, Liu Helong, Li Hedong, Zhang Hejian, Jin Henian, Fang Hedi, Jin Helan, Zhu Hesong, Luan Hehua, Zhang Heluan, Li Hepu, Zhang Heqing, Liu Hean, Huang Hefei, Pi Hean, Xing Hewei, liu Hedan

The rank of “jiu” (nine): Zhang Jiuling, Li Jiuchun, Zhou Jiuliang, Yang Jiulang, Zhang Jiuchi, Gao Jiucheng, Wang Jiulong, Zhang Jiunan, He Jiuhua, Zheng Jiulian, Li Jiujiang, Sun Jiuxiang, Liu Jiuren, Guan Jiuhai, Shang Jiuxi, Li Jiuchong, Liu Jiuru, Liu Jiusi, Chen Jiufu, Chen Jiupin, Ni Jiutao, Dong Jiuli, Li Jiutian, Chen Jiutong, Cao Jiutai, Zhang Jiutai, Han Jiuming, Dong Jiuhan, Zhang Jiulin, Mei Jiuliang, Sun Jiufang, Ji Jiuxiao, Ma Jiumeng, Yin Jiuyan, Shen Jiuping, Liu Jiuhui

The rank of “xiao” (sky): Zhang Xiaobai, Wang Xiaoyi, Qin Xiaoxian, Fan Xiaoqi, Fan Xiaotang, E Xiaoxiong, Zhao Xiaoyuan, Wang Xiaohan, Zhang Xiaomo, Yang Xiaofeng, Xiao Xiaoyu, Kang Xiaozhe, Wang Xiaoxiu, Yang Xiaohong, Li Xiaoqiao, Sun Xiaoyao, Ge Xiaoqing, Wu Xiaoze, Wang Xiaokai, Ma Xiaosheng, Ma Xiaorong, Dong Xiaoye, Li Xiaohang, Gao Xiaofei, Ji Xiaotong, Chiwei Xiaotang, Dong Xiaoyuan, Zhang Xiaoting, Liu Xiaohang, Guo Xiaohan, Yang Xiaotai

The rank of “xiao” (bamboo)(apprentices of the rank of “yun”): Shang Xiaoju, Liu Xiaoting, Gao Xiaobei, Gao Xiaobao, Xu Xiaozhu, Li Xiaokui, Hou Xiaolou, Guo Xiaoqiao, Wang Xiaoge, Yu Xiaohuai

Apprentices of Yu Qian: Guo Qinlin, Feng Zhaoyang, Li Siming, Tai Rongjian, Guo Fenyang, Wu Suowei, Xiaolong

Apprentices of Sun Yue: Lu Shuo, Sun Zizhao, Li Shijin

Apprentices of Gao Feng: Lang Haochen, Miao Haoyu, Song Haoran, Wang Haoyue, Li Haoyang

Apprentices of Hou Zhen: Zhuang Zijian, Gao Lei, Hong Chen, Zhang Guotang

'''Terms'''

Deyunshe 德云社

Beijing Conversation Conference 北京相声大会

Cloud, Crane, Nine, Sky, Dragon, Jump, Four, Sea 云鹤九霄，龙腾四海

Three Festivals and Two Birthdays (the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Spring Festival, the birthday of Confucius and the birthday of their masters) 三节两寿（端午节、中秋节、春节、孔子诞辰以及师父寿辰）

Festival of Gang’s Fans 钢丝节

Taiping Lyrics 太平歌词

Cultural and Natural Heritage Day 文化和自然遗产日

Jinyun dagu 京韵大鼓

Yang Naiwu Writes Indictment《杨乃武写状》

The Bodyguard 《大保镖》

Sell Opera Tickets 《卖吊票》

Xiangua 现挂

Dougen 逗哏

'''Reference'''

1.Hou Baolin, Xue Baokun 侯宝林, 薛宝坤. 《相声溯源》[''The Origin of Crosstalk'']. 人民教育出版社 People’s Literature Publishing House, 1983:1-13.

2.Xiang Shi 向适. 论相声传统的继承与发展[On the Inheritance and Development of the Crosstalk Tradition]. 湖南第一师范学报 ''Journal of Hunan First Normal College'', 2008(03):155-157.

3.You Hongxia, Tian Zhaoyuan 游红霞, 田兆元. 粉丝文化背景下非物质文化遗产的传承发展——以德云社相声为例[Inheritance and Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage under the Background of Fans Culture—Taking Deyunshe Crosstalk as an Example]. 湖北民族大学学报 ''Hubei Minzu University Journal'', 2020(03):146-152.

4.Wikipedia 维基百科. Deyunshe 德云社 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyunshe

5.Benjamin Haas. “Who’s on First?” Finds a Home in Chinese Clubs. ''The New York Times'', 2011.3.2 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/03/world/asia/03beijing.html

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi==

''' 1.Introduction '''

Jiaozi are Chinese dumplings commonly eaten in China and other parts of East Asia. Jiaozi are folded to resemble Chinese sycee（元宝） and have great cultural significance attached to them within China. Jiaozi are one of the major dishes eaten during the Chinese New Year throughout Northern China and eaten all year round in the northern provinces. Though considered part of Chinese cuisine, jiaozi are popular in other parts of East Asia and in the Western world, where a fried variety is sometimes called potsticker in North America and Chinese dumplings in the UK. The English-language term "potsticker" is a calque of the Mandarin word "guotie" (锅贴). Potsticker was used by Buwei Yang Chao and her husband Yuen Ren Chao in the book How to Cook and Eat in Chinese, which was first published in 1945. In northern China, however, "guotie" specifically refers to a type of pan-fried jiaozi with its ends left open rather than just any pan-fried jiaozi.
Jiaozi typically consist of a ground meat and/or vegetable filling wrapped into a thinly rolled piece of dough, which is then sealed by pressing the edges together. Finished jiaozi can be boiled, steamed, pan fried, or deep fried, and are traditionally served with a black vinegar and sesame oil dip. They can also be served in a soup.

'''2.Origin and custom'''

In China, there are several different folk stories explaining the origin of jiaozi and its name.Traditionally, jiaozi was thought to be invented during the era of the Eastern Han (AD 25–220)[1][2] by Zhang Zhongjing[3] who was a great practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine. Jiaozi was originally referred to as "tender ears" (Chinese: 娇耳) because they were used to treat frostbitten ears. Zhang Zhongjing was on his way home during wintertime, when he found many common people had frostbitten ears, because they did not have warm clothes and sufficient food. He treated these poor people by stewing lamb, black pepper, and some warming medicines in a pot, chopped them, and used them to fill small dough wrappers. He boiled these dumplings and gave them with the broth to his patients, until the coming of the Chinese New Year. In order to celebrate the New Year as well as recovering from frostbitten ears, people imitated Zhang's recipe to make Jiao'er.[4]

Other theories suggest that jiaozi may have derived from dumplings in Western Asia. In the Western Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 9) jiaozi (饺子) were called jiaozi (角子). During the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220–280), the book Guangya by Zhang Yi mentions jiaozi. Yan Zhitui during the Northern Qi dynasty (AD 550–577) wrote: "Today the jiaozi, shaped like a crescent moon, is a common food in the world." Six Dynasties Turfan tombs contained dumplings.[5] Later in the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907), jiaozi become more popular, called Bian Shi (扁食). Chinese archaeologists have found a bowl of jiaozi in the Tang dynasty tombs in Turpan.[6] 7th or 8th century dumplings and wontons were found in Turfan.[7]

Jiaozi may also be named because they are horn-shaped. The Chinese word for "horn" is jiao (角), and jiaozi was originally written with the Chinese character for "horn", but later it was replaced by the specific character “饺”, which has the food radical on the left and the phonetic component jiāo (交) on the right.[8]

jiaozi look like yuan bao silver or gold ingots used as currency during the Ming dynasty, and as the name sounds like the word for the earliest paper money, serving them is believed to bring prosperity.[9] Many families eat these at midnight on Chinese New Year's Eve. Some cooks will even hide a clean coin inside a jiaozi for the lucky to find.[10]

'''3.Types of jiaozi'''

Jiaozi may be divided into various types :
Boiled dumplings (水饺)
Steamed dumplings (蒸饺)
Pan-fried dumplings (煎饺)
Deep fried dumplings (炸饺)
Soup dumplings (汤饺)
egg dumpling (蛋饺)

'''4.Fillings of dumplings'''

Common dumpling meat fillings include chicken, pork, beef, shrimp, and fish which are usually mixed with chopped vegetables. Popular vegetable fillings include napa cabbage, scallion (spring onions), celery, leek, spinach, mushroom, carrot, garlic chives, and edible black fungus.

'''5.Folding techniques of jiaozi'''

There are many ways to fold jiaozi. Basically, steps for folding the skin includes putting a single pleat in the middle, putting multiple pleats along the edge, making a wavy edge like a pie crust, turning a pleated edge in toward the body resulting in a rounded edge, and putting both ends together resulting in a round shape.[citation needed] Different shapes of Jiaozi require different folding techniques, but the most famous and common technique is the pinched-edge fold.[11] Take a wrapper and put one tablespoon of filling into the center of the wrapper. Fold a half of edge to the other half. Use left thumb and forefinger to pinch one side of the half-moon wrapper, and then use right thumb to push the inside skin outward, right forefinger to make outside skin into small pleats. Use right thumb to clench those pleats. Repeat these steps to the other side of the wrapper, and make sure to clench the seal of Jiaozi.[12] This is crescent-shaped jiaozi, the most popular shape in China.

'''6.Variations of jiaozi'''

'''Guangdong'''
Jiaozi is called gaau ji in Cantonese and are standard fare in Guangdong style dim sum. The immediate noted difference to Northern style is that they are smaller and wrapped in a thinner translucent skin, and usually steamed. The smaller size and the thinner wrapper make the dumplings easier to cook through with steaming. In contrast to jiaozi, Guangdong gaau ji are rarely home-made because the wrapper, which needs to be thin but tough enough to not break, is more difficult to make. Many types of fillings exist, with the most common type being har gow (虾饺), but fillings can include scallop, chicken, tofu, and mixed vegetables; dim sum restaurants often feature their own house specials or innovations. Dim sum chefs and artists often use ingredients in new or creative ways, or draw inspiration from other Chinese culinary traditions, such as Chaozhou, Hakka, or Shanghai. More creative chefs may even create fusion gaau ji by using elements from other cultures, such as Japanese (teriyaki) or Southeast Asian (satay or curry), while upscale restaurants may use expensive or exotic ingredients such as lobster, shark fin and bird's nest.

Another Cantonese dumpling is yau gok (油角), which are made with glutinous rice dough and deep fried.

'''Guotie'''
Guotie (锅贴) are a northern Chinese style dumpling popular as a street food, appetizer, or side order in Chinese cuisine. Guotie differs from pan fried dumplings, or jianjiao, in that the shape of guotie is usually elongated and the two ends are often left open. Guotie is sometimes served on a dim sum menu, but may be offered independently. The filling for both guotie and jianjiao usually contains pork (sometimes chicken, or beef in Muslim areas), cabbage, scallions, ginger, Chinese rice wine or cooking wine, and sesame seed oil. In southern China, the term "guotie" is often used as a synonym for the typical jianjiao rather than referring to a particular variety of it.

'''Gyōza'''
The Japanese word gyōza was derived from the Jilu Mandarin reading of“饺子”, giǎoze, and the Japanese word is often written using the same Chinese characters. Following the Second World War, Japanese soldiers returning from the Japanese-backed puppet state of Manchukuo（满洲国） in northeastern China brought home gyōza recipes.

The prevalent differences between Japanese-style gyōza and Chinese-style jiaozi are the rich garlic flavor, which is less noticeable in the Chinese version, and that gyōza wrappers tend to be thinner, due to the fact that most Japanese restaurants use machine-made wrappers. In contrast, the rustic cuisine of poor Chinese immigrants shaped westerners' views that Chinese restaurant jiaozi use thicker handmade wrappers. As jiaozi vary greatly across regions within China, these differences are not as clear in the country of origin. For example, visitors will easily find thin-skinned jiaozi at restaurants in Shanghai and at street food vendors in the Hangzhou region. Gyōza wrappers are actually identical to jiaozi wrappers seen in Chinese households using store-bought machine-made wrappers. Gyōza are usually served with soy-based tare sauce seasoned with rice vinegar and/or chili oil (rāyu in Japanese, làyóu (辣油) in Mandarin Chinese). The most common recipe is a mixture of minced pork (sometimes chicken or beef), cabbage, Asian chives, and sesame oil, and/or garlic, and/or ginger, which is then wrapped in the thinly rolled dough skins. Gyoza share similarities with both pierogi and spring rolls and are cooked in the same fashion as pierogi, either boiled or fried.

The most popular preparation method is the pan-fried style called yaki-gyōza, in which the dumpling is first fried on one flat side, creating a crispy skin. Then, water is added and the pan sealed with a lid, until the upper part of the dumpling is steamed. This technique is what the Chinese call guotie or potstickers (see above). Other popular methods include boiling sui-gyōza and deep frying age-gyōza.

'''Momo'''
The Tibetan and Nepalese version is known as momo. The word "momo" comes from a Chinese loanword, "momo" ,[13] which translates to "steamed bread". When preparing momo, flour is filled, most commonly with ground water buffalo meat. Often, ground lamb or chicken meat is used as alternate to water buffalo meat. In Nepal there is also a vegetarian option where mixtures of potato, cheese and other vegetable items are mixed. Finely chopped onion, minced garlic, fresh minced ginger, cumin powder, salt, coriander/cilantro, etc. are added to the meat for flavouring. A sauce made from cooked tomatoes flavored with Sichuan pepper and minced red chilies is often served along with momo.

The Nepalese momo is usually served with dipping sauces that include tomato based chutneys or sesame based sauces. Sauces can be thick or thin consistency depending on the eatery (locally called chutney/achhar[14]), that is normally made with tomato as the base ingredient. In Kathmandu valley, the traditional way of serving momo (momocha) is 10 ping-pong ball sized round momo drowned in a tangy, tomatoey and nutty broth or sauce called Jhol (watery soup / broth in Nepali) achar (served at room temperature, with watery / runny consistency, also known as Kathmandu style momo). Jhol momo has a warm or hot broth poured over momo (not cooked in the soup / broth).[15] To make the jhol achar one of the main ingredients is Nepali Hog Plum (Lapsi), but if unavailable, lemon or lime juice can be used.

'''Reference'''

[1] “Frozen ears: The story of guozas”. The Malay Mailthe origin of Jiaozi". [2]“Seeking XLB". The Austin Chronicl. [3] "The origin of jiaozi”. people.com.cn.Retrieved 2002-02-07.

[4]你知道冬至为什么吃饺子吗? 医圣张仲景发明". 人民网. 人民网. 23 December 2015.

[5]“Archaeologists Discover Ancient Dumplings in China". 16 February 2016.

[6] "Dumplings served 1,700 years ago in XinjiangDumplings served 1,700 years ago in Xinjiang". China Daily. Xinhua. Retrieved 24 January 2022.

[7] Hansen 2012, p. 11.

[8]Norman, Jerry (1988) Chinese, Cambridge University Press, pp. 76–77.

[9]"Steamed pork dumplings". Graceful Cuisine. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.

[10]Simonds, Nina (25 January 1995). "Dumplings, for a Lucky Year of the Pig". New York Times.

[11]Yarvin, Brian (2007). A World of Dumplings. New York: The Countryman Press. Woodstock, Vermont. p. 50. ISBN 9780881507201.

[12] "饺子的N种时尚新奇包法". 百度经验. 31 December 2012.

[13] Jīn Péng 金鹏 (ed.): Zàngyǔ jiǎnzhì 藏语简志. Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社, Beijing 1983, p. 31.

[14] Williams, James. "Momos Chutney Recipe". ReciPickr.com.

[15]"Anup's Kitchen | Traditional recipes, without shortcuts". Retrieved 2021-09-26.

'''Terms'''

Boiled dumplings 水饺

Steamed dumplings 蒸饺

Pan-fried dumplings 煎饺

Deep fried dumplings 炸饺

Soup dumplings汤饺

egg dumpling蛋饺

Nepali Hog Plum南酸枣；尼泊尔猪梅

jhol achar 将馍馍蒸熟后放入充满汤汁的碗里，汤称为jhol achar

momo尼泊尔饺子

'''Question'''

1.What shape are the dumplings folded into?

2.In traditional cognition, who invented jiaozi? Why he invented it?

3.How many types of dumplings are there?

4.How many variations of dumplings are there?

5.Do you like eat jiaozi?

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==
Outline: 1. the development of P.S. technology in China from the ancient time to present time; 2. The influence of it on China people; 3. The importance of it to China.

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==

===History===

The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

===Basic production process===

The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:
1.Bamboo is selected.
2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.
3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.
4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===

====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====

In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.

====Hakka second burial funerals====

Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig the old burial and enter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned.

====Hakka dance ceremony====

"Umbrella Dance" is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka Clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with "tea leaf drama" and "mountain song".

====Engagement present of the Yao people====

In the population of Yao located in Longhui County of Hunan, oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride.

====Funerals of the Dai people====

Dai people located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called "嘎拉沙" (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven. This type of umbrella is still available in a village today.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in China===

The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas are mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Romance of the Western Chamber. Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity.

====Yuhang, Zhejiang====

In Yuhang District, Zhejiang, oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (1769), by Dong Wenyuan, who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles.

In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established "Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction.

On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the oil-paper umbrella in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a "canvas" for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan, Chen Yue Xiang, Shen Lihua, and Sun Shuigen prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact (Antiquities Act[1]).

Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons,[2] which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella.

====Hunan====

Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha, Hunan province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恒泰纸伞店, Which is named after Tao Jiqiao, who established the shop during the Qing dynasty.

In 1900, Liang Jingting, who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San. It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The beautiful name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing (潘馈清) brothers started a factory called Feifei San (菲菲伞) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She(靖港雨伞社; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè) was abolished, and Taohengmao (陶恒茂) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated.

The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials.

====Taiwan====

Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin Agui and Wu Zhenxing invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called "廣" (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.

In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (广进胜) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin Xianglin and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De, have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.

===Oil-paper umbrellas in foreign countries===

====Japan====

Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa, and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa. The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period to Edo period.

====Tailand====

Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories.

===References===

1. The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Pub.L. 59–209, 34 Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906.

2."Hiromi Paper International". hiromipaper.com.

===Terms===

1.Yun:云氏

2.Lu Ban:鲁班

3.Washi:和纸

4.Hakka:客家人

5."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations":雨伞手工业合作社

6.Lianghongfa San:梁宏发伞

7.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San:湘潭木屐靖港油伞

8.wagasa:(Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"

9.janomegasa:(Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"

===Questions===

1.What did people in Song Dynasty commonly call the oil-paper umbrella?

2.What are the general production procedures of oil-paper umbrellas?

3.Why do Dai People use oil-paper umbrellas in funerals?

4.What is wagasa?

===Answers===

1.It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella".

2.First, bamboo is selected.Then, the bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Next, Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.

3.Because the Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven.

4.Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

'''The Definition of Yuan Drama'''

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singlely as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

'''The Rise and development of Yuan Drama'''

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

'''Yuan Drama System'''

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

'''Representatives of Yuan Drama '''

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

'''Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama'''

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

'''Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama'''

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

'''Reference'''

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

1.A Brief Introduction
The erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

2.The Development of Erhu
The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.
During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers.
During the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing.
During Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread. During this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.
After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

3.Construction

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:
Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.
Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.
Qín gan (琴杆), neck.
Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs
Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook
Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player
Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4
Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood
Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension
Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound
Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

4.Playing Technique
(1)Tuning
The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.
(2)Position
The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.
(3)Right hand
The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.
(4)Left hand
The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics
(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》
(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》
(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》
(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》
(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》
(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》
(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》
(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》
(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）
(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

Reference
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Wikipedia entry

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, college students' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==
'''1.Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meaning of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''2.The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China.

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also send them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors.

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [1]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''3. Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.
Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[2]

'''4. Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[3]

'''5. Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern Tangyuan fillngs can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage.

'''6. Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

[1][3]Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[2]Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

1.Introduction
Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.
Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.

2.Sichuan golden monkeys
Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word "golden silk", the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.
Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species

In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of "The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey". As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of "China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card" is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.

3.Guizhou golden monkeys
Guizhou golden monkey is also known as "grey snub-nosed monkey". However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it "oxtail monkey". Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called "snub-nosed monkey".
Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as "the only child in the world".
Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the "flavor" of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.

4.Yunnan golden monkeys
Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable "flaming red lip". In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.
They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the "snow Mountain spirit", mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where "three rivers flow simultaneously" in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.
Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.
The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.

Terms and expressions
Simiidaen. 类人猿科
Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴
Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴
Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴
Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴
Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴

Questions
How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?
What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?
How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?
Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?
What animal looks most like a human?

References
[1] 杨敬元美丽中国 Beautiful China
[2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发
[3] 徐元锋曾智慧特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴
[4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”
[5] 百度百科

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

China’s rich businessmen amassed a combined fortune of more than $223 billion this year as the country enjoyed its fastest year of wealth accumulation, even as the world battles its worst economic crisis in decades.China had 60 billionaires below the age of 40 this year, according to the latest Hurun Rich List released last week. Of them, 14 joined the billionaire club for the first time in 2020, as a tech-fuelled stock market surged and a spate of IPOs paved the way for wealth growth amid the coronavirus downturn.
The uptick mirrors a wider unprecedented surge in the fortunes of China’s uber-wealthy, with the country now home to 878 billionaires with a combined wealth of $4 trillion. A decade ago in 2010, the country counted just 189 billionaires.“The world has never seen this much wealth created in just one year. China’s entrepreneurs have done much better than expected. Despite Covid-19, they have risen to record levels,” said Rupert Hoogewerf, Hurun Report chairman and chief researcher.
Now in its 22nd year, the annual Hurun ranking seeks to provide a “snapshot of wealth” in the world’s second-largest economy as of Aug. 28. Focusing on both wealthy individuals who were born and brought up in mainland China, as well as individuals born outside of mainland China but who reside there today, the report draws on data and interviews in what it labels “as much an art as it is a science.”
China’s rich businessmen

1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden

Net worth: $33.1 billion
Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.
Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.

2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com

Net worth: $23.5 billion
Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.

3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group

Net worth: $21.3 billion
Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.

4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance

Net worth: $16.2 billion
37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.

Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.

5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education

Net worth: $14 billion
With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.

6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian

Net worth: $8.8 billion
39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.

7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen

Net worth: $6.4 billion
Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.

8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell

Net worth: $5.3 billion
Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.

9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea

Net worth: $4.9 billion
New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.

10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou

Net worth: $3.8 billion
Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.

11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker

Net worth: $3.7 billion
Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.

12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto

Net worth: $3.5 billion
Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.

13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&F

Net worth: $3.45 billion
Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.

14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies

Net worth: $3.1 billion
Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.

15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou

Net worth: $3.1 billion
Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.

16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group

Net worth: $3.1 billion
Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.

17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi

Net worth: $2.8 billion

37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.
Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.

18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY

Net worth: $2.6 billion

Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.

19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology

Net worth: $2.5 billion
Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.

20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique

Net worth: $2.5 billion
Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==
Survey
Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.
Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.

Jin Opera
Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.
Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.
The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.
They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.
Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.
In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.
The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of "three big doors" (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and "three small doors" (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).

Henan Opera
Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.
Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.
Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.

Yue Opera
Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).
The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the "Little Hundred Flowers" troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.
Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.

Huangmei Opera
Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.
The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.
Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.
At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.

Pingju Opera
Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.
The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.
The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.
With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.

Terms and Expressions
Peking Opera 京剧
Bang Zi 梆子
Middle Opera 中戏
Inner Mongolia 内蒙古
The River Weishui 《渭水河》
Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》
The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》
The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》
The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》
Yangko 秧歌
Three big doors 三大门
Xu Sheng 须生
Zheng Dan 正旦
Big Flower Face 大花脸
Three small doors 三小门
Xiao Sheng 小生
Xiao Dan 小旦
Small Flower Face 小花脸
Henan Gaodiao 河南高调
Kunqu Drama 昆曲
Shao Opera 绍戏
Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏
Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》

Questions
1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?
2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?
3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.
4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?
5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?
6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?

References
[1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.
[2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.
[3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.
[4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.
[5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.
[6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.
[7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.
[8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.
[9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.
[10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==
Brief Introduction

Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the "five major opera genres in China", and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.
Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song "Matching of Heavenly Fairies" has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas.
On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.

Origin

The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.

Development

Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera." Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. "Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set" defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: "Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the "Golden Triangle" of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the "opera nest".

Costume

Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.

Artistic features

The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.

Tune

Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities ("colorful cavity", "fairy cavity", "Yin Si cavity" three cavities collectively).

The main cadence of Huangmei opera

The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the "flower cavity" and both the characteristics of the two systems "three cavities".
The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.

Huangmei opera's flower cadence

Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the "flower cavity" cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.

Classical Works

Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are "the fairy match" "cowherd and weaving maiden" "the story of the Sophora" "the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse" "the couple watching the lantern" "hitting pig grass" and so on. One of the most famous is the "match of the immortals", tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.

References

1. 百度百科黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin
2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8
3. "Huangmei opera". China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it was adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the end of last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries.

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance

The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions

Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance

Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance

First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance

(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:

Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:

中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==
Clothing: Vintage Clothing

Introduction

Generally speaking, Vintage Clothing refers to garments produced between 1940 and 1980, which bear most typical characteristics of a particular period, such as the leggy pants worn by Audrey Hepburn in the 1950s, the plant pattern printed shirt designed by Emilio Pucci in the 1960s, and the suit skirt throughout all that era. These classic Vintage pieces are no longer mass-produced, and their unique fabrics, process details, tailoring and even usage, serve as the epitome of a particular era. And since the Vintage culture originated in Britain and Japan, many Vintage lovers have a special preference for Vintage markets or “Deadstock” in Europe, America and Japan. (Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular)

Development

From the initial popularity to an overall prosperity, the development of Vintage Clothing can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage is between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During that time, Europe was in full depression after the “World War II”, young people with nihilistic spirit were eager to break through the shackles of tradition and pronounce their own individuality. However, with the rapid rise of post-war industrialization, items in clothes were all homogenized and had no style at all. Because of this, they began to look for innovative dressing styles from garments produced before their age. Thus, Vintage dressing style began to take shape.
The second stage is born in the 1960s, when the popularity of hippies drove young people to look for weird foreign clothes in the second-hand market. At this time, Oriental films and kung fu movies were popular in Hollywood, and the bathrobes and jewelry with Oriental elements in movies were gradually imitated by western fashion lovers.
The third stage is the post-1980s, when Vintage Clothing is also referred to as Retro Clothing. Compared with normal garments sold in shopping mall, Vintage not only has a refined sense of age, but its style and craftsmanship are more in line with modern Clothing concepts. Even in today's fashion field, Vintage Clothing also occupies a place. (Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular)
Reasons for the prevalence of Vintage Clothing
One reason boosts the popularity of Vintage Clothing is its major selling points, the “orphan” character. This factor is in line with the current trend of young people pursuing personalization, satisfied with the psychology of seeking differences and is favored by consumers. Also, this current fashion trend is in response to the phrase “fashion is a reincarnation”, which is an eternal truth. (Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last)
Another reason is that the Vintage concept increases the publicity of environmental protection. Clothing is an aspect of daily life with a very high frequency of usage. According to the United Nations forecast, in 2030, the global population is expected to reach 8.5 billion, when clothing consumption will increase sharply from 62 million tons to 102 million tons. When more and more people realize the environmental pressure caused by their clothing, they will try to make a change. (Talks from Dr. Leng Yun, University of Hong Kong)

Vintage Clothing in China

In recent years, with contemporary Chinese youth looking for a “self” attitude in fashion, Vintage Clothing has gradually opened up the market in China. In economically developed cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Vintage Clothing is leading a “new” fashion trend.

1.1major consumers

“Research Report on the Development of China's Second-hand Luxury Goods Market 2020” unveils that in 2019, more than 50% of the second-hand luxury goods consumers were under the age of 30. Also, according to the shopkeeper of發夢士多 (a Vintage shop located in Changsha), most of her customers are college students and high school students, who hope to express their personality and self through clothing and objects with unique marks of ancient times. The traces of the era of “ancient culture” just meet the individual aesthetic needs of niche groups, with their pursuit of “rebellion”and “difference”.

1.2 concerns

The gradual popularity of Vintage is a good thing, and there remains opportunities for a large-scale Vintage market in the future. However, there are still many problems plaguing Vintage at present. One major concern is a very realistic problem in front of some Vintage merchants: “If the business of Vintage stores loses their style, there will be no business. But if they keep their style, their business will not be popular or spread large-scale.” Besides, Though Vintage lovers always claim to pursue uniqueness, the fact is that most consumers only follow the trend blindly, which is a waist of Vintage culture.
Also, compared with foreign countries, the history of domestic Vintage market is relatively short, and due to the lack of social and cultural background, many consumers are not familiar with the concept of “Vintage”. In the imperfect market, whether the goods can be well preserved is a big challenge, and the domestic identification of Vintage clothes also lacks a set of corresponding standards, with there being a flood of fake goods in the market. (Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last)
Beyond these, the current Vintage market is not standardized enough. It can’t be denied that there are unscrupulous merchants who have no real understanding about what “Vintage clothing” is casually refurbish and sell indiscriminate garbage clothes under the name of Vintage, tarnishing the entire industry. Thus scary stories about Vintage clothes scatteraround, such as Vintage clothes are clothes worn by dead people, second-hand clothes will bring bad luck, and people who wear Vintage will be haunted.

1.3 new development

Although the new industry is in the stage of “savage growth”, efforts made by Vintage fashion lovers for the development of Vintage fashion market can not be underestimated. At present, many cities in China have opened Vintage stores, mainly distributed in first-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Xiamen and other places.
Besides, compared with Japan, in addition to e-commerce platforms, China's Vintage clothing trading has established unique selling channels based on social platforms such as Wechat. Most commonly, the owner of a Vintage shop will not only sell Vintage clothes but also some handmade jewelry, such as glue earrings and beaded bags. Thus the store will not only open for Vintage customers, but for anyone who happen to find it, allowing more profits earned and the business maintained.
With more and more people popularizing Vintage culture, more and more Vintage shops with unique styles are emerging. In general, the market is getting better.

Terms and Expressions

Vintage Clothing 古着服饰

leggy pants紧身裤

suit skirt 套装裙

Deadstock 旧货仓库

Questions

1.What is Vintage Clothing？

2.How many stages can the development of Vintage Clothing be divided into?

3.Who are major consumers of Vintage clothes?

4.What are the scary stories about Vintage clothes?

5.Do you think Vintage Clothing has a bright future? Why?

References

Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular

Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last

Research Report on the Development of China's Second-hand Luxury Goods Market 2020

Talks from Dr. Leng Yun, University of Hong Kong

Interview with the shopkeeper of發夢士多

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

There are abundant flower resources in China. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted the diversified value of flowers, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary people for their beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

'''Ⅰ. The pragmatic value of flowers in Chinese culture'''

'''1.As ingredients in food'''

As an old Chinese saying goes, “Food is the first necessity of the people.” Chinese people have always been interested and innovative in making food and drinks. Flowers normally used for its aesthetic value entered the kitchens and became a special ingredient in food and drinks.
Flowers were widely used in making alcohol at first. In pre-Qin Dynsaty, people would drink home-made chrysanthemum wine on the Double Ninth Festival in commemoration of their deceased beloved ones. In addition, “nine” has the same Chinese pronunciation as the character meaning “longevity”, and drinking chrysanthemum wine was considered beneficial to health and conducive to longevity. So it was popularized then and is still practiced in some parts of China nowadays. It was not until Tang Dynasty that flowers became the indispensable ingredients in cooking. People would use them in making cakes, pastry and porridge, especially at special festivals. For example, on the Tomb Sweeping Day, people would make osmanthus fragrans porridge.

'''2.As accessories'''

In ancient times, seasonal flowers were often seen to blossom in one’s hair or brim, bearing a touch of spring color. This custom of putting flowers on the head is called Zan Hua（簪花）or wearing flowers. Different from the exclusive modern view of women wearing flowers, this practice was not restricted to sex, age, and classes back in ancient times. Men and women, the old and the young, the noble and the ordinary alike, wore flowers. On the Double Ninth Festival people wore cornel or chrysanthemum to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters. Another example famous in history was the four grand chancellors wearing flowers. In Northern Song Dynasty, there was a type of peony in Yangzhou. It was known for its exceptional looks with large, scarlet petals clustering round the golden yellow central, whose colors resembled that of the robes of the court officials that were scarlet gowns with golden yellow belt. Therefore, this flower was called Golden Belt. One day, Han Qi, the then prefecture chief of Yangzhou, invited Wang Gui, Wang Anshi and Chen Shengzhi to attend the banquet in his house and enjoy the beautiful scenery of various flowers in his garden. There he spotted one peculiar Golden Belt peony with four flowers on a single stem. Han Qi plucked the flowers, put three on his guests’ heads and wore one himself. In the later several decades, the four were all promoted to grand chancellors.

'''Ⅱ. The spiritual value of flowers in Chinese culture'''

'''1.The Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones'''

In Chinese culture, the Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones is an umbrella term referring to four plants: the plum blossom, the orchid, the bamboo and the chrysanthemum. They bloom in different seasons, thus representing each season (the plum blossom for winter, the orchid for spring, the bamboo for summer, and the chrysanthemum for autumn). These plants’ natural features have something in common with human personalities, which just indicates the literati's understanding of the alternation of time and the meaning of life. Gradually, the four plants become the most common theme in poetry, prose, painting, calligraphy and other art forms, carrying special symbolic meanings for uprightness, purity, integrity and modesty in human virtues.

Plum blossom always flowers in a world of ice and snow. Preceding green leaves, the plum flowers bloom when all the other flowers yield to the biting cold weather. The literary people love its spirits of bravery, righteousness and faithfulness, and utilize this imagery in writing. There is one household couplet: Honing makes a mighty sword, and cold makes fragrant plum blossoms.（宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来）
The orchid normally grow in unfrequented areas such as deep valleys or forests and crevices in rocks which are often unnoticed. But the small, delicate flowers still never stop giving out pleasant smell, just like gentlemen who never forsake the virtues.
The bamboo features ethereal, graceful leaves and hollow, upright stems. Its elegance without and its strength within accord with the qualities of gentlemen. Bamboo, together with plem blossom and pine is also known as the “Three Friends in Winter.” Here is a well-known poem written by Zheng Xie, a famous painter and scholar in the Qing Dynasty, and translated by Xu Yuanchong, a notable translator.

竹石
清·郑燮
咬定青山不放松，立根原在破岩中。
千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风。

BAMBOO IN THE ROCK
Translated by Xu Yuanchong
Upright stands the bamboo amid green mountains steep:
Its toothlike root in broken rock is planted deep.
It’s strong and firm through struck and beaten without rest,
Careless of the wind from north or south, east or west.

The chrysanthemum blooms in frost in autumn when other flowers wither. It has the spirits to endure loneliness and enjoy solitude as a hermit. It is the most beloved flower of Tao Yuanming, the creator of pastoral poetry in the Jin Dynasty. He wrote a lot of poems about it, among which the most popular sentence is “While picking asters’ neath the Eastern fence, my gaze upon the Southern mountains rest.”

'''2.Vanilla beauty'''

Qu Yuan (Ch’u Yuan 屈原), a minister of the Chu Kingdom, was exiled by the King of Chu. “Sorrow at Departure”, his signature poem of 373 lines, describes his journey of exile, passing through woods and forests and encountering deities. He wrote about eighteen plants in this poem (there are over 40 plants in his other poems such as “Nine Songs”): vanilla, clover, thyme, bluegrass, angelica, capers, cinnamon, magnolia, chrysanthemum, hibiscus, gladiolus, and wisteria that the goddesses wore around their heads. Sometimes he put the fragrant herbs on himself, a way of claiming purity against the corruption in the royal court.

I put on mint leaves as my shirt,
lotus flowers my skirt.
Nobody ever knows me—
my true interior nobility.
—from “Sorrow at Departure”

From this time on, fragrant herbs and beauty have become symbols of virtues and moralities, which are glued together as one compound word ‘Vanilla-beauty’ (vanilla representing all fragrant herbs and flowers). Vanilla-beauty poetry has since become a tradition in Chinese, its scope expanded over the two thousand years. This image for beauty has continued to the modern time.
【Vanilla beauty and the immortal Phoenix: exploring the poetry of Chu in China - Poetry International】
[https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/article/104-28919_Vanilla-beauty-and-the-immortal-Phoenix-exploring-the-poetry-of-Chu-in-China]

'''Ⅲ. Different views of flowers in Chinese and Western culture'''

The Chinese traditional philosophy upholds the unity of heaven and man, emphasizing the ties between nature and man are not to be severed. In literature, personal feelings are always integrated with the description of objects. Therefore, they are personified, and endowed with the emotion of the viewers. A common example is a sentence from Du Fu’s “Spring View”-- “Grieved over the years, flowers are moved to tears; Seeing us apart, birds cry with broken heart（感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。）.” From the poet’s perspective, even the flowers and birds were dispirited by the turmoil of the times and sorrow of departure.

Different from Chinese thinking, Westerns tend to deem nature as objects of cognition, as an unknown field to explore and discover, or entertainment. In stead of uniting heaven and man, it is to distinguish mankind from heaven. In William Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, the host of golden daffodils the poet ran into in the forests gave him ecstasy, splashing the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion.

“A poet could not but be gay；
In such a jocund company;
I gazed—and gazed—but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude,
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.”

Qian Mu, one of the greatest historians and philosophers of 20th-century China, once commented, “The Western culture is mainly about objects, which can be described as scientific culture, whilst the Chinese culture is mainly about people and spirits, which can be called art culture.” But despite all the differences, with the increasingly frequent exchanges between different cultures, there are certain type of flowers with universal symbolic meanings, such as roses for love, olives for peace.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

cornel 茱萸
grand chancellor(zaixiang, tsai-hsiang), also translated as counselor-in-chief, imperial chancelor or prime minister 宰相
the four grand chancellors wearing flowers 四相簪花
Golden Belt 金缠腰/金带围
Han Qi 韩琦
Wang Gui 王珪
Wang Anshi 王安石
Chen Shengzhi 陈升之
the Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones 花中四君子
Three Friends in Winter 岁寒三友
Zheng Xie 郑燮
Xu Yuanchong 许渊冲
Qu Yuan (Ch’u Yuan) 屈原
“Sorrow at Departure” 《离骚》
“Nine Songs” 《九歌》
the unity of heaven and man 天人合一
“Spring View” 《春望》
distinguish mankind from heaven 天人相分
Qian Mu (Ch'ien Mu) 钱穆

'''References'''

·Guo Youwei 郭幼为. (2020.12.07) 《古今农业》一花一世界：日常生活视域下宋朝“花生活”

·沈括《梦溪笔谈·补笔谈》

·钱穆《现代中国学术论衡》

'''Questions'''

1.What were flowers first made as an ingredient in food and drinks?

2.Why would people drink chrysanthemum wine on the Double Ninth Festival?

3.Were only women allowed to wear flowers in ancient times?

4.What are the symbolic meanings of the Four Gentlemen?

5.What did vanilla beauty stand for?

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great renewal of the Chinese nation.” and “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual,” he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping. Xi said that young people should “dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation.” There are various connotations and interpretations of the term.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.

Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce.

'''A.The History of Development'''

After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :

1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)

Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.

In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.

2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)

After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''

Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .

Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:

1.Targeting customers in the sink market.

The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sink market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sink market and small cities.

The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sink market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.

2.Popularizing based on users’ community.

Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.

Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.

Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".

3.Selling in the form of group.

Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.

Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.

4.Reducing intermediary businesses.

Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.

By targeting the sink market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.

The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''

1.Creating needs actively.

Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.

Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.

2.Connecting users in many ways.

User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.

3.Promoting social contacts.

Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''

1.The crisis of confidence

Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.

2.The problem of low quality

Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.

3.The damage of corporate image

The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''

Buytogether takes advantage of its unique social e-commerce model to open up its own e-commerce field in the fiercely competitive Chinese e-commerce market with the sinking market as the starting-point. Due to the poor commodity quality, low price and most of the users are price-sensitive in the sinking market, the moat (based on Buffett's moat theory )in intangible assets and customer switching cost is weak. In comparison, it cooperates with WeChat APP and make use of its huge traffic. At the same time, the "social fission" approach to platform promotion and the adoption of the C2M sales model to operate the platform has made it possible for the company to use its unique social e-commerce model to create its blue ocean of e-commerce. Against this background, Buytogether has a deep and wide moat in network effect and cost advantage. Based on the above analysis of the current market environment and the moat theory, I propose the following strategies for the future development of Buytogether :

1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.

After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.

2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.

If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.

3.Polish up users’comments and improve the corporate image.

Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

4.Improve the supply chain structure and the back-end service system.

Although Buytogether's existing supply chain structure has made it possible for customers' demand to stimulate the upstream supply chain to carry out mass production, its accumulation is still not perfect. Besides, the existing investment in the upstream and the empowerment of the whole industry chain are also insufficient. The existing investment in upstream and empowerment of the whole industry chain is also insufficient. If it wants to grow further, Buytogether will need to spend some time and effort on improving its supply chain. In addition to partnering with third-party logistics, it could follow the example of the Yiatong 380 platform and set up hundreds of distribution networks across the country. Otherwise, learning from Alibaba's retail and village tao synergy system and the integrated logistics information management platform of Cainiao parcel even benchmark itself against Jingdong and create its own logistics system to have a more significant say in the upstream supply.

5.Stop blind expansion of incremental users, fine-tuned operation of stock users.

The Internet began to shift from a total market to a stock market as early as 2016, but the tapping of sinking traffic has slowed down the process. As the number of Buytogether 's users has reached 800 million, its future development strategy should no longer be to pursue incremental users number but to amplify the business value of individual users. Thus, it can refine the operation of its stock of users to repeat key actions through precise matching, increasing their stickiness and keeping them in a mature stage for a long time.

Although Buytogether's current single-user purchase level is still low, it also has the potential to improve within the system through live streaming, subsidies, and other actions to improve user stickiness. As its digital, household appliances, and fresh produce categories continue to enrich, the trend of increasing customer unit price is noticeable. Suppose it can maintain the existing scale and development direction. In that case, Buytogether has more room for growth to better cope with the Tao system and other Internet e-commerce. It will allow Buytogether to better cope with the competition between the Tao system and other internet e-commerce companies and continue growing and developing.

'''References'''

1.百度百科

2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.

3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.

4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

5.Nie Cheng,Xinyu Huang,Jing Qian. Analysis on Pinduoduo Business Model and Future Development Strategy based on Sinking Market[C]//.Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Global Economy and Business Management (GEBM 2021).[出版者不详],2021:279-287.DOI:10.26914/c.cnkihy.2021.049927.

'''Terms'''

NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)

"2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》

Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.

'''Questions'''

1.When was Buytogether founded?

2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?

3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?

4.Which market does Buytogether target?

5.What are advantages of Buytogether?

6.What are problems of Buytogether?

7.How to solve these problems?

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People

The Tujia are a long-established ethnic group with their own language, but they do not have their own character and use the character of the Han. In October 1956, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission identified the Tujia as a single ethnic group through ethnic identification. The Tujia call themselves "Bizka（毕兹卡）", "Mikiqa（密基卡）" or "Bejinqa（贝锦卡）", which means "people born and raised in the land". Despite the fact that they do not have a written language, they still have their own cultural identity, especially in the form of marriage and burial customs.

'''Marriage customs'''
In the history of the Tujia, marriage was relatively free. A man and a woman could marry after free love, with the consent of both parents and the testimony of a Tujia teacher (wizard). On the 12th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, young men and women sang and danced, fell in love with each other and became lifelong partners.
After the reform and conform, the Tujia were forced to carry out arranged marriages by parents and matchmakers. Before liberation, there was the custom of aunts and uncles marrying in table and house marriages. In the case of aunts and uncles, the marriage of an aunt's daughter must marry the son of an uncle's family, also known as "return the bone seed(Huan Guzhong 还骨种)"; brother received sister-in-law after the brother’s death, known as "sitting bed(坐床)". But now these customs have ceased to exist in modern times.
After the nation’s liberation, the people's government promulgated a new marriage law, and since then, the Tujia people have truly enjoyed the happiness of marital autonomy. The marriage rituals of the Tujia family include "proofing（打样）", "marriage proposal（求婚）", "asking for red ginger（讨红庚）", "betrothal" （定亲）(commonly known as "inserting thatched incense"，插茅香), "seeing the date（看期）" and "welcoming the bride（亲迎）". This is similar to the six rites of the Han. The more characteristic marriage rituals are the accompanying of the ten sisters, the accompanying of the ten brothers and the weeping of the bride. As a unique wedding form of the Tujia wedding custom - crying marriage(哭嫁), in the Tujia settlement area for about two to three thousand years of history. According to the analysis of folklore experts, crying marriage is likely to be a matrilineal clan society to patrilineal clan society in the transition of the "bride snatching" customs of the remaining phenomenon. With the continuous progress of society, cry marriage has long lost the original meaning of bride kidnapping, but has become a traditional custom in the home life of the Tujia people to carry out ritual ethics and marriage education. In fact, it is not the bride alone who cries, but the collective cries of relatives within and outside the family, which is "familial". There are more than 20 procedures in the weeping marriage of the Tujia f, and for each item the bride cries, there are accompanying and opposite weepers. The weeping not only has a lot of content, but also has a long and strict procedure, which is "ceremonial".

'''Burial Customs'''
The connotation of Tujia funeral culture is rich, which is the attitude of people towards death, and the culture of different forms of funeral customs represents the composition of a nation's culture, which is a unique cultural phenomenon of Tujia. The way of Tujia funeral in the history of the first people to implement cremation, but also rock coffin burial（岩棺葬）, etc. The development of the Tujia funeral has formed a ritual with the characteristics of the nation.

'''1.The Funeral Dance'''
The funeral dance of the Tujia family has been recorded since the Sui and Tang dynasties, and the Tujia people sing and dance wildly in front of the dead, which has become an important way to pay tribute to the dead and comfort the living. The mourning dance has not only its cultural connotation, but also its distinctive artistic characteristics, which are mainly reflected in the musical composition and the singing and movement of the dance.
One of the most important steps of a funeral is Jumping mourning(跳丧).Jumping mourning is specifically when the neighbors in the neighborhood after the death of the elders, dark neighbors will go to this home for jumping mourning, the family of the deceased will vacate the place in advance as well as prepare the tobacco and wine. The coffin of the deceased is placed in the main hall, and then the cowry drum is placed in the wooden foot basin in front of the left side of the coffin. The mourning dance is led by the Taoist priest, and the eldest son holds the deceased father's or mother's spiritual tablet in his hands, leading dozens of mourning men and women to dance vigorously in the courtyard collapse, forming different formations during the dance.

'''2.The Mourning Hall Singing'''
The funeral form of the Tujia family is also the more important form of mourning and sitting mourning, also called mourning hall singing, which is only singing but not dancing mourning ceremony, sitting night may be several days and nights until the funeral and burial. During the sitting night, the mourning son sits around the pipe. The mourning son sits around the pipe and sings through one or two singers who beat the drums and say auspicious words, and then sings about the deceased's life experiences and achievements, including historical figures and historical allusions, by leading and helping the singers. This ritual song and dance was continued through the centuries, and the funeral song and dance became the main form of expression.

'''3.Funeral Culture Connotations'''
The mourning ceremony of the Tujia family has a distinct function of social edification and is passed on as a cultural phenomenon, mainly because it has a corresponding social function, and its function in expressing emotions is more significant. The descendants send the bones and souls of their ancestors to the Elysium, which is carried out in a rich jumping mourning, which can also be a great adjustment for the descendants' psychology to settle their souls. On the temporal as well as the spatial level, the selection of auspicious days for the funeral and the sending of the soul to the blissful world are all helpful to appease the soul of the descendants.

'''Questions'''
1. Do the Tujia have their own ethnic script?
2. Was marriage free in the historical Tujia family?
3. What are the marriage rites of the Tujia?
4. What are the main artistic features of mourning?

'''Reference：'''
［1］廖从刚.土家族婚俗中的哭嫁习俗.《寻根》,2005年.02期
［2］［2］余继平 . 大悲之日 , 欢歌——土家族特殊的丧葬习俗［J］. 中华手工 ,2015 （02）.
［3］关于武陵山区土家族葬礼文化探究邵启富 53_54·《长江丛刊》,2018年.31期
王刚 . 武陵山区土家族葬礼文化初探［J］. 铜仁职业技术学院学报 ,2017（03）
-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 07:20, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-06-28T08:31:28Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China */

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-05-16T06:56:23Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆: Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - Literature: Ancient Literature: Du Fu==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰 - Please choose a topic.==

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Please choose a topic.==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Philosophical Schools: Mohism ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Opera: Kun Opera==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - Chinese painting: Chinese landscape painting ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instrument: Erhu==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Please choose a topic.==

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: Chinese millionaire==

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - Please choose a topic.==

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Please choose a topic.==

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Faggotry Culture in China,taking Jin Lun as an example. ==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinesse Dream==
Please report on this from a scholarly, not from a political perspective.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: bilibili（哔哩哔哩） ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-05-16T06:55:47Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Please choose a topic. */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - Literature: Ancient Literature: Du Fu==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰 - Please choose a topic.==

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Please choose a topic.==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Philosophical Schools: Mohism ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Opera: Kun Opera==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - Chinese painting: Chinese landscape painting ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instrument: Erhu==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Please choose a topic.==

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: Chinese millionaire==

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆: Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - Please choose a topic.==

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Please choose a topic.==

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Faggotry Culture in China,taking Jin Lun as an example. ==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinesse Dream==
Please report on this from a scholarly, not from a political perspective.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: bilibili（哔哩哔哩） ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-05-16T06:54:55Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Please choose a topic. */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - Literature: Ancient Literature: Du Fu==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰 - Please choose a topic.==

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Please choose a topic.==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Philosophical Schools: Mohism ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Opera: Kun Opera==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - Chinese painting: Chinese landscape painting ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instrument: Erhu==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Please choose a topic.==

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Please choose a topic.==

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Please choose a topic.==
Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - Please choose a topic.==

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Please choose a topic.==

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Faggotry Culture in China,taking Jin Lun as an example. ==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinesse Dream==
Please report on this from a scholarly, not from a political perspective.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: bilibili（哔哩哔哩） ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

CULTURE2022 20220328 homework

2022-04-15T12:44:30Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

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This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220307_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220321_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Mar 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220328_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Apr 4]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220404_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8 Apr 11]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
晴雯冷笑道：“怪道呢！原来爬上高枝儿去了，把我们不放在眼里了。不知说了一句话半句话，名儿姓儿知道了不曾，就把他兴头的这个样！这一遭儿半遭儿的算不得什么；过了后儿,还得听呵！有本事从今儿出了这园子，长长远远的在高枝儿上才算得。”一面说着去了。这里小红听说，不便分证，只得忍着气来找凤姐儿。到了李氏房中，果见凤姐在这里和李氏说话儿呢。小红上来回道：“平姐姐说，奶奶刚出来了，他就把银子收起来了；才张材家的来取，当面秤了给他拿去了。”

Sunny Cloud Formation sneered, "No wonder! It is because she has 'married up' that she spurns us. She might not know whether Precious Jade Merchant knows her name after talking with him for some time.How happy she is! It doesn't count at all for this period. We have to wait for a longer period to see what her future is like. It only counts if she succeeded in marrying the noble and got out of here." She left with these sentences. Hearing from the massage, Little Red endured her anger and ignored to investigate to look for Sister Phoenix. When she arrived at Lady Lee's room, Sister Phoenix was talking with Lee as expected. Little Red walked to them and said, Patience says that she put away the silver when you got out. The lady of Zhang Cai came to take it after Patience weighed it." --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:23, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Sunny Cloud Formation sneered, "No wonder! It is because she has 'married up' that she spurns us. She might not know whether Preciou Jade Merchant knows her name after talking with him for few sentences. And how happy she is! It doesn't count at all for this period. We have to wait for a longer period to see what her future is like. It only counts if she succeeded in marrying the noble and got out of here." She left with these sentences. Hearing from the massage, Little Red endured her anger and ignored to investigate to look for Sister Phoenix. When she arrived at Lady Lee's room, Sister Phoenix was talking with Lee as she expected. Little Red walked to them and said,"Patience says that she put away the silver upon your going out. The lady of Zhang Cai came to take it after Patience had weighed it."--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 04:54, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
说着，将荷包递了上去，又道：“平姐姐叫我来回奶奶：才旺儿进来讨奶奶的示下，好往那家子去的，平姐姐就把那话按着奶奶的主意打发他去了。”凤姐笑道：“他怎么接着我的主意打发去了？”小红道：“平姐姐说：‘我们奶奶问这里奶奶好。原是我们二爷不在家，虽然迟了两天，只管请奶奶放心。等五奶奶好些，我们奶奶还会了五奶奶来瞧奶奶呢。五奶奶前儿打发了人来说：舅奶奶带了信来了，问奶奶好，还要和这里的姑奶奶寻两丸延年神验万金丹；若有了，奶奶打发人来，只管送在我们奶奶这里。

Holding up the purse, she said, "Patience asked me to reply:Cai Wanger came in and asked for your permission to get into the facility, and Patience found an excuse to sent him away just as you wanted." Sister Phoenix laughed. "How did she do what I wanted?" "Patience said, 'Our grandma sends her greeting to you. It was our second grandpa who was not at home. Although it would be two days later, please don't worry. When fifth grandma is better, our grandma will invite her to see you. Fifth grandma sent a person to tell: uncle grandma brought a letter to say hello to you, and also asked the aunt grandma for two pills to prolong life,named tested-by-god Wangjin Dan; If there is, she will send one pill to you."--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 12:32, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Holding up the purse, she said, "Patience asked me to reply:Cai Wanger came in and asked for your permission to get into the facility, and Patience found an excuse to sent him away just as you wanted." Sister Phoenix laughed. "How did she do what I wanted?" "Patience said, 'Our grandma sends her greeting to you. It was our second grandpa was not at home. Although it would be two days later, please don't worry. When the fifth grandma is better, our grandma will invite her to see you. Fifth grandma sent a person to tell: uncle grandma brought a letter to send her greeting to you, and also asked the aunt grandma for two pills to prolong life,named tested-by-god Wangjin Dan; If there are some available, feel free to send some to our grandma."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:13, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
明儿有人去，就顺路给那边舅奶奶带去的。’”话未说完，车氏道：“嗳哟哟！这话我就不懂了，什么‘奶奶’‘爷爷’的一大堆。”凤姐笑道：”怨不得你不懂，这是四五门子的话呢。”说着，又向小红笑道：“好孩子，难为你说的齐全，不象他们扭扭捏捏蚊子似的。嫂子不知道，如今除了我随手使的这几个丫头老婆子之外，我就怕和别人说话。他们必定把一句话拉长了，作两三截儿，咬文嚼字，拿着腔儿，哼哼唧唧的，急的我冒火，他们那里知道！先是我们平儿也是这么着，我就问着他：难道必定妆蚊子哼哼就是美人了？说了几遭，才好些了。”

If there's someone go tomorrow, then take it for the wife of granma's brother by the way. Haven't finishing her words, Che interrupts"Oh, I can't understand these words, what 'Grandma,grandpa'…" Splendid Phoenix King laughs" It's not you to blame for not understanding the words.It's about 4 and 5 families." Says she and then smiles to Little Red" Good girl, it must not be easy to say comprehensively. You're not like them too shy to act like mosquitoes. Sis has no idea that how much it annoys me to say to other people expect the servants I'm having now. They must lengthen the sentence and cut it into 2 or 3 sections, verbose and nerdy.They have no idea how annoyed I am!!! Our Patience was also like this at first, I then asked her 'Will it definitely make you a beauty if you pretend to say like mosquitoes?' After saying something times, things became better."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 02:07, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

“If there's someone go tomorrow, then take it for the wife of granma's brother by the way.” Haven't finishing her words, Che interrupted, “Oh, I can't understand these words, what are these 'Grandma,grandpa'…meaning?” Splendid Phoenix King laughed, “It's not you to blame for not understanding the words.It's about 4 and 5 rounds of conversation ." Said she and then smiled to Little Red" Good girl, it must not be easy to say comprehensively. You're not like them too shy to act like mosquitoes. Sis has no idea that how much it annoys me to say to other people expect the servants I'm having now. They must lengthen the sentence and cut it into 2 or 3 sections, verbose and nerdy.They have no idea how annoyed I am!!! Our Patience was also like this at first, I then asked her 'Will it definitely make you a beauty if you pretend to say like mosquitoes?' After criticizing that many times, things became better."—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 12:45, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
李宫裁笑道：“都像你泼辣货才好！”凤姐道：“这一个丫头就好。方才这两遭说话虽不多，听那口角就很剪断。”说着，又向小红笑道：“明儿你伏侍我去罢，我认你做女儿。我一调理，你就出息了。”小红听了，“扑哧”一笑。凤姐道：“你怎么笑？你说我年轻，比你能大几岁，就做你的妈了？你做春梦呢！你打听打听，这些人比你大的赶着我叫妈，我还不理他呢！今儿抬举了你了。”小红笑道：“我不是笑这个，我笑奶奶认错了辈数儿了，我妈是奶奶的女儿,这会子又认我做女儿！”凤姐道；“谁是你妈？”

Official sewer Plum smiled, “It would be wonderful if she is as forceful as you!” Sister Phoenix said, “The girl is good enough. Judging from the words she said these two times, I think she is deft,” and smiled to Little Red, “Come and serve me tomorrow. I’ll adopt you as my daughter. Upon my recuperating, you would be promoted.” After listening, Little Red laughed out. Sister Phoenix said, “Why do you smile? You praised for my youthful appearance. But how could I, the one is just a few years older to be your mon? What a wonderful dream! You’d better investigate that there are a lot of people who are older than you and want to be my daughters though ignored by me. You’re in favor today!” Little Red giggled, “I wasn’t laughing at this, but the wrong seniority you hold. My mother is your daughter, but you want to adopt me as your daughter!” Sister Phoenix asked, “who’s your mother?”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 12:02, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Official sewer Plum smiled, "Like everyone should as forceful as you!" Sister Phoenix said,"This girl is good. From the words she said, I should say she is deft," then she smiled to Little Red, “How about come and serve me? I'll adopt you as my daughter. Upon my recuperating, you would be promoted.”Hearing that, Little Red laughed out. Sister Phoenix said, "Why do you smile? You praised for my youthful appearance and though that I'm not qualified to be your mother as I am only a few years older than you? What a wonderful dream! You'd better investigate it! These girls are older than you, and I refused them to be my daughter even they begged for it!You’re in favor today!" Little Red giggled, "I wasn't laughing at this, but the wrong seniority you hold. My mother is your daughter though; you still want to adopt me as your daughter!” Sister Phoenix confused:"who's your mother?"--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 14:52, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
李宫裁笑道：“你原来不认的他？他是林之孝的女儿。”凤姐听了，十分咤异，因说道：“哦！是他的丫头！”又笑道：“林之孝两口子，都是锥子扎不出一声儿来的。我成日家说，他们倒是配就了的一对夫妻：一个天聋，一个地哑。那里承望养出这么个伶俐丫头来！你十几岁了？”小红道：“十七岁了。”又问名字，小红道：“原叫‘红玉’，因为重了宝二爷，如今只叫红儿了。” 凤姐听说，将眉一皱，把头一回，说道：“讨人嫌的很！得了‘玉’的便宜似的，你也‘玉’，我也‘玉’。”

Official sewer Plum smiled:"You did not know her? She is Filial Piety Forest's daughter." Sister Phoenix was surprised by that, saying:" Oh, she's his daughter!" Then she smiled:" Both Filial Piety Forest and his wife won't make any sound even if they are pierced by an awl. I've been saying that they are a perfect couple as they are both reserved. How to expect they have such a smart girl! How old are you?" Little Red said:" Seventeen years old." Then asked by name,"I used to be called 'Red Jade', and then changed it into just 'Little Red' because it'a the same with second master Bao." Hearing that, Sister Phoenix frowned and turned away:"How annoying! Seems can take some advantages of jade, so many people are named after it."--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 14:37, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Official sewer Plum smiled:"You did not know her? She is Filial Piety Forest's daughter." Sister Phoenix was surprised by that and said:" Oh, she's his daughter!" Then she smiled:" Both Filial Piety Forest and his wife won't say anything even if they are pierced by an awl. I've been saying that they are a perfect matched couple as they are both reserved. How to expect they have such a smart girl! How old are you?" Little Red said:" Seventeen years old." Then asked by name,"I used to be called 'Red Jade', and then changed into 'Little Red' just because it' the same with second master Bao." Hearing that, Sister Phoenix frowned and turned away:"How annoying! Seems to take the advantage of jade, so many people are named after it."--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 12:39, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
因说：“嫂子不知道，我和他妈说：‘赖大家的如今事多，也不知这府里谁是谁，你替我好好的挑两个丫头我使。’他一般的答应着；他饶不挑，倒把他这女孩子送了别处去。难道跟我必定不好？”李纨笑道：“你可是又多心了。进来在先，你说在后，怎么怨的他妈？”凤姐说道：“你这么着，明儿我和宝玉说，叫他再要人，叫这丫头跟我去。可不知本人愿意不愿意？”小红笑道：“愿意不愿意，我们也不敢说。只是跟奶奶，我们学些眉眼高低，出入上下，大小的事儿，也得见识见识。”

She said:“You don’t know that I have told this girl’s mother as Lai Da’s wife is so busy nowadays that she doesn’t even know who half the girls in the household are any longer, and I wanted her to pick out a couple of likely-looking girls to work under me. Now she promised that she would do this; but you see, not only has she not done so, but also she’s actually gone and sent her own daughter to work for someone else. Do you suppose she really thinks her girl would have had such a tough time with me?” Li Wan said: “Don’t be so touchy, Her mother is not to blame. The girl had already started service in the Garden before you ever spoke to her about it.” Phoenix said, “I’ll have a word with Precious Jade about it tomorrow. I’ll tell him to find someone else and let me have this girl to work under me.” she turned to Crimson, “perhaps we ought to ask the party most concerned if she is willing.” Crimson smiled. “As to being willing or not, madam, I don’t think it’s my place to say. But I do know this: that if I was to work for you, I should get to know all the things inside and outside of household management. I’m sure it would be useful experience.”--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 13:41, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

She said:“You don’t know that I have told this girl’s mother as Lai Da’s wife is so busy nowadays that she doesn’t even know who half the girls in the household are any longer, and I wanted her to pick out a couple of likely-looking girls to work under me. Now she promised that she would do this; but you see, not only has she not done so, but also she’s actually gone and sent her own daughter to work for someone else. Do you suppose she really thinks her girl would have had such a tough time with me?” Li Wan said: “Don’t be so touchy, Her mother is not to blame. The girl had already started service in the Garden before you ever spoke to her about it.” Phoenix said, “I’ll have a word with Precious Jade about it tomorrow. I’ll tell him to find someone else and let me have this girl to work under me.” she turned to Crimson, “perhaps we ought to ask the party most concerned if she is willing.” Crimson smiled. “As to being willing or not, madam, I don’t think it’s my place to say. But I do know this: that if I was to work for you, I should get to know all the things inside and outside of household management. I’m sure it would be useful experience.”--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 04:17, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
刚说着，只见王夫人的丫头来请，凤姐便辞了李宫裁去了。小红自回怡红院去，不在话下。如今且说林黛玉因夜间失寐，次日起来迟了，闻得众姊妹都在园中做饯花会，恐人笑他痴懒，连忙梳洗了出来。刚到了院中，只见宝玉进门来了便笑道：“好妹妹，你昨儿可告了我了不曾？我悬了一夜心。”黛玉便回头叫紫鹃道：“把屋子收抬了，下一扇纱屉；看那大燕子回来，把帘子放了下来，拿狮子倚住；烧了香，就把炉罩上。”一面说，一面又往外走。宝玉见他这样，还认作是昨日晌午的事，那知晚间的这件公案，还打恭作揖的。

While saying, they saw lady King's slavery come to invite them, so Splendid Phoenix King resigned Silk Plum. Little Red went back to the Happy Red Court herself. Now it is said that Mascara Jade got up late the next day because she was sleepless at night. She heard that all the sisters were making preserves in the garden. So as not to be laughed at for being lazy, she hastily washed herself. When she stepped into the courtyard, Precious Jade came in at the door and said with a smile, "Dear sister, did you tell me yesterday? I was in worry all night." Mascara Jade turned to Nightgale and said, "Take the house for the next steamer. Look, the big swallow comes back, lowers the curtain, and leans against the lion. After burning incense, put on the stove." As she spoke, she went out again. Precious Jade saw her doing this, thinking that she was still angry about the earlier noon, not knowing the last night, so kept bowing to her.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 13:56, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

While talking, they saw lady King's maid come to invite Splendid Phoenix King, so Splendid Phoenix resigned Silk Plum and left. Little Red went back to the Happy Red Court herself. Now it is said that Mascara Jade got up late the next day because she was sleepless at night. Hearing that all the sisters were making preserves in the garden, she was afraid be laughed at for being lazy, so she hastily dressed and made up. When she stepped into the courtyard, Precious Jade came in at the door and said with a smile, "Dear sister, have you told me your condition yesterday? I was in worry all night." Mascara Jade turned to call Nightgale and said, "Take the house for the next steamer. Look if the big swallow comes back, then lowers the curtain, and leans against the lion. After burning incense, put on the stove." As she speaking, she went out again. Precious Jade saw her doing like this, thinking that she was still angry about the earlier noon, not knowing it was because of the last night, so kept bowing to her.--[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 04:14, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
林黛玉正眼也不看，各自出了院门，一直找别的姊妹去了。宝玉心中纳闷，自己猜疑：“看起这样光景来，不像是为昨儿的事。但只昨日我回来得晚了，又没有见他，再没有冲撞他的去处了。”一面想，一面由不得随后追了来。只见宝钗探春，正在那边看鹤舞，见黛玉来了，三个一同站着说话儿。又见宝玉来了，探春便笑道：“宝哥哥，身上好？我整整的三天没见你了。”宝玉笑道：“妹妹身上好？我前儿还在大嫂子跟前问你呢。”探春道：“宝哥哥，你往这里来，我和你说话。”宝玉听说，便跟了他，离了钗玉两个，到了一棵石榴树下。

Mascara Jade Forest looked at him askance, and walked out of the court alone to find other sisters. Precious Jade Merchant was so puzzled that he wondered that according to her attitude, it is probably not because of the thing that happened yesterday, but because I came back late yesterday and didn't visit her, since besides this there is no other points that I may offend her. Precious Jade was wondering while chasing after Mascara Jade. When Seeking-Spring and Precious Hairpin saw Mascara Jade came, they were admiring cranes' dancing. Then the three stood together, chatting, as Precious Jade came. Seeking-Spring said with smile, "Brother Mascara, your recent body OK? I haven't seen you for three days." Precious Jade laughed and answered, "How are you my sister? I asked elder sister-in-law your condition the day before yesterday." Seeking-Spring said, "Brother Precious, come here. I have something to say to you." After hearing that, Precious Jade followed her to a pomegranate tree, leaving Precious Hairpin and Mascara Jade in situ.——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 10:26, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade Forest looked at him askance, and walked out of the court alone to find other sisters. Precious Jade Merchant was so puzzled that he wondered that according to her attitude, it is probably not because of the thing that happened yesterday, but because I came back late yesterday and didn't visit her, since besides this there is no other points that I may offend her. Precious Jade was wondering while chasing after Mascara Jade. When Seeking-Spring and Precious Hairpin saw Mascara Jade came, they were admiring cranes' dancing. Then the three stood together, chatting, as Precious Jade came. Seeking-Spring said with smile, "Brother Mascara, your recent body OK? I haven't seen you for three days." Precious Jade laughed and answered, "How are you my sister? I asked elder sister-in-law your condition the day before yesterday." Seeking-Spring said, "Brother Precious, come here. I have something to say to you." After hearing that, Precious Jade followed her to a pomegranate tree, leaving Precious Hairpin and Mascara Jade in situ. --[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 15:02, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
探春因说道：“这几天，老爷可曾叫你？”宝玉笑道：“没有叫。”探春道：“昨儿我恍惚听见说，老爷叫你出去的。”宝玉笑道：“那想是别人听错了，并没叫的。”探春又笑道：“这几个月，我又攒下有十来吊钱了。你还拿了去，明儿出门逛去的时候,或是好字画，好轻巧玩意儿，替我带些来。”宝玉道：“我这么逛去，城里城外大廊太庙的逛，也没见个新奇精致东西，总不过是那些金、玉、铜、磁器，没处撂的古董；再就是绸缎、吃食、衣服了。”

Seeking Spring said:" Has the Master ever called you? " Precious Jade laughed and said:" No，he hasn’t. " Seeking Spring said:" Yesterday, I seemed to have heard that the Master asked you to go and buy something.” Precious Jade laughed and replied: “ You could have been made a mistake that the Master ever called me.” Seeking Spring laughed again and said:“ I save another dozens of strings of money these months. Take all of them away and buy something either brilliant calligraphy or wonderful gubbins for me when you’re going to shopping tomorrow. Precious Jade said: “ Within and without the city, in corridors and the Imperial Ancestral Temple, I wandered all the places without seeing any original and delicate things only those gold, jade, brass, porcelain, unplaced antiques and silk, food ,clothes.”--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 14:38, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Seeking-Spring said, “Has Master ever called you recently?” Precious Jade laughed and said, “No, he hasn’t.” Seeking-Spring said, “Yesterday I seemed to hear that Master asked you to go and buy something.” Precious Jade laughed and replied, “You must have misheard. Master doesn’t call me.” Seeking-Spring smiled again, “I manage to save another dozens of strings of copper coins these months. Take all of them and buy some brilliant calligraphy work or wonderful crafts for me when you are shopping tomorrow.” Precious Jade said, “Within and without the town, in corridors and in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, I hung out around the whole bazaar and saw no delicate or cool stuff but wares made of gold, of jade, of copper or of porcelain and some unplaced antiques. Furthermore there are only silk, food and garments.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 09:09, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

==Lei Hneg 雷珩==
探春道：“谁要这些。怎么象你上回买的那柳枝儿编的小篮子，真竹子根儿挖的香盒儿，胶泥垛的风炉儿，这就好了。我喜欢的什么似的，谁知他们都爱上了，都当宝贝似的抢了去了。”宝玉笑道：“原来要这个。这不值什么，拿几百钱出去给小子们，管拉两车来。”探春道：“小厮们知道什么？你拣那朴而不俗直而不拙的这些东西，你多多替我带了来，我还像上回的鞋做一双你穿，比那双还加工夫，如何呢？”

Seeking-spring said, “Who wants those? I don’t care about those gadgets. Stuff that you bought last time like the small basket knot from willow, the pomander dug by real bamboo root and the blast furnace made from clay are quite acceptable. God knows why what I fancy are all wanted by those guys and they all scramble for those merchandise, deeming them to be precious.” Precious Jade laughed, “It turns out you just want these things. Money doesn’t matter. Give servants hundreds of coppers and order them to buy two carriages of those goods.” Seeking-spring uttered, “How do them know what to buy? You just pick up something simple but not crude, unadorned but not clumsy. If you sent me some of them, I will make a pair of shoes for you like the last one I send you, but with more delicacy. What do you think?”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 13:00, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Seeking-spring said, “Who wants those? I don’t care about those gadgets. Stuff that you bought last time like the small basket woven by willow, the pomander produced by real bamboo root and the blast furnace made from clay are quite acceptable. God knows why what I fancy are all wanted and scrambled by those guys who deem them to be precious.” Precious Jade laughed, “I don’t know you want these things. Money doesn’t matter. Give servants hundreds of coppers and you will get two carriages of those goods.” Seeking-spring uttered, “How do them know what to buy? You just pick up something simple but not crude, unadorned but not clumsy. If you send me much of them, I will make another pair of shoes for you like the last one, but with more delicacy. How do you think about it?”—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 12:03, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
宝玉笑道：“你提起鞋来，我想起故事来了：一回穿着，可巧遇见了老爷，老爷就不受用，问：‘是谁做的？’我那里敢提三妹妹三个字？我就回说，是前儿我生日舅母给的。老爷听了是舅母给的，才不好说什么的。半日还说：‘何苦来！虚耗人力，作践绫罗，做这样的东西。’我回来告诉了袭人，袭人说：‘这还罢了，赵姨娘气的抱怨的了不得：正经兄弟，鞋塌拉袜塌拉的，没人看得见，且做这些东西！’”

Precious Jade smiled, “As soon as you refer to the shoes, a thing occurs to me: once I put on that pair of shoes and accidentally met my father, who disliked them. So he asked, ‘Who is the person making the shoes for you?’ How dare I speak of your name? Then my answer was that my aunt gave them to me in my previous birthday. It was hearing of the shoes coming from my aunt that he didn’t criticize much. What’s more, after a while, he resumed, ‘How unworthy! Waste time and good cloth to make such a thing.’ When I went back, I told Aroma and she said, ‘That’s good enough. Aunt Walk complained constantly with anger: someone can’t see her real brother who hasn’t appropriate shoes and socks but made the shoes for other person.”—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 09:42, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade smiled, “As soon as you refer to the shoes, one thing occurs to me: once I put on that pair of shoes and accidentally met the milord, who disliked them. So he asked, ‘Who is the person making the shoes for you?’ How dare I speak of your name? Then I responded that they are given by my aunt in my previous birthday. It was hearing of the shoes coming from my aunt that he didn’t criticize much. What’s more, after a while, he resumed, ‘How unworthy! Waste time and good cloth to make such a thing.’ When I went back, I told Aroma and she said, ‘That’s good enough. Aunt Walk complained constantly with anger: someone can’t see her real brother who hasn’t appropriate shoes and socks but made the shoes for other person.”--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 03:25, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
探春听说，登时沉下脸来道：“你说，这话糊涂到什么田地！怎么我是该做鞋的人么？环儿难道没有分倒的？衣裳是衣裳，鞋袜是鞋抹，丫头老婆一屋子，怎么抱怨这些话，给谁听呢！我不过闲着没事作一双半双，爱给那个哥哥兄弟，随我的心。谁敢管我不成！这也是他瞎气。”宝玉听了，点头笑道：“你不知道，他心里自然又有个想头了。”探春听说，一发动了气，将头一扭，说道：“连你也糊涂了！他那想头，自然是有的，不过是那阴微鄙贱的见识。他只管这么想，我只管认得老爷太太两个人，别人我一概不管。

Having heard about that, Seeking-spring frowned immediately and said,"You see! How unreasonable the words are! Am I born to make shoes? Didn't Ring get his one? Clothes are clothes and shoes are shoes. How could she complain about this in the presence of so many servants! To whom was she aimed at telling it! I just sew a few pairs of shoes in my spare time. Giving them to whom depends on my own will. Who are dare to intervene me! She is angry for something totally meaningless." Precious Jade nodded and smiled after hearing that and said,"What you don't know is that it has become an idea in her mind." Seeking-spring became much angrier when hearing his words. She turned around and said,"You are muddled too! Of course she had that mind but that is superficial and vile. Just let her go. I only take orders from the milord and madam and don't care about others."--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 03:39, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Having heard about that, Seeking-spring frowned immediately and said,"You see! How unreasonable the words are! Am I born to make shoes? Didn't Ring get his one? Clothes are clothes and shoes are shoes. It's so ridiculous she complain about this in the presence of so many servants! To whom was she aimed at telling it! I just make shoes to find something to do in my spare time. Giving them to whom depends on my own will. Who have the right to intervene me! She is angry for something totally meaningless." Precious Jade nodded and smiled after hearing that and said,"What you don't know is that it has become an idea in her mind." Seeking-spring became much angrier when hearing his words. She turned around and said,"You are muddled too! Of course she had that mind but that is superficial and vile. Just let her go. I only take orders from the milord and madam and don't care about others."--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 02:40, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
就是姊妹弟兄跟前，谁和我好，我就和谁好，什么偏的，庶的，我也不知道。论理，我不该说他，但他忒昏愦得不像了！还有笑话几呢：就是上回我给你那钱，替我带那玩耍的东西，过了两天，他见了我，也是说没钱，便怎么难处，我也不理论。谁知后来丫头们出去了，他就抱怨起我来，说我攒的钱，为什么给你使，倒不给环儿使了。我听见这话，又好笑，又好气。我就出来往太太跟前去了。”正说着，只见宝钗那边笑道：“说完了，来罢。显见得是哥哥妹妹了，丢下别人，且说体己去。我们听一句儿就使不得了？”

"Even for brothers and sisters, I choose my friends not by who he is, but if he can get along well with me! I know that I should not talk about her, but she is too ridiculous! There is another thing: last time I give you some money to bring me back something. Several days later, she complained her lack of money and how difficult she was. I did not respond. However, when the maids got out, she began to accuse me of giving the money I saved to you rather than to Ring. After hearing this, I did not know to laugh or to be angry, then I went out to see Lady King." As saying, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass appeared and smiled:"Have finished your talking? You are obviously brother and sister. Leave others and talk secretly. Is it unacceptable to hear you talking?" --[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 11:18, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

"Even for brothers and sisters, I choose my friends not by what status he is, but if he can get along well with me! I know that I should not talk about her, but she is too ridiculous! There is another absurd thing: last time I give you some money to bring me back something to play. Several days later, she complained her lack of money and how difficult she was. And I did not argue with her. However, when the maids got out, she began to accuse me of giving the money I saved to you rather than to Ring. After hearing this, I did not know whether to laugh or to be angry, then I went out to see Lady King." As saying, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass appeared and smiled:"Have finished your talking? You are obviously brother and sister. Leave others and talk secretly. Is it unacceptable to hear you talking?" --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 13:51, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
说着，探春宝玉二人方笑着来了。宝玉因不见了林黛玉，便知他躲了别处去了。想了一想：“索性迟两日，等他的气息一息再去也罢了。”因低头看去，许多凤仙石榴等各色落花，锦重重的落了一地，因叹道：“这是他心里生了气，也不收拾这花儿来了。等我送了去，明儿再问着他。”说着，只见宝钗约着他们往外头去。宝玉道：“我就来。”等他二人去远，把那花儿兜了起来，登山渡水，过树穿花．一直奔了那日同林黛玉葬桃花的去处来。将已到了花冢，犹未转过山坡，只听山坡那边有呜咽之声，一面数落着，哭的好不伤心。

Just then, Seeking-Spring and Precious Jade came. Precious Jade knew Mascara Jade had gone to another place because he had not seen her. He thought for a moment: "It would be better to wait a couple of days until her anger cools down a bit. Looking down, he saw a lot of colorful flowers, such as impatiens and pomegranates, falling heavily on the ground. He sighed, "This is because she is angry in her heart, and he doesn't clean up the flowers anymore. I'll ask him tomorrow after I deliver it." Then Precious Hairpin asked them to go outside. "I'm coming," said Precious Jade. After the two of them had gone away, Precious Jade picked up the flowers, climbed the mountain, crossed the water, and walked through the trees and flowers. He went straight to the place where he buried the peach blossom with Mascara Jade Forest that day. When he had reached the grave, he heard a sob on the other side of the hill, complaining and weeping bitterly. --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 13:45, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Just then, Seeking-Spring and Precious Jade came with smiles. Precious Jade knew Mascara Jade had hidden in another place without seeing her. He thought for a moment: "It would be better to wait a couple of days until she calms down a bit. Looking down, he saw a lot of colorful flowers, such as impatiens and pomegranates, falling heavily on the ground. He sighed, "This is because she is angry, and she doesn't have time to clean up the flowers anymore. I'll ask her tomorrow after I deliver it." Then Precious Hairpin asked them to go outside. "I'm coming," said Precious Jade. After the two of them had gone away, Precious Jade picked up the flowers, climbed the mountain, crossed the water, and walked through the trees and flowers. He went straight to the place where he had buried the peach blossom with Mascara Jade Forest that day. When he reached the grave, he heard a sob on the other side of the hill. The bitter sob expressed complaints.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 17:19, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
宝玉心下想道：“这不知是那房里的丫头，受了委屈，跑到这个地方来哭。”一面想，一面煞住脚步，听他哭道是：花谢花飞飞满天，红消香断有谁怜？游丝软系飘春榭，落絮轻沾扑绣帘。闺中女儿惜春暮，愁绪满怀无释处；手把花锄出绣帘，忍踏落花来复去。柳丝榆荚自芳菲，不管桃飘与李飞；桃李明年能再发，明年闺中知有谁？三月香巢已垒成，梁间燕子太无情！明年花发虽可啄，却不道人去槊空巢已倾。

Precious Jade thought: Whose room does the slave girl who is crying over here for not being treated well belong to? He stopped as he thought and heard a cry of her: As blossoms fade and fly in the sky, who pities the faded red, the scent that has been? The soft spider silk seems to be broken and connected, floating among the trees in spring. The falling catkins lightly attach on embroidered door curtains. The girl in the boudoir is so sorry to face the scenery of late spring. But there is no place to repose her full melancholy. She carries the hoe out of her boudoir but went back for not bringing herself to trample fallen blossoms. Catkins and elm money only know to show off their fragrance ,leaving alone the falling peach blossoms and the flying plum blossoms. In the boudoir, who will have chance to admire when these two kinds of flowers blossom next year? In March of the new year, swallows have already built nests with the fragrance of flowers holding flowers in their mouths on the beams. How ruthless they are for wasting too many flowers! As flowers will still be in full bloom next year for swallows to hold, but this house and their nests maybe will be empty as people leave.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 12:19, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade thought: Whose room does the slave girl who is crying over here for not being treated well belong to? He stopped as he thought and heard a cry of her: As blossoms fade and fly in the sky, who pities the faded red, the scent that has been? The soft spider silk seems to be broken and connected, floating among the trees in spring. The falling catkins lightly attach on embroidered door curtains. The girl in the boudoir is so sorry to face the scenery of late spring. But there is no place to repose her full melancholy. She carries the hoe out of her boudoir but went back for not bringing herself to trample fallen blossoms. Catkins and elm money only know to show off their fragrance ,leaving alone the falling peach blossoms and the flying plum blossoms. In the boudoir, who will have chance to admire when these two kinds of flowers blossom next year? In March of the new year, swallows have already built nests with the fragrance of flowers holding flowers in their mouths on the beams. How ruthless they are for wasting too many flowers! As flowers will still be in full bloom next year for swallows to hold, but this house and their nests maybe will be empty as people leave.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 13:29, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
一年三百六十日，风刀霜剑严相逼；明媚鲜妍能几时，一朝飘泊难寻觅。花开易见落难寻，阶前闷杀葬花人；独把花锄泪暗洒，洒上空枝见血痕。杜鹃无语正黄昏，荷锄归去掩重门；青灯照壁人初睡，冷雨敲窗被未温。怪依底事倍伤神？半为怜春半恼春：怜春忽至恼忽去，至又无言去不闻。昨宵庭外悲歌发，知是花魂与鸟魂？花魂鸟魂总难留，鸟自无言花自羞；

Three hundred and sixty days in a year which is filled with wind and frost; How long can bright and beautiful last? Once wandering, it's hard to find it. Flowers are easy to see but difficult to find when it fades. People who bury flowers are bored in front of the steps; The flower hoe alone shed tears, and there were blood stains on the branches above. The cuckoo is speechless. At dusk, the lotus hoe returns to cover the heavy door; The green light shines on the wall, and the cold rain knocks on the window. Why so sad? Half of pity spring and half of annoy spring: pity spring suddenly goes to annoyance, and then goes without words and doesn't hear it. Last night, there was a sad song outside the court. Do you know it's the soul of flowers or the soul of birds? The soul of flowers and birds is always hard to stay. Birds are silent and flowers are shy--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 08:23, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

Three hundred and sixty days in a year is filled with wind and frost; How long can bright and beautiful days last? Once wandering, it's hard to find. Bosoms are easy to see while falling flowers do not. People who bury flowers are melancholy in front of the steps; The flower hoe alone shed tears, and there were blood stains on the branches above. The cuckoo is speechless. At dusk, the lotus hoe returns to cover the heavy door; The green light shines on the wall, and the cold rain knocks on the window. Why so sad? Half of pity spring and half of annoy spring: pity spring suddenly goes to annoyance, and then goes without words and doesn't hear it. Last night, there was a sad song outside the court. Do you know whether it's the soul of flowers or the soul of birds? The soul of flowers and birds is always hard to stay. Birds are silent and flowers are shy. —[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 12:56, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
愿奴胁下生双翼，随花飞到天尽头。天尽头，何处有香丘？未若锦囊收艳骨，一抔净土掩风流。质木洁来还洁去，强于污淖陷渠沟。尔今死去侬收葬，未卜侬身何日丧？依今葬花人笑痴，他年葬侬知是谁？试看春残花渐落，便是红颜老死时。一朝春尽红颜老，花落人亡两不知！宝玉听了，不觉痴倒。

Flowers! Wish you could have wings so that you could fly with petals to where sky ends. There a resting place is hard to find. Whatever glory is, it does vanish into thin air when the dead body ends up being a cup of ashes even before exquisite bags come to hold you. Wish you could have kept the dignity so that you will not be contaminated and deserted to a dirty ditch. Who will predict when your last days come and bury your body although you once did for somebody? Once laughing at others burying fallen flowers, you do not know who will bury for you when you leave the world. Human life is like flowers. When flowers falter, men falter. When that happens, the past is the past, no matter how stunning a flower or a person was and they two went to two worlds. Hearing this, Precious Jade Merchant stunned.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 12:42, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
蒋玉函情赠茜香罗薛宝钗羞笼红麝串话说林黛玉只因昨夜晴雯不开门一事，错疑在宝玉身上。次日又可巧遇见饯花之期，正在一腔无明，未曾发泄，又勾起伤春愁思，因把些残花落瓣去掩埋，由不得感花伤己，哭了几声，便随口念了几句。不想宝玉在山坡上听见，先不过点头感叹；次又听到“侬今葬花人笑痴，他年葬侬知是谁？……一朝春尽红颜老，花落人亡两不知”等句，不觉恸倒山坡上，怀里兜的落花撒了一地。试想林黛玉的花颜月貌，将来亦到无可寻觅之时，宁不心碎肠断！

Last time, we talked about Mascara Jade Forest blamed Precious Jade for his refusal to open the door, which Sunny Cloud Formation did actually. The next day she was happened to meet the day when flower perished. She was in the midst of an unexplained anger that had not yet been vented, when she was again aroused by the sadness of spring. The next day, she was in the midst of an unexplained fire, and was struck by the sadness of spring. So she took the fallen petals of the flowers and buried them, but she couldn't help but feel sorry for the flowers and cry a few times, and then she recited a few lines of poetry. Unexpectedly, these verses were heard by Precious Jade on the hillside, who at first only nodded but then couldn’t help but fell down on the hill in grief, after hearing these lines: "People laugh at me when I bury flowers today, but I don’t know who will bury me in the future ...... Once the spring is over and I get old, the flowers fall and the people die.” The fallen flowers in his arms were scattered all over the place. The actual fact was that, he couldn’t find her if she was dead.—[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 12:44, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
既黛玉终归无可寻觅之时，推之于他人，如宝钗、香菱、袭人等，亦可以到无可寻觅之时矣。宝钗等终归无可寻觅之时，则自己又安在哉？且自身尚不知何在何往，将来斯处、斯园、斯花、斯柳，又不知当属谁姓矣。因此一而二，二而三，反复推求了去，真不知此时此际，如何解释这段悲伤！正是：花影不离身左右，鸟声只在耳东西。那林黛玉正自伤感，忽听山坡上也有悲声，心下想道：“人人都笑我有痴病，难道还有一个痴子不成？”抬头一看，见是宝玉，黛玉便啐道：“呸！我当是谁，原来是逸个狠心短命的……”

When Mascara Jade Forest's beauty is no where to be found, this trend can also appear in that of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, Wiselotus Potterymaker and so on. And when this happens to Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and alike, then what about himself? At that time he himself will be nowhere to be found, let alone this place, the garden, the flower and the willow. Whom then will they belong to? The rest all done in this manner, then how should him give the grief an explanation? It proves what Mascara Jade Forest says: "the flowers and the birds's singing would only appear this moment around us." Mascara Jade Forest is drowning in sadness, and hears a cry of sorrow, then she thinks:"All the people make fun of me, saying I am stupid. Now here I meet another one who is the same?" Looking up she sees Precious Jade Merchant, and she swears:“Bah! I was wondering who it was, and it turned out to be a cruel and short-lived."--[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 08:37, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

When Mascara Jade Forest's beauty is no where to be found, this trend can also appear in that of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, Wiselotus Potterymaker and so on. And when this happens to Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and alike, then what about himself? At that time he himself will be nowhere to be found, let alone this place, the garden, the flowers and the willow. Whom then will they belong to? The rest all done in this manner, then how should him give the grief an explanation? It proves what Mascara Jade Forest says: "the flowers and the birds's singing would only appear this moment around us." Mascara Jade Forest is drowning in sadness, and hears cry of sorrow, then she thinks:"All the people make fun of me, saying I am stupid. Now here I meet another one who is the same?" Looking up she sees Precious Jade Merchant, and she swears:“Bah! I was wondering who it was, and it also turned out to be a cruel and short-lived."--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 11:23, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
刚说到“短命”二宇，又把口掩住，长叹一声，自己抽身便走了。这里宝玉悲恸了一回，见黛玉去了，便知黛玉看见他，躲开了。自己也觉无味，抖抖土起来，下山寻归旧路，往怡红院来。可巧看见黛玉在前头走，连忙赶上去，说道：“你且站着。我知你不理我，我只说一句话，从今以后．撩开手。”林黛玉回头见是宝玉，待要不理他，听他说“只说一句话”，便道：“请说来。”宝玉笑道：“两句话．说了你听不听？”黛玉听说，回头就走。宝玉在身后面叹道：“既有今日，何必当初！”

While saying the word" short life", put his hands on his mouth, sighing and leaving. Here Precious Jade Merchant cried.He knew Lin Daiyu saw him because she went away to elude him. He felt dull and shook his body to keep ashes away, going downhill to find his way towards Yihong Garden. It occured to him that he saw Daiyu walking in front him. So he went forward and said:" You stand here. I know you will not talk to me.But I have nothing more than a sentence to say. From now on,please take hands away."Daiyu turned around and saw it was Baoyu and she didn't want to talk. Hearing him say "only one sentence", so Daiyu said:"You can tell me now." Baoyu smiled and said," Two sentence.Will you listen to me?" Hearing that, Daiyu was leaving. Baoyu sighed after Daiyu and said:"If I know the circumstances of today, I would not have done that in the past. "--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 09:55, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

While saying the word" short life", she put her hands on her mouth, sighing and leaving. Here Precious Jade Merchant cried.He knew Mascara Jade Forest saw him because she went away to elude him. He felt dull and shook his body to keep ashes away, going downhill to find his way towards Yihong Garden. It occured to him that he saw Mascara Jade walking in front him. So he went forward and said:" You stand here. I know you will not talk to me.But I have nothing more than a sentence to say. From now on,please take hands away."Mascara Jade turned around and saw it was Jade Merchant and she didn't want to talk. Hearing him say "only one sentence", so Mascara Jade said:"You can tell me now." Jade Merchant smiled and said," Two sentence.Will you listen to me?" Hearing that, Mascara Jade was leaving. Jade Merchant sighed after Mascara Jade and said:"If I know the circumstances of today, I would not have done that in the past.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 04:50, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
黛玉听见这话，由不得站住，回头道：“当初怎么样？今日怎么样？”宝玉道：“嗳！当初姑娘来了，那不是我陪着玩笑？凭我心爱的，姑娘要，就拿去；我爱吃的，听见姑娘也爱吃．连忙收拾的干干净净收着，等了姑娘到来。一个桌子上吃饭，一个床儿上睡觉。丫头们想不到的，我怕姑娘生气，替丫头们都想到。我心里想着：姊妹们从小儿长大，亲也罢，热也罢，和气到了儿，才见得比别人好。如今谁承望姑娘人大心大，不把我放在眼睛里，倒把外四路儿的什么‘宝姐姐’‘凤姐姐’的放在心坎儿上，倒把我三日不理、四日不见的。

After hearing this，Mascara Jade stopped and turned back，asked，“What do you mean by now and the past？” Precious Jade said，“Ei，wasn't I your playmate when you first came？ You get what you want.I knew you fancied a favourite dish of mine, I put it away in a clean place till you came. We ate at the same table and slept on the same bed. I took care that the maids did nothing to upset you; for I thought cousins growing up together as such good friends should be kinder to each other than anyone else. I never expected you to grow so proud that flow you have no use for me while you're so fond of outsiders like Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Splendid Phoenix King. You ignore me or cut me for three of four days at a time. ”--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 12:57, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

After hearing this，Mascara Jade paused and turned back，asked，“How does today differ from yestoday?” Precious Jade said，“Ei，wasn't I your playmate when you first came？ You get whatever you want including those I prefer.If knew you fancied a favourite dish of mine, I would put it away in a clean place till you came. We shared the same table and the same bed. I even took care of what the maids did not because I was afraid you were troubled;I always have a belif that cousins growing up together as such good friends should be kinder to each other than others. I couldn't imagine you grew so proud that attached more importance to outsiders like Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Splendid Phoenix King than me.Instead, You ignore me or cut me for three of four days at a time. ”-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 09:03, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
我又没个亲兄弟、亲妹妹，虽然有两个，你难道不知道是我隔母的？我也和你是独出，只怕同我的心一样，谁知我是白操了这一番心，有冤无处诉！”说着，不觉滴下泪来。那时黛玉耳内听了这话，眼内见了这形景，心内不觉灰了大半，也不觉滴下泪来，低头不语。宝玉见这般形象，遂又说道：“我也知道，我如今不好了；但只任凭着我怎么不好，万不敢在妹妹跟前有错处。便有一二分错处，你或是教导我，戒我下次，或骂我几句，打我几下，我都不灰心。谁知你总不理我，叫我摸不着头脑，少魂失魄，不知怎么样才是。就是死了，也是个‘屈死鬼’。

I don't have any sibling.As to those two,don't you know they are children by another venter? I suppose you have the same thought as me because of our same state of the celibacy child.Who knows I just think too muchbut I have nowhere to pour out grievance."His tears dripped while complaining.At that time,unperceptibly,Mascara Jade verged on depression,sheded tears and lowered her head to silence after hearing these talks and seeing such confusion.Seeing this, Precious Jade said: I am clear that I did something wrong.But no matter how sinful I am, I dare not to make mistakes beside you.Even there are a few mistakes, you either tell me to evode a second time or scold me and hit me, all of which will not break my heart. Who can expect you always ignore me,and it confused me ,I losing my soul wihout any ideas.As it is,I will become a wronged ghost even after death. -[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 02:37, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

I don't have any sibling.As to those two,don't you know they are children by another venter? I suppose you have the same thought as me because of our same state of the celibacy child.Who knows that I just think too much and there's is no placefor me to complain."His tears dripped while complaining.After hearing these words and seeing this scene,Mascara Jade felt so sad and shed tears,bowing her head and saying nothing.Seeing this, Precious Jade said," I am clear that I did something wrong.But no matter how sinful I am, I dare not to make mistakes in front of you.If I make some mistakes, you either teach me not to make mistakes again, or scold me, beat me, and I won't be sad like that. But you always ignore me, I don't know how to return a responsibility. I'm out of my wits. I don't know what to do. Even when I'm dead, I'll be a wronged ghost.”--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 02:04, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
任凭高僧高道忏悔，也不能超脱，还得你申明了原故，我才得托生呢！”黛玉听了这话，不觉将昨晚的事都忘在九霄云外了，便说道：“你既这么说，为什么我去了，你不叫丫头开门？”宝玉咤异道：“这话从那里说起？我要是这样，立刻就死了！”黛玉啐道：“大清早起‘死’呀‘活’的，也不忌讳。你说有呢就有，没有就没有，起什么誓呢！”宝玉道：“实在没有见你去，就是宝姐姐坐了一坐，就出来了。”黛玉想了一想，笑道：“是了。必是你丫头们懒怠动，丧声歪气的，也是有的。”

Even a good monk and a good Taoist priest can't make me free. Only if you declare the cause will I be free!" When Mascara Jade Forest heard this, she forgot all about the night before and said, "If you say so, why didn't you ask your maid to open the door when I came?" "How could this happen?" Precious Jade said."If I do so, I shall die at once!"Mascara Jade Forest said, "You don't mind saying 'dead' or 'alive' so early in the morning. I will take it whether you say yes or no. Why swear?" Precious Jade said, "I really did not see you, but sister sat down for a while and then came out."Mascara Jade Forest thought for a moment and smiled."Yes.It may be that your ladies are lazy and sulky.It's possible."--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 04:09, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

"Even a good monk and a good Taoist priest can't set me free. Only if you declare the cause will I be free!" When Mascara Jade Forest heard this, she thoughts was flung to the four winds. Then she said, "If you say so, why didn't you ask your maid to open the door when I came?" "How could this happen?" Precious Jade said."If I do so, I shall die at once!"Mascara Jade Forest said, "You don't mind saying 'dead' or 'alive' so early in the morning. I will take it whether you say yes or no. Why swear?" Precious Jade said, "I really did not see you, but sister Bao sat down for a while and then came out."Mascara Jade Forest thought for a moment and smiled."Yes.It may be that your ladies are lazy and sulky.It's possible."--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 13:23, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
宝玉道：“想必是这个原故。等我回去问了是谁，教训教训他们就好了。”黛玉道：“你的那些姑娘们，也该教训教训，只是论理我不该说。今儿得罪了我的事小，倘或明儿‘宝姑娘’来，什么‘贝姑娘’来，也得罪了，事情岂不大了。”说着，抿着嘴儿笑。宝玉听了，又是咬牙，又是笑。二人正说话，见丫头来请吃饭，遂都往前头来了。王夫人见了黛玉，因问道：“大姑娘，你吃那鲍太医的药可好些？”黛玉道：“也不过这么着。老太太还叫我吃王大夫的药呢。”

Precious Jade said, “I assume this is the reason. I will give them a lesson when I come back.” Mascara Jade said, “Normally this is not my thing, but truly you should indoctrinate your girls. It is not a big issue when they offend me, but what if tomorrow they annoyed “Miss Bao” or “Miss Bei”? That is not going to be fine.” Saying this, Mascara Jade puckered her face in a smile. Precious Jade ground his teeth and smiled to hear this. While the two are talking, a maid invited them to dinner. They both came forward. Ms.Wang saw Mascara Jade and asked, “My girl, are you feeling better after taking the medicine form Doctor Bao?” Mascara answered, “Hard to say. Grandma has asked me to take Doctor Wang’s prescription.”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 11:25, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade said, “I assume this is the reason. I will kick their butts and give them a lesson when I come back.” Mascara Jade said, “Normally this is not my thing, but truly you should indoctrinate your girls.Offending me is not a big issue but what if tomorrow they annoyed “Miss Bao” or “Miss Bei”? That consequence is irreversible.” Saying this, Mascara Jade puckered her face in a smile.Hearing this,Precious Jade ground his teeth and smiled. While the two are talking, a maid invited them to dinner. They both came forward. Ms.Wang saw Mascara Jade and asked, “My girl, are you feeling better after taking the medicine form Doctor Bao?” Mascara answered, “It is Hard to say. Grandma has asked me to take Doctor Wang’s medicine.”--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 13:14, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
宝玉道：“太太不知道，林妹妹是内症，先天生的弱，所以禁不住一点儿风寒；不过吃两剂煎药，疏散了风寒，还是吃丸药的好。”王夫人道：“前儿大夫说了个丸药名字儿，我也忘了。”宝玉道：“我知道那些丸药，不过叫他吃什么人参养荣丸。”王夫人道：“不是。”宝玉又道：“八珍益母丸？左归、右归？再不就是八味地黄丸？”王夫人道：“都不是。我只记得有个‘金刚’两个字的。”宝玉拍手笑道：“从来没听见有个什么‘金刚丸’！若有了‘金刚丸’，自然有‘菩萨散’了。”说的满屋里人都笑了。

Precious Jade said:"Grandma did not understand the position.Mascara Jade Forest had internal illness and was weak from birth ,so she could not suffer even a slight cold.She had already took two decoctions and the cold had been eased.But I thought she had better took some pill medicine,"Mrs.Wang commented:"A doctor mentioned a name of some kind of pill but I failed to remember,too "Precious Jade said:"I knew those pills,was the pill named so-called Ginseng`Gingsen pill."Mrs.Wang replied "No,it wasn't"Precous said:"Was it BaZhen-good for mother pills or left angelica-right angelica? or was it Rehmanniae Bolus of Eight Ingredients? "Mrs.Wang replied:"No,all of these names were wrong.I remembered there are KingKong inside its name"Precious Jade clapped his hands and said with a burst of laughter:"I have never heard of any KingKong pills before.IF there were KingKong pill,there should be Bodhisattva San as well"hearing this,the crowd in parlour burst into a hearty laugh.--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 15:07, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade said: "Lady did not know that Sister Forest had internal illness and was weak from birth, so she could not suffer even a slight cold. Taking two doses of decoctions only eased the cold. Taking some pill medicine will be better." Lady Wang said, "A doctor mentioned the name of some kind of pill the other day but it eluded me." Precious Jade said: "I knew those pills, just so-called Ginseng`Gingsen pill." Lady Wang replied, "No, it wasn't." Precous Jade said: "Was it BaZhen-good for Mother pills or Left Angelica, Right Angelica? Or was it Rehmanniae Bolus of Eight Ingredients?" Lady Wang replied: "No. None of them is correct. I only remember there is the characters of King Kong." Precious Jade clapped his hands with a burst of laughter, saying, "I have never heard of any KingKong pills before. IF there were KingKong pills, there must be Bodhisattva San pills as well." Hearing this, the crowd in the parlour burst into laughter.--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 01:59, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
宝钗抿嘴笑道：“想是天王补心丹。”王夫人笑道：“是这个名儿。如今我也糊涂了。”宝玉道：“太太倒不糊涂，都是叫‘金刚’‘菩萨’支使糊涂了。”王夫人道：“扯你娘的臊！又欠你老子捶你了。”宝玉笑道：“我老子再不为这个捶我。”王夫人又道：“既有这个名儿，明儿就叫人买些来吃。”宝玉道：“这些药都是不中用的。太太给我三百六十两银子，我替妹妹配一料丸药，包管一料不完就好了。”王夫人道：“放屁！什么药就这么贵？”

Precious Hairpin chuckled and said, "It must be the Heavenly King heart nourishing pill (Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan)." Lady King smiled and said, "That's it. Now I'm in my dotage." Precious Jade said, "Lady is not in the dotage but is bewildered by the name of King Kong and Bodhisattva." Lady King replied, "Nonsense! Your father will clout you again!" Precious Jade giggled, "My father never beat me for that." Lady King continued, "Now that the name of the medicine is known, it can be brought back by servants." Precious Jade said, "All these medicines are futile. If Lady gives me 360 Liang silver, I will dispense a drug which I'm sure will cure her disease within one dose." Lady King was cross, "Rubbish! What drug costs such much?"--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 15:43, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin chuckled and said, "It must be the Heavenly King heart nourishing pill (Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan)." Lady King smiled and said, "That's it. Now I'm in my dotage." Precious Jade said, "Lady is not in the dotage but is bewildered by the name of 'King Kong' and 'Bodhisattva.'" Lady King replied, "Nonsense! Your father will clout you again!" Precious Jade giggled, "My father never beat me for that." Lady King continued, "Now that the name of the medicine is known, it can be brought back by servants tomorrow." Precious Jade said, "All these medicines are futile. If Lady gives me 360 Liang silver, I will dispense a drug which I'm sure will cure her disease within one dose." Lady King was cross, "Rubbish! What drug costs such much?"--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
宝玉笑道：“当真的呢。我这个方子比别的不同，那个药名儿也古怪，一时也说不清，只讲那头胎紫河车，人形带叶参，三百六十两不足龟，大何首乌，千年松根茯苓胆，诸如此类的药，不算为奇。只在群药里算那为君的药，说起来唬人一跳。前年薛大哥哥求了我一二年，我才给了他这方子。他拿了方子去，又寻了二三年，花了有上千的银子，才配成了。太太不信，只问宝姐姐。”宝钗听说，笑着摇手儿说道：“我不知道，也没所见。你别叫姨娘问我。”王夫人笑道：“到底是宝丫头好孩子，不撒谎。”

Precious Jade laughs, “I mean it. My prescription is not like others, which also has a strange name that is hard to say off-hand. The drugs, for example the firstborn placenta hominis and the humanoid leafed ginseng, just these won’t be covered in three hundred and sixty liang, let alone the turtle, the big polygonum multiflorum, and the millennium poria with hostwood under pine stump. These kinds of drug are still classic, however, the predominant drug in all these is of shock to say. Brother Marshgrass asked me for one or two years before I gave him the prescription the year before last. After got the prescription, he sought for another two or three years, spending thousands of silvers before he finally filled it. Just ask sister Precious if Mistress don’t believe me.” Hearing that, Precious Harpin waves her hand, laughing, “I don’t know, and I never heard of it. Don’t you tell aunt to ask me.” Mrs. Wang laughs, “Precious Harpin is truly a good girl. she never lies.”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

Precious Jade laughs, “I mean it. My prescription is not like any others, which also has a strange name that is hard to say off-hand. The drugs, for example the firstborn placenta hominis and the humanoid leafed ginseng, just these won’t be covered in three hundred and sixty liang, let alone the turtle, the big polygonum multiflorum, and the millennium poria with hostwood under pine stump. These kinds of drug are still classic, however, the predominant drug in all these is appalling to say. Brother Marshgrass had pleaded me for one or two years before I gave him the prescription the year before last. After getting the prescription, he sought for another two or three years, spending thousands of silvers to make up it. Just ask sister Precious if Mistress don’t believe me.” Hearing that, Precious Harpin waves her hand, laughing, “I don’t know, and I never heard of it. Don’t let aunt ask me.” Mrs. Wang laughs, “Precious Harpin is truly a good girl. she never lies.”—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 13:22, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
宝玉站在当地，听见如此说，一回身把手一拍，说道：“我说的倒是真话呢．倒说撒谎！”口里说着，忽一回身，只见林黛玉坐在宝钗身后，抿着嘴笑，用手指头在脸上画着羞他。凤姐因在里间房里，看着人放桌子，听如此说，便走来笑道：“宝兄弟不是撒谎，这倒是有的。前日薛大爷亲自和我来寻珍珠，我问他：‘做什么？’他说：‘配药。’他还抱怨说：‘不配也罢了，如今那里知道这么费事。’我问：‘什么药？’他说是宝兄弟的方子，说了许多药，我也不记得。

Standing there, Precious Jade turns around and claps after hearing it, saying that," I tell you the truth! You should regard me lying!" While saying it, he suddenly turns around, to find Mascara Jade Forest sitting behind Precious Hairpin and she is smiling gently while making some lovely grimace to laugh at him. Splendid Phoenix King was supervisimg maids placing tables in inner room initially, but she comes as well after hearing what they are taking about. She comes and says with smile," It can be true that Brother Precious Jade isn't lying. A few days ago, Dragon Marshgrass came to me in person for pearls. I asked him,' What do these pearls for?'He relied,' For making up a prescription.' He even complained,' It is ok not making up this prescription. I didn't expect that it can be so troublesome.' Then I asked,'What is the prescription？' He said this prescription was given by Brother Precious Jade and he listed many medicines in it but I failed to memorize them.”--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 09:06, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Standing there, Precious Jade turns around and claps after hearing it, saying that," I tell you the truth! You should regard me lying!" While saying it, he suddenly turns around, to find Mascara Jade Forest sitting behind Precious Hairpin and she is smiling gently while making some lovely grimace to laugh at him. Splendid Phoenix King was supervisimg maids placing tables in inner room initially, but she comes as well after hearing what they are taking about. She comes and says with smile," It can be true that Brother Precious Jade isn't lying. A few days ago, Dragon Marshgrass came to me in person for pearls. I asked him,' What do these pearls for?'He relied,' For making up a prescription.' He even complained,' It is ok not making up this prescription. I didn't expect that it can be so troublesome.' Then I asked,'What is the prescription？' He said this prescription was given by Brother Precious Jade and he listed many medicines in it but I failed to memorize them.”-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 12:13, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
他又说：‘不然，我也买几颗珍珠了，只是定要头上戴过的，所以来和妹妹寻。妹妹就没散的花儿，那上头拆下来的也使得。过后儿我拣好的再给妹妹穿了来。‘我没法儿，把两枝珠花儿现拆了给他。还要一块三尺长、上用的大红纱，拿乳钵乳了面子呢。”凤姐说一句，宝玉念一句佛，说：“太阳在屋子里呢！”凤姐说完了，宝玉又道：“太太想，这不
过是将就呢。正经按方子，这珍珠宝石定要在古坟里的，有那古时富贵人家装裹的头面拿了来才好。如今那里为这个去刨坟掘墓？所以只是活人带过的，也可以使得。”

He went on to say, 'I would have purchased a few pearls, but what are absolutely wanted are such pearls as have been worn on the head; and that's why I come to ask you, cousin, for some. If, cousin, you've got no broken ornaments at hand, in the shape of flowers, why, those that you have on your head will do as well; and by and bye I'll choose a few good ones and give them to you, to wear.' I had no other course therefore than to snap a couple of twigs from some flowers I have, made of pearls, and to let him take them away. One also requires a piece of deep red gauze, three feet in length of the best quality; and the pearls must be triturated to powder in a mortar." After each sentence expressed by Lady Phoenix, Precious Jade muttered an invocation to Buddha. "The thing is as clear as sunlight now," he remarked.The moment Lady Phoenix had done speaking, Precious Jade put in his word. "Mother," he added, "you should know that this is a mere makeshift, for really, according to the letter of the prescription, these pearls and precious stones should, properly speaking, consist of such as had been obtained from, some old grave and been worn as head-ornaments by some wealthy and honourable person of bygone days. But how could one go now on this account and dig up graves, and open tombs! Hence it is that such as are simply in use among living persons can equally well be substituted."-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 12:12, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

He went on to say, "I would have purchased a few pearls, but what is absolutely wanted are such pearls as having been worn on the head; and that's why I come to ask you, cousin, for some. If, my cousin, you've got no broken ornaments in hand, in the shape of flowers, why, those that you have on your head will do as well; and by and bye I'll choose a few good ones and give them to you, to wear.' I had no other course therefore than to snap a couple of twigs from some flowers I have, made of pearls, and to let him take them away. One also requires a piece of deep red gauze, three feet in length of the best quality; and the pearls must be triturated to powder in a mortar." After each sentence expressed by Lady Phoenix, Precious Jade muttered an invocation to Buddha. "The thing is as clear as sunlight now," he remarked. The moment Lady Phoenix had done speaking, Precious Jade put in his word. "Mother," he added, "you should know that this is a mere makeshift, for real, according to the letter of the prescription, these pearls and precious stones should properly speaking, consist of such as had been obtained from, some old graves and been worn as head-ornaments by some wealthy and honorable persons of bygone days. But how could one go now on this account and dig up graves, and open tombs! Hence it is that such as are simply in use among living persons can equally well be substituted."--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 14:26, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220314 homework

2022-04-15T12:03:54Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ma Feifei 马菲菲 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220307_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220321_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Mar 28]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

--[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 04:51, 21 March 2022 (UTC)=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
我们算年纪小，上不去，我也不抱怨；象你怎么也不算在里头？我心里就不服。袭人那怕他得十分儿，也不恼他，原该的。说句良心话，谁还能比他呢？别说他素日殷勤小心，便是不殷勤小心，也拼不得。只可气晴雯绮霞他们这几个，都算在上等里去，仗着老子娘的脸面，众人倒捧着他去。你说可气不可气？”

We are still young and less sophisticated so it's common to be involved and I won't complain about it. But why aren't you counted in? I feel really uncomfortable. Aroma is afraid that he got too much, so she is not angry with it, which is reasonable. To be fair, who is better than him？ Before he is hospitable and careful, we are not even close to him if he was not. But I am angry because both Sunny Cloud Formation and Beautiful Frost are listed in the first-class. On the countrary, people chase after him relying on my mom's majesty. How do you like that!"--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 12:16, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

We are still young and less sophisticated so it's common not to be involved in and I won't complain about it. But why aren't you counted in? I feel it really unfair.Even though he gets too much,Aroma is not angry with it, which is reasonable. To be fair, who cam be better than him？Not to mention he is hospitable and careful, we are not even close to him if he was not. But I am angry because both Sunny Cloud Formation and Beautiful Frost are listed in the first-class. On the countrary, people chase after him relying on my mom's majesty.What an infuriating thing!"--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 10:29, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
小红道：“也不犯着气他们。俗语说的：‘千里搭长棚，没有个不散的筵席。’谁守一辈子呢？不过三年五载，各人干各人的去了，那时谁还管谁呢？”这两句话不觉感动了佳慧心肠，由不得眼圈儿红了，又不好意思无端的哭，只得勉强笑道：“你这话说的是。昨儿宝玉还说，明儿怎么样收拾房子，怎么样做衣裳。倒象有几百年熬煎。”

Little Red said,"It's not necessary to annoy them.As the saying goes,'a long tent built from a thousand mile,but the feast does not last forever.'Who will keep it forever?Who will care about each other after 3,or perhaps 5 years ?Everyone will just do their own business."Good Orchid's heart was touched by these words that her eyes turned red.As she felt embarrassed to cry for no reasan,she barely smiled, "What you said is true.Yesterday Precious Jade mentioned how to clean the house and make clothes tomorrow. It's like centuries of torture."--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 11:26, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Little Red said,"There is no need to annoy them.As the saying goes,'a long tent built from a thousand miles,but the feast does not last forever.'Who will keep it forever?Who will care about each other after 3,or perhaps 5 years ?Everyone will just mind their own business."Good Orchid's heart was touched by these words that her eyes turned red.As she felt embarrassed to cry for no reason,she barely smiled, "That's true.Yesterday Precious Jade mentioned how to clean the house and make clothes tomorrow. It's like centuries of torture."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:52, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
小红听了，冷笑两声，方要说话，只见一个未留头的小丫头走进来，手里拿着些花样子并两张纸，说道：“这两个花样子，叫我描出来呢。”说着，向小红撂下，回转身就跑了。小红向外问道：“到底是谁的？也等不的说完就跑。‘谁蒸下馒头等着你，怕冷了不成？’”那小丫头在窗外只说得一声：“是绮大姐姐的。”抬起脚来，“咕咚咕咚”又跑了。

After hearing it, Little Red sneers and is about to say something. Just at this time, a little girl who doesn't even have hair walks in with some embroidered ground patterns and two pieces of paper and says" I'm asked to depict these two embroidered ground patterns." She turns around and runs away after finishing her words. Little Red then asks loudly outward "Whose on earth are these? She doesn't even wait until I finish a sentence. Is anybody make you some steamed bun so that you are afraid they will be cold?" The little girl then has no choice but to answer outside the window"It belongs to Sister Beauty." After a quick answer, she then shot off and rushed away again.--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 11:59, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

After hearing it, Little Red sneered and was about to say something. Just at this time, a little girl who didn’t even had hair walks in with some embroidered ground patterns and two pieces of paper and said, “I'm asked to depict these two embroidered ground patterns,” before she turned around and ran away. Little Red then asked loudly outward "Whose on earth are these? She didn’t even wait until she finished a sentence. Was anybody with some steamed bun waiting for you so that you were afraid they would be cold?" The little girl then had no choice but to answer outside the window, “It belongs to Sister Beauty.” After a quick answer, she then shot off and rushed away again.—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 11:10, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
小红便赌气把那样子掷在一边，向抽屉内找笔，找了半天，都是秃了的，因说道：“前儿一技新笔放在那里了？怎么想不起来。”一面说，一面出神，想了一会，方笑道：“是了，前儿晚上莺儿拿了去了。”便向佳蕙道：“你替我取了来。”佳蕙道：“花大姐姐还等着我替他拿箱子，你自取去罢。”小红道：“他等着你，你还坐着闲打牙儿？我不叫你取去，他也不等你了。坏透了的小蹄子！”

Little Red felt wronged, rashly darted these patterns aside and searched the drawer for a writing brush. At last, she found nothing but hairless brushes. Therefore, she said, “where were the new one putting in recently? I cannot recollect it.” Meanwhile she was in a trance, thinking for a while, smiling, “Well. It was taken by Maid Oriole last night.” Then she asked Good Orchid, “You brings it for me.” Maid Oriole said, “sister Flower is waiting for the box that I take for her. You’d better take it by yourself.” Little Red said, “She is waiting for you? So that’s the reason why you still sit back at leisure? I won’t ask you to bring it back and she won’t wait for you. You are really an execrable bitch!”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 11:05, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Little Red felt wronged, rashly darting these patterns aside and searched the drawer for a writing brush. At last, she found nothing but hairless brushes. Shee murmured, “where had I put the new one recently? I cannot recollect it.” Meanwhile she was in a trance, thinking for a while, smiling, “Well. It was taken by Maid Oriole last night.” Then she asked Good Orchid, “You fetch it for me.” Maid Oriole said, “sister Flower is waiting for me to take the box for her. You’d better fetch it by yourself.” Little Red said, “So you still sit back at leisure here? As she is waiting for you? I won’t ask you and she won’t wait for you. You execrable bitch!”--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 12:49, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
说着自己便出房来。出了怡红院，一径往宝钗院内来。刚至沁芳亭畔，只见宝玉的奶娘李嬷嬷从那边来。小红立住，笑问道：“李奶奶，你老人家那里去了？怎么打这里来？”李嬷嬷站住，将手一拍，道：“你说，好好的，又看上了那个什么‘云哥儿’‘雨哥儿’的，连会子逼着我叫了他来。明儿叫上房里听见，可又是不好。”小红笑道：“你老人家当真的就信着他去叫么？”

Saying that, Little Red came out of her room, and then leave the Happy Red Court to the court of Precious Hairpin. She had just arrived at the Penetrating Fragrance Court when Nanny Li, the wet nurse of Precious Jade, approached. Little Red stopped and asked with smile:"Nanny Li! Where did you just go? Why are you coming from there?" Nanny Li sighed and answered:"You see, for good reason, he likes again some brother "Yun" or "Yu". And he just forced me to ask him to come. If let the Madame know, it would be another problem." The Little Red smiled:"So you'd really obeyed him and went to invite?"--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 12:35, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Saying that, Little Red came out of her room, and then leave the Happy Red Court to the court of Precious Hairpin. She had just arrived at the Penetrating Fragrance Court when she caught sight of Nanny Li, the wet nurse of Precious Jade, coming from the opposite direction. Little Red stood aside to wait for her and asked with smile:" Nanny Li! Where have you been? Why are you coming from there?" Nanny Li sighed and answered:" You see, for good reason, he likes again some brother "Yun" or "Yu". And he just forced me to ask him to come. If let the Madame know, there would be trouble." The Little Red smiled:"So are you really going to believe in him and ask him in?"--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 08:19, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
李嬷嬷道：“可怎么样呢？”小红笑道：“那一个要是知好歹，就回不进来才是。”李嬷嬷道：“他又不傻，为什么不进来？”小红道：“既是进来，你老人家该别同他一齐儿来；回来叫他一个人乱硼，可是不好么！”李嬷嬷道：“我有那们大工夫和他走？不过告诉了他，回来打发个小丫头子，或是老婆子，带进他来就完了。”说着拄着拐一径去了。小红听说，便站着出神，且不去取笔。

Nannie Li said:“ So what?” Crimson laughed:” If Mr Yun knows what’s good for him, he won’t agree to come.” “He’s no a fool,” said Nannie Li. “Why shouldn’t he?” “ Any way, if he does come in,” said Crimson, “ you can’t just bring him in and then leave him, Mrs Li. You’ll have to take him back again yourself afterwards. You don’t want him wandering off on his own.” “ How busy I am! I haven’t got that much spare time.” said Nannie Li. “All I’ve done is just to tell him that he’s got to come. I’ll send someone else to fetch him in when I get back presently - one of the girls, or one of the older women, maybe.” She hobbled off on her stick, leaving Crimson standing there in a muse, her mission to fetch the tracing-brush forgotten.--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 12:28, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Nanny Plum said:“ So what?” Little Red laughed:” If that one knows what’s good for him, he won’t agree to come.” “He’s no a fool,” said Nanny Plum. “Why shouldn’t he?” “ Any way, if he does come in,” said Little Red, “ you can’t just bring him in and then leave him. You’ll have to take him back again yourself afterwards. You don’t want him wandering off on his own.” “ How busy I am! I haven’t got that much spare time.” said Nanny Plum. “All I’ve done is just to tell him that he’s got to come. I’ll send someone else to fetch him in when I get back presently - one of the girls, or one of the older women, maybe.” She hobbled off on her stick, leaving Little Red standing there in a muse, her mission to fetch the tracing-brush forgotten.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 14:18, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
不多时，只见一个小丫头跑来，见小红站在那里，便问道：“红姐姐，你在这里作什幺呢？”小红抬头见是小丫头子坠儿。小红道：“那里去？”坠儿道：“叫我带进芸二爷来。”说着，一径跑了。这里小红刚走至蜂腰桥门前，只见那边坠儿引着贾芸来了。那贾芸一面走，一面拿眼把小红一溜；那小红只装着和坠儿说话，也把眼去一溜贾芸：四目恰好相对。小红不觉把脸一红，一扭身往蘅芜院去了。

Before long, a small girl ran towards there, see Little Red standing there, then asked: "red sister, you are here for what?" Little Red looked up and saw that it was the little girl Lassock Drop. Little Red asked: "Where are you going?" Lassock Drop said: "They told me to bring in the second master Rue." Saying that, she ran away. Here Little Red just walked to the bee-waist bridge door, seeing that Lassock Drop led Rue Merchant come. The Rue Merchant walked while longking at Little Red; that Little Red pretended to talk to Lassock Drop while give him a glance. Their eyes contacted and Little Red's face turned red. She turned to Hengwuyuan immediately.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 12:49, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Soon, a little girl ran there, saw Little Red standing there, and then asked: "sister Red, why you are here?" Little Red looked up and saw the little girl who was called Lassock Drop. Little Red asked: "Where are you going?" Lassock Drop said: "They asked me to bring the second master Rue in." After saying that, she ran away directly. Here as Little Red walked to the bee-waist bridge door, Lassock Drop led Rue Merchant come. The Rue Merchant walked while peeping at Little Red. And Little Red pretended to talk with Lassock Drop while giving him a glance. Their eyes contacted coincidentally and Little Red's face turned red and then she turned to Asarum Garden immediately.——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 15:03, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
这里贾芸随着坠儿逶迤来至怡红院中，坠儿先进去回明了，然后方领贾芸进去。贾芸看时，只见院内略略有几点山石，种着芭蕉，那边有两只仙鹤，在松树下剔翎。一溜回廊上吊着各色笼子，各色仙禽异鸟。上面小小五间抱厦，一色雕镂新鲜花样槅扇，上面悬着一个匾，四个大字，题道是：“怡红快绿”。贾芸想道：“怪道叫‘怡红院’，原来匾上是这四个字。”

Following Lassock Drop, Yun Merchant zigzagged his way to the Happy Red Court and were led out into the grounds after Lassock Drop announcing him first. In the grounds, Yun Merchant saw several piles of stones, banana trees, two red-crowned crane that were preening themselves under the pine trees. Hanging in the corridor, there were several birdcages in assorted colours where kept different kinds of rare and valuable birds. Five small "turtle-head houses" with a row of windows that were all engraved with the most fashionable designs hung a plaque, written four big characters, "Happy Red and Joyful Green"(Yi Hong Kauai Lv). Yun Merchant wandered:"No wonder it is called 'the Happy Red Court' since it is these four characters on the plaque."

Following Lassock Drop, Yun Merchant zigzagged his way to the Happy Red Court and were led out into the grounds after Lassock Drop announcing him first. In the grounds, Yun Merchant saw several piles of stones, banana trees, two red-crowned crane that were preening themselves under the pine trees. Hanging in the corridor, there were several birdcages in assorted colours where kept different kinds of rare and valuable birds. Five small "turtle-head houses" with a row of windows that were all engraved with the most fashionable designs hung a plaque, written four big characters, "Happy Red and Joyful Green"(Yi Hong Kauai Lv). Yun Merchant wandered:"No wonder it is called 'the Happy Red Court' , for it is these four characters on the plaque."--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 12:41, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
正想着，只听里面隔着纱窗子笑说道：“快进来罢！我怎么就忘了你两三个月。”贾芸听见是宝玉的声音，连忙进人房内，抬头一看，只见金碧辉煌，文章熌烁，却看不见宝玉在那里。一回头，只见左边立着一架大穿衣镜，从镜后转出两个一对儿十五六岁的丫头说：“请二爷里头屋里坐。” 贾芸连正眼也不敢看，莲忙答应了，又进一道碧纱厨，只见小小一张填漆床上，悬着大红销金撒花帐子。

Rue Merchant was thinking about that while hearing a person smiling and saying across window screens within. “come in! How can I forget you for two or three months. “Recognizing Precious Jade’s voice, Rue Merchant entered the room quickly, looking up, and found the room was resplendent and magnificent but without him. Once turning back, Rue saw a cheval glass placed on the left. From the back of the glass, two girls about fifteen or fourteen years old came out, and said: “Please come in and have a seat, Second Master! “ Rue Merchant dared not see them directly, responding immediately, then, entered another green gauze cabinet, noticing a small lacquer bed hanging with red bed-curtain decorated with flowers and gold thread.--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 14:28, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

When thinking about that, Rue Merchant heared a person smiling and saying across the screen window. “Come in! How could I forget about you for two or three months.” Recognizing Precious Jade’s voice, Rue Merchant entered the room quickly, only to find the room was resplendent and magnificent, but Precious Jade was nowhere to be seen. He turned back and saw a big cheval-glass placed on the left. From the back of it came out two girls around fifteen or sixteen. They said, “Please come in and have a seat, My Second Master.” Rue Merchant dared not look at them directly and responded with an immediate “yes”. Then he entered another green gauze cabinet, noticing a red bed-curtain decorated with flowers and gold thread was hanging above a small lacquer bed.--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 14:31, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
宝玉穿着家常衣服，靸着鞋，倚在床上，拿着本书；看见他进来，将书掷下，早带笑立起身来。贾芸忙上前请了安，宝玉让坐，便在下面一张椅子上坐了。宝玉笑道：“只从那个月见了你，我叫你往书房里来，谁知接接连连许多事情，就把你忘了。”贾芸笑道：“总是我没福，偏偏又遇着叔叔欠安。叔叔如今可大安了？”宝玉道：“大好了。我倒听见说你辛苦了好几天。”

Precious Jade was wearing his housecoat and slippers with a book in hands, lying in bed. Noticing Rue Merchant’s entering, he swiftly stood up with a big smile and put the book down. Rue Merchant showed his regards to Precious Jade in a hurry, and then he sat on a chair when Precious Jade invited him to do so. Precious Jade smiled, “after that month when I met you once, I expected you to come to my study room. But I was so occupied with countless trivial affairs constantly that I totally forgot about it.” Rue Merchant laughed, “It all attributed to my bad luck and Uncle happened to be in poor health. Does Uncle have recovered now?” Precious Jade said, “He is very fine now. However, I heared that you had been looking after him for days.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 09:01, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade was wearing his housecoat and slippers with a book in hands, lying on bed. Noticing Rue Merchant’s entering, he swiftly stood up with a big smile and put the book down. Rue Merchant showed his regards to Precious Jade in a hurry, and then he sat on a chair which was what Precious Jade invited. Precious Jade smiled, “after that month when I met you once, I asked you to come to my study room. But I have been so occupied with countless trivial affairs constantly that I totally forgot about you.” Rue Merchant laughed, “It all attributed to my bad luck and Uncle happened to be in poor health. Does Uncle have recovered now?” Precious Jade said, “I am very fine now. However, I hear that you have worked hard for days.”—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 17:46, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
贾芸道：“辛苦也是该当的。叔叔大安了，也是我们一家子的造化。”说着，只见有个丫鬟端了茶来与他，那贾芸口里和宝玉说话，眼睛却瞅那丫鬟：细挑身子，容长脸儿，穿着银红袄儿，青缎子背心，自绫细折儿裙子。那贾芸自从宝玉病了，他在里头混了两天，都把有名人口记了一半；

Rue Merchant said, "A few days of hard work is also deserved. You are well again, which is at the same time our whole family's good return." When he was saying, a servant girl was giving him a cup of tea. Then Rue Merchant was talking with Precious Jade Merchant, but he was glancing at that girl who was thin and beautiful, with silver red cotton-padded coat, green satin vest and Zi Ling folding skirt. Since Precious Jade Merchant was ill, Rue Merchant has stayed in Precious Jade's courtyard for two days during which he memorized half of the girls that had a name.--[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 12:19, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Rue Merchant said, "A few days of hard work is also deserved. You are well again, which is our whole family's good return as well." When he was saying, a servant girl was giving him a cup of tea. When Rue Merchant was talking with Precious Jade Merchant, however, he was glancing at that girl who was thin and beautiful, with silver red cotton-padded coat, green satin vest and Zi Ling folding skirt. Since Precious Jade Merchant was ill, Rue Merchant has stayed in Precious Jade's courtyard for two days during which he memorized half of the girls that had a name.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 12:55, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
他看见这丫鬟，知道是袭人，他在宝玉房中，比别人不同，如今端了茶来，宝玉又在旁边坐着，便忙站起来道：“姐姐怎么替我倒起茶来？我来到叔叔这里，又不是客，让我自己倒罢了。”宝玉道：“你只管坐着罢。丫头们跟前也是这样。”贾芸笑道：“虽如此说，叔叔房里姐姐们，我怎么敢放肆呢。”一面说，一面坐下吃茶。那宝玉便和他说些没要紧的散话。

He saw this servant girl, knowing she was Aroma,different from others in Precious Jade's room. She coming to serve the drink at that time,with Precious Jade sitting next to him, Rue Merchant stood up promptly and said,"How can you serve me the drink? I'm not a guest in uncle's place. Let me do it myself." Precious Jade said," Just sit down. These servant girls are always like this." Rue Merchant laughed,"Nonetheless,How dare I use uncle's servant girls impudently." As speaking, he sat down to drink tea. Then Precious Jade chatted with him about something unimportant.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 18:22, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

After seeing servant girl, he knew this was Aroma,different from others in Precious Jade's room. She coming to serve the drink at that time,with Precious Jade sitting next to him, Rue Merchant stood up promptly and said,"How can you serve me the drink? I'm not a guest in uncle's place. Let me do it myself." Precious Jade said," Just sit down. These servant girls are always like this." Rue Merchant laughed,"Nonetheless,How dare I use uncle's servant girls impudently." As speaking, he sat down to drink tea. Then Precious Jade chatted with him about something rambling.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 11:31, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
又说道谁家的戏子好，谁家的花园好，又告诉他谁家的丫头标致，谁家的酒席丰盛，又是谁家有奇货，又是谁家有异物。那贾芸口里只得顺着他说。说了一回，见宝玉有些懒懒的了，便起身告辞。宝玉也不甚留，只说：“你明儿闲了只管来。”仍命小丫头子坠儿送出去了。出了恰红院，贾芸见四顾无人，便脚步慢慢的停着些走，口里一长一短和坠儿说话。

Precious Jade Merchant remarked whose opera singer was excellent, whose garden was beautiful, whose servant girl was good-looking, whose feast was sumptuous and who had rare treatures, etc. Rue Merchant was just catering to him. After the talk and seeing Precious Jade was kind of sluggish, Rue rose to bid him farewell. Precious Jade also let him go, and asked Lassock Drop to send Rue back, saying,"Feel free to come over any time if you are available tomorrow." Leaving Happy Red Court, he slowed down and talked with Lassock desultorily as he found nobody around.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 09:09, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade Merchant remarked on whose opera singer was excellent, whose garden was beautiful, whose servant girl was good-looking, whose feast was sumptuous and who had rare treatures. Rue Merchant was just catering to him. After the talk, seeing Precious Jade was kind of sluggish, Rue rose to bid him farewell. Precious Jade didn't detain him, and asked Lassock Drop to send Rue back, saying,"Feel free to come over any time if you are available tomorrow." Leaving Happy Red Court, he slowed down and talked with Lassock desultorily as he found nobody around.--[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 09:27, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
先问他：“几岁了？名字叫什么？你父母在那行上？在宝叔房内几年了？一个月多少钱？共总宝叔房内有几个女孩子？”那坠儿见问，便一桩桩的都告诉他了。贾芸又道：“刚才那个和你说话的，他可是叫小红？”坠儿笑道：“他就叫小红。你问他作什么？”贾芸道：“方才他问你什么手帕子，我倒拣了一块。”

Rue Merchant asked her:"How old are you? What's your name? How long have you been in Uncle Precious' branch? How many girls are in the Uncle Precious' branch in total?" Asked by him, Lassock Drop told him everything one by one. Again, Rue Merchant said:"Is Little Red her who talked to you just now?" Lassock Drop smiled:"She is Little Red indeed. Why do you ask her?" "She asked you the handkerchief stuff,"Rue Merchant replied,"and I just picked up one."--[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 09:22, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Rue Merchant asked her:"How old are you? What's your name? Where your parents work？ How long have you been in Uncle Precious' branch? How many girls are in the Uncle Precious' branch in total?" Asked by him, Lassock Drop told him everything one by one. Again, Rue Merchant said:"Is she called Little Red who talked to you just now?" Lassock Drop smiled:"She is Little Red indeed. Why do you ask about her?" "She asked you about the handkerchief stuff,"Rue Merchant replied,"and I just picked up one."--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 11:37, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
坠儿听了笑道：“他问了我好几遍，可有看见他的帕子的。我那么大工夫管这些事！今儿他又问我。他说，我替他找着了他还谢我呢。才在蘅芜院门口说的，二爷也听见了，不是我撒谎。好二爷，你既拣了，给我罢；我看他拿什么谢我。” 原来上月贾芸进来种树之时，便拣了一块罗帕，知是这园内的人失落的，但不知是那一个人的，故不敢造次。今听见小红问坠儿，知是他的，心内不胜喜幸。

Hearing this, Lassock Drop laughed:“She asked me whether I saw her handkerchief for many times. But I don’t have time to deal with it. Today, she asked me again in doorways at Asarum Garden, saying that she will be grateful to me if I help her to find it. I don’t lie and second master must also hear that. Since you picked it, please give it to me so that I can see what she will get to thank me, my good second master. When Rue Merchant came to plant trees, he found a handkerchief. He knew it must be lost by people in the yard, but he didn’t know the owner of it so he dared not to make trouble. Today, he was very excited to know it belongs to her when he heard that Little Red asked Lassock Drop about the handkerchief.—[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 11:21, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing this, Lassock Drop smiled and said:“He asked me whether I saw her handkerchief for many times. But I don’t have time to deal with it. Today, he asked me again in doorways at Asarum Garden, saying that he will be grateful to me if I help him to find it. I don’t lie and second master must also hear that. Since you picked it, please give it to me so that I can see what she will get to thank me, my good second master. When Rue Merchant came to plant trees last month, he found a handkerchief. He knew it must be lost by people in the yard, but he didn’t know the owner so he dared not to make trouble. Today, he was very happy to know it belongs to her when he heard that Little Red asked Lassock Drop about the handkerchief.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 15:38, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
又见坠儿追索，心中早得了主意，便向袖内将自己的一块取了出来，向坠儿笑道：“我给是给你，你若得了他的谢礼，可不许瞒我的。”坠儿满口里答应了，接了手帕子，送出贾芸，回来找小红，不在话下。如今且说宝玉打发贾芸去后，意思懒懒的，歪在床上，似有朦胧之态。袭人便走上来，坐在床沿上推他，说道：“怎么又要睡觉？你闷的很，出去逛逛不好？”

Precious Jade Merchant saw Lassock Drop asking for it again. He had an idea, taking out a piece of himself from his sleeve and saying with a smile to Lassock Drop, "I give it to you. If you get his thank-you gift, don't hide it from me." Lassock Drop promised, took the handkerchief, sent Rue Merchant out, and came back to find Little Red. After Precious Jade Merchant sent Rue Merchant out, he seemed lazy and crooked on the bed, as if in a hazy state. Aroma came up, sat on the edge of the bed, pushed him and said, "why do you have to sleep again? You're bored. It's not good to go out for a walk?"--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 08:54, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade Merchant saw Lassock Drop asking for it again. He had an idea, taking out a handkerchief that belonged to himself from his sleeve and smiled to Lassock Drop, "I give it to you. If you get his thank-you gift, don't lie to me." Lassock Drop promised, took the handkerchief, sent Rue Merchant out, and came back to find Little Red. After Precious Jade Merchant sent Rue Merchant out, he seemed lazy and crooked on the bed, as if in a hazy state. Aroma came up, sat on the edge of the bed, pushed him and said, "why are you always sleeping?If you are bored, why not go out for a walk?"--[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 11:28, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
宝玉见说，携着他的手笑道：“我要去，只是舍不得你。”袭人笑道：“快起来罢！”一面说，一面拉了宝玉起来。宝玉道：“可往那里去呢？怪腻腻烦烦的。”袭人道：“你出去了就好了。只管这么葳蕤，越发心里腻烦了。” 宝玉无精打彩，只得依他。??出了房门，在回廊上调弄了一回雀儿，出至院外，顺着沁芳溪，看了一回金鱼。只见那边山坡上两只小鹿箭也似的跑来。

When seeing this, Precious Jade held her hands and said:"I had wanted to leave but I could not get rid of you." Aroma laughed:"Get up quickly!" She said as pulling him up. Precious Jade asked:"But where should we go to play? I am really tired of these things." She answered:"You just go out and do not think about anything. The more you think about it, the less likely you will stem the staleness." Precious Jade seemed depressed and followed her lead. Once they got out of the gate, they teased with Twite in the alley. After getting out of the yard, they straightly walked along Qinfang brook, where they watched some goldfish for a while. At the same time, two deer ran towards them quickly as they were arrows.--[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 11:17, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

After seeing this, Precious Jade held her hands and said:"I had wanted to leave but I could not get rid of you." Aroma laughed, pulling him up:"Get up quickly!" Precious Jade asked:"But where should we go to play? I am really tired of these things." She answered:"You just go out and do not think about anything. The more you think about it, the less likely you will stem the staleness." Precious Jade seemed depressed and followed her lead. Once they got out of the gate, they teased with Twite in the alley. After getting out of the yard, they straightly walked along Qinfang brook, where they watched some goldfish for a while. At the same time, two deer ran towards them quickly as they were arrows.—[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 12:03, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
宝玉不解何意，正自纳闷，只见贾兰在后面，拿着一张小弓儿追了下来。一见宝玉在前，便站住了，笑道：“二叔叔在家里呢，我只当出门去了。”宝玉道：“你又淘气了。好好的射他做什么？”贾兰笑道：“这会子不念书，闲着做什么？所以演习演习骑射。”宝玉道：“把牙磕了，那时候才不演呢。” 说着，便顺脚一径来至一个院门前，只见凤尾森森，龙吟细细，却是潇湘馆。

Precious Jade didn't understand what exactly Aroma had said. Just when he was wondering alone, he saw Cymbidium Merchant chasing down from behind with a small bow. As soon as Jia Lan saw Baoyu blocking the road, he stopped and said with a smile, "uncle was at home. I thought he was out." Precious Jade said, "you naughty boy has done bad things again. Why shoot him with a slingshot?" Jia Lan smiled and said, "I don't have to study at this time. I don't know what to do when I'm idle. Why should I sit bored? So I am practicing riding and shooting." Precious Jade said, "if you knocked your teeth, you wouldn’t keep talking about practice at that time." Saying this, Precious Jade followed the path and walked all the way to a courtyard, where he saw the plants in the yard grow very lush, like the tail of a Phoenix, as if there was a faint sound of a dragon. It turns out to be Xiaoxiang hall. —[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 12:12, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade didn't understand what exactly Aroma meant. Just when he was wondering alone, he saw Cymbidium Merchant chasing down from behind with a small bow. As soon as Jia Lan saw Baoyu blocking the road, he stopped and said with a smile, "uncle was at home. I thought he was out." Precious Jade said, "you naughty boy has done bad things again. Why shoot him with a slingshot?" Jia Lan smiled and said, "I don't have to study at this time. I don't know what to do when I'm idle. Why should I sit bored? So I am practicing riding and shooting." Precious Jade said, "if you knocked your teeth, you wouldn’t keep talking about practice at that time." Saying this, Precious Jade followed the path and walked all the way to a courtyard, where he saw the plants in the yard grow very lush, like the tail of a Phoenix, as if there was a faint sound of a dragon. It turns out to be Xiaoxiang hall. --[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 10:09, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
宝玉信步走入，只见湘帘垂地，悄无人声。走至窗前，觉得一缕幽香，从碧纱窗中暗暗透出。宝玉便将脸贴在纱窗上往里看时，耳内忽听得细细的长叹了一声，道：“‘每日家，情思睡昏昏。’”宝玉听了，不觉心内痒将起来。再看时，只见黛玉在床上伸懒腰。宝玉在窗外笑道：“为什么‘每日家情思睡昏昏’的？”一面说，一面掀帘子进来了。

Precious Jade Merchant walks in, and saw the certain falls to the ground--everything was in a silence. Stepping close to the window, he smells a faint scent barely drifted over from the turquoise screen window. A soft voice.comes to his ears:"Every moment, I miss in lethargy." Precious Jade Merchant hears that, palpitating with excitement eager to see her. With another glimpse, he sees Mascara Jade scratching in bed. Outside the window, Precious Jade Merchant smiles:"Why do you miss in lethargy every moment?" As saying, he opens the curtain and steps in. --[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 12:40, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade Merchant walked in, and saw the certain falls to the ground--everything was in silence. Stepping close to the window, he smelled a faint scent barely drifted over from the turquoise screen window. A soft voice came to his ears:"Every moment, I miss in lethargy." Precious Jade Merchant heard that, palpitating with excitement eager to see her. With another glimpse, he seaw Mascara Jade scratching in bed. Outside the window, Precious Jade Merchant smiled:"Why do you miss in lethargy every moment?" As saying, he opened the curtain and stepped in. --[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 12:36, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

==Wei jingling 魏静婷==
黛玉自觉忘情，不觉红了脸，拿袖子遮了脸，翻身向里装睡着了。宝玉才走上来，要扳他的身子，只见黛玉的奶娘并两个婆子却跟了进来，说：“妹妹睡觉呢，等醒来再请罢。”刚说着，黛玉便翻身坐了起来，笑道：“谁睡觉呢？”那两三个婆子见黛玉起来，便笑道：“我们只当姑娘睡着了。”说着，便叫紫鹃，说：“姑娘醒了，进来伺候。”一面说，一面都去了。
Mascara Jade Forest forgot her behavior,flushed unaware,hided her face with a fan,turned over towards inside to pretend to be sleeping . No sooner had Precious Jade Merchant walked up than he intended to turn over her body. Mascara Jade Forest’s milk Niang and two old women followed him and said:"Your younger sister is sleeping. Please call her after she wake up."While they were saying,Mascara Jade Forest turned over to sit, smiling:"Who is sleeping?" After the two or three old women saw this,they smiled:"We pretend to believe you are sleeping." Then, they called Zi Juan and said:"Miss has woke up. Come in and serve her."saying then leaving.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 09:43, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade Forest forgot her behavior,flushed unaware,hided her face with a fan,turned over towards inside to pretend to be sleeping . No sooner had Precious Jade Merchant walked up than he intended to turn over her body. Mascara Jade Forest’s milk Niang and two old women followed him and said:"Your younger sister is sleeping. Please visit her when she is awake."While they were saying,Mascara Jade Forest turned over to sit, smiling:"Who is sleeping?" After the two or three old women saw this,they smiled:"We pretend to believe you are sleeping." Then, they called Zi Juan and said:"Miss has woke up. Come in and serve her."saying then leaving.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 12:57, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
黛玉坐在床上，一面抬手整理鬓发，一面笑向宝玉道：“人家睡觉，你进来做什么？”宝玉见他星眼微饧，香腮带赤，不觉神魂早荡，一歪身坐在椅子上，笑道：“你才说什么？”黛玉道：“我没说什么。”宝玉笑道：“给你个榧子吃呢！我都听见了。” 二人正说话，只见紫鹃进来，宝玉笑道：“紫鹃，把你们的好茶倒碗我吃。”紫鹃道：“那里有好的呢？要好的只好等袭人来。”

Mascara Jade sat on the bed，she raised her hands and fixed her hair，at the same time，she asked Precious Jade with smile，“I ’m going to sleep，why do you come here？” Precious Jade saw her star eyes slightly raised and her cheek was red，his mind was blind unconsciously. He slumped in the chair，smiled，“What did you say？” Mascara Jade answered，“None” Precious Jade then smiled，“Don’t lie to me，I have heard what you said. ” Nightingale came in when they were talking，Precious Jade smiled，“Nightingale，make me a cup of good tea.” Nightingale said，“There is no good tea，if you want a cup of good tea，you should wait for Aroma’s coming.”--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 12:15, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade sat on the bed.She raised her hands to fix her hair as she asked Precious Jade with smile，“I ’m going to sleep，why do you come here？” Precious Jade saw her star eyes slightly opening and her cheek red.His mind was out of mind unconsciously,even slumping in the chair.He smiled and said，“What did you say just now？” Mascara Jade answered，“None” Precious Jade then smiled，“Don’t lie to me.I have heard what you said. ” Nightingale came in when they were talking.So Precious Jade smiled，“Nightingale，treat me a cup of good tea.” Nightingale said，“We don't have good tea here.If you want a cup of one，you'd better wait for Aroma’s coming.”-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 04:48, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
黛玉道：“别理他。你先给我舀水去罢。”紫鹃道：“他是客，自然先倒了茶来再舀水去。”说着，倒茶去了。宝玉笑道：“好丫头，‘若共你多情小姐同鸳帐，怎舍得叫你叠被铺床？”黛玉登时撂下脸来说道：“二哥哥你说什么？”宝玉笑道：“我何尝说什么？”黛玉便哭道：“如今新兴的，外头听了村话来，也说给我听；看了混账书，也拿我取笑儿。我成了替爷们解闷儿的。”

Mascara Jade said:"Ignore him. You firstly boil water for me."Nightgale said:"He is our guest.No doubt I should serve the tea before scooping."She poured tea as she was saying the words. Precious Jade smiled and said:"If I share the bed with your amorous maiden,how can I bear to let you fold the quilts and make the bed ?"Mascara Jade,with her expression changing instantly said:"What are you saying,my second brother?"Precious Jade smiled and said:"What on earth have I said?"Then Mascara Jade cried and said:"Nowadays you learned to make me heard some gossipy you got from outsides.Also,You paly tricks on me after having some light reading. I have become an object to relieve the monotony for you. "-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 04:50, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade said:"Ignore him. You get me some water first."Nightgale said:"He is our guest.No doubt I should serve the tea before scooping."She poured tea as she was saying the words. Precious Jade smiled and said:"Good girl,if I share the bed with your amorous maiden,how can I bear to let you fold the quilts and make the bed ?"Mascara Jade,with her expression changing instantly said:"What are you talking about,my second brother?"Precious Jade smiled and said:"Did I say anything?"Then Mascara Jade cried and said:"Now you learned to make me heard some gossipy you got from outsides.And you paly tricks on me after having some light reading. I have become an object to relieve the monotony for you. "--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 09:28, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
一面哭，一面下床来，往外就走。宝玉不知要怎样，心下慌了，忙赶上来说：“好妹妹，我一时该死，你别告诉去！我再敢说这样话，嘴上就长个疔，烂了舌头。” 正说着，只见袭人走来．说道：“快回去穿衣服，老爷叫你呢。”宝玉听了，不觉打了个焦雷一般，也顾不得别的，疾忙回来穿衣服。出园来，只见焙茗在二门前等着。宝玉问道：“你可知道叫我是为什么？”

Sobbing, Mascara Jade got out of bed and went out. "Dear sister," Precious Jade said, "I have made a damn mistake. Don't tell others about it! If I say anything like that again, there will be a whitlow on my mouth and my tongue will be rotten." As he said this, he saw Aroma approaching. "Go back and put on your clothes, master is calling you." Aroma said. Hearing this, Precious Jade felt as if he had been struck by lightning. He had nothing else to do but hurry back to dress. Out of the garden, he saw Tealeaf waiting in front of the second door. He asked, "Do you know why your master called me?"--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 08:06, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Sobbing, Mascara Jade got out of bed and went out. "Dear sister," Precious Jade said, "I have made a damn mistake. Don't tell others about it! If I say anything like that again, there will be a whitlow on my mouth and my tongue will be rotten." As he said this, he saw Aroma approaching，saying, "Go back to put on your clothes, master is calling you." Aroma said. Hearing this, Precious Jade felt as if he had been struck by lightning. He had nothing else to do but hurry back to dress up. Out of the garden, he saw Tealeaf waiting in front of the second door. He asked, "Do you know why master is calling me?"--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 02:51, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
焙茗道：“爷快出来罢，横竖是见去的，到那里就知道了。”一面说，一面催着宝玉。转过大厅，宝玉心里还自狐疑，只听墙角边一阵呵呵太笑，回头见薛蟠拍着手跳了出来，笑道：“要不说姨父叫你，你那里肯出来的这么快！”焙茗也笑着跪下了。宝玉怔了半天，方解过来，是薛蟠哄出他来。薛蟠连忙打恭作揖赔不是，又求：“不要难为了小子，都是我央他去的。”

Tealeaf said, “Come on my lord, you will get clear when you are there.” Saying this, he urged Precious Jade to hurry up. Passing the Hall, Precious Jade was still suspicious and he heard a cackle of laughter coming from the corner. Turning around, he saw Dragon Marshgrass jumping with hands clapping. Dragon Marshgrass laughed and said, “Sure you wouldn’t come out so fast if I hadn’t claimed that uncle was calling you!” Tealeaf also laughed and knelt. Precious Jade froze for a moment before he figured out that Dragon Marshgrass had just tricked him out. Dragon Marshgrass hastened to bow and apologize, begging,“Don’t embarrass the boy. It was me who asked him to do so.”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 13:32, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Tealeaf said, “come out my lord, you are bond to see anyway.after you get there ypu will be enlightened.” Saying this, he urged Precious Jade to hurry up. Passing the Hall, Precious Jade was still suspicious and he heard a cackle of laughter coming from the corner. Turning around, he saw Dragon Marshgrass jumping with hands clapping. Dragon Marshgrass laughed and said, “you wouldn’t come out so fast hadn’t I claimed that uncle was calling you!” Tealeaf also laughed and knelt. Precious Jade froze for a moment before he figured out that Dragon Marshgrass had just tricked him out. Dragon Marshgrass hastened to bow and apologize, begging,“Don’t embarrass the boy. It was me who asked him to do so.”----[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 09:13, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 01:35, 19 March 2022 (UTC)
==Yu Jinbo喻锦博==
宝玉也无法了，只好笑问道：“你哄我也罢了，怎么说我父亲呢？我告诉姨娘去，评评这个理，可使得么？”薛蟠忙道：“好兄弟，我原为求你快些出来，就忘了忌讳这句话，改日你要哄我，也说我父亲，就完了。”宝玉道：“嗳哟！越发的该死了。”又向焙茗道：“反叛肏的，还跪着做什么？”焙茗连忙叩头起来。

Precious Jade could do nothing but ask with a awkward smile:"It is ok to just trick me,but,anyway,how could you mention my father ?I would love to tell this to my aunt and get her opinion on that,does it make any sense to you?"Dragon Marshgrass replied swiftly :"my good man ,I was originally intended to beg you to come out here quickly but forgot avoiding this sentence.(taboo) It is ok to mention my father if you will coax me next time. "Precious Jade said:"Ayo,goddame,things are getting bloody worse."and said to Tealeaf:"you son of bitch,why you are still kneeling?"Tealeaf hastily kowtowed and standed up.-------[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 09:13, 20 March 2022 (UTC)--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 09:13, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade could do nothing but ask, smiling:"I wouldn't say about you tricking me, but how could you lie you are my father? I will tell this to my aunt and get her opinions on that. Does it make any sense to you?" Dragon Marshgrass replied swiftly, "My good brother, I just intend to beg you to come out quickly but forgot avoiding this sentence.(taboo) You can feel free to pretendbyo be my father the other day if you want to coax me." Precious Jade said: "Aye, things are getting bloody worse." He said to Tealeaf, "You ludder, why are you still kneeling?" Tealeaf hastily kowtowed and standed up.--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 01:35, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
薛蟠道：“要不是，我也不敢惊动，只因明儿五月初三日，是我的生日，谁知古董行的程日兴，他不知那里寻了来的这么粗、这么长、粉脆的鲜藕；这么大的西瓜；这么长、这么大的暹罗国进贡的灵柏香熏的暹罗猪、鱼。你说这四样礼物，可难得不难得？那鱼、猪不过贵而难得，这藕和瓜亏他怎么种出来的。我连忙孝敬了母亲，赶着给你们老太太、姨母送了些去。如今留了些，我要自己吃，恐怕折福，左思右想，除我之外，惟你还配吃，所以特请你来。可巧唱曲儿的一个小子又来了，我同你乐一日何如？”

Dragon Marshgrass said, "I wouldn't disturb you if it is not something special. Tomorrow is May 3, my birthday. Splendid Rising Sun in the antique shop find such wide, long and crispy lotus roots, such big watermelons, and such big Siamese pigs and fish smoked by bright cypress incense as tributes from Siam. Don't you think these four gifts are previous? The pigs and fish are rare because of the steep prices. As for the lotus roots and watermelons, how come he cultivates them! After I got these, I rushed to send some to my mother, Grandma Merchant and the aunts. I have thought of eating the rest by myself but it's too precious for me to eat, which may debilitate my fortune. After long contemplation, apart from me, you're the only one deserving them. So I invite you here. It happens that the singing man comes. Now we can have fun together. What do you say?"--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 01:24, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

Dragon Marshgrass said, "I wouldn't disturb you if it is not something special. Tomorrow, May 3, is my birthday. Splendid Rising Sun in the antique shop found me such thick, long and crispy lotus roots, such big watermelons, and such big Siamese pork and fish smoked by bright cypress incense as tributes from Siam. Don't you think these four gifts are precious? The pigs and fish are rare simply because of the steep prices. As for the lotus roots and watermelons, how come he cultivates them! After I got these, I immediately presented some to my mother, Grandma Merchant and the aunts. I am afraid that it's too precious for me to eat the rest by myself, which may debilitate my fortune. After long contemplation, apart from me, you're the only one deserving them. So I invite you here. It happens that the singing man comes. Now we can have fun together. What do you say?"--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
一面说，一面来至他书房里，只见詹光、程日兴、胡斯来、单聘仁等并唱曲儿的都在这里。见他进来，请安的，问好的，都彼此见过了。吃了茶，薛蟠即命人：“摆酒来。”说犹未了，众小厮七手八脚摆了半天，方才停当归坐。宝玉果见瓜藕新异，因笑道：“我的寿礼还未送来，倒先扰了。”薛蟠道：“可是呢，你明儿来拜寿，打算送什么新鲜礼物？”

Continuing talking, they go all the way to his study room, and see that Advantage Seeker, Cheng Rixin, Hu Silan and Sophisticated Liar, all the actors are here. Seeing his coming, they all regard and greet him. Dragon Marshgrass asks the servants after drinking the tea, “Come and prepare the feast.” Not until finishing his words, servants hurriedly start laying the table together, which takes a while until everything is ready and settled. Precious Jade laughs, knowing the lotus root and watermelon are surely new and different, “I’m being bothering, I haven't send you your birthday present after all.” Dragon Marshgrass replies, “That’s true. What’s new you are going to bring me for felicitation tomorrow?”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

While talking, they go all the way to his study room, and see that Advantage Seeker, Cheng Rixin, Hu Silan and Sophisticated Liar, all the actors are here. Seeing his coming, they all regard and greet him. Dragon Marshgrass asks the servants after drinking the tea, “Come and prepare the feast.” Not until finishing his words, servants hurriedly start laying the table together, which takes a while until everything is ready and settled. Precious Jade laughs for noticing the dishes are surely new and different, “I’m being bothering here without sending you birthday present after all.” Dragon Marshgrass replies, “That’s true. What’s new you are going to bring to me for felicitation tomorrow?”--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 13:41, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
宝玉道：“我没有什么送的。若论银钱穿吃等类的东西，究竟还不是我的；惟有写一张字，或画一张面，这算是我的。”薛蟠笑道：“你提画儿，我才想起来了。昨儿我看见人家一本春宫儿，画的着实好，上头还有许多的字。我也没细看，只看落的款，原来是什么‘庚黄’的。真好的了不得！”

Precious Jade says,"I have nothing suitable to give you. If I should give you money, something to wear or eat, I don't make them myself; what I can produce myself to give you is my handwriting or my painting." Dragon Marshgrass says with smile," It suddenly occurs to me when you mentioned paintings that I have come across a pornography painting . It is really amazing. There are many words on it but I haven't read them carefully apart from the painter's name which turns out to be "geng yellow". Anyway,the painting is really marvelous!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 13:16, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade says,"I have nothing suitable to give you. If I should give you money, something to wear or eat, I don't make them myself; what I can produce myself to give you is my handwriting or my painting." Dragon Marshgrass says with smile," It suddenly occurs to me when you mentioned paintings that I have come across a pornography painting . It is really amazing. There are many words on it but I haven't read them carefully apart from the painter's name which turns out to be "geng yellow". Anyway,the painting is really marvelous!"-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 12:02, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
宝玉听说，心下猜疑道：“古今字画也都见过些，那里有个‘庚黄’？”想了半天，不觉笑将起来，命人取过笔来，在手心里写了两个字，又向薛蟠道：“你看真了是‘庚黄’么？”薛蟠道：“怎么看不真？”宝玉将手一撒与他看道：“可是这两个字罢？其实与‘庚黄’相去不远。”众人都看时，原来是“唐寅”两个字，都笑道：“想必是这两字，大爷一时眼花了，也未可知。”

Precious Jade heard about it and was a little skeptical, “I have seen many ancient and modern calligraphies and paintings, but I haven’t seen a ‘Geng Huang’.” He thought a while and ask his servant to take his brush pen. Precious Jade wrote two characters in his hand and asked Dragon Marshgrass, “did you see straight that characters ‘Geng Huang’?” Dragon Marshgrass said, “I have seen it clearly!” And Precious Jade opened his hand and show him that words, “Are those two characters? It looks like ‘Geng Huang’.” When everyone saw that words and smiled, “Should be these two words, elder uncle accidentally reading the words wrongly is excusable.”-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 12:01, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade heard about it and doubted, “I have seen many ancient and modern calligraphies and paintings, but a ‘Geng Huang’.” He thought for a while and asked his servant to take his brush pen. Precious Jade wrote two characters in his hand and asked Dragon Marshgrass, “did you see straight that characters ‘Geng Huang’?” Dragon Marshgrass said, “I have seen it clearly!” And Precious Jade opened his hand and shew him the characters, “Are those two characters? It looks like ‘Geng Huang’.” When everyone saw that words and smiled, “It should be the two. That Dragon Marshgrass might see the words unclearly is questionable.”--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 12:22, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220321 homework

2022-03-28T05:35:49Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ma Feifei马菲菲 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220307_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220321_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Mar 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220328_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Apr 4]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
薛蟠自觉没意思，笑道：“谁知他是‘糖银’是‘果银’的。” 正说着，小厮来回：“冯大爷来了。”宝玉便知是神武将军冯唐之子冯紫英来了。薛蟠等一齐都叫“快请”。说犹未了，只见冯紫英一路说笑，已进来了，众人忙起席让坐。冯紫英笑道：“好呀！也不出门了，在家里高乐罢。”宝玉薛蟠都笑道：“一向少会。老世伯身上康健？”

Boring as Dragon Marshgrass felt, he laughed, "who knows 'Tangyin'or 'Yintang'?" A manservant came to reply when he was talking, "Purple Flower is coming!" So, Precious Jade knew it was Purple Flower that came. Dragon Marshgrass and the other people all called, "please get him in as soon as possible." Before they finished their sentences, Purple Flower, talking and laughing, came in. People rushed to stand up to invite him to sit. Smiling, Purple Flower said, "OK! All of you are sure to stay indoors and have a good time, aren't you?" Precious Jade and Dragon Marshgrass both laughed again, "We meet each other not frequently. Dear uncle, have you been healthy recently?"--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:03, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Bored as Dragon Marshgrass felt, he laughed, "who knows it's 'Tangyin'or 'Yintang'?" A manservant came to tell when he was talking, "Purple Flower is coming!" So, Precious Jade knew it was Purple Flower ,the son of Shenwu General,that came. Dragon Marshgrass and the other people all called, "please get him in as soon as possible." Before their sentences were finished, Purple Flower, talking and laughing,had came in. People rushed to stand up to invite him to sit. Smiling, Purple Flower said, "Great! All of you are sure to stay indoors and have pleasure together, aren't you?" Precious Jade and Dragon Marshgrass both laughed again, "We meet each other not frequently. Dear uncle, have you been healthy recently?"--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 11:49, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
紫英答道：“家父倒也托庇康健，近来家母偶着了些风寒，不好了两天。” 薛蟠见他面上有些青伤，便笑道：“这脸上，又和谁挥拳来？挂了幌子了！”冯紫英笑道：“从那一遭把仇都尉的儿子打伤了，我记了，再不怄气，如何又挥拳？这脸上是前日打围，在铁网山叫兔鹘梢了一翅膀。”宝玉道：“几时的话？”紫英道：“三月二十八日去的，前儿也就回来了。”

Purple Flower replied, "My father owes his health to your prayer,but my mother has caught a cold for two days now." Seeing some bruises on his face, Dragon Marshgrass laughed, "Who did you fight with that there are some bruises on your face?"Purple Flower said with a smile, "After I wounded the son of Commandant Revenge, I remembered that I would never sulk again. How could it be a fist fight? The bruises on my face were hit by the wing of a falco cherrug in the Iron Net Mountain while hunting a few days ago."Precious Jade asked, "When did that happen?" Zi Ying said, "I went there on March 28 and came back soon."--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 10:08, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Purple Flower replied, "My father owes his health to your prayer,but my mother has caught a cold for two days recently." Seeing some bruises on his face, Dragon Marshgrass then laughed, "Who did you fight with that there are some bruises on your face?"Purple Flower said with a smile, "After I hurt the son of Commandant Revenge, I remembered that I would never sulk again. How could it be a fist fight again? The bruises on my face were hit by the wing of a falco cherrug in the Iron Net Mountain while hunting a few days ago."Precious Jade asked, "When did that happen?" Zi Ying said, "I went there on March 28 and came back soon."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 07:12, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
宝玉道：“怪道前儿初三四儿我在沈世兄家赴席不见你呢。我要问，不知怎么忘了。单你去了，还是老世伯也去了？”紫英道：“可不是家父去，我没法儿，去罢了。难道我闲疯了？咱们几个人吃酒听唱的不乐，寻那个苦恼去？这一次大不幸之中却有大幸。” 薛蟠众人见他吃完了茶，都说道：“且入席，有话慢慢的说。”

Precious Jade said "No wonder I didn't see you in brother Shen's feast in earlier third and forth. I was about to ask but didn't know why I have forgot to. Is it only you have gone there or your father has gone too?" Purple flower answers "My father has been there, I have no choice but quit going. Do I get too idle so that I get insane? Aren't we happy to drink, play and watch operas? Why we bother to go? This time it's indeed the best out of the worst." Dragon Marshgrass and other people notice that he has finished his tea, so they said " Go and take a seat at first and then talk slowly if you get anything to say."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 13:35, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade said, “No wonder I didn't see you in brother Shen's feast in earlier third and forth. I was about to ask but didn't know why I have forgot it. Is you the only one who have gone there or with your father ?” Purple flower answered, “My father has been there, so that I have no choice but quit going. Do I get too idle so that I get insane? Aren't we enjoyable to drink, play and watch operas? Why we bother to go? This time it's indeed the best out of the worst.” Dragon Marshgrass and other people noticed that he had drunk off his tea, so they said, “Go and take a seat at first and then we talk slowly if you get anything to say."—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 05:34, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
冯紫英听说，便立起身来说道：“论理，我该陪饮几杯才是，只是今儿有一件大大要紧事，回去还要见家父面回，实不敢领。”薛蟠宝玉众人那里肯依，死拉着不放。冯紫英笑道：“这又奇了。你我这些年，那一回有这个道理的？果然不能遵命。若必定叫我领，拿大杯来，我领两杯就是了。”众人听说，只得罢了，薛蟠执壶，宝玉把盏，斟了两大海。那冯紫英站着，一气而尽。

Purple Hero Horse heard, stood and said, “Sorry,I can’t drink.speaking, I should toast with others. But there is something emergent to tell my father when I come home.” Dragon Marshgrass and Precious Jade and others didn’t give up persuading Purple Hero Horse to drink alcohol. Purple Hero Horse smiled, “How odd! It has never happened on us these year. Why you want me to do that? I can’t obey. If necessary, bring me the huge glass and I will drink two cups of liquor.” After hearing that, people have to give up. Dragon Marshgrass grasped a kettle and Precious Jade held a mug and poured two grasses of liquor. Then Purple Hero Horse tossed off.—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 13:11, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing that, Purple Hero Horse stood up and said, "Well, I should drink with you. But I have something emergent to tell my father when I come home, so I really dare not to drink.” Dragon Marshgrass and Precious Jade with all the others won't give up. Purple Hero Horse smiled, “How odd! For all these years we never like that! So fetch the big cup if you insist, and I'll drink two cups.” Hearing that, they had to give up. Purple Hero Horse drank two big cups with Dragon Marshgrass grasping a kettle and Precious Jade holding a mug to pour for him.--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 14:43, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
宝玉道：“你到底把这个‘不幸之幸’说完了再走。”冯紫英笑道：“今儿说的也不尽兴，我为这个，还要特治一个东儿，请你们去细谈一谈；二则还有奉恳之处”。说着撒手就走。薛蟠道：“越发说的人热刺刺的丢不下，多早晚才请我们？告诉了也免的人犹豫。”冯紫英道：“多则十日，少则八天。”一面说，一面出门上马去了。

Precious Jade said:"Why don't you full that 'the best out of the worst' thing before you go?" Purple Hero Horse smiled:" Also I haven't talked enough today. I should pay another guest the other day, inviting you to talk carefully. What's more, I have something to ask for your help." Then he was just going to leave. Dragon Marshgrass said:"It's more appetizing. When will you invite us? Set a day so that we won't care." Purple Hero Horse said:" About eight to ten days later." Saying that, he went out and rode on his horse.--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 14:23, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade said:"Why don't you full that 'the best out of the worst' thing before you go?" Purple Hero Horse smiled:" Also I haven't told enough today. I should pay another guest the other day, inviting you to talk about the details carefully. What's more, there’s a favor I want to ask too." Then he was just going to leave. Dragon Marshgrass said:"It's more appetizing. When will you invite us? Set a day so that we won't care." Purple Hero Horse said:" About eight to ten days later." Saying that, he went out to ride on his horse.--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 12:29, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
众人回来，依席又饮了一回方散。宝玉回至园中，袭人正记挂着他去见贾政，不知是祸是福，只见宝玉醉醺醺回来，因问其原故，宝玉一一向他说了，袭人道：“人家牵肠挂肚的等着，你且高乐去，也到底打发个人来给个信儿。”宝玉道：“我何尝不要送信儿，因冯世兄来了，就混忘了。” 正说着，只见宝钗走进来，笑道：“偏了我们新鲜东西了！”

Coming back, the other people didn’t break up until resumed their potations. Precious Jade returned to the Garden in a state of cheerful inebriation. Aroma, who had had no idea what the summons from Master Merchant might portend and was still wondering anxiously what had become of him, at once demanded to know the cause of his condition. He gave her a full account of what had happened. Aroma said, “Here were we practically beside ourselves with anxiety, and all the time you were there enjoying yourself! You might at least have sent word to let us know you were all tight.” “I was going to send word,” said Precious Jade. “Of course I was. But then Purple Flower arrived and it put it out of my mind.” At that moment Precious Hairpin Marshgrass walked in, all smiles. “I hear you’ve made a start on the famous present,” she said.--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 11:54, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Coming back, the other people didn’t break up until resumed their potations. Precious Jade returned to the Garden in a state of cheerful inebriation. Aroma, who had had no idea what the summons from Master Merchant might portend and was still wondering anxiously what had become of him, at once demanded to know the cause of his condition. He gave her a full account of what had happened. Aroma said, “Here were we practically beside ourselves with anxiety, and all the time you were there enjoying yourself! You might at least have sent word to let us know you were all tight.” “I was going to send word,” said Precious Jade. “Of course I was. But then Purple Flower arrived and it put it out of my mind.” At that moment Precious Hairpin Marshgrass walked in, all smiles. “I hear you’ve made a start on the famous present,” she said.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 05:04, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
宝玉笑道：“姐姐家的东西，自然先偏了我们了。”宝钗摇头笑道：“昨儿哥哥倒特特的请我吃，我不吃，我叫他留着送与别人罢。我知道我的命小福薄，不配吃那个。”说着，丫鬟倒了茶来，吃茶说闲话儿，不在话下。却说那黛玉听见贾政叫了宝玉去了一日不回来，心中也替他忧虑。至晚饭后，闻得宝玉来了，心里要找他问问是怎么样了。

Precious Jade laughed, "Of course, things from my sister's house have passed us by." Precious Hairpin shook her head and said with a smile, "Yesterday my brother invited me to eat, but I refused and asked him to give it to someone else. I know my fortune is too bad for that."While she was saying, servant girl poured tea, so they ate and drank tea while talking. However, when Mascara Jade heard that Master Merchant had sent Precious Jade away for a day and had not returned, she was also worried about him. After dinner, she heared that Precious Jade came, thinking to find him to ask what happened.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 05:01, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade laughed and said, "things of my sister of course were partial to us." Precious Hairpin shook her head and said with a smile, "Yesterday my brother invited me to have a try, but I refused and told him to give it to someone else. I know my healthy condition do not allow me to enjoy it."While she was saying, servant girl came to pour tea, so they began to drink the tea, chatting. However, when Mascara Jade heard that Master Merchant had sent Precious Jade away for a day and had not returned, she was so worried about him. After eating dinner, she heared that Precious Jade had already came back, thinking to find him to ask what happened.——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 05:31, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
一步步行来，见宝钗进宝玉的园内去了，自己也随后走了来。刚到了沁芳桥，只见各色水禽尽都在池中浴水，也认不出名色来，但见一个个文彩闪灼，好看异常，因而站住，看了一回。再往怡红院来，门已关了，黛玉即便叩门。谁知晴雯和碧痕二人正拌了嘴，没好气，忽见宝钗来了，那晴雯正把气移在宝钗身上，正在院内报怨说：“有事没事，跑了来生着，叫我们三更半夜的不得睡觉。”

Walking step by step, Mascara Jade Forest then came after seeing Precious Hairpin Marshgrass go to Precious Jade's court. When Mascara Jade came to Qingfang Bridge, seeing all kinds of waterfowl that she could hardly name but were all sheen and glossy with extreme beauty bath in the pool, She stood and admired for a while. Then she came to the Happy Red Court where its door had already closed. When Mascara Jade knocked the door, Sunny Cloud Formation had just ended a quarrel with Turquoise Mark and was still in no mood. Seeing Precious Hairpin come, Sunny Cloud Formation just vented her anger on her and complained, "What's wrong with her? Why she always rocks the beat and doesn't allow us to sleep in the dead of night?"——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 05:21, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

As she strolled over she saw Precious Hairpin Marshgrass going into Precious Jade's court before her. But noticing some unusually beautiful waterfowl of various species unkonwn to her splashing about in the pool by Qingfang Bridge, she stopped for a while to admire their brilliant colours.By the time she reached Happy Red Court the gate had already closed. When Mascara Jade knocked the door, Sunny Cloud Formation had just quarrelled with Turquoise Mark and was in a bad mood,and at Precious Hairpin's arrival, Sunny Cloud Formation transferred her anger to the vistor.She was grumbling in the courtyard: "She keeps comming here and sitting around for no reason, keeing us up till the third watch at night. --[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 12:43, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
忽听又有人叫门，晴雯越发动了气，也并不问是谁，便说道：“都睡下了，明儿再来罢！” 黛玉素知丫头们的情性，他们彼此玩耍惯了，恐怕院内的丫头没听见是他的声音，只当别的丫头们了，所以不开门，因而又高声说道：“是我，还不开门么？”晴雯偏生还没听见，便使性子说道：“凭你是谁，二爷吩咐的，一概不许放人进来呢！”

Suddenly, Hearing another one knocking at the door, Sunny Cloud Formation became more angry, and didn’t ask who is it only said: “I’ve already gone to bed. Come back tomorrow! ” Mascara Jade knew the fellows characters. They often bantering with each other. Supposing the fellow within the yard would not recognize her voice and mistake her as others,so that she did not open the door, Mascara Jade raised her voice and said : “:It’s me, not open yet? ” However, Sunny Cloud Formation still didn’t realize it is Mascara Jade and lost her temper, saying that “No matter who you are. Second Master ordered that no one can come in .”--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 02:36, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Suddenly, hearing someone was knocking at the door, Sunny Cloud Formation became angrier, and without asking who it is she said, “we have already gone to bed. Come back tomorrow!” Mascara Jade knew the temper of those girls who were always bantering with each other. She was afraid that those girls within the yard may not recognize her voice and mistook her as other girls. That was why they didn’t answer the door. Mascara Jade raised her voice and said, “it’s me. Still don’t open?” However, Sunny CLoud Formation still failed to recognize Mascara Jade and lost her temper, shouting, “No matter who you are, Second Master ordered that no one be allowed to come in.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 16:09, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
黛玉听了，不觉气怔在门外，待要高声问他，逗起气来，自己又回思一番：“虽说是舅母家如同自己家一样，到底是客边。如今父母双亡，无依无靠，现在他家依栖，如今认真怄气，也觉没趣。”一面想，一面又滚下泪珠来了。真是回去不是，站着不是。正没主意，只听里面一阵笑语之声，细听一听，竟是宝玉宝钗二人。

Hearing that, Mascara Jade could not help being vexed outside the door. When she was about to raise her voice and question him, angrily, she started to rethink about what was happening just now. “Although I was taught to perceive Aunt’s home as my own home, I was still a guest basically. Bereft of parents and alone, I now lived in other’s house. It was nonsensical of me to take it seriously and argue with him.” While she was thinking, tears were rolling down. She found herself was caught in a dilemma of leaving or staying. As she did not know what to do, from indoors came a burst of laughter. She listened carefully and found the laughter came from Precious Jade and Precious Hairpin.--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 11:07, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing that, Mascara Jade could not help being vexed outside the door. When she was about to raise her voice to question him angrily, she started to rethink what happened just now. “Although I was told to view Aunt’s home as mine, I was still a guest essentially. Bereft of parents and someone that can rely on, living in others’ house, there is no point in arguing with him and taking it seriously.” While she was thinking, tears were rolling down. She found herself caught in a dilemma of whether or not to leave. As she did not know what to do, from the inside came a burst of laughter. With a careful listen, she found the laughter belonged to Precious Jade and Precious Hairpin.—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 08:03, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
黛玉心中越发动了气，左思右想，忽然想起早起的事来：“必竟是宝玉恼我告他的原故。但只我何尝告你去了，你也不打听打听，就恼我到这步田地！你今儿不叫我进来，难道明儿就不见面了！”越想越觉伤感起来，也不顾苍苔露冷，花径风寒，独立墙角边花阴之下，悲悲切切，呜咽起来。

Mascara Jade was more angrier. She constantly thought wildly in mind and suddenly the morning’s event occurred to her. “Precious Jade must be mad about my criticizing him. However, there wasn’t only me doing that. You don’t ask clearly but take offense at me to such an extent! Today you don’t open the door for me, so won’t we meet tomorrow?”she felt more upset as thinking of it. So regardless of the cold weather, standing alone at the corner beside the flowers, Mascara Jade began to cry.—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 11:46, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade was angrier and angrier. She constantly thought wildly in mind and suddenly the morning’s event occurred to her. “Precious Jade must be mad about my criticizing him. However, there wasn’t only me doing that. You don’t ask clearly but take offense at me to such an extent! Today you don’t open the door for me, so won’t we meet tomorrow?”she felt more and more upset as thinking of it. So regardless of the cold weather, standing alone at the corner beside the flowers, Mascara Jade began to cry.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 02:02, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
原来这黛玉秉绝代姿容，具稀世俊美，不期这一哭，那附近柳枝花朵上宿鸟栖鸦，一闻此声，俱“忒楞楞”飞起远避，不忍再听。正是：花魂点点无情绪，鸟梦痴痴何处惊。因有一首诗道：颦儿才貌世应稀，独抱幽芳出绣闱；呜咽一声犹未了，落花满地鸟惊飞。那林黛玉正自啼哭，忽听“吱喽”一声，院门开处，不知是那一个出来。

Mascara Jade possessed a unparalleled beauty. Unexpectedly, the birds resting on nearby trees and flowers flew away as soon as heard her cry, not bear to listen to. Flowers had emotions and souls but kept silent ; birds woke up from dreams and were at a loss. Just as a poem saying, such superior talent and appearance Frowner owned;She went out of her boudoir with fragrant flowers in her arms; As the first sob passed her lips, flowers fell into soil and birds were frightened and flew away. Mascara Jade was whimpering, suddenly hearing the door open and having no idea who was out.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 11:46, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade possessed a unparalleled beauty. Unexpectedly, the birds resting on nearby trees and flowers flew away as soon as heard her cry, not bear to listen to. Flowers had emotions and souls but kept silent ; birds woke up from dreams and were at a loss. Just as a poem saying, such superior talent and appearance Frowner owned;She went out of her boudoir with fragrant flowers in her arms; As the first sob passed her lips, flowers fell into soil and birds were frightened and flew away. Mascara Jade was whimpering, suddenly hearing the door open and having no idea who was out.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 13:44, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
滴翠亭杨妃戏彩蝶埋香冢飞燕泣残红话说黛玉正自悲泣，忽听院门响处，只见宝钗出来了，宝玉袭人一群人送了出来。待要上去问着宝玉，又恐当着众人问羞了宝玉不便，因而闪过一旁，让宝钗去了，宝玉等进去关了门，方转过来，尚望着门洒了几点泪。自觉无味，转身回来，无精打彩的卸了残妆。

Yang Fei played with butterflies by the Raindrop Pavilion, Fei Yan weeps for withered flowers by the Flowers' Grave. As Mascara Jade Forest was weeping, there was a sudden sound at the courtyard gate and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass came in, and was accompanied by Precious Jade Merchant and Aroma with servants. She had meant to ask Precious Jade, but held back and let Precious Hairpin pass out of fear of embarrassing him in front of so many people. Until Precious Jade went back in and closed the door, she turned around, sheding some tears. Feeling it meaningless, she come back and took off her ornaments listlessly.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 12:21, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Yang Fei played with butterflies in the Raindrop Pavilion, Fei Yan weeps for withered flowers by the Flowers' Grave. As Mascara Jade Forest was weeping, there was a sudden sound at the courtyard gate and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass came in, and was accompanied by Precious Jade and Aroma with servants. She had meant to ask Precious Jade, but held back and let Precious Hairpin pass out of fear of embarrassing him in front of so many people. Until Precious Jade went back in and closed the door, she turned around, sheding some tears. Feeling it meaningless, she come back and took off her ornaments listlessly.--[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 12:15, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
紫鹃雪雁索日知道黛玉的情性：无事闷坐，不是愁眉，便是长叹，且好端端的，不知为了什么，常常的便自泪不干的。先时还有人解劝，或怕他思父母，想家乡，受委屈，用话来宽慰解劝。谁知后来一年一月的，竟是常常如此，把这个样儿看惯了，也都不理论了。所以也没人去理，由他闷坐，只管睡觉去了。那林黛玉倚着床栏杆，两手抱着膝，眼腈含着泪，好似木雕泥塑的一般，直坐到二更多天，方才睡了。一宿无话。

Nightingale and Snowgoose have already known Mascara Jade's character: at loose, she sat depressedly, either frowned or sighed. With noting wrong, she kept crying for no reason. At first, someone tried to persuade her; or afraid that she missed her parents and hometown and was wronged, someone comforted her by soft words. It is unexpected that in the years that followed she has been always like this. Be accustomed to seeing this scene, people didn't make comments on her. So everyone paid no attention to her, went to sleep, and just let her sit alone. Mascara Jade Forest leaned against the rail of the bed and clasped her hands over her knees with tears in her eyes, looking like a wood carving or a stone statue. She sat up until the midnight before she went to bed. No one spoke all night. --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 12:38, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Nightingale and Snowgoose have already known Mascara Jade's character: at loose, she sat depressedly, either frowning or sighing. With noting wrong, she kept crying for no reason. At first, someone tried to persuade her, or afraid that she missed her parents and hometown and was hurt. Someone comforted her by soft words. It is unexpected that year by year what followed was that she had been always like this. Be accustomed to seeing this scene, people didn't make comments on her. So everyone paid no attention to her, went to sleep, and just let her sit alone. Mascara Jade Forest leaned against the rail of the bed and clasped her hands over her knees with tears in her eyes like a wood carving or a stone statue. She sat up until the midnight before she went to bed. No one spoke all night.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 12:16, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
至次日乃是四月二十六日，原来这日未时交芒种节。尚古风俗：凡交芒种节的这日，都要设摆各色礼物，祭饯花神，言芒种一过，便是夏日了，众花皆卸，花神退位，须要饯行。闺中更兴这件风俗，所以大观园中之人，都早起来了。那些女孩子们，或用花瓣柳枝编成轿马的，或用绫锦纱罗叠成干旄旌幢的，都用彩线系了。每一棵树，每一枝花上，都系了这些物事。满园里绣带飘飘，花枝招展。

Tomorrow was April 26th. Grain in Ear started during the period of the day from1 p.m. to 3 p.m. There were some ancient customs that day: people need to prepare different kinds of presents to sacrifice flora. After the Grain in Ear, summer days came. People in Grand View Garden all got up early because they attached great importance to this custom. As all the flowers withered and the flora stepped down, a farewell dinner was needed. Those girls used colorful ribbons, which were made of blossoms and willow branches to weave into horses or silk and satin folded into shields and flags, to tie on every tree and every flower. Ribbons fluttered and branches stuck out in the garden.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 08:49, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Tomorrow was April 26th.There were some ancient customs that day: people need to prepare different kinds of presents to sacrifice flora. After the Grain in Ear, summer days came. People in Grand View Garden all got up early because they attached great importance to this custom. As all the flowers withered and the flora stepped down, a farewell dinner was needed. Those girls used colorful ribbons, which were made of blossoms and willow branches to weave into horses or silk and satin folded into shields and flags, to tie on every tree and every flower. Ribbons fluttered and branches stuck out in the garden.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 01:50, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
更兼这些人打扮的桃羞杏让，燕妒莺惭，一时也道不尽。且说宝钗、迎春、探春、惜春、李纨、凤姐等并大姐儿、香菱与众丫鬟们，都在园里玩耍，独不见林黛玉，迎春因说道：“林妹妹怎么不见？好个懒丫头！这会子还睡觉不成？”宝钗道：“你们等着，等我去闹了他来。”说着，便丢了众人，一直往潇湘馆来。正走着，只见文官等十二个女孩子也来了，上来问了好，说了一回闲话。

What's more, these people dress up like peaches and apricots, and the swallow is jealous and the warbler is ashamed. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass、Spring Pleasure Merchant、Seeking-Spring Merchant、Spring-cherish Merchant、Silk Plum、Splendid Phoenix King, together with eldest sister, Wiselotus Potterymaker and all the servant girls, were playing in the garden, but only Mascara Jade Forest was not seen. Spring Pleasure Merchant said, "why is Mascara Jade Forest missing? What a lazy girl! Can't you sleep at this meeting?" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "wait until I make him come." Then she got rid of the crowd and went directly to Xiaoxiang hall. As she was walking, twelve girls, including civil servants, coming up to say hello and gossip.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 12:11, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

What's more, these people dressed up so stunning and shining as if they were peaches and apricots, and the swallow was jealous and the warbler was ashamed. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass、Spring Pleasure Merchant、Seeking-Spring Merchant、Spring-cherish Merchant、Silk Plum、Splendid Phoenix King, together with eldest sister, Wiselotus Potterymaker and all the servant girls, were playing in the garden, but only Mascara Jade Forest has not turned up yet. Spring Pleasure Merchant said, "why did not Mascara Jade Forest come? She must be a lazy girl! Should she be sleeping now?" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "Just wait. If so, I will wake her up and take her here." Then she left the crowd and went straight to Xiaoxiang hall. As she was walking, twelve girls, including civil servants, came up to say hello and gossip.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 12:15, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei马菲菲==
宝钗回身指道：“他们都在那里呢，你们找他们去；我找林姑娘去，就来。”说着，逶迤往潇湘馆来。忽然抬头见宝玉进去了，宝钗便站住，低头想了一想：“宝玉和林黛玉是从小儿一处长大，他兄妹间多有不避嫌疑之处，嘲笑不忌，喜怒无常；况且黛玉素昔猜忌，好弄小性儿的，此刻自己也跟了进去，一则宝玉不便，二则黛玉嫌疑，倒是回来的妙。”想毕，抽身回来。

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass turned her back and pointed:“They are all out there; You can go there and find them. I will come to find Mascara Jade Forest. Just wait for a second, and I will come back soon.” As Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, she wound her way up to Xiaoxiang hall. She was rearing her head when Precious Jade Merchant entered the room. Seeing this, she thought it twice and said to herself:“ Mascara Jade Forest and Precious Jade Merchant have known each other since childhood. They grew up as if they were brothers and sisters, so it is clear that they both do not have a sense of personal boundaries for each other and share with all feelings together including changeable temperature. Also, Mascara Jade Fores tended to be suspicious and paranoid. If I follow him into the house right now, causing inconvenience to Precious Jade Merchant for we are not that familiar with each other is one thing, and suspicion and jealousy from Mascara Jade Forest is another. So I had better return right now.” Then, she decided to come back.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 11:56, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass turned her back and pointed:“They are all out there; You can go and find them. I am going to find Mascara Jade Forest. Just wait for a second, and I will come back soon.” As Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said this, she wound her way up to Xiaoxiang hall. She was rearing her head when Precious Jade Merchant entered the room. Seeing this, she thought it twice and said to herself:“ Mascara Jade Forest and Precious Jade Merchant have known each other since childhood. They grew up as if they were brothers and sisters, so it is clear that they both do not have a sense of personal boundaries for each other and share all feelings together including changeable temperature. Also, Mascara Jade Fores tended to be suspicious and paranoid. If I follow him into the house right now, causing inconvenience to Precious Jade Merchant for we are not that familiar with each other is one thing, and suspicion and jealousy from Mascara Jade Forest is another. So I had better return right now.” Then, she decided to come back. —[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 05:35, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
刚要寻别的姊妹去，忽见面前一双玉色蝴蝶，大如团扇，一上一下，迎风翩跹，十分有趣。宝钗意欲扑了来玩耍，遂向袖中取出扇子来，向草地下来扑。只见那一双蝴蝶，忽起忽落，来来往往，将欲过河去了。倒引的宝钗蹑手蹑脚的，一直跟到池边滴翠亭上，香汗淋漓，娇喘细细。宝钗也无心扑了，刚欲回来，只听那亭里边嘁嘁喳喳有人说话。原来这亭子四面俱是游廊曲栏，盖在池中水上，四面雕镂槅子，糊着纸。

As soon as Precious Hairpin went to meet other sisters, appearing in front of her were a pair of butterflies colored like jade. They were as big as round fans and switching their positions up and down in the air, like dancing. Seeing this, Precious Hairpin had a desire to grab these butterflies to play. So she took a fan out of her sleeves and tried to catch butterflies on the grass. But this pair suddenly rose and suddenly fell, up and down, back and forth, even crossing the river, which made Precious Hairpin creep all along the way up to Dicui Pavilion with dripping sweat and ragged breathing. As a result, she gave up catching these butterflies and felt like coming back. But just at that moment, she heard somebody talking and whispering in the pavilion. This pavilion, which stood in the center of the pool, was surrounded by covered corridors on four sides and had papered windows on all four sides. —[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 05:25, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
宝钗在亭外听见说话，便煞住脚，往里细听，只听说道：“你瞧这手帕子果然是你丢的那块，你就拿着；要不是，就还芸二爷去。”又有一人说话：“可不是我那块！拿来给我罢。”又听道：“你拿什么谢我呢？难道白找了来不成？”又答道：“我已经许了谢你，自然是不哄你的。”又听说道：“我找了来给你，自然谢我；但只是那拣的人，你就不谢他么？”

Precious Merchant Jade hears this from outside of the window and stoped, and listens more carefully. One says:" Check this handkerchief, If it is the one you have lost, you keep it,but if it's not, then you give it back to Non-success Sir Zhong." And then another says:" This is the one of mine! Give it back to me." Then one responses:" What repay will you give me? You want me to find it for nothing?" Then it comes the answer:" I have already promised to Give you my gratitude, and of course that's not empty." Then the other responses:" I found it for you, naturally, you have to give me your gratitude, But what about the one who picked it up? Don't you plan to thank him, too?"

==Wei jingting 魏静婷==
那一个又说道：“你别胡说。他是个爷们家，拣了我们的东西，自然该还的。叫我拿什么谢他呢？”又听说道：“你不谢他，我怎么回他呢？况且他再三再四的和我说了，若没谢的，不许我给你呢。”半晌，又听说道：“也罢，拿我这个给他，算谢他的罢。你要告诉别人呢？须说一个誓。”又听说道：“我要告诉人，嘴上就长一个疔，日后不得好死！”

Another one said again:"Don't speak arbitrarily. He is a good man. He picked our things, he should return which to to us. What should I give to him to thanks for him?" Heard again:"If you don't thanks for him, what should I tell about him? And he said to me over and over again. If you don't express your thanks, he will not allow me to give things to you." A moment later, heard again:"Whatever, picking mine for him to express my thanks. In case you tell others, you must swear."
heard again:"If I tell others about this, there will be a blister on my mouth and I will be not able to die a natural death."--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 11:27, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Another one said again:"Don't speak arbitrarily. He is such a real man. He picked our things, he should return which to to us. What should I give to him to thanks for him?" Heard again:"If you don't thanks to him, what should I tell about him? And he said to me over and over again. If you don't express your thanks, he will not allow me to give things to you." A moment later, heard again:"Whatever, picking mine for him to express my thanks. In case you tell others, you must swear."
heard again:"If I tell others about this, there will be a blister on my mouth and I will be not able to die a natural death."--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 12:05, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
又听说道：“嗳呀！咱们只顾说话，看有人来悄悄的在外头听见。不如把这槅子都推开了，便是人见咱们在这里，他们只当我们说玩话呢。走到跟前，咱们也看的见，就别说了。”宝钗外面听见这话，心中吃惊，想道：“怪道从古至今那些奸淫狗盗的人，心机都不错。这一开了，见我在这里，他们岂不臊了？况且说话的语音，大似宝玉房里红儿的言语。

Heard again，“Oh，we are too focused on talking，it seems that someone is listening outside. Why not just open the door，if someone see us here，they just think we are jokng.” Hearing this dialogue outside，Precious Hairpin Marshgrass was surprised and thought that“It is no wonder that adulterers and thieves through the ages have their own wisdom. When they open the door and see me standing here，they must be ashamed. Besides，the voice is like the Little Red from Precious Jade Merchant’s house.”--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 14:02, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

She heard them talking again，“Oh，we are too focused on talking to see someone is overhearing outside. we'd better just open the door.In that case if someone see us here，they just think we are jokng.But when he comes in front of us,we can see him to terminate our conversation.” Hearing this outside，Precious Hairpin Marshgrass was surprised and thought that“It is no wonder that adulterers and thieves through the ages have their own wisdom. When they open the door and see me standing here，won't they be ashamed. Besides，the voice is the just girl, Little Red ,from Precious Jade Merchant’s house.”-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 14:58, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
他素昔眼空心大，是个头等刁钻古怪东西，今儿我听了他的短儿，‘人急造反，狗急跳墙’，不但生事，而且我还没趣。如今便赶着躲了，料也躲不及，少不得要使个‘金蝉脱壳’的法子。”犹未想完，只听“咯吱”一声，宝钗便故意放重了脚步，笑着叫道：“颦儿！我看你往那里藏！”一面说，一面故意往前赶。那亭内的小红坠儿刚一推窗，只听宝钗如此说着往前赶，两个人都唬怔了。

She was always so arrogant that became excessively trick and odd.That today I overheard her seceret accidentally not only makes trouble but makes me tiresome, as the saying,'People rush to revolt as dogs rush to jump over the wall'.I presume I can't hide even if I want to, so it'd better impletement the escape plan.Without thinking more,Precious Harpin intentionally stepped up accompanied by the noise of groaning and creaking.She then smiled and yelled"My sister,I see where you are hiding."She continued dashing on purpose as she was yelling.Upon Little Red and Lassock Drop in the gloriette pushed the window, only to hear Precious Hairpin saying as above when going ahead,the two girls were both startling.-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 16:06, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

She was always so arrogant and excessively trick and odd.That today I overheard her seceret accidentally not only makes trouble but makes me tiresome, as the saying,'People rush to revolt as dogs rush to jump over the wall'.I presume that I can't hide even if I want to, so it'd better impletement an escaping plan.Without thinking a lot,Precious Harpin intentionally stepped up accompanied by the noise of groaning and creaking.She then smiled and yelled"My sister,that's where I see you hiding."She hurried on as she was yelling.Upon Little Red and Lassock Drop in the gloriette pushed the window,only to hear Precious Hairpin saying as above when going ahead，both ofthem were startling.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 11:34, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
宝钗反向他二人笑道：“你们把林姑娘藏在那里了？”坠儿道：“何曾见林姑娘了？”宝钗道：“我才在河那边看着林姑娘在这里蹲着弄水儿呢。我要悄悄的唬他一跳，还没有走到跟前，他倒看见我了，朝东一绕，就不见了。别是藏在里头了？”一面说，一面故意进去，寻了一寻，抽身就走，口内说道：“一定又钻在山子洞里去了。遇见蛇，咬一口也罢了。”

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass smiled at them and said, "Where have you hidden Mascara Jade?" "Have we ever seen her here?" said Lassock Drop.Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "I was just watching Jade on the other side of the river. I wanted to frighten her quietly, but before I came to the front, she saw me first, turned east, and disappeared. She's not hiding in there, is she?" As she spoke she went to look for it on purpose, and then went away, saying, "I am sure she is hiding in the cave again. Be careful not to touch the snake inside and get bitten."--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 08:39, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin smiled at them and said, "Where have you hidden Mascara Jade?" "Have we ever seen her here?" said Lassock Drop. Precious Hairpin said, "I just saw Miss Lin squatting here splashing water. I wanted to play a trick on her quietly, but she saw me first before I came to the front. Then she turned east and went away. So she's not hiding in there, is she?" Speaking, she wormed in on purpose. Looking around for a second, she turned back and then went away. "I am sure she is hiding in the cave again. Be careful not to touch the snake inside and get bitten," said Precious Hairpin.--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 10:30, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
一面说，一面走，心中又好笑：“这件事算遮过去了，不知他二人是怎样？” 谁知小红听了宝钗的话，便信以为真，让宝钗去远，便拉坠儿道：“了不得了！林姑娘蹲在这里，一定听了话去了！”坠儿听了，也半日不言语。小红又道：“这可怎么样呢？”坠儿道：“便听见了，管谁筋疼，各人干各人的就完了。”小红道：“若是宝姑娘听见还倒罢了；林姑娘嘴里又爱克薄人，心里又细，他一听见了，倘或走露了，怎么样呢？”

Saying and walking, Precious Hairpin found it funny, “Now this thing had been done perfunctorily, but what will they think about it?”God knows Little Red would have believed what Precious Hairpin had said. Watching Precious Hairpin going beyond, Little Red pulled at Lassock Drop and said, “Oh! How can we deal with it! Miss Lin must have heard the whole thing if she had been squatting here!” Hearing this, Lassock Drop kept silence for a long period. Again Little Red said, “What should we do!” Lassock Drop answered, “She would hear it when she hear it. Just accomplish our own work and leave others alone.” Little Red affirmed, “It would be much better for Miss Bao to hear this. Miss Lin is undermining in mouth and scrupulous in heart. If she had heard about this and disclose it to others, what should we do?”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 10:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Saying and walking, Precious Hairpin found it funny, “Now this thing could be bluffed, but what will they think about it?”But Little Red believed what Precious Hairpin had said. Watching Precious Hairpin going beyond, Little Red pulled at Lassock Drop and said, “Oh! How can we deal with it! Miss Lin must have heard the whole thing if she had been squatting here!” Hearing this, Lassock Drop kept silence for a long period. Again Little Red said, “What should we do!” Lassock Drop answered, “She would hear it when she hear it. Just accomplish our own work and leave others alone.” Little Red affirmed, “It would be much better for Miss Bao to hear this. Miss Lin is undermining in mouth and scrupulous in heart. If she had heard about this and disclose it to others, what should we do?”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 10:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC)--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 10:06, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
二人正说看，只见文官、香菱、司棋、侍书等上亭子来了。二人只得掩住这话，且和他们玩笑。只见凤姐儿站在山坡上招手叫，小红连忙弃了众人，跑至凤姐前，堆着笑问：“奶奶使唤做什么事？”凤姐打量了一回，见他生的干净俏丽，说话知趣，因笑道：“我的丫头们今儿没跟进我来。我这会子想起一件事来，要使唤个人出去，不知你能干不能干？说的齐全不齐全？”

While the two were talking ,Literal Officer,Controling Board and Book Server went over to the pavilion.The two had to stop talking and joined them for fun.Seeing Sister Phonix waving and shouting in the hillside ,Little Red left the crowd hurriedly and ran to Phonix,asked with a piled smile :"What does Grandma call me to do ?"Phonix looked him up and down and found that he was a handsome and clean boy with humorous and interesting manners of speaking.She goggled and said :"My girl maids didn't follow me today.A thing occured to me and I would love to call someone out to go on errands.I wandered whether you could do it for me and whether you could speak coherently and neatly"--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 09:58, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

While the two were talking, Literal Officer, The Abandoned, Controling Board and Book Server went over to the pavilion. They had to stop and joined them for fun. Seeing Sister Phoenix waving and calling in the hillside, Little Red left the group hurriedly and ran to her, asking all smiles, "Lady, what are you asking for?" Phoenix looked her up and down and found her handsome, clean with humorous and interesting speaking manners. She goggled and said, "My girl maids don't follow me here today. But a thing occured to me and I want someone out for errands. Are you capable? Can you speak coherently and neatly?"--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 12:29, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
小红笑道：“奶奶有什么话，只管吩咐我说去；若说的不齐全，误了奶奶的事，任凭奶奶责罚就是了。”凤姐笑道：“你是那位姑娘房里的？我使你出去，他回来找你，我好替你说。”小红道：“我是宝二爷房里的。”凤姐听了笑道：“嗳哟！你原来是宝玉房里的，怪道呢。也罢了，等他问，我替你说。你到我们家告诉你平姐姐，外头屋里桌子上汝窑盘子架儿底下放着一卷银子，那是一百二十两，给绣匠的工价，等张材家的来，当面秤给他瞧了，再给他拿去。

Little Red smiled and replied, "If Lady wants to pass on meaasges, just order me to. If the word is not properly, wholly sent and delays Lady's business, Lady can punish me as you wish." Sister Phoenix asked, smiling, "Whose room are you serving in? I asked you out and if he can't find you, I can say it for you." Little Red replied, "I serve in Young Master Precious Jade's room." Sister Phoenix smiled again, "Aye! You serve in his room, no wonder you're clever. OK, if he asks, I will tell him. Now you go to my house and tell Patience that there's some silver under the Ru kiln plates rack on the outer house table, 120 liang in total. It's the wage for the embroiderers. When Zhang Cai's wife comes, the money must be weighted in the presence of her wife before she takes the money."--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 08:31, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Little Red smiled and replied, "If Lady wants to pass on meaasges, just order me to. If the word is not properly, wholly sent and delays Lady's business, Lady can punish me as you wish." Sister Phoenix asked, smiling, "Whose room are you serving in? I asked you out and if she can't find you, I can explain for you." Little Red replied, "I serve in Young Master Precious Jade's room." Sister Phoenix smiled again, "Aye! You serve in his room, no wonder! OK, if he asks, I will tell him. Now you go to my house and tell Patience that there's some silver under the Ru kiln plates rack on the outer house table, 120 liang in total. It's the wage for the embroiderers. When Zhang Cai's wife comes, the money must be weighted in her presence before she takes it.--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
再里头床头儿上有个小荷包，拿了来。” 小红听说，答应着，撤身去了。不多时回来了，只见凤姐不在这山坡上了，因见司棋从山洞里出来，站着系带子，便赶来问道：“姐姐，不知道二奶奶往那里去了？”司棋道：“没理论。”小红听了，回身又往四下里一看，只见那边探春宝钗在池边看鱼，小红上来陪笑道：“姑娘们可知道二奶奶刚才那里去了？”探春道：“往你大奶奶院里找去。”

And there is a small pouch in the bed of the inner room--You then go and fetch me that.” On hearing of Sister Phenix’s demand, Little Red promises and leaves, then comes back shortly after without seeing Sister Phenix on the slope. She rushes to Controlling Board who just came out of the cave and stops now lacing stress. “Sister, do you know where did the young mistress go?” asks Little Red. “I didn’t notice.” Controlling Board replies. Hearing that, Little Red turns back, looks around again and finds that Seeking-Spring and Precious Hairpin are watching fish out there by a pond. Little Red approaches and asks with courteous smile: “Ladies, I wondered if you would know where the young mistress went just now?” “Try your old mistress’s house.” Seeking-Spring replies.--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

And there is a small pouch in the bed of the inner room--You then go to fetch me that.” On hearing of Sister Phenix’s demand, Little Red promises and leaves, then comes back shortly after without seeing Sister Phenix on the slope. She rushes to Controlling Board who just came out of the cave and stops now lacing stress. “Sister, do you know where did the young mistress go?” asks Little Red. “I didn’t notice.” Controlling Board replies. Hearing that, Little Red turns back, looks around again and finds that Seeking-Spring and Precious Hairpin are watching by a pond. Little Red approaches and asks with courteous smile, “Ladies, I wondered if you would know where the young mistress went just now?” “Try your old mistress’s house.” Seeking-Spring replies.--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 12:42, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
小红听了，再往稻香村来，顶头只见晴雯、绮霞、碧痕、秋纹、麝月、侍书、入画、莺儿等一群人来了。晴雯一见小红，便说道：“你只是疯罢！院子里花儿也不浇，雀儿也不喂，茶炉子也不弄，就在外头逛。”小红道：“昨儿二爷说了，今儿不用浇花，过一日浇一回罢。我喂雀儿的时候，姐姐还睡觉呢。”

Hearing it,Little Red intends to make her way to Rice Garden but meets a coming group of people coincidentally including Sunny Cloud Formation,Beautiful Sunset,Turquoise Mark,Autumn Vein,Musk Deer Month,Book Server,Beautiful Senery and Maid Oriole.Sunny Cloud Formation blames Little Red as soon as she notices her that,"You are nearly insane!You didn't water the flowers,feed the birds or prepare the tea pot! Wandering outside is the only thing you have done!"Little Red retorted," Yesterday,the second youngest master of the house told me that I don't have to water flowers today. Instead, they should be watered every two days. As for the birds feeding, while I was doing it, you were asleep!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 14:49, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing it,Little Red intends to make her way to Rice Garden but meets a coming group of people coincidentally including Sunny Cloud Formation,Beautiful Sunset,Turquoise Mark,Autumn Vein,Musk Deer Month,Book Server,Beautiful Senery and Maid Oriole.Sunny Cloud Formation blames Little Red as soon as she notices her that,"You are nearly insane!You didn't water the flowers,feed the birds or prepare the tea pot! Wandering outside is the only thing you have done!"Little Red retorted," Yesterday,the second youngest master of the house told me that I don't have to water flowers today. Instead, they should be watered every two days. As for the birds feeding, while I was doing it, you were asleep!"-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 06:32, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
碧痕道：“茶炉子呢？”小红道：“今儿不该我的班儿，有茶没茶，你问我。”绮霞道：“你听听他的嘴！你们别说了，让他逛罢。”小红道：“你们再问问，我逛了没逛？二奶奶才使唤我说话取东西去的。”说着，将荷包举给他们看，方没言语了。大家走开。晴雯冷笑道：“怪道呢！原来爬上高枝儿去了，把我们不放在眼里了。”

Turquoise Mark said, “where is the teapot?” Little Red replied, “I'm not on duty today. I don't know if there's tea.” Beautiful Sunset said, “Listen to what he has to say! Stop talking and let him browse.” Little Red said, “you ask this again. Did I browse? The second youngest lady asked me to take it.” "She said, holding out the pouch for them to see, and then fell silent. Everyone was went away. Sunny Cloud Formation laughed at her, “so that’s it. It turns out you get upgraded, so you don't take us seriously.”-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 06:31, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Turquoise Mark said, “where is the teapot?” Little Red replied, “I'm not on duty today. I don't know if there was tea.” Beautiful Sunset said, “Listen to what she has said! Stop talking and let her browse.” Little Red said, “Could you ask this again? Did I browse? The second youngest lady have asked me to bring something.” "She said, holding out the pouch for them seeing. All of them kept silent. Everyone went away. Sunny Cloud Formation laughed at her, “So that’s it. It turns out that she has got upgraded, and has no need to take us seriously.”--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:07, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220321 homework

2022-03-28T05:25:38Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220307_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220321_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Mar 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220328_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Apr 4]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
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==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
薛蟠自觉没意思，笑道：“谁知他是‘糖银’是‘果银’的。” 正说着，小厮来回：“冯大爷来了。”宝玉便知是神武将军冯唐之子冯紫英来了。薛蟠等一齐都叫“快请”。说犹未了，只见冯紫英一路说笑，已进来了，众人忙起席让坐。冯紫英笑道：“好呀！也不出门了，在家里高乐罢。”宝玉薛蟠都笑道：“一向少会。老世伯身上康健？”

Boring as Dragon Marshgrass felt, he laughed, "who knows 'Tangyin'or 'Yintang'?" A manservant came to reply when he was talking, "Purple Flower is coming!" So, Precious Jade knew it was Purple Flower that came. Dragon Marshgrass and the other people all called, "please get him in as soon as possible." Before they finished their sentences, Purple Flower, talking and laughing, came in. People rushed to stand up to invite him to sit. Smiling, Purple Flower said, "OK! All of you are sure to stay indoors and have a good time, aren't you?" Precious Jade and Dragon Marshgrass both laughed again, "We meet each other not frequently. Dear uncle, have you been healthy recently?"--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:03, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Bored as Dragon Marshgrass felt, he laughed, "who knows it's 'Tangyin'or 'Yintang'?" A manservant came to tell when he was talking, "Purple Flower is coming!" So, Precious Jade knew it was Purple Flower ,the son of Shenwu General,that came. Dragon Marshgrass and the other people all called, "please get him in as soon as possible." Before their sentences were finished, Purple Flower, talking and laughing,had came in. People rushed to stand up to invite him to sit. Smiling, Purple Flower said, "Great! All of you are sure to stay indoors and have pleasure together, aren't you?" Precious Jade and Dragon Marshgrass both laughed again, "We meet each other not frequently. Dear uncle, have you been healthy recently?"--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 11:49, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
紫英答道：“家父倒也托庇康健，近来家母偶着了些风寒，不好了两天。” 薛蟠见他面上有些青伤，便笑道：“这脸上，又和谁挥拳来？挂了幌子了！”冯紫英笑道：“从那一遭把仇都尉的儿子打伤了，我记了，再不怄气，如何又挥拳？这脸上是前日打围，在铁网山叫兔鹘梢了一翅膀。”宝玉道：“几时的话？”紫英道：“三月二十八日去的，前儿也就回来了。”

Purple Flower replied, "My father owes his health to your prayer,but my mother has caught a cold for two days now." Seeing some bruises on his face, Dragon Marshgrass laughed, "Who did you fight with that there are some bruises on your face?"Purple Flower said with a smile, "After I wounded the son of Commandant Revenge, I remembered that I would never sulk again. How could it be a fist fight? The bruises on my face were hit by the wing of a falco cherrug in the Iron Net Mountain while hunting a few days ago."Precious Jade asked, "When did that happen?" Zi Ying said, "I went there on March 28 and came back soon."--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 10:08, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Purple Flower replied, "My father owes his health to your prayer,but my mother has caught a cold for two days recently." Seeing some bruises on his face, Dragon Marshgrass then laughed, "Who did you fight with that there are some bruises on your face?"Purple Flower said with a smile, "After I hurt the son of Commandant Revenge, I remembered that I would never sulk again. How could it be a fist fight again? The bruises on my face were hit by the wing of a falco cherrug in the Iron Net Mountain while hunting a few days ago."Precious Jade asked, "When did that happen?" Zi Ying said, "I went there on March 28 and came back soon."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 07:12, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
宝玉道：“怪道前儿初三四儿我在沈世兄家赴席不见你呢。我要问，不知怎么忘了。单你去了，还是老世伯也去了？”紫英道：“可不是家父去，我没法儿，去罢了。难道我闲疯了？咱们几个人吃酒听唱的不乐，寻那个苦恼去？这一次大不幸之中却有大幸。” 薛蟠众人见他吃完了茶，都说道：“且入席，有话慢慢的说。”

Precious Jade said "No wonder I didn't see you in brother Shen's feast in earlier third and forth. I was about to ask but didn't know why I have forgot to. Is it only you have gone there or your father has gone too?" Purple flower answers "My father has been there, I have no choice but quit going. Do I get too idle so that I get insane? Aren't we happy to drink, play and watch operas? Why we bother to go? This time it's indeed the best out of the worst." Dragon Marshgrass and other people notice that he has finished his tea, so they said " Go and take a seat at first and then talk slowly if you get anything to say."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 13:35, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade said, “No wonder I didn't see you in brother Shen's feast in earlier third and forth. I was about to ask but didn't know why I have forgot it. Is you the only one who have gone there or with your father ?” Purple flower answered, “My father has been there, so that I have no choice but quit going. Do I get too idle so that I get insane? Aren't we enjoyable to drink, play and watch operas? Why we bother to go? This time it's indeed the best out of the worst.” Dragon Marshgrass and other people noticed that he had drunk off his tea, so they said, “Go and take a seat at first and then we talk slowly if you get anything to say."—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 05:34, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
冯紫英听说，便立起身来说道：“论理，我该陪饮几杯才是，只是今儿有一件大大要紧事，回去还要见家父面回，实不敢领。”薛蟠宝玉众人那里肯依，死拉着不放。冯紫英笑道：“这又奇了。你我这些年，那一回有这个道理的？果然不能遵命。若必定叫我领，拿大杯来，我领两杯就是了。”众人听说，只得罢了，薛蟠执壶，宝玉把盏，斟了两大海。那冯紫英站着，一气而尽。

Purple Hero Horse heard, stood and said, “Sorry,I can’t drink.speaking, I should toast with others. But there is something emergent to tell my father when I come home.” Dragon Marshgrass and Precious Jade and others didn’t give up persuading Purple Hero Horse to drink alcohol. Purple Hero Horse smiled, “How odd! It has never happened on us these year. Why you want me to do that? I can’t obey. If necessary, bring me the huge glass and I will drink two cups of liquor.” After hearing that, people have to give up. Dragon Marshgrass grasped a kettle and Precious Jade held a mug and poured two grasses of liquor. Then Purple Hero Horse tossed off.—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 13:11, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing that, Purple Hero Horse stood up and said, "Well, I should drink with you. But I have something emergent to tell my father when I come home, so I really dare not to drink.” Dragon Marshgrass and Precious Jade with all the others won't give up. Purple Hero Horse smiled, “How odd! For all these years we never like that! So fetch the big cup if you insist, and I'll drink two cups.” Hearing that, they had to give up. Purple Hero Horse drank two big cups with Dragon Marshgrass grasping a kettle and Precious Jade holding a mug to pour for him.--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 14:43, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
宝玉道：“你到底把这个‘不幸之幸’说完了再走。”冯紫英笑道：“今儿说的也不尽兴，我为这个，还要特治一个东儿，请你们去细谈一谈；二则还有奉恳之处”。说着撒手就走。薛蟠道：“越发说的人热刺刺的丢不下，多早晚才请我们？告诉了也免的人犹豫。”冯紫英道：“多则十日，少则八天。”一面说，一面出门上马去了。

Precious Jade said:"Why don't you full that 'the best out of the worst' thing before you go?" Purple Hero Horse smiled:" Also I haven't talked enough today. I should pay another guest the other day, inviting you to talk carefully. What's more, I have something to ask for your help." Then he was just going to leave. Dragon Marshgrass said:"It's more appetizing. When will you invite us? Set a day so that we won't care." Purple Hero Horse said:" About eight to ten days later." Saying that, he went out and rode on his horse.--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 14:23, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade said:"Why don't you full that 'the best out of the worst' thing before you go?" Purple Hero Horse smiled:" Also I haven't told enough today. I should pay another guest the other day, inviting you to talk about the details carefully. What's more, there’s a favor I want to ask too." Then he was just going to leave. Dragon Marshgrass said:"It's more appetizing. When will you invite us? Set a day so that we won't care." Purple Hero Horse said:" About eight to ten days later." Saying that, he went out to ride on his horse.--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 12:29, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
众人回来，依席又饮了一回方散。宝玉回至园中，袭人正记挂着他去见贾政，不知是祸是福，只见宝玉醉醺醺回来，因问其原故，宝玉一一向他说了，袭人道：“人家牵肠挂肚的等着，你且高乐去，也到底打发个人来给个信儿。”宝玉道：“我何尝不要送信儿，因冯世兄来了，就混忘了。” 正说着，只见宝钗走进来，笑道：“偏了我们新鲜东西了！”

Coming back, the other people didn’t break up until resumed their potations. Precious Jade returned to the Garden in a state of cheerful inebriation. Aroma, who had had no idea what the summons from Master Merchant might portend and was still wondering anxiously what had become of him, at once demanded to know the cause of his condition. He gave her a full account of what had happened. Aroma said, “Here were we practically beside ourselves with anxiety, and all the time you were there enjoying yourself! You might at least have sent word to let us know you were all tight.” “I was going to send word,” said Precious Jade. “Of course I was. But then Purple Flower arrived and it put it out of my mind.” At that moment Precious Hairpin Marshgrass walked in, all smiles. “I hear you’ve made a start on the famous present,” she said.--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 11:54, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Coming back, the other people didn’t break up until resumed their potations. Precious Jade returned to the Garden in a state of cheerful inebriation. Aroma, who had had no idea what the summons from Master Merchant might portend and was still wondering anxiously what had become of him, at once demanded to know the cause of his condition. He gave her a full account of what had happened. Aroma said, “Here were we practically beside ourselves with anxiety, and all the time you were there enjoying yourself! You might at least have sent word to let us know you were all tight.” “I was going to send word,” said Precious Jade. “Of course I was. But then Purple Flower arrived and it put it out of my mind.” At that moment Precious Hairpin Marshgrass walked in, all smiles. “I hear you’ve made a start on the famous present,” she said.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 05:04, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
宝玉笑道：“姐姐家的东西，自然先偏了我们了。”宝钗摇头笑道：“昨儿哥哥倒特特的请我吃，我不吃，我叫他留着送与别人罢。我知道我的命小福薄，不配吃那个。”说着，丫鬟倒了茶来，吃茶说闲话儿，不在话下。却说那黛玉听见贾政叫了宝玉去了一日不回来，心中也替他忧虑。至晚饭后，闻得宝玉来了，心里要找他问问是怎么样了。

Precious Jade laughed, "Of course, things from my sister's house have passed us by." Precious Hairpin shook her head and said with a smile, "Yesterday my brother invited me to eat, but I refused and asked him to give it to someone else. I know my fortune is too bad for that."While she was saying, servant girl poured tea, so they ate and drank tea while talking. However, when Mascara Jade heard that Master Merchant had sent Precious Jade away for a day and had not returned, she was also worried about him. After dinner, she heared that Precious Jade came, thinking to find him to ask what happened.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 05:01, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade laughed and said, "things of my sister of course were partial to us." Precious Hairpin shook her head and said with a smile, "Yesterday my brother invited me to have a try, but I refused and told him to give it to someone else. I know my healthy condition do not allow me to enjoy it."While she was saying, servant girl came to pour tea, so they began to drink the tea, chatting. However, when Mascara Jade heard that Master Merchant had sent Precious Jade away for a day and had not returned, she was so worried about him. After eating dinner, she heared that Precious Jade had already came back, thinking to find him to ask what happened.——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 05:31, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
一步步行来，见宝钗进宝玉的园内去了，自己也随后走了来。刚到了沁芳桥，只见各色水禽尽都在池中浴水，也认不出名色来，但见一个个文彩闪灼，好看异常，因而站住，看了一回。再往怡红院来，门已关了，黛玉即便叩门。谁知晴雯和碧痕二人正拌了嘴，没好气，忽见宝钗来了，那晴雯正把气移在宝钗身上，正在院内报怨说：“有事没事，跑了来生着，叫我们三更半夜的不得睡觉。”

Walking step by step, Mascara Jade Forest then came after seeing Precious Hairpin Marshgrass go to Precious Jade's court. When Mascara Jade came to Qingfang Bridge, seeing all kinds of waterfowl that she could hardly name but were all sheen and glossy with extreme beauty bath in the pool, She stood and admired for a while. Then she came to the Happy Red Court where its door had already closed. When Mascara Jade knocked the door, Sunny Cloud Formation had just ended a quarrel with Turquoise Mark and was still in no mood. Seeing Precious Hairpin come, Sunny Cloud Formation just vented her anger on her and complained, "What's wrong with her? Why she always rocks the beat and doesn't allow us to sleep in the dead of night?"——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 05:21, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

As she strolled over she saw Precious Hairpin Marshgrass going into Precious Jade's court before her. But noticing some unusually beautiful waterfowl of various species unkonwn to her splashing about in the pool by Qingfang Bridge, she stopped for a while to admire their brilliant colours.By the time she reached Happy Red Court the gate had already closed. When Mascara Jade knocked the door, Sunny Cloud Formation had just quarrelled with Turquoise Mark and was in a bad mood,and at Precious Hairpin's arrival, Sunny Cloud Formation transferred her anger to the vistor.She was grumbling in the courtyard: "She keeps comming here and sitting around for no reason, keeing us up till the third watch at night. --[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 12:43, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
忽听又有人叫门，晴雯越发动了气，也并不问是谁，便说道：“都睡下了，明儿再来罢！” 黛玉素知丫头们的情性，他们彼此玩耍惯了，恐怕院内的丫头没听见是他的声音，只当别的丫头们了，所以不开门，因而又高声说道：“是我，还不开门么？”晴雯偏生还没听见，便使性子说道：“凭你是谁，二爷吩咐的，一概不许放人进来呢！”

Suddenly, Hearing another one knocking at the door, Sunny Cloud Formation became more angry, and didn’t ask who is it only said: “I’ve already gone to bed. Come back tomorrow! ” Mascara Jade knew the fellows characters. They often bantering with each other. Supposing the fellow within the yard would not recognize her voice and mistake her as others,so that she did not open the door, Mascara Jade raised her voice and said : “:It’s me, not open yet? ” However, Sunny Cloud Formation still didn’t realize it is Mascara Jade and lost her temper, saying that “No matter who you are. Second Master ordered that no one can come in .”--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 02:36, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Suddenly, hearing someone was knocking at the door, Sunny Cloud Formation became angrier, and without asking who it is she said, “we have already gone to bed. Come back tomorrow!” Mascara Jade knew the temper of those girls who were always bantering with each other. She was afraid that those girls within the yard may not recognize her voice and mistook her as other girls. That was why they didn’t answer the door. Mascara Jade raised her voice and said, “it’s me. Still don’t open?” However, Sunny CLoud Formation still failed to recognize Mascara Jade and lost her temper, shouting, “No matter who you are, Second Master ordered that no one be allowed to come in.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 16:09, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
黛玉听了，不觉气怔在门外，待要高声问他，逗起气来，自己又回思一番：“虽说是舅母家如同自己家一样，到底是客边。如今父母双亡，无依无靠，现在他家依栖，如今认真怄气，也觉没趣。”一面想，一面又滚下泪珠来了。真是回去不是，站着不是。正没主意，只听里面一阵笑语之声，细听一听，竟是宝玉宝钗二人。

Hearing that, Mascara Jade could not help being vexed outside the door. When she was about to raise her voice and question him, angrily, she started to rethink about what was happening just now. “Although I was taught to perceive Aunt’s home as my own home, I was still a guest basically. Bereft of parents and alone, I now lived in other’s house. It was nonsensical of me to take it seriously and argue with him.” While she was thinking, tears were rolling down. She found herself was caught in a dilemma of leaving or staying. As she did not know what to do, from indoors came a burst of laughter. She listened carefully and found the laughter came from Precious Jade and Precious Hairpin.--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 11:07, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing that, Mascara Jade could not help being vexed outside the door. When she was about to raise her voice to question him angrily, she started to rethink what happened just now. “Although I was told to view Aunt’s home as mine, I was still a guest essentially. Bereft of parents and someone that can rely on, living in others’ house, there is no point in arguing with him and taking it seriously.” While she was thinking, tears were rolling down. She found herself caught in a dilemma of whether or not to leave. As she did not know what to do, from the inside came a burst of laughter. With a careful listen, she found the laughter belonged to Precious Jade and Precious Hairpin.—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 08:03, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
黛玉心中越发动了气，左思右想，忽然想起早起的事来：“必竟是宝玉恼我告他的原故。但只我何尝告你去了，你也不打听打听，就恼我到这步田地！你今儿不叫我进来，难道明儿就不见面了！”越想越觉伤感起来，也不顾苍苔露冷，花径风寒，独立墙角边花阴之下，悲悲切切，呜咽起来。

Mascara Jade was more angrier. She constantly thought wildly in mind and suddenly the morning’s event occurred to her. “Precious Jade must be mad about my criticizing him. However, there wasn’t only me doing that. You don’t ask clearly but take offense at me to such an extent! Today you don’t open the door for me, so won’t we meet tomorrow?”she felt more upset as thinking of it. So regardless of the cold weather, standing alone at the corner beside the flowers, Mascara Jade began to cry.—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 11:46, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade was angrier and angrier. She constantly thought wildly in mind and suddenly the morning’s event occurred to her. “Precious Jade must be mad about my criticizing him. However, there wasn’t only me doing that. You don’t ask clearly but take offense at me to such an extent! Today you don’t open the door for me, so won’t we meet tomorrow?”she felt more and more upset as thinking of it. So regardless of the cold weather, standing alone at the corner beside the flowers, Mascara Jade began to cry.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 02:02, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
原来这黛玉秉绝代姿容，具稀世俊美，不期这一哭，那附近柳枝花朵上宿鸟栖鸦，一闻此声，俱“忒楞楞”飞起远避，不忍再听。正是：花魂点点无情绪，鸟梦痴痴何处惊。因有一首诗道：颦儿才貌世应稀，独抱幽芳出绣闱；呜咽一声犹未了，落花满地鸟惊飞。那林黛玉正自啼哭，忽听“吱喽”一声，院门开处，不知是那一个出来。

Mascara Jade possessed a unparalleled beauty. Unexpectedly, the birds resting on nearby trees and flowers flew away as soon as heard her cry, not bear to listen to. Flowers had emotions and souls but kept silent ; birds woke up from dreams and were at a loss. Just as a poem saying, such superior talent and appearance Frowner owned;She went out of her boudoir with fragrant flowers in her arms; As the first sob passed her lips, flowers fell into soil and birds were frightened and flew away. Mascara Jade was whimpering, suddenly hearing the door open and having no idea who was out.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 11:46, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade possessed a unparalleled beauty. Unexpectedly, the birds resting on nearby trees and flowers flew away as soon as heard her cry, not bear to listen to. Flowers had emotions and souls but kept silent ; birds woke up from dreams and were at a loss. Just as a poem saying, such superior talent and appearance Frowner owned;She went out of her boudoir with fragrant flowers in her arms; As the first sob passed her lips, flowers fell into soil and birds were frightened and flew away. Mascara Jade was whimpering, suddenly hearing the door open and having no idea who was out.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 13:44, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
滴翠亭杨妃戏彩蝶埋香冢飞燕泣残红话说黛玉正自悲泣，忽听院门响处，只见宝钗出来了，宝玉袭人一群人送了出来。待要上去问着宝玉，又恐当着众人问羞了宝玉不便，因而闪过一旁，让宝钗去了，宝玉等进去关了门，方转过来，尚望着门洒了几点泪。自觉无味，转身回来，无精打彩的卸了残妆。

Yang Fei played with butterflies by the Raindrop Pavilion, Fei Yan weeps for withered flowers by the Flowers' Grave. As Mascara Jade Forest was weeping, there was a sudden sound at the courtyard gate and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass came in, and was accompanied by Precious Jade Merchant and Aroma with servants. She had meant to ask Precious Jade, but held back and let Precious Hairpin pass out of fear of embarrassing him in front of so many people. Until Precious Jade went back in and closed the door, she turned around, sheding some tears. Feeling it meaningless, she come back and took off her ornaments listlessly.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 12:21, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Yang Fei played with butterflies in the Raindrop Pavilion, Fei Yan weeps for withered flowers by the Flowers' Grave. As Mascara Jade Forest was weeping, there was a sudden sound at the courtyard gate and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass came in, and was accompanied by Precious Jade and Aroma with servants. She had meant to ask Precious Jade, but held back and let Precious Hairpin pass out of fear of embarrassing him in front of so many people. Until Precious Jade went back in and closed the door, she turned around, sheding some tears. Feeling it meaningless, she come back and took off her ornaments listlessly.--[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 12:15, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
紫鹃雪雁索日知道黛玉的情性：无事闷坐，不是愁眉，便是长叹，且好端端的，不知为了什么，常常的便自泪不干的。先时还有人解劝，或怕他思父母，想家乡，受委屈，用话来宽慰解劝。谁知后来一年一月的，竟是常常如此，把这个样儿看惯了，也都不理论了。所以也没人去理，由他闷坐，只管睡觉去了。那林黛玉倚着床栏杆，两手抱着膝，眼腈含着泪，好似木雕泥塑的一般，直坐到二更多天，方才睡了。一宿无话。

Nightingale and Snowgoose have already known Mascara Jade's character: at loose, she sat depressedly, either frowned or sighed. With noting wrong, she kept crying for no reason. At first, someone tried to persuade her; or afraid that she missed her parents and hometown and was wronged, someone comforted her by soft words. It is unexpected that in the years that followed she has been always like this. Be accustomed to seeing this scene, people didn't make comments on her. So everyone paid no attention to her, went to sleep, and just let her sit alone. Mascara Jade Forest leaned against the rail of the bed and clasped her hands over her knees with tears in her eyes, looking like a wood carving or a stone statue. She sat up until the midnight before she went to bed. No one spoke all night. --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 12:38, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Nightingale and Snowgoose have already known Mascara Jade's character: at loose, she sat depressedly, either frowning or sighing. With noting wrong, she kept crying for no reason. At first, someone tried to persuade her, or afraid that she missed her parents and hometown and was hurt. Someone comforted her by soft words. It is unexpected that year by year what followed was that she had been always like this. Be accustomed to seeing this scene, people didn't make comments on her. So everyone paid no attention to her, went to sleep, and just let her sit alone. Mascara Jade Forest leaned against the rail of the bed and clasped her hands over her knees with tears in her eyes like a wood carving or a stone statue. She sat up until the midnight before she went to bed. No one spoke all night.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 12:16, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
至次日乃是四月二十六日，原来这日未时交芒种节。尚古风俗：凡交芒种节的这日，都要设摆各色礼物，祭饯花神，言芒种一过，便是夏日了，众花皆卸，花神退位，须要饯行。闺中更兴这件风俗，所以大观园中之人，都早起来了。那些女孩子们，或用花瓣柳枝编成轿马的，或用绫锦纱罗叠成干旄旌幢的，都用彩线系了。每一棵树，每一枝花上，都系了这些物事。满园里绣带飘飘，花枝招展。

Tomorrow was April 26th. Grain in Ear started during the period of the day from1 p.m. to 3 p.m. There were some ancient customs that day: people need to prepare different kinds of presents to sacrifice flora. After the Grain in Ear, summer days came. People in Grand View Garden all got up early because they attached great importance to this custom. As all the flowers withered and the flora stepped down, a farewell dinner was needed. Those girls used colorful ribbons, which were made of blossoms and willow branches to weave into horses or silk and satin folded into shields and flags, to tie on every tree and every flower. Ribbons fluttered and branches stuck out in the garden.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 08:49, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Tomorrow was April 26th.There were some ancient customs that day: people need to prepare different kinds of presents to sacrifice flora. After the Grain in Ear, summer days came. People in Grand View Garden all got up early because they attached great importance to this custom. As all the flowers withered and the flora stepped down, a farewell dinner was needed. Those girls used colorful ribbons, which were made of blossoms and willow branches to weave into horses or silk and satin folded into shields and flags, to tie on every tree and every flower. Ribbons fluttered and branches stuck out in the garden.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 01:50, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
更兼这些人打扮的桃羞杏让，燕妒莺惭，一时也道不尽。且说宝钗、迎春、探春、惜春、李纨、凤姐等并大姐儿、香菱与众丫鬟们，都在园里玩耍，独不见林黛玉，迎春因说道：“林妹妹怎么不见？好个懒丫头！这会子还睡觉不成？”宝钗道：“你们等着，等我去闹了他来。”说着，便丢了众人，一直往潇湘馆来。正走着，只见文官等十二个女孩子也来了，上来问了好，说了一回闲话。

What's more, these people dress up like peaches and apricots, and the swallow is jealous and the warbler is ashamed. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass、Spring Pleasure Merchant、Seeking-Spring Merchant、Spring-cherish Merchant、Silk Plum、Splendid Phoenix King, together with eldest sister, Wiselotus Potterymaker and all the servant girls, were playing in the garden, but only Mascara Jade Forest was not seen. Spring Pleasure Merchant said, "why is Mascara Jade Forest missing? What a lazy girl! Can't you sleep at this meeting?" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "wait until I make him come." Then she got rid of the crowd and went directly to Xiaoxiang hall. As she was walking, twelve girls, including civil servants, coming up to say hello and gossip.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 12:11, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

What's more, these people dressed up so stunning and shining as if they were peaches and apricots, and the swallow was jealous and the warbler was ashamed. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass、Spring Pleasure Merchant、Seeking-Spring Merchant、Spring-cherish Merchant、Silk Plum、Splendid Phoenix King, together with eldest sister, Wiselotus Potterymaker and all the servant girls, were playing in the garden, but only Mascara Jade Forest has not turned up yet. Spring Pleasure Merchant said, "why did not Mascara Jade Forest come? She must be a lazy girl! Should she be sleeping now?" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "Just wait. If so, I will wake her up and take her here." Then she left the crowd and went straight to Xiaoxiang hall. As she was walking, twelve girls, including civil servants, came up to say hello and gossip.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 12:15, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei马菲菲==
宝钗回身指道：“他们都在那里呢，你们找他们去；我找林姑娘去，就来。”说着，逶迤往潇湘馆来。忽然抬头见宝玉进去了，宝钗便站住，低头想了一想：“宝玉和林黛玉是从小儿一处长大，他兄妹间多有不避嫌疑之处，嘲笑不忌，喜怒无常；况且黛玉素昔猜忌，好弄小性儿的，此刻自己也跟了进去，一则宝玉不便，二则黛玉嫌疑，倒是回来的妙。”想毕，抽身回来。

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass turned her back and pointed:“They are all out there; You can go there and find them. I will come to find Mascara Jade Forest. Just wait for a second, and I will come back soon.” As Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, she wound her way up to Xiaoxiang hall. She was rearing her head when Precious Jade Merchant entered the room. Seeing this, she thought it twice and said to herself:“ Mascara Jade Forest and Precious Jade Merchant have known each other since childhood. They grew up as if they were brothers and sisters, so it is clear that they both do not have a sense of personal boundaries for each other and share with all feelings together including changeable temperature. Also, Mascara Jade Fores tended to be suspicious and paranoid. If I follow him into the house right now, causing inconvenience to Precious Jade Merchant for we are not that familiar with each other is one thing, and suspicion and jealousy from Mascara Jade Forest is another. So I had better return right now.” Then, she decided to come back.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 11:56, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
刚要寻别的姊妹去，忽见面前一双玉色蝴蝶，大如团扇，一上一下，迎风翩跹，十分有趣。宝钗意欲扑了来玩耍，遂向袖中取出扇子来，向草地下来扑。只见那一双蝴蝶，忽起忽落，来来往往，将欲过河去了。倒引的宝钗蹑手蹑脚的，一直跟到池边滴翠亭上，香汗淋漓，娇喘细细。宝钗也无心扑了，刚欲回来，只听那亭里边嘁嘁喳喳有人说话。原来这亭子四面俱是游廊曲栏，盖在池中水上，四面雕镂槅子，糊着纸。

As soon as Precious Hairpin went to meet other sisters, appearing in front of her were a pair of butterflies colored like jade. They were as big as round fans and switching their positions up and down in the air, like dancing. Seeing this, Precious Hairpin had a desire to grab these butterflies to play. So she took a fan out of her sleeves and tried to catch butterflies on the grass. But this pair suddenly rose and suddenly fell, up and down, back and forth, even crossing the river, which made Precious Hairpin creep all along the way up to Dicui Pavilion with dripping sweat and ragged breathing. As a result, she gave up catching these butterflies and felt like coming back. But just at that moment, she heard somebody talking and whispering in the pavilion. This pavilion, which stood in the center of the pool, was surrounded by covered corridors on four sides and had papered windows on all four sides. —[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 05:25, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
宝钗在亭外听见说话，便煞住脚，往里细听，只听说道：“你瞧这手帕子果然是你丢的那块，你就拿着；要不是，就还芸二爷去。”又有一人说话：“可不是我那块！拿来给我罢。”又听道：“你拿什么谢我呢？难道白找了来不成？”又答道：“我已经许了谢你，自然是不哄你的。”又听说道：“我找了来给你，自然谢我；但只是那拣的人，你就不谢他么？”

Precious Merchant Jade hears this from outside of the window and stoped, and listens more carefully. One says:" Check this handkerchief, If it is the one you have lost, you keep it,but if it's not, then you give it back to Non-success Sir Zhong." And then another says:" This is the one of mine! Give it back to me." Then one responses:" What repay will you give me? You want me to find it for nothing?" Then it comes the answer:" I have already promised to Give you my gratitude, and of course that's not empty." Then the other responses:" I found it for you, naturally, you have to give me your gratitude, But what about the one who picked it up? Don't you plan to thank him, too?"

==Wei jingting 魏静婷==
那一个又说道：“你别胡说。他是个爷们家，拣了我们的东西，自然该还的。叫我拿什么谢他呢？”又听说道：“你不谢他，我怎么回他呢？况且他再三再四的和我说了，若没谢的，不许我给你呢。”半晌，又听说道：“也罢，拿我这个给他，算谢他的罢。你要告诉别人呢？须说一个誓。”又听说道：“我要告诉人，嘴上就长一个疔，日后不得好死！”

Another one said again:"Don't speak arbitrarily. He is a good man. He picked our things, he should return which to to us. What should I give to him to thanks for him?" Heard again:"If you don't thanks for him, what should I tell about him? And he said to me over and over again. If you don't express your thanks, he will not allow me to give things to you." A moment later, heard again:"Whatever, picking mine for him to express my thanks. In case you tell others, you must swear."
heard again:"If I tell others about this, there will be a blister on my mouth and I will be not able to die a natural death."--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 11:27, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Another one said again:"Don't speak arbitrarily. He is such a real man. He picked our things, he should return which to to us. What should I give to him to thanks for him?" Heard again:"If you don't thanks to him, what should I tell about him? And he said to me over and over again. If you don't express your thanks, he will not allow me to give things to you." A moment later, heard again:"Whatever, picking mine for him to express my thanks. In case you tell others, you must swear."
heard again:"If I tell others about this, there will be a blister on my mouth and I will be not able to die a natural death."--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 12:05, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
又听说道：“嗳呀！咱们只顾说话，看有人来悄悄的在外头听见。不如把这槅子都推开了，便是人见咱们在这里，他们只当我们说玩话呢。走到跟前，咱们也看的见，就别说了。”宝钗外面听见这话，心中吃惊，想道：“怪道从古至今那些奸淫狗盗的人，心机都不错。这一开了，见我在这里，他们岂不臊了？况且说话的语音，大似宝玉房里红儿的言语。

Heard again，“Oh，we are too focused on talking，it seems that someone is listening outside. Why not just open the door，if someone see us here，they just think we are jokng.” Hearing this dialogue outside，Precious Hairpin Marshgrass was surprised and thought that“It is no wonder that adulterers and thieves through the ages have their own wisdom. When they open the door and see me standing here，they must be ashamed. Besides，the voice is like the Little Red from Precious Jade Merchant’s house.”--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 14:02, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

She heard them talking again，“Oh，we are too focused on talking to see someone is overhearing outside. we'd better just open the door.In that case if someone see us here，they just think we are jokng.But when he comes in front of us,we can see him to terminate our conversation.” Hearing this outside，Precious Hairpin Marshgrass was surprised and thought that“It is no wonder that adulterers and thieves through the ages have their own wisdom. When they open the door and see me standing here，won't they be ashamed. Besides，the voice is the just girl, Little Red ,from Precious Jade Merchant’s house.”-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 14:58, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
他素昔眼空心大，是个头等刁钻古怪东西，今儿我听了他的短儿，‘人急造反，狗急跳墙’，不但生事，而且我还没趣。如今便赶着躲了，料也躲不及，少不得要使个‘金蝉脱壳’的法子。”犹未想完，只听“咯吱”一声，宝钗便故意放重了脚步，笑着叫道：“颦儿！我看你往那里藏！”一面说，一面故意往前赶。那亭内的小红坠儿刚一推窗，只听宝钗如此说着往前赶，两个人都唬怔了。

She was always so arrogant that became excessively trick and odd.That today I overheard her seceret accidentally not only makes trouble but makes me tiresome, as the saying,'People rush to revolt as dogs rush to jump over the wall'.I presume I can't hide even if I want to, so it'd better impletement the escape plan.Without thinking more,Precious Harpin intentionally stepped up accompanied by the noise of groaning and creaking.She then smiled and yelled"My sister,I see where you are hiding."She continued dashing on purpose as she was yelling.Upon Little Red and Lassock Drop in the gloriette pushed the window, only to hear Precious Hairpin saying as above when going ahead,the two girls were both startling.-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 16:06, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

She was always so arrogant and excessively trick and odd.That today I overheard her seceret accidentally not only makes trouble but makes me tiresome, as the saying,'People rush to revolt as dogs rush to jump over the wall'.I presume that I can't hide even if I want to, so it'd better impletement an escaping plan.Without thinking a lot,Precious Harpin intentionally stepped up accompanied by the noise of groaning and creaking.She then smiled and yelled"My sister,that's where I see you hiding."She hurried on as she was yelling.Upon Little Red and Lassock Drop in the gloriette pushed the window,only to hear Precious Hairpin saying as above when going ahead，both ofthem were startling.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 11:34, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
宝钗反向他二人笑道：“你们把林姑娘藏在那里了？”坠儿道：“何曾见林姑娘了？”宝钗道：“我才在河那边看着林姑娘在这里蹲着弄水儿呢。我要悄悄的唬他一跳，还没有走到跟前，他倒看见我了，朝东一绕，就不见了。别是藏在里头了？”一面说，一面故意进去，寻了一寻，抽身就走，口内说道：“一定又钻在山子洞里去了。遇见蛇，咬一口也罢了。”

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass smiled at them and said, "Where have you hidden Mascara Jade?" "Have we ever seen her here?" said Lassock Drop.Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "I was just watching Jade on the other side of the river. I wanted to frighten her quietly, but before I came to the front, she saw me first, turned east, and disappeared. She's not hiding in there, is she?" As she spoke she went to look for it on purpose, and then went away, saying, "I am sure she is hiding in the cave again. Be careful not to touch the snake inside and get bitten."--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 08:39, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin smiled at them and said, "Where have you hidden Mascara Jade?" "Have we ever seen her here?" said Lassock Drop. Precious Hairpin said, "I just saw Miss Lin squatting here splashing water. I wanted to play a trick on her quietly, but she saw me first before I came to the front. Then she turned east and went away. So she's not hiding in there, is she?" Speaking, she wormed in on purpose. Looking around for a second, she turned back and then went away. "I am sure she is hiding in the cave again. Be careful not to touch the snake inside and get bitten," said Precious Hairpin.--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 10:30, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
一面说，一面走，心中又好笑：“这件事算遮过去了，不知他二人是怎样？” 谁知小红听了宝钗的话，便信以为真，让宝钗去远，便拉坠儿道：“了不得了！林姑娘蹲在这里，一定听了话去了！”坠儿听了，也半日不言语。小红又道：“这可怎么样呢？”坠儿道：“便听见了，管谁筋疼，各人干各人的就完了。”小红道：“若是宝姑娘听见还倒罢了；林姑娘嘴里又爱克薄人，心里又细，他一听见了，倘或走露了，怎么样呢？”

Saying and walking, Precious Hairpin found it funny, “Now this thing had been done perfunctorily, but what will they think about it?”God knows Little Red would have believed what Precious Hairpin had said. Watching Precious Hairpin going beyond, Little Red pulled at Lassock Drop and said, “Oh! How can we deal with it! Miss Lin must have heard the whole thing if she had been squatting here!” Hearing this, Lassock Drop kept silence for a long period. Again Little Red said, “What should we do!” Lassock Drop answered, “She would hear it when she hear it. Just accomplish our own work and leave others alone.” Little Red affirmed, “It would be much better for Miss Bao to hear this. Miss Lin is undermining in mouth and scrupulous in heart. If she had heard about this and disclose it to others, what should we do?”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 10:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Saying and walking, Precious Hairpin found it funny, “Now this thing could be bluffed, but what will they think about it?”But Little Red believed what Precious Hairpin had said. Watching Precious Hairpin going beyond, Little Red pulled at Lassock Drop and said, “Oh! How can we deal with it! Miss Lin must have heard the whole thing if she had been squatting here!” Hearing this, Lassock Drop kept silence for a long period. Again Little Red said, “What should we do!” Lassock Drop answered, “She would hear it when she hear it. Just accomplish our own work and leave others alone.” Little Red affirmed, “It would be much better for Miss Bao to hear this. Miss Lin is undermining in mouth and scrupulous in heart. If she had heard about this and disclose it to others, what should we do?”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 10:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC)--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 10:06, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
二人正说看，只见文官、香菱、司棋、侍书等上亭子来了。二人只得掩住这话，且和他们玩笑。只见凤姐儿站在山坡上招手叫，小红连忙弃了众人，跑至凤姐前，堆着笑问：“奶奶使唤做什么事？”凤姐打量了一回，见他生的干净俏丽，说话知趣，因笑道：“我的丫头们今儿没跟进我来。我这会子想起一件事来，要使唤个人出去，不知你能干不能干？说的齐全不齐全？”

While the two were talking ,Literal Officer,Controling Board and Book Server went over to the pavilion.The two had to stop talking and joined them for fun.Seeing Sister Phonix waving and shouting in the hillside ,Little Red left the crowd hurriedly and ran to Phonix,asked with a piled smile :"What does Grandma call me to do ?"Phonix looked him up and down and found that he was a handsome and clean boy with humorous and interesting manners of speaking.She goggled and said :"My girl maids didn't follow me today.A thing occured to me and I would love to call someone out to go on errands.I wandered whether you could do it for me and whether you could speak coherently and neatly"--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 09:58, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

While the two were talking, Literal Officer, The Abandoned, Controling Board and Book Server went over to the pavilion. They had to stop and joined them for fun. Seeing Sister Phoenix waving and calling in the hillside, Little Red left the group hurriedly and ran to her, asking all smiles, "Lady, what are you asking for?" Phoenix looked her up and down and found her handsome, clean with humorous and interesting speaking manners. She goggled and said, "My girl maids don't follow me here today. But a thing occured to me and I want someone out for errands. Are you capable? Can you speak coherently and neatly?"--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 12:29, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
小红笑道：“奶奶有什么话，只管吩咐我说去；若说的不齐全，误了奶奶的事，任凭奶奶责罚就是了。”凤姐笑道：“你是那位姑娘房里的？我使你出去，他回来找你，我好替你说。”小红道：“我是宝二爷房里的。”凤姐听了笑道：“嗳哟！你原来是宝玉房里的，怪道呢。也罢了，等他问，我替你说。你到我们家告诉你平姐姐，外头屋里桌子上汝窑盘子架儿底下放着一卷银子，那是一百二十两，给绣匠的工价，等张材家的来，当面秤给他瞧了，再给他拿去。

Little Red smiled and replied, "If Lady wants to pass on meaasges, just order me to. If the word is not properly, wholly sent and delays Lady's business, Lady can punish me as you wish." Sister Phoenix asked, smiling, "Whose room are you serving in? I asked you out and if he can't find you, I can say it for you." Little Red replied, "I serve in Young Master Precious Jade's room." Sister Phoenix smiled again, "Aye! You serve in his room, no wonder you're clever. OK, if he asks, I will tell him. Now you go to my house and tell Patience that there's some silver under the Ru kiln plates rack on the outer house table, 120 liang in total. It's the wage for the embroiderers. When Zhang Cai's wife comes, the money must be weighted in the presence of her wife before she takes the money."--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 08:31, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Little Red smiled and replied, "If Lady wants to pass on meaasges, just order me to. If the word is not properly, wholly sent and delays Lady's business, Lady can punish me as you wish." Sister Phoenix asked, smiling, "Whose room are you serving in? I asked you out and if she can't find you, I can explain for you." Little Red replied, "I serve in Young Master Precious Jade's room." Sister Phoenix smiled again, "Aye! You serve in his room, no wonder! OK, if he asks, I will tell him. Now you go to my house and tell Patience that there's some silver under the Ru kiln plates rack on the outer house table, 120 liang in total. It's the wage for the embroiderers. When Zhang Cai's wife comes, the money must be weighted in her presence before she takes it.--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
再里头床头儿上有个小荷包，拿了来。” 小红听说，答应着，撤身去了。不多时回来了，只见凤姐不在这山坡上了，因见司棋从山洞里出来，站着系带子，便赶来问道：“姐姐，不知道二奶奶往那里去了？”司棋道：“没理论。”小红听了，回身又往四下里一看，只见那边探春宝钗在池边看鱼，小红上来陪笑道：“姑娘们可知道二奶奶刚才那里去了？”探春道：“往你大奶奶院里找去。”

And there is a small pouch in the bed of the inner room--You then go and fetch me that.” On hearing of Sister Phenix’s demand, Little Red promises and leaves, then comes back shortly after without seeing Sister Phenix on the slope. She rushes to Controlling Board who just came out of the cave and stops now lacing stress. “Sister, do you know where did the young mistress go?” asks Little Red. “I didn’t notice.” Controlling Board replies. Hearing that, Little Red turns back, looks around again and finds that Seeking-Spring and Precious Hairpin are watching fish out there by a pond. Little Red approaches and asks with courteous smile: “Ladies, I wondered if you would know where the young mistress went just now?” “Try your old mistress’s house.” Seeking-Spring replies.--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

And there is a small pouch in the bed of the inner room--You then go to fetch me that.” On hearing of Sister Phenix’s demand, Little Red promises and leaves, then comes back shortly after without seeing Sister Phenix on the slope. She rushes to Controlling Board who just came out of the cave and stops now lacing stress. “Sister, do you know where did the young mistress go?” asks Little Red. “I didn’t notice.” Controlling Board replies. Hearing that, Little Red turns back, looks around again and finds that Seeking-Spring and Precious Hairpin are watching by a pond. Little Red approaches and asks with courteous smile, “Ladies, I wondered if you would know where the young mistress went just now?” “Try your old mistress’s house.” Seeking-Spring replies.--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 12:42, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
小红听了，再往稻香村来，顶头只见晴雯、绮霞、碧痕、秋纹、麝月、侍书、入画、莺儿等一群人来了。晴雯一见小红，便说道：“你只是疯罢！院子里花儿也不浇，雀儿也不喂，茶炉子也不弄，就在外头逛。”小红道：“昨儿二爷说了，今儿不用浇花，过一日浇一回罢。我喂雀儿的时候，姐姐还睡觉呢。”

Hearing it,Little Red intends to make her way to Rice Garden but meets a coming group of people coincidentally including Sunny Cloud Formation,Beautiful Sunset,Turquoise Mark,Autumn Vein,Musk Deer Month,Book Server,Beautiful Senery and Maid Oriole.Sunny Cloud Formation blames Little Red as soon as she notices her that,"You are nearly insane!You didn't water the flowers,feed the birds or prepare the tea pot! Wandering outside is the only thing you have done!"Little Red retorted," Yesterday,the second youngest master of the house told me that I don't have to water flowers today. Instead, they should be watered every two days. As for the birds feeding, while I was doing it, you were asleep!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 14:49, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing it,Little Red intends to make her way to Rice Garden but meets a coming group of people coincidentally including Sunny Cloud Formation,Beautiful Sunset,Turquoise Mark,Autumn Vein,Musk Deer Month,Book Server,Beautiful Senery and Maid Oriole.Sunny Cloud Formation blames Little Red as soon as she notices her that,"You are nearly insane!You didn't water the flowers,feed the birds or prepare the tea pot! Wandering outside is the only thing you have done!"Little Red retorted," Yesterday,the second youngest master of the house told me that I don't have to water flowers today. Instead, they should be watered every two days. As for the birds feeding, while I was doing it, you were asleep!"-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 06:32, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
碧痕道：“茶炉子呢？”小红道：“今儿不该我的班儿，有茶没茶，你问我。”绮霞道：“你听听他的嘴！你们别说了，让他逛罢。”小红道：“你们再问问，我逛了没逛？二奶奶才使唤我说话取东西去的。”说着，将荷包举给他们看，方没言语了。大家走开。晴雯冷笑道：“怪道呢！原来爬上高枝儿去了，把我们不放在眼里了。”

Turquoise Mark said, “where is the teapot?” Little Red replied, “I'm not on duty today. I don't know if there's tea.” Beautiful Sunset said, “Listen to what he has to say! Stop talking and let him browse.” Little Red said, “you ask this again. Did I browse? The second youngest lady asked me to take it.” "She said, holding out the pouch for them to see, and then fell silent. Everyone was went away. Sunny Cloud Formation laughed at her, “so that’s it. It turns out you get upgraded, so you don't take us seriously.”-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 06:31, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Turquoise Mark said, “where is the teapot?” Little Red replied, “I'm not on duty today. I don't know if there was tea.” Beautiful Sunset said, “Listen to what she has said! Stop talking and let her browse.” Little Red said, “Could you ask this again? Did I browse? The second youngest lady have asked me to bring something.” "She said, holding out the pouch for them seeing. All of them kept silent. Everyone went away. Sunny Cloud Formation laughed at her, “So that’s it. It turns out that she has got upgraded, and has no need to take us seriously.”--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:07, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220314 homework

2022-03-18T12:12:20Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 */

CULTURE2022 20220307 homework

2022-03-13T15:01:50Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ma Feifei 马菲菲 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
赵姨娘叹口气道：“你瞧，那里头还有块成样的么？就有好东西也到不了我这里。你不嫌不好，挑两块去就是了。”马道婆便挑了几块，掖在怀里。赵姨娘又问：“前日我打发人送了五百钱去，你可在药王面前上了供没有？”马道婆道：“早已替你上了供了。”赵姨娘叹气道：“阿弥陀佛！我手里但凡从容些，也时常来上供，只是‘心有余而力不足’。”

The Lady Dowager sighed, "See, is there any good one?If there was something precious, it would not belong to me. However, you can pick some if you like." So Taoist Ma put some in her arms. "Several days ago, I have sent 500 cash for you to offer up a sacrifice to the Medicine King. Have you finished it yet?" the Lady Dowager asks. Taoist Ma replies, "I've already done it yet." The Lady Dowager sighed again, " Amitabha! I could usually offer up my sacrifice if my money was enough. Actually, I have no extra money to do that."--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:28, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
The Lady Dowager sighed, "See, is there any intact one? Even if there was something precious, it would not be delivered to me. However, you can pick some if you like." So Taoist Ma put the one she single out in her arms. "Several days ago, I have sent 500 cash for you to offer up a sacrifice to the Medicine King,have you finished it yet?" the Lady Dowager asks. Taoist Ma replies, "I've already done it yet." The Lady Dowager sighed again, " Amitabha! I could usually offer up my sacrifice if I could afford doing so. But the opposite is true"--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 11:22, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
马道婆道：“你只放心，将来熬的环哥大了，得了一官半职，那时你要做多大功德，还怕不能么？”赵姨娘听了笑道：“罢，罢！再别提起，如今就是榜样儿。我们娘儿们跟的上这屋里那一个儿？宝玉儿还是小孩子家，长的得人意儿，大人偏疼他些儿，也还罢了；我只不服这个主儿！”一面说，一面伸了两个指头。马道婆会意，便问道：“可是琏二奶奶？”

Taoist Ma said:"Rest assured that if you are promoted in your position when Cymbidium Merchant is old in the future,will you worry about how much merit you can make?"The Lady Dowager laughed and said:"Stop!Stop!Never mention it,this is the lesson. Can we keep up with the one in the room?Let it be that adults favor Precious Jade a little as he is still a good-looking child.There is only one master I defy!"she said,stretching out two fingers.Taoist Ma nodded and asked: "Is it Romance Merchant?"--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 10:30, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
Taoist Ma said:"Rest assured that if you are promoted in your position when Cymbidium Merchant is old in the future,will you worry about how much merit you can make?"The Lady Dowager laughed and said:"Quit it! Quit it! Never mention it again,this is the lesson. Who in this room can we ladies keep up with? Let it be that adults spoil Precious Jade a little as he is still a good-looking child.There is only one master I defy!"she said,stretching out two fingers.Taoist Ma nodded and asked: "You mean Romance Merchant?"--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 13:29, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
赵姨娘唬的忙摇手，起身掀帘子一看，见无人，方回身向道婆说：“了不得，了不得！提起这个主儿，这一分家私要不都叫他搬了娘家去，我也不是个人。”马道婆见说，便探他的口气道：“我还用你说？难道都看不出来。也亏你们心里也不理论，只凭他去。倒也好。”赵姨娘道：“我的娘！不凭他去，难道谁还敢把他怎么样呢？”
The Lady Dowager is so surprised that she shakes her hands in terror. After standing up and opening the curtain to find no one, she then turns around in relief and says to Taoist Ma " Bless my! Bless my! When it comes to this big shot, I have to say that I won't even be humane if he didn't take all the personal property to his hometown after the division." Listening to this, the Taoist Ma then says tentatively " Do I need you to tell me this? Isn't it obvious for all of us to notice that? You deserve it for you don't complain deep in your heart and just let it go. Anyway, maybe it's better though." The Lady Dowager says with a sigh "My lord! What alternative do we have if we don't let him go? Does anybody has any ways to cope with this troublemaker?”--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 13:45, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

The Lady Dowager is so surprised that she shakes her hands in terror. After standing up and opening the curtain to find no one, she then turns around in relief and says to Taoist Ma " O my god! When it comes to this troublemaker , I have to say that I won't even be humane if he didn't shift all the property to his mother’s houses after the division." Listening to this, the Taoist Ma then says tentatively " Certainly! How obvious! You deserve it for you don't complain deep in your heart and just let it go. Anyway, maybe it's better though." The Lady Dowager is irritated, "My lord! Which alternative do we have from let him go to let him go?”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 03:05, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
马道婆道：“不是我说句造孽的话，你们没本事！也难怪。明里不敢怎样，暗里也算计了，还等到如今！”赵姨娘闻听这话里有话，心内暗暗的欢喜，便说道：“怎么暗里算计？我倒有这个心，只是没这样的能干人。你若教给我这法子，我大大的谢你。”马道婆听了这话打拢了一处．便又故意说道：“阿弥陀佛！你快休问我，我那里知道这些事？罪罪过过的。”赵姨娘道：“你又来了。

The Taoist Ma said,” Frankly speaking, you have no ability so that you dare not tackle openly but have done something in secret, still waiting.” After listening,the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart , said,” In secret? I wanted but had no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways.” Sensing that they both had same thing in mind, Ma pretended,” Amida Buddha! Don’t ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!” The Lady Dowager said:” Again? You could!”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 09:35, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

The Taoist Ma said,"Frankly speaking,you really can't handle! Even though you dare not tackle openly, you should have done something secretly, how should you wait till now?." Feeling that Taoist Ma meant something, the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart, said,"In secret? I did want but have no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways." Hearing these words, the Taoist Ma had some ideas, but pretended," Amida Buddha! Don't ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!" The Lady Dowager said:" Here you go again!--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:20, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
你是最肯济困扶危的人，难道就眼睁睁的看人家来摆布死了我们娘儿两个不成？难道还怕我不谢你么？”马道婆听如此，便笑道：“若说我不忍你们娘儿两个受别人委屈，还犹可，若说谢，我还想你们什么东西么？”赵姨娘听这话松动了些，便说：“你这么个明白人，怎么糊涂了？果然法子灵验，把他两人绝了，这家私还怕不是我们的。那时候你要什么不得呢？”

You are the most warmhearted person, how could you just sit and watch us two being tricked to death by others? Or you are afraid that I won't thank you?" The Daoist Ma heard that, laughed:"If you say I don't want you be bullied by others, that makes sense. But how could you think that I want something from you? The Lady Dowager heard she shaked a little, added:"You are a smart people, why are you confused? If your method works and cornered these two, afriad what the belongings won't be us? Then you may have anything."--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:05, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

You are such a kind person, always helping those in trouble. Are you prepared to stand by and watch us two being made mincemeat of by others? Or are you afraid that I won't pay you?" The Abbess Ma heard that and then laughed:" If you was to say that I am too tender-hearted to stand by and watch you two being wronged, you would be saying no more nor less than the truth. But I don’t know what you mean about pay, how could you think that I want to get something from you?" Aunt Zhao wavered in her mind and then added:" You are such a wise person, how could you be rather stupid now? If your method works well and cornered these two people, are you still afraid that all the belongings won't be ours? At that time you can get everything you want."--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 08:47, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
马道婆听了，低头半日，说：“那时节事情妥当了，又无凭据，你还理我呢。”赵姨娘说：“这有何难？我攒了几两体己，还有些衣服首饰，你先拿几样去；我再写个欠银文契给你，到那时，我照数给你。”马道婆道：“使得。” 赵姨娘将一个小丫头也支开，连忙开了箱柜，将衣服首饰拿了些出来，并体己散碎银子，又写了五十两一张欠约，递与马道婆道：“你先拿去作个供养。”

Hearing that, Abbess Ma lowered her head for a while, and finally answered:“ When that time comes and you’re safely landed and I have no proof, you won’t want to have anything more to do with me.” Aunt Zhao said:“ That’s not a problem! I’ve got a few taels put by of my own savings and a bunch of clothes and jewelry. You can take some of each to be getting on with and I can give you an IOU promising to pay you so much later on.” Abbess Ma answered:“ Okay.” Aunt Zhao ordered the last slave girl out to do something with an excuse, hurried to open her cabinet and picked a number of clothes and jewelry, also with some taels of silver. Besides, she sealed an IOU of fifty taels of silver to Abbess Ma and said:“ You could take these as living expenses.”--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 12:44, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing that, Taoist Ma lowered her head for a while, and finally answered:“ When that time comes and you’re safely landed and I have no proof, you won’t want to have anything more to do with me.” The lady Dowage said:“ That’s not a problem! I’ve got a few taels put by of my own savings and a bunch of clothes and jewelry. You can take some of them and I'll give you an IOU promising to pay you so much later on.” Taoist Ma answered:“ That's good.” The lady Dowage ordered the maid out, hurried to open her cabinet and picked a number of clothes and jewelry, also with some taels of silver. Besides, she sealed an IOU of fifty taels of silver to Taoist Ma and said:“ You could take these as living expenses.”--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 08:29, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

<nowiki></nowiki>==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
马道婆见了这些东西，又有欠字，遂不顾青红皂白，满口应承，伸手先将银子拿了，然后收了欠契。向赵姨娘要了张纸，拿剪子铰了两个纸人儿，递与赵姨娘，叫把他二人的年庚，写在上面；又找了一张蓝纸，铰了五个青面鬼，叫他并在一处，拿针钉了：“我在家中作法，自有效验的。”说完，忽见王夫人的丫头进来道：“奶奶可在这里，太太等你呢。”二人散了，不在话下。

Seeing these things and the IOU, Taoist Ma promised readily regardless of thinking. She reached out and took the silver first, and then took the IOU in. She asked The lady Dowager for a piece of paper, took the scissors and sheared two paper figures. Then she handed them to the lady Dowager, and asked her to write the two's birth years on it. Then she found a piece of blue paper and sheared five green-faced ghosts, asking her to put them together and nailed them with a needle. "I will do the spell at home and make it. " When she finished, she saw Lady King's maid suddenly came in and said, " Taoist really is here. Lady King is waiting for you." So the two dispersed.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 09:34, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Seeing these things and the IOC, Taoist Horse promised, promised and promised regardless of the difference between right and wrong. She reached out and took the silver first, and then received the IOU. She asked Lady Dowager for a piece of paper, took the scissors and sheared two paper figures. Then she handed them to Lady Dowager, and asked her to write the two's time of birth on it. Then she found a piece of blue paper to shear five green-faced ghosts, and asked Lady Dowager to put and sew them up with a needle and thread . "I will practice a witchcraft at home and it will be efficacious. " When Taoist Horse finished saying, she saw Lady King's maid suddenly coming in to say " Madam is here. Lady King is waiting for you." So they said goodbye and went their several ways.——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 12:56, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
却说林黛玉因宝玉烫了脸不大出门，倒时常在一处说闲话儿。这日饭后，看了两篇书，又同紫鹃等作了一会针线，总闷闷不舒，一同信步出来看庭前才迸出的新笋。不觉出了院门，来到园中，四望无人，惟见花光鸟语，信步便往怡红院来。只见几十丫头舀水，都在过廓上看画眉洗澡呢。听见房内笑声，原来是李宫裁、凤姐、宝钗都在这里。一见他进来，都笑道：“这不又来了两个。”

Mascara Jade Forest seldomly went out since Precious Jade's face was scalded, while she passed the time chatting with Precious Jade frequently now. One day after meals, Mascara Jade read pieces of writing, and then sewed with Nightingale for a while, but always felt moody. Accompanying with Nightingale, Mascara Jade wandered in front of the countryard to watch the new-sprouted bamboo shoots. She unconsciously walked out the Bamboo Lodge and came to the yard where Mascara Jade meet no one but the scent of the flowers and the chirps of the birds, then she strolled to the Happy Red Court. Mascara Jade saw dozens of maids watching the melodious laughingthrush wash itself as they scooped up water in the corridor. Hearing the laughter from the house, she knew that Silk Plum, Splendid Phoenix King and Precious Hairpin Marsh grass were all here. As Mascara Jade entered the room, all of them said with smiling, "There are two more coming. "——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 09:11, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade Forest seldomly went out since Precious Jade's face was scalded, while she passed the time chatting with Precious Jade frequently now. One day after meals, Mascara Jade read pieces of writing, and then sewed with Nightingale for a while, but always felt moody. Accompanying with Nightingale, Mascara Jade wandered in front of the countryard to watch the new-sprouted bamboo shoots. She unconsciously walked out the Bamboo Lodge and came to the yard where Mascara Jade meet no one but the scent of the flowers and the chirps of the birds, then she strolled to the Happy Red Court. Mascara Jade saw dozens of maids watching the melodious laughingthrush wash itself as they scooped up water in the corridor. Hearing the laughter from the house, she knew that Silk Plum, Splendid Phoenix King and Precious Hairpin Marsh grass were all here. As Mascara Jade entered the room, all of them said with smiling, "There are two more coming. "--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 04:05, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
黛玉笑道：“今儿齐全，谁下帖子请的？”凤姐道：“我前日打发人送两瓶茶叶与姑娘，可还好么？”黛玉道：“我正忘了，多谢想着。”宝玉道：“我尝了不好，不知别人尝了怎么样。”宝钗道：“味倒好，只是没甚颜色。”凤姐道：“那是暹罗国贡的。我尝了也不觉甚好，还不如我们常吃的呢。”黛玉道：“我吃着好，不知你们的脾胃是怎样的？”宝玉道：“你说好，把我的都拿了去吃罢。”

Mascara Jade laughed and said: "We are all together today! Who held the gathering? " Phoenix Sister said: "I sent a servant to give you two bottles of tea. How do you think about them?" Mascara Jade replied: "I am just thingking about it. Thank you for concerns." Precious Jade said: "I don't think the tea tastes good, but I don't know others' comments. " Precious Hairpin said: " The taste is good but a little bit common." Phoenix Sister explained: " The tea is tribute from Xian Luo country. I also think it is ordinary, even not as good as what we have in our daily life." Mascara Jade said: "The tea suits my taste. I don't learn much about you favour." Precious Jade said: " If you like the tea, you can take all mine back."--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 09:30, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade laughed and said, “We are all together today. Who invites you guys to be here?” Sister Phoenix said, “I asked a servant to give our Mascara Jade two bottles of tea the day before yesterday. Does it taste good?” Mascara Jade responed, “I almost forget it if you don’t mention it. Thanks for your concern.” Precious Jade said, “I don’t think the tea tastes good, but I don’t know others’ feelings.” Precious Hairpin said, “The taste is good but it looks crude.” Sister Phoenix explained, “The tea is a tributed from Xiao Luo country. I also consider it ordinary, even not so good as what we have in our daily life.” Mascara Jade said, “The tea suits my taste. I am not familiar with your favours.” Precious Jade said, “If you like it, you can take all of mine.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 12:09, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
凤姐道：“我那里还多着的呢。”黛玉道：“我叫丫头取去。”凤姐道：“不用，我打发人送来。我明日还有一事求你，一同叫人送来。” 黛玉听了，笑道：“你们听听，这是吃了他家一点子茶叶，就使唤起人来了。”凤姐笑道：“你既吃了我家的茶，怎么还不给我们家作媳妇儿？”众人都大笑不止。黛玉红了脸，回过头去，一声儿不言语。宝钗笑道：“我们二嫂子的诙谐是好的。”

Sister Phoenix said, “I still get much of it in my place.” Mascara Jade said, “I’ll have my maid go and get some.” Sister Phoenix said, “Don’t bother. I can ask my people to send it to you. Later I’ll beg you to do me a favour and I’ll let my people send the tea, along with it, to you.” Hearing this, Mascara Jade smiled, “Have you guys heard that? I just get a little bit tea from her and she starts to act as my boss.” Sister Phoenix smiled, “Now that you have received my tea, why don’t you marry into our family yet?” People all couldn’t help laughing. Mascara Jade blushed and turned her head, not saying anything. Precious Hairpin smiled, “Our second sister-in-law genuinely has a good sense of humor.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 07:13, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Sister Phoenix said, “I still have much of it in my place.” Mascara Jade responded, “I’ll have my maid go get some.” “Don’t bother. I will ask someone to send it to you. Tomorrow I would like to beg you to do me a favor and the tea will be sent together by then.”continued Sister Phoenix. Hearing this, Mascara Jade smiled, “Have you guys heard that? I just get a little bit tea from her but she starts to act as my boss.” And Sister Phoenix smiled, “Now that you have received my tea, why haven’t you married into our family yet?” People all couldn’t help laughing. Mascara Jade blushed and turned her head back, saying nothing. “Our second sister-in-law genuinely has a good sense of humor.”smiled Precious Hairpin.—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 13:04, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
黛玉道：“什么诙谐，不过是贫嘴贱舌的讨人厌罢了。”说着又啐了一口。凤姐道：“你替我家做了媳妇，少些什么？”指着宝玉道：“你瞧瞧，人物儿配不上？门第儿配不上？根基儿家私配不上？那一点儿玷辱了你？”黛玉起身便走。宝钗叫道：“颦儿急了，还不回来呢！走了倒没意思。”说着，站起来拉住。才至房门，只见赵姨娘和周姨娘两个人都来瞧宝玉。宝玉与众人都起身让坐，独凤姐不理。

Mascara Jade Forest said, "She is not humorous but annoying, addicted to senseless talk." Then she spat again. Sister Phoenix responded, "If you marry Precious Jade Merchant, in which aspect does our family not deserve you?" And pointing at Precious Jade Merchant, she added, "Look! Does he such a person not deserve you? His background not deserve? His wealth? In which aspect does he on earth humiliate you?" After hearing about this, Mascara Jade Forest stood up and walked out. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stopped her, "Frown is embarrassed! How haven't you come back yet? There's no point in leaving." As saying, she got up and was going to grasp Mascara Jade Forest. When Precious Hairpin Marshgrass reached the door, she met Aunt Walk and Aunt Surrounding both of whom came to see Precious Jade Merchant. Precious Jade Merchant and others all stood up and offered their seats except Sister Phoenix, who sat still and ignored them.--[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 09:32, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade Forest said, "She is not humorous but annoying, addicted to senseless talk." Then she spat again. Sister Phoenix responded, "If you become the housewife of our family, in which aspect does our family not deserve you?" And pointing at Precious Jade Merchant, she added, "Look! Does he such a person not deserve you? His background not deserve? His wealth? In which aspect does he on earth humiliate you?" After hearing about this, Mascara Jade Forest stood up and walked out. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stopped her, "Frown is embarrassed! How haven't you come back yet? There's no point in leaving." As saying, she got up and was going to grasp Mascara Jade Forest. When Precious Hairpin Marshgrass reached the door, she met Aunt Walk and Aunt Surrounding both of whom came to see Precious Jade Merchant. Precious Jade Merchant and others all stood up and offered their seats except Sister Phoenix, who sat still and ignored them.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 13:39, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
宝钗正欲说话，只见王夫人房里的丫头来说：“舅太太来了，请奶奶姑娘们出去呢。”李宫裁连忙同着凤姐儿走了。赵周两人也辞了出去。宝玉道：“我不能出去，你们好歹别叫舅母进来。”又说：“林妹妹，你略站一站，与你说句话。”凤姐听了，回头向林黛玉道：“有人叫你说话呢。”便把黛玉往后一推，和李纨一同去了。

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,:"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara Jade Forest and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 08:17, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl came and said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 09:57, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
这里宝玉拉了黛玉的手，只是笑，又不说话。黛玉不觉又红了脸，挣着要走。宝玉道：“嗳哟！好头疼！”黛玉道：“该，阿弥陀佛！”宝玉大叫一声，将身一跳，离地有三四尺高，口内乱嚷，尽是胡话。黛玉并众丫鬟都唬慌了，忙报知王夫人与贾母。此时王子腾的夫人也在这里，都一齐来看。宝玉一发拿刀弄杖，寻死觅活的，闹的天翻地覆。

Here Precious Jade Merchant held Mascara Jade Forest's hands, just smiling but without a word. Mascara flushed and tried to get out from him. Precious Jade exclaimed,"Oh, my head hurts!" Mascara replied,"For your sins! Amitabha!" Suddenly Precious Jade burst out, jumped up a few feet high, exclaimed some meaningless words. Being shocked by his manner, Mascara and the servant girls hurrily told Lady King and Grandma Merchant, who came and saw Precious Jade together with Soar King's wife. And he blows rather vehemently and claimed to suicide, making all in an uproar.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 08:57, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Here Precious Jade Merchant held Mascara Jade Forest's hands, just smiling but without a word. Mascara Jade flushed and tried to get out from him. Precious Jade exclaimed,"Oh, my head hurts!" Mascara Jade replied,"For your sins! Amitabha!" Suddenly Precious Jade burst out, jumped up a few feet high, exclaimed some meaningless words. Being shocked by his manner, Mascara Jade and the servant girls hurrily told Lady King and Grandma Merchant, who came and saw Precious Jade together with Soar King's wife. Precious Jade blows rather vehemently and claimed to suicide, making all in an uproar.--[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 12:35, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
贾母王夫人一见，唬的抖衣乱战，“儿”一声“肉”一声，放声大哭。于是惊动了众人，连贾赦、邢夫人、贾珍、贾政并琏、蓉、芸、萍、薛姨妈、薛蟠并周瑞家的一干家中上下人等并丫鬟媳妇等，都来园内看视，登时乱麻一般。正没个主意，只见凤姐手持一把明晃晃的刀，砍进园来，见鸡杀鸡，见犬杀犬，见了人，瞪着眼就要杀人。众人一发慌了。

See this situation, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were so scared that they shivered, which made their clothes quivered. They bursted into tears, and that startled everybody. Even Pardon Merchant, Lady City, Treasure Merchant, Master Merchant, Romance Merchant, Prosperity Merchant, Rue Merchant, Duckweed Merchant, Aunt Marshgrass, Dragon Marshgrass and the whole Auspicious Surrounding's family along with servant girls, all came to the garden to see it. It was like a mess at that moment. As they had no idea, Sister Phoenix came into the garden with a bright knife. She killed chickens when she saw chickens, dogs when she saw dogs, and people when she saw people. Everyone panicked. --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 04:55, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

See this situation, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were so scared that they shivered with their clothes quivering as well. They bursted into tears, which startled everybody. Even Pardon Merchant, Lady City, Treasure Merchant, Master Merchant, Romance Merchant, Prosperity Merchant, Rue Merchant, Duckweed Merchant, Aunt Marshgrass, Dragon Marshgrass and the whole Auspicious Surrounding's family along with servant girls, all came to the garden to see it. It was like a mess at that moment. As they had no idea, Sister Phoenix came into the garden with a bright knife. She killed chickens when she saw chickens, dogs when she saw dogs, and people when she saw people. Everyone panicked.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 13:44, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
周瑞媳妇带着几个力大的女人，上去抱住，夺了刀，抬回房中。平儿丰儿等哭的哀天叫地。贾政也心中着忙。当下众人七言八语，有说送祟的，有说跳神的，有荐玉皇阁张道士捉怪的，整闹了半日，祈求祷告，百般医治，并不见好。日落后，王子腾夫人告辞去了。次日，王子腾也来问候。接着小史侯家、邢夫人弟兄并各亲戚都来瞧看，也有送符水的，也有荐僧道的，也有荐医的。

Auspicious Surrounding’s wife along with a few strong women came forward to grasp her and took the knife, then carried her to the room. Patience and Abundance cried bitterly. Master Merchant was also very worried. At that time, people were all talking in confusion. Some suggested sending away ghosts or letting wizards pretend to be possessed by ghosts. Others advised inviting Taoist Zhang in Jade Emperor Pavilion to catch ghosts. After a long try, they were not any the better for praying and medical treatment. After sunset, Soar King’s wife went back. The next day, Soar King came to send his greetings. And Little Marquis History’s family, Lady City’s brothers and many other relatives also came to see them. Some sending water with burnt mark signs. Some commended monks and Taoist. Others recommended doctors.—[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 13:31, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Auspicious Surrounding’s wife along with some strong women came to grasp her and took the knife, then carried her to the room. Patience and Abundance cried desperatedly. Master Merchant was also very worried. At present, people were all talking in confusion. Some suggested sending away ghosts or letting wizards pretend to be possessed by ghosts. Others advised inviting Taoist Zhang in Jade Emperor Pavilion to catch ghosts. After half a day, the situation was not any the better for praying and medical treatment. After sunset, Soar King’s wife went back. The next day, Soar King came to send his greetings. And Little Marquis History’s family, Lady City’s brothers and many other relatives also came to see them. Some sending water with burnt mark signs. Some commended monks and Taoist. Others recommended doctors.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 14:15, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
他叔嫂二人，一发糊涂，不省人事，身热如火，在床上乱说，到夜里更甚。因此那些婆子丫鬟不敢上前，故将他叔嫂二人，都搬到王夫人的上房内，着人轮班守视。贾母、王夫人、邢夫人并薛姨妈寸步不离，只围着哭。此时贾赦贾政又恐哭坏了贾母，日夜熬油费火，闹的上下不安。贾赦还各赴去寻觅僧道。

His uncle and sister-in-law were confused, unconscious and hot. They talked nonsense in bed, even worse at night. Therefore, those women and servant girls did not dare to come forward, so they moved his uncle and sister-in-law to Mrs. Wang's upper room and watched by people in shifts. Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Lady City and Aunt Marshgrass didn't leave them, but cried around them. At this time, Pardon Merchant and Politics Merchant were afraid of Grandma Merchant becoming sick because of crying. They comforted her day and night and made uneasy up and down. Pardon Merchant also went to find monks and Taoists.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 00:36, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

His uncle and sister-in-law were confused, unconscious and hot all over and feverish. They talked nonsense in bed, even worse at night. Therefore, those women and servant girls did not dare to come forward, so they moved his uncle and sister-in-law to Mrs. Wang's upper room and watched by people in shifts. Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Lady City and Aunt Marshgrass didn't leave them, but cried around them. At this time, Pardon Merchant and Politics Merchant were afraid of Grandma Merchant becoming sick because of crying. They comforted her day and night and made uneasy up and down. Pardon Merchant also went to find monks and Taoists.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 10:45, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
贾政见不效验，因阻贾赦道：“儿女之数，总由天命，非人力可强。他二人之病，百般医治不效，想是天意该如此，也只好由他去。”贾赦不理，仍是百般忙乱。看看三日光阴，那凤姐宝玉躺在床上，连气息都微了。合家都说没了指望了，忙的将他二人的后事都治备下了。贾母、王夫人、贾琏、平儿、袭人等更哭的死去活来。只有赵姨娘外面假作忧愁，心中称愿。

Master Merchant realised that it did not work, so he reasoned Pardon Merchant into giving it up, and said: “ Losing loved ones was a fate resigned. As parents, we could do nothing but accept it. We had tried everything, but it did not help. It was all resigned and what we could do now was to accept the cruel truth."Pardon Merchant did not listen to him and still panicked. Only about three days left, both Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade Merchant lay in the bed and death seemed to come soon. Almost everybody knew there was no hope and busily prepared for the funeral. People including Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Romance Merchant , Aroma, Patience were so sad that they cried them a river, except Nanny Walk, standing outside and faking, but she felt extremely satisfied inside since her evil plan was achieved successfully.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 10:16, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Master Merchant realised that it did not work, so he reasoned Pardon Merchant into giving it up and said: “ Losing loved ones was a fate resigned. As parents, we could do nothing but accept it. We have tried everything, but it did not help. It was all resigned and what we can do now is to accept the cruel truth."Pardon Merchant did not listen to him and still panicked. Only about three days left, both Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade Merchant lay in the bed and death seemed to come soon. Almost everybody knew there was no hope and busily prepared for the funeral. People including Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Romance Merchant , Aroma, Patience were so sad that they cried them a river, except Nanny Walk, who stood outside and faked, feeling extremely satisfied inside since her evil plan was achieved successfully.—[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 15:01, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Our Xinyu 欧欣榆==
至第四日早，宝玉忽睁开眼向贾母说道：“从今已后，我可不在你家了，快打发我走罢。”贾母听见这话，如同摘了心肝一般。赵姨娘在旁劝道：“老太太也不必过于悲痛。哥儿已是不中用了，不如把哥儿的衣服穿好，让他早些回去，也免他受些苦；只管舍不得他，这口气不断，他在那里，也受罪不安。”

Precious Jade didn’t come to life until the morning of the fourth day. Suddenly, he woke up and talked to Grandma Merchant: ” I won’t stay at your house any more. So send me away, now.” Hearing this, Grandma Merchant was so hurt that she felt somebody had taken her heart and liver. Nanny Walk persuaded and said, “There is no need to be so grieved, Grandma Merchant. Instead of crying and weeping, we’d better help him wear his clothes and let him go, since there is little possibility that he may recover. If we did not spare him, he would suffer a lot.”—[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 14:51, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
这些话没说完，被贾母照脸啐了一口唾沫，骂道：“烂了舌头的混账老婆！怎么见得不中用了？你愿意他死了，有什么好处？你别作梦！他死了，我只合你们要命。都是你们素日调唆着，逼他念书写字，把胆子唬破了，见了他老子就像个‘避猫鼠儿’一样。都不是你们速起小妇调唆的？这会子逼死了他，你们就随了心了。我饶那一个！”一面哭，一面骂。

Before he finishing her words, JiaMuspits on her face, saying:" You gossip woman! How could you say he is no good? You want him to die, and what you can gain from that? Stop your day-dreaming! If he died, you are to be blame! It was you that being garrulous, forcing him to write and read, which scared him, making him be like a rat in the face of a cat when he encounters his father. All these are caused by your gossips! You will achieve your goals if he dies. I'm not gonna let you get away with this!" crying and swearing JiaMu.--[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 13:38, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

Before he finishing her words, JiaMu spits on her face, saying:" You gossip woman! How could you say he is no useful? You want him to die, and what you can gain from that? Stop your day-dreaming! If he died, you are to be blame! It was you that being garrulous, forcing him to write and read, which scared him, making him be like a rat in the face of a cat when he encounters his father. All these are caused by your gossips! You will achieve your goals if he dies. I'm not gonna let you get away with this!" crying and swearing JiaMu.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]])

==Wei jingting 魏静婷==
贾政在旁听见这些话，心里越发着急，忙喝退了赵姨娘，委宛劝解了一番。忽有人来回：“两口棺木都做齐了。”贾母闻之，如刀刺心，一发哭着大骂，问：“是谁叫做的棺材？快把做棺材的人拿来打死！”闹了个天翻地覆。忽听见空中隐隐有木鱼声，念了一句“南无解冤解结菩萨！有那人口不利、家宅不安、中邪祟、逢凶险的，我们善能医治。”贾母王夫人便命人向街上找寻去。

Master Merchant heard these words beside, feeling more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the population, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]])

After hearing these words beside, Master Merchant felt more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the people, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 08:06, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
原来是一个癞和尚同一个跛道士。那和尚是怎的模样？但见：鼻如悬胆两眉长，目似明星有宝光；破衲芒鞋无住迹，腌臜更有一头疮。那道人是如何模样？看他时：一足高来一足低，浑身带水又拖泥；相逢若问家何处，却在蓬莱弱水西。贾政因命人请了进来，问他二人：“在何山修道？”那僧笑道：“长官不消多话，因知府上人口欠安，特来医治的。”

It turned out to be a toady monk with a Lame Taoist. What’s the monk look like？ As you can see，his nose hangs like a gall bladder and his eyebrows are very long，his eyes like star shining with precious light. He wore shabby clothes and sandals and had no place to live，he is dirty with a head of acne. How about the Taoist？As you see，one foot high and the other low，he is covered with mud and water. If you meet him and ask where is he from，he will tell you in the west of Ruoshui River in Paradise, Fairy Tale Land. Master Merchant then ordered the servant to invite them in，and asked them：“Which mountain do you practice your wayways on?” The monk smiled and said，“You don’t need to say too much，I know someone in your family is not well, and I'm here to help you.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 07:59, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
贾政道：“有两个人中了邪，不知有何方可治？”那道人笑道：“你家现有希世之宝，可治此病，何须问方！”贾政心中便动了，因道：“小儿生时虽带了一块玉来，上面刻着‘能除凶邪’，然亦未见灵效。”那僧道：“长官有所不知，那‘宝玉’原是灵的，只因为声色货利所迷，故此不灵了。你今将此宝取出来，待找持诵持诵，就依旧灵了。” 贾政便向宝玉项上取下那块玉来，递与他二人。

Merchant Jia said:"There are two people bewitched. Can you tell me what kind of prescription to cure disease?" That daoist said with a smile:"There is valuble treasure in your family to cure this kind of disease,so it's unnecessary to ask for others."Merchant Jia had a tremble in his heart，and he said:"My son took a piece of jade engraved with words reading'It helps to drive fierce evil away.' when born,but we haven't seen its magical efficacy yet. "The taoist responsed:"Master,you are unfamiliar that the precious jew originally worked,but it didn't work because of fascination by sensuality. You can make it taken effect after taking it out to insist on reciting. "Merchant Jia took off that piece of jade from Precious Jade'neck to pass it to the taoist.-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 09:27, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Merchant Jia said, "There are two people who are possessed by evil spirits. I don't know how to cure them." The Taoist smiled and said, "Your family has a very rare treasure in the world. It can cure this disease. Why should you ask for a prescription?" Jia was shaken, so he said, "Although my son brought a piece of jade with him when he was born, which was engraved with the words' can ward off evil and evil, 'I did not see the spiritual effect of this treasure." The monk said, "You do not know that 'precious jade' was originally spiritual, but it has lost its power because it is lost to sensual interests. You can make it taken effect after taking it out to insist on reciting. "Merchant Jia took off that piece of jade from Precious Jade'neck to pass it to the taoist.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 15:04, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
那和尚擎在掌上，长叹一声，道：“青埂蜂下，别来十三载矣！人世光阴迅速，尘缘未断，奈何奈何！可羡你当日那段好处：天不拘兮地不羁，心头无喜亦无悲；只因锻炼通灵后，便向人间惹是非。可惜今日这番经历呀：粉渍脂痕污宝光，房栊日夜困鸳鸯；沉酣一梦终须醒，冤债偿清好散场。”

The monk took the jade in the palm of his hand, sighed and said, "Under the ridge of green, we have been separated for thirteen years! The world time flies, our fate has not broken. How to do! I envied your good then: nothing in heaven or earth could confine you, neither joy nor sorrow was in your heart; But because after forging into the soul, you came to the world to cause trouble. It is a pity that you have this experience today: the psychic jade is stained by rouge powder has lost its luster. Precious Jade spent all day and all night in the splendid house with girls. Deep and sound dreams must be awakened, and bad karma must be paid. Everyone went back to their respective homes.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 03:23, 11 March 2022 (UTC)YangLei

The monk took the jade on his palm and sighed, "It has been thirteen years since we parted under the ridge of green. Though time flies, our fates are still connected. Nothing can be done to disturb this. I had envied you of your luck then: nothing in heaven or earth could confine you, neither joy nor sorrow was in your heart; But after forging into the soul, you came to make trouble in the world. What a pity you have caused today: the psychic jade stained by rouge powder has lost its luster. Precious Jade spent all day and all night in the splendid house with girls. Deep and sound dreams must be awakened, and bad karma must be paid. Everyone went back to their fates."--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 01:15, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
念毕，又摩弄了一回，说了些疯话，递与贾政道：“此物已灵，不可亵渎，悬于卧室槛上，除自己亲人外，不可令阴人冲犯。三十三日之后，包管好了。”贾政忙命人让茶，那二人已经走了，只得依言而行。凤姐宝玉果一日好似一日的，渐渐醒来，知道饿了，贾母王夫人才放了心。众姊妹都在外间听消息，黛玉先念一声佛，宝钗笑而不言，惜春道：“宝姐姐笑什么？”

After finished murmuring, the monk rubbed the jade for a moment and raved a bit. He than passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has got soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and every woman expect relatives is not allowed to touch it. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries.” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him to perform what had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually recovered consciousness and could feel hungry. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were listening to the news outside, Mascara Jade recited the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. --[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 11:50, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

After finished chanting, the monk rubbed the jade for a another time and raved a lot. He then passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and no woman is allowed to touch it except your female relatives. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries .” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him performing what he had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually came to consciousness and could feel hungriness. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were overhearing the news outside, Mascara Jade called the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. -- --

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
宝钗道：“我笑如来佛比人还忙：又要度化众生；又要保佑人家病痛，都叫他速好；又要管人家的婚姻，叫他成就。你说可忙不忙？可好笑不好笑？”一时林黛玉红了脸，啐了一口道：“你们都不是好人！再不跟着好人学，只跟着凤丫头学的贫嘴。”一面说，一面掀帘子出去了。欲知端详，下回分解。第二十六回蜂腰桥设言传心事潇湘馆春困发幽情

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said :"I joked that the budda is even busier than human .he has to not only purdue the beings but also proect people from pains or accelerate their recoveries from illness,besides he is even responsible for adminstrating and comsumating people's marriages he lives a very busy life, doesn't he,isn't it ridiculous?"Prescous jade blushed at once then spitted and said :"You bad guys! you never learn from good people ,but always parody the garrulousness of Feng Girl"In the meantime ,she opened the window and went away.Foreknowledge what will happen next ,please see next time.Loop 26 .Manage to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge .Fliped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness. --

Precious Hairpin said,"It's interesting that Tathagata is even busier than human beings--he has to save all living creatures from torment; has to proect beings from pains or accelerate the process of recoveries; has to be in charge of marriages. He is so busy, isn't he? It's so funny, right?" Mascara jade blushed at once, spitted and said,"You all are bad guys! You have to learn from good people rather than parody the garrulousness of Phoenix Girl." As she was saying, she pushed the door curtain and went away. As to what happened thereafter, please see the ensuring chapters. Chapter26 Schemed to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge. Got lipped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness.--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 09:14, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
话说宝玉养过了三十三天之后，不但身体强壮，亦且连脸上疮痕平复，仍回大观园去。这也不在话下。且说近日宝玉病的时节，贾芸带着家下小厮坐更看守，昼夜在这里；那小红同众丫鬟也在这里守着宝玉，彼此相见多日，都渐渐混熟了。小红见贾芸手里拿着手帕子，倒像是自己从前掉的，待要问他，又不好问的。不料那和尚道士来过，用不着一切男人，贾芸仍种树去了。

After 33days Precious Jade regained his strong constitution and the scar on his face recovered as well. He came back to the Prospect Garden. Let's leave it here. Merchant Rue along with the servants in the house have guarded Precious Jade round the clock. Little Red and other servant girls were also here taking care of Precious Jade. Seeing each other for several days, gradually they got acquainted. Little Red saw Merchant Rue took the handkerchief that resembled the one she previously has lost, so she wanted to asked him, but it's not convenient. Unexpectedly, that monk came and no man was needed here. Merchant Rue returned to plant trees. --[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 08:48, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

After 33 days of recovering, Precious Jade regained his strong constitution and the scar on his face was smoothed as well. He then came back to the Prospect Garden. And let's leave it here. During the time Precious Jade was sick in bed, Merchant Rue along with his servants in the house had taken care of Precious Jade round the clock; Little Red and other servant girls had also been here taking care of Precious Jade. Having Seen each other for several days, gradually they got acquainted. Seeing Merchant Rue held the handkerchief that resembled the one she had previously lost, Little Red wanted to ask him, but feels not convenient. Unexpectedly, the monk and the Taoist came and no male was needed here. So, Merchant Rue returned to plant trees.--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
这件事待放下又放不下，待要问去又怕人猜疑，正是犹预不决神魂不定之际，忽听窗外问道：“姐姐在屋里没有？”小红闻听。在窗眼内望外一看，原来是本院的个小丫头名叫佳蕙的，因答说：“在家里呢，你进来罢。”佳蕙听了跑进来，就坐在床上，笑道：“我好造化！才在院子里洗东西，宝玉叫往林姑娘那里送茶叶，花大姐姐交给我进去，可巧老太太给林姑娘送钱来，正分给他们的丫头们呢，见我去了，林姑娘就抓了两把给我，也不知多少，你替我收着。”

This is something that she wants to forget but fails to; wishes to go and ask but fears to, in case being suspected of infidelity. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzling. Suddenly a voice asks from outside the window-- “Are you in the house, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s a little girl in this house named Good Orchid. “I’m in the house, just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her, Good Orchid runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just sent her from Grandam, to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

She wants to forget it but fails;she wants to have some consultation but fears of being suspected. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzled. Suddenly a voice comes from outside the window-- “Are you in the room, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s the little girl in this house named Good Orchid. “I’m in the house；just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her, Good Orchid runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked someone to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just been sent to her from Grandam to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 09:46, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
便把手帕子打开，把钱倒了出来，小红就替他一五一十的数了收起。佳蕙道：“你这一阵子心里到底觉怎么样？依我说，你竟家去住两日，请一个大夫来瞧瞧，吃两剂药，就好了。”小红道：“那里的话？好好的，家去做什么！”佳蕙道：“我想起来了，林姑娘生的弱，时常吃药，你就和他要些来吃，也是一样。”小红道：“胡说！药也是混吃的。”

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Good Orchid says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Good Orchid says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 12:11, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Good Orchid says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Good Orchid says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:12, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
佳慧道：“你这也不是个长法儿，又懒吃懒喝的，终久怎么样？”小红道：“怕什么，还不如早些死了倒干净。”佳蕙道：“好好的，怎么说这些话？”小红道：“你那里知道我心中的事！” 佳蕙点头，想了一会道：“可也怨不得你。这个地方，本也难站。就象昨儿老太太因宝玉病了这些日子，说伏侍的人都辛苦了，如今身上好了，各处还香了愿，叫把跟着的人都按着等儿赏他们。

Good Orchid said, “It’s not a way to do so, and you are too lazy to do something. What will happen at the end?” Little Red replied ,” what are you afraid of ? I’d rather want to die.” Good Orchid said,” everything is fine, why would you say that?” And Red said,” You don't know what I was thinking !” Good Orchid nodded her head and thought a while, ”it’s not your fault. This place is hard to get a position. Like yesterday, the Madame went to the temple to pay her vows and planned to reward those who served Precious Jade because he recovered his health due to their service.--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:10, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Good Orchid said, “Abosred in eating and drinking, you are too lazy to keep this way for a long time. What if you persist this way?” Little Red replied,” what are you afraid of? I’d rather want to die.” Good Orchid said, "everything is fine, why do you say so?" And the Little Red said, "You don't know what I am thinking!" Good Orchid nodded and thought for a while, "it’s not your fault. This place is hard to live in. Yesterday, the Madame went to the temple to pay her vows and rewarded those who served Precious Jade because he has recovered thanks to their service.--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:35, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220307 homework

2022-03-13T14:51:23Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Our Xinyu 欧欣榆 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

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This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

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Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
赵姨娘叹口气道：“你瞧，那里头还有块成样的么？就有好东西也到不了我这里。你不嫌不好，挑两块去就是了。”马道婆便挑了几块，掖在怀里。赵姨娘又问：“前日我打发人送了五百钱去，你可在药王面前上了供没有？”马道婆道：“早已替你上了供了。”赵姨娘叹气道：“阿弥陀佛！我手里但凡从容些，也时常来上供，只是‘心有余而力不足’。”

The Lady Dowager sighed, "See, is there any good one?If there was something precious, it would not belong to me. However, you can pick some if you like." So Taoist Ma put some in her arms. "Several days ago, I have sent 500 cash for you to offer up a sacrifice to the Medicine King. Have you finished it yet?" the Lady Dowager asks. Taoist Ma replies, "I've already done it yet." The Lady Dowager sighed again, " Amitabha! I could usually offer up my sacrifice if my money was enough. Actually, I have no extra money to do that."--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:28, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
The Lady Dowager sighed, "See, is there any intact one? Even if there was something precious, it would not be delivered to me. However, you can pick some if you like." So Taoist Ma put the one she single out in her arms. "Several days ago, I have sent 500 cash for you to offer up a sacrifice to the Medicine King,have you finished it yet?" the Lady Dowager asks. Taoist Ma replies, "I've already done it yet." The Lady Dowager sighed again, " Amitabha! I could usually offer up my sacrifice if I could afford doing so. But the opposite is true"--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 11:22, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
马道婆道：“你只放心，将来熬的环哥大了，得了一官半职，那时你要做多大功德，还怕不能么？”赵姨娘听了笑道：“罢，罢！再别提起，如今就是榜样儿。我们娘儿们跟的上这屋里那一个儿？宝玉儿还是小孩子家，长的得人意儿，大人偏疼他些儿，也还罢了；我只不服这个主儿！”一面说，一面伸了两个指头。马道婆会意，便问道：“可是琏二奶奶？”

Taoist Ma said:"Rest assured that if you are promoted in your position when Cymbidium Merchant is old in the future,will you worry about how much merit you can make?"The Lady Dowager laughed and said:"Stop!Stop!Never mention it,this is the lesson. Can we keep up with the one in the room?Let it be that adults favor Precious Jade a little as he is still a good-looking child.There is only one master I defy!"she said,stretching out two fingers.Taoist Ma nodded and asked: "Is it Romance Merchant?"--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 10:30, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
Taoist Ma said:"Rest assured that if you are promoted in your position when Cymbidium Merchant is old in the future,will you worry about how much merit you can make?"The Lady Dowager laughed and said:"Quit it! Quit it! Never mention it again,this is the lesson. Who in this room can we ladies keep up with? Let it be that adults spoil Precious Jade a little as he is still a good-looking child.There is only one master I defy!"she said,stretching out two fingers.Taoist Ma nodded and asked: "You mean Romance Merchant?"--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 13:29, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
赵姨娘唬的忙摇手，起身掀帘子一看，见无人，方回身向道婆说：“了不得，了不得！提起这个主儿，这一分家私要不都叫他搬了娘家去，我也不是个人。”马道婆见说，便探他的口气道：“我还用你说？难道都看不出来。也亏你们心里也不理论，只凭他去。倒也好。”赵姨娘道：“我的娘！不凭他去，难道谁还敢把他怎么样呢？”
The Lady Dowager is so surprised that she shakes her hands in terror. After standing up and opening the curtain to find no one, she then turns around in relief and says to Taoist Ma " Bless my! Bless my! When it comes to this big shot, I have to say that I won't even be humane if he didn't take all the personal property to his hometown after the division." Listening to this, the Taoist Ma then says tentatively " Do I need you to tell me this? Isn't it obvious for all of us to notice that? You deserve it for you don't complain deep in your heart and just let it go. Anyway, maybe it's better though." The Lady Dowager says with a sigh "My lord! What alternative do we have if we don't let him go? Does anybody has any ways to cope with this troublemaker?”--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 13:45, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

The Lady Dowager is so surprised that she shakes her hands in terror. After standing up and opening the curtain to find no one, she then turns around in relief and says to Taoist Ma " O my god! When it comes to this troublemaker , I have to say that I won't even be humane if he didn't shift all the property to his mother’s houses after the division." Listening to this, the Taoist Ma then says tentatively " Certainly! How obvious! You deserve it for you don't complain deep in your heart and just let it go. Anyway, maybe it's better though." The Lady Dowager is irritated, "My lord! Which alternative do we have from let him go to let him go?”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 03:05, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
马道婆道：“不是我说句造孽的话，你们没本事！也难怪。明里不敢怎样，暗里也算计了，还等到如今！”赵姨娘闻听这话里有话，心内暗暗的欢喜，便说道：“怎么暗里算计？我倒有这个心，只是没这样的能干人。你若教给我这法子，我大大的谢你。”马道婆听了这话打拢了一处．便又故意说道：“阿弥陀佛！你快休问我，我那里知道这些事？罪罪过过的。”赵姨娘道：“你又来了。

The Taoist Ma said,” Frankly speaking, you have no ability so that you dare not tackle openly but have done something in secret, still waiting.” After listening,the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart , said,” In secret? I wanted but had no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways.” Sensing that they both had same thing in mind, Ma pretended,” Amida Buddha! Don’t ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!” The Lady Dowager said:” Again? You could!”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 09:35, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

The Taoist Ma said,"Frankly speaking,you really can't handle! Even though you dare not tackle openly, you should have done something secretly, how should you wait till now?." Feeling that Taoist Ma meant something, the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart, said,"In secret? I did want but have no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways." Hearing these words, the Taoist Ma had some ideas, but pretended," Amida Buddha! Don't ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!" The Lady Dowager said:" Here you go again!--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:20, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
你是最肯济困扶危的人，难道就眼睁睁的看人家来摆布死了我们娘儿两个不成？难道还怕我不谢你么？”马道婆听如此，便笑道：“若说我不忍你们娘儿两个受别人委屈，还犹可，若说谢，我还想你们什么东西么？”赵姨娘听这话松动了些，便说：“你这么个明白人，怎么糊涂了？果然法子灵验，把他两人绝了，这家私还怕不是我们的。那时候你要什么不得呢？”

You are the most warmhearted person, how could you just sit and watch us two being tricked to death by others? Or you are afraid that I won't thank you?" The Daoist Ma heard that, laughed:"If you say I don't want you be bullied by others, that makes sense. But how could you think that I want something from you? The Lady Dowager heard she shaked a little, added:"You are a smart people, why are you confused? If your method works and cornered these two, afriad what the belongings won't be us? Then you may have anything."--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:05, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

You are such a kind person, always helping those in trouble. Are you prepared to stand by and watch us two being made mincemeat of by others? Or are you afraid that I won't pay you?" The Abbess Ma heard that and then laughed:" If you was to say that I am too tender-hearted to stand by and watch you two being wronged, you would be saying no more nor less than the truth. But I don’t know what you mean about pay, how could you think that I want to get something from you?" Aunt Zhao wavered in her mind and then added:" You are such a wise person, how could you be rather stupid now? If your method works well and cornered these two people, are you still afraid that all the belongings won't be ours? At that time you can get everything you want."--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 08:47, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
马道婆听了，低头半日，说：“那时节事情妥当了，又无凭据，你还理我呢。”赵姨娘说：“这有何难？我攒了几两体己，还有些衣服首饰，你先拿几样去；我再写个欠银文契给你，到那时，我照数给你。”马道婆道：“使得。” 赵姨娘将一个小丫头也支开，连忙开了箱柜，将衣服首饰拿了些出来，并体己散碎银子，又写了五十两一张欠约，递与马道婆道：“你先拿去作个供养。”

Hearing that, Abbess Ma lowered her head for a while, and finally answered:“ When that time comes and you’re safely landed and I have no proof, you won’t want to have anything more to do with me.” Aunt Zhao said:“ That’s not a problem! I’ve got a few taels put by of my own savings and a bunch of clothes and jewelry. You can take some of each to be getting on with and I can give you an IOU promising to pay you so much later on.” Abbess Ma answered:“ Okay.” Aunt Zhao ordered the last slave girl out to do something with an excuse, hurried to open her cabinet and picked a number of clothes and jewelry, also with some taels of silver. Besides, she sealed an IOU of fifty taels of silver to Abbess Ma and said:“ You could take these as living expenses.”--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 12:44, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing that, Taoist Ma lowered her head for a while, and finally answered:“ When that time comes and you’re safely landed and I have no proof, you won’t want to have anything more to do with me.” The lady Dowage said:“ That’s not a problem! I’ve got a few taels put by of my own savings and a bunch of clothes and jewelry. You can take some of them and I'll give you an IOU promising to pay you so much later on.” Taoist Ma answered:“ That's good.” The lady Dowage ordered the maid out, hurried to open her cabinet and picked a number of clothes and jewelry, also with some taels of silver. Besides, she sealed an IOU of fifty taels of silver to Taoist Ma and said:“ You could take these as living expenses.”--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 08:29, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

<nowiki></nowiki>==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
马道婆见了这些东西，又有欠字，遂不顾青红皂白，满口应承，伸手先将银子拿了，然后收了欠契。向赵姨娘要了张纸，拿剪子铰了两个纸人儿，递与赵姨娘，叫把他二人的年庚，写在上面；又找了一张蓝纸，铰了五个青面鬼，叫他并在一处，拿针钉了：“我在家中作法，自有效验的。”说完，忽见王夫人的丫头进来道：“奶奶可在这里，太太等你呢。”二人散了，不在话下。

Seeing these things and the IOU, Taoist Ma promised readily regardless of thinking. She reached out and took the silver first, and then took the IOU in. She asked The lady Dowager for a piece of paper, took the scissors and sheared two paper figures. Then she handed them to the lady Dowager, and asked her to write the two's birth years on it. Then she found a piece of blue paper and sheared five green-faced ghosts, asking her to put them together and nailed them with a needle. "I will do the spell at home and make it. " When she finished, she saw Lady King's maid suddenly came in and said, " Taoist really is here. Lady King is waiting for you." So the two dispersed.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 09:34, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Seeing these things and the IOC, Taoist Horse promised, promised and promised regardless of the difference between right and wrong. She reached out and took the silver first, and then received the IOU. She asked Lady Dowager for a piece of paper, took the scissors and sheared two paper figures. Then she handed them to Lady Dowager, and asked her to write the two's time of birth on it. Then she found a piece of blue paper to shear five green-faced ghosts, and asked Lady Dowager to put and sew them up with a needle and thread . "I will practice a witchcraft at home and it will be efficacious. " When Taoist Horse finished saying, she saw Lady King's maid suddenly coming in to say " Madam is here. Lady King is waiting for you." So they said goodbye and went their several ways.——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 12:56, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
却说林黛玉因宝玉烫了脸不大出门，倒时常在一处说闲话儿。这日饭后，看了两篇书，又同紫鹃等作了一会针线，总闷闷不舒，一同信步出来看庭前才迸出的新笋。不觉出了院门，来到园中，四望无人，惟见花光鸟语，信步便往怡红院来。只见几十丫头舀水，都在过廓上看画眉洗澡呢。听见房内笑声，原来是李宫裁、凤姐、宝钗都在这里。一见他进来，都笑道：“这不又来了两个。”

Mascara Jade Forest seldomly went out since Precious Jade's face was scalded, while she passed the time chatting with Precious Jade frequently now. One day after meals, Mascara Jade read pieces of writing, and then sewed with Nightingale for a while, but always felt moody. Accompanying with Nightingale, Mascara Jade wandered in front of the countryard to watch the new-sprouted bamboo shoots. She unconsciously walked out the Bamboo Lodge and came to the yard where Mascara Jade meet no one but the scent of the flowers and the chirps of the birds, then she strolled to the Happy Red Court. Mascara Jade saw dozens of maids watching the melodious laughingthrush wash itself as they scooped up water in the corridor. Hearing the laughter from the house, she knew that Silk Plum, Splendid Phoenix King and Precious Hairpin Marsh grass were all here. As Mascara Jade entered the room, all of them said with smiling, "There are two more coming. "——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 09:11, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade Forest seldomly went out since Precious Jade's face was scalded, while she passed the time chatting with Precious Jade frequently now. One day after meals, Mascara Jade read pieces of writing, and then sewed with Nightingale for a while, but always felt moody. Accompanying with Nightingale, Mascara Jade wandered in front of the countryard to watch the new-sprouted bamboo shoots. She unconsciously walked out the Bamboo Lodge and came to the yard where Mascara Jade meet no one but the scent of the flowers and the chirps of the birds, then she strolled to the Happy Red Court. Mascara Jade saw dozens of maids watching the melodious laughingthrush wash itself as they scooped up water in the corridor. Hearing the laughter from the house, she knew that Silk Plum, Splendid Phoenix King and Precious Hairpin Marsh grass were all here. As Mascara Jade entered the room, all of them said with smiling, "There are two more coming. "--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 04:05, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
黛玉笑道：“今儿齐全，谁下帖子请的？”凤姐道：“我前日打发人送两瓶茶叶与姑娘，可还好么？”黛玉道：“我正忘了，多谢想着。”宝玉道：“我尝了不好，不知别人尝了怎么样。”宝钗道：“味倒好，只是没甚颜色。”凤姐道：“那是暹罗国贡的。我尝了也不觉甚好，还不如我们常吃的呢。”黛玉道：“我吃着好，不知你们的脾胃是怎样的？”宝玉道：“你说好，把我的都拿了去吃罢。”

Mascara Jade laughed and said: "We are all together today! Who held the gathering? " Phoenix Sister said: "I sent a servant to give you two bottles of tea. How do you think about them?" Mascara Jade replied: "I am just thingking about it. Thank you for concerns." Precious Jade said: "I don't think the tea tastes good, but I don't know others' comments. " Precious Hairpin said: " The taste is good but a little bit common." Phoenix Sister explained: " The tea is tribute from Xian Luo country. I also think it is ordinary, even not as good as what we have in our daily life." Mascara Jade said: "The tea suits my taste. I don't learn much about you favour." Precious Jade said: " If you like the tea, you can take all mine back."--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 09:30, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade laughed and said, “We are all together today. Who invites you guys to be here?” Sister Phoenix said, “I asked a servant to give our Mascara Jade two bottles of tea the day before yesterday. Does it taste good?” Mascara Jade responed, “I almost forget it if you don’t mention it. Thanks for your concern.” Precious Jade said, “I don’t think the tea tastes good, but I don’t know others’ feelings.” Precious Hairpin said, “The taste is good but it looks crude.” Sister Phoenix explained, “The tea is a tributed from Xiao Luo country. I also consider it ordinary, even not so good as what we have in our daily life.” Mascara Jade said, “The tea suits my taste. I am not familiar with your favours.” Precious Jade said, “If you like it, you can take all of mine.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 12:09, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
凤姐道：“我那里还多着的呢。”黛玉道：“我叫丫头取去。”凤姐道：“不用，我打发人送来。我明日还有一事求你，一同叫人送来。” 黛玉听了，笑道：“你们听听，这是吃了他家一点子茶叶，就使唤起人来了。”凤姐笑道：“你既吃了我家的茶，怎么还不给我们家作媳妇儿？”众人都大笑不止。黛玉红了脸，回过头去，一声儿不言语。宝钗笑道：“我们二嫂子的诙谐是好的。”

Sister Phoenix said, “I still get much of it in my place.” Mascara Jade said, “I’ll have my maid go and get some.” Sister Phoenix said, “Don’t bother. I can ask my people to send it to you. Later I’ll beg you to do me a favour and I’ll let my people send the tea, along with it, to you.” Hearing this, Mascara Jade smiled, “Have you guys heard that? I just get a little bit tea from her and she starts to act as my boss.” Sister Phoenix smiled, “Now that you have received my tea, why don’t you marry into our family yet?” People all couldn’t help laughing. Mascara Jade blushed and turned her head, not saying anything. Precious Hairpin smiled, “Our second sister-in-law genuinely has a good sense of humor.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 07:13, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Sister Phoenix said, “I still have much of it in my place.” Mascara Jade responded, “I’ll have my maid go get some.” “Don’t bother. I will ask someone to send it to you. Tomorrow I would like to beg you to do me a favor and the tea will be sent together by then.”continued Sister Phoenix. Hearing this, Mascara Jade smiled, “Have you guys heard that? I just get a little bit tea from her but she starts to act as my boss.” And Sister Phoenix smiled, “Now that you have received my tea, why haven’t you married into our family yet?” People all couldn’t help laughing. Mascara Jade blushed and turned her head back, saying nothing. “Our second sister-in-law genuinely has a good sense of humor.”smiled Precious Hairpin.—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 13:04, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
黛玉道：“什么诙谐，不过是贫嘴贱舌的讨人厌罢了。”说着又啐了一口。凤姐道：“你替我家做了媳妇，少些什么？”指着宝玉道：“你瞧瞧，人物儿配不上？门第儿配不上？根基儿家私配不上？那一点儿玷辱了你？”黛玉起身便走。宝钗叫道：“颦儿急了，还不回来呢！走了倒没意思。”说着，站起来拉住。才至房门，只见赵姨娘和周姨娘两个人都来瞧宝玉。宝玉与众人都起身让坐，独凤姐不理。

Mascara Jade Forest said, "She is not humorous but annoying, addicted to senseless talk." Then she spat again. Sister Phoenix responded, "If you marry Precious Jade Merchant, in which aspect does our family not deserve you?" And pointing at Precious Jade Merchant, she added, "Look! Does he such a person not deserve you? His background not deserve? His wealth? In which aspect does he on earth humiliate you?" After hearing about this, Mascara Jade Forest stood up and walked out. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stopped her, "Frown is embarrassed! How haven't you come back yet? There's no point in leaving." As saying, she got up and was going to grasp Mascara Jade Forest. When Precious Hairpin Marshgrass reached the door, she met Aunt Walk and Aunt Surrounding both of whom came to see Precious Jade Merchant. Precious Jade Merchant and others all stood up and offered their seats except Sister Phoenix, who sat still and ignored them.--[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 09:32, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Mascara Jade Forest said, "She is not humorous but annoying, addicted to senseless talk." Then she spat again. Sister Phoenix responded, "If you become the housewife of our family, in which aspect does our family not deserve you?" And pointing at Precious Jade Merchant, she added, "Look! Does he such a person not deserve you? His background not deserve? His wealth? In which aspect does he on earth humiliate you?" After hearing about this, Mascara Jade Forest stood up and walked out. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stopped her, "Frown is embarrassed! How haven't you come back yet? There's no point in leaving." As saying, she got up and was going to grasp Mascara Jade Forest. When Precious Hairpin Marshgrass reached the door, she met Aunt Walk and Aunt Surrounding both of whom came to see Precious Jade Merchant. Precious Jade Merchant and others all stood up and offered their seats except Sister Phoenix, who sat still and ignored them.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 13:39, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
宝钗正欲说话，只见王夫人房里的丫头来说：“舅太太来了，请奶奶姑娘们出去呢。”李宫裁连忙同着凤姐儿走了。赵周两人也辞了出去。宝玉道：“我不能出去，你们好歹别叫舅母进来。”又说：“林妹妹，你略站一站，与你说句话。”凤姐听了，回头向林黛玉道：“有人叫你说话呢。”便把黛玉往后一推，和李纨一同去了。

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,:"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara Jade Forest and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 08:17, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl came and said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 09:57, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
这里宝玉拉了黛玉的手，只是笑，又不说话。黛玉不觉又红了脸，挣着要走。宝玉道：“嗳哟！好头疼！”黛玉道：“该，阿弥陀佛！”宝玉大叫一声，将身一跳，离地有三四尺高，口内乱嚷，尽是胡话。黛玉并众丫鬟都唬慌了，忙报知王夫人与贾母。此时王子腾的夫人也在这里，都一齐来看。宝玉一发拿刀弄杖，寻死觅活的，闹的天翻地覆。

Here Precious Jade Merchant held Mascara Jade Forest's hands, just smiling but without a word. Mascara flushed and tried to get out from him. Precious Jade exclaimed,"Oh, my head hurts!" Mascara replied,"For your sins! Amitabha!" Suddenly Precious Jade burst out, jumped up a few feet high, exclaimed some meaningless words. Being shocked by his manner, Mascara and the servant girls hurrily told Lady King and Grandma Merchant, who came and saw Precious Jade together with Soar King's wife. And he blows rather vehemently and claimed to suicide, making all in an uproar.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 08:57, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Here Precious Jade Merchant held Mascara Jade Forest's hands, just smiling but without a word. Mascara Jade flushed and tried to get out from him. Precious Jade exclaimed,"Oh, my head hurts!" Mascara Jade replied,"For your sins! Amitabha!" Suddenly Precious Jade burst out, jumped up a few feet high, exclaimed some meaningless words. Being shocked by his manner, Mascara Jade and the servant girls hurrily told Lady King and Grandma Merchant, who came and saw Precious Jade together with Soar King's wife. Precious Jade blows rather vehemently and claimed to suicide, making all in an uproar.--[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 12:35, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
贾母王夫人一见，唬的抖衣乱战，“儿”一声“肉”一声，放声大哭。于是惊动了众人，连贾赦、邢夫人、贾珍、贾政并琏、蓉、芸、萍、薛姨妈、薛蟠并周瑞家的一干家中上下人等并丫鬟媳妇等，都来园内看视，登时乱麻一般。正没个主意，只见凤姐手持一把明晃晃的刀，砍进园来，见鸡杀鸡，见犬杀犬，见了人，瞪着眼就要杀人。众人一发慌了。

See this situation, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were so scared that they shivered, which made their clothes quivered. They bursted into tears, and that startled everybody. Even Pardon Merchant, Lady City, Treasure Merchant, Master Merchant, Romance Merchant, Prosperity Merchant, Rue Merchant, Duckweed Merchant, Aunt Marshgrass, Dragon Marshgrass and the whole Auspicious Surrounding's family along with servant girls, all came to the garden to see it. It was like a mess at that moment. As they had no idea, Sister Phoenix came into the garden with a bright knife. She killed chickens when she saw chickens, dogs when she saw dogs, and people when she saw people. Everyone panicked. --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 04:55, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

See this situation, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were so scared that they shivered with their clothes quivering as well. They bursted into tears, which startled everybody. Even Pardon Merchant, Lady City, Treasure Merchant, Master Merchant, Romance Merchant, Prosperity Merchant, Rue Merchant, Duckweed Merchant, Aunt Marshgrass, Dragon Marshgrass and the whole Auspicious Surrounding's family along with servant girls, all came to the garden to see it. It was like a mess at that moment. As they had no idea, Sister Phoenix came into the garden with a bright knife. She killed chickens when she saw chickens, dogs when she saw dogs, and people when she saw people. Everyone panicked.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 13:44, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
周瑞媳妇带着几个力大的女人，上去抱住，夺了刀，抬回房中。平儿丰儿等哭的哀天叫地。贾政也心中着忙。当下众人七言八语，有说送祟的，有说跳神的，有荐玉皇阁张道士捉怪的，整闹了半日，祈求祷告，百般医治，并不见好。日落后，王子腾夫人告辞去了。次日，王子腾也来问候。接着小史侯家、邢夫人弟兄并各亲戚都来瞧看，也有送符水的，也有荐僧道的，也有荐医的。

Auspicious Surrounding’s wife along with a few strong women came forward to grasp her and took the knife, then carried her to the room. Patience and Abundance cried bitterly. Master Merchant was also very worried. At that time, people were all talking in confusion. Some suggested sending away ghosts or letting wizards pretend to be possessed by ghosts. Others advised inviting Taoist Zhang in Jade Emperor Pavilion to catch ghosts. After a long try, they were not any the better for praying and medical treatment. After sunset, Soar King’s wife went back. The next day, Soar King came to send his greetings. And Little Marquis History’s family, Lady City’s brothers and many other relatives also came to see them. Some sending water with burnt mark signs. Some commended monks and Taoist. Others recommended doctors.—[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 13:31, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Auspicious Surrounding’s wife along with some strong women came to grasp her and took the knife, then carried her to the room. Patience and Abundance cried desperatedly. Master Merchant was also very worried. At present, people were all talking in confusion. Some suggested sending away ghosts or letting wizards pretend to be possessed by ghosts. Others advised inviting Taoist Zhang in Jade Emperor Pavilion to catch ghosts. After half a day, the situation was not any the better for praying and medical treatment. After sunset, Soar King’s wife went back. The next day, Soar King came to send his greetings. And Little Marquis History’s family, Lady City’s brothers and many other relatives also came to see them. Some sending water with burnt mark signs. Some commended monks and Taoist. Others recommended doctors.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 14:15, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
他叔嫂二人，一发糊涂，不省人事，身热如火，在床上乱说，到夜里更甚。因此那些婆子丫鬟不敢上前，故将他叔嫂二人，都搬到王夫人的上房内，着人轮班守视。贾母、王夫人、邢夫人并薛姨妈寸步不离，只围着哭。此时贾赦贾政又恐哭坏了贾母，日夜熬油费火，闹的上下不安。贾赦还各赴去寻觅僧道。

His uncle and sister-in-law were confused, unconscious and hot. They talked nonsense in bed, even worse at night. Therefore, those women and servant girls did not dare to come forward, so they moved his uncle and sister-in-law to Mrs. Wang's upper room and watched by people in shifts. Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Lady City and Aunt Marshgrass didn't leave them, but cried around them. At this time, Pardon Merchant and Politics Merchant were afraid of Grandma Merchant becoming sick because of crying. They comforted her day and night and made uneasy up and down. Pardon Merchant also went to find monks and Taoists.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 00:36, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

His uncle and sister-in-law were confused, unconscious and hot all over and feverish. They talked nonsense in bed, even worse at night. Therefore, those women and servant girls did not dare to come forward, so they moved his uncle and sister-in-law to Mrs. Wang's upper room and watched by people in shifts. Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Lady City and Aunt Marshgrass didn't leave them, but cried around them. At this time, Pardon Merchant and Politics Merchant were afraid of Grandma Merchant becoming sick because of crying. They comforted her day and night and made uneasy up and down. Pardon Merchant also went to find monks and Taoists.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 10:45, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
贾政见不效验，因阻贾赦道：“儿女之数，总由天命，非人力可强。他二人之病，百般医治不效，想是天意该如此，也只好由他去。”贾赦不理，仍是百般忙乱。看看三日光阴，那凤姐宝玉躺在床上，连气息都微了。合家都说没了指望了，忙的将他二人的后事都治备下了。贾母、王夫人、贾琏、平儿、袭人等更哭的死去活来。只有赵姨娘外面假作忧愁，心中称愿。

Master Merchant realised that it did not work, so he reasoned Pardon Merchant into giving it up, and said: “ Losing loved ones was a fate resigned. As parents, we could do nothing but accept it. We had tried everything, but it did not help. It was all resigned and what we could do now was to accept the cruel truth."Pardon Merchant did not listen to him and still panicked. Only about three days left, both Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade Merchant lay in the bed and death seemed to come soon. Almost everybody knew there was no hope and busily prepared for the funeral. People including Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Romance Merchant , Aroma, Patience were so sad that they cried them a river, except Nanny Walk, standing outside and faking, but she felt extremely satisfied inside since her evil plan was achieved successfully.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 10:16, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Our Xinyu 欧欣榆==
至第四日早，宝玉忽睁开眼向贾母说道：“从今已后，我可不在你家了，快打发我走罢。”贾母听见这话，如同摘了心肝一般。赵姨娘在旁劝道：“老太太也不必过于悲痛。哥儿已是不中用了，不如把哥儿的衣服穿好，让他早些回去，也免他受些苦；只管舍不得他，这口气不断，他在那里，也受罪不安。”

Precious Jade didn’t come to life until the morning of the fourth day. Suddenly, he woke up and talked to Grandma Merchant: ” I won’t stay at your house any more. So send me away, now.” Hearing this, Grandma Merchant was so hurt that she felt somebody had taken her heart and liver. Nanny Walk persuaded and said, “There is no need to be so grieved, Grandma Merchant. Instead of crying and weeping, we’d better help him wear his clothes and let him go, since there is little possibility that he may recover. If we did not spare him, he would suffer a lot.”—[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 14:51, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
这些话没说完，被贾母照脸啐了一口唾沫，骂道：“烂了舌头的混账老婆！怎么见得不中用了？你愿意他死了，有什么好处？你别作梦！他死了，我只合你们要命。都是你们素日调唆着，逼他念书写字，把胆子唬破了，见了他老子就像个‘避猫鼠儿’一样。都不是你们速起小妇调唆的？这会子逼死了他，你们就随了心了。我饶那一个！”一面哭，一面骂。

Before he finishing her words, JiaMuspits on her face, saying:" You gossip woman! How could you say he is no good? You want him to die, and what you can gain from that? Stop your day-dreaming! If he died, you are to be blame! It was you that being garrulous, forcing him to write and read, which scared him, making him be like a rat in the face of a cat when he encounters his father. All these are caused by your gossips! You will achieve your goals if he dies. I'm not gonna let you get away with this!" crying and swearing JiaMu.--[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 13:38, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

Before he finishing her words, JiaMu spits on her face, saying:" You gossip woman! How could you say he is no useful? You want him to die, and what you can gain from that? Stop your day-dreaming! If he died, you are to be blame! It was you that being garrulous, forcing him to write and read, which scared him, making him be like a rat in the face of a cat when he encounters his father. All these are caused by your gossips! You will achieve your goals if he dies. I'm not gonna let you get away with this!" crying and swearing JiaMu.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]])

==Wei jingting 魏静婷==
贾政在旁听见这些话，心里越发着急，忙喝退了赵姨娘，委宛劝解了一番。忽有人来回：“两口棺木都做齐了。”贾母闻之，如刀刺心，一发哭着大骂，问：“是谁叫做的棺材？快把做棺材的人拿来打死！”闹了个天翻地覆。忽听见空中隐隐有木鱼声，念了一句“南无解冤解结菩萨！有那人口不利、家宅不安、中邪祟、逢凶险的，我们善能医治。”贾母王夫人便命人向街上找寻去。

Master Merchant heard these words beside, feeling more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the population, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]])

After hearing these words beside, Master Merchant felt more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the people, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 08:06, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
原来是一个癞和尚同一个跛道士。那和尚是怎的模样？但见：鼻如悬胆两眉长，目似明星有宝光；破衲芒鞋无住迹，腌臜更有一头疮。那道人是如何模样？看他时：一足高来一足低，浑身带水又拖泥；相逢若问家何处，却在蓬莱弱水西。贾政因命人请了进来，问他二人：“在何山修道？”那僧笑道：“长官不消多话，因知府上人口欠安，特来医治的。”

It turned out to be a toady monk with a Lame Taoist. What’s the monk look like？ As you can see，his nose hangs like a gall bladder and his eyebrows are very long，his eyes like star shining with precious light. He wore shabby clothes and sandals and had no place to live，he is dirty with a head of acne. How about the Taoist？As you see，one foot high and the other low，he is covered with mud and water. If you meet him and ask where is he from，he will tell you in the west of Ruoshui River in Paradise, Fairy Tale Land. Master Merchant then ordered the servant to invite them in，and asked them：“Which mountain do you practice your wayways on?” The monk smiled and said，“You don’t need to say too much，I know someone in your family is not well, and I'm here to help you.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 07:59, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
贾政道：“有两个人中了邪，不知有何方可治？”那道人笑道：“你家现有希世之宝，可治此病，何须问方！”贾政心中便动了，因道：“小儿生时虽带了一块玉来，上面刻着‘能除凶邪’，然亦未见灵效。”那僧道：“长官有所不知，那‘宝玉’原是灵的，只因为声色货利所迷，故此不灵了。你今将此宝取出来，待找持诵持诵，就依旧灵了。” 贾政便向宝玉项上取下那块玉来，递与他二人。

Merchant Jia said:"There are two people bewitched. Can you tell me what kind of prescription to cure disease?" That daoist said with a smile:"There is valuble treasure in your family to cure this kind of disease,so it's unnecessary to ask for others."Merchant Jia had a tremble in his heart，and he said:"My son took a piece of jade engraved with words reading'It helps to drive fierce evil away.' when born,but we haven't seen its magical efficacy yet. "The taoist responsed:"Master,you are unfamiliar that the precious jew originally worked,but it didn't work because of fascination by sensuality. You can make it taken effect after taking it out to insist on reciting. "Merchant Jia took off that piece of jade from Precious Jade'neck to pass it to the taoist.-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 09:27, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Merchant Jia said, "There are two people who are possessed by evil spirits. I don't know how to cure them." The Taoist smiled and said, "Your family has a very rare treasure in the world. It can cure this disease. Why should you ask for a prescription?" Jia was shaken, so he said, "Although my son brought a piece of jade with him when he was born, which was engraved with the words' can ward off evil and evil, 'I did not see the spiritual effect of this treasure." The monk said, "You do not know that 'precious jade' was originally spiritual, but it has lost its power because it is lost to sensual interests. You can make it taken effect after taking it out to insist on reciting. "Merchant Jia took off that piece of jade from Precious Jade'neck to pass it to the taoist.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 15:04, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
那和尚擎在掌上，长叹一声，道：“青埂蜂下，别来十三载矣！人世光阴迅速，尘缘未断，奈何奈何！可羡你当日那段好处：天不拘兮地不羁，心头无喜亦无悲；只因锻炼通灵后，便向人间惹是非。可惜今日这番经历呀：粉渍脂痕污宝光，房栊日夜困鸳鸯；沉酣一梦终须醒，冤债偿清好散场。”

The monk took the jade in the palm of his hand, sighed and said, "Under the ridge of green, we have been separated for thirteen years! The world time flies, our fate has not broken. How to do! I envied your good then: nothing in heaven or earth could confine you, neither joy nor sorrow was in your heart; But because after forging into the soul, you came to the world to cause trouble. It is a pity that you have this experience today: the psychic jade is stained by rouge powder has lost its luster. Precious Jade spent all day and all night in the splendid house with girls. Deep and sound dreams must be awakened, and bad karma must be paid. Everyone went back to their respective homes.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 03:23, 11 March 2022 (UTC)YangLei

The monk took the jade on his palm and sighed, "It has been thirteen years since we parted under the ridge of green. Though time flies, our fates are still connected. Nothing can be done to disturb this. I had envied you of your luck then: nothing in heaven or earth could confine you, neither joy nor sorrow was in your heart; But after forging into the soul, you came to make trouble in the world. What a pity you have caused today: the psychic jade stained by rouge powder has lost its luster. Precious Jade spent all day and all night in the splendid house with girls. Deep and sound dreams must be awakened, and bad karma must be paid. Everyone went back to their fates."--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 01:15, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
念毕，又摩弄了一回，说了些疯话，递与贾政道：“此物已灵，不可亵渎，悬于卧室槛上，除自己亲人外，不可令阴人冲犯。三十三日之后，包管好了。”贾政忙命人让茶，那二人已经走了，只得依言而行。凤姐宝玉果一日好似一日的，渐渐醒来，知道饿了，贾母王夫人才放了心。众姊妹都在外间听消息，黛玉先念一声佛，宝钗笑而不言，惜春道：“宝姐姐笑什么？”

After finished murmuring, the monk rubbed the jade for a moment and raved a bit. He than passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has got soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and every woman expect relatives is not allowed to touch it. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries.” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him to perform what had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually recovered consciousness and could feel hungry. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were listening to the news outside, Mascara Jade recited the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. --[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 11:50, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

After finished chanting, the monk rubbed the jade for a another time and raved a lot. He then passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and no woman is allowed to touch it except your female relatives. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries .” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him performing what he had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually came to consciousness and could feel hungriness. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were overhearing the news outside, Mascara Jade called the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. -- --

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
宝钗道：“我笑如来佛比人还忙：又要度化众生；又要保佑人家病痛，都叫他速好；又要管人家的婚姻，叫他成就。你说可忙不忙？可好笑不好笑？”一时林黛玉红了脸，啐了一口道：“你们都不是好人！再不跟着好人学，只跟着凤丫头学的贫嘴。”一面说，一面掀帘子出去了。欲知端详，下回分解。第二十六回蜂腰桥设言传心事潇湘馆春困发幽情

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said :"I joked that the budda is even busier than human .he has to not only purdue the beings but also proect people from pains or accelerate their recoveries from illness,besides he is even responsible for adminstrating and comsumating people's marriages he lives a very busy life, doesn't he,isn't it ridiculous?"Prescous jade blushed at once then spitted and said :"You bad guys! you never learn from good people ,but always parody the garrulousness of Feng Girl"In the meantime ,she opened the window and went away.Foreknowledge what will happen next ,please see next time.Loop 26 .Manage to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge .Fliped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness. --

Precious Hairpin said,"It's interesting that Tathagata is even busier than human beings--he has to save all living creatures from torment; has to proect beings from pains or accelerate the process of recoveries; has to be in charge of marriages. He is so busy, isn't he? It's so funny, right?" Mascara jade blushed at once, spitted and said,"You all are bad guys! You have to learn from good people rather than parody the garrulousness of Phoenix Girl." As she was saying, she pushed the door curtain and went away. As to what happened thereafter, please see the ensuring chapters. Chapter26 Schemed to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge. Got lipped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness.--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 09:14, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
话说宝玉养过了三十三天之后，不但身体强壮，亦且连脸上疮痕平复，仍回大观园去。这也不在话下。且说近日宝玉病的时节，贾芸带着家下小厮坐更看守，昼夜在这里；那小红同众丫鬟也在这里守着宝玉，彼此相见多日，都渐渐混熟了。小红见贾芸手里拿着手帕子，倒像是自己从前掉的，待要问他，又不好问的。不料那和尚道士来过，用不着一切男人，贾芸仍种树去了。

After 33days Precious Jade regained his strong constitution and the scar on his face recovered as well. He came back to the Prospect Garden. Let's leave it here. Merchant Rue along with the servants in the house have guarded Precious Jade round the clock. Little Red and other servant girls were also here taking care of Precious Jade. Seeing each other for several days, gradually they got acquainted. Little Red saw Merchant Rue took the handkerchief that resembled the one she previously has lost, so she wanted to asked him, but it's not convenient. Unexpectedly, that monk came and no man was needed here. Merchant Rue returned to plant trees. --[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 08:48, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

After 33 days of recovering, Precious Jade regained his strong constitution and the scar on his face was smoothed as well. He then came back to the Prospect Garden. And let's leave it here. During the time Precious Jade was sick in bed, Merchant Rue along with his servants in the house had taken care of Precious Jade round the clock; Little Red and other servant girls had also been here taking care of Precious Jade. Having Seen each other for several days, gradually they got acquainted. Seeing Merchant Rue held the handkerchief that resembled the one she had previously lost, Little Red wanted to ask him, but feels not convenient. Unexpectedly, the monk and the Taoist came and no male was needed here. So, Merchant Rue returned to plant trees.--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
这件事待放下又放不下，待要问去又怕人猜疑，正是犹预不决神魂不定之际，忽听窗外问道：“姐姐在屋里没有？”小红闻听。在窗眼内望外一看，原来是本院的个小丫头名叫佳蕙的，因答说：“在家里呢，你进来罢。”佳蕙听了跑进来，就坐在床上，笑道：“我好造化！才在院子里洗东西，宝玉叫往林姑娘那里送茶叶，花大姐姐交给我进去，可巧老太太给林姑娘送钱来，正分给他们的丫头们呢，见我去了，林姑娘就抓了两把给我，也不知多少，你替我收着。”

This is something that she wants to forget but fails to; wishes to go and ask but fears to, in case being suspected of infidelity. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzling. Suddenly a voice asks from outside the window-- “Are you in the house, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s a little girl in this house named Good Orchid. “I’m in the house, just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her, Good Orchid runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just sent her from Grandam, to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

She wants to forget it but fails;she wants to have some consultation but fears of being suspected. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzled. Suddenly a voice comes from outside the window-- “Are you in the room, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s the little girl in this house named Good Orchid. “I’m in the house；just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her, Good Orchid runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked someone to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just been sent to her from Grandam to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 09:46, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
便把手帕子打开，把钱倒了出来，小红就替他一五一十的数了收起。佳蕙道：“你这一阵子心里到底觉怎么样？依我说，你竟家去住两日，请一个大夫来瞧瞧，吃两剂药，就好了。”小红道：“那里的话？好好的，家去做什么！”佳蕙道：“我想起来了，林姑娘生的弱，时常吃药，你就和他要些来吃，也是一样。”小红道：“胡说！药也是混吃的。”

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Good Orchid says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Good Orchid says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 12:11, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Good Orchid says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Good Orchid says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:12, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
佳慧道：“你这也不是个长法儿，又懒吃懒喝的，终久怎么样？”小红道：“怕什么，还不如早些死了倒干净。”佳蕙道：“好好的，怎么说这些话？”小红道：“你那里知道我心中的事！” 佳蕙点头，想了一会道：“可也怨不得你。这个地方，本也难站。就象昨儿老太太因宝玉病了这些日子，说伏侍的人都辛苦了，如今身上好了，各处还香了愿，叫把跟着的人都按着等儿赏他们。

Good Orchid said, “It’s not a way to do so, and you are too lazy to do something. What will happen at the end?” Little Red replied ,” what are you afraid of ? I’d rather want to die.” Good Orchid said,” everything is fine, why would you say that?” And Red said,” You don't know what I was thinking !” Good Orchid nodded her head and thought a while, ”it’s not your fault. This place is hard to get a position. Like yesterday, the Madame went to the temple to pay her vows and planned to reward those who served Precious Jade because he recovered his health due to their service.--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:10, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Good Orchid said, “Abosred in eating and drinking, you are too lazy to keep this way for a long time. What if you persist this way?” Little Red replied,” what are you afraid of? I’d rather want to die.” Good Orchid said, "everything is fine, why do you say so?" And the Little Red said, "You don't know what I am thinking!" Good Orchid nodded and thought for a while, "it’s not your fault. This place is hard to live in. Yesterday, the Madame went to the temple to pay her vows and rewarded those who served Precious Jade because he has recovered thanks to their service.--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:35, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220228 homework

2022-03-06T12:50:50Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ma Feifei 马菲菲 */

CULTURE2022 20220228 homework

2022-03-04T12:10:45Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 */

CULTURE2022 20220221 homework

2022-02-28T08:08:26Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ma Feifei 马菲菲 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
第二十四回

醉金刚轻财尚义侠

痴女儿遗帕惹相思

话说黛玉正在情思萦逗、缠绵固结之时，忽有人从背后拍了一下，说道：“你作什么一个人在这里？”黛玉唬了一跳，回头看时，不是别人，却是香菱。黛玉道：“你这个傻丫头，冒冒失失的唬我一跳。这会子打那里来？”香菱嘻嘻的笑道：“我来找我们姑娘，总找不着。你们紫鹃也找你呢，说琏二奶奶送了什么茶叶来了。回家去坐着罢。”一面说，一面拉着黛玉的手，回潇湘馆来，果然凤姐送了两小瓶上用新茶叶来。

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
黛玉和香菱坐了，谈讲些这一个绣的好，那一个扎的精，又下一回棋，看两句书，香菱便走了，不在话下。且说宝玉因被袭人找回房去，只见鸳鸯歪在床上看袭人的针线呢。见宝玉来了，便说道：“你往那里去了？老太太等着你呢，叫你过那边请大老爷的安去。还不快去换了衣裳走呢！”袭人便进房去取衣服。宝玉坐在床沿上褪了鞋，等靴子穿的工夫，回头见鸳鸯穿着水红绫子袄儿，青缎子坎肩儿，下面露着玉色绸袜，大红绣鞋，向那边低着头看针线，脖子上围着紫绸绢子。宝玉便把脸凑在脖项上，闻那香气，不住用手摩挲，其白腻不在袭人以下。Mascara Jade Forest and Wiselotus Potterymaker sat down and talked about how wonderful the embroidery was. Then they played chess and did a little reading.And Wiselotus Potterymaker left without saying any sentences. When Mascara Jade was called to a room by Mandarin Duck ,she saw Mandarin Duck was staring at Wiselotus Potterymaker's needlework. As Precious Jade was coming,she said: "Where have you been? The old lady is waiting for you. She wants you to go over there and greet the milord. Hurry up changing your clothes and go !"Then Aroma went into another room to get Precious Jade's clothes for him.It was not when Precious Jade sat down on the edge of the bed and took off his boots that he saw Mandarin Duck worn a red satin jacket, blue satin vest, with jade silk socks and bright red embroidered shoes. She was looking fixedly at the needlework, and around her neck was purple silk. Precious Jade push his face towards her neck and smelt the fragrance.He touched it with his hands repeatly,which was white and smooth even comparing with Aroma.[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 11:14, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
便猴上身去，涎着脸笑道：“好姐姐，把你嘴上的胭脂赏我吃了罢。”一面说，一面扭股糖似的粘在身上。鸳鸯便叫道：“袭人，你出来瞧瞧。你跟他一辈子，也不劝劝他，还是这么着。”袭人抱了衣裳出来，向宝玉道：“左劝也不改，右劝也不改，你到底是怎么着？你再这么着，这个地方儿可也就难住了。”一边说，一边催他穿衣裳，同鸳鸯往前面来。见过贾母，出至外面，人马俱已齐备。刚欲上马，只见贾琏请安回来，正下马，二人对面，彼此问了两句话。只见旁边转过一个人来，说：“请宝叔安。”宝玉看时，只见这人生的容长脸儿，长挑身材，年纪只有十八九岁，着实斯文清秀。
He then come close wantonly with a fawning grin "Come on, sweetie,just let me taste your lips." He whines when he leaning to her stickily like melting sugar.
Yuan Yang then shouting " Out you see, Xi Ren! Why don't you tell him from right to wrong now that you have accompanied him since he was born. Never has he changed!" Xi Ren comes out with clothing s and blames Bao Yu " You just won't change after my thousands of admonishments. What's wrong with you? If you still remain the same, we will be stuck in this case again." Says her, rushing Bao Yu to get dressed and come to the front with Xi Ren. After paying a visit to Grandma, out they come. Everything is setted. Just when Bao Yu is mounting the horse, Jia Lian comes back greeting. After getting down to the horse, they two stand toward each other and have some talks. “Send my sincere regards to you, Uncle Bao.” A man turns around and says. Bao Yu looks at him. This man has a long face, fall and slender figure. He is about 18 or 1 years old and is gentle and comply indeed.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
虽然面善，却想不起是那一房的，叫什么名字。贾琏笑道：“你怎么发呆，连他也不认得？他是廊下住的五嫂子的儿子芸儿。”宝玉笑道：“是了，我怎么就忘了？”因问他：“你母亲好？这会子什么勾当？”贾芸指贾琏道：“找二叔说句话。”宝玉笑道：“你倒比先越发出挑了，倒像我的儿子。”贾琏笑道：“好不害臊，人家比你大五六岁呢，就给你作儿子了？”宝玉笑道：“你今年十几岁？”贾芸道：“十八了。”原来这贾芸最伶俐乖巧的，听宝玉说像他的儿子，便笑道：“俗话说的好：‘摇车儿里的爷爷，拄拐棍儿的孙子。’虽然年纪大，山高遮不住太阳。只从我父亲死了，这几年也没人照管。宝叔要不嫌侄儿蠢，认做儿子，就是侄儿的造化了。”

Precious Jade Merchant thought he is familiar with Ruta Merchant but can’t tell his name. Romance Merchant smiled:”You're so that you didn’t remember his name. He is the son of the fifth sister in law who lives in the Porch.” Precious Jade Merchant said:” Yeah! How could I forget.” He asked Ruta Merchant,”How is your mother? What are you doing now?” Ruta Merchant pointed at Romance Merchant and said:”I’d like to talk with Second Uncle.” Precious Jade Merchant grinned:”You’re more handsome than past.You could almost be my son.” Romance Merchant chortled:”How shame you are! Your son? He’s five or six years older than you.” Precious Jade Merchant smiled:”How old are you?” “18.” Ruta Merchant answered. Ruta Merchant is smartest here so he seized this chance to add:” There is an old saying that ‘A grandfather in the cradle may have a grandson with a stick.’ Although I am older than you, I can”t shade your shining. I’ve not been cared by others since my father died. It would be my fortune to be adopted by you, uncle who doesn’t think me too silly.”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 14:53, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
贾琏笑道：“你听见了？认了儿子，不是好开交的。”说着，笑着进去了。宝玉笑道：“明儿你闲了，只管来找我，别和他们鬼鬼祟祟的。这会子我不得闲儿，明日你到书房里来，我和你说一天话儿，我带你园里玩去。”说着，扳鞍上马，众小厮随往贾赦这边来。见了贾赦，不过是偶感些风寒。先述了贾母问的话，然后自己请了安。贾赦先站起来，回了贾母问的话，便唤人来：“带进哥儿去太太屋里坐着。”宝玉退出来，至后面，到上房。邢夫人见了，先站了起来，请过贾母的安，宝玉方请安。邢夫人拉他上炕坐了，方问别人，又命人倒茶。
==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
茶未吃完，只见贾琮来问宝玉好。邢夫人道：“那里找活猴儿去，你那奶妈子死绝了，也不收拾收拾？弄的你黑眉乌嘴的，那里还像个大家子念书的孩子？”正说着，只见贾环、贾兰小叔侄两个也来请安。邢夫人叫他两个在椅子上坐着。贾环见宝玉同邢夫人坐在一个坐褥上，邢夫人又百般摸索抚弄他，早已心中不自在了，坐不多时，便向贾兰使个眼色儿要走。贾兰只得依他，一同起身告辞。宝玉见他们起身，也就要一同回去。邢夫人笑道：“你且坐着，我还和你说话。”宝玉只得坐了。邢夫人向他两个道：“你们回去，各人替我问各人的母亲好罢。你姑姑、姐姐们都在这里呢，闹的我头晕，今儿不留你们吃饭了。”贾环等答应着便出去了。

While they were still sipping the tea, Jade Merchant came in to extend greetings to Precious Jade.“Where did this little ragamuffin come from?” Lady Xing scolded. “I don’t know what that nannie of yours can be thinking of to let you get into such a condition! Your eyebrows and lips are made to be as black as a crow! No one would ever think to look at you that you were an educated boy and came from an extended family!” While she scolded, Ring Merchant and Cymbidium Merchant arrived to send their regards to Lady Xing. Lady Xing made them sit on chairs. Seeing Precious Jade up on the same cushion with Lady Xing, and observing how she fondled and petted him, Ring Merchant soon began to feel uncomfortable and made a sign to Cymbidium Merchant indicating that they should go. Cymbidium Merchant had to do as he said, so they rose together to take their leave. Precious Jade said he would go with them, but Lady Xing stopped him with a smile: "You sit where you are! I’ve got something else to say to you." He was obliged to stay. Lady Xing turned to the other two: "When you get back, do each of you give my regards to your mothers. I won’t ask you to stay to dinner because I’ve already got the girls here and they are making so much rumpus that has given me a headache." Ring Merchant and Cymbidium Merchant promised to convey her greetings and went out. --[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 13:52, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
While they were still sipping the tea, Jade Merchant came in to extend greetings to Precious Jade.“Where did this little ragamuffin come from?” Lady City scolded. “I don’t know what that nannie of yours thinking of to let you get into such a condition! Your eyebrows and lips are as black as a crow! No one looking at you would ever think you are an educated boy and come from an extended family!” While she was scolding, Ring Merchant and Cymbidium Merchant arrived to send their regards to Lady City. Lady City made them sit on chairs. Seeing Precious Jade up on the same cushion with Lady City, and observing how she fondled and petted him, Ring Merchant soon began to feel uncomfortable and made a sign to Cymbidium Merchant indicating that they should go. Cymbidium Merchant had to do as he said, so they rose together to take their leave. Precious Jade said he would go with them, but Lady City stopped him with a smile: "Sit where you sit! I’ve got something else to tell you." He was obliged to stay. Lady City turned to the other two: "When each of you get back, give my regards to your mothers. I won’t ask you to stay for dinner because I’ve already got the girls here and they make so rumpus that has given me a headache." Ring Merchant and Cymbidium Merchant promised to convey her greetings and went out.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 15:31, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
宝玉笑道：“可是姐姐们都过来了，怎么不见？”邢夫人道：“他们坐了会子，都往后头，不知那屋里去了。”宝玉说：“大娘说有话说，不知是什么话？”邢夫人笑道：“那里什么话，不过叫你等着，同姐妹们吃了饭去；还有一个好玩的东西，给你带回去玩儿。”娘儿两个说着，不觉又晚饭时候，请过众位姑娘们来，调开桌椅，罗列杯盘。母女、姊妹们吃毕了饭，宝玉辞别贾赦，同众姊妹们回家。见过贾母、王夫人等，各自回房安歇，不在话下。
Precious Jade grinned,"But my sisters all come. Where are they?" Lady City said,"After sitting for a while, they all went to some room at the back." Precious Jade said,"Aunt said you had something to tell me, what's the thing?" Lady City smiled,"there's no such thing, I just want you to wait until having dinner with your sisters. And I got something for you to bring home and have fun."The two tlaked, not realizing it's time to have dinner, so they invited all girls to come ,set the tables and chairs, and listed the cups and plates.Mother and daughter and sisters finished dinner. Precious Jade took his leave to Master Merchant and went home with his sisters. After seeing Grandma Merchant and Lady King, they went to their room by themselves.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 09:39, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade grins and says,"Have my sisters all already come? Why I haven't encountered them?" Lady Xing answers,"After sitting for a while, they have already went behind somewhere that I'm not sure." Precious Jade says,"Edlest aunt said you had something to say to me. What do you want to require me?" Lady Xing smiles and says,"there's nothing important. I just wandered to ask you to wait to have dinner with your sisters together. And I got something interesting for you; when you go back home, bring it with you to make fun." Talking until the dinner-time unconsciously, they invited all girls to come to enjoy dinner together. After servants arranged the tables and chairs and listed the cups and plates already, mothers, daughters, and sisters finish their dinner. Precious Jade farewells Master Merchant and go home with all his sisters together. After visiting Grandma Merchant and Lady King, they go back home to rest respectively.

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
且说贾芸进去见了贾琏，因打听：“可有什么事情？”贾琏告诉他说：“前儿倒有一件事情出来，偏偏你婶娘再三求了我，给了芹儿了。他许我说：明儿园里还有几处要栽花木的地方，等这个工程出来，一定给你就是了。”那贾芸听了，半晌说道：“既这么着，我就等着罢。叔叔也不必先在婶娘跟前提我今儿来打听的话，到跟前再说也不迟。”贾琏道：“提他做什么？我那里有这工夫说闲话呢？明日还要到兴邑去走一走，必须当日赶回来方好。你先等着去，后日起更以后，你来讨信，早了我不得闲。”说着，便向后面换衣服去了。
Jia Yun(Rutagraveolens L.) walks in to visit Jia Lian; "Are there anything for me to do?" Yun takes the opportunity to enquire Lian tells him, "there was really a job a few days ago, but your aunt asked me over and over again, so I gave it to Jia Qin(Apium graveolens L.). Your aunt has promised me that must give you another project to plant the flowers and trees of the garden later." After hearing that and waiting for a while, Jia Yun says, " in that case, uncle does not need to mention me in front of aunt that I have come there to enquire today, and it is not late to discuss that when everything is ready." "Why you talk about her suddenly? Do I have any spare time to gossip? I have togo to Xingyi tomorrow and must come back at the same day. I just go back, wait and come again to get much more detailed information at 7 p.m. the day after tomorrow since I cannot be free until that time." Jia Lian says and then goes behind to disrobe.

Jia Yun(Rutagraveolens L.) walks in to visit Jia Lian; "Are there anything for me to do?" Yun takes the opportunity to enquire Lian tells him, "there was really a job a few days ago, but your aunt begged over and over again, so I gave it to Jia Qin(Apium graveolens L.). Your aunt has given mea promise that he would definitely give you another project to plant the flowers and trees of the garden later." After hearing that and waiting for a while, Jia Yun says, " in that case, uncle does not need to mention me in front of aunt that I have come there to enquire today, and it is not late to discuss that when everything is ready." "Why talk to him? Do I have any spare time to gossip? I have to go to Xingyi tomorrow and must return at the same day. I just go back, wait and come again
to get much more detailed information at 7 p.m. the day after tomorrow since I cannot be free
until that time." Jia Lian says and then goes behind to disrobe.--He Minghui（talk）

==He Minghui 何明慧==
贾芸出了荣国府回家，一路思量，想出一个主意来，便一径往他舅舅卜世仁家来。原来卜世仁现开香料铺，方才从铺子里回来，一见贾芸，便问：“你做什么来了？”贾芸道：“有件事求舅舅帮衬：要用冰片、麝香，好歹舅舅每样赊四两给我，八月节按数送了银子来。”卜世仁冷笑道：“再休提赊欠一事。前日也是我们铺子里一个伙计，替他的亲戚赊了几两银子的货，至今总没还。因此我们大家赔上，立了合同：再不许替亲友赊欠；谁要犯了，就罚他二十两银子的东道。况且如今这个货也短，你就拿现银子到我们这小铺子里来买，也还没有这些，只好倒扁儿去。这是一件

Rue Mechant left the Mansion of Rongguo Duke to his home and thought all the way. He figured out an idea, then going directly to his uncle Pu Shjen's home. Pu Shjen operated a persumery with others and he just came back from his business. Once he saw Rue Mechant he asked, "What brings you here? " Rue Mechant replied, " I've a favor to ask you, uncle. I wanna ask a charge account of 200 grams each of musk and borneol and I'll pay you the silver by Moon Festival." Pu Shjen smelled coldly and said, "Never mention things about charge account! " The day before yesterday, a partner in our shop had make a tick of goods worth of several taels of sliver for his relatives. But, until now, they haven't given silver back to him yet, causing we had to fill the account vacancy by ourselves. After that matter, we signed a contract that no one could make ticks for relatives, if who offended that rule, he would be punished to stand 20 taels of silver treat. Besides, for one thing, we were in lack of goods. Even if you had enough money, you couldn't get what you want. The only effectibe way was to change another shop to by musk and borneol.--He Minghui(talk) 12:23 26Feb

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
二则，你那里有正经事，不过赊了去，又是胡闹。你只说舅舅见你一遭儿，就派你一遭儿不是，你小人儿家很不知好歹，也要立个主意，赚几个钱，弄弄穿的吃的，我看着也喜欢。”

贾芸笑道：“舅舅说的有理。但我父亲没的时候儿，我又小，不知事体。后来听见母亲说，都还亏了舅舅替我们出主意料理的丧事，难道舅舅是不知道的？还是有一亩地，两间房子，在我手里花了不成？巧媳妇做不出没米的饭来，叫我怎么样呢？还亏是我呢，要是别的死皮赖脸的，三日两头儿来缠舅舅，要三升米二升豆子，舅舅也就没法儿呢。”
“Secondly, when does it ouccur to you to do anything serious? All you will do is no more than borrow it for some ridiculous stuff. How ungrateful are you to say that every time I meet you, I preach at you. I would rather see that you had your own thoughts and earned a living from them, making a little money. ”
Rue Mechant sneered, “What you say does make sense. But my father died before I grew up and later my mother told me it was thanks to your help that the funeral was arranged well. Don’t you know that? Or was it me who had sold the one acre of land and the two houses? I can’t make someing out of nothing. What else can I do? You’d appreciate it to have me as your nephew rather than some person who is shameless enough to bother you for three liters of rice and two liters of beans, which you are not able to grapple with.”--～～～～～～

“Secondly, when it occurs to you to do anything serious, all you will do is borrow money for some ridiculous stuff. How ungrateful are you to say that every time I meet you, I preach at you. I would rather see that you have your own thoughts and make a little money. ”
Rue Mechant sneered, “What you say does make sense. But my father died before I grew up. Later my mother told me it was thanks to your idea that the funeral was arranged. Don’t you know that? Or was it me who had sold the one acre of land and the two houses? I can’t make someing out of nothing. So what else can I do? You’d appreciate it to have me as your nephew rather than some person who is shameless enough to bother you for three liters of rice and two liters of beans from time to time, which you are not able to grapple with.”—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 13:30, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
卜世仁道：“我的儿，舅舅要有，还不是该当的？我天天和你舅母说，只愁你没个算计儿；你但凡立的起来，到你们大屋里，就是他们爷儿们见不着，下个气儿，和他们的管事的爷们嬉和嬉和，也弄个事儿管管。前儿我出城去，碰见你们三屋里的老四，坐着好体面车，又带着四五辆车，有四五十小和尚、道士儿，往家庙里去了。他那不亏能干，就有这个事到他身上了？”贾芸听了唠叨的不堪，便起身告辞。卜世仁道：“怎么这么忙？你吃了饭去罢。”一句话尚未说完，只见他娘子说道：“你又糊涂了，说着没有米，这里买了半斤面来下给你吃，这会子还装胖呢，留下外甥挨饿不成？” Pu shjen said, “My nephew, if I have those things, I am supposed to help you, am I? I talk to your aunt everyday that I am anxious about your not having a job. Once you take courage to ask your main hosts’ for help, even though you can’t see those masters, with yourself degraded, you would take charge of something by contacting their stewards. The other day, when I went out of town, I came across the fourth son of your third hosts’ who was in a luxurious carriage, followed by another four or five ones and forty or fifty little monks and Taoist priests. They went to their family temple together. If he hadn’t strived for himself, would such a good job have belonged to him?” Rue Merchant couldn’t bear his uncle’s chatter so he was ready to leave. And Pu Shjen continued, “Why are you so busy? Go after a meal.” With a sentence told incompletely, he heard his wife say, “You’re confused again, having said that we had no rice several minutes ago. I bought a quarter kilo of flour to cook for you and you still pretend to be rich. Are you going to have your nephew stay here and starve?”—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 13:06, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
卜世仁道：“再买半斤来添上就是了。”他娘子便叫女儿：“银姐，往对门王奶奶家去问：有钱借几十个，明儿就送了来的。”夫妻两个说话，那贾芸早说了几个“不用费事”，去的无影无踪了。不言卜家夫妇。且说贾芸赌气离了舅舅家门，一径回来。心下正自烦恼，一边想，一边走，低着头，不想一头就碰在一个醉汉身上，把贾芸一把拉住，骂道：“你瞎了眼？碰起我来了！”贾芸听声音像是熟人，仔细一看，原来是紧邻倪二。这倪二是个泼皮，专放重利债，在赌博场吃饭，专爱喝酒打架。此时正从欠钱人家索债归来，已在醉乡，不料贾芸碰了他，就要动手。

Pu Shih-jen said,"Just buy another half jins." Then his wife called her daughter," Sister Silver! Ask Granny Wang who lives across the hall if she can lend us dozens of copper coins. We will pay the money back tomorrow." The couples were chatting while Rape Marchant had already gone without a trace after repeating several times "Don't bother". Then let's talk about Rape Marchant instead of the Pus. Rape Marchant left his uncle's place for home in a fit of pique and never looked back. Annoyed and agnosing, he thought as walking with his head lowed. All of a sudden, he hit himself on a drunk, who then held him back, cursing, "Are you blind? You hit me!" Familiar with the vioce, Rape Marchant looked up at him narrowly— it was his neighbor, Ni's second son. He is a sleazeball, working in a casino and specializing in usury, drinking and fighting. Having claimed debt from people who owed his money,he returned back with drunk. However, he was going to beat Rape Marchant for hitting him unexpectedly.
--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 09:45, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
贾芸叫道：“老二，住手！是我冲撞了你。”倪二一听他的语音，将醉眼睁开，一看见是贾芸，忙松了手，趔趄着笑道：“原来是贾二爷。这会子那里去？”贾芸道：“告诉不得你，平白的又讨了个没趣儿。”倪二道：“不妨，有什么不平的事告诉我，我替你出气。这三街六巷，凭他是谁，若得罪了我醉金刚倪二的街坊，管叫他人离家散！”贾芸道：“老二，你别生气，听我告诉你这缘故。”便把卜世仁一段事告诉了倪二。倪二听了，大怒道： “要不是二爷的亲戚，我就骂出来。真真把人气死！也罢，你也不必愁，我这里现有几两银子，你要用只管拿去。

Rue Merchant claims, "Ni Er, stop! It's me!"
Hearing the sound and opening his druken eyes, Ni Er recognized Rue Merchant and put down his fists hastily. Standing with difficulty, he said with a simper,"Oh it's Mr. Rue! Where are you going now?"
"It is no use to tell you, I did nothing but got a hate from you." Rue Merchant replied,
"Never mind, tell me the thing who makes you angry and I'll give him a lesson. In this neighborhood, no matter who he is, if he offends my neighbor, I must make his family split apart." Ni Er said,
"There is no need to be angry, Er. I'll let you know the issue." Rue Merchant said, then he told Ni about his feud with his uncle.
Hearing this, Ni Er exploded with rage,"I will curse him if he is not a relation of yours. This is really annoying! Don't be worried, I have some money here, just take it as you need."--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 03:04, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Rue Merchant claims, "Ni Er, hold on! It's me!"
Hearing the sound and opening his druken eyes, Ni Er recognized Rue Merchant and put down his fists hastily. Standing with difficulty, he said with a simper,"Oh it's Mr. Rue! Where are you going now?"
"It is no use to tell you, I did nothing but got a hate from you." Rue Merchant replied,
"Come on, tell me the thing that makes you angry and I'll give him a lesson. In this neighborhood, no matter who he is, if he offends my neighbor, I must make his family split apart." Ni Er said,
"Take it easy, Er. I'll let you know the issue." Rue Merchant said, then he told Ni about his feud with his uncle.
Hearing this, Ni Er exploded with rage,"I will curse him if he is not a relation of yours. This is really annoying! Don't be worried, I have some money here, just take it as you need."--～～～～

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
我们好街坊，这银子是不要利钱的。”一头说，一头从搭包内掏出一包银子来。贾芸心下自思：“倪二素日虽然是泼皮，却也因人而施，颇有义侠之名。若今日不领他这情，怕他臊了，反为不美。不如用了他的，改日加倍还他就是了。”因笑道：“老二，你果然是个好汉。既蒙高情，怎敢不领？回家就照例写了文约送过来。”倪二大笑道：“这不过是十五两三钱银子，你若要写文约，我就不借了。”贾芸听了，一面接银子，一面笑道：“我遵命就是了，何必着急？”倪二笑道：“这才是呢。天气黑了，也不让你喝酒了，我还有点事儿，你竟请回罢。
We have got along well as neighbors, so this silver doesn't charge interest." He pulled a purse of silver from his bag while he talked.
Rue Merchant thought,"Second Clue may be a ruffian at ordinary times, but his attitude changes toward different person, so he is said to be loyal to his friends. If I don't appreciate him today, he will be mad, which is a mistake. Why don't I take his silver and pay him back double?"
He said with a smile," Second, I know you are a true man. Since you are so generous that I can't refuse. I'll write the profile of loan."
Second Clue laughed,"There're merely fifteen teals and thirty cents, so I won't lend you if you write the profile."
"All right," said Rue Merchant,.accepting the silver,"I'll not write any profile. So don't be mad!"
"That's right," Second chuckled,"It's so dark outside that I won't invite you to have a drink. I have business to do next. You'd better come back.--[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 08:06, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

We have got along well as neighbors, so this silver doesn't charge interest." He said, pulling a pack of silver out of his bag.
Rue Merchant thought,"Second Clue is a ruffian at ordinary times, but his attitude changes toward different persons, so he is said to be loyal to his friends. If I don't appreciate him today, he will be mad, which is not a good thing. Why don't I take his silver and pay him back double?"
He said with a smile," Second, I know you are a true man. Since you are so generous, it is hard for me to refuse. I'll write the profile of loan then send you as soon as I get home."
Second Clue laughed,"There're merely fifteen teals and thirty cents. I won't lend you if you write the profile."
"All right," said Rue Merchant, accepting the silver,"I'll not write any profile. So don't be mad!"
"That's right," Second chuckled,"It's so dark outside that I won't invite you to have a drink. I have business to do next. You'd better come back.—[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 10:04, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
我还求你带个信儿给我们家：叫他们关了门睡罢，我不回家去了；倘或有事，叫我们女孩儿明儿一早到马贩子王短腿家找我。”一面说，一面趔趄着脚儿去了，不在话下。

且说贾芸偶然碰见了这件事，心下也十分稀罕，想：“那倪二倒果然有些意思，只是怕他一时醉中慷慨，到明日加倍来要，便怎么好呢？”忽又想道：“不妨，等那件事成了，可也加倍还的起他。”因走到一个钱铺里，将那银子称了称，分两不错，心上越发喜欢。到家先将倪二的话捎给他娘子儿，方回家来。他母亲正在炕上拈线，见他进来，便问：“那里去天？”
I also want you to deliver a message to my family:tell them lock the door and sleep because I will not go back home tonight. If they need me, ask our daughters to find me in Short-Legged Wang’s home, the horse-dealer’s home, tomorrow morning.
Rue Merchant felt surprised when he met such a thing accidentally. He thought: Ni Er is quite interesting. I’m afraid that the wine made him gorgeous. So what should I do if he ask for double tomorrow? Suddenly, he thought: After that thing is done, I will have enough money to pay him back double. Then he went to a money shop to weigh the silver. The nice weight made him delighted. When he arrived Ni Er’s home, he told Ni Er’s wife about the message. Then he went back to his home. His mother, who is twisting thread on the kang, finding him back, asked: “Where did you go?”—[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 11:18, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

I also want you to bring a message to my family:tell them shut the door and sleep because I will not go home tonight. If they need me, ask our daughters to find me in Short-Legged Wang’s home, the horse-dealer’s home, early tomorrow morning.As he spoke, he stumbled away.
Rue Merchant felt surprised when he met such a thing accidentally. He thought: Ni Er is quite interesting. I’m afraid that the wine made him gorgeous. So what should I do if he ask for double tomorrow? Suddenly, he thought: After that thing is done, I will have enough money to pay him back double. Then he went to a money shop to weigh the silver. The nice weight made him delighted. When he arrived Ni Er’s home, he told Ni Er’s wife about the message. Then he went back to his home. His mother, who is twisting thread on the kang, finding him back, asked: “Where did you go?”--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 11:32, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
贾芸恐母亲生气，便不提卜世仁的事，只说：“在西府里等琏二叔来着。”问他母亲：“吃了饭了没有？”他母亲说：“吃了。还留着饭在那里。”叫小丫头拿来给他吃。那天已是掌灯时候，贾芸吃了饭，收拾安歇。一宿无话。次日起来，洗了脸，便出南门大街，在香铺买了冰、麝，往荣府来。打听贾琏出了门，贾芸便往后面来。到贾琏院门前，只见几个小厮拿着大高的笤帚，在那里扫院子呢。忽见周瑞家的从门里出来叫小厮们：“先别扫，奶奶出来了。”贾芸忙上去笑问道：“二婶娘那里去？”周瑞家的道：“老太太叫，想必是裁什么尺头。”
Rue Merchant was afraid that her mother would be angry, so she didn't mention of going to see his uncle. He just said, "I was waiting for uncle Romance in the West mansion." Asked his mother, "have you eaten yet?" His mother said, "yes, and I have kept your meal there." Ask the maid to bring it to him. It was time to light the lamp. Rue Merchant had dinner and took a rest. A night without words.
The next day he got up, washed face, went out of South Street, bought ice and musk deer in a perfumery and came to Rong mansion. After inquiring about Romance Merchant's indeed left, Rue Merchant went to the gate of his yard at the back. Several boys were sweeping the yard with big brooms. Suddenly, Auspicious Surrounding's wife came out of the door and called the boys: "stop sweeping, grandma is coming out." Rue Merchant hurried up and asked with a smile, "where's the second aunt going?" Auspicious Surrounding's wife said, "the old lady has sent for her to cut some clothes, I think."--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 04:20, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
Rue Merchant was afraid that her mother would bristle, so she didn't mention the things about visiting his uncle. He just said, "I was waiting for uncle Romance in the West mansion." Asked his mother, "have you eaten yet?" His mother said, "yes, and there are some left specially there." Ask the maid to bring it to him. It was time to light the lamp. Rue Merchant had dinner and took a rest. A night without words.
The next day he got up, washed face, went out of South Street, bought ice and musk deer in a perfumery and came to Rong mansion. Knowing that Romance Merchant has left, Rue Merchant went to the gate of his back yard. There were some servants sweeping the yard with big brooms. Suddenly, Auspicious Surrounding's wife came out of the door and called the servants: "stop sweeping, grandma is coming." Rue Merchant hurried up and smiled, "where's the second aunt going?" Auspicious Surrounding's wife said, "maybe the old lady called her to cut some clothes."--[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 06:12, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
正说着，只见一群人簇拥着凤姐出来了。贾芸深知凤姐是喜奉承爱排场的，忙把手逼着，恭恭敬敬抢上来请安。凤姐连正眼也不看，仍往前走，只问他母亲好：“怎么不来这里逛逛？”贾芸道：“只是身上不好，倒时常惦记着婶娘，要瞧瞧，总不能来。”凤姐笑道：“可是你会撒谎：不是我提，他也就不想我了。”贾芸笑道：“侄儿不怕雷劈，就敢在长辈儿跟前撒谎了？昨儿晚上还提起婶娘来，说：‘婶娘身子单弱，事情又多，亏了婶娘好精神，竟料理的周周全全的；要是差一点儿的，早累的不知怎么样了。”
Suddenly, Splendid Phoenix King came out surrounded by the crowds. Knowing deeply that Splendid Phoenix King liked being flattered , Rue Merchant rushed to greet and seriously paid respects to make a curtsey. But Splendid Phoenix King neglected it and kept walking to greet his mother. Grandma Merchant asked : "Why not come here for a visit？" Rue Merchant answered, "I really miss you and want to pay a visit but my bad health conditions do not allow me." Splendid Phoenix King laughed,"but maybe you have lied, but for my insistance, he would not have missed me either." Rue Merchant laughed: "I can bet, how dare I lie to the older? Last night I did worry about you and talked with others that your health is bad and stress from domestic life is too much for you. Thanks to your good talents and skills, the family is well taken care of. If everyone inferior to you does this, they must be freaking tired."--[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 05:51, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Suddenly, Sister Phoenix came out surrounded by the crowds. Knowing deeply that Sister Phoenix liked being flattered , Rue Merchant rushed to greet and seriously paid respects to make a curtsey. But Splendid Phoenix King neglected it and kept walking to greet his mother, asked : "Why not come here for a visit？" Rue Merchant answered, "I really miss you and want to pay a visit but my bad health conditions do not allow me." Splendid Phoenix King laughed,"you are such a good lier. But for my instance, he would not have missed me either." Rue Merchant laughed: "I can bet, how dare I lie to the older? Last night I did worry about you and talked with others that your health is bad and stress from domestic life is too much for you. Thanks to your good talents and skills, the family is well taken care of. If everyone inferior to you does this, they must be freaking tired.” —[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 08:08, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
凤姐听了，满脸是笑，由不的止了步，问道：“怎么好好儿的，你们娘儿两个在背地里嚼说起我来？”贾芸笑着道：“只因我有个好朋友，家里有几个钱，现开香铺。因他捐了个通判，前儿选着了云南不知那一府，连家眷一齐去。他这香铺也不开了，就把货物攒了一攒，该给人的给人，该贱发的贱发。像这贵重的，都送给亲友，所以我得了些冰片、麝香。我就和我母亲商量，贱卖了可惜，要送人也没有人家儿配使这些香料。因想到婶娘往年间还拿大包的银子买这些东西呢，别说今年贵妃宫中，就是这个端阳节所用，也一定比往常要加十几倍，所以拿来孝敬婶娘。”

Hearing this, Sister Phoenix halted with a big smile and asked, "Why you two are talking behind my back without anything happened?“
“I have a good friend who has a rich family. He once set up a spice shop.” Rue Merchant answered, "Recently, he has been appointed as Vice-Prefect
of somewhere in Yunnan with his whole family. So he closed his spice shop and checked the inventory. Some given away, some distributed basely. Valuable spices like these were all presented to relatives and friends. And that's why I got some borneol and musk, which is a pity if sold and sent to
others, since there are not many families can afford such a huge cost. Then I thought of you, aunt. I still remembered that you have spent many bags of money on such things in the past. This year, the amount you need in the Dragon-Boat Festival must be over ten times than usual, let alone the Imperial Consort in the Palace. So my mother and I thought it over and decided to sent it to you, my aunt, as a present.” —[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 07:08, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
Hearing this, Splendid Phoenix King halted with a big smile and asked, "Why are you talking behind my back without anything happened?“ “I have a friend who has a rich family. He once set up a spice shop.” Rue Merchant answered, "Recently, he has been appointed as Vice-Prefect of somewhere in Yunnan, and is going with his whole family. So he closed his spice shop and checked the inventory. Some given away, some distributed basely. Valuable spices like these were all presented to relatives and friends. And that's why I got some borneol and musk, which is a pity if sold or sent to others, since there are not many families can afford such a huge cost, I thought of you, my aunt. I still remembered that you have spent many bags of money on such things in the past. This year, the amount you need in the Dragon-Boat Festival must be over ten times than usual, let alone those used in the Imperial Consort in the Palace. So my mother and I thought it over and decided to sent it to you, my aunt, as a present.”--[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 03:04, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
一面将一个锦匣递过去。凤姐正是要办节礼用香料，便笑了一笑，命丰儿：“接过芸哥儿的来，送了家去，交给平儿。”因又说道：“看你这么知好歹，怪不得你叔叔常提起你来，说你好，说话明白，心里有见识。”贾芸听这话入港，便打进一步来，故意问道：“原来叔叔也常提我？”凤姐见问，便要告诉给他事情管的话，一想，又恐他看轻了，只说得了这点儿香料，便许他管事了。因而把派他种花木的事一字不提，随口说了几句淡话，便往贾母屋里去了。贾芸自然也难提，只得回来。
While talking, he handed Spendid Phoenix King a Brocade box containing spices, which she happened to be in need of for banquet use. She smiled to him, and then ordered: "Take Rue Merchant's box, send it home and give it to Patience." She then added, "You know which side your bread was buttered. No wonder that your uncle often talks good about you, saying you are frank in speaking and wise in mind." Rue Merchant found the conversation congenial, so he ceased the chance to go further and deliberately asked:" My uncle often mentioned me like that?" Seeing him asking
, Splendid Phoenix wanted to tell him that he was to be put in charge of things. But instead, she only told him that he was allowed to run affairs because of the spices he offered up, in case that he would play down the importance of it. Eventually, Splendid Phoenix King said not a word about sending Rue Merchant to do the gardening. A few inconsequential remarks were said, and then Splendid Phoenix King walked towards Djia Mu's room. Of course it was not appropriate to bring it up again, and Rue Merchant could only head home. --[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 02:52, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

While talking, he handed Spendid Phoenix King a Brocade box containing spices, which she happened to be in need of for banquet use. She smiled to Feng'er, and then ordered: "Take Rue Merchant's box, send it home and give it to Patience." She then added, "You know what at stake is . No wonder your uncle often commend you, saying you are frank in speaking and wise in mind." Rue Merchant found the conversation congenial, so he ceased the chance to go further and deliberately asked:" My uncle often mentioned me like that?" Seeing him asking
, Splendid Phoenix wanted to tell him that he was to be put in charge of things. But instead, she only told him that he was allowed to run affairs because of the spices he offered up, in case that he would play down the importance of it. Eventually, Splendid Phoenix King said not a word about sending Rue Merchant to do the gardening. A few inconsequential remarks were said, and then Splendid Phoenix King walked towards Djia Mu's room. Of course it was not appropriate to bring it up again, and Rue Merchant could only head home.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 08:00, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
因昨日见了宝玉，叫他到外书房等着，故此吃了饭，又进来，到贾母那边仪门外绮散斋书房里来，只见茗烟在那里掏小雀儿呢。贾芸在他身后把脚一跺，道：“茗烟小猴儿又淘气了！”茗烟回头，见是贾芸，便笑道：“何苦二爷唬我们这么一跳？”因又笑道：“我不叫茗烟了，我们宝二爷嫌‘烟’字不好，改了叫‘焙茗’了。二爷明儿只叫我焙茗罢。”贾芸点头笑着，同进书房，便坐下问：“宝二爷下来了没有？”焙茗道：“今日总没下来。二爷说什么？我替你探探去。”说着，便出去了。这里贾芸便看字画、古玩，有一顿饭的工夫，还不见来。
Because Jia Yun saw Precious Jade Merchant yesterday, Jade Merchant told him to wait outside the study. So he eats a meal, and comes in, to Grandma Merchant's side of the Yi San Zhai study outside the door, only to see Tealeaf in there to pull out the little bird it. Jia Yun behind him puts his feet a stomp and says: "Tealeaf little monkey is naughty again!" Tealeaf turns around and sees that it is Jia Yun, so she laughs: "Why do you, the second master bluff us ?"and because of it, she laughs: "I'm not called Tealeaf, our second master Bao suspected that the word 'smoke' was not good so he changed my name into 'Bakingtea'. The second master tomorrow will only call me Bakingtea." Jia Yun nods and smiles, with into the study, then sits down and asks: "the second master down yet?"" He have not been here for the whole day. What did the second master say? I'm going to find out for you."Bakingtea says and they go out. Here Jia Yun looks at the paintings and antiques for a meal of work, and has not been seen yet.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 07:59, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
再看看要找别的小子，都玩去了。正在烦闷，只听门前娇音嫩语的叫了一声：“哥哥呀！”贾芸往外瞧时，是个十五六岁的丫头，生的倒甚齐整，两只眼儿水水灵灵的。见了贾芸，抽身要躲。恰值焙茗走来，见那丫头在门前，便说道：“好，好！正抓不着个信儿呢。”贾芸见了焙茗，也就赶出来问：“怎么样？”焙茗道：“等了半日，也没个人过。这就是宝二爷屋里的。”因说道：“好姑娘，你带个信儿，就说廊上二爷来了。”那丫头听见，方知是本家的爷们，便不似从前那等回避，下死眼把贾芸钉了两眼。
==Yan Ni 燕妮==
听那贾芸说道：“什么廊上廊下的，你只说芸儿就是了。”半晌，那丫头似笑不笑的说道：“依我说，二爷且请回去，明日再来。今儿晚上得空儿，我替回罢。”焙茗道：“这是怎么说？”那丫头道：“他今儿也没睡中觉，自然吃的晚饭早，晚上又不下来，难道只是叫二爷这里等着挨饿不成？不如家去，明儿来是正经。就便回来，有人带信儿，也不过嘴里答应着罢咧。”贾芸听这丫头的话简便俏丽，待要问他的名字，因是宝玉屋里的，又不便问，只得说道：“这话倒是。我明日再来。”说着，便往外去了。焙茗道：“我倒茶去，二爷喝了茶去。”
==Yang Lei 杨磊==
贾芸一面走，一面回头说：“不用，我还有事呢。”口里说话，眼睛瞧那丫头还站在那里呢。那贾芸一径回来。至次日，来至大门前，可巧遇见凤姐往那边去请安，才上了车，见贾芸过来，便命人叫住，隔着窗子笑道：“芸儿，你竟有胆子在我跟前弄鬼。怪道你送东西给我，原来你有事求我：昨儿你叔叔才告诉我，说你求他。”贾芸笑道：“求叔叔的事，婶娘别提，我这里正后悔呢。早知这样，我一起头儿就求婶娘，这会子早完了，谁承望叔叔竟不能的。”凤姐笑道：“哦！你那边没成儿，昨儿又来找我了？”

As Rue Merchant walked away, she turned back and said, "No, I have something to do." As she spoke, she looked at the girl who still standing there. Then Rue Merchant came straight back. To the next day, Rue Merchant came to the gate, just met Splendid Phoenix King went there to pay her respects. When Splendid Phoenix King got on the carriage, seeing Rue Merchant coming, she ordered someone to stop her and said with a smile through the window, "Merchant, how dare you play tricks on me! No wonder you sent me things. You begged me for something: your uncle told me yesterday that you have begged him first." Rue Merchant said with a smile, "Please don't mention it. I'm regretting begging uncle here. If I had known, I should have asked you at the outset, and it would have been done sooner. Who knew my uncle couldn't help me?" Splendid Phoenix King laughed: "Oh! You came to see me again yesterday because you didn't do that well?"

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
贾芸道：“婶娘辜负了我的孝心，我并没有这个意思；要有这个意思，昨儿还不求婶娘吗？如今婶娘既知道了，我倒要把叔叔搁开，少不得求婶娘，好歹疼我一点儿。”凤姐冷笑道：“你们要拣远道儿走么！早告诉我一声儿，多大点子事，还值的耽误到这会子？那园子里还要种树种花儿，我正想个人呢，早说不早完了？”贾芸笑道：“这样，明日婶娘就派我罢。”凤姐半晌道：“这个我看着不大好。等明年正月里的烟火灯烛那个大宗儿下来，再派你不好？”贾芸道：“好婶娘，先把这个派了我，果然这件办的好，再派我那件罢。”
Rue Merchant said, "Aunt is misunderstanding my good willing into ideas I didn't mean. If I had meant that, I would have asked aunt for help yesterday. Now since aunt have known the whole thing, l'd prefer to resort to aunt who anyhow adores me rather than uncle." Sister Phoenix sneered and said, "It was masochism of you to go a long way! If you have informed me about this earlier, how would such a small thing be delayed till now?I was thinking about finding someone to take care of the garden which needs planting trees and raising flowers. Wouldn't everything be settled already if you have told me about this earlier?" Rue Merchant said with a smile, Well aunt, how about sending me for this tomorrow?" Sister Phoenix was quiet for a while, then said, "I don't think that's a good idea. I prefer you first fulfill the big task of dealing with fireworks and candles in the first month of the next lunar year before taking this job." Rue Merchant begged,"My aunt you are always kind to me, just assign me this function and I will take the other one after I successfully finish this one. "

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
凤姐笑道：“你倒会拉长线儿。罢了，要不是你叔叔说，我不管你的事。我不过吃了饭就过来，你到午错时候来领银子，后日就进去种花儿。”说着，命人驾起香车，径去了。

贾芸喜不自禁。来至绮散斋打听宝玉，谁知宝玉一早便往北静王府里去了。贾芸便呆呆的坐到晌午，打听凤姐回来，去写个领票来领对牌，至院外，命人通报了。彩明走出来，要了领票，进去批了银数、年月，一并连对牌交给贾芸。贾芸接来看，那批上批着二百两银子，心中喜悦。翻身走到银库上领了银子，回家告诉他母亲，自是母子俱喜。次日五更，贾芸先找了倪二，还了银子。

Splendid Phoenix King grinningly said:"You are such a master that is good at making long plans,any way,hadn't your uncle spoken of it,I would never get involved in your business.I came here as soon as I finished eating lunch and you came here at noon to claim for some silver and went to plant flowers afterwards."She then ordered a houseman to prepare a ornate wagon and went away.
Rue Merchant can't help beaming with delight.She went to QiSan Studio in effort to inquiry about Precious Jade Merchant only to find that he had already left for BeiJingWangFu.So Rue Merchant stayed there still and bored until midday.Knowing Feng was coming back,she wrote a ticket for pairs of card and went outside the courtyard to get someone to get everyone informed.Cai Ming walked out for the tickets and went in to check and approve the account of silver and year and month and gave the stuff along with cards ,to Rue Merchant.Rue Merchant felt very happy to receive the booklet and scrutinised it,which approved to offer ten thousand grams of silver.She turned around to the silver vault to get the silver and went home to tell her mother,which made the both of two extremely pleasant.Rue Merchant went for Ni Two to return the silver at dawn the next day.

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
又拿了五十两银子，出西门，找到花儿匠方椿家里去买树，不在话下。且说宝玉自那日见了贾芸，曾说过明日着他进来说话，这原是富贵公子的口角，那里还记在心上，因而便忘怀了。这日晚上从北静王府里回来，见过贾母、王夫人等，回至园内，换了衣服，正要洗澡。袭人被宝钗烦了去打结子去了；秋纹、碧痕两个去催水；檀云又因他母亲病了，接出去了；麝月现在家中病着；还有几个做粗活听使唤的丫头，料是叫不着他们，都出去寻伙觅伴的去了：不想这一刻的工夫，只剩了宝玉在屋内。偏偏的宝玉要喝茶，一连叫了两三声，方见两三个老婆子走进来。
Rue Merchant took another fifty taels of silver, walked out of the west gate and found Square Toon the florist' to buy trees. That's for sure. When he met Precious Jade the other day, Precious Jade said he would welcome him to come into the room to talk the next day. But it was merely the trifling formality of the wealthy men and Precious Jade had already forgotten it. This night Precious Jade came back from the No7rth Serene Mansion, met Grandma Merchant, Lady King and others, returned to the Prospect Garden, changed clothes and was going to take a shower. But all other girls were gone: Aroma was asked by Precious Hairpin to tie knots. Autumn Vein and Turquoise Mark went to fetch water. Sandalwood Cloud was sent out to take care of her mother in illness. Musk Deer Month was off sick at home. Other servant girls who did chores and took orders supposed they would not be called in so went out to find friends, never to expect that only Precious Jade himself was in the room at the moment. Coincidentally he wanted to have tea. He saw two or three nanny servants come in after calling out several times in a row.--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 12:44, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
宝玉见了，连忙摇手说：“罢，罢，不用了。”老婆子们只得退出。宝玉见没丫头们，只得自己下来，拿了碗，向茶壶去倒茶。只听背后有人说道：“二爷，看烫了手，等我倒罢。”一面说，一面走上来，接了碗去。宝玉倒吓了一跳，问：“你在那里来着？忽然来了，唬了我一跳。”那丫头一面递茶，一面笑着回道：“我在后院里，才从里间后门进来。难道二爷就没听见脚步响么？”宝玉一面吃茶，一面仔细打量：那丫头穿着几件半新不旧的衣裳，倒是一头黑鸦鸦的好头发，挽着儿，容长脸面，细挑身材，却十分俏丽甜净。

Seen them, Precious Jade shakes his hand at once, “Nah, nah, I’m good.” Nannies have nothing to do but leave. Having not met the girls, Precious Jade has to grab a bowl and go to the teapot himself for some tea. Suddenly a voice comes from backwards— "Young master, watch out for your hands—it’s hot. Please wait for me to pour it for you.” The voice comes nearer as the person goes nearer and takes the bowl. It’s Precious Jade who gets startled and asks, “Where were you just now? You came so sudden that I was startled.” The girl hands over the tea and replies with a smile, “I was in the backyard, just came in the back door of the inner room. Haven’t young master heard any footsteps?” Precious Jade looks over every detail of her appearance as he drinks the tea— That girl wears some half-new clothes, but has a really nice head of thick dark hair, worn in updos. And her petty long face and tall slim body looked adorable and lovely.--Yuan Ling

Seeing them, Precious Jade shakes his hand at once, “Nah, nah, I’m good.” Nannies have nothing to do but leave. Having not met the girls, Precious Jade has to fetch a bowl and go to the teapot himself for some tea. Suddenly a voice comes backwards— "Young master, watch out for your hands—it’s hot. Please wait for me to pour it for you.” Saying it，a girl appeares and takes the bowl. Precious Jade gets startled and asks, “Where were you just now? You came so suddenly that I was startled.” The girl hands over the tea and replies with a smile, “I was in the backyard,and just came in the back door of the inner room. Haven’t young master heard any footsteps?” Precious Jade looks over every detail of her appearance as he drinks the tea— That girl wears some half-new clothes, but has a really nice head of thick dark hair, worn in updos. And her petty long face and tall slim body looking adorable and lovely.--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 08:04, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
宝玉便笑问道：“你也是我屋里的人么？”那丫头笑应道：“是。”宝玉道：“既是这屋里的，我怎么不认得？”那丫头听说，便冷笑一声道：“爷不认得的也多呢！岂止我一个？从来我又不递茶水，拿东西，眼面前儿的一件也做不着，那里认得呢？”宝玉道：“你为什么不做眼面前儿的呢？”那丫头道：“这话我也难说，只是有句话回二爷：昨日有个什么芸儿来找二爷。我想二爷不得空儿，便叫焙茗回他；今日来了，不想二爷又往北府里去了。”刚说到这句话，只见秋纹、碧痕嘻嘻哈哈的笑着进来，两个人共提着一桶水，一手撩衣裳，趔趔趄趄，泼泼撒撒的。

Then Precious Jade asks with delight," do you serve me in my room as well?" That girl respondes with smile,"yes." Precious Jade says," now that you serve me in my room, why don't I know you?" Hearing it, that girl sneers and says," there are plenty of girls that you can not recognize! I am not the only one. I have never done what you can see like passing cups of tea or fetching something to you, so how can you know me?" Precious Jade then says," why don't you serve me under my eyes?" That girl replies," it is hard to tell a reason. What I can say is that there was a Ruta coming to look for you yesterday. I supposed that you were unavailable, so I asked Beiming Sklavenjunge to let him leave; he came again today, only to find you have gone to the northern official residence." Right on cue, it is seen that Autum Vein and Turquoise Mark came in，laughing and joking. They are staggering with carrying a bucket of water together and meanwhile tucking up thier clothes with the other available hand , looking naughty and energetic.--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 08:02, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Then Precious Jade asks her with delight," do you serve me in my room as well?" That girl respondes with smile,"yes." Precious Jade says," now that you serve me in my room, why don't I know you?" Hearing that，that girl sneers and says," there are plenty of girls that you can not recognize! I am not the only one. I have never done what you can see like passing cups of tea or fetching something to you, so how can you know me?" Precious Jade then says," why don't you serve me under my eyes?" That girl replies," it is hard to tell a reason. What I can say is that there was a Ruta coming to look for you yesterday. I supposed that you were unavailable, so I asked Beiming Sklavenjunge to let him leave; he came again today, only to find you have gone to the northern official residence." Right on cue, it is seen that Autum Vein and Turquoise Mark came in，laughing and joking. They are staggering with carrying a bucket of water together and meanwhile tucking up thier clothes with the other available hand , looking naughty and energetic.—[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 08:03, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
丫头便忙迎出去接。秋纹、碧痕一个抱怨你湿了我的衣裳，一个又说你踹了我的鞋。忽见走出一个人来接水，二人看时，不是别人，原来是小红。二人便都诧异，将水放下，忙进来看时，并没别人，只有宝玉，便心中俱不自在。只得且预备下洗澡之物。待宝玉脱了衣裳，二人便带上门出来，走到那边房内，找着小红，问他：“方才在屋里做什么？”小红道：“我何曾在屋里呢？因为我的绢子找不着，往后头找去，不想二爷要茶喝，叫姐姐们，一个儿也没有，我赶着进去倒了碗茶，姐姐们就来了。”

A girl hurried out to meet. Autumn Vein and Turquoise Mark，one complained that their clothes were wet, and another complained that their shoes were dirty. Suddenly a girl stepped out to get some water. The two girls looked over and found the girl was Little Red. They were so surprised that they lowered the water and found no one but Precious Jade. Although their heart is still a little uneasy，they can only prepare bath things first. When Precious Jade took off his clothes, they closed the door and went to another room to look for Little Red. They asked her what she was doing in the room. Little Red said, "I didn't go into the room. I was there because I couldn't find my handkerchief, so I went to the back to look for it. I happened to meet the second uncle who wanted tea, and my sisters were not there, so I went in and poured a cup of tea for him and then you came. —[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 08:02, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

==some annotations 注释==
“摇车儿”二句——意谓坐在摇车里的幼儿可能是爷爷辈，拄拐杖的老头可能是孙子辈。表示尊卑不在于年龄，而在于辈分。

冰片、麝香——参见第十八回“麝脑之香”注。

倒扁儿——意谓临时向别处挪借货物或银钱以应急。

搭包──即“搭裢”，见第一回“搭裢”注。

拈线──即用手或工具将棉、麻搓成线。拈：义同“捻”。

把手逼着——即把两手垂直并紧贴身体，以示恭敬。

攒了一攒——即归拢归拢，按类归并。

贱发——贱价出售。

钉──这里义同“盯”。即目不转睛地看。

拉长线儿——义同“放长线，钓大鱼”。即为长远及更大利益预作安排。

巧宗儿──既省力又讨好的事情。

一里一里的──即一步一步的，渐渐的。

User:Ou Xinyu

2022-02-27T07:35:26Z

Ou Xinyu:

I’ m a 19-year-old girl from Hengyang City in Hunan Province. And my hometown is named after Mount Heng, which is one of the five great mountains in China. I get so called social phobia in front of strangers or people I’m meeting for the first time, but once I get to know you better I can be as active as possible. And I can’t completely love myself for the lack of confidence. But I’m trying my best. Instead of social activities, I prefer thinking something at home, just myself. There are always many fancy thoughts in my head. I hope to make friends with people around the world. So I really want to have my graduate study in Europe.

CULTURE2022 20220221 homework

2022-02-27T07:08:54Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 */

Foundations of Chinese Cultures 2022

2022-02-26T06:50:13Z

Ou Xinyu: /* Joint agreement on weight of grades */

[[File:Example.jpg]]Welcome to our BA course [[Foundations of Chinese Cultures 2022]]. The shortlink is: https://bit.ly/CULTURE2022 . Monday 14:30-16:10 中国文化基础 (09166202.01) (starts Feb 21, weeks 1-16, 外国语学院大楼605机房) 20级翻译01班 spring term 2022

Here you will find some quick links soon for homework pages, final exam paper pages etc.

=Before the class starts=

Note: This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is English, however, some explanations in Chinese will be given.

1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc. After reading, please take this quiz to show your understanding of basic concepts of translation and of data usage: http://bit.ly/Eval-01 .

2. Our teaching assistant is Deng Lulu 邓鲁露. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]]（Li Siwen 李思文） and 5 survey assistants（You Xinning 由馨凝，Liu Keyi 刘可仪，Liu Yixin 刘亦欣，Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣，Zhou Sirui 周思睿）, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their "performance in class" grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. "teaching assistant - Lei Feng"). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.

3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on "register" on the top right corner, and then on "request one". Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times "Lei Feng" and "Lei Feng". Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password "wikicaptcha" and click on "submit". You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [uvu:Community_Portal] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is "wikicaptcha".

4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: "Lei Feng 雷锋 20级笔译".

5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.

6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.

Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese:
@所有人
请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音姓名班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022 （短一点的是https://bou.de/u/ ，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：
http://bit.ly/Eval-01 完成此测验
https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像"Li Xin"和"Li Xin"，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过
完成欧盟调查问卷 http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
注：有的链接可能要用vpn才能进

Student roll: 李思文, 陈锟, 刘亦欣, 李琳玉, 魏静婷, 汪柔, 陈天钰, 陈诚, 邓鲁露, 燕妮, 韩静茹, 徐致远, 雷珩, 禹紫琪, 欧欣榆, 杨磊, 邓蕊欣, 喻锦博, 刘可仪, 何明慧, 马菲菲, 邹享睿, 刘倩仪, 陈心怡, 袁灵, 郭子瑞, 周思睿, 由馨凝, 李婉莹.

=First Session Mon 21, 2022 14:30-16:40 - Organizational Things=
==Duties in Class==
1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2022). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.

2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts. [[CULTURE2022 LIST OF HOMEWORKS]]

3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.

4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2022 LIST OF TOPICS]] - This is the same list as the LIST OF PRESENTATIONS and the LIST OF SESSION TOPICS.

5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper (5,000 English words) until session 2. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2022 LIST OF FINAL EXAM PAPERS]]

==Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==
Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.

==Joint agreement on weight of grades==
*Final Exam paper: 70 percent
*Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.

Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.

[[File:Example.jpg]]==Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==
1. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the "terms", "references", "questions" and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): "answers". Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.

2. Please translate a short passage from Hongloumeng from Chinese to English. Please make sure to translate the names by meaning, never with Pinyin.

3. Please correct the translation of your fellow student above you in the list.

4. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.

5. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Minghui - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.

Special homework for [[Wiki Admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].

Special homework for [[Survey Assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use

Special homework for [[Teaching Assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.

General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students.

Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic.

Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now.

If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester. Here is the link to the homeworks listed for all students and the students with special tasks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022#Homework_of_Session_1_for_Session_2]]

--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 06:19, 25 February 2022 (UTC)==Schedule of Session Topics==
Here is the '''Ranking List of Topics''' as voted on by you:

'''Rank Topic Percentage''' (please do not write your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front)

1 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 78%

2 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 72%

3 Animals: Panda 70%

4 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 68%

5 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 66%

6 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 66%

7 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 64%

8 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 64%

9 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 62%

10 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%

11 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 61%

12 Beverages: Milk Tea 60%

13 Fine Arts: Painting 60%

14 Facial Make-up 58%

15 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 58%

16 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 57%

17 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 56%

18 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 56%

19 Architecture: The Forbidden City 55%

20 Chinese Movies 55%

21 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 54%

22 National Symbols: National Flag 54%

23 Beverages: Tea 53%

24 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 53%

25 Chinese cultural influence on other cultures / Culture Export / Softpower 53%

26 Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 52%

27 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 51%

28 Social: Round Table Culture 51%

29 Games: Kite Flying 51%

30 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 50%

Here is the list of session topics sorted by sessions/date. Please indicate your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front.

'''Session Rank Topic Percentage'''

2 1 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 78%

2 8 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 64%

3 10 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%陈诚

3 19 Architecture: The Forbidden City 55%禹紫琪

4 27 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 51%袁灵

4 30 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 50%李婉莹

5 2 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 72%喻锦博

5 11 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 61%欧欣榆

6 23 Beverages: Tea 53% 李思文

6 12 Beverages: Milk Tea 60%由馨凝

7 6 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 66%陈心怡

7 24 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 53%魏静婷

8 4 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 68% 邓鲁露

8 20 Chinese Movies 55% 马菲菲

8 21 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 54% 周思睿

9 7 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 64% 刘倩仪

9 14 Facial Make-up 58% 邹享睿

10 9 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 62% 李琳玉

10 29 Games: Kite Flying 51%

11 28 Social: Round Table Culture 51%

11 5 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 66% 燕妮

12 22 National Symbols: National Flag 54% 邓蕊欣

12 25 Chinese cultural influence on other cultures / Culture Export / Softpower 53%

13 16 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 57% 刘可仪

13 18 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 56%杨磊

14 3 Animals: Panda 70% 刘亦欣

14 17 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 56% 汪柔

14 26 Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 52%何明慧

15 13 Fine Arts: Painting 60%郭子瑞

15 15 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 58%雷珩

=2nd Session Mon Feb 28, 2022: =

=3rd Session Mon Mar ...=

=Here is a sample of the website from last year's course=
Quicklinks: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Course Homepage (this page)]]. [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] Homework [[20210303_culture|1, Mar 3 Chapters 1-4]], [[20210310_culture|2, Mar 10 Chapters 6-7]], [[20210317_culture|3, Mar 17 Chapters 11-13]], [[20210324_culture|4, Mar 24 Chapters 15-17]], [[20210331_culture|5, Mar 31 Chapters 4-7]], [[20210407_culture|6, Apr 7 Chapters 8-10]], [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]] , [[20210421_culture|8, Apr 21 Chapters 17-19]] (这是5.19的作业）[[20210526_culture|13, May 26 Chapters 17-20]][[20210602_culture|14, June 2 Chapters 21-23]] etc. [[20210601_culture|Final Exam extended deadline June 15]]

'''《红楼梦》程甲本'''

Welcome to our course website '''Foundations of Chinese Cultures 2022'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is welcome!

欢迎访问我们'''中国文化基础'''网页。…………--[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 07:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

=Organizational Things=
*Please register for the Course Wiki.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
==Description of Homework==
*Our website admin student is Zhu Renduo.
===Regular students===
1. Please read and prepare all the texts for the next textbook unit.

2. Please go to the homework page and translate the short passage of the Dream of the Red Chamber into English. Do not forget to sign by typing - - ~ ~ ~ ~ (without spaces) at the end.

Then please help your fellow students to correct and improve their translations. Do not forget to sign by typing - - ~ ~ ~ ~ (without spaces) at the end.

3. Once in the semester, you give a presentation on a topic of the textbook. Please do not just repeat the content, but say something from the perspective of a translator: What problems do you encounter when translating the textbook text or when translating texts of this topic. One student can do a presentation, the other can do a handout. Both contributions are graded separately.

===Website Admin student===
Thank you for helping to watch the Wiki website! Please make sure that it looks nice (formatting, especially if a fellow students makes a mess by putting the wrong format etc., should not look to crowded, so make sub-websites for homework etc.).

===Online Survey students===
There will be several online surveys conducted throughout the semester.
Please fill in the first survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate a pragraph from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History"...

==Material==
The coursebook will be provided to you in the WeChat Group.

Please rate the 127 topics on http://shijiehanxue.mikecrm.com/uysEi5J or http://bit.ly/rate_topics (you can only rate once). We will select the top 45 topics and deal with 3 topics per week/session.

'''Results of the Rating'''
<table style="border-collapse: collapse;width:500pt" width="450"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1">
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl65" style="height:14.4pt;width:62pt" width="83"
height="19">Order</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left:none;width:62pt"
width="83">Date</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left:none;width:508pt"
width="677">Topic</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left:none;width:62pt"
width="83">Chapter</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left:none;width:44pt"
width="58">Points</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left:none;width:44pt"
width="58">Popularity</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">1</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">10.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Beverages:
Milk Tea</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">21</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">474</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">79%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">2</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">10.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional
Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines in China</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">28</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">468</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">78%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">3</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">10.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Beverages:
Tea</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">20</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">451</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">75%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">4</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">17.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Architecture:

Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City </td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">36</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">433</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">72%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">5</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">17.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional
Festivals</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">2</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">432</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">72%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">6</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">17.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">108</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">427</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">71%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">7</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">24.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional
Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">24</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">423</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">71%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">8</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">24.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">119</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">417</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">70%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">9</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">24.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">26</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">415</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">69%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">10</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">31.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Aesthetic
ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">110</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">409</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">68%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">11</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">31.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Music and instruments: Pipa</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">95</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">406</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">68%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">12</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">31.03.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">25</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">404</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">67%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">13</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">07.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Silk
and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">31</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">401</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">67%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">14</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">07.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">23</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">396</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">66%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">15</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">07.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">98</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">395</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">66%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">16</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">14.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Garden
Culture: The Summer Palace</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">41</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">385</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">64%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">17</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">14.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money </td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">106</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">384</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">64%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">18</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">14.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">99</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">383</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">64%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">19</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">21.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Architecture</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">35</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">377</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">63%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">20</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">21.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Music and instruments: Guzheng</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">94</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">375</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">63%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">21</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">21.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">71</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">372</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">62%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">22</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">28.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Ancient
literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">49</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">371</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">62%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">23</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">28.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">50</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">369</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">62%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">24</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">28.04.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese language: Chinese Dialects</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">45</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">368</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">61%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">25</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">08.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Animals:
Panda</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">128</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">366</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">61%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">26</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">08.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">97</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">365</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">61%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">27</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">08.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese Mythology: Huli-jing</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">73</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">364</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">61%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">28</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">12.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">19</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">364</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">61%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">29</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">12.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">8</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">362</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">60%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">30</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">12.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese clothing / interieur: Chinese clothing</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">112</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">361</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">60%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">31</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">19.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Facial Make-up</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">96</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">360</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">60%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">32</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">19.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">22</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">357</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">60%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">33</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">19.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Premodern literature: Tang and Song (2 texts)</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">51</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">357</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">60%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">34</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">26.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese Medicine: The Development of Chinese Medicine</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">68</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">356</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">59%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">35</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">26.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien
Chung-shu)</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">56</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">349</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">58%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">36</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">26.05.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">103</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">346</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">58%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">37</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">02.06.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">72</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">346</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">58%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">38</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">02.06.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Stage entertainment: Shadow Play</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">100</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">344</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">57%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">39</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">02.06.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">70</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">338</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">56%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">40</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">09.06.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">9</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">336</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">56%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">41</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">09.06.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Landscapes and tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">122</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">333</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">56%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">42</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">09.06.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional Crafts: Carving</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">17</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">326</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">54%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">43</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">16.06.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Landscapes and tourism: Tourism, Nanjing-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">126</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">319</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">53%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">44</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">16.06.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">42</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">317</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">53%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">45</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">16.06.2021</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional
Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">18</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">317</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">53%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">46</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Fine Arts: Painting</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">32</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">316</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">53%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">47</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese clothing / interieur: Cheongsam</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">113</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">312</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">52%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">48</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">89</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">309</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">52%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">49</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song
Dynasty)</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">105</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">308</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">51%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">50</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Beijing Opera: Actor Mei Lanfang</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">61</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">306</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">51%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">51</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Education: Ancient Chinese Education</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">116</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">305</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">51%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">52</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese language</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">44</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">304</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">51%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">53</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional Crafts: Embroidery</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">14</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">304</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">51%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">54</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese Mythology: Gods and Immortals</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">74</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">303</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">51%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">55</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese Writing: Calligraphy</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">11</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">302</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">50%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">56</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Landscapes and tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">123</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">300</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">50%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">57</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">3</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">299</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">50%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">58</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Premodern literature: Li Bai's 李白《长干行》 and its translations</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">52</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">297</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">50%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">59</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese Medicine: Acupuncture and Moxibustion</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">67</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">296</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">49%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">60</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Silk and porcelain: Silk</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">29</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">296</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">49%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">61</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">7</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">294</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">49%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">62</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Stage entertainment: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">101</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">294</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">49%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">63</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Games: Go 围棋 </td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">107</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">291</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">49%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">64</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Premodern
literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">54</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">289</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">48%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">65</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Religions: Daoism</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">76</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">288</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">48%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">66</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">5</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">286</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">48%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">67</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Architecture:
Bridges</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">39</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">284</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">47%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">68</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Education:
Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">117</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">283</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">47%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">69</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Landscapes
and tourism: Mogao Grottoes</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">124</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">283</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">47%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">70</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk
Road</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">90</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">283</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">47%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">71</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Ancient
literature: Classical Literature</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">46</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">281</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">47%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">72</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Army
and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">121</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">281</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">47%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">73</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Aesthetic
ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">109</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">279</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">47%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">74</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Architecture:
Three Great Towers in China</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">38</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">275</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">46%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">75</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Fine
Arts: Seal-cutting</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">33</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">275</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">46%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">76</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Silk
Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">91</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">275</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">46%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">77</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Garden
Culture: Gardens</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">40</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">274</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">46%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">78</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese
Medicine: Diagnosis and Pharmacology</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">66</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">273</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">46%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">79</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Beijing
Opera</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">60</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">272</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">45%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">80</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese
Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">10</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">272</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">45%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">81</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Premodern
literature: China's Four Great Classical Novels</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">53</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">270</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">45%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">82</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese
clothing / interieur: The Folding Screen</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">115</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">267</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">45%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">83</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Ancient
literature: Chinese Mythology</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">48</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">265</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">44%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">84</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese
Medicine: Zhang Zhongjing</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">69</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">264</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">44%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">85</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Landscapes
and tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">125</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">263</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">44%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">86</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Martial
Arts: Qigong</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">64</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">262</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">44%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">87</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Architecture:
Four Great Pavilions</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">37</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">261</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">44%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">88</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Religions:
Buddhism</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">75</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">260</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">43%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">89</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional
Cuisine: Chopsticks</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">27</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">260</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">43%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">90</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Westernization:
The Eastward Spread of Western Learning</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">92</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">260</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">43%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">91</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Body
movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing </td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">104</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">259</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">43%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">92</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Body
movement performance: Stilts</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">102</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">259</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">43%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">93</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Science
and Technology: Compass</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">6</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">259</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">43%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">94</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese
Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">12</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">258</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">43%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">95</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese
Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">13</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">255</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">43%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">96</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Garden
Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) </td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">43</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">253</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">42%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">97</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional
Crafts: Lacquerware</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">16</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">247</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">41%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">98</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Chinese
clothing / interieur: Batik</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">114</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">242</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">40%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">99</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Confucianism:

Confucian Culture</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">81</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">237</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">40%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">100</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Westernization:
The Westernization Movement</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">93</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">236</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">39%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">101</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Modern and Contemporary Literature: Novels</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">57</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">234</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">39%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">102</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction,
and Fantasy</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">59</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">233</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">39%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">103</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Ancient
literature: Yue Fu</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">47</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">231</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">39%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">104</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Modern and Contemporary Literature: Modern Literature</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">55</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">231</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">39%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">105</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">118</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">229</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">38%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">106</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Confucianism: Four Main Philosophic Schools</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">79</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">226</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">38%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">107</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">85</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">225</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">38%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">108</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">111</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">219</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">37%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">109</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Landscapes
and tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">127</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">213</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">36%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">110</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Beijing
Opera: Beijing Opera Acrobatics</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">62</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">211</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">35%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">111</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Confucianism:

Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">80</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">211</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">35%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">112</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Martial
Arts: Wushu</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">63</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">211</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">35%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">113</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Army
and weapons: Terracotta Army</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">120</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">210</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">35%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">114</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Fine
Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">34</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">210</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">35%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">115</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Martial
Arts: Huo Yuanjia</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">65</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">210</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">35%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">116</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Modern and Contemporary Literature: Contemporary Literature</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">58</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">209</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">35%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">117</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Daoism</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">84</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">204</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">34%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">118</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional

Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">4</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">203</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">34%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">119</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Silk
and porcelain: Porcelain</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">30</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">197</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">33%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">120</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism </td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">88</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">196</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">33%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">121</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Confucianism:
Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">83</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">195</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">33%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">122</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Traditional
Crafts: Cloisonne</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">15</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">194</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">32%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">123</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Religions:

Christianity</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">78</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">176</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">29%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">124</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Religions:
Islam</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">77</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">171</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">29%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">125</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Confucianism:

Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">82</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">170</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">28%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">126</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">87</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">168</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">28%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt" height="19">
<td class="xl68" style="height:14.4pt;border-top:none"
height="19" align="right">127</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"> </td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-top:none;border-left:none">86</td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">154</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-top:none;border-left:none"
align="right">26%</td>
</tr>
</table>

=Schedule=
1st Session: Organizational things

Vote on the topics for the current semester.

At the end of the session: Take the EU survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2nd session: (topic chosen by students)

3rd session: (topic chosen by students)

4th session: (topic chosen by students)

5th session: (topic chosen by students)

6th session: (topic chosen by students)

7th session: (topic chosen by students)

8th session: (topic chosen by students)

...

New topics suggested by students: ...

==1st Session==
*Teacher Classroom presentation 01 [[Media:Found_Chin_Cult_01.ppt|Teacher presentation of 1st session]]
*Teacher Course Book is provided in WeChat group. Cannot be uploaded here because of copyright reasons.

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.

===Homework of Session 1 (Mar 3, 2021), due for Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021)===
1. Every student receives a short paragraph in English to translate into Chinese. You can '''write it [[20210303_culture|here]]'''.

The full text which should be translated throughout the year is [[Media:Chengjiaben.doc]]

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

3. Please answer the quiz on ... (see links in WeChat group)

==2nd Session Mar 10, 2021: Milk Tea, Eight Major Cuisines, Tea==
===Homework as a preparation for March 10===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 1 (Mar 3, 2021), due for Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021) [[20210303_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary. The texts are: 1 Beverages: Milk Tea, 2 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines in China, 3 Beverages: Tea.

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts:
*Milk Tea http://geip720doqudd7v4.mikecrm.com/bpJOj93
*Eight Major Cuisines in China http://jy0tp60pjbxfwebr.mikecrm.com/fY4Aggt
*Tea http://mtv80dxnpmlcptyw.mikecrm.com/VkAgGL6

4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

===Presentations March 10===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Tea.pptx|Powerpoint for 2nd session on Tea by Martin Woesler]] for download

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation on topic 1 Milk Tea [[Media:Milk_Tea_by_Shu_Lin.ppt|Presentation on Milk Tea by Shu Lin 舒琳]]

2. Classroom presentation on topic 2 Eight Major Cuisines [[Media:Traditional_Cuisine_Eight_Major_Cuisines_in_China_by_Su_Xiao.pptx|Presentation on Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines in China by Su Xiao 苏潇]]

3. Classroom presentation on topic 3 Tea [[Media:Tea_by_Teng_Bixia.ppt|Presentation on tea by Teng Bixia 滕璧霞]]

===Homework of Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021) for Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021), due for Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021) [[20210310_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==3rd Session Mar 17: Architecture incl. Forbidden City, Traditional Festivals, Handsome Men==
===Homework as a preparation for Mar 17===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021), due for Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021) [[20210310_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts:
*Architecture, including Forbidden Cities http://sg.mikecrm.com/T9apJoZ
*Traditional Festivals http://u3xxio2gkk43us5u.mikecrm.com/KdFESNp
*Aesthetic Ideals: The Four Most Handsome Men https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YHNWyGB.aspx

4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

===Presentations Mar 17===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:03_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Architecture.pptx|Powerpoint for 3rd session on Architecture by Martin Woesler]] for download (will be uploaded after class)

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no. 4 on topic Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City [[Media:Architecture_and_Forbidden_City.ppt|Presentation on Architecture and Forbidden City by Mr. Zhào Kē 赵轲]]

[[File:Spring_Festival.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Photo - cc licence.]]

2. Classroom presentation no. 5 on topic Traditional Festivals [[Media:Traditional_Festivals.ppt|Presentation on Traditional Festivals by Yì Míngxiá 易明霞]]

[[File:King_Lanling.png|500px|thumb|right|Manga version of King Lanling - no copyright.]]

3. Classroom presentation no. 6 on topic Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China [[Media:Four_Most_Handsome_Men.ppt|Presentation on The Four Most Handsome Men by Péng Jiāyù 彭佳钰]]

===Homework of Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021) for Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021), due for Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021) [[20210317_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==4th Session Mar 24: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines; Historical Figures, Four Women; Two Famous Dishes==
===Homework as a preparation for Mar 24===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021), due for Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021) [[20210317_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary.

This time, you do not need to take the quizzes about the three texts to prepare in advance.

3. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

===Session Mar 24: Quizzes and Presentations===

'''Contents for today's Session'''
*Four Distinct Regional Cuisines
*Historical Figures, Four Women
*Two Famous Dishes

*Explanation about Hounglou Meng translation homework

*We take the following quizzes in class to check on the preparation for today:
*Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://ks.wjx.top/vj/tUEq5AW.aspx
*Historical Figures, Four Women https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YhIAxyb.aspx
*Two Famous Dishes https://ks.wjx.top/vm/ek295PA.aspx

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:04_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Cuisine_Women.pptx|Powerpoint for 4th session on Cuisine and Women by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no. 7 on topic Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines [[Media:Traditional_Cuisine_Four_Distinct_Regional_Cuisines.ppt|Presentation on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines by 王子涵]]

2. Classroom presentation no. 8 on topic Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China [[Media:Education_Historical_Figures_The_Four_Talented_Women_of_Ancient_China.ppt|Presentation on Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China by 袁静]]

3. Classroom presentation no. 9 on topic Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes [[Media:Traditional_Cuisine_Two_Famous_Dishes.ppt|Presentation on Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes by 刘廷阳]]

===Homework of Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021) for Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021), due for Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021) [[20210324_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==5th Session Mar 31: Marriage Customs; Pipa; The Art of Chinese Cooking==
===Homework as a preparation for Mar 31===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021), due for Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021) [[20210324_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.
*Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs
*Music and instruments: Pipa
*Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking
4. (Only for the 3 students 杜心语, 刘卓凡, 戴沐雨: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

===Presentations Mar 31===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:05_Foundation_Marriage_Pipa_Cooking.pptx|Powerpoint for 5th session on Marriage/Pipa/Cooking by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no. 10 on topic Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs [[Media:Marriage.ppt|Presentation on Marriage Customs by 杜心语]]

Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/w3HDLsU.aspx

2. Classroom presentation no. 11 on topic Music and instruments: Pipa [[Media:Pipa.ppt|Presentation on Music and instruments: Pipa by 刘卓凡]]

Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/rutjD9h.aspx

3. Classroom presentation no. 12 on topic Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking [[Media:Cooking.ppt|Presentation on the Art of Chinese Cooking by 戴沐雨]]

Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0s0tfA.aspx

===Homework of Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021) for Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021), due for Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021) [[20210331_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for the 3 students 唐启洲, 邓丹, 吴欣欣: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==6th Session Apr 7: Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词; Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette; Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up==
===Homework as a preparation for Apr 7===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021), due for Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021) [[20210331_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. (Only for the 3 students 唐启洲, 邓丹, 吴欣欣: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

===Presentations Apr 7===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:06_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Celdaon_Etiquette_Make-up.pptx|Powerpoint for 6th session on Apr 7 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

Repitition of last session: presentation no. 10 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs Presentation on Marriage Customs by Dù Xīnyǔ 杜心语 (Quiz has been taken)

1. Classroom presentation no. 13 on topic Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 by 唐启洲 Tang Qizhou [[Media:Celadon_by_Tang_Qizhou.ppt|Presentation on Celadon by 唐启洲]]

Compare old presentations [[Media:Celadon.pptx]] by Chen Jingjing 18 October 2020 (UTC) and
Handout [[Media:Celadon.docx]] by Gao Mingzhu 18 October 2020 (UTC)

2. Classroom presentation no. 14 on topic Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette by 邓丹 Deng Dan [[Media:Dining_Etiquette.ppt|Presentation on Dinging_Etiquette by 邓丹]]

3. Classroom presentation no. 15 on topic Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up by 吴欣欣 Wu Xinxin [[Media:Make-up.ppt|Presentation on Make-up by 吴欣欣]]

During class: please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.
*13 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 by Tang Qizhou 唐启洲 https://ks.wjx.top/vj/mbCcX4k.aspx
*14 Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette by Deng Dan 邓丹https://ks.wjx.top/vj/eToeY28.aspx
*15 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up by Wu Xinxin 吴欣欣 https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QsAO21a.aspx

===Homework of Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021) for Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021), due for Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021) [[20210407_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for the 3 students 丁仲夏, 汤惠, 王沁瑜: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==7th Session Apr 14: Garden Culture: The Summer Palace; Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money; Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声==
===Homework as a preparation for Apr 14===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021), due for Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021) [[20210407_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. (Only for the 3 students 丁仲夏, 汤惠, 王沁瑜: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

===Presentations Apr 7===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:07_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 7th session on Apr 14 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no. 16 on topic Garden Culture: The Summer Palace by 丁仲夏 [[Media:Summer_Palace_by_Ding_Zhongxia.pptx|Presentation on Summer Palace by 丁仲夏]] Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/emI82uf.aspx

2. Classroom presentation no. 17 on topic Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money by Tang Hui 汤惠 [[Media:Red_Envelope_by_Tang_Hui.pptx|Presentation on Red Envelope by Tang Hui 汤惠]] Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QQ50gHA.aspx

3. Classroom presentation no. 18 on topic Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 by 王沁瑜 [[Media:Crosstalk_by_Wang_Xinyu.pptx|Presentation on Crosstalk by Wang Xinyu 王沁瑜]]
https://ks.wjx.top/vj/mRSdEeX.aspx

During class: please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.
*16 Garden Culture: The Summer Palace by 黄梓龙
*17 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money by 黄沥霈
*18 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 by 鲍沁雯

===Homework of Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021) for Session 8 (Apr 21, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021), due for Session 8 (Apr 21, 2021) [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for the 3 students 黄梓龙，黄沥霈，鲍沁雯: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==Session 8 (April 21, 2021) Architecture, Guzheng and Zodiac==

===Presentations Apr 21===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:08_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 8th session on Apr 21 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no.19 on topic Architecture by 黄梓龙 Huang Zilong [[Media:Architecture.pptx|Presentation on topic Architecture by 黄梓龙 Huang Zilong]], quiz quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/exCQe42.aspx

2. Classroom presentation no. 20 on topic Music and instruments: Guzheng by 黄沥霈 Huang Lipei[[Media:Music and instruments.pptx|Presentation on topic Music and instruments: Guzheng by 黄沥霈 Huang Lipei]], quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QhAxOuc.aspx

3. Classroom presentation no. 21 on topic Chinese Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac by 鲍沁雯 Bao Qinwen [[Media:Chinese Astrology.pptx|Presentation on topic Chinese Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac by 鲍沁雯 Bao Qinwen]] quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/mtuOXCk.aspx

===Homework of Session 8 (Apr 14, 2021) for Session 9 (Apr 21, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 8 (Apr 21, 2021), due for Session 9 (Apr 28, 2021) [[202104021_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for the 3 students 郭亚波，李艺浩，王楚仪: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==Session 9 (April 28, 2021): Four Folk Stories; Fairy Tales; Dialects==

===Presentations Apr 28===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:09_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 9th session on Apr 28 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no.22 on topic [[Media:pptx|Presentation]]
Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China by Guo Yabo 郭亚

https://ks.wjx.top/vj/tjSBAcA.aspx

2. Classroom presentation no.23 on topic Chinese fairy tales by 李艺浩 [[Media:Chinese fairy tales.pptx|Presentation on topic Chinese fairy tales by 李艺浩 Li Yihao]]

https://ks.wjx.top/vj/wUOEtUD.aspx

3. Classroom presentation no.24 on [[Media:pptx|Presentation]]
Chinese language: Chinese Dialects by Wang Chuyi 王楚仪

https://ks.wjx.top/vm/P2rF4SZ.aspx

===Homework of Session 9 (Apr 28, 2021) for Session 10 (May 8, 2021)===
1.修改前七次作业中出现的人名

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for the 3 students 黄芳芳，王静怡，伍斯仪: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==Session 10 (May 8, 2021): Panda; Face Changing in Sichuan Opera; Mythology: Huli-jing==

===Presentations May 8===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:10_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 10th session on May 8 by Martin Woesler]]

For interested students: [[Book_projects|Current book projects.]]

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no. 25 on Panda by 黄芳芳 [[Media:panda.pptx|Presentation on panda by Huang Fangfang 黄芳芳]] 这是quiz的链接：https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QDLYAKI.aspx

2. Classroom presentation no. 26 on topic Face Changing in Sichuan Opera by Wang Jingyi 王静怡[[Media:Face Changing in Sichuan Opera.pptx|Presentation on Face Changing in Sichuan Opera by Wang Jingyi 王静怡]] https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Pph4FZk.aspx

3. Classroom presentation no. 27 on Mythology:Huli-jing by 伍斯仪 [[Media:Mythology:Huli-jing.pptx|Presentation on Mythology: Huli-jing by Wu Siyi 伍斯仪]] https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QeARcL0.aspx

===Homework of Session 10 (May 8, 2021) for Session 11 (May 12, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 10 (May 8, 2021), due on Session 11 (May 12, 2021) [[202105008_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for the 3 students 28 么阳, 29 黄笑兰, 1 # ...: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==Session 11 (May 12, 2021): Paper-cutting; Douyin (Tik Tok); Chinese clothing==

===Presentations May 12===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:11_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 11th session on May 12 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

28. Classroom presentation [[Media:Paper-cutting.pptx|Presentation on May 12 by Yao Yang 么阳]] Classroom presentation no. 28 on paper cutting by Yao Yang 么阳. 这是quiz的链接：https://ks.wjx.top/vj/hWic51g.aspx

29. Classroom presentation no. 29 [[Media:Tiktok.pptx|on tiktok]] by Huang Xiaolan黄笑兰. 这是quiz的链接： https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YyKMJyZ.aspx

30. Classroom presentation no. 30 [[Media:ChineseClothing.pptx|on Chinese clothing]] by Shu Lin 舒琳. 这是quiz的链接：https://ks.wjx.top/vj/rPvogih.aspx

===Homework of Session 11 (May 12, 2021) for Session 12 (May 19, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 11 (May 12, 2021), due on Session 12 (May 19, 2021) [[202105012_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for the 3 students 31 #, 32 #, 33 # ...: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==Session 12 (May 19, 2021): Facial Make-up; Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China; Premodern literature: Tang and Song (2 texts)==

===Presentations May 19===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:12_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 12th session on May 19 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

31. Classroom presentation no.31 [[Media:Facial_Make-up.pptx|Presentation on May 19 on traditional Chinese Make-up by Su Xiao 苏潇]]

32. Classroom presentation no.32 [[Media:Beverages_The_Liquor_Culture_of_Ancient_China.pptx|on Beverages The Liquor Culture of Ancient China by 滕璧霞]]

33. Classroom presentation no.33 [[Media:Premodern_literature_Tang_and_Song_2_texts.pptx|on Premodern literature Tang and Song by 赵轲]]

===Homework of Session 12 (May 19, 2021) for Session 13 (May 26, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 12 (May 19, 2021), due on Session 13 (May 26, 2021) [[202105019_culture|here]]

2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook on Qian Zhongshu, Dance and Calendar/24 solar terms and learn the vocabulary

3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.

4. (Only for the 3 students 34 Qian Zhongshu by Yì Míngxiá 易明霞, 35 Dance by Péng Jiāyù 彭佳钰, 36 Calendar, 24 solar terms by Wang Zihan 王子涵: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)

==Session 13 (May 26,2021): Chinese Medicine: The Development of Chinese Medicine; Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu); Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance ==

===Presentations May 26===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:13_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 13th session on May 26 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no.34 Presentation on [[Media:Chinese_Medicine.pptx|Chinese Medicine: The Development of Chinese Medicine]] by Yì Míngxiá 易明霞quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q1uEUyp.aspx

2. no.36 on Traditional [[Media:Chinese_Dance.pptx|Chinese Dance]] by Péng Jiāyù 彭佳钰 https://ks.wjx.top/vj/ez2zNsA.aspx

3. Classroom presentation no.37 Calendar: [[Media:24_solar_terms.pptx|24 solar terms]] by Wang Zihan 王子涵

Next time:

4. Classroom presentation no.35 on Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) by ...

===Homework of Session 13 (May 26, 2021) for ( June 2, 2021)===
1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 13 (May 26, 2021), due on (June 2, 2021)

==Session 14 (June 2,2021): Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu); Stage entertainment: Shadow Play; Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology ==

===Presentations June 2===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:14_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 14th session on June 2 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations and quizzes'''

1. Quiz on 24 solar terms https://ks.wjx.top/vj/h1iYEKj.aspx

2. Classroom presentation no.10[[Media:.pptx|Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]] by 杜心语 (quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/w3HDLsU.aspx has been taken)

3. Classroom presentation no.35 [[Media:.pptx|Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu)]] by 袁静 Yuan Jing, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/OHy8u1P.aspx

4. Classroom presentation no.38 [[Media:.pptx|Stage entertainment: Shadow Play]] by 刘廷阳, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YiDw8PV.aspx

5. Classroom presentation no.39 [[Media:.pptx|Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology]] by 杜心语, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0MUUEL.aspx （杜心语第一轮pre的quiz大家已经完成了，所以不用再测

===Homework of Session 14 (June 02, 2021) for ( June 9, 2021)===
[[20210602_culture|14, June 2 Chapters 21-23]]

==Session 15 (June 9,2021): Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters; Landscapes and tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains; Traditional Crafts: Carving ==

===Presentations June 9===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:15_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 15h session on June 9 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no.40 [[Media:Chinese_Characters.pptx|Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters]] by刘卓凡, Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YFwHXlD.aspx

2. Classroom presentation no.41 [[Media:Landscape_Five_Famous_Mountains.pptx|Landscapes and tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains]] by 戴沐雨, Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YDrwyIM.aspx

3. Classroom presentation no.42 [[Media:Carving.pptx|Traditional Crafts: Carving]] by 唐启洲
https://ks.wjx.top/vj/PpNbr3j.aspx

4. (?) Chinese Astrology（杜心语）Classroom presentation no.39 [[Media:Astrology.pptx|Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology]] by Du Xinyu 杜心语, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0MUUEL.aspx 依旧待定

==Session 16 (June 16,2021): Landscapes and tourism: Tourism, Nanjing-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties;Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden; Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ==

===Presentations June 16===

'''Teacher presentation'''

[[Media:16_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 16th session on June 16 by Martin Woesler]]

'''Student presentations'''

1. Classroom presentation no.43 [[Media:Tourism.pptx|Landscapes and tourism: Tourism, Nanjing-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties]] by Deng Dan 邓丹, quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/t439hEm.aspx

2. Classroom presentation no.44 [[Media:Garden.pptx|Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscape Garden]] by Wu Xinxin 吴欣欣Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/OKFUuXq.aspx

3. Classroom presentation no.45 [[Media:Crafts.pptx| Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots]] by Ding Zhongxia 丁仲夏 Quiz ps://ks.wjx.top/vj/eGI4k8R.aspx

4. Classroom presentation no.39 [[Media:Astrology.pptx|Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology]] by Du Xinyu 杜心语, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0MUUEL.aspx 依旧待定

==Final Exam Paper (deadline June 15, 2021)==
The final exam paper makes 60% of the total grade. You can start to write your paper now. Fellow students are allowed and encouraged to correct your mistakes.

Please write a new chapter (approximately 5,000 English characters/letters) in the course book, explaining an element of Chinese culture. Please use the structure you know from the textbook: Text (please make paragraphs no longer than 3 sentences. Please indicate at least 1 reference per paragraph), Terms (English and Chinese), Questions (multiple choice, please also provide the answers), References

You can write your final exam paper here [[20210601_culture|here]]