China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

User:Peng Yingying

2024-12-30T06:42:11Z

Peng Yingying:

October 25th:
I spent an hour reading a short story in my target language and tried to summarize the main plot points in my own words.

October 26th:
Today, I focused on learning new vocabulary by writing sentences with the words I encountered in my reading material.

October 27th:
I listened to an audio recording in my target language and tried to transcribe what I heard to improve both my listening and writing skills.

October 28th:
I reviewed some grammar rules related to verb conjugation and practiced forming sentences with different tenses.

October 29th:
I watched a documentary in my target language without subtitles and made notes on the new words and phrases I understood.

October 30th:
I had a language exchange session today, speaking with a native speaker for an hour and focusing on improving my fluency.

October 31st:
I practiced writing a short story in my target language, using the new vocabulary and grammar structures I’ve learned recently.

November 1st:
Today, I reviewed a list of new vocabulary words and tried to use them in sentences to better understand their meaning.

November 2nd:
I read a short story in my target language and highlighted any words I didn't know, then looked them up in a dictionary.

November 3rd:
I focused on grammar today by completing exercises in my textbook, practicing the use of different verb tenses.

November 4th:
I wrote a diary entry in my target language and checked for errors using a language reference book.

November 5th:
I watched a movie in my target language with subtitles, paying attention to the different accents and colloquial expressions.

November 6th:
I spent time listening to a podcast in my target language and took notes on new words or phrases I didn’t know.

November 7th:
I practiced writing short essays by hand and reviewed them later, trying to spot areas where I could improve my sentence structure.

November 8th:
I did a reading comprehension exercise from my textbook and answered the questions to test my understanding of the text.

November 9th:
I met with a language exchange partner today and practiced speaking in my target language for an hour.

November 10th:
I listened to a song in my target language and looked up the lyrics to understand the meaning behind the words.

November 11th:
I read a news article in my target language and made a list of any unfamiliar vocabulary, then reviewed them later.

November 12th:
I spent time reviewing flashcards I created to help memorize important vocabulary words.

November 13th:
I practiced speaking aloud, trying to mimic the pronunciation and intonation of native speakers from a language learning audiobook.

November 14th:
I completed a grammar workbook today, focusing on sentence structure and the correct use of prepositions.

November 15th:
I watched a video in my target language without subtitles to test my listening comprehension and tried to catch key phrases.

November 16th:
I did a dictation exercise where I wrote down what I heard from an audio recording to improve my listening and writing skills.

November 17th:
I joined a language meetup group and practiced conversing with other learners and native speakers in person.

November 18th:
I spent an hour reading a chapter from a book in my target language and made notes on the story plot and new vocabulary.

November 19th:
I wrote a letter to a pen pal in my target language and made sure to use proper grammar and vocabulary.

November 20th:
I practiced speaking by shadowing sentences from a language learning video, focusing on mimicking pronunciation and rhythm.

November 21st:
I spent time reviewing past lessons in my language notebook, consolidating what I've learned so far and reinforcing weak points.

November 22nd:
I watched a short movie in my target language and wrote a summary of the plot in my own words, focusing on using new vocabulary.

November 23rd:
I practiced speaking with a language partner over a video call, paying attention to fluency and pronunciation.

November 24th:
I spent 30 minutes listening to a podcast in my target language and took notes on new expressions and phrases.

November 25th:
I read an article online in my target language and discussed it with a friend to improve my speaking skills.

November 26th:
I recorded myself reading a short passage from a book, then listened to it to identify areas for improvement.

November 27th:
I wrote a short story in my target language, using new grammar structures and vocabulary I’ve learned recently.

November 28th:
I spent an hour practicing pronunciation with a language app, focusing on challenging sounds and improving intonation.

November 29th:
I had a conversation with a native speaker at the language meetup group and asked for feedback on my speaking.

November 30th:
I reviewed the vocabulary list from the past week and tested myself to see how many words I could recall.

December 1st:
I spent time shadowing a podcast, repeating sentences out loud to improve my speaking rhythm.

December 2nd:
I participated in an online language exchange, talking about daily life and hobbies to practice casual conversation.

December 3rd:
I read a news article in my target language and tried to summarize it out loud without looking at the text.

December 4th:
I practiced writing and speaking about a topic related to my interests for 15 minutes, aiming for a more natural flow of ideas.

December 5th:
I watched a tutorial in my target language and took notes on any technical vocabulary I didn’t know, then reviewed them.

December 6th:
I practiced speaking using a language app, focusing on conversational phrases and everyday expressions.

December 7th:
I wrote a journal entry in my target language, reflecting on the challenges and progress I’ve made in my language learning.

December 8th:
I attended a local language event and had the opportunity to converse with several native speakers, which helped me improve my listening skills.

December 9th:
I spent time reviewing grammar points from past lessons and practiced applying them in speaking exercises.

December 10th:
I read aloud a short story in my target language, concentrating on pronunciation and fluidity.

December 11th:
I spent time watching videos on language learning techniques, trying to incorporate new strategies into my practice routine.

December 12th:
I practiced speaking for 10 minutes every morning about a random topic, trying to build confidence and fluency.

December 13th:
I had a 30-minute conversation with a language exchange partner and focused on using new vocabulary in context.

December 14th:
I listened to a TED Talk in my target language and took notes on the key points, then summarized them in my own words.

December 15th:
I recorded myself talking about my plans for the holidays, then reviewed the recording to check for grammar and vocabulary mistakes.

December 16th:
I participated in a group discussion during a language meetup, focusing on expressing opinions clearly.

December 17th:
I spent time reviewing pronunciation videos and practicing tricky sounds I’ve encountered.

December 18th:
I wrote an email to a language partner, practicing formal language and polite expressions.

December 19th:
I read a chapter from a novel and tried to use new phrases in conversation later in the day.

December 20th:
I recorded a 2-minute video in my target language describing my day, then analyzed my pronunciation and sentence structure.

December 21st:
I spent time practicing listening by watching a language video without subtitles and tried to catch as many words as possible.

December 22nd:
I wrote a short essay on a cultural topic, focusing on grammar accuracy and clarity.

December 23rd:
I attended an online language group meeting and spoke about a current event, practicing my ability to talk about news topics.

December 24th:
I reviewed a list of difficult vocabulary words and used them in sentences to practice context.

December 25th:
I had a fun, informal conversation in my target language with friends, focusing on fluency and enjoyment.

December 26th:
I watched a movie in my target language and paused to repeat lines out loud for pronunciation practice.

December 27th:
I spent 30 minutes reviewing past speaking practices, identifying areas to improve for more natural communication.

December 28th:
I practiced storytelling by narrating a personal experience in my target language, making sure to use correct tenses and vocabulary.

December 29th:
I reviewed grammar exercises and applied them in spontaneous conversation practice with a language partner.

December 30th:
I spoke for 10 minutes about my language learning journey, summarizing my progress and challenges over the past month.

December 31st:
I spent the final day of the year reflecting on my language learning goals and planning new strategies for the coming months.

Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty

Peng Yingying/Becca

Abstract

In the early Song Dynasty, following the unification of the empire, historical records portray Emperor Taizu of Song, Zhao Kuangyin, as a ruler who embodied virtues such as filial piety, frugality, and sincerity. He was described as "filial, friendly, frugal, natural, and free from pretentiousness," emphasizing simplicity and elegance in both governance and personal conduct. This emphasis on modesty and restraint was reflected in the clothing styles of the era, which favored plain, unadorned designs that mirrored the values of humility and pragmatism.As the nation’s political stability strengthened and its economic prosperity grew, clothing trends gradually evolved. With the rise of wealth and cultural sophistication, garments became increasingly diverse, incorporating intricate patterns, luxurious fabrics, and vibrant colors. These developments highlighted not only social hierarchy but also the flourishing artistry and craftsmanship of the time.However, the emergence of Neo-Confucianism, particularly the teachings of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, ushered in a philosophical shift that profoundly influenced aesthetic preferences. This intellectual movement emphasized moral discipline, introspection, and harmony, promoting an appreciation for subtlety and refinement. As a result, fashion in the Song Dynasty transitioned toward a more restrained and understated style. Simplicity, elegance, and a sense of measured beauty came to define the clothing of the period, reflecting deeper cultural values that prioritized virtue over ostentation.(Dong Mengya 2018)

The Style and Features of Song Dynasty Wedding Attire

Song Dynasty wedding attire also adhered to these principles, incorporating designs, colors, and patterns that distinctly reflected the dynasty’s cultural and philosophical ideals.This duality in Song Dynasty fashion—balancing simplicity with evolving opulence—offers a glimpse into the dynamic interplay between tradition and transformation, where clothing served not only as an expression of status but also as a reflection of the era’s philosophical and cultural values. Women’s clothing in the Song Dynasty was defined by its elegance and refinement, reflecting the era’s emphasis on Confucian values. Unlike the bold, expressive, and revealing styles of the Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty fashion embraced a more reserved and understated aesthetic. It prioritized modesty, grace, and subtle beauty, highlighting a sense of quiet elegance and gentle femininity. Song women favored simplicity and natural charm, valuing styles that conveyed sophistication without extravagance. Their clothing reflected Confucian ideals of decorum while also emphasizing practicality and comfort, allowing for ease of movement without compromising propriety or grace. The overall design of Song women’s attire leaned toward simplicity, with clean lines, minimal ornamentation, and balanced proportions. Loose, flowing silhouettes and soft, muted colors were common, embodying the era’s preference for restraint and harmony. Decorative elements and accessories were used sparingly, reinforcing the focus on understated elegance rather than opulence. This approach to fashion mirrored the cultural and moral values of the Song Dynasty, where clothing served not only as an expression of personal refinement but also as a reflection of societal ideals. By blending beauty with modesty and functionality, Song women’s attire captured the dynasty’s pursuit of harmony, virtue, and quiet sophistication.(He Xi 2017)

Colors of Song Dynasty Wedding Attire

The widespread use of blue as a primary color in women’s wedding attire emerged prominently during the Tang and Song Dynasties, giving rise to a cultural phenomenon known as “Shang Qing” (esteeming blue). This preference for blue can be traced back to earlier dynasties, such as the Zhou and Han periods, when ancient Chinese people adhered to the theory of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements. These beliefs greatly influenced the symbolism of colors in rituals, ceremonies, and attire, including wedding customs. Continuing this tradition, the Tang and Song Dynasties upheld ancient rites and rituals, reinforcing the cultural and symbolic importance of color in clothing through strict regulations under the imperial system. Within this framework, blue came to represent dignity, purity, and harmony, aligning with Confucian values of modesty and virtue. As a result, women’s wedding attire in shades of blue became a visual manifestation of these ideals, both honoring tradition and symbolizing auspicious blessings for marriage. The prominence of blue in bridal wear during this period is further supported by historical artifacts and illustrations. Portraits and mural paintings from the Tang and Song Dynasties provide concrete visual evidence of this trend, offering valuable insights for contemporary research on ancient Chinese wedding customs. These depictions not only showcase the design and structure of blue wedding attire but also highlight its cultural significance as a marker of status, virtue, and adherence to ritual propriety. In the context of Chinese philosophy, blue was associated with wood in the Five Elements theory, symbolizing growth, renewal, and harmony—qualities deemed essential for a prosperous marriage. It also embodied tranquility and stability, reflecting the hope for a peaceful and enduring union.(Lin Lin 2013)

From the Western Zhou to the Warring States periods, weddings were often held in spring, coinciding with blooming flowers and the return of birds—symbols of renewal and fertility. Rooted in the Five Elements (Wu Xing) theory, wood corresponded to the east, thrived in spring, and was represented by the color blue (or green), symbolizing growth, vitality, and hope. In Zhou rituals, blue elements were woven into wedding ceremonies both tangibly and symbolically, reflecting the season’s flourishing energy and the promise of new beginnings. This tradition influenced later dynasties, including the Tang and Song, where blue became a prominent color in bridal attire, reinforcing ideas of harmony and prosperity. The Han Dynasty poem “The Peacock Flies Southeast” reflects marriage customs of the time, highlighting the frequent use of blue elements in wedding ceremonies. Descriptions such as “green jade and blue silk cords,” “threads woven with blue silk,” and “the bride entering the blue tent” illustrate the symbolic role of blue in Han wedding rituals. Men's clothing was divided into official attire (gongfu), casual wear (bianfu), and commoner’s clothing. Official attire, worn regularly by government officials, typically featured a round-collar robe (lanshan) with colors indicating rank. Officials of ninth rank and above wore blue, seventh rank and above wore green, fifth rank and above wore red, and third rank and above wore purple. The robe had a curved collar, wide sleeves, and an additional horizontal trim (lan) near the hem. It was secured at the waist with a leather belt, and officials wore black hats (futou) and boots or leather shoes.(Lin Lin 2013)

Motifs in Song Dynasty Wedding Attire

The textile industry of the Song Dynasty witnessed significant advancements compared to its Tang Dynasty predecessor, marked by increased production capacity and a broader range of fabric types. In particular, techniques such as brocade weaving (zhijin) and kesi silk tapestry reached their pinnacle, exemplifying the era’s refined craftsmanship and technological sophistication.The decorative patterns in Song Dynasty attire reflected a delicate and elegant artistic style, characterized by an emphasis on natural beauty and harmonious design. Patterns were often slender, intricate, and understated, embodying the dynasty’s aesthetic preference for refinement and subtlety.Floral and avian motifs dominated the decorative vocabulary, continuing the Tang Dynasty’s affinity for peonies, while incorporating new elements such as plum blossoms, orchids, bamboo, and chrysanthemums—collectively referred to as the “Four Gentlemen” in Chinese culture. These motifs carried profound symbolic meanings, representing virtue, resilience, and scholarly refinement.Among the most distinctive designs were branching flowers (zhezhi hua) and linked floral patterns (chuanzhi hua), which were celebrated for their natural fluidity, lifelike realism, and dynamic elegance. These motifs not only enhanced visual appeal but also conveyed auspicious meanings, reflecting the cultural values of harmony, prosperity, and moral integrity that defined Song Dynasty society.(Fang Lingyun 2023)

The Evolutionary Context of Song Dynasty Wedding Attire

The Song Dynasty faced prolonged fiscal deficits due to military weaknesses and frequent diplomatic concessions to neighboring nomadic tribes, which resulted in costly tributes of silver and silk textiles. The Southern Song’s three treaties with the Jin Dynasty, for instance, required annual payments of up to 300,000 bolts of silk, exacerbating economic strain.To address the crisis, successive emperors enforced austerity measures, including edicts promoting simplicity in dress. During Emperor Ningzong’s Jiatai era, palace women—excluding the empress—were ordered to surrender and burn gold and jade ornaments as a moral warning against extravagance. Reflecting these policies, women’s attire shifted from the bold, vibrant, and luxurious styles of the Tang Dynasty to slimmer silhouettes, muted colors, and simpler materials in the Song. This restrained elegance embodied both economic pragmatism and Confucian values of modesty and propriety, defining the era’s cultural and aesthetic ideals.(Zhao Miao 2014)

The Song Dynasty witnessed the rise of Neo-Confucianism, founded by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi and later refined by Zhu Xi, which transformed Confucian thought into a philosophical system emphasizing moral discipline, self-restraint, and emotional moderation. This ideology profoundly influenced the aesthetic values and cultural norms of the period. Under Neo-Confucian influence, Song attire departed from the flowing, expansive styles of the Tang Dynasty, adopting slimmer silhouettes and conservative designs. While retaining the ruqun structure, the open necklines of Tang garments gave way to crossed collars, reflecting a modest and disciplined aesthetic. This shift was further reflected in color palettes, as women’s clothing transitioned from the vivid and ornate hues of the Tang to the subtle, refined tones of the Song, embodying the era’s ideals of restraint, elegance, and moral integrity.(Zhao Miao 2014)

Terms

Neo-Confucianism 程朱理学
Yin-Yang and Five Elements Theory 阴阳五行理论
Ritual Propriety 礼仪规范
Brocade Weaving 织锦
Moral Discipline 道德约束
Symbolic Colors 象征色彩
Decorative Motifs 装饰图案

Questions

1. What cultural factors influenced the color preferences in Song Dynasty wedding attire?
Answer:

The preference for blue in Song Dynasty wedding attire was influenced by the Yin-Yang and Five Elements Theory, where blue symbolized growth, harmony, and vitality. It also aligned with Confucian values, representing modesty and auspicious blessings for marriage.

2. How did Neo-Confucianism shape the design of clothing in the Song Dynasty?
Answer:

Neo-Confucianism emphasized moral discipline, self-restraint, and emotional moderation. These values were reflected in Song Dynasty clothing through simplified silhouettes, modest designs, and muted colors, promoting elegance and refinement without extravagance.

3. What symbolic meanings were associated with the decorative motifs in Song Dynasty wedding attire?
Answer:

Decorative motifs, such as floral and avian patterns, symbolized virtues like harmony, resilience, and prosperity. Popular designs like plum blossoms, orchids, bamboo, and chrysanthemums conveyed moral integrity and scholarly refinement, aligning with the cultural values of the time.

References

1．Dan, Wang, and Supachai Singyabuth. "Tuyao wedding costumes at Hezhou, China: Bodily practice of minority to rite of passage context." Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 45.4 (2024): 1393-1402.

2．Dong Mengya董孟雅.宋代女性婚嫁妆饰时尚研究[Fashion Research on Women’s Wedding Jewelry and Attire During the Song Dynasty ].安徽财经大学Anhui University of Finance and Economics,2018.

3．Fang Lingyun, Liang Huie, Xing Le方凌云,梁惠娥,邢乐.传统女性婚服“尚青”现象源流考[Research on the Origins and Development of the Traditional Female Wedding Attire "Shangqing" Phenomenon].丝绸Silk,2023,60(10):139-147.

4．He Xi和溪.朱子《家礼》婚服考[esearch on Wedding Attire in Zhu Xi's Family Rituals ].集美大学学报(哲社版)Journal of Jimei University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2017,20(03):9-14.

5．Lin Lin林琳.中国传统婚礼服饰的发展趋势研究[Research on the Development Trends of Traditional Chinese Wedding Attire].北京服装学院Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology,2013.

6．Yang Zhi杨志.中西方婚礼服饰文化比较性分析[A Comparative Analysis of Wedding Attire Culture Between the East and West].Jilin Arts College,2013.

7．Zhao Miao赵苗.唐宋时期女性婚嫁服饰比较及其对当代时尚文化的影响[A Comparative Study of Women's Wedding Attire during the Tang and Song Dynasties and Its Influence on Contemporary Fashion Culture ].武汉纺织大学Wuhan Textile University,2014.

宋代婚服

摘要

宋代初期，随着国家的统一与稳定，史书将宋太祖赵匡胤描绘为一位崇尚孝道、倡导节俭、品行质朴的统治者。他以“孝友节俭，质任自然，不尚虚饰”著称，不仅在施政方面推崇简朴之风，其个人生活亦体现出克己守礼的态度。这种强调朴实与节制的价值观直接反映在服饰风格上，整体设计以素雅简洁为主，彰显出谦逊务实的美学追求。随着政局进一步巩固，经济逐渐繁荣，服饰风格开始向更加丰富多样的方向发展。随着财富的积累和文化的繁盛，服装设计融入了精美的图案、奢华的面料和鲜艳的色彩。这些变化不仅强化了社会阶层的区隔，也折射出当时工艺与艺术水平的高度成熟。然而，随着程颢、程颐和朱熹等人创立的理学成为思想主流，社会文化转向强调道德修养和内在自律，进一步塑造了含蓄典雅的审美取向。
理学推崇节制、内省与和谐之美，对宋代服饰产生了深远影响，促使服装风格趋于内敛与端庄，形成简洁优雅、含蓄大方的特色。这种风格不仅反映了宋人对美德的推崇，也展现出将道德理念融入日常生活的文化特征。

宋代婚服的风格与特点

宋代婚礼服饰秉持传统礼制，融入展现该朝代文化与哲学理念的设计、色彩和纹样。宋代服饰在简约与华美之间巧妙平衡，体现了传统与革新的动态交融。衣饰不仅是身份地位的象征，更折射出时代的哲学精神和文化价值观。宋代女性服饰以端庄典雅、含蓄精致著称，充分体现了对儒家价值观的推崇。与唐代大胆张扬、富于表现力的风格不同，宋代服饰更趋内敛与淡雅，强调谦逊、优雅和含蓄之美，展现柔和宁静的女性气质。宋代女性推崇简约与自然的魅力，偏爱既高雅又不过分奢华的服饰风格。其服饰不仅遵循儒家礼仪规范，还兼顾实用性与舒适性，在保持端庄雅致的同时，便于行动且不失风度。整体设计注重简洁流畅的线条，装饰元素少而精致，比例和谐匀称。宽松飘逸的剪裁与柔和淡雅的色调，彰显了对含蓄与和谐的审美追求。装饰与配饰运用得当，恰到好处地凸显低调的优雅，而非奢华浮夸。这种设计理念折射出宋代社会的文化内涵与道德价值，服饰不仅是个人品位的象征，更是社会理想的缩影。宋代女性服饰将美感、端庄与实用性融为一体，完美诠释了该朝代对和谐、美德和静雅的追求。

宋代婚服的色彩

蓝色作为女性婚礼服饰的主色调，在唐宋时期广泛流行，形成了“尚青”（崇尚蓝色）的文化现象。这种对蓝色的偏爱可以追溯至更早的朝代，如周代和汉代。当时，古人深受阴阳五行理论的影响，这些信仰在仪式、典礼和服饰的颜色象征中扮演了重要角色，包括婚礼习俗。唐宋时期延续古制，通过严格的皇室规范，进一步强化了服饰颜色的文化与象征意义。在这一制度框架下，蓝色被赋予端庄、纯洁与和谐的象征意义，契合儒家推崇的谦逊与美德。因此，蓝色婚礼服饰不仅彰显了对传统礼制的尊崇，也寄托着对婚姻美满与吉祥的祝福。唐宋时期的大量历史文物与绘画作品进一步印证了蓝色在婚礼服饰中的重要地位。这些壁画与肖像画为研究古代婚礼习俗提供了珍贵的视觉资料，既展示了蓝色婚礼服饰的设计与结构，也突显了其作为身份、品德与礼仪象征的文化价值。从中国哲学的视角来看，蓝色在五行理论中对应“木”，象征生长、更新与和谐，这些特质被视为婚姻幸福的重要基础。同时，蓝色也寓意宁静与稳定，寄托着对婚姻和谐长久的美好期望。
自西周至战国时期，婚礼多在春季举行，正值百花盛开、鸟语花香之际，这些景象象征着生机与繁衍。依据五行理论，“木”属东方，生于春季，对应的颜色为蓝色或绿色，寓意成长、活力与希望。在周代的礼仪中，蓝色元素不仅被实际运用在婚礼仪式中，也具有深远的象征意义，代表春天蓬勃的生命力与新生活的开端。这一传统影响了后世，包括唐宋时期，使蓝色成为婚礼服饰的重要色彩，进一步强调了和谐与繁荣的象征意义。汉代诗歌《孔雀东南飞》描绘了当时的婚礼习俗，其中多次提及蓝色元素，如“青丝系玉佩”“青丝缠绕”“青帐迎新娘”等，生动展现了蓝色在汉代婚礼仪式中的重要地位和象征作用。男性服饰按用途分为官服（公服）、便服（便服）和庶民服饰。官服是官员日常穿着的正式服饰，通常为圆领袍（襕衫），颜色区分官阶等级：九品以上官员穿蓝色，七品以上穿绿色，五品以上穿红色，三品以上穿紫色。官服设计典雅庄重，采用圆领、宽袖，并在下摆处饰有横饰带（襕），腰间束以皮带。同时，官员佩戴黑色幞头与靴子或皮鞋，以彰显威仪与身份。这套严格的服饰制度进一步突显了颜色在古代社会象征体系中的重要作用，也映射了蓝色作为尊贵、和谐与礼仪象征的深厚历史传统。

宋代婚服的图案

宋代的纺织业在生产能力和面料种类上较唐代有了显著进步，尤其是在织锦和缂丝技艺上，达到了巅峰，展示了这一时期精湛的工艺和技术的高度发展。宋代服饰的装饰图案展现了细腻而优雅的艺术风格，突出自然美和和谐设计的理念。图案通常纤细、复杂且低调，体现了宋代对精致、内敛的审美倾向。在这些装饰图案中，花卉和鸟类的题材占据主导地位，延续了唐代对牡丹的钟爱，并融入了梅花、兰花、竹子和菊花等新的元素，这些元素合称为中国文化中的“四君子”。这些图案不仅具有深刻的象征意义，代表着德行、坚韧与文人风雅，还彰显了宋代文化对美好品德的推崇。其中，枝状花（折枝花）和连环花纹（串枝花）尤为引人注目，因其自然流畅、栩栩如生、动感优雅而备受推崇。这些图案不仅增添了视觉美感，还传递了吉祥如意的象征，体现了宋代社会和谐、繁荣与道德正直的文化价值。

宋代婚服的演变背景

宋代由于军事上的薄弱和频繁向邻近游牧部落作出外交让步，长期面临财政赤字，导致大量银两和丝织品作为贡品流失。例如，南宋与金朝签订的三次条约，每年要求向金朝支付高达30万匹丝绸，进一步加重了经济负担。为应对这一财政困境，历代帝王纷纷实施了紧缩政策，其中包括发布简朴着装的法令。宁宗嘉泰年间，宫廷女性（除皇后外）被命令交出并焚毁金银珠宝，作为抵制奢侈之风的道德警示。受此政策影响，女性服饰逐渐告别唐代那种鲜艳、奢华的风格，转而采用更为修身的剪裁、柔和的色调和简洁的材质。这种风格的转变，不仅是出于经济的务实考虑，也体现了儒家思想对节制、廉洁与礼仪的推崇，成为宋代文化和审美理想的核心。
宋代的文化背景也受到新儒学思想的深刻影响。新儒学由程颢、程颐创立，后由朱熹进一步发展，它强调道德修养、自律与情感节制，极大地影响了宋代的审美价值和社会风尚。在新儒学的影响下，宋代服饰摒弃了唐代宽松流畅的造型，转而趋向修身、简约的设计。尽管保持了如裙襦这样的基本结构，唐代服装的开领设计被交领所取代，展现出更为含蓄和自律的美学特征。这一转变同样体现在服饰的色彩上，女性的服装从唐代的艳丽华丽转为宋代的素雅精致，体现了当时对克制、优雅和道德正直的高度追求。

User:Peng Yingying

2024-12-30T06:40:05Z

Peng Yingying:

October 25th:
I spent an hour reading a short story in my target language and tried to summarize the main plot points in my own words.

October 26th:
Today, I focused on learning new vocabulary by writing sentences with the words I encountered in my reading material.

October 27th:
I listened to an audio recording in my target language and tried to transcribe what I heard to improve both my listening and writing skills.

October 28th:
I reviewed some grammar rules related to verb conjugation and practiced forming sentences with different tenses.

October 29th:
I watched a documentary in my target language without subtitles and made notes on the new words and phrases I understood.

October 30th:
I had a language exchange session today, speaking with a native speaker for an hour and focusing on improving my fluency.

October 31st:
I practiced writing a short story in my target language, using the new vocabulary and grammar structures I’ve learned recently.

November 1st:
Today, I reviewed a list of new vocabulary words and tried to use them in sentences to better understand their meaning.

November 2nd:
I read a short story in my target language and highlighted any words I didn't know, then looked them up in a dictionary.

November 3rd:
I focused on grammar today by completing exercises in my textbook, practicing the use of different verb tenses.

November 4th:
I wrote a diary entry in my target language and checked for errors using a language reference book.

November 5th:
I watched a movie in my target language with subtitles, paying attention to the different accents and colloquial expressions.

November 6th:
I spent time listening to a podcast in my target language and took notes on new words or phrases I didn’t know.

November 7th:
I practiced writing short essays by hand and reviewed them later, trying to spot areas where I could improve my sentence structure.

November 8th:
I did a reading comprehension exercise from my textbook and answered the questions to test my understanding of the text.

November 9th:
I met with a language exchange partner today and practiced speaking in my target language for an hour.

November 10th:
I listened to a song in my target language and looked up the lyrics to understand the meaning behind the words.

November 11th:
I read a news article in my target language and made a list of any unfamiliar vocabulary, then reviewed them later.

November 12th:
I spent time reviewing flashcards I created to help memorize important vocabulary words.

November 13th:
I practiced speaking aloud, trying to mimic the pronunciation and intonation of native speakers from a language learning audiobook.

November 14th:
I completed a grammar workbook today, focusing on sentence structure and the correct use of prepositions.

November 15th:
I watched a video in my target language without subtitles to test my listening comprehension and tried to catch key phrases.

November 16th:
I did a dictation exercise where I wrote down what I heard from an audio recording to improve my listening and writing skills.

November 17th:
I joined a language meetup group and practiced conversing with other learners and native speakers in person.

November 18th:
I spent an hour reading a chapter from a book in my target language and made notes on the story plot and new vocabulary.

November 19th:
I wrote a letter to a pen pal in my target language and made sure to use proper grammar and vocabulary.

November 20th:
I practiced speaking by shadowing sentences from a language learning video, focusing on mimicking pronunciation and rhythm.

November 21st:
I spent time reviewing past lessons in my language notebook, consolidating what I've learned so far and reinforcing weak points.

November 22nd:
I watched a short movie in my target language and wrote a summary of the plot in my own words, focusing on using new vocabulary.

November 23rd:
I practiced speaking with a language partner over a video call, paying attention to fluency and pronunciation.

November 24th:
I spent 30 minutes listening to a podcast in my target language and took notes on new expressions and phrases.

November 25th:
I read an article online in my target language and discussed it with a friend to improve my speaking skills.

November 26th:
I recorded myself reading a short passage from a book, then listened to it to identify areas for improvement.

November 27th:
I wrote a short story in my target language, using new grammar structures and vocabulary I’ve learned recently.

November 28th:
I spent an hour practicing pronunciation with a language app, focusing on challenging sounds and improving intonation.

November 29th:
I had a conversation with a native speaker at the language meetup group and asked for feedback on my speaking.

November 30th:
I reviewed the vocabulary list from the past week and tested myself to see how many words I could recall.

December 1st:
I spent time shadowing a podcast, repeating sentences out loud to improve my speaking rhythm.

December 2nd:
I participated in an online language exchange, talking about daily life and hobbies to practice casual conversation.

December 3rd:
I read a news article in my target language and tried to summarize it out loud without looking at the text.

December 4th:
I practiced writing and speaking about a topic related to my interests for 15 minutes, aiming for a more natural flow of ideas.

December 5th:
I watched a tutorial in my target language and took notes on any technical vocabulary I didn’t know, then reviewed them.

December 6th:
I practiced speaking using a language app, focusing on conversational phrases and everyday expressions.

December 7th:
I wrote a journal entry in my target language, reflecting on the challenges and progress I’ve made in my language learning.

December 8th:
I attended a local language event and had the opportunity to converse with several native speakers, which helped me improve my listening skills.

December 9th:
I spent time reviewing grammar points from past lessons and practiced applying them in speaking exercises.

December 10th:
I read aloud a short story in my target language, concentrating on pronunciation and fluidity.

December 11th:
I spent time watching videos on language learning techniques, trying to incorporate new strategies into my practice routine.

December 12th:
I practiced speaking for 10 minutes every morning about a random topic, trying to build confidence and fluency.

December 13th:
I had a 30-minute conversation with a language exchange partner and focused on using new vocabulary in context.

December 14th:
I listened to a TED Talk in my target language and took notes on the key points, then summarized them in my own words.

December 15th:
I recorded myself talking about my plans for the holidays, then reviewed the recording to check for grammar and vocabulary mistakes.

December 16th:
I participated in a group discussion during a language meetup, focusing on expressing opinions clearly.

December 17th:
I spent time reviewing pronunciation videos and practicing tricky sounds I’ve encountered.

December 18th:
I wrote an email to a language partner, practicing formal language and polite expressions.

December 19th:
I read a chapter from a novel and tried to use new phrases in conversation later in the day.

December 20th:
I recorded a 2-minute video in my target language describing my day, then analyzed my pronunciation and sentence structure.

December 21st:
I spent time practicing listening by watching a language video without subtitles and tried to catch as many words as possible.

December 22nd:
I wrote a short essay on a cultural topic, focusing on grammar accuracy and clarity.

December 23rd:
I attended an online language group meeting and spoke about a current event, practicing my ability to talk about news topics.

December 24th:
I reviewed a list of difficult vocabulary words and used them in sentences to practice context.

December 25th:
I had a fun, informal conversation in my target language with friends, focusing on fluency and enjoyment.

December 26th:
I watched a movie in my target language and paused to repeat lines out loud for pronunciation practice.

December 27th:
I spent 30 minutes reviewing past speaking practices, identifying areas to improve for more natural communication.

December 28th:
I practiced storytelling by narrating a personal experience in my target language, making sure to use correct tenses and vocabulary.

December 29th:
I reviewed grammar exercises and applied them in spontaneous conversation practice with a language partner.

December 30th:
I spoke for 10 minutes about my language learning journey, summarizing my progress and challenges over the past month.

December 31st:
I spent the final day of the year reflecting on my language learning goals and planning new strategies for the coming months.

Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty
Peng Yingying/Becca
Abstract
In the early Song Dynasty, following the unification of the empire, historical records portray Emperor Taizu of Song, Zhao Kuangyin, as a ruler who embodied virtues such as filial piety, frugality, and sincerity. He was described as "filial, friendly, frugal, natural, and free from pretentiousness," emphasizing simplicity and elegance in both governance and personal conduct. This emphasis on modesty and restraint was reflected in the clothing styles of the era, which favored plain, unadorned designs that mirrored the values of humility and pragmatism.As the nation’s political stability strengthened and its economic prosperity grew, clothing trends gradually evolved. With the rise of wealth and cultural sophistication, garments became increasingly diverse, incorporating intricate patterns, luxurious fabrics, and vibrant colors. These developments highlighted not only social hierarchy but also the flourishing artistry and craftsmanship of the time.However, the emergence of Neo-Confucianism, particularly the teachings of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, ushered in a philosophical shift that profoundly influenced aesthetic preferences. This intellectual movement emphasized moral discipline, introspection, and harmony, promoting an appreciation for subtlety and refinement. As a result, fashion in the Song Dynasty transitioned toward a more restrained and understated style. Simplicity, elegance, and a sense of measured beauty came to define the clothing of the period, reflecting deeper cultural values that prioritized virtue over ostentation.(Dong Mengya 2018)

The Style and Features of Song Dynasty Wedding Attire
Song Dynasty wedding attire also adhered to these principles, incorporating designs, colors, and patterns that distinctly reflected the dynasty’s cultural and philosophical ideals.This duality in Song Dynasty fashion—balancing simplicity with evolving opulence—offers a glimpse into the dynamic interplay between tradition and transformation, where clothing served not only as an expression of status but also as a reflection of the era’s philosophical and cultural values. Women’s clothing in the Song Dynasty was defined by its elegance and refinement, reflecting the era’s emphasis on Confucian values. Unlike the bold, expressive, and revealing styles of the Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty fashion embraced a more reserved and understated aesthetic. It prioritized modesty, grace, and subtle beauty, highlighting a sense of quiet elegance and gentle femininity. Song women favored simplicity and natural charm, valuing styles that conveyed sophistication without extravagance. Their clothing reflected Confucian ideals of decorum while also emphasizing practicality and comfort, allowing for ease of movement without compromising propriety or grace. The overall design of Song women’s attire leaned toward simplicity, with clean lines, minimal ornamentation, and balanced proportions. Loose, flowing silhouettes and soft, muted colors were common, embodying the era’s preference for restraint and harmony. Decorative elements and accessories were used sparingly, reinforcing the focus on understated elegance rather than opulence. This approach to fashion mirrored the cultural and moral values of the Song Dynasty, where clothing served not only as an expression of personal refinement but also as a reflection of societal ideals. By blending beauty with modesty and functionality, Song women’s attire captured the dynasty’s pursuit of harmony, virtue, and quiet sophistication.(He Xi 2017)

Colors of Song Dynasty Wedding Attire
The widespread use of blue as a primary color in women’s wedding attire emerged prominently during the Tang and Song Dynasties, giving rise to a cultural phenomenon known as “Shang Qing” (esteeming blue). This preference for blue can be traced back to earlier dynasties, such as the Zhou and Han periods, when ancient Chinese people adhered to the theory of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements. These beliefs greatly influenced the symbolism of colors in rituals, ceremonies, and attire, including wedding customs. Continuing this tradition, the Tang and Song Dynasties upheld ancient rites and rituals, reinforcing the cultural and symbolic importance of color in clothing through strict regulations under the imperial system. Within this framework, blue came to represent dignity, purity, and harmony, aligning with Confucian values of modesty and virtue. As a result, women’s wedding attire in shades of blue became a visual manifestation of these ideals, both honoring tradition and symbolizing auspicious blessings for marriage. The prominence of blue in bridal wear during this period is further supported by historical artifacts and illustrations. Portraits and mural paintings from the Tang and Song Dynasties provide concrete visual evidence of this trend, offering valuable insights for contemporary research on ancient Chinese wedding customs. These depictions not only showcase the design and structure of blue wedding attire but also highlight its cultural significance as a marker of status, virtue, and adherence to ritual propriety. In the context of Chinese philosophy, blue was associated with wood in the Five Elements theory, symbolizing growth, renewal, and harmony—qualities deemed essential for a prosperous marriage. It also embodied tranquility and stability, reflecting the hope for a peaceful and enduring union.(Lin Lin 2013)

From the Western Zhou to the Warring States periods, weddings were often held in spring, coinciding with blooming flowers and the return of birds—symbols of renewal and fertility. Rooted in the Five Elements (Wu Xing) theory, wood corresponded to the east, thrived in spring, and was represented by the color blue (or green), symbolizing growth, vitality, and hope. In Zhou rituals, blue elements were woven into wedding ceremonies both tangibly and symbolically, reflecting the season’s flourishing energy and the promise of new beginnings. This tradition influenced later dynasties, including the Tang and Song, where blue became a prominent color in bridal attire, reinforcing ideas of harmony and prosperity. The Han Dynasty poem “The Peacock Flies Southeast” reflects marriage customs of the time, highlighting the frequent use of blue elements in wedding ceremonies. Descriptions such as “green jade and blue silk cords,” “threads woven with blue silk,” and “the bride entering the blue tent” illustrate the symbolic role of blue in Han wedding rituals. Men's clothing was divided into official attire (gongfu), casual wear (bianfu), and commoner’s clothing. Official attire, worn regularly by government officials, typically featured a round-collar robe (lanshan) with colors indicating rank. Officials of ninth rank and above wore blue, seventh rank and above wore green, fifth rank and above wore red, and third rank and above wore purple. The robe had a curved collar, wide sleeves, and an additional horizontal trim (lan) near the hem. It was secured at the waist with a leather belt, and officials wore black hats (futou) and boots or leather shoes.(Lin Lin 2013)

Motifs in Song Dynasty Wedding Attire
The textile industry of the Song Dynasty witnessed significant advancements compared to its Tang Dynasty predecessor, marked by increased production capacity and a broader range of fabric types. In particular, techniques such as brocade weaving (zhijin) and kesi silk tapestry reached their pinnacle, exemplifying the era’s refined craftsmanship and technological sophistication.The decorative patterns in Song Dynasty attire reflected a delicate and elegant artistic style, characterized by an emphasis on natural beauty and harmonious design. Patterns were often slender, intricate, and understated, embodying the dynasty’s aesthetic preference for refinement and subtlety.Floral and avian motifs dominated the decorative vocabulary, continuing the Tang Dynasty’s affinity for peonies, while incorporating new elements such as plum blossoms, orchids, bamboo, and chrysanthemums—collectively referred to as the “Four Gentlemen” in Chinese culture. These motifs carried profound symbolic meanings, representing virtue, resilience, and scholarly refinement.Among the most distinctive designs were branching flowers (zhezhi hua) and linked floral patterns (chuanzhi hua), which were celebrated for their natural fluidity, lifelike realism, and dynamic elegance. These motifs not only enhanced visual appeal but also conveyed auspicious meanings, reflecting the cultural values of harmony, prosperity, and moral integrity that defined Song Dynasty society.(Fang Lingyun 2023)

The Evolutionary Context of Song Dynasty Wedding Attire
The Song Dynasty faced prolonged fiscal deficits due to military weaknesses and frequent diplomatic concessions to neighboring nomadic tribes, which resulted in costly tributes of silver and silk textiles. The Southern Song’s three treaties with the Jin Dynasty, for instance, required annual payments of up to 300,000 bolts of silk, exacerbating economic strain.To address the crisis, successive emperors enforced austerity measures, including edicts promoting simplicity in dress. During Emperor Ningzong’s Jiatai era, palace women—excluding the empress—were ordered to surrender and burn gold and jade ornaments as a moral warning against extravagance. Reflecting these policies, women’s attire shifted from the bold, vibrant, and luxurious styles of the Tang Dynasty to slimmer silhouettes, muted colors, and simpler materials in the Song. This restrained elegance embodied both economic pragmatism and Confucian values of modesty and propriety, defining the era’s cultural and aesthetic ideals.(Zhao Miao 2014)

The Song Dynasty witnessed the rise of Neo-Confucianism, founded by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi and later refined by Zhu Xi, which transformed Confucian thought into a philosophical system emphasizing moral discipline, self-restraint, and emotional moderation. This ideology profoundly influenced the aesthetic values and cultural norms of the period. Under Neo-Confucian influence, Song attire departed from the flowing, expansive styles of the Tang Dynasty, adopting slimmer silhouettes and conservative designs. While retaining the ruqun structure, the open necklines of Tang garments gave way to crossed collars, reflecting a modest and disciplined aesthetic. This shift was further reflected in color palettes, as women’s clothing transitioned from the vivid and ornate hues of the Tang to the subtle, refined tones of the Song, embodying the era’s ideals of restraint, elegance, and moral integrity.(Zhao Miao 2014)

Terms
Neo-Confucianism 程朱理学
Yin-Yang and Five Elements Theory 阴阳五行理论
Ritual Propriety 礼仪规范
Brocade Weaving 织锦
Moral Discipline 道德约束
Symbolic Colors 象征色彩
Decorative Motifs 装饰图案

Questions
1. What cultural factors influenced the color preferences in Song Dynasty wedding attire?
Answer:
The preference for blue in Song Dynasty wedding attire was influenced by the Yin-Yang and Five Elements Theory, where blue symbolized growth, harmony, and vitality. It also aligned with Confucian values, representing modesty and auspicious blessings for marriage.

2. How did Neo-Confucianism shape the design of clothing in the Song Dynasty?
Answer:
Neo-Confucianism emphasized moral discipline, self-restraint, and emotional moderation. These values were reflected in Song Dynasty clothing through simplified silhouettes, modest designs, and muted colors, promoting elegance and refinement without extravagance.

3. What symbolic meanings were associated with the decorative motifs in Song Dynasty wedding attire?
Answer:
Decorative motifs, such as floral and avian patterns, symbolized virtues like harmony, resilience, and prosperity. Popular designs like plum blossoms, orchids, bamboo, and chrysanthemums conveyed moral integrity and scholarly refinement, aligning with the cultural values of the time.

References
1．Dan, Wang, and Supachai Singyabuth. "Tuyao wedding costumes at Hezhou, China: Bodily practice of minority to rite of passage context." Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 45.4 (2024): 1393-1402.
2．Dong Mengya董孟雅.宋代女性婚嫁妆饰时尚研究[Fashion Research on Women’s Wedding Jewelry and Attire During the Song Dynasty ].安徽财经大学Anhui University of Finance and Economics,2018.
3．Fang Lingyun, Liang Huie, Xing Le方凌云,梁惠娥,邢乐.传统女性婚服“尚青”现象源流考[Research on the Origins and Development of the Traditional Female Wedding Attire "Shangqing" Phenomenon].丝绸Silk,2023,60(10):139-147.
4．He Xi和溪.朱子《家礼》婚服考[esearch on Wedding Attire in Zhu Xi's Family Rituals ].集美大学学报(哲社版)Journal of Jimei University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2017,20(03):9-14.
5．Lin Lin林琳.中国传统婚礼服饰的发展趋势研究[Research on the Development Trends of Traditional Chinese Wedding Attire].北京服装学院Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology,2013.
6．Yang Zhi杨志.中西方婚礼服饰文化比较性分析[A Comparative Analysis of Wedding Attire Culture Between the East and West].Jilin Arts College,2013.
7．Zhao Miao赵苗.唐宋时期女性婚嫁服饰比较及其对当代时尚文化的影响[A Comparative Study of Women's Wedding Attire during the Tang and Song Dynasties and Its Influence on Contemporary Fashion Culture ].武汉纺织大学Wuhan Textile University,2014.

宋代婚服

摘要
宋代初期，随着国家的统一与稳定，史书将宋太祖赵匡胤描绘为一位崇尚孝道、倡导节俭、品行质朴的统治者。他以“孝友节俭，质任自然，不尚虚饰”著称，不仅在施政方面推崇简朴之风，其个人生活亦体现出克己守礼的态度。这种强调朴实与节制的价值观直接反映在服饰风格上，整体设计以素雅简洁为主，彰显出谦逊务实的美学追求。随着政局进一步巩固，经济逐渐繁荣，服饰风格开始向更加丰富多样的方向发展。随着财富的积累和文化的繁盛，服装设计融入了精美的图案、奢华的面料和鲜艳的色彩。这些变化不仅强化了社会阶层的区隔，也折射出当时工艺与艺术水平的高度成熟。然而，随着程颢、程颐和朱熹等人创立的理学成为思想主流，社会文化转向强调道德修养和内在自律，进一步塑造了含蓄典雅的审美取向。
理学推崇节制、内省与和谐之美，对宋代服饰产生了深远影响，促使服装风格趋于内敛与端庄，形成简洁优雅、含蓄大方的特色。这种风格不仅反映了宋人对美德的推崇，也展现出将道德理念融入日常生活的文化特征。

宋代婚服的风格与特点
宋代婚礼服饰秉持传统礼制，融入展现该朝代文化与哲学理念的设计、色彩和纹样。宋代服饰在简约与华美之间巧妙平衡，体现了传统与革新的动态交融。衣饰不仅是身份地位的象征，更折射出时代的哲学精神和文化价值观。宋代女性服饰以端庄典雅、含蓄精致著称，充分体现了对儒家价值观的推崇。与唐代大胆张扬、富于表现力的风格不同，宋代服饰更趋内敛与淡雅，强调谦逊、优雅和含蓄之美，展现柔和宁静的女性气质。宋代女性推崇简约与自然的魅力，偏爱既高雅又不过分奢华的服饰风格。其服饰不仅遵循儒家礼仪规范，还兼顾实用性与舒适性，在保持端庄雅致的同时，便于行动且不失风度。整体设计注重简洁流畅的线条，装饰元素少而精致，比例和谐匀称。宽松飘逸的剪裁与柔和淡雅的色调，彰显了对含蓄与和谐的审美追求。装饰与配饰运用得当，恰到好处地凸显低调的优雅，而非奢华浮夸。这种设计理念折射出宋代社会的文化内涵与道德价值，服饰不仅是个人品位的象征，更是社会理想的缩影。宋代女性服饰将美感、端庄与实用性融为一体，完美诠释了该朝代对和谐、美德和静雅的追求。

宋代婚服的色彩
蓝色作为女性婚礼服饰的主色调，在唐宋时期广泛流行，形成了“尚青”（崇尚蓝色）的文化现象。这种对蓝色的偏爱可以追溯至更早的朝代，如周代和汉代。当时，古人深受阴阳五行理论的影响，这些信仰在仪式、典礼和服饰的颜色象征中扮演了重要角色，包括婚礼习俗。唐宋时期延续古制，通过严格的皇室规范，进一步强化了服饰颜色的文化与象征意义。在这一制度框架下，蓝色被赋予端庄、纯洁与和谐的象征意义，契合儒家推崇的谦逊与美德。因此，蓝色婚礼服饰不仅彰显了对传统礼制的尊崇，也寄托着对婚姻美满与吉祥的祝福。唐宋时期的大量历史文物与绘画作品进一步印证了蓝色在婚礼服饰中的重要地位。这些壁画与肖像画为研究古代婚礼习俗提供了珍贵的视觉资料，既展示了蓝色婚礼服饰的设计与结构，也突显了其作为身份、品德与礼仪象征的文化价值。从中国哲学的视角来看，蓝色在五行理论中对应“木”，象征生长、更新与和谐，这些特质被视为婚姻幸福的重要基础。同时，蓝色也寓意宁静与稳定，寄托着对婚姻和谐长久的美好期望。
自西周至战国时期，婚礼多在春季举行，正值百花盛开、鸟语花香之际，这些景象象征着生机与繁衍。依据五行理论，“木”属东方，生于春季，对应的颜色为蓝色或绿色，寓意成长、活力与希望。在周代的礼仪中，蓝色元素不仅被实际运用在婚礼仪式中，也具有深远的象征意义，代表春天蓬勃的生命力与新生活的开端。这一传统影响了后世，包括唐宋时期，使蓝色成为婚礼服饰的重要色彩，进一步强调了和谐与繁荣的象征意义。汉代诗歌《孔雀东南飞》描绘了当时的婚礼习俗，其中多次提及蓝色元素，如“青丝系玉佩”“青丝缠绕”“青帐迎新娘”等，生动展现了蓝色在汉代婚礼仪式中的重要地位和象征作用。男性服饰按用途分为官服（公服）、便服（便服）和庶民服饰。官服是官员日常穿着的正式服饰，通常为圆领袍（襕衫），颜色区分官阶等级：九品以上官员穿蓝色，七品以上穿绿色，五品以上穿红色，三品以上穿紫色。官服设计典雅庄重，采用圆领、宽袖，并在下摆处饰有横饰带（襕），腰间束以皮带。同时，官员佩戴黑色幞头与靴子或皮鞋，以彰显威仪与身份。这套严格的服饰制度进一步突显了颜色在古代社会象征体系中的重要作用，也映射了蓝色作为尊贵、和谐与礼仪象征的深厚历史传统。

宋代婚服的图案
宋代的纺织业在生产能力和面料种类上较唐代有了显著进步，尤其是在织锦和缂丝技艺上，达到了巅峰，展示了这一时期精湛的工艺和技术的高度发展。宋代服饰的装饰图案展现了细腻而优雅的艺术风格，突出自然美和和谐设计的理念。图案通常纤细、复杂且低调，体现了宋代对精致、内敛的审美倾向。在这些装饰图案中，花卉和鸟类的题材占据主导地位，延续了唐代对牡丹的钟爱，并融入了梅花、兰花、竹子和菊花等新的元素，这些元素合称为中国文化中的“四君子”。这些图案不仅具有深刻的象征意义，代表着德行、坚韧与文人风雅，还彰显了宋代文化对美好品德的推崇。其中，枝状花（折枝花）和连环花纹（串枝花）尤为引人注目，因其自然流畅、栩栩如生、动感优雅而备受推崇。这些图案不仅增添了视觉美感，还传递了吉祥如意的象征，体现了宋代社会和谐、繁荣与道德正直的文化价值。

宋代婚服的演变背景
宋代由于军事上的薄弱和频繁向邻近游牧部落作出外交让步，长期面临财政赤字，导致大量银两和丝织品作为贡品流失。例如，南宋与金朝签订的三次条约，每年要求向金朝支付高达30万匹丝绸，进一步加重了经济负担。为应对这一财政困境，历代帝王纷纷实施了紧缩政策，其中包括发布简朴着装的法令。宁宗嘉泰年间，宫廷女性（除皇后外）被命令交出并焚毁金银珠宝，作为抵制奢侈之风的道德警示。受此政策影响，女性服饰逐渐告别唐代那种鲜艳、奢华的风格，转而采用更为修身的剪裁、柔和的色调和简洁的材质。这种风格的转变，不仅是出于经济的务实考虑，也体现了儒家思想对节制、廉洁与礼仪的推崇，成为宋代文化和审美理想的核心。
宋代的文化背景也受到新儒学思想的深刻影响。新儒学由程颢、程颐创立，后由朱熹进一步发展，它强调道德修养、自律与情感节制，极大地影响了宋代的审美价值和社会风尚。在新儒学的影响下，宋代服饰摒弃了唐代宽松流畅的造型，转而趋向修身、简约的设计。尽管保持了如裙襦这样的基本结构，唐代服装的开领设计被交领所取代，展现出更为含蓄和自律的美学特征。这一转变同样体现在服饰的色彩上，女性的服装从唐代的艳丽华丽转为宋代的素雅精致，体现了当时对克制、优雅和道德正直的高度追求。

User:Peng Yingying

2024-11-21T11:44:17Z

Peng Yingying:

User:Peng Yingying

2024-11-21T11:42:06Z

Peng Yingying:

November 1st:
Today, I reviewed a list of new vocabulary words and tried to use them in sentences to better understand their meaning.

November 2nd:
I read a short story in my target language and highlighted any words I didn't know, then looked them up in a dictionary.

November 3rd:
I focused on grammar today by completing exercises in my textbook, practicing the use of different verb tenses.

November 4th:
I wrote a diary entry in my target language and checked for errors using a language reference book.

November 5th:
I watched a movie in my target language with subtitles, paying attention to the different accents and colloquial expressions.

November 6th:
I spent time listening to a podcast in my target language and took notes on new words or phrases I didn’t know.

November 7th:
I practiced writing short essays by hand and reviewed them later, trying to spot areas where I could improve my sentence structure.

November 8th:
I did a reading comprehension exercise from my textbook and answered the questions to test my understanding of the text.

November 9th:
I met with a language exchange partner today and practiced speaking in my target language for an hour.

November 10th:
I listened to a song in my target language and looked up the lyrics to understand the meaning behind the words.

November 11th:
I read a news article in my target language and made a list of any unfamiliar vocabulary, then reviewed them later.

November 12th:
I spent time reviewing flashcards I created to help memorize important vocabulary words.

November 13th:
I practiced speaking aloud, trying to mimic the pronunciation and intonation of native speakers from a language learning audiobook.

November 14th:
I completed a grammar workbook today, focusing on sentence structure and the correct use of prepositions.

November 15th:
I watched a video in my target language without subtitles to test my listening comprehension and tried to catch key phrases.

November 16th:
I did a dictation exercise where I wrote down what I heard from an audio recording to improve my listening and writing skills.

November 17th:
I joined a language meetup group and practiced conversing with other learners and native speakers in person.

November 18th:
I spent an hour reading a chapter from a book in my target language and made notes on the story plot and new vocabulary.

November 19th:
I wrote a letter to a pen pal in my target language and made sure to use proper grammar and vocabulary.

November 20th:
I practiced speaking by shadowing sentences from a language learning video, focusing on mimicking pronunciation and rhythm.

November 21st:
I spent time reviewing past lessons in my language notebook, consolidating what I've learned so far and reinforcing weak points.

Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-10-10T03:52:20Z

Peng Yingying: /* Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper */

Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

=簽到 Here you can sign in behind the topic you want to present in class=
*Yu Yi
*Memo
*Glen
*Liu Li
*Liu Zhuofan
*Drovan
*Wu Ziyi
*Andrew
*Wang Xuan
*Cynthia
*Wang Yan
*Doris
*Wu Jing
*Jennie
*Huang Qi
*Esther
*Xiao Feiyan
*He Chuwen
*Lyra
*Shu Lin
*Shirleen
*Tang Yuewei
*Zhou Xukai
*Eavan
*Long Jiayu
*Jiang Chenmei
*Lilian
*Jiao Mengting
*Sherry
*Le Yuxuan
*Lydia
*Wu Jiaying
*Cathy
*Jiang Yaping
*Sunny
*Li Jia
*Zoe
*Wang Yujiao
*Wendy
*Fu Xinke
*Finger
*Zeng Wenjing
*Zoey
*Chen Zilan
*Landy
*Yang Lingyue
*Yang Fan
*Liu Peinan
*Peter
*Pan Yilin
*ceci
*Chen Pingan
*Grace
*Huang Mengyan
*Mandy
*Rachel
*Guo Zibin
*Anne
*Xiao Yixuan
*Zeng Xin
*Su Yi
*Zeng Man
*Emily
*Chen Mengzhu
*Chris
*Huang Zechen
*Zachary
*Liu Zhouli
*Kuang Jing
*Jin
*Tang Xinyan
*Estrella
*Peng Yingying
*Becca
*Ma Ruiqing
*Raymond
*Chen Guangzi
*Alan
*Hannah
*Tang Xinyu
*Zhou Ranran
*Shi Zhanning
*Wang Yue
*Hu Zetao
*Zhang Shuai
*Liu Zhehui
*Wang Xudong
*Zhou Jing
*Amy
*Zhang Yange
*Zhao Jing
*Winnie
1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development .. 16

2.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211
25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan)

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343
40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason)

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian)

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary)

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509
(Zhou Ranran/Jerry)
58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara) (present first on Oct 10, Session 5)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818(Chen Guangzi/Alan)

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896(Zeng Man/Emily)

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ....................................................................... 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949(Wang Yue/Nora)
(present in the end on Sep 26, Session 4)
105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130 (Wang Xudong/Hue)

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241 （Shu Lin/Shirleen）

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249（Yu Yi/Memo)

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257(Lv Di/Ludy)

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280Zhang Yange(Mia)

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336(Chen Zilan/Landy)

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376(Peng Yingying/Becca)

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381 (Tang Xinyu/Eric)

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398(Peng Jiayi/Eva)

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick .................................................................. 1414(Chen Mengzhu/Chris)

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki)

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430(Liu Zhouli/ lovia)

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479(Tang Xinyan/Estrella)

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502(Zhang Rui)

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531（Li Songlin/Solin)

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581（Wang Yan/Doris）

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615 (Su Yi/Suri)

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651(Shi Zhanning/Harper)

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712（Chen Weiping/Jackie）

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/Winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781（Guo Zibin/Anne）

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795(Liang Dan/Anne)

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827(Yang Hanxu/Hansu)

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao）
<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>
204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898 （Gong Tao/Gisele)

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935(Zhou Jing/ Amy)

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019(Zhang Shuai / Andy)

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071(tao yu/mikansei)

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110（pan yilin/ceci）

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192 (Han Yaxuan)

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204(Hu Zetao/Francis)

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213 （Xie Ke）

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221 （Zeng Xin）

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238(Jiang Caiyun/Tony)

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261(Li Dinghao/Leo)

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312（Xia Rong/Sharon)

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=
Deadline: Sep 15, 2024

1. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠)......（Liu Yi/Zer）

2. Science and Technology: Chinese Electrical Vehicles 中国电动汽车 ......(Cheng Linjia/Jason)

3. Chinese tradition culture: Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花………(Xiao Feiyan)

4. Stage entertainment: northeast Errenzhuan (二人转).........(Wu Jiaying/Cathy)

5. Animals: Chinese Cats 动物：中国猫 ...... (Zhao Jing/winnie)

6. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty (Yao Yiyun)

7. Grass cloth 夏布（Yu Yi/Memo）

8. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》(Yang Lingyue/ Judy)

9.Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片......(Zhou Xiaoqiao/ Summer)

10. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧......(Huang Zechen/ Zachary)

11.Chinese tradition culture: birde-price（彩礼）……（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

12. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片......（Liu Peinan/Peter）

13.Xiang Embroidery蜀绣······（Liu Zhehui/Mary

14.Chinese traditional jewellery: Buyao(dangling ornament worn by women) （步摇）……（Shu Lin/Shirleen）

15. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) （Su Yi/Suri）

16. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) …… (Li Jia/Zoe)

17. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛）……（Li Ru/ Lee）

18. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班）……（Jiang Caiyun/Tony）

19. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) ……（Tao Yu/Mikansei）

20.Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班）……（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki）

21. Live-stream shopping（直播带货）……（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦）......(Sha Lijia/Reika)

23. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) …… （Fu Xinke/Finger）

23.Herbal tea（凉茶）……（Huang Mengyan/Mandy）

24.Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻）……（Wang Yan/Doris ）

25.Rice cake(年糕）……（Chen Pingan/Grace）

26.Zhongyuan festival……(Pan Yilin/Ceci)

27.Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面)……（Zeng Xin）

27.The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格）……（Zeng Wenjing/Zoey）

28.Exercise of middle-aged Chinese people（中国中年人健身）……（Jiao Mengting/Sherry）

29. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）……（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

30. Chinese Musical Instrument: Konghou(箜篌)…… (Chen Zilan/Landy)

31. Chinese Bossy Fictions&Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧）……（Zhang Mengzhe/Nine）

32. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）……（Kuang Jing/Jin）

33. Jingdezhen Porcelain……(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

34. Music and instruments: Erhu ……（Hu Zheng/Leven）

35.The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联）……（Jiang Chenmei/Lilian）

36. Sun Wukong（孙悟空）……（Liu Huixaun/ Polly）

37. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料）……(Liu Zhuofan/Drovan)

38. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯）……（Zhou Jing/Amy）

39. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） ......（Zeng Man/ Emily)

40. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) ...... (Chen Mengzhu/ Chris)

41. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)……(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

42. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山)......(Liang Dan/Anne)

43. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian......(Zhou Ranran/Jerry)

44. Hotpot(火锅）……(Liu Jieyu/Erica)

45. Abacus(中国珠算）……(Zhang Yange/Mia)

46. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） ……(Cao Jialong/Caron)

47. Yao-Chinese folktales（中国奇谭）……(Chen Weiping/Jackie)

48. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”）……(Liu Xinyu/Layla)

49. Douzhi (豆汁儿) ……(Lv Di/Ludy)

50.oilpaper umbrella(油纸伞）......(Chen Shanshan/Rebecca)

51.The rural revitalization （乡村振兴）......（Liu Zhouli/lovia）

52. Jing Gang Mountain(井冈山）......(Chen Kuanshun/Jason)

53. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑）......（Peng Lu/Julia）

54. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话）……（Tang Yuewei/Eavan）

55. Rice noodle roll（肠粉）……（Zhou Yicen/Hannah）

56. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜）…… （Wang Yue/Nora)

57. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山)……(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

58.Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染）……（Xie Ke）

59. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒）…… (Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

60. Fengshui (风水）…… (Zhang Shuai/Andy)

61.Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化）…… (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

62.Indigo Dyeing(蓝染)……(Long Jiayu/Tara)

63.Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua……(Liao Wenyao/Rose)

64. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty(宋代婚服）……(Peng Yingying/Becca)

65.The great unification in ancient China(中国古代的大一统思想)……(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)

=Session 1 Thursday Sep 5, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Please download the powerpoint presentation of the teacher here: [[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2024.pptx]].

=Session 2 Thursday Sep 12, 2024 19:00-21:35=
During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason) [[Media:Handsome_Men_2024.pptx]]

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia) [[Media:Milk_Tea_2024.pptx]]

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）[[Media:Tea_2024_fall.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Tea_2024.pptx]].)

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）[[Media:Liquor_2024.pptx]]

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan) [[Media:Cheongsam_fall_2024.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Cheongsam_2024.pptx]].)

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）[[Media:Official_Selection_System_2024.pptx]]

=Session 3 Thursday Sep 19, 2024 19:00-21:35=

All students: Please prepare these three texts in the textbook for today.

During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up, p. 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda) [[Media:Cosmetics_2024.pptx]]

50. Games: Go 围棋, p. 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason) [[Media:Go_2024.pptx]]

51. Games: Kite Flying p. 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）[[Media:Kite_2024.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play, p. 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)[[Media:Mahjong_2024.pptx]]

53. Garden Culture: Gardens, p. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian) [[Media:Gardens_2024.pptx]]

55. Garden culture: the Summer Palace, p. 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary) [[Media:Summer_Palace_2024.pptx]]

Homework:

1. Please read the six texts for next time in the textbook.

2. Please add your final exam paper topic and your name in the respective section above.

3. Take the surveys (EU: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/9gdWrQT, 2024: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/CTrdOjm).

=Session 4 Thursday Sep 26, 2024 19:00-21:35=

During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)[[Media:Qingming_2024.pptx]]

57.Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China (Zhou Ranran/Jerry)[[Media:wuzetian.pptx]]

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains p. 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）[[Media:Five_Mountains 1_2024.pptx]]，[[Media:Five_Mountains 2_2024.pptx]]

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature p. 818 (Chen Guangzi/Alan) [[Media:Cont_Chin_Lit_2024.pptx]]

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes p. 896(Zeng Man/Emily)[[Media:Costumes_2024.pptx]]

=Session 5 Thursday Oct 10, 2024 19:00-21:35=

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals p. 949 (Wang Yue/Nora) p.949 [[Media:Gods and Immortals1_2024.pptx]], [[Media:Gods and Immortals2_2024.pptx]], [[Media:Gods and Immortals3_2024.pptx]]

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara)[[Media:Dialects_2024.pptx]]

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money p. 917
（Chen Pingan/Grace）[[Media:Red_Envelope_2024.pptx]]

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng p. 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)[[Media:Guzheng_2024.pptx]]

105. Mythology: Huli-jing p. 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)[[Media:Huli-jing_2024.pptx]]

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera p. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）[[Media:Tea-picking_Opera_2024fall.pptx]]

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130 (Wang Xudong/Hue) [[Media:Four_New_Inventions_2024.pptx]]

Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-09-05T15:39:44Z

Peng Yingying: /* Headline text */

Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

== Headline text ==

----
[[Media:Example.ogg]]=簽到 Here you can sign in behind the topic you want to present in class=
*Yu Yi
*Memo
*Glen
*Liu Li
*Liu Zhuofan
*Drovan
*Wu Ziyi
*Andrew
*Wang Xuan
*Cynthia
*Wang Yan
*Doris
*Wu Jing
*Jennie
*Huang Qi
*Esther
*Xiao Feiyan
*He Chuwen
*Lyra
*Shu Lin
*Shirleen
*Tang Yuewei
*Zhou Xukai
*Eavan
*Jiao Mengting
*Sherry
*Le Yuxuan
*Lydia
*Wu Jiaying
*Cathy
*Jiang Yaping
*Sunny
*Li Jia
*Zoe
*Wang Yujiao
*Wendy
*Fu Xinke
*Finger
*Zeng Wenjing
*Zoey
*Chen Zilan
*Landy
*Yang Lingyue
*Yang Fan
*Liu Peinan
*Peter
*Pan Yilin
*ceci
*Chen Pingan
*Grace
*Huang Mengyan
*Mandy
*Rachel
*Guo Zibin
*Anne
*Xiao Yixuan
*Zeng Xin
*Su Yi
*Zeng Man
*Emily
*Chen Mengzhu
*Chris
*Huang Zechen
*Zachary
*Liu Zhouli
*Kuang Jing
*Jin
*Tang Xinyan
*Estrella
*Peng Yingying
*Becca
*Ma Ruiqing
*Raymond

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development .. 16

2.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211
25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan)

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343
40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason)

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian)

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509

58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711 (Gong Tao/Gisele)

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896(Zeng Man/Emily)

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ....................................................................... 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949(Wang Yue/Nora)

105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206Xiaoyixuan(Yuki)

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241 （Shu Lin/Shirleen）

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249（Yu Yi/Memo)

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257(Lv Di/Ludy)

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280Zhang Yange(Mia)

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336(Chen Zilan/Landy)

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376(Peng Yingying/Becca)

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398(Peng Jiayi/Eva)

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick .................................................................. 1414(Chen Mengzhu/Chris)

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Wang Yan/Doris）

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430(Liu Zhouli/ lovia)

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479(Tang Xinyan/Estrella)

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615 (Su Yi/Suri)

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651(Shi Zhanning/Harper)

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712（Chen Weiping/Jackie）

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781（Guo Zibin/Anne）

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795(Liang Dan/Anne)

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao）
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204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898 （Gong Tao/Gisele)

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019.

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071(tao yu/mikansei)

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110（pan yilin/ceci）

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221 （Zeng Xin）

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261(Li Dinghao/Leo)

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=