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2020-12-28T04:51:51Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* Rajabov, Anushervon */

==Alsied, Saffana==

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》多为语录，但都辞约义富，有些语句、篇章形象生动。

The Analects are mostly discourses, but all of them are rich in diction and meaning, and some of them are vividly illustrated.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The ideas of The Sutra played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism. This is the only Chinese Buddhist work to be honoured as a 'sutra'.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂将中国人旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的生活方式，和浪漫高雅的东方情调皆诉诸笔下，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的“生活最高典型”的模式。

Lin Yutang's writing brings to life the Chinese way of life, with its open-mindedness and optimism, as well as the romantic elegance of the East, and presents to Westerners a model of the 'highest form of life' to be emulated.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1.When people see some things as beautiful, other things become ugly. When people see some things as good, other things become bad.

当人们将某些事物视为美丽时，其他事物则变得丑陋。当人们将某些事情视为好事时，其他事情则变得不好。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.In China, the work has been by many attributed to Confucius himself, but the philological investigations to date do not allow to go back to a reliable source, partly because of the devastating book burning of 213 BC by the First Emperor Qin Shi Huang.

在中国，许多人把这本书归功于孔子本人，但迄今为止的语言研究还不能追溯到可靠的来源，部分原因是秦始皇秦始皇于公元前213年毁灭性地烧毁了这本书。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.One realizes it, while another is ignorant of it.

一个人意识到了这一点，而另一个人则一无所知。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.Perhaps I don’t understand economics, but economics does not understand me, either.

也许我不了解经济学，但经济学却不了解也了解我.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1. 道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。

The Tao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Tao.

The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging name.

2. 子曰：“学而时习之，不亦悦乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”

The Master said, To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt, is that not after all a pleasure? That friends should come to one from afar, is this not after all delightful? To remain unsound even though one's merits are unrecognized by others, is that not after all what is expected of a gentleman?

3. 菩提本无树，明镜亦非台。本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。

No such thing as the Budhi tree,

Nor a mirror stand that can be.

There is nothing in the first place,

Whereon can the dust and dirt creep?

4. 生之享受包括许多东西：我们本身的享受、家庭生活的享受，树木、花朵、云霞、溪流、瀑布，以及大自然的形形色色，都足以称为享受；此外又有诗歌、艺术、沉思、友情、谈天、读书等的享受，后者的这些都是心灵交流的不同表现。

The enjoyment of life covers many things: the enjoyment of ourselves, of home life, of trees, flowers, clouds, winding rivers and falling cataracts and the myriad things in Nature, and then the enjoyment of poetry, art, contemplation, friendship, conversation, and reading, which are all some form or other of the communion of spirits.
--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 04:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The enjoyment of life includes many things: our own enjoyment, the enjoyment of family life, trees, flowers, clouds, streams, waterfalls, and all kinds of nature are enough to be called enjoyment; in addition, there are poetry, art, contemplation, the enjoyment of friendship, chatting, reading, etc., the latter are all different manifestations of spiritual communication.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 17:54, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1.老子曾做过周朝守藏史，后退隐，作《道德经》，其思想的核心是“道”。

Lao Zi once worked as an archivist in the imperial library of the Zhou Dynasty before he retired from public life. It is widely believed that he was the author of Tao Te Ching and the core of Lao Zi's thought is "Tao".--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Lao Zi once worked as an archivist in the imperial library of the Zhou Dynasty before he lived in seclusion. It is widely believed that he was the author of Tao Te Ching and the core of his thoughts is "Tao".--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Lao Zi once worked as an archivist in the imperial library of the Zhou Dynasty before his retirement. Later he created the Tao Te Ching, of which the core thought is "Tao".--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 12:09, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》记录了孔子的言行。它涵盖了广泛的主题，从政治、哲学、文学和艺术到教育再到道德修养。

The Analects of Confucius records the words and deeds of Confucius. It covers a wide variety of subjects, ranging from politics, philosophy, literature and art to education to moral cultivation.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Analects of Confucius records the words and deeds of Confucius. It covers a wide variety of subjects, ranging from politics, philosophy, literature to art,and from education to moral cultivation.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The Analects recorded Confucius' words and deeds. It covers a wide range of topics, from politics, philosophy, literature and art to education to moral cultivation.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 12:09, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.惠能禅学思想的主要特点是“识心见性”和“顿悟成佛”。

The main features of Hui Neng's Zen thoughts are "knowing the heart and seeing the nature" and "becoming Buddha by epiphany".--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Hui Neng's Zen thoughts are characterized by "knowing the heart and seeing the nature" and "becoming Buddha by epiphany".--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是一本洗涤心灵的书籍，是一杯好茶，是一种良药。阅读此书能使我们被尘沙玷污的心灵洗涤，使我们能在嚣闹的城市中得到宁静。

The Importance of Living is a book for washing the soul, a good cup of tea and a good medicine. Reading this book can wash our hearts polluted by dust and sand, and make us get peace in the noisy city.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Importance of Living is a book for refreshing the soul, a good cup of tea and a good medicine. Reading this book can purify our hearts tarnished by dust and sand, and make us get peace in the noisy city.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The Importance of Living is a book that cleanses the mind, a cup of good tea and a good medicine. Reading this book can wash our hearts stained with dust and allow us to find peace in noisy cities--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 12:09, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。

Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has a profound influence on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

As one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, Tao Te Ching has a profound influence on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

The Analects embodies the political ideas, ethical thought, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Analects embodies the political ideas, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《慧能经》主张世上一切事物空幻不实，即对于现实世界不应执著或留恋。

The Sutra of Hui-neng holds that everything in the world is empty and unreal, that is, it should not be persistent or nostalgic for the real world.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Sutra of Hui-neng holds that everything in the world is illusory, that is, it should not be persistent or nostalgic for the real world.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周。

The Importance of Living is Lin Yutang's first book, which was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the bestseller list for 52 weeks.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Importance of Living is Lin Yutang's first book after his study in the United States, which was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the bestseller list for 52 weeks.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==

==Grosheva, Anna==

1. Yet mystery and manifestations arise from the same source. This source is called darkness.

然而神秘和表现来自同一来源。这种来源称为黑暗。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Started during the Spring and Autumn Period, the work of collection and organization of Confucian teachings was probably completed during the Warring States Period, although the precise date of publication of the complete work is unknown.

春秋时期开始，儒家教义的收集和整理工作可能是在战国时期完成的，尽管确切的出版日期尚不清楚。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Through ten chapters, the Platform Sutra cites and explains a wide range of Mahayana Buddhist scriptures.

在十章中，《纲经》引用并解释了大乘佛教经文。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4. The ancient people who desired to have a clear moral harmony in the world would first order their national life.

希望在世界上建立清晰的道德和睦的远古民族首先会下定民族生活。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

1.《论语》是儒家的经典著作之一，它是对孔子及其弟子的言行和对话的记录。众所周知，孔子是一位伟大的思想家和哲学家，他的思想被发展成了的儒家哲学体系。《论语》是儒家思想的代表作，数个世纪以来，《论语》一直极大地影响着中国人的哲学观和道德观，它也影响着其他亚洲国家人民的哲学观和道德观。

The Analects of Confucius is one of the Confucius classics and is a record of the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples,as well as the conversations they held.It's
well known that Confucius is agreat ideologist and philosopher,and his thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophyknownasConfucianism.The Analects ofConfucius
is a representative work of Confucianism.For centuries, it has been heavily influencing the philosophy and moral outlook of Chinese people and that of the people of other Asian countries as well.

2.慧能的两个核心理念成为了正统佛教的精髓要义，其一，“无论社会阶层，无论精神文化，一切众生皆有佛性”；其二，“醒觉并非依靠冥想渐悟，而是一种瞬间的顿悟。”

His two key ideas became the essence of orthodox Buddhism, namely that "all people,regardless of their social, culturalor spiritual condition, possess the Buddha nature" and that "awakening is not a meditation but a sudden, instantaneous process."

3.一次，学生子贡问孔子：“有一言而可以终身行之者乎？”子曰：“其恕乎。己所不欲，勿施于人。”

Once,Zi Gong, one of Confucius’ disciples, asked the philosopher: “Is there any one word that can guide one throughout his life?”Confucius answered:“
Maybe it’s magnanimity! What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.”

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，接连再版四十余次，并为十余种文字所翻译。

"The Art of Life" is the first book created by Lin Yutang in the United States, and it is also another English work that has achieved success after "My Country and My People". The book was published in the United States in 1937, reprinted more than forty times, and translated into more than ten languages.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]]

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

1. Laozi in the Tao Te Ching explains that the Tao is not a "name" for a "thing" but the underlying natural order of the Universe whose ultimate essence is difficult to circumscribe due to it being non-conceptual yet evident in one's being of aliveness.

《道德经》中的老子解释道是不是“事物”的“名称”，而是宇宙的内在自然秩序，由于其非概念性但在生命力中很明显，其最终本质很难被限制。

2. Analects is the China’s sacred book, the representative work of Confucianism. A collection of answers of dialogues between Confucius and his disciples.

《论语》是中国的圣书，是儒家的代表作。孔子与门徒之间对话的答案的集合。

《论语》是中国的圣书，是儒家的代表作。孔子与门徒对话的答案集。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:38, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Lin Yutang was a Chinese inventor, linguist, novelist, philosopher, and translator. His informal but polished style in both Chinese and English made him one of the most influential writers of his generation, and his compilations and translations of classic Chinese texts into English were bestsellers in the West.

林语堂是中国发明家，语言学家，小说家，哲学家和翻译家。他的中英文不拘一格但又优美的风格使他成为这一代人中最有影响力的作家之一，他将经典的中国文字汇编和翻译成英文在西方是畅销书。--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 14:36, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Guo Lu 郭露==

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

==He Changqi 何长琦==

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==

1.陆上丝绸之路起源于西汉（前202年—8年）汉武帝派张骞出使西域开辟的以首都长安（今西安）为起点，经甘肃、新疆，到中亚、西亚，并连接地中海各国的陆上通道。

The land Silk Road originated from the Western Han Dynasty (202-8 BC) when Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the western regions to open up a land passage from Chang'an (today's Xi'an), the capital, to Central Asia and West Asia via Gansu and Xinjiang, and to connect Mediterranean countries.

2.海上丝绸之路形成于汉武帝时期。南海航线从中国出发，向西航行，是海上丝绸之路的主线。

The maritime silk road was formed in the time of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The South China Sea route, which starts from China and sails westward, is the mainstream of the maritime silk road.

3.苏曼殊浪漫主义不是西学东渐的直接产物，而是固有文化生态发生结构变动之结果。

The formation of Su Manshu's romantic style was not the direct result of the eastward spread of Western learning but was the natural outcome of structural change in China's innate cultural ecosystem.

4.洋务派是中国近代最早的全面系统地接触近代科学技术的一个政治派别。

Advocates of the westernization movement was the first political school that touched modern science and technology comprehensively and systematically in China.

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==
1. 《道德经》简称老子，是中国的经典文本。根据传统，它是由公元前6世纪的圣人老子所写，老子是周朝的一位记录者，在中国广为人知。尽管最早出土的文字可以追溯到公元前4世纪晚期，但文字的真正作者和撰写或编纂日期仍有争议。

1. The Tao Te Ching simply referred to as the Laozi，is a Chinese classic text. According to tradition, it was written around 6th century BC by the sage Laozi, a record-keeper at the Zhou dynasty court, by whose name the text is known in China. The text's true authorship and date of composition or compilation are still debated, although the oldest excavated text dates back to the late 4th century BC.

2. 《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作之一，由孔子的弟子及其再传弟子编撰而成。它以语录体和对话文体为主，记录了孔子及其弟子言行，集中体现了孔子的政治主张、论理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

2. The Analects is one of the classical works of Confucianism, compiled by the disciples of Confucius and his disciples. It is mainly in the style of discourses and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on Confucius' political ideas, theoretical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles.

3. 《慧能经》附有慧能对《金刚经》的逐条注释——这是它有史以来第一次出版的英文译本。他的谈话集也被称为《六祖坛经》，是唯一的禅宗记录，一般被尊称为经，或经文。

3. The Sutra of Hui-neng is here accompanied by Hui-neng's verse-by-verse commentary on the Diamond Sutra—in its very first published English translation ever.This collection of his talks, also known as the Platform or Altar Sutra, is the only Zen record of its kind to be generally honored with the appellation sutra, or scripture.

4. 《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，并为十余种文字所翻译。

4. “The Art of Living” was Lin Yutang's first book after he had traveled to the U.S. and was another successful work in English. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks the following year, and was reprinted more than forty times and translated into more than a dozen languages.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 07:31, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

"The Art of Living" was the first book created by Lin Yutang in the United States, and it is also another English work that has been successful since then. The book was published in the United States in 1937, and it ranked first in the United States bestseller list for 52 weeks in the following year,and has been republished more than forty times, and has been translated for more than ten languages.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 17:57, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，并为十余种文字所翻译。

''The Art of Living'' was Lin Yutang's first book after he had traveled to the U.S. and was another successful English work after ''My Country and My People''. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks at the following year. Besides, it was reprinted more than forty times and translated into more than a dozen languages.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 12:20, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1. 《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。、

Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion. --[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》中保留了一些人们对孔子师徒的批评讽刺，有的作了辩驳，有的没有回答。

The Analects of Confucius retains some criticisms and ironies of Confucius' teachers and disciples, some of which have made refutation, while others have not.

The Analects of Confucius retains some criticism and satire of Confucius and his disciples, some of which are refuted, and some of which are not answered.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 04:51, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。

Huineng's Zen method is based on determining wisdom, thinking that awareness is inherent, but troubles are not.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 《活着》是作家余华的代表作之一，讲述了在大时代背景下，随着内战、三反五反，大跃进，文化大革命等社会变革，徐福贵的人生和家庭不断经受着苦难，到了最后所有亲人都先后离他而去，仅剩下年老的他和一头老牛相依为命。

Living is one of Yu Hua's representative works, which tells how Xu Fugui's life and family are constantly suffering with the civil war, the three anti-five evils, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution and other social changes. In the end, all his relatives have left him one after another, leaving only an old cow.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==
1.《道德经》九九八十一章，可理解为《道经》（上篇）和《德经》（下篇）两个部分，言简意赅、博大精深。大至宇宙、小至微尘，大无其外，小无其内；有修身、用人、治国。

The eighty-one chapters of the Tao Te Ching, which can be understood as two parts, the Tao Te Ching (upper part) and the De Te Ching (lower part), are concise and profound. It is as big as the universe and as small as the dust; there is no outside of the big and no inside of the small; there is the cultivation of the body, the use of people and the governance of the country.

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the classics of Confucianism, is mainly a collection of essays in the form of discourses and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on the political, aesthetic, moral, ethical and utilitarian values of Confucius.

3.相传，有一位名叫慧能的砍柴夫，虽然目不识丁，却开创了佛教的南禅宗派，提出“人人皆有佛性”，进而确立“顿悟成佛”之学。

According to legend, an illiterate woodsman called Huineng founded the "Sudden Enlightenment" or the Southern Chan School of Buddhism and propounded the idea that everyone possesses "the Buddha nature."

4.生活是10%的经历，和90%的态度。我们无时无刻不在书写我们的生活经历，我们可以选择生活的台词。当下，我们可以放下自我怀疑、愤怒、沮丧。当下，我们可以选择幸福。

Life is 10% what happens to you and 90% how you interpret it and put it into perspective.Right now we're writing our life stories, and we can choose how the script will read. Right now we can put behind us self-doubt, anger, frustration. Right now, we can choose happiness.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 15:18, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Life is 10% experience and 90% attitude. Right now we're experiencing our life, and we can choose how to live. Right now we can put behind our self-doubt, anger, frustration. Right now, we can choose happiness.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:22, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==
1、丝绸之路被认为是连结亚欧大陆的古代东西方文明的交汇之路，而丝绸则是最具代表性的货物。数千年来，游牧民族或部落、商人、教徒、外交家、士兵和学术考察者沿着丝绸之路四处活动。

The Silk Road is considered to be the ancient crossroads of eastern and western civilizations linking Asia and Europe, with Silk being the most iconic cargo. For thousands of years, nomadic peoples or tribes, merchants, religious, diplomats, soldiers and academic researchers moved around along the Silk Road.

2、郑和七次奉旨率船队远航西洋，航线从西太平洋穿越印度洋，直达西亚和非洲东岸，途经30多个国家和地区。他的航行比哥伦布发现美洲大陆早87年，比达·伽马早92年，比麦哲伦早114年。在世界航海史上，他开辟了贯通太平洋西部与印度洋等大洋的直达航线。

Zheng He was ordered to lead seven voyages to the Atlantic Ocean, with routes from the western Pacific Ocean across the Indian Ocean to West Asia and the east coast of Africa, passing through more than 30 countries and regions. His voyage was 87 years before Columbus discovered the American continent, 92 years before Da Gama, and 114 years before Magellan. In the history of world navigation, he opened up a direct route through the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean and other great oceans.

3、西学书籍的翻译和著述，是西学东渐相当重要的媒介，在当时出现了大量的由教士及士大夫合著合译的书籍，但这些书籍未能受到当时一般社会的重视，也未能打入晚明已十分发达的商业出版界，因此虽西学书籍有刻印出版，但主要仍仅流通于少数有兴趣的士大夫阶层。

The translation and writing of books on Western studies was an important medium for the gradual expansion of Western studies to the east. A large number of books co-authored and translated by clergy and scholars emerged at that time, but these books were not taken seriously by the general society at that time, nor did they penetrate into the commercial publishing world, which was already well developed in the late Ming Dynasty.

4、随着军事工业的创办，洋务派认识到，强大的国防基础在于整个国家经济的发展，要求能源、钢铁等工业与之配套。同时，为了维护民族利益，也必须发展民族经济，与洋人"商战"、"争利"。于是，他们提出了求富的口号，民用工业和新式交通运输业也发展起来了。

With the founding of the military industry, the School of Westernization realized that the basis of a strong national defense lay in the development of the entire national economy, requiring energy, steel and other industries to go along with it. At the same time, in order to safeguard national interests, it was also necessary to develop the national economy and to "negotiate" and "compete for profits" with the foreigners. Thus, they put forward the slogan of seeking wealth, and the civil industry and new transportation industry were developed.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 14:10, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1. 写于两千多年前的《道德经》是真正的精神文学经典之一。它是一个培养和平、宁静和同情的指南。
Written more than two thousand years ago, the Tao Te Ching is one of the true classics of spiritual literature. It is a guide to cultivating peace, serenity, and compassion.

The Tao Te Ching, written more than two thousand years ago, is one of the true spiritual literature classics. It is a guide to cultivate peace, tranquility and compassion.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》写于春秋战国时期（约公元前479年至公元前221年），被认为是儒家思想最具代表性的著作之一，至今仍对中国文化和东亚产生了重大影响。
Written during the Period of Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period (ca. 479 BC - 221 BC), the Analects are considered among the most representative works of Confucian thought, and still have a great influence on Chinese culture and East Asia.

3.慧能（638-713）也许是禅宗中最受人喜爱和尊敬的人物。他本是一个目不识丁的樵夫，却一下子获得了觉悟，成为中国禅宗的第六宗师，被誉为“顿悟派”的创始人。
Hui-neng (638–713) is perhaps the most beloved and respected figure in Zen Buddhism. An illiterate woodcutter who attained enlightenment in a flash, he became the Sixth Patriarch of Chinese Zen, and is regarded as the founder of the "Sudden Enlightenment" school.

4.生活的艺术是对现代世界令人眼花缭乱的节奏的一种讽刺、诙谐的解毒剂。
The Importance of Living is a wry, witty antidote to the dizzying pace of the modern world.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The art of living is an ironic and witty antidote to the dazzling rhythm of the modern world.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。

As one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, ''Tao Te Ching'' has a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion.

Tao Te Ching, as one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, has a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.孔子因材施教，对于不同的对象，考虑其不同的素质、优点和缺点、进德修业的具体情况，给予不同的教诲，表现了诲人不倦的可贵精神。

Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude. He gave different instructions to different students, taking into account their different qualities, strengths and weaknesses, and the specific circumstances of their advancement and cultivation, showing the valuable spirit of tireless teaching.

Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude. For different objects, he considered their different qualities, advantages and disadvantages, and the specific situation of moral education, and gave different instructions, which showed the valuable spirit of tireless teaching.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.近年来，中国大多数学者都认为《坛经》的基本内容代表了慧能思想，同时其中也有后人增益的成分。

In recent years, most Chinese scholars believe that the basic content of the ''The Sutra of Huineng'' represents the thought of Huineng, while there are also some elements of later additions to it.

In recent years, most Chinese scholars believe that the basic content of Tanjing represents Huineng's thought, and it also contains the later additions.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，被翻译为十余种文字全球发行。

''The Importance of Living'' was the first book after Lin Yutang had traveled to the United States and was another successful work in English after ''My Country and My People''. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks the following year, and was republished more than forty times and translated into more than a dozen languages for global distribution.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:14, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

''The Art of Life'' is the first book written by Lin Yutang after his trip to the United States. It is also another successful English work after ''My Country and My People''. The book was published in the United States in 1937. The following year, it ranked the top of the best seller list in the United States for 52 weeks. It has been reprinted for more than 40 times and has been translated into more than 10 languages for global distribution.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、传统的丝绸之路，起自中国古代都城长安，经中亚国家、阿富汗、伊朗、伊拉克、叙利亚等而达地中海，以罗马为终点，全长6440公里。这条路被认为是连结亚欧大陆的古代东西方文明的交汇之路，而丝绸则是最具代表性的货物。

The traditional Silk Road, which started from Chang'an, the ancient capital of China, and reached the Mediterranean Sea via Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, Iran, and Syria, and ended in Rome, was 6,440 kilometers long. This road is considered to be the intersection of ancient eastern and western civilizations linking Asia and Europe, and silk is the most representative cargo. The road reached the Mediterranean Sea from Iraq, Syria, etc. and ended in Rome, with a total length of 6,440 kilometers. This road is considered to be the crossroads of ancient civilizations between East and West, linking Asia and Europe, and silk is the most representative cargo.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The traditional Silk Road started in the ancient Chinese capital of Chang'an, and reached the Mediterranean through Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, etc., ending in Rome, with a total length of 6,440 kilometers. This road is considered to be the intersection of the ancient Eastern and Western civilizations connecting Asia and Europe, and silk is the most representative goods.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 17:59, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2、东海航线，也叫“东方海上丝路”。春秋战国时期，齐国在胶东半岛开辟了“循海岸水行”直通辽东半岛、朝鲜半岛、日本列岛直至东南亚的黄金通道。唐代，山东半岛和江浙沿海的中韩日海上贸易逐渐兴起。宋代，宁波成为中韩日海上贸易的主要港口。

The East Sea Route, also known as the "Eastern Sea Silk Road". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the State of Qi opened up a golden route on the Jiaodong Peninsula, which led to the Liaodong Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula, the Japanese islands and Southeast Asia. During the Tang Dynasty, the maritime trade between China, Korea and Japan on the Shandong Peninsula and the coast of Jiangsu and Zhejiang gradually emerged. During the Song Dynasty, Ningbo became the main port for maritime trade between China, Korea and Japan.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3、东学西渐指的是一个和西学东渐互相补充的东西方文化交流过程。东学西渐有一千多年的历史，对世界文化的发展有十分深远的影响。

Eastern learning and Western learning refers to a process of cultural exchange between East and West that complements Western learning and Eastern learning. With a history of over a thousand years, East to West has had a profound impact on the development of world culture.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4、洋务运动虽然在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、并且在一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但并没有使中国走上富强之路。

Although the foreign affairs movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, it did not put China on the road to wealth and power.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Although the Westernization Movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and resisted the economic input of foreign capitalism to a certain extent, it did not make China prosperous and strong.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 07:52, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==
1 《道德经》是中国古代哲学著作。又称《老子》，被道教作为重要经典收入道藏。共81章，分上、下篇。此刻通行本上篇言道，下篇言德。其中有不少和生活有关的处世哲理。

Tao Te Ching is an ancient Chinese philosophical work.Also known as Laozi, Taoism as an important classic into the Collection of Taoism. A total of 81 chapters, divided into the first and second. At this moment, the first text of the passage, the next text of virtue.There are a lot of life related philosophy.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2 《论语》，是孔子弟子及再传弟子记录孔子及其弟子言行而编成的语录文集，成书于战国前期。全书共20篇492章，以语录体为主，叙事体为辅，较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations compiled by Confucius and his disciples to record their words and deeds. It was written in the early period of the Warring States Period. The book consists of 20 chapters, with quotations as the main body and narration as the auxiliary body, which mainly reflects the political propositions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and The Confucian school.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3 慧能俗姓卢，原籍河北范阳（今北京大兴）。他的父亲贬官到了岭南新州（今广东新兴），生下了慧能。慧能年轻时父亲去世，家境贫寒，靠打柴卖柴来养活母亲。

Hui Neng was born in Fanyang, Hebei province (now Daxing, Beijing).His father moved to New South Wales in the Lingnan region and gave birth to Huineng. When Huineng was young, her father died and her family was poor, so she sold firewood to support her mother.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4 林语堂早年留学美国、德国，获哈佛大学文学硕士，莱比锡大学语言学博士。回国后在清华大学、北京大学、厦门大学任教。1945年赴新加坡筹建南洋大学，任校长。曾任联合国教科文组织美术与文学主任、国际笔会副会长等职。

Lin Yutang studied in the United States and Germany in his early years. He received his MA from Harvard University and his PhD in Linguistics from the University of Leipzig.After returning to China, he taught in Tsinghua University, Peking University and Xiamen University. In 1945, he went to Singapore to establish Nanyang University and became its president.He has served as director of Fine Arts and Literature of UNESCO and vice President of the International Pen Association.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

1.《道德经》内容涵盖哲学、伦理学、政治学、军事学等诸多学科，被后人尊奉为治国、齐家、修身、为学的宝典。它对中国的哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深远的影响，体现了古代中国人的一种世界观和人生观。

Tao Te Ching covers philosophy, ethics, political science, military science and many other disciplines, and is respected as a treasure of governing the country, regulating the family, cultivating self-cultivation and learning. It has a profound influence on Chinese philosophy, science, politics and religion, and embodies a world outlook and outlook on life of ancient Chinese.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成。

The content of the Analects of Confucius involves politics, education, literature, philosophy and the truth of life. As early as the Late Spring and Autumn Period when Confucius set up a lecture platform, its main content had been initially created--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。根据“自性本清净”之说，宣扬“明心见性”“顿悟成佛”的基本思想。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。

The text mainly records Huineng's life story and teachings. According to the theory of "self nature is pure", it advocates the basic ideas of "find one’s ture self" and "insight into Buddhism". The thought of ''Tanjing'' played an important role in the development of Zen.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.本书是一种私人的供状，供认我自己的思想和生活所得的经验。我不想发表客观意见，也不想创立不朽真理。我实在瞧不起自许的客观哲学。

This book is a personal confession of my own thoughts and experiences. I don't want to be objective and create immortal truth because I really despise the objective philosophy of self promise.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.“道”作为《道德经》中最抽象的概念范畴，是天地万物生成的动力源。

The way, as the most abstract concept in Tao Te Ching, is the power source for the creation of all things.

As the most abstract conceptual category in Tao Te Ching, "Tao" is the source of power for the creation of heaven and earth.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:21, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.《论语》主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects of Confucius mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples in the form of quotations and dialogues, which embodies Confucius' political, aesthetic, moral and utilitarian values.

3.若欲修行，在家亦得，不由在寺。

If people are sincerely keen on the practice,it is no need for them to practise in the temple and they can be successful even at home.

If you want to practice, you can get it at home, so you can't help but stay at the temple.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:37, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂的翻译特点是通畅易懂，少用“行语”，中等文化的读者都能看懂。

The translation works of Lin Yutang are characterized by fluency and transparency since he hardly adopt jargons,so that his works can be understood by less-educated readers.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 12:11, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

==Phyo, Su Kyi==

1-道德经，也被称为老子或老子，是中国传统文字，传统上被认为是公元前6世纪的圣人老子。文章的作者，撰写日期和编辑日期受到争议。

The Tao Te Ching, also known as Lao Tzu or Laozi, is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC sage Laozi. The text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated.

The ''Tao Te Ching'', also known as Laozi, is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC sage Laozi. The text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 11:08, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2-《论语》约写于公元前500年，传统上归功于孔子。这段文字是由他的学生们在他去世后三十到五十年的时间内写的。

The Analects, were written about 500 BC and are traditionally attributed to Confucius. The text was written by his students over a time period spanning the thirty to fifty years following his death.

''The Analects'', was written about 500 BC and was traditionally attributed to Confucius. The text was written by his disciples over a time period spanning the thirty to fifty years following his death.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 11:08, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

''The Analects'', was written in about 500 BC and was traditionally attributed to Confucius. The text was written by his disciples over a period of time spanning the thirty to fifty years following his death.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3-大建会能，又称禅宗第六祖或禅宗第六祖，是中国禅宗早期历史中的半传奇人物，但却是中心人物。根据传统，他是一个没有受过教育的外行，在听到《金刚经》后突然醒悟。

Dajian Huineng, also commonly known as the Sixth Patriarch or Sixth Ancestor of Chan, is a semi-legendary but central figure in the early history of Chinese Chan Buddhism. According to tradition he was an uneducated layman who suddenly attained awakening upon hearing the Diamond Sutra.

Dajian Huineng, also commonly known as the Sixth Patriarch or Sixth Ancestor of Zen, is a semi-legendary but central figure in the early history of Chinese Zen Buddhism. According to the tradition, he was an uneducated layman who suddenly awakened upon hearing the contents of ''Diamond Sutra''.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 11:08, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4-林语堂是中国发明家，语言学家，小说家，哲学家和翻译家。他的中英文不拘一格但又优美的风格使他成为这一代人中最有影响力的作家之一，他将经典的中国文字汇编和翻译成英文在西方是畅销书。

Lin Yutang was a Chinese inventor, linguist, novelist, philosopher, and translator. His informal but polished style in both Chinese and English made him one of the most influential writers of his generation, and his compilations and translations of classic Chinese texts into English were bestsellers in the West.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 07:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==
1、据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

According to UNESCO, ''the Tao Te Ching'' is the most widely translated cultural masterpiece in foreign languages after the ''Bible''.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2、孔子是当时社会上最博学者之一，在世时就被尊奉为“天纵之圣”“天之木铎”，更被后世统治者尊为孔圣人、至圣、至圣先师、大成至圣文宣王先师、万世师表。

Confucius was one of the most famous scholars in the society at that time. He was honored as "the sage of Heaven" and "the Wooden priest of Heaven" when he was alive. He was also honored as the sage of Confucius, the most holy, the most holy Teacher of Confucius, the most holy Master of Dacheng, the king of Wenxuan and the master of all ages by later rulers.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3、经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。根据“自性本清净”之说，宣扬“明心见性”“顿悟成佛”的基本思想。

The sutra mainly records Huineng's life story and his teachings. According to the theory of "self-nature is pure and pure", it advocates the basic idea of "seeing nature with clear heart" and "becoming Buddha with enlightenment".--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4、林语堂在书中谈论了庄子的淡泊，赞扬了陶渊明的闲适，诵读了《归去来兮辞》，讲解了《圣经》故事，以及中国人如何品茗，如何行酒令，如何观山，如何玩水，如何看云，如何鉴石，如何养花、蓄鸟、赏雪、听雨、吟风、弄月等等。

Lin yutang talked about in the book zhuangzi's indifferent, praised tao yuanming's leisurely, read the "I'm going home!", explained the bible stories, and how the Chinese tea, how do drinkers' wager game, how to view mountain, how to play water, how to look at the cloud, how to guide, how to grow flowers, birds, snow, rain, song of the wind, to month, and so on.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

1. Zhang Qian’s missions to the Western Regions led to the opening of the Silk Road.

张干对西部地区的访问导致了丝绸之路的开通。

2. They traded Chinese silk, porcelain and tea with local inhabitants in return for jewelry, spices and medicines.

他们与当地居民交换中国丝绸，瓷器和茶，以换取珠宝，香料和药品。

3. Matteo Ricci also drew many world maps, the most popular of which, “Great Universal Geographic Map”, was printed and published by Li Zhizao (1565-1630) in the 13th year of Emperor Wanli’s reign (1602).

利玛窦也绘制了许多世界地图，其中最流行的是“大通用地理地图”，由李治造（1565-1630）在万历三年（1602）出版并出版。

4. After the Second Opium War (1856-1860), Yi Xin (Prince Gong) and local officials realized that China had lagged far behind the West in weaponry and military technology, and advocated learning advanced production technology and troop training methods from the West so as to build a modern national defense.

第二次鸦片战争（1856-1860）之后，巩义王子和当地官员意识到中国在武器装备和军事技术方面远远落后于西方，并主张从西方学习先进的生产技术和部队训练方法，以便建立现代国防。--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 04:51, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1.法律制度是治国者统治人民的工具，是统治者为了保障自身的利益与维持社会秩序建构的国家机器，所以老子极力反对这些措施与法令制度。

The legal system is the ruler's tool for ruling the people, and is the state machine constructed by the ruler to protect his own interests and maintain social order. Therefore, Laozi strongly opposed these measures and decrees.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》是中国读书人的基础语言，并影响着全社会的思维结构。中国文化是儒、道、佛三教的合流，但是，这三教在中国文化中的地位决不是三足鼎立的，儒家文化绝对是中国文化的主流，从汉代开始，它就是无可争议的主流意识形态。

The Analects is the basic language of Chinese scholars and influences the thinking structure of the whole society. Chinese culture is an amalgamation of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. However, these three religions are by no means a triumvirate in Chinese culture; Confucianism is definitely the mainstream of Chinese culture, and it has been the undisputed dominant ideology since the Han Dynasty.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.在我国佛教的发展历史上，惠能可以说是影响最大的高僧。南北朝初期达摩祖师入中土，开创禅宗。

In the history of Buddhism in China, the Huineng can be said to be the most influential monk. At the beginning of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Dharma entered China and started Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》一书，是汇集了许多中西思想家的思想, 再经过林语堂深思熟虑，书写自己的观念与真理的书。

''The Art of Living'' is a book that brings together the thoughts of many Chinese and Western thinkers, and then, after Lin Yutang's careful consideration, he writes his own concepts and truths.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.虽然丝绸之路是沿线各国共同促进经贸发展的产物，但很多人认为，中国的张骞两次通西域，开辟了中外交流的新纪元。从此，这条路线被作为“国道”踩了出来，各国使者、商人、传教士等沿着张骞开通的道路，来往络绎不绝。

The Silk Road is the product of joint economic and trade development of countries along the route, but many people think that Zhang Qian’s traveling to the West for two times launched a new era for China and foreign exchanges. Since then, this route was deemed as “international route” as envoys, merchants and missionaries came and went along the route opened by Zhang Qian.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.通过海上丝绸之路，中国还传播着民族工艺和儒道思想，对"海上丝路"沿线国家和地区以及欧洲各地产生不同程度的影响，甚至掀起了"中国热"。其中，瓷器和茶叶对世界有着很大的影响。

China spread its national craft, Confucianism and Taoism through the Maritime Silk Road, impacting countries along the route and European regions of varying degrees and even created “China fever”. Among them, porcelains and Tea have great influence upon the world.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.甲午战争以后，中国当时面临着国破家亡的命运，许多有识之士开始更积极全面地向西方学习，出现了梁启超、康有为、谭嗣同等一批思想家。他们向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也要求改革。

Because of the First Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese people faced the fate of losing their country and families. Thus many scholars started to learn from western countries more positively and comprehensively, and a number of thinkers emerged, such as Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong. They learned a great amount of knowledge of natural science and social science and asked political reforms.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.在洋务运动存续的35年里，文化出版事业的发展达到了一个前所未有的水平。京师同文馆、上海广方言馆以及江南制造局的译书馆，是当时翻译西方的中心。译书经历了由单纯的西方科技著作和书籍，向自然科学和社会科学，人文科学等著作并重，甚至后者略占上风的过程。

During the 35 years of The Westernization Movement, the development of culture and publishing reached an unprecedented level. The Tongwenguan in Beijing, the Guangfangyanguan in Shanghai and the Yishuguan of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau were the center of translating western works. The translation of books has gone through a process from purely Western scientific and technical works and books to works on natural sciences and social sciences and humanities, with the latter even slightly prevailing.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1.汉武帝刘彻即位时，张骞已在朝廷担任名为“郎”的侍从官。据史书记载，他“为人强力，宽大信人”。即具有坚韧不拔、心胸开阔，并能以信义待人的优良品质。建元三年，即公元前138年，张骞“以郎应募，使月氏”。“郎”，是皇帝的侍从官，没有固定职务，又随时可能被选授重任。

When Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty Liu Che assumed the throne, Zhang Qian was already working at the court as a retainer named "Lang". According to historical records, he was "a strong, generous and trustworthy". In other words, he was tough, open-minded, and could treat people with faith and justice. In the third year of Jian Yuan, that is, 138 B.C., Zhang Qian was recruited to make a mission to the Moon Dynasty. The "Lang", the emperor's retainer, has no fixed position, and may be chosen at any time to reappoint.

2.有观点认为，明初时海外威胁受到重视，故有郑和下西洋之事。然而，或许郑和过于成功了，“他的海军满载荣誉胜利归来，并确认帝国没有来自海上的威胁”，因此“郑和与他的随从也可以说失去了继续远航的意义。”

It has been argued that the overseas threat was taken seriously at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, hence Zheng He's voyage to the West. However, perhaps Zheng He was too successful, "his navy returned triumphantly laden with glory and confirmed that there was no threat to the empire from the sea", so "Zheng He and his entourage could be said to have lost the point of continuing their voyage".

3.甲午战争以后，由于中国当时面临着国破家亡的命运，许多有识之士开始更积极全面地向西方学习，出现了梁启超、康有为、谭嗣同等一批思想家。他们向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也要求改革。这一时期大量的西方知识传入中国，影响非常广泛。许多人以转译日本人所著的西学书籍来接受西学。进入民国时期，由于对政治的不满又进一步导致知识分子们提出全盘西化的主张，在五四时期这种思想造成了很大的影响。这一波的西学东渐，一直持续到当代而未止。

After the First Sino-Japanese War, as China was facing the fate of national ruin, many learned people began to learn more actively and comprehensively from the West, and a group of thinkers emerged, such as Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong. They learned a lot of natural and social science knowledge from the West, and also demanded reforms in politics. A great deal of Western knowledge was introduced into China during this period, and its influence was very widespread. Many people embraced Western learning by translating Western books written by the Japanese. In the Republican period, dissatisfaction with politics further led intellectuals to advocate wholesale Westernization, which had a great impact in the May Fourth period. This wave of Western learning continued into contemporary times.

4.洋务派前期创办的军事工业，经费由清政府调拨，产品分配给军队使用，管理方式是封建衙门式的。虽然这些企业采用机器生产，但本质上属于带有资本主义因素的封建官办企业。

The military industries founded by the foreign affairs faction in the early period were financed by the Qing government, and the products were allocated to the army for use, and managed in a feudal government office style. Although these enterprises adopted machine production, they were essentially feudal government-run enterprises with capitalist elements.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 10:23, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

==Wang Xuan 王轩==

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
1. 《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion. According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most translated and published cultural masterpiece into foreign languages, except for the Bible.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成。

The Analects covers politics, education, literature, philosophy, and the principles of living in the world. As early as the late Spring and Autumn period, when Confucius set up a forum to teach, the main content of the Analects was already in its infancy.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《六祖坛经》记载惠能一生得法传法的事迹及启导门徒的言教,内容丰富,文字通俗,是研究禅宗思想渊源的重要依据。

The Sutra of Hui-neng is a richly written account of Hui-neng's life and teachings of his disciples, also working as an important basis for studying the origins of Zen’s thought.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 读书使人得到一种优雅和风味，这就是读书的整个目的。读书并不是要“改进心智”，若是如此，一切读书的乐趣便丧失净尽了。

4. Reading gives one a grace and flavor, and that is the whole purpose of reading. Reading is not to "improve the mind"; if it were, all the pleasure of reading would be lost.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Reading gives people an elegance and flavor, which is the whole purpose of reading.Reading is not meant to " improve the mind "; if so, all the pleasure of reading is lost.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 13:37, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==
1.老子说：“上善若水”-—水具有最高的善。老子以水来作比喻，突出他的“不争”哲学思想，与恶意争斗的丛林法则相区别。

1.The highest good is like water, according to Laozi. By making a comparison with water, the ancient philosopher stressed the idea of “not to strive” which stands in stark contrast with the law of the jungle marked by malicious rivalry.

2.孔子修史书，编纂《春秋》，整理古代文献，在文化的继承和发扬上有着卓越的贡献。孔子去世后，弟子们将他的言论编成了《论语》一书。孔子修史书，编纂《春秋》，整理古代文献，在文化的继承和发扬上有着卓越的贡献。孔子去世后，弟子们将他的言论编成了《论语》一书。

2.Confucius revised history books, wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, and organized ancient texts, which contributed to the development of the Chinese culture. After his death, his students collected his sayings into a book:''the Analects of Confucius''.

3. 道可道,非常道;名可名,非常名.

3.The way that can be told of is not an unvarying names;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.

4.林语堂(1894—1976)，原名玉堂，福建省龙溪县人。现代散文家、小说家，曾留学美国、德国，获哲学博士学位。1922年回国后，在北京大学、北京女子师范大学任教。曾是鲁迅主持的《语丝》撰稿人。

4.Lin Yutang (1894 -- 1976), formerly known as Yutang, was born in Longxi County, Fujian Province.He is a modern essayist, novelist, and has studied abroad in the United States, Germany, and a doctor in philosophy.After returning to China in 1922, he taught in Peking University and Beijing Women's Normal University.He used to be a writer of Threads hosted by Lu Xun.--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 16:39, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==
1.老子认为世界上的任何事物都是相比较而存在的。美丑、善恶、有无、难易、长短都是相互依存的，有此才有彼，有是才有非，有善才有恶。表面看来，正相反对的两个方面是相互对立的，而实际上又是相互包含、相互渗透的。

1.Laozi believes that everything in the world exists by comparison. Beauty and ugliness, good and evil, existence and existence, difficulty and difficulty, length and length are interdependent. There is one and there is another, there is yes and there is no, there is good and there is evil. On the surface, the two opposite aspects are opposite, but in fact they are mutually contained and permeated.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:16, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.《论语》既是语录体又是若干断片的篇章集合体。这些篇章的排列不一定有什么道理；就是前后两章间，也不一定有什么关联。而且这些断片的篇章绝不是一个人的手笔。

2.The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations and fragments. The arrangement of these chapters does not necessarily make sense; Even between the two chapters, there is not necessarily a connection. And these fragmentary passages are not the work of one man.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:16, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.毛泽东还谈到过惠能的思想在佛教史上的地位。他说，惠能主张佛性人人皆有，创顿悟成佛之学，一方面使繁琐的佛教简易化，一方面也使从印度传入的佛教中国化。因此，他被视为禅宗的真正创始人。

3.Mao Zedong also talked about the position of Huineng's thought in the history of Buddhism. He said that Huineng advocates that everyone has the Buddha nature and creates the theory of enlightenment to become a Buddha, which, on the one hand, simplifies the tedious Buddhism and, on the other hand, makes the Buddhism introduced from India Chinese. Therefore, he is regarded as the real founder of Zen.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:16, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4.林语堂早年已立志发明“中文打字机”。当时科学严谨的汉字检索系统仍未建立起来；又由于汉字本身是符号文字而非字母文字，长期以来人们对制成中文打字机的可能性多持怀疑态度。

4.In his early years, Lin yutang aspired to invent the "Chinese typewriter". At that time, the scientific and rigorous Chinese character retrieval system had not yet been established. Because Chinese characters are symbolic characters rather than alphabetic characters, people have long been skeptical of the possibility of making Chinese typewriters.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:14, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion . According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most popular translated and published cultural masterpiece in foreign languages, except for the Bible.

2.《论语》中的第一句话就是“学而时习之，不亦说乎？”可见，孔子狠强调学用结合、学以致用、言行相符。

The opening sentence of The Analects of Confucius says, “It is indeed a pleasure to acquire knowledge and, as you go on acquiring, to put into practice what you have acquired.” From here we see that Confucius emphasized the integration of learning with application and the consistence of words and actions.

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The sutra mainly records Huineng's life story and his teachings. The ideas of the Tanjing played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism. This is the only Chinese Buddhist work that has been honored as a "sutra".

4.1939年，林语堂在美国纽约的世界笔会上发表了一篇《希特勒与魏忠贤》的演讲。他说，当今德国人有人把希特勒比为耶稣，由此他想起中国明朝有一位读书人倡议一说，称颂魏忠贤与孔夫子应当有同样的地位。

In 1939, Lin Yutang made a speech entitled “Hitler and Wei Zhongxian” at a PEN meeting held in New York City. reminded him of a Chinese scholar of the Ming Dynasty, who advocated that Wei Zhongxian, the then dictatorial chief palace eunuch, be ranked as equal of Confucius--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 12:29, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

==Xie Fan 解帆==

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.《道德经》主要论述“道”与“德”：“道”不仅是宇宙之道、自然之道，也是个体修行即修道的方法；“德”不是通常以为的道德或德行，而是修道者所应必备的特殊的世界观、方法论以及为人处世之方法。

Tao Te Ching mainly discusses "Dao" and "De" : "Dao" is not only the way of universe and nature, but also the method of individual cultivation; "De" is not the morality or virtue as commonly thought, but the special world view, methodology and way of dealing with people that a monastic should have.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the Confucian classics，is a collection of quotations and essays, which records the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. It embodies Confucius' thoughts in politics, aesthetics, moral ethics and utilitarianism.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

3.《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The Sutra of Huineng, the only one Buddist work that has been honored as "sutra", contributes a lot to the development of Zen.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

The Sutra of Hui-neng, the only Chinese Buddist work that has been honored as "sutra", played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂在书中谈论了庄子的淡泊，赞扬了陶渊明的闲适，诵读了《归去来辞》，还讲解了《圣经》故事，谈及中国人如何品茗，如何行酒令，如何观山，如何玩水，如何看云，如何鉴石，如何养花、蓄鸟、赏雪、听雨、吟风、弄月，等等。

In his book, Lin talked about the unworldliness of Chuang Tzu, praised the leusure of Tao Yuanming，and read one of Tao's prose named On Returning Home. He also explained the stories of the Bible, talked about how the Chinese people taste tea,play drinking games, watch mountains and waters, observe clouds and rocks, raise flowers and birds, enjoy the snow, listen to rain, and enjoy the air and the moon.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

In the book, Lin Yutang talks about Zhuangzi's indifference, praises Tao Yuanming's leisure, reads the song of returning home, and explains the story of the Bible. He talks about how Chinese people drink tea, how to drink, how to watch mountains, how to play with water, how to see clouds, how to learn from stones, how to raise flowers, keep birds, watch snow, listen to rain, recite wind, and play with the moon, and so on.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jing 许静==

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
1.丝绸之路全程，从西安经安西、喀什噶尔、撒马尔罕和塞流西亚，直至推罗，直线距离是4200英里，如果加上沿途绕弯的地方，总共约有6000英里，相当于赤道的四分之一。

The Silk Road runs from Xi'an through Anxi, Kashgar, Samarkand and Seleucia to Tyre at a straight distance of 4200 miles, or about 6000 miles, or a quarter of the equator, if combined with the curving.

2.海上丝绸之路是指古代中国与世界其他地区进行经济文化交流交往的海上通道。2000 多年前，一条以中国徐闻港、合浦港等港口为起点的海上丝绸之路成就了世界性的贸易网络。

Maritime Silk Road refers to ancient China and the rest of the world for economic and cultural exchanges of the sea channel.More than 2000 years ago, a maritime Silk Road, which started with ports such as China's Xuwen Port and Hepu Port, became a worldwide trading network.

3.随着西学大举东来，国内知识分子的大力鼓吹，使得妇女问题开始受到社会的重视。

With the western learning coming to the east in a large scale, the domestic intellectuals advocated vigorously, so that women's issues began to receive social attention.

4.自全球化进程不断加快以来，中国教育已无可避免地成为世界教育的一部分。西学的存在,对我国教育界的认识论和理论体系，带来了什么挑战和启示呢?

Since the accelerating process of globalization, China's education has inevitably become a part of the world's education.What challenges and enlightenment does the existence of western learning bring to the epistemology and theoretical system of education in China?
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==

==You Yuting 游雨婷==

==Yu Ni 余妮==
1.以“道”解释宇宙万物的演变，即“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”，“道”乃“夫莫之命而常自然”，因而“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”。

He used "Tao" to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, that is, "Tao generates one, two, two generates three, three generates all things", "Tao" is "Fu Mo's life is always natural", so "man follows earth, earth follows heaven, heaven follows Tao, Tao follows nature".--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成;孔子去世以后，他的弟子和再传弟子代代传授他的言论，并逐渐将这些口头记诵的语录言行记录下来。

The content of the Analects of Confucius involves politics, education, literature, philosophy and the truth of life. As early as the late spring and Autumn period when Confucius set up an altar to give lectures, its main content had been initially created; after Confucius died, his disciples and his disciples taught him his words from generation to generation, and gradually recorded these oral quotations, words and deeds.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。直接契证觉性，便是顿悟。他说自心既不攀缘善恶，也不可沉空守寂，即须广学多闻，识自本心，达诸佛理。

Huineng's Zen is based on Dinghui. He thinks that consciousness is there and worry is not. The direct evidence of consciousness is epiphany. He said that the self mind should neither climb up to good and evil, nor sink into silence. That is to say, it is necessary to learn a lot, to know the self mind, and to reach all Buddhist principles.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.只有快乐的哲学，才是真正深湛的哲学；西方那些严肃的哲学理论，我想还不曾开始了解人生的真义哩。在我看来，哲学的唯一效用是叫我们对人生抱一种比一般人较轻松较快乐的态度。——林语堂《生活的艺术》

Only the philosophy of happiness is really profound philosophy; I don't think those serious western philosophical theories have begun to understand the true meaning of life. In my opinion, the only effect of philosophy is to make us have a more relaxed and happy attitude towards life than ordinary people. ——The Importance of Living by Lin Yutang--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；皆知善之为善，斯不善已。
It is because every one under Heaven recognizes beauty as beauty that the idea of ugliness exists. And equally if every one recognized virtue as virtue this would merely create fresh conceptions of wickedness.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.有朋自远方来，不亦说乎？
Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quaters?--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。
The Sutra of Huineng mainly recorded life stories and teachings of Huineng. The thoughts in it played an important part in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂在书中谈论了庄子的淡泊，赞扬了陶渊明的闲适。
Ling Yutang talked about Zhuangzi’s indifference to fame and wealth, and spoke highly of Tao Yuanming’s leisure.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

==Zhang Hui 张慧==

1.张骞出使西域,接触到西域各国的风土人情，是汉朝开始对西域各国有所了解，使汉朝与西域建立了友好关系，为后来西汉政府设置西域都护府，使西域正式归西汉政府管辖打下了基础。

Zhang Qian’s mission to the Western Regions brought in contact with the customs of the Western Regions. It was the Han dynasty that began to understand the Western Regions countries, which enabled the Han dynasty to establish friendly relations with the Western Regions. Later, the Western Han government set up the Western Regions Protectorate and made the Western Regions officially returned to the Western Han government. Jurisdiction laid the foundation.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions brought him into contact with the customs and traditions of the countries in the Western Regions, and enabled the Han Dynasty to establish friendly relations with the Western Regions, which later laid the foundation for the Western Han government to set up the Western Regions Capital Protection Office, making the Western Regions officially under the jurisdiction of the Western Han government.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.海上丝绸之路自秦汉时期开通以来，一直是沟通东西方经济文化交流的重要桥梁，而东南亚地区自古就是海上丝绸之路的重要枢纽和组成部分。

Since the opening of the Maritime Silk Road during the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has always been an important bridge for the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Southeast Asia has been an important hub and part of the Maritime Silk Road since ancient times.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Since the opening of the Maritime Silk Road during the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been an important bridge to bridge the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and the Southeast Asian region has been an important hub and part of the Maritime Silk Road since ancient times.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.西学东渐将西方近代各种学术上的新成果带入了中国，深深影响到各种学术的发展，而许多在传统中国不被重视甚至不存在的学科也在此影响下得到发展。

Western learning has brought various new academic achievements in modern Western modern times into China, deeply affecting the development of various academics, and many disciplines that are not valued or even existed in traditional China have also been developed under this influence.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The gradual expansion of Western learning brought various new achievements in modern Western scholarship into China, which deeply influenced the development of various academic disciplines, and many disciplines that were not valued or even did not exist in traditional China also developed under this influence.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.洋务运动虽然在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、并且在一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但并没有使中国走上富强之路。

Although the Westernization Movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism, and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, it did not make China embark on a path of prosperity.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Although the foreign affairs movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, it did not put China on the road to wealth and power.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==
1.汉通西域，虽然起初是出于军事目的，但西域开通以后，它的影响，远远超出了军事范围。

Although Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Region was originally for military purposes, after the opening of the Western Region, its influence far exceeded the military scope.

2.海上丝绸之路，是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，也称"海上陶瓷之路"和"海上香料之路"。

The Maritime Silk Road was a maritime passage for communication, trade and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries in ancient times. It was also called the "Maritime Ceramic Road" and the "Maritime Spice Road".

3.徐光启毕生致力于科学技术的研究，勤奋著述，是介绍和吸收欧洲科学技术的积极推动者，为17世纪中西文化交流作出了重要贡献。

Xu Guangqi devoted his life to the research of science and technology and wrote diligently. He was an active promoter of introducing and absorbing European science and technology, and made important contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and the West in the 17th century.

4.曾国藩治军把选将作为第一要务，他说，“行军之道，择将为先。”他的选将标准是德才兼备，智勇双全，而把德放在首位。

Zeng Guofan regards the election of generals as the first priority. He said, "The wisedom to march is to choose warriors first." His selection criteria is to have both ability and political integrity, wisdom and courage, and morality is the first priority.
--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 04:14, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.除了朴素的唯物主义观点，《道德经》一书中还包括大量朴素辩证法观点，如一切事物均具有正反两面。

In addition to the simple materialistic view, ''Tao Te Ching'' also includes a large number of simple dialectical views, such as all things have positive and negative sides.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Apart from the simple materialistic views, ''Tao Te Ching'' also includes a large number of simple dialectical views, for example, every coin has two sides.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

''The Analects'' embodies the political ideas, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and the Confucianism in a more concentrated manner.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

''The Analects'' embodies the political views, ethical thoughts, moral ideas and educational principles of Confucius and the Confucianism in a relatively concentrated manner.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。

The Sutra mainly records the life story and teachings of Hui-neng. ''The Sutra of Hui-neng'' played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The Sutra mainly recorded the life story and teachings of Hui-neng. The thought in ''The Sutra of Hui-neng'' played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂先生在《生活的艺术》中将中国人旷怀达观、陶情遣兴的生活方式和浪漫高雅的东方情调充分传达出来。

In ''The Importance of Living'', Lin Yutang fully conveys the Chinese way of life of being open-minded and broad-minded, and the romantic and elegant oriental sentiment.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

In ''The Importance of Living'', Lin Yutang fully conveys the Chinese lifestyle of open-mindedness and broad-mindedness, and the oriental sentiment of romance and elegance.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响.

"Tao De Jing" is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, religion, etc.

"Tao De Jing" is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion, etc.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》，是孔子弟子及再传弟子记录孔子及其弟子言行而编成的语录文集，较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

"The Analects of Confucius" is a collection of quotations compiled by Confucius and his disciples to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, which more concentratedly embodies the political views, ethics, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.

''The Analects of Confucius''is a collection of quotations compiled byConfucius' disciples and their retransmitters to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, which more concentratedly embodies the political views, ethics, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《坛经》是禅宗的主要经典之一,主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教.

The Tantra is one of the main Zen classics, mainly recording the life deeds and teachings of Huineng.

The ''Tantra'' is one of the main classics of Zen , mainly recording the life deeds and teachings of Huineng.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂的翻译特点是通畅易懂，中等文化的读者都能看懂，这也是他探索的结果。

Lin Yutang's translation features are easy to understand and can be understood by readers of intermediate culture. This is also the result of his exploration.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:31, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Lin Yutang's translation is characterized by its fluency and comprehensiveness, which is also the result of his exploration.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==

1.先秦时期，连接中国东西方交流的通道已经存在，丝绸正式西传始于西汉通西域，丝绸之路真正形成始于西汉张骞凿空。

The pre-Qin period, connecting China's East and West exchange channel has existed, the official western transmission of silk began in the Western Han Dynasty through the Western Regions, the Silk Road really formed from the Western Han Dynasty Zhang Qian chiseling.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

In the pre-Qin period, a channel connecting China's east and west already existed. The official spread of silk to the west began in the Western Han Dynasty, and the real formation of the Silk Road began when Zhang Qian's hollowed out in the Western Han Dynasty.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.海上丝绸之路，是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，也称"海上陶瓷之路"和“海上香料之路”，1913年由法国的东方学家沙畹首次提及。

The Maritime Silk Road, also known as the "Maritime Route of Ceramics" and the "Maritime Route of Spices", was first mentioned by the French orientalist Chavannes in 1913, and is a maritime route for traffic, trade and cultural exchanges between ancient China and foreign countries.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The Maritime Silk Road was an ancient maritime channel for communication and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. It was also called the "Sea Ceramic Road" and "Sea Spice Road". It was first mentioned in 1913 by the French orientalist Shawan.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.明代万历年间，以利玛窦为代表的西书七千部传教士来华传教，同时带来西方科技、文化等。这对中国传统思想文化有所触动。

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the seven thousand missionaries of the Western Book, represented by Matteo Ricci, came to China to preach, and at the same time brought Western technology and culture. This has touched the traditional Chinese thought and culture.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, 7,000 missionaries represented by Matteo Ricci came to China to preach, and at the same time brought Western technology and culture. This has touched traditional Chinese thought and culture.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.洋务运动，又称自强运动，是19世纪60年代到90年代晚清洋务派所进行的一场引进西方军事装备、机器生产和科学技术以挽救清朝统治的自救运动。

The Foreign Affairs Movement, also known as the Self-Strengthening Movement, was a self-help movement conducted by the Foreign Affairs faction of the late Qing Dynasty from the 1860s to the 1990s to introduce Western military equipment, machinery production and science and technology to save the Qing Dynasty.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The Westernization Movement, also known as the Self-Strengthening Movement, was a self-rescue movement carried out by the Westernization Movement from the 1860s to the late Qing Dynasty that introduced Western military equipment, machine production, and science and technology to save the Qing rule.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.老子生于春秋战国时期，当时的环境是周朝势微，各诸侯为了争夺霸主地位，战争不断。严酷的动乱与变迁，让老子目睹到民间疾苦，作为周朝的守藏史，于是他提出了治国安民的一系列主张。

Laozi was born in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At that time, the Zhou Dynasty was in a weak state. As the official historian of Zhou Dynasty, Lao Zi put forward a series of propositions of governing the country and keeping the people safe.

2.作为儒家经典的《论语》，其内容博大精深，包罗万象，《论语》的思想主要有三个既各自独立又紧密相依的范畴：伦理道德范畴——仁，社会政治范畴——礼，认识方法论范畴——中庸。

As a Confucian classic, the Analects of Confucius has a broad and profound content and is all-embracing. The thoughts of the Analects of Confucius mainly consist of three independent and closely related categories: ethical and moral category -- benevolence, social and political category -- rites, and cognitive methodology category -- the doctrine of the mean.

3.慧能偈曰：
菩提本无树，明镜亦非台。
本来无一物，何处惹尘埃？

My stanza read:
There is no Bodhi-tree,
Nor there’s a mirror bright.
Since all is void in fact,
Say, where can dust alight?

4.幽默大师林语堂以人生优游者的独特视角，诠释中国人“生活的艺术”，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

Lin Yutang, a humorist, interprets the "art of life" of The Chinese people from the unique perspective of a good traveler in life, showing a unique style of poetic life, talented life, humorous life and intelligent life.
--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 11:29, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

1.《道德经》是中国古代先秦诸子分家前的一部著作，是道家哲学思想的重要来源。

1.The Tao Te Ching is a work before the division of pre-Qin scholars in ancient China, and is an important source of Taoist philosophy.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》以语录体为主，叙事体为辅，较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

2.The Analects is mainly based on the quotation style, supplemented by the narrative style, which more concentratedly reflects the political propositions, ethics, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。根据“自性本清净”之说，宣扬“明心见性”“顿悟成佛”的基本思想。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

3.The scriptures mainly record the life deeds and teachings of Huineng. According to the theory of "self-nature is pure", it promotes the basic idea of "understanding the mind and seeing the nature" and "understanding to become a Buddha". The idea of "Tan Sutra" played an important role in the development of Zen. This is the only one that is honored as the "Sutra" in Chinese Buddhist works.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂将中国人旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的生活方式和浪漫高雅的东方情调皆诉诸笔下，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的完美生活方式的范本、快意人生的典型，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

4Lin Yutang appealed to the Chinese people's open mindedness, Tao Qingqianxing's lifestyle and romantic and elegant oriental sentiment, and he presented a model of perfect lifestyle and a model of happy life that can be imitated to Westerners. Shows the unique style of poetic life, talented life, humorous life, and wise life.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC).

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

《道德经》与中医渊源颇深, 其中许多论点与中医理论有相通之处。

Tao Te Ching is deeply connected with Traditional Chinese medicine, and many of its arguments have something in common with Chinese medicine theories.

《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行。

The Analects is one of the classic works of Confucianism. It is a collection of opinion records of prose writings, mainly in the form of quotations and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.

《坛经》是佛学中国化、大众化最为成功的典型之一。

The Sutra of Hui-neng is one of the most successful representative of sinicization and popularization of Buddhism.

其实,生活于我无意义,快乐地过好每一天最为重要。应该说,这种感受得益于林语堂的《生活的艺术》一书。
In fact, while life is meaningless, what matters to me is leading a happy life everyday. This comprehension should be credited to the The Importance of Living written by Lin Yutang. --[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:34, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==
1.《道德经》不仅在中国影响深远而广泛，而且漂洋过海，传遍了世界五大洲，深受外围人的青眯，引起浓厚的学习兴趣和研究热情。他们赞誉《道德经》为“东方智慧的结晶”。当代西方流行广泛的一句话，就是老子是国际性的，目前研究老子思想已成为一种国际性的文化现象。

''The Tao Te Ching'' not only has a far-reaching influence in China, but also has spread all over the five continents of the world. They praised''the Tao te ching'' for the “crystallization of Eastern Wisdom. A popular saying in the west today is that Laozi is international, and the study of Oigo’s thought has become an international cultural phenomenon.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

''Tao Te Ching'' not only has exerted a far-reaching influence in China, but also has spread all over the five continents of the world. They praised''Tao te ching'' for the “crystallization of Eastern Wisdom. A popular saying in the west today is that Laozi is international, and the study of Laozi’s thought has become an international cultural phenomenon.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 04:09, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.作为儒家最经典和最受欢迎的著作，《论语》不仅是中国传统最核心的作品之一，而且是中国人伦理道德标准和行为准则的核心。《论语》中蕴含的儒家思想是中华民族的宝贵财富。自从16世纪末以来，《论语》被中西方学者源源不断地翻译，并且传播到世界各地。

As the most classical and popular works of Confucianism, ''the Analects'' is not only one of the core works of Chinese tradition, but also the core of Chinese ethical standards and codes of conduct. The Confucian thought contained in ''the Analects'' is the precious wealth of the Chinese nation. Since the end of the 16th century, ''the Analects'' has been continuously translated by Chinese and Western scholars and spread all over the world.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《慧能经》不仅是研究惠能思想的重要资料,而且是具有中国特色的佛教禅宗一派的重要经典,在中国佛教思想史、哲学史上具有深远的影响。

''The Sutra of Huineng'' is not only an important material to study Huineng’s thought, but also an important classic of Zen Buddhism with Chinese characteristics. It has a far-reaching influence on the history of Chinese Buddhist thought and philosophy.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是一本与你畅谈如何听风赏月的家常闲聊，又是一本关乎生活态度甚至生活智慧的严肃论文。林语堂从生活、家庭、文化、旅行、思想、宗教等方面探讨人必须学会享受生命。

''The Importance of Living'' is a book about how to feel the wind, enjoy the moon. It is also a serious essay about life attitude and even life wisdom. Lin Yutang analyzed from the aspects of life, family, culture, travel, thought, religion and so on. Then he drew a conclusion that people must learn to enjoy life.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

20201214 cult

2020-12-20T12:32:54Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* Rajabov, Anushervon */

==Alsied, Saffana==

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1.儒家精神有其相对稳定、不易改变的一面。它不完全受社会形态的影响，有较为普遍的适应性，可以跨越不同社会历史时期，被不同政治制度、不同经济形态和不同文化背景下的人们所接受。

The spirit of Confucianism is relatively stable and unchangeable. It is not entirely influenced by social forms and has a more universal adaptability, and can be accepted across different socio-historical periods and by people in different political systems, different economic forms and different cultural backgrounds.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:33, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家从维护个人利益的角度出发，在经济理论、社会实践方面创立了“人本”的思想观点，主张通过维护每个人的个人利益来达到社会的和谐繁荣。

From the perspective of protecting the interests of the individual, Taoism has created a "humanistic" ideology in economic theory and social practice, advocating that social harmony and prosperity can be achieved by protecting the individual interests of each person.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:33, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1.儒家思想精髓在于它的社会伦理思想，正是封建社会伦理观从国家统治阶级的高度期望出发将人们生活现实中的行为规范用通俗的语言规范起来，让农民成为社会道德思想的奴隶，而这种封建伦理观作为封建统治阶级上层建筑社会意识中的最广泛影响治理社会群众基础的核心，从而完成对国家社会双重治理的理想效果。

The essence of Confucianism lies in its social ethical thought. It is the thought of feudal society that regulates the behavior norms of people’s lives in popular language from the high expectations of the country’s ruling class, making the peasants be enslaved to social ethics. As the core of the social consciousness of the feudal ruling class superstructure, which has the most extensive influence on governing the society and the people, it has achieved the ideal effect of dual governance of the state and society. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:04, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教把生命看得极为重要，修道就是要长生不死，主张通过修炼来延长生命的长度，提高生命存在的质量，以达到生命的永恒。道教主张以清净无为、不争寡欲的态度对待世俗生活，以“我命在我不在天”的精神进行修炼，通过各种道术修炼，与道合一，成为长生不死的神仙。

Taoism regards life as extremely important and practicing Taoism is to become immortal. It advocates to extend the length of life and improve the quality of life by practicing, so as to achieve eternity of life. Taoism holds an attitude of purity and non-contentiousness towards worldly life, and cultivation in the spirit of "I am the master of my fate", so that through various Taoist practices, one can unite with the Tao and become an immortal deity. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:04, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

1.孔子生而七漏，头上圩顶，而又因其母曾祷于尼丘山，故名“丘”，字“仲尼”。

Confucius was born terribly ugly with a bump on the head, and as his mother once prayed on Mount Niqiu for his birth, he is named “Qiu” with the word “Zhongni”.

2.道家认为只有老百姓认可的平等才幸福，人们想要没有徭役租赋负担，“内足衣食之用，外无势利之争”的社会

Taoism claims that only the sort of equality that the ordinary people recognized will bring true happiness. People are yearn to be free from labour rent and taxes and to live in a society with adequate food and clothes and no struggle for power and gains.

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1. It's generally believed that when Confucius was in his late 60s, he returned to his hometown Qufu in Shandong Province. For several years in his early 70s, he taught a group of disciples who later propagated his beliefs and developed their own philosophies.

人们普遍认为，孔子在六十多岁时回到了他的家乡山东曲阜。在70年代初期的几年中，他教过一群门徒，后来这些人传播了自己的信仰并发展了自己的哲学。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 14:07, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

我们通常认为，孔子在六十多岁时回到了他的家乡山东曲阜。在七十多岁的前几年，他教过一群门徒，后来这些人传播了他的信仰并发展了自己的哲学。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 02:14, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Consequently, many leaders of Taoism had gained great respects from the imperial governments.

因此，许多道教领袖得到了帝王政府的尊敬。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 14:07, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

因此，许多道教领袖都受到了朝政的尊敬。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 02:14, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1. 孔子提出“有教无类”，认为人人都应该受教育。在教育实践中创立了灵活多样的教学方法，提倡“学”与“思”的结合、学习与复习的结合以及教与学的结合，讲求因材施教和启发式教学等等。

Confucius maintained the idea that everyone has the right to be educated despite class differences. In teaching practice, Confucius adopted flexible teaching methods which involve the combinations of learning and thinking, learning and reviewing as well as teaching and learning. He strived for educating students in accordance with their aptitude and adopted a heuristic style of teaching.

Confucius put forward "there is no kind of education," and believed that everyone should be educated. In educational practice, flexible and diverse teaching methods have been created, advocating the combination of "learning" and "thinking", the combination of learning and review, and the combination of teaching and learning, and emphasis on teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and heuristic teaching, etc.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:11, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道家强调自由、自然、修身养性，甚至追求永生。道教对中国文化的许多领域都产生了深刻而持久的影响，包括艺术、哲学、医学和美食，并在东亚地区广泛流传。

Daoism emphasizes freedom, nature, self-cultivation and even pursues immortality. Daoism has had a deep and lasting influence in many fields of Chinese culture, including the arts, philosophy, medicine, and cuisine. It has also spread widely throughout East Asia.--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:18, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism emphasizes freedom, nature, self-cultivation, and even the pursuit of immortality. Taoism has had a profound and lasting influence on many areas of Chinese culture, including art, philosophy, medicine, and gastronomy, and it has spread widely in East Asia.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:11, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1.孔子的哲学思想强调个人美德和政治原则、和谐的社会秩序以及公正和真诚的社会环境。

The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. --[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:23, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.老子是中国历史上伟大的哲学家、作家。他不仅是道家的创始人，也成为了道教中供奉的一位神祇。

Laozi is a great philosopher and writer in Chinese ancient history. He is not only the founder of philosophical Daoism, but also worshipped as a deity in religious Daoism. --[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:23, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1.儒家思想以传统封建社会为物质承担者，传统封建社会以儒家思想为精神承担者，传统社会的瓦解，致使孔子圣人权威丧失。

The Confucianism takes traditional feudal society as material undertaker while the latter takes the former as sipiritual undertaker. Therefore, the disintegration of traditional society causes the Sage Confucius to lose his authority.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 05:00, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism takes the traditional feudal society as its material undertaker, while the traditional feudal society takes Confucianism as its spiritual undertaker. The collapse of the traditional society leads to the loss of Confucius’ authority.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:31, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家作为一种思想流派，崇尚大道，主张“惟道是从、道法自然”，主要从事的是学术活动和政治文化活动，奉《道德经》、《庄子》、《黄帝四经》等为经典。

As a school of thought, Taoism advocates the great truth and follows the principle of nature. It is mainly for academic, political and cultural activities and regards Tao Te Ching,Chuang-tzu and Huang Di Si Jing as classics.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 05:00, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism, a school of thought, advocates the great truth and follows the principle of nature. It mainly serves academic, political and cultural activities and regards Tao Te Ching, Chuang-tzu and Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor as classics.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:31, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==
1、“儒学”、“儒家”、“儒教”这些概念要分清。儒学作为一种学说，儒家作为一个阶层，儒教作为一种信仰，三者需要区分开来。

We should clearly distinguish the three concepts ---- Confucianism, Confucianist, Confucian religion, among which Confucianism is a theory and Confucianist is a strata and Confucian religion is a religion. --[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 14:44, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The concepts of "Confucianism", "Confucianism" and "Confucianism" must be distinguished. Confucianism as a doctrine, Confucianism as a class, and Confucianism as a belief, the three need to be distinguished.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 08:57, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2、在我国优秀传统文化中，道家思想蕴含了和谐理想、平等观念、诚信美德等诸多伦理智慧，这些思想很多都与社会主义核心价值观具有相通性，它们为社会主义核心价值观构筑了坚实的文化沃土。

In Chinese excellent traditional cultures, Taoism contains such ethics and wisdom as the desire for harmony, the idea of equality and the virtue of honesty, many of which have commonalities with the core values of socialism and have laid a solid cultural foundation for the core values of socialism. --[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 14:44, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

In Chinese excellent traditional culture, Taoism contains many ethical wisdoms, such as the ideal of harmony, the concept of equality, and the virtue of honesty. Many of these ideas have similarities with the core socialist values. They have built a solid cultural fertile ground for the core socialist values.

In my country’s excellent traditional culture, Taoism contains many ethical wisdoms, such as the ideal of harmony, the concept of equality, and the virtue of honesty. Many of these ideas have similarities with the core socialist values. They have built a solid cultural fertile ground for the core socialist values.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 08:57, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Grosheva, Anna==

1. Confucianism is the main ancient philosophy of China. It implicitly embodies key aspects of Chinese culture. Confucian beliefs have constantly changed and developed over the past 2,500 years.
儒学是中国的主要古代哲学。它隐含了中国文化的关键方面。在过去的2500年中，儒家信仰不断变化和发展。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. During its popularization since its birth, Taoism had long been a kind of high-level culture, and widely pursued by the upper-class society.
道教自诞生之日起就一直是一种高级文化，并受到上层社会的广泛追捧。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

==Guo Lu 郭露==
1. 孔子是我国古代伟大的思想家和教育家,儒家学派创始人,世界最著名的文化名人之一。孔子的言行思想主要载于语录体散文集《论语》。

Confucius was a great thinker of ancient China and educator, he is also the founder of Confucianism and one of the world's most famous cultural figures. His words and deeds were mainly recorded in his work ''The Analects''.

Confucius is a great thinker and educator in ancient China, he is also the founder of Confucianism and one of the world's most famous cultural figures. His words and deeds were mainly recorded in his work ''The Analects''.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:44, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教(或道教)是指各种相关的中国哲学传统和概念的英文名称。这些传统影响了东亚两千多年，有些还在国际上传播。道家的礼教和伦理强调 "道 "的三宝，即“慈、俭、让”。道家思想注重 "无为"、"人本"、"虚无"。无为常常被错误地翻译为（"无所作为"），这种错误由于非道家学者的翻译而广泛传播。道教强调人与自然的联系。道教认为，这种联系减少了对规则和秩序的需要，使人更好地理解世界。

Taoism (or Daoism) is the English name referring to a variety of related Chinese philosophical traditions and concepts. These traditions influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have spread internationally. Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao; namely, compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoist thought focuses on wu wei (" action that does not involve struggle or excessive effort" ) spontaneity, humanism, and emptiness. Wu wei is often incorrectly translated as ("non-action") and this error has propagated widely as a result of translations made by academics who are non practising Taoists. An emphasis is placed on the link between people and nature. Taoism teaches that this link lessened the need for rules and order, and leads one to a better understanding of the world.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 03:12, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

==He Changqi 何长琦==

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==
1.孔子是中国儒学的创始人。两千余年来，儒家思想对中国的影响不仅体政治、政治、文化等方面，也体每一个中国人的行为和思维方式之中。

Confucius is the founder of Confucianism in China. For more than two thousand years, the influence of Confucianism on China is not only in politics, politics, culture and so on, but also in the behavior and mode of thinking of every Chinese.

Confucius is the founder of Confucianism in China. For more than two thousand years, the influence of his Confucianism on China is not only in politics,culture and so on, but also in the behavior and mode of thinking of every Chinese.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 04:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教在世界宗教中是独一无二的，因为它没有官方的教条和教义。它最重要的文本是《道德经》和《庄子》，这两本书可能被认为是文学或哲学作品，而不是宗教文本。

Daoism is unique among world religions in that it has no official dogma or doctrine. Its most important texts are The Tao Te Ching and The Chuang Tzu, both of which might be considered works of literature or philosophy more than religious texts. --[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 08:56, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Daoism is unique among world religions in that it has no official dogma or doctrine. Its most important texts are The Tao Te Ching and The Chuang Tzu, both of which might be considered works of literature or philosophy instead of religious texts.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:04, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Daoism is unique among world religions in that it has no official dogma or doctrine. Its most important texts are The Tao Te Ching and The Chuang Tzu, both of which might be considered as works of literature or philosophy rather than religious texts.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 04:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==
1. 孔子是儒家学派的创始人，也是春秋时期人本主义思想的集大成者。儒家思想已成为我们文化遗产中的一部分。

Confucius was the founder of the Confucian school and the main Humanist thinker of the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucian ideas have become part of our cultural inheritance.

Confucius was the founder of the Confucianism and the major Humanist thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period, whose ideas have become part of our cultural inheritance.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 09:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius was the founder of the Confucian school and a master of humanistic thoughts in the Spring and Autumn Period. And Confucianism has become a part of our cultural inheritance.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 05:01, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 传统上，道教是归因于三个来源，最古老的是黄帝传说，但最著名的是老子的《道德经》。第三个来源就是庄子的作品。道教的最初来源据说是古代的《易经》。

Traditionally, Taoism has been attributed to three sources, the oldest being the legendary ‘Yellow Emperor’, but the most famous is Lao Zi's Tao Teh Ching. The third source is Chuang Tzu's work. However, the original source of Taoism is said to be the Book of Changes.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 08:48, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

孔子在中国历史上最早提出人的天赋素质相近，个性差异主要是因为后天教育与社会环境影响（“性相近也，习相远也”）。因而人人都可能受教育，人人都应该受教育。

Confucius was the first Chinese to argue that human beings are endowed with similar qualities, and personality differences are mainly due to the influence of education and social environment ("By nature men are similar to one another, but learning and practice make them different."). Thus, everyone could be and should be educated.

庄子在哲学思想上继承和发展了老子“道法自然”的思想观点，使道家真正成为一个学派，他自己也成为了道家的重要代表人物，与老子并称“道家之祖”。

Zhuangzi inherited and developed Laozi's philosophical idea of "the natural law", making Taoism an academic school, and he himself became an important representative of Taoism, known as "the ancestor of Taoism" together with Laozi.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:54, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Zhuangzi inherited and developed Laozi's idea of "Tao following nature" in philosophy, making Taoism a school of thought. He himself became an important representative of Taoism and was called "the ancestor of Taoism" with Laozi.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 09:05, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==

1.儒家思想是先秦诸子百家学说之一，由孔子于公元前5世纪创立，是中国影响力最大的流派，也是中国古代的主流意识。儒家思想的内涵丰富复杂，在广泛汲取古代典籍精华的基础上逐步发展出基础理论和思想，即讲大一统、讲君臣父子。由程朱理学、陆王心学到废除封建君主专制制度等，都体现了儒家思想的内容。

Confucianism is one of the various schools of thought in pre-Qin period, established by Confucius in the 5th century BC. It is the most influential school in China and the mainstream ideology in ancient China. The connotation of Confucianism is rich and complex. On the basis of extensively absorbing the essence of ancient classics, it has gradually developed the basic theories and thoughts, namely, the great unification and the emperor and the subjects just like father and sons. Besides, the philosophy of Cheng and Zhu, the philosophy of Lu and Wang, the abolition of the feudal autocratic monarchy, and so on are all the embodiment of Confucianism.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:48, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家思想是无所不能、永恒不灭，有辩证法因素和无神论倾向，是老子总结古老的道家思想所形成的完整系统理论，它以“道”为最高哲学范畴，认为“道”是世界的最高真理，是宇宙万物的本源，也是宇宙万物赖以生存的依据。其主流派有黄老学派，鬼谷子纵横家、修真派、法家学派、玄学、杨朱学派。无为、不争，是老子对君王的告诫，汉文帝、唐太宗、宋仁宗、明太祖等皆以道家思想治国，使人民从前朝苛政之后得以休养生息。

Taoism, omnipotent and eternal, with a tendency to dialectical factors and atheism, is a complete system of theories formed by Lao Zi by summarizing ancient Taoist thoughts. It takes "Tao" as the highest philosophy and truth, the origin of the universe, and also the basis for the existence of the universe. Its main schools are Huang Lao school, Guiguzi school, Xiuzhen school, Legalist school, metaphysics, and Yang Zhu school. Lao Zi persuaded emperors to do nothing and fight for nothing. And Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty and Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty all ruled with Taoist thoughts, so that people could recover from the tyranny of the previous dynasty.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:48, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1. 理学是中国古代最为精致、最为完备的理论体系，其影响至深至巨。理学的天理是道德神学，同时成为儒家神权和王权的合法性依据，至南宋末期被采纳为官方哲学。

Neo-Confucianism is the most exquisite and complete theoretical system in ancient China, and its influence is profound and enormous. The natural principle of Neo-Confucianism is moral theology, which has become the legal basis of Confucian theocracy and kingship, and was adopted as official philosophy at the end of Southern Song Dynasty.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:02, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 古代道家崇尚自然，有辩证法的因素和无神论的倾向，但是主张清静无为，反对斗争。

Ancient Taoism advocates nature, has dialectic factors and atheism tendency, but advocates quietism and opposes struggle.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:02, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==
1、儒家学派的创始人孔子第一次打破了旧统治阶级垄断教育的局面，变“学在官府”为“有教无类”，使传统文化教育播及到整个民族。因此儒家思想有了坚实的民族心理基础，为全社会所接受并逐步儒化了全社会。但是儒学在历史上也多次遭受严重冲击，近至满清的文字狱，毁古书严重的《四库全书》，远至秦始皇焚书令等。

Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, broke the monopoly of the old ruling class on education for the first time, changed the "learning in the government" to "teaching without class", and spread traditional culture and education to the whole nation. As a result, Confucianism had a solid national psychological foundation and was accepted by society as a whole, which gradually became Confucianized. However, Confucianism has also suffered many serious impacts in history, from the Manchu Qing dynasty's written jails to the destruction of ancient books in the Siku Quanshu, and the Qin Shihuang's book burning order.

Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, broke the monopoly of education by the old ruling class for the first time, changing "study in the government" to "education without class", so that traditional cultural education spread to the entire nation. Therefore, Confucianism has a solid national psychological foundation, accepted by the whole society and gradually Confucianized the whole society. However, Confucianism has also suffered severe impacts in history many times, as far as the Manchu literary prison, the "Siku Quanshu", which has severely destroyed ancient books, and as far as the book burning order of Qin Shihuang.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 14:11, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2、一般认为道家思想的特征之一，是通过各种修炼而达到永恒不死的至高完美境界，“因而开创了中医养生学” ；又从炼丹实践中发明了火药，中国四大发明都与道教有关。从养生学源流的角度说：寿命无限。

It is generally believed that one of the characteristics of Taoist thought is to achieve the supreme perfection of eternal immortality through various cultivations, thus it creating the science of Chinese medicine and health and from the practice of alchemy, gunpowder was invented, and the four major inventions of China are all related to Taoism. From the perspective of the source of health science:it means infinite life span.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 08:35, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==

1.董仲舒顺应汉武帝强权的需要，倡导“罢黜百家，独尊儒家”的思想。
Dong Zhongshu adapted to the needs of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to strengthen power, and advocated the idea of "deposing hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism only". --[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:49, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

2.道家以“道”为核心，是“诸子百家”中一门极为重要的哲学流派，存在于中华各文化领域，对中国乃至世界的文化都产生了巨大的影响。
Taoism, with "Tao" as its core， is a very important philosophical school in "various schools of thought". It exists in all cultural fields of China and has a great impact on Chinese and even the world culture.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:49, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==
1. 儒家在先秦时期和诸子百家地位平等，秦始皇焚书坑儒后，使儒家遭受重创。而后汉武帝为了维护封建专制统治，听从董仲舒“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”的建议，对思想实施钳制，使儒家重新兴起。历经两千多年的发展演变，儒学文化构建起完整的思想体系，涉及政治、教育、道德伦理、行为准则、生活技艺等诸多方面，长期涵养国人的智慧和心灵，形成固定思维、心理以及生存模式，可谓根深蒂固。

Confucian school was on an equal footing with the other hundred schools in the pre-Qin period. After the First Emperor of Qin, also called Qin Shihuang, burned books and buried scholars alive, the development of the Confucian school suffered a serious defeat. Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's advice of "banishing other schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism only" and imposed restrictions on thought, which led to the revival of Confucian school. After more than two thousand years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, involving politics, education, morality, ethics, code of conduct, life skills and other aspects. It has cultivated the wisdom and soul of the Chinese people throughout the history, and formed deep-rooted set patterns of thinking, psychology and survival. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 《老子》是道家学派的主要著作之一，它的产生丰富了我国传统文化和思想宝库。老子是道家思想的创始人，他提出了许多重要的范畴和观点，在中国哲学史上独放异彩，并给予后世以深远影响。

''Laozi'' is one of the main works of the Taoist School; its production enriches our country's traditional culture and stock house of thoughts. Lao Zi, the founder of the Taoism, proposed a lot of important views and conceptions which have original enchantment in Chinese philosophy, and influence the afterworld deeply. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

''Laozi'' is one of the main works of the Taoism and its production enriches our traditional culture and the treasury of thoughts. Lao Zi, the founder of the Taoism, proposed many important views and conceptions which have original enchantment in Chinese philosophy, and have a far-reaching influence on the afterworld.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 01:36, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.人道主义是人类永恒的主题，对于任何社会，任何时代，任何一个政府都是适用的，而秩序和制度社会则是建立人类文明社会的基本要求。

Humanity is the eternal theme of humanity, applicable to any society, any era, any government, while order and institutional society are the basic requirements for building a civilized human society.

Humanitarianism is the eternal theme of humanity, applicable to any society, any era, any government, while order and institutional society are the basic requirements for building a civilized human society.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:14, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Humanity is the eternal theme of human society, and it is applicable to any society, any era, and any government. Order and institution is the basic requirement for building a civilized human society.
----

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion that originated in China and was founded by Chinese people, so it is also known as a native religion.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 06:38, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also known as a native religion.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:14, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、孔子的大同社会、小康社会理想对中国后世影响深远。后来不同历史时期，不同阶段的思想家提出不同内容的憧憬蓝图和奋斗目标，这种思想对进步思想家、改革家也有一定启发，洪秀全、康有为、谭嗣同和孙中山都受其影响。

Confucius' ideal of a commonwealth society and a moderately prosperous society had a profound influence on later generations in China. Later on, thinkers at different stages of history put forward different content of visionary blueprints and goals to strive for, and such ideas also inspired progressive thinkers and reformers, with Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Sun Yat-sen being influenced by them.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:35, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

The social ideal of a commonwealth society and a moderately prosperous society from Confucius has posed profound impacts on China's future generations. Later, even in sundry historical times, miscellaneous idealists put forward different blueprints and struggle goals, which indicated that Confucius ideal has inspired advanced idealists and refomers, including Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Sun Zhongshan.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:20, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

2、新中国成立后，对旧社会道教中存在的一些不合理制度和陋习进行了改革，道教的面目为之一新。中国道教协会的成立实现了全国道教徒的大联合，广大爱国道教徒开始为发展道教事业共同努力。道教在反右斗争、大跃进、人民公社化等政治运动中受到波及。

After the founding of New China, some unreasonable systems and bad practices that existed in Taoism in the old society were reformed, and Taoism took on a new face. The establishment of the Chinese Taoist Association realized the unification of Taoists nationwide, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism. Taoism was affected by political movements such as the anti-rightist struggle, the Great Leap Forward, and the Communization of the People's Commune.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:35, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taoism was out of some unreasonable systems and bad practices in the old society were reformed and it then took on a new face. The establishment of the Chinese Taoist Association promoted the unification of Taoists nationwide, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism. However, Taoism was affected by political movements such as the anti-rightist struggle, the Great Leap Forward, and the Communization of the People's Commune.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 05:06, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
从鸦片战争到戊戌变法是新儒学的准备阶段，这一阶段主要表现为儒家学者在西方文明冲击之下被动接受西方文明的一些内容以求自强。
The period from the Opium War to the Hundred Days Reform was the preparatory period of Neo-Confucianism,which was characterized by the passive acceptance of some elements of Western civilization by Confucian scholars in order to strengthen themselves under the impact of Western civilization.

道教源于神仙思想和神仙方术。虽神仙方术没有系统的理论，但神仙家信仰的方术被道教承袭，神仙方术演化为道教的修炼方术，神仙方士演化为道家的道士。
Taoism originated from the idea of the divine immortals and the divine immortal arts. Given the fact that there is no systematic theory of divine and immortalism, the divine and immortalist beliefs were inherited by Taoism. The divine and immortalist prescriptions evolved into Taoist cultivation prescriptions, and the divine and immortalist practitioners evolved into Taoist priests.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:21, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==
1 孔子（公元前551～公元前479）名丘，字仲尼，是中华文化思想的集大成者，儒家学说的创始人。我国古代伟大的思想家、政治家、教育家。他的哲学思想提倡“仁义”，“礼乐”，“德治教化”,儒学思想渗入中国人的生活，文化领域中，同时也影响了世界上其它地区的大部分人近两千年。

Confucius (551BC-479 BC), whose name is Qiu, courtesy name Zhong Ni, is the master of Chinese culture and thought and the founder of Confucianism. He is a great thinker, statesman and educator in ancient China. His philosophy advocated "benevolence and righteousness", "rites and music", and "moral education". Confucianism permeated the life and culture of the Chinese people, and also influenced most people in other parts of the world for nearly two thousand years.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:40, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2 在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also known as the native religion. Taoism had a profound influence on the politics, economy and culture of ancient China and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taoism gained a new life through the democratic reform of the religious system and gradually embarked on the road to adapt to the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the Party and the government in the new era, Taoism in China has taken on an unprecedented new look and made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 11:14, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

1.在大同的世界里，天下的人，不止以自己的家人为亲，不止以自己的父母儿女为爱，而是相互敬爱，爱天下所有的人。使老有所终，壮有所用，孩子们都能获得温暖与关怀，孤独的人与残疾者都有所依靠，男人各自有自己的事情，女人有满意的归宿。

Love each other not only in our family, but also in the world. Make the old have a home, strong and useful, children can get warmth and care, lonely people and the disabled can rely on others, men have their own businesses, women have a satisfactory home.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 13:51, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2.儒家认为平等是来自于人性，人性是善良的那么人类社会也应该是善良的，既被证成的平等；而道家认为过去平等已经有很好的发展成果，那么在现有的平等认知基础上现在以及未来社会应该发展的更好才是，但是儒家礼教阶层阻碍了人类发展并成为窃国诸侯剥削百姓的大旗，所以要非仁绝礼消解各种意识形态，得到一个人类都满意的社会，既被承认的平等。

Confucianism believes that equality comes from human nature, and human nature is good, so human society should also be good, which is proved to be equality; while Taoism believes that equality has achieved good results in the past, then on the basis of the existing equality cognition, the society should develop better now and in the future. However, the Confucian ethical class hindered the development of human beings and became the banner of exploiting the common people by the feudal lords，therefore, it is necessary to eliminate all kinds of ideologies without benevolence, to achieve a society that is satisfactory to all human beings, which is already recognized as equality.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 13:51, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚。

A gentleman is open and poised; while a petty man is unhappy and worried.

The gentleman is calm and at ease, while the small man is always full of anxiety. --[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 08:45, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

2.人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。

The person reflects the earth.The earth reflects heaven. Heaven reflects the Way. And the Way reflects its own nature.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:46, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

Men must conform to the earth, earth to heaven, heaven to Tao and Tao to nature.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 08:45, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

1. 经由董仲舒重新解释和发挥的儒教教义，十分重视礼仪制度的建设，特别是其中祭天、祭祖的礼仪制度建设。完备而复杂的礼仪制度有助于人们养成遵守秩序、安分守己的习惯，这正是儒教重视礼仪的重要目的之一。

Dong Zhongshu's reinterpretation of Confucian doctrines attached great importance to the construction of ritual system, especially that of offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestors. A complete and complex ritual system helps people to develop the habit of abiding by order and bahaving properly, which is one of the important purposes for Confucianism to emphasize rites.

Dong Zhongshu's reinterpretation of Confucian doctrines attached great importance to the construction of ritual system, especially that of offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestors. A complete and complex ritual system helps people to develop the habit of abiding by order and conducting themselves, which is one of the important purposes for Confucianism to emphasize rites.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 11:17, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道家以道为世界的本原，以柔弱因循为道的作用，在政治上主张无为而治，因为对道和无为的理解不同，所以内部又划分为不同派别，不同的学派之间思想重心也不同，或偏于治国，或偏于治身等。

Daoists regard Tao as the origin of the world. In politics, they uphold that Tao is to conform to the nature and advocated governing by doing nothing. According to the understanding of Tao and doing nothing, there are different denominations of Daoism focusing on different thoughts, some of which focus on governing and some on self-cultivation.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 09:25, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.儒家原先是先秦诸子百家之一，其创始人是孔子。儒家在先秦时期和诸子百家地位平等。而后汉武帝为了维护封建专制统治，听从董仲舒"罢黜百家，独尊儒术"的建议，对思想实施钳制，使儒家重新兴起。

Confucianism was originally one of the hundred schools of pre-Qin scholars, whose founder was Confucius. In the pre-Qin period, Confucianism had equal status with all scholars. In order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "removing a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism", and imposed a restraint on ideology, which revived Confucianism.

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。

Among the five major religions in my country, Taoism is the only religion that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also called a local religion. Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of our country in ancient times, and it is one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1-儒家通过等级制度的传播而传播。这种宗教是由于中国人对邻国的影响而传承的。儒家思想从其在山东的地盘传到了中国的北部和南部地区。

Confucianism diffused through hierarchical diffusion. This religion was passed on through the Chinese's influence on their neighboring countries. Confucianism spread from its hearth in the Shandong province into China's northern and southern territories.

2-道教或道教是中国血统的哲学传统，强调与道家和谐相处。道是大多数中国哲学流派的基本思想。然而，在道教中，它表示的原则是存在的一切的来源，模式和实质。

Taoism, or Daoism, is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. --[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 08:43, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Su kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

1. Confucius is regarded as a great philosopher and a great sage of ancient China.

孔子是中国古代的伟大哲学家和圣贤。

2. Confucianism, a major official system of thought in China, originated from the teachings of Confucius.

儒家思想是中国的主要官方思想体系，它源于孔子的教.

3. Daoism has a god for almost everything: the sun, the moon, stars, wind, rain, thunder, lightening, mountains and rivers.

道教几乎所有的事物都有上帝-太阳，月亮，星星，风，雨，雷声，闪电，山脉和河流。

4. Daoism was also associated with alchemy, which was at one time a practical way of seeking the elixir of life by the transmutation of base matter into gold.

道教还与炼金术有关，炼金术曾经是一种通过将基础物质转化为黄金来寻求生命之药的实用方法。--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 12:32, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.在汉代的儒家思想普及过程中，很多社会问题得到解决。儒家思想倾向于施用仁政管理国家，政治家们以此为根据，限制土地过分集中，建立完善的道德体系。

Many social issues were settled during the popularization of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Confucianism claimed benevolent governance in managing the country, according to which politicians limited the centralization of lands and built a comprehensive moral system.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 06:55, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

During the popularization of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, many social problems were resolved. Confucianism tended to use benevolent governance to manage the country. Politicians used this as a basis to limit the excessive concentration of land and establish a sound moral system. --[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 11:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家认为过去平等已经有很好的发展成果，那么在现有的平等认知基础上现在以及未来社会应该发展的更好才是，但是儒家礼教阶层阻碍了人类发展并成为窃国诸侯剥削百姓的大旗，所以要非仁绝礼消解各种意识形态，得到一个人类都满意的社会，既被承认的平等。

Taoism proposed that equality had gained fine development in the past, on which equality in contemporary and future society should have a better development. But Confucianism’s feudalism and ethical codes hindered the human growth and became the banner of theft and exploitation of the people by the vassals, so it is necessary to dissolve the various ideologies of non-benevolence and ritual to get a society that is satisfactory to all human beings, namely, recognized equality.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 06:55, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1. 董仲舒提出“春秋大一统”和“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，强调以儒家思想为国家的哲学根本，杜绝其他思想体系。汉武帝采纳了他的主张。从此儒学成为正统思想，研究四书五经的经学也成为了显学。此时，孔子已死三百余年。董仲舒在具体的政策上将道家，阴阳家和儒家中有利于封建帝王统治的部分加以发展，形成了新儒家思想。

Dong Zhongshu proposed the "Great Unification of the Spring and Autumn Period" and the "Dismissal of the Hundred Schools and Exclusive Respect for Confucianism", emphasizing Confucianism as the philosophical foundation of the state and the elimination of other systems of thought. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty adopted his ideas. From then on, Confucianism became the orthodoxy, and the study of the Four Books and Five Classics became a prominent school. At this time, Confucius had been dead for more than 300 years. Dong Zhongshu developed the parts of Taoism, Yin and Yang and Confucianism that were beneficial to the rule of the feudal emperor in his specific policies, forming Neo-Confucianism.

Dong Zhongshu proposed the "Great Unification of the Nation" and the "Dismissal of the Hundred Schools and Exclusive Respect for Confucianism", emphasizing Confucianism as the philosophical foundation of the state and the elimination of other systems of thought. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty adopted his ideas. From then on, Confucianism became the orthodoxy, and the study of the Four Books and Five Classics became a prominent school. At this time, Confucius had been dead for more than 300 years. Dong Zhongshu developed the parts of Taoism, Yin and Yang School and Confucianism that were beneficial to the rule of the feudal emperor in his specific policies, forming Neo-Confucianism.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 11:25, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. “道”是中国古代哲学的重要范畴，用以说明世界的本原、本体、规律或原理。在中国哲学史上，“道”这一范畴为道家首先提出。道的原始涵义指道路、坦途，以后逐渐发展为道理，用以表达事物的规律性。这一变化经历了相当长的历史过程。春秋后期，老子最先把道看作是宇宙的本原和普遍规律，成为道家的创始人。以后，在不同的哲学体系中其涵义虽有不同，但基本上成为世界本原、本体、规律或原理的代名词。

"Tao" is an important category in ancient Chinese philosophy, which is used to describe the origin, essence, law or principle of the world. In the history of Chinese philosophy, the category of "Tao" was first introduced by the Taoists. The original meaning of Dao refers to the path, the straight path, and later it gradually developed into reason, which is used to express the regularity of things. This change has gone through a rather long historical process. In the late Spring and Autumn period, Laozi first regarded Tao as the origin and universal law of the universe and became the founder of Taoism. Later, although its meaning differs in different philosophical systems, it basically became a synonym for the origin of the world, the essence, the law or the principle.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 03:59, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

1.孔子于公元前551年出生于现在的山东省，是中国古代著名的哲学家、政治家和教育家，也是儒家思想的创始人，“仁”和“礼”是其两大核心思想。孔子的儒家思想对中国和周边国家及地区乃至世界都有着深远的影响。2004年中国政府为了向外推广给汉语和传播中国文化，在海外建立了第一所“孔子学院”。

Confucius was born in 551 B.C. in the place where it is in Shangdong province now. He was a famous philosopher, statesman, educator in ancient China, and also the founder of Confucianism. “Humaneness” and “rites” are two of his core thoughts. Confucianism has had far-reaching influence on China, the surrounding countries and areas, and even the whole world. And in 2004, the Chinese government established the first Confucius Institute overseas for the purpose of promoting Chinese language and publicizing Chinese culture.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 07:53, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.老子是中国古代著名的思想家、哲学家，是道家思想的创始人，也是世界百位历史名人之一。《道德经》是老子唯一的著作。朴素辩证法是老子哲学思想的精髓，而“无为”是其政治思想核心。即使在21世纪的今天，大至国家大家，小到个人的行为处事，老子的思想依然对社会有着深远的影响。

As the founder of Taoism, Laozi was a philosopher and thinker in ancient China, and he is one of the world’s 100 great eminent figures in history. Naive Dialectic is the essence of Laozi’s philosophical ideas, while non-action is the core of his political thoughts. Even in the 21th century, his thoughts still have pervasive influence on socirties, from such important things as state affairs to such trivial things as individual styles.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 07:53, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

1.儒家思想指的是儒家学派的思想，由春秋末期思想家孔子所创立。孔子创立的儒家学说在总结、概括和继承了夏、商、周三代尊尊亲亲传统文化的基础上形成的一个完整的思想体系。

Confucianism refers to the thought of Confucianism, which was founded by the thinker Confucius in the late Spring and Autumn period. The Confucianism established by Confucius is a complete ideological system based on the summary, generalization and inheritance of the traditional culture of respecting relatives in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 07:23, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism refers to the thoughts of Confucianism, which was founded by Confucius，the thinker, in the late Spring and Autumn period. The Confucianism established by Confucius is a complete ideological system based on the summary, generalization and inheritance of the traditional culture of respecting relatives in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 07:04, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家的起源，可以一直追溯到春秋战国时期。道家思想的形成是以总结、发展、写著典籍为主要路径，每一次思想的跳跃都经历了极其长时间的众人积累，这也再一次的凸显了道家的生命力。

The origin of Taoism can be traced back to the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. Taoist thought is formed with summary, development, and writings of classics as the main path. Every leap of thought has experienced an extremely long time of mass accumulation, which once again highlights the vitality of Taoism.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 07:23, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==
1. 孔子创立了以仁为核心的道德学说，他自己也是一个很善良的人，富有同情心，乐于助人，待人真诚、宽厚。“己所不欲，勿施于人”、“君子成人之美，不成人之恶”、“躬自厚而薄责于人”等等，都是他的做人准则。

Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He was also a very kind person, full of compassion, willing to help others, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want to do to others", "the beauty of a gentleman, the evil of a man who is not a man", "bow oneself to thick and thin blame to others", and so on, are his principles of conduct.

Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He himself was also a very kind person full of compassion who is willing to help others with sincerity and generousity. "Don't do to others what you don't want to do to others", "the beauty of a gentleman, the evil of a man who is not a man", "bow oneself to thick and thin blame to others", and so on, are his principles of conduct.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, Chinese Taoism gained a new life and gradually embarked on the road to adapt to the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the party and the government's religious policy in the new period, Chinese Taoism has shown an unprecedented new atmosphere, and has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 02:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

After the founding of the people's Republic of Chin, Chinese Taoism has gained a new life and gradually embarked on the road to adapt to the socialist society through its democratic reform of the religious system. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party and the Chinese Government's religious policy in the new period, Chinese Taoism has shown an unprecedented new atmosphere, and has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 07:29, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

1. 孔子创建了对中国及其周边国家具有深远影响的儒家学派。他学而不厌,海人不倦,首开私人讲学,是中国历史上致力于教育事业的第一人。
Confucius founded the school of Confucianism, which had a profound influence on China and its neighboring countries. He was the first person in Chinese history to devote himself to the cause of education, as he never tired of learning and never tired of the sea.

Confucius founded the school of Confucianism, profoundly influencing China and its neighboring countries. He was the first Chinese throughout history to devote himself to the cause of education, for never being tired of learning and teaching. --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 08:33, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

1.孔子创建了对中国及其周边国家具有深远影响的儒家学派。他学而不厌,诲人不倦,首开私人讲学,是中国历史上致力于教育事业的第一人。
Confucius founded the school of Confucianism, which had a profound impact on China and its neighboring countries. He was the first person in Chinese history dedicating himself to the cause of education, as he never tired of learning and teaching.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 07:01, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道家以道为世界的本原，以柔弱因循为道的作用，在政治上主张无为而治，因为对道和无为的理解不同，所以内部又划分为不同派别，不同的学派之间思想重心也不同，或偏于治国，或偏于治身等。
Taoism takes the Tao as the origin of the world, and the role of the Tao is to be soft and follow the path. In politics, Taoism advocates the rule of inaction, and because of the different understanding of the Tao and inaction, it is divided into different schools, and the focus of thought differs between different schools, either favoring the rule of the state, or favoring the rule of the body, etc.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 15:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
1.发愤忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至云尔。

One studies too hard to have meal and indulges himself in knowledge too elated to worry，even failing to .aware the pending oldness.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 06:57, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.一般认为道家思想的特征之一，是通过各种修炼而达到永恒不死的至高完美境界，“因而开创了中医养生学” ；又从炼丹实践中发明了火药，中国四大发明都与道教有关。

Generally, it is believed that one of the features of Taoism is to reach the ultimate perfect of immortality through various ways of practice. So the science of health maintenance of traditional Chinese medicine was established; in addition, gunpowder originated from alchemy practice, actually, the four ancient Chinese inventions are all related to Taoism.
--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 06:57, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

1.中庸精神随着时间的推移，其价值和重要性必将日益显现出来，这一点已经有所表现。中庸之道是世界上最具有连续性的文化，也是中国众多文化流派中最具有价值的核心精神和观念。

1.With the passage of time, the value and importance of the spirit of the mean will become increasingly apparent, which has already been demonstrated. The Golden Mean is the most continuous culture in the world and the most valuable core spirit and concept among many cultural schools in China.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:48, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

With the passage of time, the value and importance of the spirit of the mean, already demonstrated, will become increasingly apparent. The Golden Mean is the most continuous culture in the world and the most valuable core spirit and concept among many cultural schools in China.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 02:27, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

2.道教文学艺术就是以宣传道教教义、神仙长生思想以及反映其宗教生活为题材的内容的各种形式的文学艺术作品。文学艺术可以扩大道教的社会影响，进而提高道教的宗教素质。反过来，道教的神仙信仰也给中国文学艺术的发展巨大的影响。

2.Taoist literature and art are literary and artistic works in various forms that promote Taoist doctrines, the thoughts of immortal longevity, and reflect their religious life. Literature and art can expand the social influence of Taoism, thereby improving the religious quality of Taoism. In turn, Taoist belief in immortals has also had a huge impact on the development of Chinese literature and art.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:48, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1.儒家思想对中国文化的影响很深。传统的责任感思想、节制思想和忠孝思想，都是它和封建统治结合的结果，因此，儒家思想是连同我们当代在内的主流思想。儒学在中国存在几千年，对于中国的政治、经济等各个方面依然存在巨大的潜在影响。

Confucianism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture。The traditional ideas of responsibility, moderation, and loyalty and filial piety are the result of its combination with feudal rule, and thus Confucianism is the dominant ideology along with our contemporary times. Confucianism has existed in China for thousands of years and still has a huge potential influence on all aspects of Chinese politics and economy.

Confucianism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture. The traditional ideas of responsibility, moderation, and loyalty and filial piety are the result of its combination with feudal rule, and thus Confucianism has been the dominant ideology along with our contemporary times. Confucianism has existed in China for thousands of years and still has maintain a huge potential influence on all aspects of Chinese politics and economy.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:48, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2．和谐文化建设是构建社会主义和谐社会的要义之一。中国传统道教文化对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在当今构建和谐社会的进程中,道教文化依然有其独特的存在价值。

The building of a harmonious culture is one of the essentials for building a harmonious socialist society. The traditional Chinese Taoist culture has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the process of building a harmonious society today, Taoist culture still has its unique value to exist.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 09:14, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

The construction of a harmonious culture is one of the essentials of a harmonious socialist society. Taoist culture, a traditional Chinese culture, has exerted a profound influence on Chinese society. It still embraces unique value in today's building of a harmonious society. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 12:29, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xie Fan 解帆==
1.孔子学院是中外合作建立的非营利性教育机构，致力于适应世界各国（地区）人民对汉语学习的需要，增进世界各国（地区）人民对中国语言文化的了解。

Confucius Institutes are non-profit educational institutions jointly established by China and other countries. They are dedicated to meeting the needs of people in all countries (regions) for Chinese learning and promoting their understanding of Chinese language and culture.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 08:24, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The Confucius Institute is a non-profit educational institution established through Sino-foreign cooperation, dedicated to meeting the needs of people around the world for Chinese language learning and enhancing their understanding of Chinese language and culture.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:57, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the CPC and the government in the new era, Taoism in China has shown an unprecedented look and made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, reunification of the country and world peace.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 08:24, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party and the government's religious policies in the new era, Chinese Taoism has taken on a new and unprecedented appearance, making positive contributions to the economic development, social harmony, reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:57, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==
1. 孔子去世后，其弟子及再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成《论语》。该书被奉为儒家经典。

After the death of Confucius, his students wrote down all conversations they had with their teacher and then compiled them into the Analects, which has been regarded as a classic of Confucianism.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:40, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

After the death of Confucius, his disciples and re-disciples recorded the words and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples and compiled them into the ''Analects'', which is regarded as a classic of Confucianism.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 03:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 《老子》书提出以“道”为核心的哲学思想体系。它以道为宇宙的根本，阐述了道的本质、特点及其运动变化的规律。

The book Laozi establishes a philosophical system of thought with the Tao as its core. It takes Tao as the root of the universe, and explains the nature and characteristics of Tao and its laws of movement and change.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:40, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

The book, ''Laozi'', presents a philosophical system of thought with the Tao as its core. It takes Tao as the root of the universe, and explains the nature and characteristics of Tao and its laws of movement and change.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 03:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jing 许静==
因此古儒实际上是在一个礼崩乐坏的时代，努力复兴西周价值的这样一个学派。离开了对西周这一套的分析，我们是没有办法认识古儒的。

Thus ancient Confucianism was in fact a school of thought striving to revive the values of the Western Zhou at a time when rituals and music were in ruins. It can not be fully understood without an analysis of Western Zhou.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 10:08, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

老子说：“上善若水，水善利万物而不争。”水无常形，顺势而为，为而不争，方达所愿。可以削平山川却堵不住流水。“不争先”不是不求上进，而是尊重自然规律，不破坏均衡，不因小失大、迷失自我。

Lao Tzu said, "Water is good for it is good for all things but does not compete." Water has no permanent form. It follows the trend and does not struggle to reach its destination. While it is possible to cut down mountains water can not be blocked. "It is not a matter of not striving for advancement, but of respecting the laws of nature, not destroying the balance, not losing oneself for the sake of minor things.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 10:08, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==

1. 南北朝时期（420一589）是道教进一步充实完善的时代，是道教走上成熟的时代，出现了众多的道教改革家、理论家，他们的活动对后世道教有着重要的影响。

1. The Southern and Northern Dynasties period (420-589) was a time when Taoism was further enriched, a time when Taoism came to maturity and numerous Taoist reformers and theorists emerged, having an important influence on the development of Taoism.

Taoism was further developed and came to maturity in the Southern and Northern Dynastie(420-589) when numerous Taoist reformers and theorists emerged and their activities had an important influence on the development of Taoism.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:47, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2. 曲阜孔庙为纪念孔夫子而兴建，千百年来屡毁屡建，到今天已经发展成超过100座殿堂的建筑群。

2. The Confucius Temple in Qufu was built to commemorate Confucius, which has been destroyed and built again and again over the centuries. Today, it has grown into a building complex of over 100 palaces today.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 03:19, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

The Confucius Temple in Qufu was built to commemorate Confucius, which has been destroyed and rebuilt again and again over the past centuries. Today, it has grown into a building complex of over 100 palaces.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:49, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

1.儒家的“德治”主义就是主张以道德去感化教育人。儒家认为，无论人性善恶，都可以用道德去感化教育人。这种教化方式，是一种心理上的改造，使人心良善，知道耻辱而无奸邪之心。
The Confucian "rule of virtue" doctrine advocates the use of morality to influence and educate people. Confucianism believes that no matter what human nature is good or bad, morality can be used to influence and educate people. This way of enlightenment is a kind of psychological transformation, making people good-hearted, knowing the shame and not being evil.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucian doctrine of "rule of virtue" advocates the use of morality to influence and educate people. Confucianism believes that no matter what human nature is, good or evil, morality can be used to influence and educate people. This way of enlightenment is a kind of psychological transformation, making people kind-hearted and knowing the shame but not being evil.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.“己所不欲，勿施于人”、“躬自厚而薄责于人” 等，都是孔子的做人准则。
"Do not do to others what you do not want to do to others", "self-respect and responsibilities to others" are all Confucius’s principles of life.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

"Do not do to others what you do not want to do to yourself" and "self-respect and responsibilities to others" are both Confucius's codes of conduct.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

3.认为天地万物都有"道"而派生，即所谓"一生二，二生三，三生万物"，社会人生都应法"道"而行，最后回归自然。
It is believed that all things in heaven and earth are derived from "Tao", which is the so-called "One life two, two life three, three life all things", social life should follow the law "Tao" and finally return to nature.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

It is believed that all things in heaven and earth are derived from "Tao", which is the so-called "Two in one, three in two, three in all". Social life should all follow the law "Tao" and finally return to nature.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
1.孔子追求的“礼”，是西周时的等级名分制度。为了实现“礼”，孔子进一步提出了“正名”的主张。

Confucius's pursuit of " rites " is the Western Zhou Dynasty hierarchy system.In order to realize the " rites ", Confucius further put forward the " rectification of name ".

The "ritual" pursued by Confucius was the hierarchical system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In order to realize "li", Confucius further proposed the idea of "rectification of name".--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象,为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Since the reform and opening-up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the Party and the government in the new period, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look and made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 08:39, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Since the introduction of reform and opening-up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the Party and the government in the new period, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look and made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 07:11, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==

1、孔子是中国思想史上第一个把道德作为做人和治国首要条件和最高标准提出来的哲人。道德的核心是仁。儒家提倡人与人之间的仁和礼。今天，在中国和其他许多国家，儒学的研究正在迅速增长。

Confucius was the first philosopher in China's ideological history to propose moral standards as the prior criterion for man's behaviour and governing a country.The core of morality is benevolence. Confucianism advocates benevolence and courtesy among people. Today, in China and many other countries, the study of Confucianism is rapidly growing.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 01:29, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius was the first philosopher in the history of Chinese thought to put morality as the primary and highest standard for being a man and governing a country. The core of morality is benevolence. Confucianism advocates benevolence and etiquette among people. Today, in China and many other countries, the study of Confucianism is growing rapidly. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 02:04, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

2、道教是中国固有的一种宗教，距今已有1800余年的历史。它深深扎根于中华沃土之中，具有鲜明的中国特色,并对中华文化的各个层面产生了深远影响。

Taoism, an inherent religion of China, has a history of over 1800 years. It is deeply rooted in the Chinese fertile soil with distinct Chinese characteristics, and have a profound impact on all levels of Chinese culture.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 01:29, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism is a religion inherent in China, with a history of more than 1,800 years. It is deeply rooted in the fertile soil of China, with distinctive Chinese characteristics, and a profound impact on overall Chinese culture. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 02:04, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

孔子在卫国住了约10个月，因有人在卫灵公面前进谗言，卫灵公对孔子起了疑心，派人公开监视孔子的行动，因此孔子带弟子离开卫国，打算去陈国。

Confucius lived in Wei State for about 10 months. Due to someone advancing slander in front of Duke Ling of Wei, he became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to publicly monitor Confucius. Therefore, Confucius led his disciples to leave Wei and planned to go to Chen State. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 02:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

道教继承和发展了先秦道家思想，将“道”作为最高信仰，从中演化出最高经典，最上道术及最高的神灵，构建了庞大的经典道术神仙体系。

Daoism inherited and developed Taoism thought in the pre-Qin period, taking "Dao" as the highest belief, evolving from it the highest classics, the highest Daoism and the supreme gods, and building a huge system of classic Daoism gods. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 02:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

1. Confucius stayed in Wei for about 10 months, but when someone slandered him in front of Duke Weiling, he became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to monitor his movements openly. Therefore, Confucius left Wei with his disciples to Chen.

2. Inheriting and developing the pre-Qin dynasty Taoist thought, it holds “Tao” as the highest belief, evolving the highest classics, the highest Taoist arts and the highest deities, forming a huge system of classical Taoist arts and deities.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 03:22, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==

==You Yuting 游雨婷==

1.在长期的教学实践活动中，孔子积累和总结了很多教学经验。他主张因材施教，根据学生的不同特点分别指导。

In the long-term teaching practice, Confucius has accumulated and summarized a lot of teaching experience. He advocated teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and instructing them separately according to their different features.

In the long-term teaching practice activities, Confucius has accumulated and summed up a lot of teaching experience. He advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and guiding students according to their different characteristics.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 14:01, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2.作为一种宗教实体，道教不仅有其独特的经典教义、神仙信仰和仪式活动，而且还有其宗教传承、教团组织、科戒制度、宗教活动场所。

As a religious entity, Taoism not only has its unique classical doctrine, immortal belief and ritual activities, but also has its religious inheritance, organization of religious groups, system of discipline and places for religious activities.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 13:27, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==
1.孔子的经济思想最主要的是重义轻利、“见利思义”的义利观与“富民”思想。这也是儒家经济思想的主要内容，对后世有较大的影响。

The most important economic thought of Confucius is the value of justice over profit, the view of righteousness and benefit, and the thought of enriching the people. This is also the main content of Confucian economic thought, which has great influence on later generations.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 06:42, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius'economic thought mainly consists of the concept of justice and benefit, the concept of justice and benefit and the thought of enriching the people.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 08:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教哲学和宗教已经渗透到所有受中国影响的亚洲文化中，尤其是越南、日本和韩国的文化。在受中国文化影响的地区，各种宗教习俗让人想起道教，这表明他们与中国游客和移民的早期接触还没有被阐明。

Daoist philosophy and religion have found their way into all Asian cultures influenced by China, especially those of Vietnam, Japan, and Korea. Various religious practices reminiscent of Daoism in such areas of Chinese cultural influence indicate early contacts with Chinese travelers and immigrants that have yet to be elucidated.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 06:42, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Daoist philosophy and religion have infiltrated all Asian cultures influenced by China, especially those of Vietnam, Japan, and Korea. Various religious practices reminiscent of Daoism in such areas of Chinese cultural influence indicate early contacts with Chinese travelers and immigrants that have yet to be elucidated.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 13:31, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

解放前的道教中充满着浓厚的封建气息，对广大道教徒进行爱国主义教育，改革宫观封建经济，废除道教中的封建残余，与反动会道门划清界限，成为道教在新中国面临的重大任务。

Taoism before liberation was represents strong feudal atmosphere. It became a major task for Taoism in New China to carry out patriotic education for the majority of Taoists, reform the feudal economy of the palace, abolish the remnants of feudalism in Taoism, and draw a clear line with the reactionary Taoist doors.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:11, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism before liberation was in strong feudal atmosphere. Therefore, it became a major task for Taoism in New China to carry out patriotic education for the majority of Taoists, reform the feudal economy of the palace, abolish the remnants of feudalism in Taoism, and draw a clear line with the reactionary Taoist doors.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:11, 17 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:29, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

孔子，姓孔，名丘，字仲尼，公元前551年，出生于春秋后期的鲁国。

Confucius is known as Kong Qiu, a combination of his surname and his given name, and he is also named as Zhongni, which is his courtesy name.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:11, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.儒教是孔子所创立、孟子所发展、荀子所集其大成，之后延绵不断，为历代儒客推崇，至今仍有一定生命力的学术流派。
Confucianism is an academic school which was founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and epitomized by Xuncius. It has continued to be admired by scholars of Confucianism and remined vitality until today.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 01:59, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。
Among the five major religions in our country, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by Chinese, so it is also called a local religion of China.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 01:59, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

==Zhang Hui 张慧==

1.身处乱世的孔子所主张的仁政没有施展的空间，但在治理鲁国的三个月中，使强大的齐国也畏惧孔子的才能，足见孔子无愧于杰出政治家的称号。

The benevolent government advocated by Confucius in troubled times has no room for display, but during the three months of ruling Lu State, the powerful Qi State also feared Confucius’ talents, which shows that Confucius deserves the title of outstanding statesman.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 03:06, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

In the troubled times, Confucius' benevolent rule had no room to be exercised, but in the three months he ruled the state of Lu, he made even the powerful state of Qi fear Confucius' talent, which shows that Confucius deserves the title of outstanding statesman.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 03:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教继承和发展了先秦道家思想，将“道”作为最高信仰，从中演化出最高经典，最上道术及最高的神灵，构建了庞大的经典道术神仙体系。

Taoism inherited and developed Taoism thought in the pre-Qin period, taking "Tao" as the highest belief, and evolving from it the highest classics, the highest Taoism and the highest gods, and building a huge system of classic Taoism gods.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 03:06, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism inherited and developed Taoist thought from the pre-Qin dynasty, taking "Tao" as the highest belief, evolving from it the highest classics, the highest Taoist arts and the highest deities, and building a huge system of classical Taoist deities.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 03:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1. 孔子63岁时，曾这样形容自己：“发愤忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至。”当时孔子已带领弟子周游列国9个年头，历尽艰辛，不仅未得到诸侯的任用，还险些丧命，但孔子并不灰心，仍然乐观向上，坚持自己的理想，甚至是明知其不可为而为之。

When Confucius was 63 years old, he used to describe himself as, "(One is) so engrossed in his studies that he forgets to have his meals on time; so cheerful that he forgets all his worries; so youthful that he forgets his actual age." At that time, Confucius had guided his disciples to travel around the various states and nations for nine years. He had not been appointed by the feudal lord, but he almost died. However, he was not disheartened. He was still optimistic and insisted on his ideal even he knew it was impossible. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 04:05, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

When Confucius was 63 years old, he used to describe himself as, "(One is) so engrossed in his studies that he forgets to have his meals on time; so cheerful that he forgets all his worries; so youthful that he forgets his actual age." At that time, Confucius had guided his disciples to travel around the various states and nations for nine years. He had not been appointed by the feudal lord, and even almost died. However, he was not disheartened. He was still optimistic and insisted on his ideal even he knew it was impossible.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 06:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 作为中华文化最重要的两翼，道家和儒家的关系比较复杂，它们之间有互相学习的一面，也有互相对立的一面。

As the two most important components of Chinese culture, Daoism and Confucianism have a complicated relationship, with both learning from each other and opposing each other. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 04:05, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

As the two most important wings of Chinese culture, Taoism and Confucianism have a complex relationship. Specifically, they are mutually reinforcing and antagonistic.--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 12:34, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==
道教是中国的本土宗教，道教主张天人合一，东汉末年出现大量的道教组织。

Taoism is China's indigenous religion advocating the unity of heaven and man.The end of the Eastern Han Dynasty appeared a large number of Taoist organizations.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 08:26, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism is an indigenous religion of China and it advocates the unity of heaven and man. A large number of Taoist organizations appeared in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:19, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

儒学思想，是先秦诸子百家学说之一。儒学文化是以儒家学说为指导思想的文化宗派，为春秋时期孔丘所创。

Confucianism is one of the schools of thought in the pre-Qin dynasty. Confucianism is a school of culture guided by Confucianism. It was created by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 08:26, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism is one of the schools of thought in the pre-Qin periods. Confucian culture is a cultural sect with Confucianism as its guiding ideology, created by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:19, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism is one of the schools of thought in the pre-Qin periods. Confucian culture is guided by Confucianism and created by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:50, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.儒家经书是四书五经，但儒家早期以五经为主，在佛教禅宗的挑战下，宋代程朱理学以四书取代五经的地位。

The Confucian scriptures are the Four Books and Five Classics. However, the early Confucianism was dominated by the Five Classics. Under the challenge of Zen Buddhism, the neo-Confucianism of Song Dynasty replaced the Five Classics with the Four Books.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:22, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

The Confucian scriptures are the Four Books and Five Classics, but the early Confucianism was dominated by the Five Classics. Under the challenge of Buddhist Zen Buddhism, the Song Dynasty's Cheng-Zhu Theory replaced the status of the Five Classics with the Four Books.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 15:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

The scriptures of confucianism are the Four Books and Five Classics, in which the majority is the latter one at the prelimetary stage, but then the Four Books got the upper hand under the theory of Chen-zhu in the Song Dynasty.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 08:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.春秋时期，老子总结了古老的道家思想的精华，形成了道家完整系统的理论，标志着道家思想已经正式成型。道家是对中华哲学、文学、科技、艺术、音乐、养生、宗教等影响最深远的学派。

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought and formed a complete and systematic theory of Daoism, marking the formal formation of Daoism. Daoism is the school of thought that has had the most profound influence on Chinese philosophy, literature, science and technology, art, music, health care and religion.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:22, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought and formed a complete and systematic theory of Taoism, marking the formal formation of Taoist thought. Taoism is the school of thought that has had the most profound influence on Chinese philosophy, literature, science and technology, art, music, health care and religion.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 15:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
孔子是中国古代思想家、政治家、教育家，儒家学派创始人。

Confucius is an ancient Chinese thinker, statesman, educator, and founder of the Confucian school.

在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Among the five major religions in my country, Taoism is the only religion that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also called a local religion。

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1. 孔子是中国著名的思想家、教育家、政治家，与弟子周游列国十四年，晚年修订六经，即《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》《易》《春秋》。

Confucius was a famous Chinese thinker, educator and statesman who traveled around ancient China with his disciples for 14 years and revised the Six Classics in his later years, namely, The Book of Songs, The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Music, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annuals.

2. 庄子的文章，想象奇幻，构思巧妙，多彩的思想世界和文学意境，文笔汪洋恣肆，具有浪漫主义的艺术风格，瑰丽诡谲，意出尘外，乃先秦诸子文章的典范之作。

Zhuangzi's writings are full of fantastical imagination, ingenious ideas, colorful world of thought and literary contexts, and unrestrained writing. They also fall to a romantic artistic style which is magnificent and deceitful, boasting for masterpieces among those in the pre-Qin plutocrats.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 12:19, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==
1.孔子是当时社会上最博学者之一，在世时就被尊奉为“天纵之圣”“天之木铎”，更被后世统治者尊为孔圣人、至圣、至圣先师、大成至圣文宣王先师、万世师表。

Confucius was one of the most knowledgeable people in the society at that time, and he was honored as "the sage of heaven" and "the mudor of heaven" during his lifetime.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 03:09, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius was one of the most erudite scholars in society at that time. He was honored as the "Sage of Heaven" and "Wood Duo of Heaven" when he was alive. The most sacred Wenxuan Wang Xianshi, Wanshishishi.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 03:16, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius was one of the most knowledgeable people in the society at that time, and he was honored as "the sage from heaven" and is honored as "the mudor of heaven" nowadays.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 04:05, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。

Taoism has had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of our ancient times and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 03:09, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of our country in ancient times, and it is one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 03:16, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

1.Confucianism, the way of life propagated by Confucius (6th–5th century BCE) and followed by the Chinese people for more than two millennia.

儒教，是孔子（公元前6至5世纪）传播的生活方式，其后是中国人传播了两千多年。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 11:05, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

儒家思想由孔子（公元前6-5世纪）传播一种生活方式，中国人已遵循的两千多年。--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 12:22, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Taoism, indigenous religion-philosophical tradition that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2000 years.

道教是一种固有的宗教哲学传统，已经改变了中国2000多年的生活。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 11:05, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

道教是中国的本土宗教，也是一种哲学传统，影响了中国2000多年。--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 12:22, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

20201215 cultexam 2

2020-12-18T10:54:26Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* China Railway High-Speed (CRH) */

*Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].
*Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_1 1 Alsied, Saffana - Jiang Qiwei]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_2 2 Kang Haoyu - Sagara Seydou]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_3 3 Shi Haiyao - You Yuting]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_4 4 Yu Ni - Zubareva, Ekaterina]. This page has become too large. Do not write on this page any more, but on one of the smaller pages.

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''
*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: Huadong Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chinese Red Culture - Kang Haoyu 康浩宇, 202070080638 English Interpreting==

<center>康浩宇 Kang Haoyu</center>

===Chinese Red Culture===
Chinese red culture is unique in the world. As a very important cultural resource, it has both tangible culture and intangible culture. Red culture in China refers to the advance(advanced)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:15, 18 December 2020 (UTC) culture with Chinese characteristics created by party and people in revolutionary years.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====1. Development====

China has brilliant history and splendid civilization in ancient times. However, with the Opium War of 1840, China was plunged into the darkness of domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. Despite of all efforts that countless dedicated patriots had made, they still failed to change the plight. The October Revolution in Russia brought Marxism-Leninism. With Communism as the the highest ideal and ultimate goal, the Communist Party of China shouldered the historic(historical)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC) mission of national rejuvenation. With the firm leadership of the party, Chinese people embraced national independence, people's liberation, national reunification and social stability, and stepped into a new era of prosperity and happiness.(Xi Jinpin 2017)

Red culture is condensed by the Communist Party of China in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. It is an advanced Marxism culture that was inherited and developed in the new period of socialist construction. It's a collectivism culture of bravery, sacrifice and devotion that seeks happiness for the Chinese people and(the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC) rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.Red culture is embodied in the aspects of ideal belief, value pursuit and spiritual outlook, and is integrated into material remains, mechanism behaviors and cultural and artistic forms.(Luo Liling, Pu Qingpin 2018, 45)

First of all, red culture is a revolutionary culture, which was formed by the Chinese Communist Party in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. After the founding of(the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC) People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to inherit and carry forward the revolutionary culture. In the new period of socialist construction and reform and opening up, a vigorous and advanced socialist culture was formed, which enriched and developed the connotation of red culture. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture, and are the core value and spiritual subject of contemporary Chinese culture. As for Chinese red culture, Among them, Marxism is the soul, the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the theme, the national spirit and the spirit of the times are the essence, and the socialist concept of honor and disgrace is the foundation. These four aspects influence, infiltrate and interact with each other, revealing the essential characteristics of red culture scientifically and completely.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====2. Symbols====

The word “red” in “red culture” has many symbols. Chinese people have “red” complex since ancient time. Red represents authority. For, example, official documents are also called red heading documents. Red represents courage. Red is the color of Chinese national flag. Chinese military strategists and generals have a deep understanding of the role of red in war, so they use red flags to unite their morale, inspire their fighting and their courage, and summon the spirit of going forward bravely and not fearing sacrifice. Red represents honor and auspiciousness. For instance, the places are always adorned with red for conference and ceremony. People are awarded with red flower and red certificates. Red represents revolution. When Marx was asked about "favorite color" in his early years, he clearly answered "red". In 1864, First International was founded, and its logo was red. The first army of (the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Communist Party of China was named Red Army, and Ruijin, the first revolutionary base area, was called Red Capital. There were also red boats in South Lake and red flags in Jinggangshan.(Chen dongwang, Huang Weiliang 2006, 19)

====3. Values====

Red culture has many values. Red culture has the value of history. It witnesses the early development history of the Communist Party of China. It shows the inevitability of the socialist road in China. And it is an important weapon to guide the success of Chinese revolution. Besides, red culture has the value of civilization. Carrying forward the red culture is an urgent need to cultivate a new national spirit. Red culture is important for the construction of socialism culture and ideology. Moreover, red culture has the value of economy. Red culture is a powerful driving force for the development of (the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)socialist market economy. It is an important medium of economic development under the new historical conditions. The red cultural industry has become a new economic growth point.(Wang Yidi 2007, 149)

====4. Red Culture in Nanchang====

Nanchang is the capital city of Jiangxi Province and it is where August 1st uprising took place. Nanchang is renowned as the cradle of Chinese revolution and the place where the military flag rose. Because in August 1st uprising, (the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)communist party of china formed its first army in Nanchang. There are lots of red culture resources in Nanchang.

Bayi Square is at the center of Nanchang city. It was built to memorize August 1st uprising. Bayi Square highlights the theme of "Bayi History and Culture" in all directions. The memorial area, cultural area, reminiscence area and leisure area of Bayi Square show Bayi Uprising in different forms. The landmark in the square is Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower. Besides, Nangchang August 1st Memorial Hall is a special memorial hall established to commemorate(the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC) Nanchang Uprising.（Peng Bo, Zhang Li, Li Jiangyuan 2006, 58）

===References===

[1] 程东旺, 黄伟良. “红色文化”的价值形态与德育功能探析[J]. 现代教育科学, 2006: 19-21.

[2] 罗丽琳,蒲清平. 红色文化的思想政治教育基因及其时代价值[J].新疆师范大学学报, 2018: 45-52

[3] 彭波, 张丽, 李江源. 整合红色资源,提升江西文化力[J]. 江西崛起策论, 2006:58-60.

[4] 王以第. “红色文化”的价值内涵[J]. 文化论苑, 2007:149-150.

[5] 习近平, 决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告,人民日报,2017.

[6] 朱桂莲,李晶. 德育视角下的中国红色文化研究综述[J]. 研究综述, 2010:87-89.

===Terms and Expressions===

red culture 红色文化

Opium War 鸦片战争

red heading documents 红头文件

red army 红军

August 1st uprising 八一起义

===Questions===

1. What is the historical background of the birth of red culture?

2. What are two major components of red culture?

3. How many symbols dose the word "red" in red culture has? What are they?

4. How many values dose red culture has? What are they?

5. What is the landmark in Bayi Square?

===Answers===

1. In modern China, Communist Party of China led the Chinese revolution and led people to fight against suppression.

2. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture

3. Four. Authority, courage, honor and revolution.

4. Three. History value, civilization value and economic value.

5. Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower

==The Ancient Tea Horse Road - Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆, 202070080593 MTI==

===The Ancient Tea Horse Road===

====Introduction====
The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation. It originated from the ancient southwest frontier of the tea horse mutual market, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and most prosperous in the middle and late World War II. The Tea Horse Road was listed by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics conservation units on March 5, 2013.(Zou Jingyi , Zhang Yimei 2018,131)

The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation. It originated from the ancient southwest frontier of the tea horse mutual market, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and prospered（改） in the middle and late World War II. The Tea Horse Road was listed by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics conservation units on March 5, 2013. 空格 (Zou Jingyi , Zhang Yimei 2018,131) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:16, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====Historical Routes====
China’s ancient tea horse road is divided into:
1.Shanxi-Gansu tea horse road is the main route for tea to travel westward in mainland China and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.
2. Shanxi - Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), began in the Han Dynasty, formed by the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse each other. Due to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government control of tea trafficking, tea trafficking sub-regional, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.(Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng2020,281)

1.(点号后空格)Shanxi-Gansu tea horse road is the main route for tea to travel westward in mainland China and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.
2. Shanxi - Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), began in the Han Dynasty, formed by the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse each other. 这句话意思不太理解。During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government controlled（改） tea trafficking, and the tea trafficking sub-regional, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road. 空格 (Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng2020,281) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:28, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

3.The ancient Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road was formed in the late sixth century AD .It is in the south of Yunnan's main tea producing areas. It is an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.
4. Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shan-Kang-Tibet Tea Horse Road. It is an essential bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the interior. It is in the east of Yazhou edge, west to Lhasa, Tibet, and finally through to Bhutan, Nepal and India, a total length of nearly four thousand kilometers, .(Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng2020,282)

3. (点号后空格)The ancient Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road was formed in the late sixth century AD. (句点空格) It is in the south of Yunnan's main tea producing area. It is an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.
4. Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shan-Kang-Tibet Tea Horse Road. It is an essential bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the interior. It is in the east of Yazhou edge, west to Lhasa, Tibet, and finally through to Bhutan, Nepal and India, a total length of nearly four thousand kilometers(逗号删掉).(Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng2020,282) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:28, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

There are three main routes of the ancient tea-horse road: The Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line. Among the three ancient tea-horse roads, the Qinghai-Tibet line was established in the Tang Dynasty and developed earlier, while the Sichuan-Tibet line was the most influential and well-known later. These three routes are closely related to Chengdu, among them, the Yunnan-Tibet route and the Sichuan-Tibet route must pass through Chengdu, and their development is closely related to the tea-horse trade. (Kang Yuming,Li Jinfeng2020,283)

There are three main routes of the ancient tea-horse road: The Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line. Among the three ancient tea-horse roads, the Qinghai-Tibet line was established in the Tang Dynasty and developed earlier, while the Sichuan-Tibet line was the most influential and well-known later. These three routes are closely related to Chengdu, and among them, the Yunnan-Tibet route and the Sichuan-Tibet route （改） pass through Chengdu, and their development is closely related to the tea-horse trade. (句点后空格) (Kang Yuming,Li Jinfeng2020,283) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:28, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Historical Values===
1.The Golden Road of Tourism
The ancient tea-horse road tour has unique scenery, profound cultural connotation, exclusive resources and is unparalleled in the world.

1. 点号后空格 The Golden Road of Tourism
The ancient tea-horse road tour has unique scenery, profound cultural connotation and exclusive resources and is unparalleled in the world. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Ancient Roads for the Propagation of Civilization
The ancient Tea Horse Road was not only an important migration corridor for the ancient ancestors between Wei-Tibet and present Sichuan and Yunnan, but also an important aperture for the spread and exchange of ancient civilizations between present Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.(Ji Jing2016,354)

2. Ancient Roads for the Propagation of Civilization
The ancient Tea Horse Road was not only an important migration corridor for the ancient ancestors between Wei-Tibet and present Sichuan and Yunnan, but also an important aperture for the spread and exchange of ancient civilizations between present Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet. 句点后空格 (Ji Jing2016,354)--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

3.Migration Corridor of National Cultures
On this ancient road, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, Chinese, Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Hani, Kino, Qiang, Pumi, Bai, Nu, Jingpo, Achang and other ethnic groups have flourished here for thousands of years, highlighting the diversity and original form of ethnic culture in southwest China.

3. 点号后空格 Migration Corridor of National Cultures
On this ancient road, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, Chinese, Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Hani, Kino, Qiang, Pumi, Bai, Nu, Jingpo, Achang and other ethnic groups have flourished here for thousands of years, highlighting the diversity and original form of ethnic culture in southwest China. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

4. The Path of National Spirituality
You can't talk about the ancient tea-horse road without mentioning the horse gangs. The horse gangs have formed a unique cultural carrier in the course of thousands of years. Their spirit is attached to this ancient road, and become part of the Chinese national spirit.(Ji Jing2016,355)

4. The Path of National Spirituality
We can't talk about the ancient tea-horse road without mentioning the horse gangs. The horse gangs have formed a unique cultural carrier in the course of thousands of years. Their spirit is attached to this ancient road, and becomes a part of the Chinese national spirit. 句点后空格 (Ji Jing2016,355)--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

5.The Road of National Unity and Integration
The ancient tea-horse road is like a huge net in southwest China, through which people of all nationalities strengthen their ties and communication, promote political, economic and cultural interaction, development and integration among all nationalities, and enhance the emotional ties between them.

5. 点号后空格 The Road of National Unity and Integration
The ancient tea-horse road is like a huge net in southwest China, through which people of all nationalities strengthen their ties and communication, promote political, economic and cultural interaction, development and integration among all nationalities, and enhance the emotional ties between them. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

6.The Road of Securing the Borders
The expansion of the ancient tea-horse road and the flourishing of the tea-horse trade contributed to the stability and consolidation of China's southwest frontier.

6. 空格 The Road of Securing the Borders
The expansion of the ancient tea-horse road and the flourishing of the tea-horse trade contributes to the stability and consolidation of China's southwest frontier. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

7.The road to economic development
The Thousand-Year Tea Horse Trail contributed to the formation of many towns in the region through the tea and horse trade, which greatly contributed to the economic development of the region.(Ji Jing2016,355)--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:25, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

7. 空格 The road to economic development
The Thousand-Year Tea Horse Trail contributed to the formation of many towns in the region through the tea and horse trade, which greatly contributed to the economic development of the region. 空格 (Ji Jing2016,355)--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:25, 18 December 2020 (UTC) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Terms and Expressions===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road(茶马古道)

2.Sichuan-Tibet Line（川藏线）

3.Yunnan-Tibet line（滇藏线）

4.wade ancient road（蹚古道）

===Questions===

1.What is the ancient tea horse road ?

1.What is 多了个空格 the ancient tea horse road ? --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:37, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.How many main routes does the ancient tea-horse road conclude?

2.How many main routes 多了个空格 does the ancient tea-horse road include? --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:37, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

3.What is the historical value?

3.What is the historical value of the ancient tea-horse road? --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:37, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation.

2.There are three main routes, including the Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

3.The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization.

===References===

Zou Jingyi, Zhang Yiqing邹怡情,张依玫. (2018). 作为文化线路的茶马古道遗产保护研究[ A Study on Heritage Conservation of Ancient Tea Horse Road as a Cultural Route].
''北京规划建设 BeiJing Planning Review''(04)131-140.

Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng康昱明,李金峰.(2020).甘肃茶马古道文化线路遗产探究[ A Study on Cultural Route Heritage of Ancient Tea Horse Road in Gansu Province].''农村经济与科技Rural Economy and Science'' 31(11)281-283.

Li Gang, Li Wei李刚,李薇.(2011).论历史上三条茶马古道的联系及历史地位[ On the Connection and Historical Status of Three Ancient Tea Horse Roads in History].''西北大学学报Journal of Northwestern University'' 41(04):113-117.

Ji Ji纪静.(2016.)茶马古道的兴起及其价值研究 [ A Study on the Rise and Value of Ancient Tea Horse Road ].''福建茶叶 Tea In Fujian'' 38(07):354-355.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:23, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Novels - Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

===Four satirical novels in ancient China===
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.'''Quotation missing. E.g. (Gui Ninghuo 2009, 12)'''

====Introduction====
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.

==== Nie Hai Hua====
Nie Hai Hua was written by Zen Pu (1872-1935).A total of 35 chapters.it is a novel of condemnation, historical fiction and political fiction. In the novel, Jin yun (wen qing) is the main character.After won the scholarship, he took a famous courtesan, Fu Caiyun, as his concubine in Suzhou.He was then ordered to travel to Russia, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. After returning to China, Jin Wenqing died of illness in Beijing, and Fu Caiyun left the Jin family to resume her old profession in Shanghai, changing her name to Cao Menglan then went to Tianjin to work as a prostitute, calling herself Sai Jinhua.
The novel takes the story of Jin Wenqing and Fu Caiyun as the main line, vividly describes the historical and cultural changes as well as political and social changes from Tongzhi to Guangxu more than 30 years, exposing the decay and decline of the rulers, criticizing the feudal system of imperial examination, satirizing the officials, truly reflecting their spiritual life and cultural mentality. at the same time also enthusiastically glorifies Feng Zicai, Liu Yongfu and other war heroes and Sun Yat-sen and so on. The revolutionary activities of the Democratic Revolutionaries express the author's patriotic thoughts against the feudal dictatorship and advocate national democratic revolution. In specific writing, the author adopts the modern popular block novel structure combined with the traditional mesh novel structure to unfold the plot, with ups and downs, twists and turns, touching and orderly, always around the main line.
As a historical novel, Nie Hai Hua draws on the spirit of the ancient "good history" of China to portray its characters. At the same time, it draws on the satirical approach of "The History of Confucianism" in which "the fair-minded accuse the evils of the times", commenting on events and weighing characters in a realistic manner. In terms of art, Nie Hai Hua also has many shortcomings.However, it is a skillful structure and outstanding novel at that time.

==== the Travels of an Old Man====
The Travels of an Old Man was written by Liu E (1857-1909) and a total of 20 chapters. Liu E was an entrepreneur and scholar, not a professional writer, but his reputation as a literary figure was far greater than that of an entrepreneur and scholar. This novel is an unfinished work of his that was written in his later years with an autobiographical nature.
The novel takes a bell-ringing mountebank, Lao can (Tie Ying), as its main character, and narrates his experiences and activities during his travels in northern China, exposing the decadence and darkness of the Qing government, the brutality and lethargy of the officials, and the poverty and oppression of the people, especially attacking the abusive behavior of those "Qing officials" who are actually cruel officials, and expressing the author's strong views on the perilous reality of society and the country.
The artistic achievement of the novel is very high. The first is the superb descriptive skills, whether it is a description, a landscape, or a narrative, can be vividly depicted, such as the scenery of Thousand Buddha Mountain, Daming Lake etc., which makes people have a sense of being in the real world. Secondly, its psychological description and psychological analysis, with appropriate language, can brilliantly show the inner world of the characters. Thirdly, the exquisite structural art. The novel is in the form of a Travel Journal, with travel as a clue,and organic combined of what he see, hear, think and do along the way forms a unique structural feature of the novel.

==== The Records of Officialdom Exposure====
The Records of Officialdom Exposure by Li Baojia (1867-1906), five editions and a total of 60 chapters. This is the first long chapter novel in China's modern era that was published serially in newspapers and magazines and achieved a social sensation, creating a culture of critical reality in modern fiction.
The novel consists of more than 30 relatively independent bureaucratic stories linked together,involving the Qing government from the emperor, down to the minor officials and so on,and these various bureaucrats of all kinds of evil behavior were exposed:They embezzled public funds, corrupt and pervert the law or the named "expedition bandits", but is harmful to the people. The work is like a scroll of the officialdom at the end of the feudal society, touching on the main contradictions of that time.
The novel's writing method is modelled on "The Scholars" and has been developed, making full use of exaggeration, comic style and satirical techniques. only a few strokes will outline the character's voice and physical appearance. And the author also good at describing the details, so that the characters are vivid and evocative, with a strong artistic impact. Therefore, the subsequent imitation of the work is quite a lot, it become a great view.

==== 20 years witness strange present situation====
The Strange Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years was written by Wu Woyao(1866-1910), A total of 60 chapters. This is a long novel with autobiographical flavor.it through nearly 200 short stories that the protagonist hears and witnesses from the death of his father to his failure in business. it outlines the strange realities of late Qing society during the 20 years from the Sino-French War to the beginning of the 20th century.
The scope of social life is much broader than The Records of Officialdom Exposure. In addition to describing the officialdom, there are also involving the shopping malls, foreign markets, science fields, medical and astrological practices. It exposes the political situation, moral outlook, social customs, and human conditions of the increasingly colonized Chinese feudal society, and is of high cognitive value in helping readers to see the irreparable historical destiny of the late Qing society and feudal system.
The novel adopts the first-person narrative story, structured in a way that makes the reader feel intimate and trustworthy, setting a precedent in the history of Chinese fiction. The structure is also very clever: "nine deaths and a lifetime" is not only the narrator of the book story, but also the backbone of the structure of the book, and at the same time uses flashbacks, interpolations and other methods, combining it organically together, making the whole book complex and simple appropriate, muddle together.

==== Conclution====
As a result of the bourgeois reformists and democratic revolutionaries strongly advocated, the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty got unprecedented development, and a large number of influential novels emerged, forming a prosperous situation of the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty.The emergence of the "Four satirical novels" in the late Qing Dynasty is an important sign that The creation of Chinese novels has entered another prosperous period.

===Reference===
*[1]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B4%E8%B4%A3%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4/702907?fr=aladdin
*[2]二十年目睹之怪现状[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 吴趼人, 2012
*[3]老残游记[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 刘鹗, 2012
*[4]官场现形记[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 李宝嘉, 2012
*[5]孽海花[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 曾朴, 2012
*[6]四大谴责小说政治批判手法研究[J].李辉东,2017

===Terms and Expressions===
The Records of Officialdom Exposure 《官场现形记》

The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years 《二十年之目睹怪现象》

the Travels of an Old Man 《老残游记》

Nai Hai Hua 《孽海花》

The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty 晚清四大谴责小说

===Questions===
1、what are The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty ?

2、which novel is modeled the "The Scholars"?

3、what’s the common characteristic of these four novels?

4、what other satirical novels do you know?

===Answers===
1、They are Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua.

2、The Records of Officialdom Exposure

3、The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time.

4、E.g.The Scholars

==Shadow Play - Li Lili 李丽丽==
===Shadow Play Li Lili No.202070080594 MTI===
大标题+小标题+名字拼音+汉字+学号+专业，大标题应该涵盖小标题，比如文学，《红楼梦》...(可以直接在最上面一栏写哦，不必再写一栏）--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 15:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====The Origin of Shadow Play====
Shadow play has a long history from the written records. Legend has it that Madame Li, the wife of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu's yearning for her was so intense that he was in a trance and ignored the government's affairs all day. Minister Li Shaoweng went out one day when he came across a child playing with a doll in his hand, with its shadow being vivid，so he came up with an idea that he could cut the image of Mrs. Li from cotton and silk, painted it with color, and installed wooden poles on her hands and feet. After seeing it, Emperor Wu was glued to it and couldn't put it down. This love story is considered to be the earliest origin of shadow play. (Wei Liqun 2018,13)

Shadow play has a long history according to the written records. Legend has it that Empress Xiaowu, the wife of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu missed her so strongly that he was in a trance and ignored the government's affairs all day. One day, Minister Li Shaoweng went out and came across a child playing with a doll in his hand. The shadow of the doll was so vivid that he came up with an idea to cut the Mrs. Li's image out of cotton and silk, painted it, and installed wooden poles on its hands and feet. When Emperor Wu looked at it, it was like a treasure that he could not put down for a long time. This love story is considered to be the earliest origin of shadow play.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 01:29, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

There are also some views that shadow play originated in Xi'an of Tang Dynasty, however, it is worth discussing that although there were an variety of operas in the Tang Dynasty, yet there were no any records of shadow play mentioned in the Tang Dynasty. Up to now, the earliest shadow play we can see is recorded in Song Dynasty. Its rise and development is closely related to Bianjing’s (the capital of Northern Song Dynasty) superior geographical environment, the development of commodity trade and good commercial transportation at that time. (Wei Liqun 2018,14-15)

There are also some views that shadow play originated in Xi'an during the Tang Dynasty. However, it is worth discussing that although there were various operas in the Tang Dynasty, there is no record of any shadow plays in the Tang Dynasty. Up to now, the earliest record of shadow play that we can see is in Song Dynasty. Its rise and development were closely related to the superior geographical environment, the development of commodity trade and good commercial transportation at that time in Bianjing (the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty).--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 01:29, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====Introduction====
可以复制别人图片的格式，修改名字和来源即可--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)
[[File:shadow play.jpg|300px|thumb|right|]]

In Chinese ancient society, Chinese began to give performances using puppets against an illuminated screen. This is “shadow puppets”, also known as “lamp and shadow play”. It is considered as “precursor of movie” because it was the earliest moving part of form dubbed with human voice in the world. During a play, puppeteers hide behind the white screen and move puppets, while narrating the story, usually through singing. Performances are accompanied by musicians playing percussion and stringed instruments. A shadow puppet can perform actions such as “serving drinks”, “waving a sword and a spear,” or even “smoking” by puppeteer holding and moving manipulating rods on its body. (Wang Yexia 2012,1-2)

In ancient Chinese society, the Chinese people began to perform with puppets against a luminous screen. This was "shadow puppets", also known as "light and shadow play". It is considered the “predecessor of movie” because it was the earliest physical moving part in the world to be dubbed with human voices. In the play, puppeteers hide behind a white screen and move puppets while narrating the story, usually through singing. The performances are accompanied by musicians playing percussion and stringed instruments. Shadow puppets can perform actions such as “serving wine”, “waving a sword and dancing a spear,” and even “smoking” by the puppeteer holding and moving joysticks on its body.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Typically, a shadow puppet has three rods, some may have five or seven rods. It can create rich designs such as shadow puppets, animals and stage props, for example, buildings, imperial palaces, chariots, tables and chairs as well as weapons. It is so rich that it includes almost everything under the sun. It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools. The well-known ones include Tangshan Shadow Play in Hebei Province, Beijing Shadow Play as well as Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hunan Shadow Play. etc. (Wang Yexia 2012,2-3)

Typically, a shadow play has three poles, and some may have five or seven. It can create a rich variety of designs, for example shadow puppets, animals and stage props such as buildings, imperial palaces, chariots, tables and chairs as well as weapons. It is so rich that it includes almost everything under the sun. It incorporates traditional Chinese modeling and performing arts as well as the arts of painting, paper-cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the essence of local operas and folk songs and formed many genres. The well-known ones include Tangshan Shadow Play in Hebei Province, Beijing Shadow Play as well as Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hunan Shadow Play, etc.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

So how to make a puppet? First. Draw pictures of the various parts of the shadow puppets; second, finish carving with a knife and a hard board underneath the design; third, color the puppet with watercolor pens; forth, paint the body parts with a brush dipped in oil. This can make the puppet transparent and better reflect colors under the light.; fifth, connect joint sections with the cotton thread; sixth, make the manipulating rods; finally, attach the manipulating rods to the shadow puppet with cotton thread. Thanks to different manipulating rods moves, the shadow puppet has a life, and can show happiness, anger, sorrow and gladness. (Wang Yexia 2012,29-35)

So how do you make a puppet? Firstly, draw a picture of each part of the shadow puppet; secondly, finish the carving with a knife and put the hard board underneath the designed pattern; thirdly, color the puppet with watercolor pens; fourthly, paint the body parts with a brush dipped in oil paint. It can make the puppet transparent and better reflect colors under the light; fifthly, connect the joint sections with the cotton thread; sixthly, make the joysticks; finally, attach the joysticks to the shadow puppet with cotton thread. Due to the different movements of the joysticks, the shadow puppet has a life and can express joy, anger, sorrow and happiness.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The eyes and the eyebrows of a shadow puppet’s five facial features represent different personalities. The good and positive people are typical of a benevolent and kind countenance, with nice-looking eyebrows and eyes, while the villain or the general are ferocious look, with sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes. And the former are often concealed teeth and the latter are revealed teeth. The middle-aged people are short beard, but the elderly men are long beard. (Wang Yexia 2012,10-11)

The eyes and the eyebrows of the shadow puppet’s five facial features represent different personalities. A good and upright person is typically benevolent and kind with nice-looking eyebrows and eyes, while a villain or general is ferocious and evil-looking with sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes. And the former tends to hide their teeth and the latter show their teeth. The middle-aged people have short beards, while the elderly men have long beards.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The decorative designs on the shadow puppets are so important that they must match the character’s social status. In a shadow play, female characters are usually decorated with patters such as flowers, grass, clouds and phoenix, while male characters are often decorated with dragons, tigers, water and clouds. Shadows puppets look colorful under the light. To achieve a better visual effect, the translucent puppets need to be painted on both sides. The head of color can also represent different characters’ personalities. The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character and the representative is Guan Yu. The black is a sign of a just, honest and selfless personality and the representative is Zhang Fei. The yellow shows a brave and irascible character and are often used in fantasy plays to represent people with magic power. (Wang Yexia 2012,13-16)

The decorative patterns on the shadow puppets are so important that they must match the social status of characters. In a shadow play, female characters are usually decorated with patters such as flowers, grass, clouds and phoenixes, while male characters are often decorated with patterns such as dragons, tigers, water and clouds. The shadows puppets look colorful under the light. To achieve a better visual effect, translucent puppets need to be painted on both sides. The different colors of heads can also represent different characters’ personalities. Red is a symbol of heroic and upright character and the representative is Guan Yu. Black indicates a fair, honest and selfless character and the representative is Zhang Fei. Yellow shows a brave and irascible character and is often used in fantasy plays to represent people with magic powers.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====The Present Situation of Contemporary Shadow Play====
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, shadow play, as an art form, has undergone a series of reforms under the guidance of the Party's principles, including the organization of theatrical troupes, the compilation and creation of plays, the drawing and performing forms of shadow play. With the advent of the "Cultural Revolution", the prosperity of shadow play came to an abrupt end. The troupe was disbanded, the repertoire was banned, and the artists were transferred to other fields. A large number of precious shadow puppet props and documents were damaged. This situation, except for some places, lasted until 1976. (Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, shadow play, as an art form, has undergone a series of reforms under the guidance of the Party's principles, including the organization of theatrical troupes, the compilation and creation of scripts, the painting and performing forms of shadow play. With the advent of the "Cultural Revolution", the prosperity of shadow play came to an abrupt end. The troupe was disbanded, the repertoire was banned, and the artists were transferred to other fields. A large number of precious shadow puppet props and documents were damaged. This situation, with the exception of a few places, lasted until 1976.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:40, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", shadow puppet art revived rapidly, However, with the economic development being put in the first place of social activities and the popularity of television and the richness of artistic forms, shadow play is declining day by day with an irresistible trend, because shadow play arts are unable to keep pace with the times and get the appreciation from the audience. As a result, the prospect of shadow play art is becoming increasingly bleak. （Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）

After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", the art of shadow puppet was rapidly revived. However, as economic development was placed at the forefront of social activities with the popularity of television and the enrichment of art forms, shadow play is declining with an irresistible trend, because the art of shadow play are unable to keep pace with the times and be appreciated by the audience. As a result, the future of shadow play is becoming increasingly bleak.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

In order to inherit Chinese excellent culture and protect the ancient art forms such as shadow play. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first part of national intangible cultural heritage list. On November 27, 2011, UNESCO put Chinese shadow play on the "list of representative works of human intangible cultural heritage".（baidubaike）引用不规范--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:53, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

In order to inherit Chinese excellent culture and protect the ancient art forms such as shadow play. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On November 27, 2011, UNESCO included Chinese shadow play in the "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity".--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===
*Wang Yexia 王业霞.(2012). 《皮影戏》 [Shadow Play] 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: [Higher Education Publishing House]
*Wei Liqun 魏力群.(2018). 《小书大传承-皮影》["Small Book, Big Heritage - Shadow Play"] 重庆：重庆出版社 Chongqing: [Chongqing Publishing House]
*Zhu Hengfu 朱恒夫.(2020) 中国皮影戏的历史，现状与剧目特征[The History, Current Situation and Repertoire Characteristics of Chinese Shadow Theatre] 浙江艺术职业学院学报 [Journal of Zhejiang Arts Vocational College]
*https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9A%AE%E5%BD%B1%E6%88%8F/23224?fr=aladdin

===Words and Expressions===
*shadow puppet皮影戏
*paper cutting 剪纸
*ventriloquism 口技
*manipulating rod 操纵杆
*five facial features 五官
*sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes 尖眉杏眼
*Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
*intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

===Questions===
*1.When is the earliest shadow puppet’s record?
*2.What art of forms do shadow play use?
*3. What does a red head stand for in a play?
*4.When is it put on the list of intangible cultural heritage".

===Answers===
*1.Song dynasty.
*2.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools.
*3.The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character.
*4. On November 27, 2011.

==Confucian Culture - Li Liqin 李丽琴 Student No.202070080595 MTI ==

=== Confucian Culture ===

==== Introduction ====

Confucian school is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and composed by Xunzi. Today, it still retains a certain vitality. Confucian school takes Confucianism as its guiding ideology whose central ideas are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 31)

Confucian school was on an equal footing with the other hundred schools in the pre-Qin period. After the First Emperor of Qin, also called Qin Shihuang, burned books and buried scholars alive, the development of the Confucian school suffered a serious defeat. Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's advice of "banishing other schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism only" and imposed restrictions on thought, which led to the revival of Confucian school. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 20) The concepts of "Confucian school", "Confucianism", and "Confucian Religion" should be distinguished since Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism a social stratification, and Confucian religion belief. (Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 2017, 60-61)

Laozi founded Chinese Taoist school; Confucius started Chinese Confucian school; Sun Tzu initiated Chinese military strategist school; Mozi was the founder of Mohism in the early Warring States. Confucianism contributes to guiding the code of conduct and constructing social order; Taoism focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalism serves the system construction of national political management; the concepts of Universal Love and utilitarianism are two cornerstones for the Mohism. The General Unity idea of Confucianism has played an important role in the unification of a nation, the enhancement of national cohesion and the integration of cultural values. (Tan Su 2012, 68)

After more than two thousand years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, involving politics, education, morality, ethics, code of conduct, life skills and other aspects. It has cultivated the wisdom and soul of the Chinese people throughout the history, and formed deep-rooted set patterns of thinking, psychology and survival. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42-43)

After more than 2,000 years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, covering politics, education, morality and ethics, codes of conduct, life skills and many other aspects.It has long nurtured the wisdom and mind of the Chinese people and formed a fixed modes of thinking, psychology and survival, which are deeply rooted in the nation.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 03:49, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==== Analysis of Confucian Culture ====

===== Intelligence Development =====

Confucius is a great educator, as well as a pioneer and practitioner of mass education. After Confucianism was established as a dominant culture, both the rulers and the public respected the teachings of the sage and attached great importance to education. In this context, a basic requirement is to stay highly cultured and steeped in propriety. After the Emperor Wen initiated the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, those who are good scholars could make an official, which inspired students of poor families to change their lives by studying hard and diligent. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 19)

Confucius is a great educator, as well as a pioneer and practitioner of mass education. After Confucianism was established as the dominant culture, both the rulers and the public respected the teachings of the sage and attached great importance to education, and '''being educated and sensible''' became a basic requirement. After the Emperor Wen initiated the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, those who are good scholars could make an official, which inspired students of poor families to change their lives by studying hard and diligent. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 19)--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 03:59, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

For generations, the Chinese people have attached great importance to the education of their children, which is conducive to the improvement of the thinking ability of the whole nation. However, the corrupt of bureaucracy and the darkness of officialdom in metaphase and anaphase made many literati feel despairing about official career and discredit about the concept. In addition, the Four Books and Five Classics were the main learning content of Confucianism. Apart from government-run schools, private schools and self-study can hardly meet the requirements of the Six Classical Arts. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 21) Therefore, the Four Books and Five Classics were the focus of students, while the Six Classical Arts were not highly valued.

=====Spiritual Guidance =====

In terms of spirit, Confucianism contends that "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue." (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 86) Benevolent people love each other, which reflects the essence of “Unity of Man and Nature” and also the most brilliant connotation of Confucianism. This philosophy calls for people’s active contributions to the society. It is still alive in modern times, and is the fundamental requirement of people's spiritual orientation in the future. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32)

=====Order Construction =====

In the age of barbarism and backwardness, a common feature was that a small number of people used power and force to suppress and enslave the majority, thus resulting in labor division and unfair distribution of wealth and generating corresponding social hierarchy and concepts. Given the fact that Confucianism developed in the transitional period of feudal society, the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius were rooted in the idealist view of destiny and did not break the shackles of social hierarchy. In addition, they even advocated the distinguish between the noble and the humble and highlighted the importance of hierarchy division. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

In this context, the benevolence they advocated had great limitations in political management. The public could not be treated equally in terms of political status. Instead, the so-called benevolence calls for improvement of the living conditions of the public and more benefits from the ruling class. However, its purpose was to maintain social order and reconcile social contradictions. This is also the root cause of feudal rulers’ favoring of Confucianism. In essence, Confucianism did not promote social equality, instead, it worked to maintain the unequal feudal hierarchy that aggravated servitude. In fact, after a long history of feudal rule, the sense of hierarchy would be part of the national psyche. With the progress of times and civilization, the view of destiny and the thought of social order have become psychological shackles of the Chinese people. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

In this context, the benevolence they advocated had great limitations in political management. The public could not be treated equally in terms of political status. Instead, the so-called benevolence calls for improvement of the living conditions of the public and more benefits from the ruling class. However, its purpose was to maintain social order and reconcile social contradictions. This is the fundamental reason why Confucianism was so popular with the feudal rulers,
Instead of promoting social equality, it worked to maintain an unequal and slavish feudal hierarchy. Indeed, after a long period of feudal rule, the sense of hierarchy would enslave the national psyche. With the progress of times and civilization, Confucianism's view of the Mandate of Heaven and the ruling ideology of social order have becme a psychological yoke that enslaved the people.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:33, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

After eliminating the ideology of feudal hierarchy and formalism, some philosophies of Confucianism still generate positive effects on modern society. Specifically, the spirit of benevolence and universal love is conducive to cultivate people’s spirits; the concept of “the country belongs to the public” reflects a sense of social responsibility to make contributions for society, which can be expanded into a sharing social and political philosophy for different countries. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 33)

Filial piety and brotherhood increase the harmony and stability of family; Loyalty, faithfulness, propriety and forgiveness are conducive to the relationship between different countries, societies and people. "Loyalty" means that people should stay loyal to the country and people; "Friendliness" and "forgiveness" play an important role in resolving various contradictions and animosities; when it comes to "filial piety" and "propriety", many redundant forms inherited from feudal society should be eradicated and be more practical. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-41)

====The Contemporary Value of Confucian Culture ====

Today, Confucian culture is still of great significance. We must explore the value of Confucian culture on the basis of the excellent tradition of the Chinese nation and by combining the characteristics of the times with and the actual situation. The Confucian culture has affected Chinese more than two thousand years and gone deep into each aspect of Chinese society. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39)

=====Ideological and Political Education =====

Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy, and it places a high priority on human value and dignity. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 51-57) Over the years, the Chinese nation has been influenced by this excellent philosophy. On this occasion, its behavioral pattern and psychological structure are endowed with uniqueness, which is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is to respect yourself, learn how to love and care yourself. Moreover, gain dignity and achieve the development of human value through the continuous improvement of moral cultivation. Second, respect others and show respect for others' personality by respecting, understanding and caring for others. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-40)

===== Modern Economic Construction=====

Under today’s circumstance, some ideological contents are still alive and produce positive effects on promoting the economic construction of modernization and fostering modern patriotism emotion of the Chinese people. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

First of all, Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

Since Confucian culture reflects a collectivist view on life, individuals are full of sense of duty and responsibility towards others and groups. In this context, their self-cultivation targets at regulating the family, country and the world. Thus, the value of individual is closely linked with the rise and fall of the country, so they have a strong sense of responsibility. "Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country" has been a common belief for thousands of years. Such a social responsibility will give rise to a huge driving force for the development of the country and society. (Tan Su 2012, 68)

Second, the consciousness of "self-improvement" and the proposition of "seeking truth" in the Confucian culture strengthen the national spirit and provide a source power for China’s economic modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 66)

Yi Zhuan put forward: "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.’’ It means that continuous development is the law of nature and that a gentleman should pursue progress and be strong, unyielding resilient and positive. For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has formed a fine tradition of working hard and striving for strength under the influence of these thoughts. Today, we carry forward the spirits of “self-improvement” and "seeking truth" in ways that further enhance national spirits and provide a strong driving force for the socialist modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

Third, the "reform and innovation" concept in Confucian culture is conducive to the expansion of the reform and opening up and the acceleration of China's socialist modernization. On the basis of admitting the fact that the continuous development is the universal law of nature, Confucian culture puts forward the "innovation idea". The Book of Rites said, "If you can in one day renovate yourself; do so from day to day and let there be daily renovation." The Book of Changes said, "Reform refers to destroy the old, while innovation means to establish the new.” (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

The concept is not only serves as the theoretical basis for reform and innovation throughout the history, but also provides valuable lessons for the reform in socialist economic and political systems today. Domestically, promoting the innovative spirits can greatly enhance the reform consciousness of the Chinese people. Externally, it is conducive to advancing the opening up by leveraging the global influence of Confucian culture. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

The concept '''has not only served''' as theoretical basis for reformers in the past, but also provides valuable lessons for the reform in socialist economic and political systems today. Domestically, '''by promoting the "innovative" spirit of Confucianism''', we can greatly enhance the reform consciousness of the Chinese people; externally, by using the influence of Confucianism in the world, we can help promote opening up to the outside world.(Li Chengzong 2002, 67)--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 06:42, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===== Legal Construction =====

Confucian culture places a high priority on personal cultivation, while a highly civilized society under the rule of law must be composed of highly educated citizens. Confucian school, a school with thousands of years of history in China, has become an integral part of the Chinese culture. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33)

Nowadays, since China has called for the policy of combining the rule of virtue with the rule of law, it is the time for Confucian culture to find its historical position and fully play its role. Exploring the influence of Confucian culture on the construction of contemporary Chinese rule by law, not only can we help us more deeply understand the traditional culture, but also can promote the process of building the rule of law in contemporary China. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33)

The rule by virtue thought is an important part of Confucian culture and it emphasizes the importance of moral education. It is a national strategy pursued by ancient Chinese rulers and a method of national governance embodying reference significance in today’s China. (Wei Na 2014, 1-2)

In terms of national governance, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of morality, believing that national governance should not mainly rely on harsh punishment, instead, moral education should be applied to reform people. Confucius said, "By governing with virtue, rulers will be loved by the public, just like stars surround the North Star." By comparing rulers to the North Star and people to the stars, Confucius emphasized the importance of moral governance. (Wang Jie 2004, 77)

How to rule by virtue? First of all, rulers should pay attention to their personal cultivation and develop good moral characters, so that they can set a good example for the public. Only when officials and common people obey the ruler sincerely, can a good social atmosphere be formed. Secondly, since Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core and calls for the rule of virtue, many people subconsciously believe that Confucianism denies the role of criminal law and that Confucian culture does not call for the rule of law. (Wang Jie 2004, 82-83)

How to rule by virtue? First of all, rulers should pay attention to their personal cultivation and develop good moral '''qualities in order to play an exemplary and leading role'''. Only when officials and common people obey the ruler sincerely, can a good social atmosphere be formed. Secondly, since Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core and calls for the rule of virtue, many people subconsciously believe that Confucianism denies the role of criminal law and that Confucian culture does not call for the rule of law. (Wang Jie 2004, 82-83) --[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:40, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

In fact, this is not the case. While Confucianism advocates the rule of virtue, it also emphasizes the supplementary role of rule of law. Confucius said, "Sages believe that national governance must combine the rule of virtue and law." That is to say, if people are governed by systems and laws, they seek for impunity but lack of conscience; however, if they are guided by morality and etiquette, they will have a sense of right and wrong and will impose strict requirements on themselves. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

In a word, we should clearly realize that, although Confucian culture is an excellent traditional culture in China, it was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. Under this circumstance, we must analyse Confucian culture dialectically and explore the value of Confucian culture. At the same time, we should discard the bad habits and unfavorable factors left by it, so as to better carry forward our traditional culture and accelerate the construction of the rule of law in contemporary China. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

====The Confucius Institute ====

With the improvement of China's international status and the increasingly extensive international exchanges, Chinese culture has won wider foreign attention and the world is more eager to learn and understand the Chinese culture. The Confucius Institute project, founded in 2004, emerges in response to the call of the times. Today, Confucius Institutes have spread throughout Asia, Africa, The Americas, Europe and Oceania. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)

As China's international status continues to rise and international contacts become more widespread, Chinese culture is gaining more and more attention overseas. The demand for Chinese language learning and understanding of Chinese culture has grown dramatically around the world. The Confucius Institute project, founded in 2004, emerges in this context. Today, Confucius Institutes have spread throughout Asia, Africa, The Americas, Europe and Oceania. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:43, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Fundamentally speaking, its is conducive to the "going out" of Chinese culture since language is an important carrier of Chinese culture. It is of positive significance to the construction of China's national image, the promotion of China's international influence, the realization of wider international communication. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)

The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Today, countries are committed to spreading their own language and culture, so there is a fierce competition in international cultural promotion. In addition, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31)

At present, Confucius Institutes are prevalent all over the world, but the promotion strategy seeking for quantity and speed results in a serious shortage of teachers capable of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. According to statistics, there is a global shortage of at least five million TCSL teachers. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31)

Secondly, the lack of high-quality and localized teaching materials for Chinese has also become a bottleneck for the development of Confucius Institutes. The shortage of Chinese textbooks affects the depth of cultural communication of Confucius Institutes directly. Thirdly, Confucius Institutes are not capable of spreading the ideological depth of the Chinese culture. Although the textbooks are rich in content, they mainly focus on promoting folk culture by introducing Chinese food, tea and wine, traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Meanwhile, they rarely involve the ideological essence of traditional Chinese culture and the modern value of Chinese culture. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 32)

The Confucius Institutes should fully explore the modern significance of Confucianism and cast the quintessence of Chinese culture, and strengthen the spread of the core idea of Chinese culture and its modern cultural value. The connotation of Chinese culture is very rich. What Confucius Institutes should spread is not all the contents of Chinese culture, but the contents with universal value that are different from other countries and represent the essence of Chinese culture. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42)

====Terms and Expressions ====

儒家 Confucian school

儒学 Confucianism

儒教 Confucian religion

兼爱 Universal love

恕、忠、孝、悌、勇 forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage

仁、义、礼、智、信 benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith

学而优则仕 A good scholar will make an official

四书五经 the Four Books and Five Classics

天行健，君子当自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue.

天下兴亡，匹夫有责 Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country

====Questions ====

1. What’s the central ideas of Confucian culture?

2. What’s the difference among Confucian school, Confucianism and Confucian religion?

3. What do you think of the relationship between Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school, Legalist school?

4. What’s the Six Classical Arts?

5. What you think of the ancient influence of Confucianism?

6. Do you think Confucian culture still has its contemporary values in China? And why?

7. What do you think of the current situation of the development of the Confucian institute?

====Answers====

1. The central ideas of Confucian culture are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith.

2. Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism is a social stratification, and Confucian is a religion belief.

3. Confucian school emphasizes the code of conduct and the social order construction; Taoist school focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalist school serves the system construction of national political management; Mohist school emphasizes Universal Love and utilitarianism. Although Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school and Legalist school are different schools with different theories, they are not completely antagonistic.

4. The Six Classical Arts refers to propriety(礼), music（乐）, archery（射）, riding（御）, writing（书） and arithematic（数）.

5. The ancient influence of Confucianism should be analysed from a historical perspective. It was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. While contributing to intelligence development, spiritual guidance and order construction to some extent, it has also led to some negative effects in the long run. For example, it called for rigid feudal hierarchy and resulted in spiritual constraints.

6. Yes. Although Confucian culture has a history of thousands of years, it still has contemporary values in today's society. For instance, Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy and places a high priority on human value and dignity, which is still of profound significance; Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy.

7. The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Nowadays, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. Joint efforts of all social sectors should be made to achieve the sustainable development of it.

====References====

Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 陈智斌, 杜艾红. (2017). 儒学、儒家、儒教之异同 [The Differences and Similarities of Confucian School, Confucianism and Confucian Religion]. ''审计月刊'' Audit Monthly. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Li Chenzong 李承宗. (2002). 论儒家文化对培养现代爱国主义情感的积极作用 [On the Positive Effects of Confucian Culture on Cultivating Patriotism]. ''廊坊师范学院学报'' Journal of Langfang Teachers College. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Li Fangping 李芳萍. (2013). 儒家思想对中国文化的影响研究 [A Study on the Influence of Confucianism on Chinese Culture]. ''前沿'' Forward Position.'''[The pages are not given]'''

Li Xiaoyu 李晓愚. (2010). 儒家仁爱思想的当代诠释 [Contemporary Interpretation of Benevolence]. ''郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Zhengzhou University. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Tan Su 谭苏. (2012). 论春秋战国时期的百家争鸣 [On the Competition of Ideas in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period]. ''兰台世界'' Lantai World. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Wang Jie 王杰. (2004). 为政以德: 孔子的德治主义治国模式 [Rule of Virtue: Confucian’s Model of Governance]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 吴瑛, 提文静. (2009). 孔子学院的发展现状与问题分析 [The Development Status and Problems of Confucius Institute]. ''云南师范大学学报 (对外汉语教学与研究版)'' Journal of Yunnan Normal University. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Xiang Chunling 向春玲. (2008). 儒家文化的现代意义 [On Modern Significance of Confucian Culture]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C． '''[The pages are not given]'''

Zhang Qizhi 张岂之. (1990). ''中国儒学思想史'' [The History of Chinese Confucianism]. 陕西：陕西人民出版社 Shaanxi: Shaanxi People’s Publishing House. '''[The pages are not given]'''--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ch'ien Chung-shu - Liu Liu刘柳， 202070080596 MTI==

====Ch'ien Chung-shu====

Ch'ien Chung-shu (1910-1998), a well-known scholar, writer, translator and literary researcher, was born into an education family in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. In Chinese academic circles, Qian was ranked with Rao Zongyi, a master in academic circles, and both were called "South Rao and North Qian". He was admitted to Tsinghua University in 1929 and got to know Yang Jiang in 1932. Qian became famous soon after the enrolment, not only for the 15 mark of his mathematics, but for his excellent Chinese and English, especially full marks in English. Qian had an engagement with Yang the year after their acquaintance and went to study at Oxford University in England along with her. In 1937, he obtained the bachelor's degree from Oxford with the treatise ''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', and his daughter Qian Yuan was born the same year. He wrote a great many profound literary works in his lifetime. When it comes to Ch'ien Chung-shu, people would think of his representative work ''Fortress Besieged'', which was published in 1947.

As a realistic satirical novel, ''Fortress Besieged'' is known as "The New Scholars" in the 1940s. The novel is centralized on Fang Hongjian,who returned from studying abroad at the beginning of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It depicts the struggles in love, marriage,career and life of a group of intellectuals who were far away from the times and the people during the War of Resistance against Japanese Agression. It reveals their inner poverty, emptiness and lowliness, criticizes the dark reality of the Kuomintang-controlled areas, and reveals the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life. In the preface of the book, Qian said that, "In this book I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modern China. In writing about these people, I didn’t forget they are human beings, still human beings with the basic nature of hairless, two-legged animals. "The novel is like an X-ray mirror that reveals the deformed characters and ugly souls of those "hairless and two-legged animals" and analyzes the cultural matrix which is responsible for the deformed characters and ugly souls of these "latest style" literati. Yang Jiang said, "The main connotation of ''Fortress Besieged'' is that those who are besieged by the city want to escape, while those outside want to rush in. This is what most people wish for in life, whether in marriage or career. "The meaning of "fortress besieged" is also stated several times in the novel. It tells people that life is a besieged city everywhere, people have marriage and divorce, divorce and marriage in endless succession,with everlasting confusion and dilemma. The questions that Qian raised in the novel refer to a question of universal significance, which is the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life as a whole. In December 1990, the television series ''Fortress Besieged'' was broadcast on China Central Television(CCTV) and enjoyed great popularity.

Ch'ien Chung-shu has made significant achievements in literary research and literary creation. In particular, it is of great significance to carry forward and deny traditional Chinese culture scientifically and learn from foreign culture selectively. He has wrote the collection of essays ''Written in the Margins of Life''(1941), the collection of short stories ''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts''(1946), and the novel ''Fortress Besieged''(1947). Both his essays and novels are wise and meaningful. Qian has read Chinese history, philosophy and literary classics in depth and has studied western old and new literature, philosophy and psychology. Many of his works, such as ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideaas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', have enjoyed high reputation in academic circles both at home and abroad.

Ch'ien Chung-shu viewd China and the world with a cultural criticism spirit. Based on his profound knowledge of Chinese and world culture, Qian has always shown a clear mind and a deep insight when observing Chinese and Western culture. He didn't reject any theories or doctrines, nor did he blindly follow any authorities. He devoted his life to promoting Chinese literature and art to the world. To this end, he not only explicated the profound meaning and unique value of Chinese culture in depth, but also pointed out its historical and regional limitations. He not only criticized the Chinese for their arrogance towards the local culture due to certain illusions, but also mercilessly eliminated the Westerners' prejudice centered on European and American culture due to ignorance. It is Ch'ien Chung-shu who has promoted cultural communication between China and other countries.

November 21st,2020 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu. People often call him a well-informed scholar, but he is more of a down-to-earth writer and scholar. He was indifferent to fame and wealth and alaways took a rigorous and serious attitude towards academic research. We feel ourselves in an entirely new world when we read the subtle metaphors in ''Fortress Besieged'', while we read ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', we are amazed at Qian's erudition. People all over the world admire his talent, but in fact,it is his meticulous and diligent reading spirit that makes him a well-informed scholar. Many of his life experiences and the question of whether his scholarship was systematic or not have attracted much attention. Wang Shuizhao, professor of Chinese Department of Fudan University, who has studied and worked with Ch'ien Chung-shu for a long time, has recently published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'', in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements based on the first-hand historical data, his personal experiences and his own understanding of academia, and gives answers to the questions discueesed widely, such as Qian's experience of being falsely accused, whether there exists system in his scholarship and the collision of viewpoints between Qian and Chen Yinke.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:20, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

====Terms and Expressions====

''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries'' 《十七十八世纪英国文学中的中国》

''Fortress Besieged'' 《围城》

Kuomintang-controlled areas 国统区

''Written in the Margins of Life'' 《写在人生边上》

''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts'' 《人·兽·鬼》

''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' 《管锥编》

''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'' 《谈艺录》

the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu 钱钟书诞辰110周年纪念日

''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu '' 《钱钟书的学术人生》

====Questions====

1.What is Ch'ien Chung-shu's representative work? When was it published?

2.When was the TV series ''Fortress Besieged'' broadcast?

3.Do you know other works about Ch'ien Chung-shu? Can you list some of them?

4.Which book did Wang Shuizhao publish in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu? What does he talk about in this book?

5.Which sentence is your favoriate in ''Fortress Besieged''?

===Answers===

1.Ch'ien Chung-shu's representive work is ''Fortress Besieged''. It was published in 1947.

2.It was broadcast in December 1990.

3.''Patchwork:Seven Essays on Art and Literature''（《七缀集》） and ''Poetic Remains of an Ephemeral Life''（《槐聚诗存》）.

4.Wang Shuizhao published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'' in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu, in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements.

5."I want to be able to occupy the whole life of the man I love. Before meeting me, he would have had no past and would be waiting for me with a clean slate."

===References===

--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:00, 13 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:20, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧， 202070080597，MTI==
大标题+小标题+名字拼音+汉字+学号+专业--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC)
'''相声 Crosstalk'''

===The Development of Crosstalk===

Crosstalk, in the ancient time was known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate others’ voices. It was evolved and further developed from the folk opera in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China (1912-1949), crosstalk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to one person stand-up talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it developed into stand-up crosstalk, dual crosstalk, and group crosstalk. And become a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual crosstalk has finally become the most popular form of crosstalk among audiences.In the late Qing Dynasty, crosstalk formed its modern features and styles. The language uses in crosstalk is mainly Beijing dialect, however, there are also “dialect crosstalk” in other regions of China. (360 Encyclopedia)

Crosstalk, in the ancient time known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate others’ voices. It was evolved and further developed from the folk opera in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China (1912-1949), crosstalk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to one person stand-up talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it developed into stand-up crosstalk, dual crosstalk, and group crosstalk. And it becomes a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual crosstalk has finally become the most popular form of crosstalk among audiences. In the late Qing Dynasty, crosstalk formed its modern features and styles. The language uses in crosstalk is mainly Beijing dialect, however, there are also “dialect crosstalk” in other regions of China. (360 Encyclopedia)夹注应在句号前。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Crosstalk is a original folk art in China, with a long historical tradition, deeply loved by the majority of the people. The once-dead crosstalk art has been reborn and developed very rapidly especially since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. It is no longer confined to several cities in the north, nor spread only within the citizens, but also spread from the north to the whole country, from the city to the countryside, and from the citizens to all strata. (Hou Baolin, 1982:01)

Crosstalk is a original folk art in China, with a long historical tradition, deeply loved by the majority of the people 这句话语法错误--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC) . The once-dead crosstalk art has been reborn and developed very rapidly especially since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. It is no longer confined to several cities in the north, nor spread only within the citizens, but also spread from the north to the whole country, from the city to the countryside, and from the citizens to all strata 这句话关联词不完整， spread主谓注意一致，注意逗号的使用以及夹注在句号前。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). (Hou Baolin, 1982:01)

===Four Basic Skills in Crosstalk===

Speaking, imitating, teasing and singing are the four basic artistic skills of crosstalk. “Speaking” means to tell jokes, stories, lantern riddles, drinking games, etc; “imitating” is to imitate all kinds of birds and animals, hawking, singing and the sound of different languages, etc; “teasing” is to gag and tease; “sing” means to sing Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity, so they are called Taiping) (1982:194), opera lyrics and songs. Crosstalk artists regard “speaking, imitating, teasing and singing” as their “four compulsory lessons”. For example, by saying “tongue twisters” or “reciting classical repertoires” to grasp the rhythm in language and correct the pronunciation. By learning all kinds of sounds to gain the ability to imitate. To practice singing skills by singing “Taiping lyrics” , opera lyrics and songs. (Hou Baolin, 1982:11)

Speaking, imitating, teasing and singing are the four basic artistic skills of crosstalk. “Speaking” means to tell jokes, stories, lantern riddles, drinking games, etc; “imitating” is to imitate all kinds of birds and animals, hawking, singing and the sound of different languages, etc; “teasing” is to gag and tease; “sing” means to sing Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity, so they are called Taiping) (1982:194)作者？--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC), opera lyrics and songs. Crosstalk artists regard “speaking, imitating, teasing and singing” as their “four compulsory lessons”. For example, by saying “tongue twisters” or “reciting classical repertoires” to grasp the rhythm in language and correct the pronunciation 不是一个完整的句子。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). By learning all kinds of sounds to gain the ability to imitate不是一个完整的句子。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). To practice singing skills by singing “Taiping lyrics” , opera lyrics and songs不是一个完整的句子。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). (Hou Baolin, 1982:11)

===Characteristics of Crosstalk===

First of all, crosstalk is the art of “speaking”, which belongs to the art of “performing with words”, it is different from drama that “performing with body movements” 出现了两个句子，无连接词。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). This kind of performance has a close relationship between the actors and the audience and shortened the distance between the stage and the audience. The actors directly communicate with the audience and perform with the audience's cooperation and tacit understanding to obtain artistic effect. In this sense, crosstalk is a collective performance of actors and audiences. From the perspective of the audience, they are not standing on the opposite side of the actors and appreciating the stage performance passively and objectively, but creating artistic images with the actors. (Hou Baolin. 1982:02)

First of all, crosstalk is the art of “speaking”, which belongs to the art of “performing with words”, it is different from drama that “performing with body movements” 出现了两个句子，无连接词。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). This kind of performance has a close relationship between the actors and the audience and shortened the distance between the stage and the audience. The actors directly communicate with the audience and perform with the audience's cooperation and tacit understanding to obtain artistic effect. In this sense, crosstalk is a collective performance of actors and audiences. From the perspective of the audience, they are not standing on the opposite side of the actors and appreciating the stage performance passively and objectively, but creating artistic images with the actors. (Hou Baolin. 1982:02)参考格式(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) --[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Secondly, crosstalk is the art of laughter. Crosstalk uses laughter as a weapon to expose contradictions, shape characters and evaluate life. Without laughter, it can constitute any other arts, but not crosstalk and comedy. In other words, crosstalk has the characteristics of humor and satire. It reflects that life is not flat, but exaggerated and even deformed. China has a long tradition of satirizing emperors or high rank officials, its written record could be traced back to the Zhou (1046BC-256BC) and Qin (221BC-207BC) Dynasties. Satire is the product of class oppression. China has been in a feudalistic society for a long time, without political democracy and freedom of speech, the people often take circuitous methods to fight against the ruling class. Satirical art is like a weed under a boulder. Only through deformation and roundabout can this kind of art maintain to exist. (Hou Baolin. 1982:03)

Secondly, crosstalk is the art of laughter. Crosstalk uses laughter as a weapon to expose contradictions, shape characters and evaluate life. Without laughter, it can constitute any other arts, but not crosstalk and comedy. In other words, crosstalk has the characteristics of humor and satire. It reflects that life is not flat, but exaggerated and even deformed. China has a long tradition of satirizing emperors or high rank officials, its written record could be traced back to the Zhou (1046BC-256BC) and Qin (221BC-207BC) Dynasties 没有连接词--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). Satire is the product of class oppression. China has been in a feudalistic society for a long time, without political democracy and freedom of speech, the people often take circuitous methods to fight against the ruling class没有连接词--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). Satirical art is like a weed under a boulder. Only through deformation and roundabout can this kind of art maintain to exist. (Hou Baolin. 1982:03)

“Speaking” and “laughing” constitute the basic outline of cross talk art, which is a language performance art with comedy style. “Speaking”, as a kind of rap art, establishes the mode of crosstalk art, which is distinguished from drama art. “Laughing” is the artistic characteristics of crosstalk, which distinguishes it from other rap art forms. These two characteristics are interdependent and complementary. (Hou Baolin. 1982:04)

Crosstalk belongs to the art of drama, but it is different from comedy. In comedy, the laughter of audience mainly comes from plot and comic characters, while in crosstalk it mainly comes from “baofu” (jokes). Sometimes it relies on the plot, sometimes it is not needed, but win the applaud of audience by the charm of language. “Baofu” must be expressed in the way of “dialogue” and “chatting” between the actors . (Hou Baolin. 1982:04)

===Famous Artists of CrossTalk===

In Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) and Emperor Guangxu (1875—1908) periods, Zhu Shaowen (stage name “Qiong Bupa, which means not afraid of poverty”) was regarded as the “ancestor”of crosstalk art. Other famous crosstalk artists including Hou Baolin(1917-1993), a pioneering master of crosstalk. In his 60 years of art career, he has devoted himself to the research and development of crosstalk art and brought laughter to the audience. Under his leadership and promotion, crosstalk art has really entered thousands of households and reached a remarkable artistic peak. His crosstalk works including Drama Talks, Drunkenness and etc. Ma Sanli (1914-2003) is the son of the crosstalk actor Ma Delu. Ma Sanli devoted himself to the exploration of long-term artistic practice, and created the unique “Ma’s Style of Crosstalk”. He was the oldest, most experienced and most accomplished crosstalk leader in the cross-talk circle at that time. So was deeply loved and respected by all walks of life and the audience. Ma's cross talk enjoys wide popularity among the people. In Tianjin, it was a saying that “no branches of crosstalk did not learn from Ma”. His representative works including “Eating Yuanxiao(dumpling)”, “Selling Tickets” and “the Yellow Crane Tower” . Other famous crosstalk artists include Zhang Yongxi, Liu Baorui, Hou Yaowen, Jiang Kun, Feng Gong, Niu Qun and Guo Degang. (Baijiahao, 2018 )

===Terms and Expressions===

speaking, imitating, teasing and singing 说学逗唱

Taiping lyrics 太平歌词

Baofu 包袱

Drama Talks 《戏剧杂谈》

Drunkenness 《醉酒》

Selling Tickets 《卖挂票》

===Questions===

1.When did crosstalk form its format?

2.What is Taiping lyrics?

3.Who was regarded as the “ancestor”of crosstalk art ?

4.What are the four basic skills of crosstalk?

===Answers===

1.It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty.

2.Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity) is the content to be sang in the crosstalk.

3.Zhu Shaowen.

4.They are speaking, imitating, teasing and singing.

===References===

1.Hou Baolin，Xue Baokun，1982，《相声溯源》，People's Education Press

2.https://cul.sohu.com/20090619/n264630449.shtml

3.https://baike.so.com/doc/1925383-2037001.html

4.https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1590742532351773378

注意参考文献格式：
Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. 智库时代 Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
Go 围棋--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
===GO - Liu Yi 刘艺 202070080640 MTI===
Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board with one's stones than the opponent[1]. As the game progresses, the players position stones on the board to map out formations and potential territories. Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones.[2]

A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board. One or more liberties enclosed within a group is called an eye, and a group with two or more eyes cannot be captured, even if surrounded.[3] Such groups are said to be unconditionally alive.

The general strategy is to expand one's territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (groups that can be killed), and always stay mindful of the "life status" of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties (and/or better "shape") will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go.

Players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for komi) wins the game.

In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish positions (or "bases") in the corners and around the sides of the board. These bases help to quickly develop strong shapes which have many options for life (self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start in the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called "joseki" and are often studied independently.

"Dame" are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. "Seki" are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. A "ko" (Chinese and Japanese: 劫) is a repeated-position shape that may be contested by making forcing moves elsewhere. After the forcing move is played, the ko may be "taken back" and returned to its original position.[30] Some "ko fights" may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as "picnic kos" when only one side has a lot to lose. The Japanese call it a hanami (flower-viewing) ko.

Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rule-sets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions.

Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go:
• Rule 1 (the rule of liberty) states that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open "point" (an intersection, called a "liberty") directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point ("liberty") next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
• Rule 2 (the "ko rule") states that the stones on the board must never repeat a previous position of stones. Moves which would do so are forbidden, and thus only moves elsewhere on the board are permitted that turn.
Almost all other information about how the game is played is a heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the game is played, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rule-sets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game.[4]
Although there are some minor differences between rule-sets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game.

Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.

The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their colour on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid but for beginners, or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular.[5] The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first, unless black is given a handicap of two stones or more (in which case, white plays first). The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on, except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured. A player may also pass, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored.

===Terms and Expressions===
Go 围棋 heuristic 启发式的
adversarial game 对抗性游戏 intersection 交叉点
board 棋盘 black 黑棋
formation 阵型 white 白棋
move 走棋 scoring rule 计分规则
liberty 自由度 player 棋手

===Questions===
1, What’s the basic principle of Go?

2,Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, What are other two essential rules in Go？

3, What countries have the most notable scoring rules differences?--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===
1, A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board.

2,The rule of liberty and the "ko rule".

3, Most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===
[1]Matthews, Charles (2004). Teach Yourself Go. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-142977-1.

[2]NRICH Team, Going First, University of Cambridge, retrieved 2007-06-16

[3]Iwamoto, Kaoru (1977). Go for Beginners. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-73331-9.

[4]British Go Association, Comparison of some go rules, retrieved 2007-12-20

[5]Kim, Janice; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997). Learn to Play Go. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press. ISBN 978-0-9644796-1-6.

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜,202070080598 MTI--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 08:21, 14 December 2020 (UTC)==

===The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China===
It is said that there were four most beautiful women in ancient times, and corresponding to that, it is worth mentioning that there were four most attractive men at that time.Despite that we consider these four men as attractive, this refers to more than just their appearance. They have a common feature: it proves that while their appearance is marvelous, they are also outstanding in literature. Namely, as a Chinese saying goes, they are endowed with both beauty and talent.

These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

The allusion of “throwing fruit to fill a carriage” originates from Pan An, which resembles movie fans nowadays to see their idols. There is a comment on Pan An’s appearance: "No more and no less." The history books also describe Pan An with three words “good-looking, well-mannered, and graceful”. Although these did not describe Pan An’s appearance in details, such as eyebrows and eyes or lips, from these side descriptions, we can know that Pan An’s appearance is far above ordinary people, and even his styles draw imitation from others.

At the same time, Pan An is known as “the flower of a county in Heyang”, and he is also one of the few men who are compared with flowers to be praised for excellent appearance. The beauty of exterior only fails to last long in this world. Pan An's talent and temperament and the devotion to his wife are also often eulogized. Pan Yue showed his unusual talent since he was a child, and he was called a child prodigy by the villagers. In his early years, he was appreciated by an official and recommended as a scholar.

Later, served as the magistrate of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan), he was diligent in political affairs, and advocated the people to plant more fruits and trees. The county was full of trees and peaches and plums everywhere, known as “Flower County”. During his administration, his political achievements were remarkable. Besides, Pan An holds a special place in the history of literature.

He was good at composing verse and orders, expatiation, and skilled in the choice of words and building of sentences, which fully reflects the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to the beauty of form. He was expert in composing Ci lyric of sorrow and admonishment, and his current works such as Widow's Fu, Mourning Poem and other famous works are all known for their narration and empathy. Pan An can be described as both internally and externally blessed.（Liu Xixue 2003,63-64）

Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng. There is a very popular legend about King Lanling. It's believed that King Lanling was a brave and supremely skilled general. However, because he looked very sweet and it seemed hard to frighten the enemy, he often wore a half-mask when fighting, which sounds very fairytale.

Nevertheless, the beauty of King Lanling is beyond doubt and otherworldly. Book of Northern Qi Dynasty described that he was friendly looking and mentally strong, with beautiful voice and appearance.King Lanling spent half his life in military affairs, and made great achievements. While this gave him glory, it also brought bad luck. There is an old Chinese saying that the glow of a inferior from massive achievements will overshadow his superior.

Although the King Lanling did not have the idea of usurping the throne, but the incumbent felt threatened because of his existence itself. In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Song Yu (about 322 BC-298 BC), as it is widely rumored, a student of Qu Yuan, was born in the capital city of Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period (now Shangqiu, Henan). Song Yu was a writer of Ci lyric of State Chu in the late Warring States period, adept in Ci lyric and even acclaimed as a great poet after Qu Yuan' reputation. Later generations often referred to them as “Qu Song”. Rumors circulate that there are many Ci lyrics from him, and Book of Han records about 16 works, but many of them are lost today.

His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on. He was the first to write about sadness from Autumn and to write about women. His description of women's nature exerts a great influence on later generations such as Cao Zhi. The goddess in Song Yu's The Fu poetry of Goddess embodies the essence of pre-Qin female beauty, recounting the beauty of the goddess of Wushan Mountain in details so much so that later generations have coveted for it for thousands of years.

16 works survived, among which Nine Discriminations is believed to be truly composed by him. It is equivalent to Qu Yuan's Li Sao or A lament in the history of Chinese literature. Both poets can be called the two shining pearls in Ci lyric at their times.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Wei Jie (286-June 20, 312), a metaphysician and an official of the Jin Dynasty. Wei Jie was a noted talker and metaphysicist during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was appointed as an assistant of the prince in the matter of politics. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongjia(AD310), Wei Jie died at the age of 27. Both ancient books and ancients commented on Wei Jie's appearance. Wang Ji reckoned that, “A jade is on my side, and I feel like I am nobody”; “Wandering with Jiu is like sauntering with a pearl on the side, with him shining brightly.”

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers authored by Sima Guang goes into detail: "Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..." Wei Jie not only have a mere marvelous exterior, but also he can discern metaphysics from his perspective. Wei Jie’s views always amaze the concerned parties.

It is said that even three sons of the Wang family, are not as good as the first son of the Wei family, and the three sons of the Wang family were all well-known scholars at that time, and the Wei Jie could be regarded as unmatchable compared with the three in family background, appearance, and talents.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 08:33, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Terms and Expressions===
Pan An 潘安

King Lanling 兰陵王

Ji Kang 嵇康

Wei Jie 卫玠

throwing fruit to fill a carriage 掷果盈车

scholar 秀才

expatiation 铺陈

Book of Northern Qi Dynasty 《北齐书》

the Warring States Period 战国时期

Book of Han 《汉书》

Nine Discriminations 《九辨》

The Fu poetry of Wind 《风赋》

The Fu poetry of Goddess 《神女赋》

the goddess of Wushan Mountain 巫山神女

metaphysician 玄学家

a noted talker 清谈名士

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers 《资治通鉴》

Widow's Fu 《寡妇赋》

Mourning Poem 《悼亡诗》
===Questions===
1.Who are the four most handsome men at ancient time in China?

2.Who is Gao Changgong?

3.How did Lanlin King die?

4.What works did Song Yu compose?

5.Who are the two shining pearls in Ci lyric according to the passage?

6.What History Retold as a Mirror for rulers comment on Wei Jie?

===Answers===
1.These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.

2.Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng.

3.In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.

4.His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on.

5.Qu Yuan and Song Yu

6."Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..."

===References===
[1]刘细学.古代四大美男[J].文史天地,2003(06):63-64.

[2]王真波.四大美男都是怎么死的[J].青年文学家,2008(11):59-60.

==Lo, Minh Thao==

===Answers===
===References===
==Mogao Grottoes--Lou Cancan 娄灿灿 student no.202070080599 英语笔译==

===Mogao Grottoes===

===Introduction===

The Mogao Grottoes, known as the Thousand Buddhas Caves, were built on the eastern cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers to the southeast of Dunhuang city. There are 492 caves (well preserved) today, containing over 2,400 painted clay statues and 45,000 square meters of murals and 5 timber structures on the cliff of the southern district. There are also more than 300 caves used as both living room and burying place for monks and painters on the cliff of the northern district. Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). (Fan Jinshi 2010，170)

Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes,so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. The major caves were sponsored by patrons such as important asclergies, local ruling elites, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other caves may have been funded by merchants and other local people such as women's groups. (Sha Wutian 2020, 122)

====[[File:Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes]]====

===History===

Mogao Grottoes were not built in one day. According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff. Later, monk Faliang（法良）came here and joined him cultivating in caves. Since then more and more caves have been excavated over a thousand year. (Whitfield 1990, 8)

By the time of Northern Liang, small community of monks had formed at this site. The caves initially served only as a place of meditation for hermit monks. Later, they were developed to serve the monasteries that sprang up nearby. Members of the ruling families of Northern Wei and Northern Zhou constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived Sui Dynasty. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. In the Sui Dynasty, Hexi Corridor was controlled by central authority. The emperors were pious followers of Buddhism and they ordered to build stupas across the country. Therefore, more than 100 caves were excavated in Mogao Grottoes within 37 years. (Fan Jinshi 2010，175-178)

By the Tang Dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand. During this period, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious center. A large number of the caves were constructed during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang Empress Wu Zitian to build giant statues across the country. The site escaped the persecution of Buddhists ordered by Emperor Wuzong in 845 as it was then under Tibetan control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people. After the Tang Dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the Yuan Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes were preserved and kept by Cao Yijin（曹议金). (MA Shichang 2010, 303) After that, his later generations governed Dunhuang Prefecture and constructed multiple family caves such as Cave 55. (Gao Xiujun 2016, 9)

During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally abandoned and Dunhuang slowly became depolulated and was forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned. The site, however, went back to a place of pilgrimage and worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century. On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings. Since then, Dunhuang has become well known throughout the world. Both Chinese and foreign scholars have made extensive studies on the findings.(Stein 1912, volume 2)

====[[File:Taoist Wang Yuanlu.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Taoist Wang Yuanlu]]====

===Art===

The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture and they vary from dynasty to dynasty. There are mainly three types of structural forms of Mogao Grottoes: Vihara, Chaitya and Hall with inverted funnel shaped ceiling. A Chaitya with a central pillar is the main form of the caves in the early period of the Sixteen States, with Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties included. The murals may be divided into seven sorts:Buddhist figures, Sutra illustration, Buddhist stories, Buddhist historical pictures, Chinese mythologies, donors and decorative designs. Buddhist stories in the murals can be divided into three types: Jataka（佛本生), Buddha’s life and fate story. A Jataka is a narrative which tells of the good deeds performed by Sakyamuni during his perious existence such as prince Sudanda giving up his body to feed the hungry tigers. As to sculptures, they were constructed on a wooden frame, padded with reed, then modelled in clay stucco and finished with paint.（Duan Wenjie 1994, 163)

====[[File:A Chaitya with a Central Pillar.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Chaitya with a Central Pillar]]====

====[[File:A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body]]====

The artistic styles in the Sixteen States, which gradually turned away from being primitive and simple to an easy and graceful styles in the Northern Wei, manifested in figures with well-chiseled builds and emaciated looks. In Northern Zhou, the styles of figures show that Chinese art combining the influence of foreign and native styles gradually became more nationalized. ( Fan Jinshi 2010, 174)

The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs. The caves become spacious and more suited for large paintings, such as the Sutra illustrations and huge pictures of Buddha expounding sermons. Bold and vigorous, brush work was painted with intricate and flowing lines. For example, Lotus Sutra on the ceiling of Cave 420 displays a lot of episodes of mountains, forests, rivers, buildings and so on in a limitated space. The theme and art in the Sui Dynasty show an important devdelopment in traditional art and indicate a comimg glorious new era. （Duan Wenjie 1994, 164)

In Tang Dynasty, the caves are large with an inverted funnel shaped ceiling. The murals consist mostly of huge paintings of stories from Buddhist Sutras with well-regulated scenes and well-balanced composition. The figures at that time have round and plump faces and curved eyebrows which expresses the aesthetical taste of the people living in Tang. The mural in Cave 220 contains vivid portraits of the Emperor and his ministers listening to a sermon. The ministers attending to Emperor are each bestowed with differrent appearances and expressions. Some are natural and graceful and some cautious. The well-proportioned painted statues were made with more consummate care and attention to the detail, showing us the solemn Buddha. ( Fan Jinshi 2010, 174)

In addition, very tall and colossal statues of Buddha began to be made. The outstanding one is an early Tang Dynasty statue 34 metres high in Cave 96. In 781-848A.D, Hexi region fell into the Tibetan. Hence, there was an interesting changes: the king of the Tibetan took the place of central-plain emperors in the wall-painting.( Fan Jinshi 2010, 175)

====[[File:Cave 251 in Northern Wei.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 251 in Northern Wei]]====

====[[File:Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty]]====

By the time of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, the grottoes carved in this period are very large and different in form and layout. The subject and style of the statues and murals remain the influence from Tang Dynasty, but the use of colours and the drawing techniques show a simple folk style. From the 9th century to 12th, the Uygur had been in Dunhuang. The artistic styles bear the imprint of both Han and Uygur. The Uygur murals are generally characterized by the simplicity of the subject, the looseness of the arrangement, the direct and rough brush strokes. (Rong Xinjiang 1999, 248)

The human figures have features of certain minority groups. In the Western Xia Dynasty(1036-1227), most of caves were repaired and renovated, and only 10 caves were built because of the limited cliffs. Compared to the Yulin Grottoes at the same time, painting of Dunhuang display the Pure-land Sutra, containing simpler content. Only 27 caves are extant in Yuan times(1227-1372). The murals in Cave 3, however, still remain the Tang and Song techniques, namely using different types of drawing to depict different parts of human figures such as iron-wire lines, orchid-leaf strokes and broken-reef strokes, etc. Since the 15th century, the Mogao Grottoes had gradually fallen into neglect in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Rong Xinjiang 1999, 248)

====[[File:Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty]]====

===Terms and Expressions===

hermit 隐士

stupas 舍利塔

Emperor Wuzong ofTang Dynasty 唐武宗

Vihara 精舍

Chaitya 支提窟

stucco 灰泥

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Sutras 佛经

===Questions===

1.What do Dunhuang Grottoes refer to?

2.Who built the first cave and when?

3.In 1900, who found the treasure-house in Mogao Grottoes and what were stored in it?

4.How many aspects does the art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of and what are they respectively?

5.What are the characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty?

===Answers===

1.Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes, so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes.

2.According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff.

3.On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings.

4.The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture.

5.The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs.

===References===

Fan Jinshi 樊锦诗.(2010). ''敦煌石窟'' [The Caves of Dunhuang]. Gansu: The Dunhuang Academy 敦煌研究院.

Gao Xiujun 高秀军.(2016). ''敦煌莫高窟第55窟研究'' [Research on the 55th Grotto of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang].Lanzhou University 兰州大学.

MA Shichang.(2010). Buddhist Cave-temples and the Cao Family at Mogao Ku, Dunhuang. MA Shichang,27(2),303-317.

Rong Xinjiang 荣新江. (2010).'' 敦煌藏经洞的性质及其封闭原因'' [The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 上海古籍出版社.

Sha Wutian 沙武田. (2020). 佛教供养与政治宣传——敦煌莫高窟第156窟供养人画像研究 [Buddhist offerings and Political Propaganda -- A Study on the Portrait of the Patron of the 156th Grottoes in Dunhuang].''中原文物'' Cultural Relics in Central Plain, No.215,118-128.

Stein, M. Aurel. Ruins of Desert Cathay.(1912). Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, volume 2. London: Macmillan.

Suemori Kaoru. (2020)."Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns". Kyoto: Hozokan.

DuanWenjie. (1994). Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie. Abhinav Publications. p. 163.

Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. (1990). Chinese Art from the Silk Route, British Museum Publications. P . 5-20.

https://books.google.ru/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=vYPNqlAMZWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=info:9v6pr21oST8J:scholar.google.com/&ots=s-uXhnyDBp&sig=u3H7MAh_OpGRS6Iwxoqx0rC5_fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mogao+grottoes&oq=

==Four State-level Cultural Relics Luo Weijia 罗维嘉 Student No.202070080600 MTI ==

===Four State-level Cultural Relics===

China, home to one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, abounds in cultural relics, from ancient tombs, architecture, instruments to handicrafts, historical books and so on. They embody rich information about history and culture and vividly display the process of Chinese cultural development. The astounding artistic and technological levels shown in those relics continue to impress people today.

====Simuwu Ding====

[[File:Simuwu Ding.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

In ancient China, ding was a symbol of imperial power. Therefore, ding is often used in phrases and expressions in the Chinese language to imply authority (Anna, 2015). For instance, wending, literally “enquiring about ding”, means plotting to usurp political power, yiyan juiding, literally “One word of promise is equal to nine dings”, means a decisive comment(Lv Shuxiang, 2016).

Simuwu Ding was a very precious cultural relic, found in 1937 in Anyang of Henan Province. It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago. This square-shaped ding is the largest existing bronzeware in the ancient world. It is now housed in the National Museum of China in Beijing (Li Weiming, 2015).

Ding was a cooking vessel probably used to boil or cook food in the primitive society. At that time, dings were made of clay. During the Shang and Zhou (11th century-771 BC) dynasties, bronze cast technology reached a very high level in China. Therefore, people used bronze to cast ding. However, dings were no longer cooking utensils in ordinary people’s life but an object for important ceremonies to offer sacrifices (Anna, 2015).

Simuwu Ding was cast by Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty as a ritual object for a ceremony to offer sacrifices to his mother. The three characters simuwu form an inscription on the inside of the sidewall. According to archeologists, si means sacrificial ceremony and muwu is the name of the emperor’s mother. Later on, Simuwu became the name of this huge ding (Li Weiming, 2015).

Simuwu Ding is 1.33m high, 1.10m long and 0.78m wide, weighing 832.84kg. At that time, it needed 1000kg of metal and two to three hundred workers to produce it. This ding is solid in build, magnificent in appearance and was made with fine craftsmanship. The four pillar legs are thick and powerful. Each side has a blank space in the middle, surrounded by a band of decoration featuring taotie (animal faced creatures) and kuilong (one-legged dragons), symbolic of harvest and auspiciousness. Simuwu Ding represents the highest level of bronze cast technology in the Shang and Zhou dynasties (Li Weiming, 2015).

==== The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi ====

The chime bells, or bianzhong, are a kind of percussion musical instrument made of bronze. China is the earliest country to manufacture and use such instrument. Chime bells were divided into groups according to their size, temperament, pitch and were hang on a rack. A small hammer or wooden club is used to hit the bell to make a resonant and agreeable sound (Hubei Museum, 2015).

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are the largest and the most complete ancient chimes existing today in China. They were unearthed from the tomb of Yi, the Marquis of Zeng, a small state of the Warring States Period (475 BC- 221 BC), in 1978. When they were found, all bells were still hanging on their rack. They are now preserved in Hubei Museum (Hubei Museum, 2015).

There are altogether 65 bells hung in eight groups on wooden or bronze bars. The rack, 10.79m long, 2.67m high, is made of three bars, namely, the upper, middle and lower bars, held up by six bronze warriors and a few round, wooden posts. The 65 bells weigh over 2500kg. The largest bell is 1.52m in height and weighs more than 203.6kg. The smallest bell is about 20cm in height and weighs 2.4kg. It is extremely rare to see a set with so many bells of such weight and size (Wan Quanwen, 2020).

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are exquisitely cast and look very elegant. To help artists to perform music, there are instructions on each bell with 3700 characters in all (Wan Quanwen, 2020). There are also words about the hanging indication and musical temperament that are called the “valuable music theory work”. The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi show that, as early as the Warring States Period, China already had a very rich musical culture. The chime bells still could produce a pure and accurate note after unearthed. The tone is excellent and the timbre is pure.

After excavation of the chime, Chinese musicians created a melody entitled Bianzhong Yuewu (music and dance accompanied by chime bells), to once again demonstrate the charm of ancient Chinese music (Zhou Yi, 2016).

==== Jade Suit with Gold Thread ====

Ordinarily, the texture of clothes is cotton, flax or silk. However, there were suits made of gold and jade, that is “Jade Suit with Gold Thread”(Wang Jing, 2008).

The emperors of the Han Dynasty believed that jade could prevent their corpses from decaying, and they regarded jade as full of dignity and nobility. Therefore, they used jade suits as their grave clothes. Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade separately that are called Jade Suit Sewn with Gold Thread, Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread and Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread (Wang Jing, 2008).

The two sets of jade suits of the Han Dynasty tomb unearthed in Mancheng of Hebei Province in 1968 revealed to the world the real features of such grave clothes (Li Yawen,2019). Their owners were Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, and his wife, Dou Wan, of the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-25 AD).

In appearance, a jade suit follows the shape of a human body. It consists of five parts, i.e., head mask, coat, trousers, gloves and shoes. Each part is made of pieces of jade. The size and shape of each jade piece was designed according to its position. Most jade pieces are shaped in square or rectangular form, but there are a few in trapezoid, triangle or multi sided shapes. Each jade piece is perforated at its corners, through which a gold thread goes through to sew the pieces together. Liu Sheng’s jade suit is rather large, 1.88m long and made up of 2498 pieces. The gold thread used for this suit is about 700g in weight (Li Yawen, 2019).

Such refined suits made some 2000 years ago in the Han Dynasty indicate the high design level and excellent craftsmanship of that time. In fact, of course, the rulers’ dream of preventing their corpses from decaying could never be realized. The practice of wearing jade suits was banned during the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280) (Wang Jing, 2008).

==== Bronze Galloping Horse ====

In 1969, a galloping horse in bronze was unearthed in an Eastern Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province in western China. The bronze statue is a famous representative sculpture of the Han Dynasty. Wuwei County leapt to fame with the discovery of this national treasure (Li Xiaohu & Zhao Jing, 2019).

The 34.5 cm-high bronze horse, covered with spots of verdigris, has a full and robust body. The prancing legs, flying tail, slightly dilated nostrils portray a galloping horse. What is ingenious about it is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow. That means the galloping horse is faster than a flying swallow (Wang Qian, 2020). The positioning of its four legs strictly conforms to that of a living horse and is highly praised by many local and foreign archeologists and artists.

In this work, Chinese ancient artists combined realism and romanticism, and ingeniously integrated galloping horse and flying swallow through rich imagination, original conception and skillful craftsmanship (Wang Qian:10-11). The swift flying swallow sets off the amazingly fast speed of the galloping horse. According to analysis of its mechanics, Bronze Galloping Horse finds a center of gravity in the swallow to give the statue its stability. The romantic image of the swallow sets off the power and strength of the horse, providing a rich imaginative experience for viewers (Li Xiaohu & Zhao Jing, 2019).

Bronze Galloping Horse is believed to be a portrayal of the "heavenly steed" of Chinese legend. It is of high craftsmanship, fully expressive of the horse-breeding culture of China's western regions. It has become a symbol of Chinese tourism and a representative work that brings forth the time-honored cultural tradition of the Chinese nation and the oriental aesthetics to the world. The cultural relic is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum(Wang Qian, 2020).

===Terms and Expressions===

Houmuwu Ding 后母戊鼎

Simuwu Ding 司母戊鼎

Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty 商王武丁

taotie 饕餮

National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆

chime bells/bian zhong 编钟

Marquis Yi 曾侯乙

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi 曾侯乙编钟

Bianzhong Yuewu 《编钟乐舞》

Hubei Museum 湖北省博物馆

Jade Suit with Gold Thread 金缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread 银缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread 铜缕玉衣

Bronze Galloping Horse 铜奔马/ 马踏飞燕

Gansu Provincial Museum 甘肃省博物馆

===Questions===

1. What does ding symbolize?

2. When was Houmuwu Ding produced?

3.How many bells do the chime bells of Marquis Yi contain?

4.What is the size of the largest bell?

5.What kind of thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade?

6.When did the Jade Suit with Gold Thread unearth?

7.What is ingenious about the Galloping Horse?

8.Where is Bronze Galloping Horse preserved now?

===Answers===

1.Ding was a symbol of imperial power.

2.It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago.

3.They contain 65 bells.

4.The largest bell exceeds 1.5m in height and weighs more than 200kg.

5.Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade.

6.It unearthed in 1968.

7.It is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow.

8.It is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===References===

Anna 安娜.(2015).中国人的鼎文化. 科学大观园(15),72-73.

Hubei Museum 湖北省博物馆.(2015).曾侯乙编钟. 中华文化论坛(11),2.

Li Xiaohu & Zhao Jing 李小虎 & 赵静.(2019).青铜雕塑“马踏飞燕”的艺术解读. 艺术教育(09),170-171.

Li Weiming李维明(2015-06-19).司母戊鼎研究历程初览(上).中国文物报,006.

Li Weiming李维明(2015-07-03).司母戊鼎研究历程初览(中).中国文物报,006.

Li Weiming李维明(2015-07-31).司母戊鼎研究历程初览(下).中国文物报,006.

Li Yawen 李雅雯.(2019)浅说满城汉墓中的金缕玉衣 .文物鉴定与鉴赏 (03):38-39.

Lv Shuxiang 吕叔湘.(2016)现代汉语词典 (第七版)[M]. 北京:商务印书馆.

Wang Jing 王静.(2008).汉代玉衣研究(硕士学位论文,河北师范大学).

Wang Qian 王倩.(2020).青铜雕塑“马踏飞燕”的研究.艺术品鉴, (26):10-11.

Wan Quanwen 万全文.(2020).曾侯乙编钟.文史知识 (11):1-2.

Zhou Yi 周仪.(2016).“八音合鸣乐舞齐容”——大型乐舞作品《编钟乐舞》述评. 戏剧之家(19),66-67+79.

== Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴 Student No.202070080601 英语笔译 ==

===The Forbidden City===--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 08:30, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====I.Introduction====
The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, and with a total area of 720,000 square meters (180 acres). It lies in the center of Beijing's central axis. Today, the Forbidden City houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yong Le Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government.(Barmé, Geremie R 2018,26)
The Forbidden City is a national AAAAA tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection in 1961. What’s more, it was declared a world cultural heritage in 1987, and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.(UNESCO,2007)
====[[File:A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City]]====

====II.The Name of the Forbidden City====
The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; English: Purple Forbidden City). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in the period of Jia Jing. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31) In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized. The stars in the sky were used to correspond with the capital planning to highlight the legitimacy of the regime and the supremacy of imperial power. “ Zi ”, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, The emperor of heaven lived in Ziwei palace, while the human emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" who was ordered by heaven. His residence should be a symbol of Ziwei palace to correspond to the heaven emperor. “Jin” means that this splendid palace symbolizes supreme power and status of the royal family. In that case, this palace was forbidden, no one could enter and leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. Cheng means a city. Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace". The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

====III.The History of the Forbidden City====

When Hongwu’s son Zhu Di became the Yong Le Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. (Yu Zhuoyun1984,18)In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. He set fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process of retreating to Shannxi. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the Emperor Shunzhi as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. (Guo Moruo 1944,3.14) In the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), the reconstruction of the rest of the destroyed buildings of the Forbidden City was started, and it was basically completed in 1695.After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal. During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.( Xie Mengyin&Qu Wanlin2006, 11.7)

====IV.The Structure of the Forbidden City====
Firstly, The Forbidden City is a rectangle and symmetric in its layout. Its palaces are arranged along a north-south axis, on which the three main halls, the rear three palaces and the imperial garden are all located. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City, but also reaches Yongding Gate in the south, Drum Tower and bell tower in the north, and runs through the whole city.(Xie Li 2005,(03)100-102)
Secondly, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts, the Outer Court and Inner Court. The Outer Court is the place where the emperor deals with political affairs. There are mainly three halls: the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. The Inner Court or Back Palace includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. The inner court takes Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility as its center with six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west.

====[[File:The layout of the Forbidden City.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The layout of the Forbidden City]]====

====VI The Collections of the Forbidden City====
The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.(Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005,6-22)
The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1,863,404 pieces of art. They are numbered by "Gu", "Xin" and "Shu". Except for the ancient books and documents, all the other collections are labeled with "Gu" and "Xin". The number of ordinary cultural relics begins with the word "Zi", and the ceramic specimens begin with the word "Biao". The general catalogue is divided into 25 categories, and the numbers in each category are sorted from small to large. Many collections once lost and was brought to the Palace Museum, For example, Han Banquet map. And there are some exquisite collections like Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer, Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems and Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.(Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )In addition, The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. (Meng Fuxia 2012, (21) 73-74)

====[[File:Han Banquet map.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Han Banquet map]]====
====[[File:Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance]]====
====[[File:Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems]]====
====[[File:Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women]]====

====Terms and Expressions====
palace complex 宫殿群

central axis 中心轴

the Palace Museum故宫博物院

the Yong Le Emperor 永乐皇帝

key cultural relics under national protection 国家重点文物保护单位

world cultural heritage 世界文化遗产

harmony between man and nature 天人合一

the imperial garden 御花园

the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿

the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿

the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿

Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)

Hall of Union 交泰宫

Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫

Han Banquet map 韩熙载夜宴图

Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer陶彩绘女舞俑

Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems十二生肖镜

Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

====Questions====
1. What’ s the meaning of “Zi” in the Chinese name Zijin Cheng?

2. When was the Forbidden City listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

3.How many emperors have been lived in the Forbidden City?

4.How long did it take to build the Forbidden City?

5.Why some parts of national treasures are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei now.

6. What two parts can the Forbidden City be divided into?

7.When was the Palace Museum established?

===Answers===
1.“Zi” refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star

2.In 1897.

3.24 emperors.

4.14 years.

5.Because both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.

6.They are the Outer Court and Inner Court.

7.The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925

===References===

Barmé, Geremie R(2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press.26.

UNESCO(2007). "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang".

Li Xieping 李燮平. (1997) "紫禁城"名称始于何时[When did the name of the Forbidden City come into being?]. 紫禁城Forbidden City, (04) 29-31.

Yu Zhuoyun(1984), Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking Press,p18.

Guo Moruo 郭沫若.(1994) 甲申三百年祭[Commemorating 300th Anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year]. 新华日报 New China Daily, 3.19.

Xie Li 谢丽.(2005) 北京中轴线上的十七座门[Seventeen doors on the central axis of Beijing].紫禁城 Forbidden City, (03)100-102.

Meng Fuxia 孟福霞. (2012)北京故宫空间布局构思探源——论中国古代宫殿建筑的美学精神[On the Origin of the Space Layout of the Palace Museum in Beijing--On the Aesthetic Spirit of Ancient Chinese Palace Architecture]大众文艺Popular Literature and Art, (21) 73-74.

Li Wei&Wang Shuo 刘薇,王硕.2005故宫文物南迁路线图揭秘[Unveiling the Route Map of the Cultural Relics of the Imperial Palace to the South] 华夏经纬网Jinwei Network, 6.22 http://www.huaxia.com/wh/gjzt/2005/00333230.html

The Collection of the Palace Museum 故宫博物院馆藏https://www. dpm.org.cn /Home.html

Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 谢荫明,瞿宛林. (2006) “文化大革命” 中谁保护了故宫 [Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution? ].人民网People’s Daily Online,11,7. http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0811/c372327-25441615.html

==Chinese Marriage Customs Mo Ling 莫玲 202070080602 【专业 is missing】==
<center> 莫玲 Mo Ling </center>

===Chinese Marriage Customs===

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents.

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents. 【quotation is missing】
===Six Procedures===

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refersthat if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refers【refers to a practice that..】 that if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix【？】 and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask【asks】 the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the【可删】 one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential【prospective】 bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to 【inform sb of sth 】the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Customs===

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, 【 connective is missing】many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride 【before or during？】. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls【addresses】 the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Development===

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 14:49, 16 December 2020 (UTC) a unique Chinese characteristics.

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now【nowadays】. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now【the present day】. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry【dowries】, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should 【？】go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep【deeply】 rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows【show】--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 14:49, 16 December 2020 (UTC) a unique Chinese characteristics.

===References===

Gao Xiaoqian. 高筱倩.(2017) 中国传统婚嫁习俗研究［The Research on Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs］戏剧之家[Drama House] 235.

Zhang Yueyong. 张月莹.(2013) 中国近代婚嫁礼俗及婚姻观念转变的探索[A Study on the Change of Marriage customs and Marriage Concepts in Modern China] 松州学刊［Songzhou Academic Journal］ 47-48.

Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa. 周丹迪, 岳书法.(2012) 浅析近代以来中国婚嫁民俗的演变[On the evolution of Chinese marriage customs since modern times] 文化学刊[Cultural Academic Journal] 15.

===Terms and Expressions===

Na Cai 纳彩

Wen Ming 问名

Na Ji 纳吉

Na Zheng 纳征

Qing Qi 纳征

Qin Ying 亲迎

Huimen 回门

Guiling 归宁

betrothal presents 彩礼

the central room 堂屋

bridal chamber 婚房

“eight characters” of the birth moment 生辰八字

===Questions===

1.How many procedures are needed from the negotiation to the completion of marriage?

2.Did the ancient young people have the rights to decide their own marriage or not and why?

3.What is the kneeling etiquettes?

4.When the couple have to return to the girl’s home?

5.What changes have been made nowadays?

6.Please list some new wedding customs.

===Answers===

1.There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying.

2.No, they didn’t have the right to decide their own marriage because ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker.

3.It consists of 4 steps: the first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber.

4.At the third day of the wedding ceremony.

5.Adults can choose their spouse by themselves and they can meet each other whenever they want; Some couples choose to hold the ceremony in the church some even finish it through travel, etc.

6.Examples:couple can choose to live in the either part of the two families; wedding ceremony can be hold in hotel; the bride can wear white wedding dress rather than the single red in the ancient time.

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

====Topic: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam====

==Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac - Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲 202070080603专业 is missing--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 08:16, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling==

===Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac===

[[File:oyltacz.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have been engraved in every Chinese people.

2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have(has) been engraved in every Chinese people. --[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

====Origin====

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence. There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence.(there are various opinions,however,many of them are presented without sufficient evidences) There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring(time-honored) one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who (that)made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research(researches) on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

====Folk Culture and Belief ====

The zodiac sign not only can reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition.

The zodiac sign not only can (can not only)reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition. (quotation is missing) --[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic(zodiac) sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures, the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures(creature) , the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is(are) born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight(fight against) each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

====Conclusion====

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have developed a profound connotation and implications through generation. Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have(has) developed a profound connotation and implications through generation(generations). Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 06:20, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

===References===
《大中国上下五千年》丛书编委会(2010) The Editorial Board of the ''Five Thousand Years of Great China''（''Dazhongguo Shangxia Wuqiannian''） ''Series'',《中国生肖文化》''The Culture of Chinese Zodiac'', 北京：外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.

Yip, Paul S.F.伊普, Lee, Joseph 李 and Cheung, Y.B.张 (2002).The Influence of the Chinese Zodiac on Fertility in Hong Kong SAR 论生肖对香港生育率的影响. ''Social Science & Medicine''《社会科学与医学》, Volume 55, Issue 10 第55卷第10期, 1803-1812.

===Terms and Expressions===

Jade Emperor 玉皇大帝

Ten Heavenly Stems 十天干

Twelve Earthly Branches 十二地支

Five Elements 五行

Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth 金木水火土

Eight Characters 八字

===Questions===

1.How long is the history of Chinese zodiac?

2.What are the twelve zodiac signs in order?

3.From what time the Earthly Branches was used to record time?

4.According to Chinese folk belief, what kind of characteristics do people born in year of rat have?

5.Which zodiac animal is mostly praised in China?

6.Can you name some pairs of zodiac animal that get along well with each other according to Chinese folk culture?

7.Which pair of animals that are natural enemies according to Chinese folk culture?

===Answers===

1.More than 2200 years.

2.Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.

3.Han Dynasty.

4.They are smart, adaptable, and have the will to fight, but, on the other hand, they are so over-ambitious and easy to fail.

5.Dragon.

6.Tiger and pig, rabbit and dog and dragon and rooster.

7.Dragon and tiger.

==Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏 202070080641==
--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====Introduction of Lisu people and Daogan festival====

The Lisu ethnic group are the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group living in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.

The Lisu ethnic group is the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group whose people live in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Example1.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan province and Sichuan province in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 official nationalities recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of the 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 Lisu people live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans in the tribal clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames come from their own hunter work in primitive times. But later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames came from their own hunter work in primitive times. And later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture does. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic groups living in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, they were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic group in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, the traditions were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and were recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Example2.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

====Legend====

During the Ming Dynasty, when people not belonging to the same clan of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the king sent Wang Ji (王骥), the ministry of war, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. Later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the souls of the brave soldiers who died bravely defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Up and down the mountain" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

During the Ming Dynasty, when people of different clans of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the emperor sent Wang Ji (王骥), the war department of the Chinese feudal ministry, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. But later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the brave soldiers who died bravely in defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Going up to the mountain of swords and going down to the sea of fire" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Meaning====

Going up to the knife mountain and going down to the sea of fire are the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which reproduce the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains and the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

Going up to the mountain of swords and going down to the sea of fire is one of the the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which came from the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains with the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Performing====

[[File:Example3.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

Pine trees were used as tool poles, iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. When we go up the rice mountain and down the fire, we play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals from pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Setting , knife pole , vertical pole , sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper. After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the knife bearer grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When the knife-bearer reaches the top through the three scissors, the knife-bearer opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the boiling crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, over which he sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth, which showed the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

Pine trees were used as tool poles, with iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. Before people going up the mountain and down the fire, they play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , Suo na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals of pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Settings, knife pole, vertical pole, sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper. After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the player grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When he reaches the top through the three scissors, he opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the lively crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth. All of these show the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Development====

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and perform various difficult moves at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the good people of the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and make various difficult performances at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Terms and Expressions====

1.Lisu people 傈僳族

2."Up and down the mountain" event 上刀山，下火海

2.going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire上刀山，下火海--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

3.The Lisu tribe 傈僳族

4.clan 氏族

5.primitive times 原始时期

====Questions====

1.How many Lisu people live in Yunnan and Sichuan？

2.How many clans make up the Lisu people？

3.Who united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders？

4.Which day is the Daogan Festival？

5.What musical instruments do they play under the knife pole?

====Answers====

1.About 730,000 Lisu people.

2.The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans.

3.Wang Ji.

4.15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year.

5.They play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments.

====References====

*Ernst, Gabriel (21 October 2019). "'We try to not be Thai': the everyday resistance of ethnic minorities"
*"Yunnan Province of China Government Web". Eng.yn.gov.cn.
*李智环．Li Zhihuan. 傈僳族人口分布及形成原因分析 [Analysis of the Distribution and Causes of the Formation of the Lisu People] 《保山学院学报》， 2010 [Journal of Baoshan College], 2010

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
Culture==Topic-Chinese Clothing== Phyo, Su Kyi, Student No-20191108000,Major - Comparative Literature and Cross-cultural Studies.

Introduction

Chinese Clothing has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 years-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. (www.topchinatravel. com, 2004)

Chinese clothing has undergone continuous transformations throughout history,providing a reflection of the culture in place at any given time. A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry, and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive Chinese fashions through the ages. This illustrated introductory survey takes the reader through traditional Chinese clothing,ornamentation,and ceremonial wear, and discusses the importance of silk and the diverse costumes of China's ethnic groups before considering modern trends and China's place in the fashion world today.(Mei Hua-2010-page-1)

A-Chinese traditional clothing

Chinese traditional clothing contains rich cultural connotations.Today, after the reform and opening up, the clothing industry has developed vigorously. People gradually start pay attention to the local clothing culture, and pursue cultural connotation contained in clothing. For modern designers, the traditional clothing and its cultural background are their creation inspirations during creation phases,and they are also one of the expressive elements preferred by designers at home and abroad. Inheriting traditional clothing culture not only means that it needs us to turn the traditional clothing elements into a symbol, but also needs us to further understand the background and connotations of traditional clothing culture. The work of design without culture is like a gorgeous shell that can't stand the test of history. Only by grasping the inner spirit of traditional clothing culture, abandoning simple piled up work and patch-up work without connotation and learning the modern expressive methods of traditional clothing elements, one can design out the works which can touch people's heartstrings. (Jiangsu,2016,page-2)

Traditional clothing is the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics. Traditional clothing mutually integrates its unique style, comfortable fabric, bright colors,rich designs and exquisite craft elements to bring people impulsive feelings with visual communication. Traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics enjoys its unique artistic features in the style, color,fabrics,decoration and craft, ect. They are profoundly influenced by Chinese traditional culture ideas in the process of their formation and development and finally condensed into the national culture bearing Chinese culture features. These elements are the source of our inspiration in contemporary clothing design, and the use of these Chinese elements can help people to design out the clothing Chinese style.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-2)

Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design. Putting the traditional elements into fashion design not only helps the native culture to extend itself, but also greatly promotes the culture exchanges in nationalities. Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture,make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design, use the common language to express Chinese traditional culture essence, and integrate Chinese traditional element symbol into the spiritual elements of fashion design to make the national culture spirit and the language of the world integrate into the mainstream of modern clothing design.(Jiangsu,2016, page -3)

==Traditional Han Chinese Clothing (Han Fu):It refers to the attire worn byvthe Han people from the enthronement of the Yellow Emperor(about 2698BC) till the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644AD).It became known as the Han Fu(fu means 'clothes" in Chinese)because the fashion was improved and popularized during the Han Dynasty. It is usually in the from of long gown,cross collar, wrapping the right lapel over the left, loose wide sleeves and no buttons but a sash. Although simple in design, it gives different feelings to different wearers.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019-Aug-2)

==Chinese Suit(Tang Zhuang):It is a combination of the Manchu male jacket ofvthe Qing Dynasty and the western style suit. It is usually straight collared,with coiled buttons down the front. Its color and design are in traditional Chinese style but tailoring is western.(www.topchinatravel. com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Cheongsam(Qi Pao):Originated from the Manchu female clothes, it evolved by merging with western patterns that show off the beauty of a female body. Its features are straight collar, strain on the waist,coiled buttons and slits on both sides ofvthe dress. Materials used are usually silk, cotton and linen.Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire in the world today.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Chinese Tunic Suit(Zhongshan Zhuang) :Also called the Yat-sen Suit , it is designed by Dr.Sun Yat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire. It has a turn-down collar and four pockets with flaps. As Chairman Mao Zedong worn it quite frequently, it is also called the Mao Suit by westerners. It is the main attire from the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 till 1980,s. The country's leaders still wear it today when attending important occasions, such as military parades.(www.topchinatravel. com,2016,Auge-2.)

B-Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements

There are many old stories in ancient Chinese civilization, and Chinese traditional elements come up with the tenacity of the Chinese nations long history. Different times has their unique cultural connotations and form elements,which include Chinese architecture, costumes, traditional Chinese painting and folk art etc., and those cultural connotations and form elements are precious heritage that the ancestors leave to their off-springs. The change of dynasties in the history of our country lead to changes of cultural centers, which finally lead to the appearance Chinese traditional elements with different representative features in each historical periods, nations and regions. These elements include: Chinese silk ,cloth of brocade, hemp,blue printed fabric; chirpaur, Chinese -style chest covering, Chinese tunic suit, collar,surplice, mandarin and split etc.; colorful ethnic colors: such as bright red,green,yellow and blueetc.;Neolithic patterns, bronze patterns in Shang and Chou dynasties, ancient lacquer were pattern in Qin and Han dynasties, Buddhism patterns in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties and traditional decorative patterns in Tang,Sing and Qing dynasties. The essence of Chinese traditional culture which bear the role of inheriting national culture, and is the unique and external characteristic of Chinese nation.(Jiangsu,2016, page-3)

==The Aesthetic Performance of Design. Chinese traditional clothing of each dynasty has its own unique clothing style and design, but no matter how the style changes,the mainstream concept of traditional Chinese clothing always emphasizes symmetry and balance, and the clothing symmetry can be seen in sleeve, placket, hem,pattern ect.Chinese traditional clothing design is particular about proportion,such as the ancient Chinese woman dresses, short jacket unlined uper garment (named Ru)marching long dress , and it emphasizes the perfect proportion which hold that"the upper part should be short, the below part should be long"; in Song and Ming dynasties people the collocation of long BeiZi(a kind of dress that girls dress in ancient times) and short skirt, the "long upper part,short below part"ratio perfectly reflects the proportions beauty of the clothing.(Jiangsu,2016, page-5.)

==The Aesthetic Performance of colors. Green, white, yellow, red, black ,the five colors, form the Chinese traditional color system. They have obvious implied meaning and identification.Black stands for that the dark heaven, and yellow stands for the earth at dusj, and black and yellow stand for the heaven and the earth ,and they are mostly used in the Kings' clothing, About the colorific choice of Chinese traditional clothing the yellow and red which the historical role is prominent perform particularly well. In the late period of the Warring States as a royal color yellow appeared and became the supreme ruler's senior clothing color .People advocate yellow but don't prohibit yellow.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-6)

In Chinese traditional clothing colors red has evoluted from the original noble characteristic tovthe civilians characteristic. It evolution has experienced a certain period of time. The original red uses magenta, red ,cinnabar to represent. It is the noble officials' clothing color.
Many designers combine Chinese red and modern clothing design to embody the application of Chinese traditional clothing elements in modern clothing design.(Jaingsu,2016-page-7)

==Conclusion==
Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design.Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture, make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design.

Trems and Expressions

历史-history,

期-period,

世代-generations,

服装-clothing,

设计师-designers ,

装饰-ornamentation

中国服饰- Chinese clothing

服饰-Costumes

传统服装-Traditional clothing

服装设计-Clothing design

时尚设计-Fashion design

几代服装设计师-Generations of clothing designers

中国西装-Chinese Suit

旗袍-Cheongsam

中山装-Chinese Tunic Suit

中国传统元素-Chinese traditional elements

===Questions ===

1-What’s archaeological findings in Chinese fashions through the ages?

2-What's Traditional Clothing?

3-What's Traditional culture indispensable?

4-How is means Han Fu?

5-What's the popular Chinese attire?

6-How called was Chinese Tunic Suit?

7-What'are include Chinese traditional elements?
--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 04:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Su Kyi

==Answers===
1- A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry,
and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive chinese fanshions through the ages.

2-Traditional clothingis the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing
culture with Chinese characteristics.

3-Chineset traditional culture is an indispensablevsource of inspirationin fashion
design.

4-Han Fu is fu means clothes in Chinese.

5-Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire inthe world today.

6-It is also called the Yat-sen Suit,it is designed byDr.SunYat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire.

7-Chinese traditional elements include: Chinese silk,cloth of brocade, hemp, blue printed fabric.

--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 11:56, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===References===

1.Jiangsu.,(2016), “Influences of Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements on Modern Clothing Design”,

Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,Soochow University,Published by Atlantic Press.

2.Mei Hua,(2010), `Chinese Clothing´, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building,Cambridge CB28RU,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press,NewYork
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521186896
Originally published byChina Intercontinental Press as Cinese Clothing(9787508516615)in2010©ChinaIntercontinentalPress.

3.https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/history-of-chinese-clothing.htm

4.https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/clothing/--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 10:26, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

===Chinese traditional dance===

==The Liquor Culture of China 瞿淼 Student No.202070080604==
--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====1.The Origin of liquor in China====

With a long history of liquor-making, China boasts a variety of vintage liquor, which is renowned at home and abroad. Penetrating in China’s entire history of civilization, the liquor culture plays a significant role in many aspects, such as cuisine, literature, and health care, of Chinese people’s daily life.
As to the origin of Chinese liquor, opinions vary and no unanimous conclusion can be drawn, and the most widely accepted version is that Du Kang is the person who invented liquor. There are divergent views on Du Kang’s identity, so far, documents have been found which recorded his deeds in the Yellow Emperor era and Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties. And even his address is disputable. Some people think he lived in Baishui, Shaanxi province and was buried here, while others hold the opinion that he lived in Ruyang, Henan province. However, Du Kang is generally believed to be the Chinese Dionysus. According to the legend, one day it rained suddenly while Du Kang was herding the sheep. Hastily driving the sheep back to the sheepfold, he forgot some husked sorghum rice in a hollowed trunk by accident, and when he came back after a few days, the rice he left there became so fragrant that he couldn’t help tasting some. Surprisingly, it was palatable. This unexpected finding made Du Kang start to develop the liquor-brewing technique. Nowadays, Du kang has become the synonym of liquor in many places. Moreover, ancestral halls of Du Kang have been built in Baishui in Shaanxi province and Ruyang in Henan province to enshrine him. And the liquor produced in these places are called “Du Kang Liquor.”(Huang yixi, 2008, 12)

====2.The Types of liquor in Ancient China====
With constant reform and innovation of the techniques of brewing liquor, thousands types of vintage liquor have been created in China. According to the different production techniques, Chinese liquor can be divided into fermented wine and distilled liquor.

Yellow rice wine is the oldest fermented wine around the world. Shaoxing Wine, a famous specialty of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, is the representative of yellow rice wine. It has a very long history, and the wine industry in Shaoxing was prosperous early in the Warring States period. Shaoxing wine looks yellow and clear, hence sugar is added in its raw material. The most prominent of Shaoxing Wine is that it’s fragrance improves with age. In addition to Shaoxing Wine, there are other famous yellow rice wine like Jiujiang Old Seal Wine, Mellow Wine and Dongwu Rice Wine and so on.

Liquor and Spirits(Baijiu), a kind of distilled liquor, is divided into the following flavor types: sauce-flavor type, light flavor type, strong flavor type and other flavour types. Kweichow Moutai is a traditional Chinese specialty liquor. It is one of the world's three major distilled liquors on par with Scotch whiskey and French cognac. It is also the originator of Daqu sauce-flavored liquor with a history of more than 800 years. The style and quality of Kweichow Moutai is characterized by "prominent sauce, elegant and delicate flavour, full-bodied, long aftertaste, and lasting fragrance in an empty cup". Its special style comes from the unique traditional brewing techniques formed over the years and the brewing methods are combined with the agricultural production in the Chishui River Basin, which is affected by the environment and seasonal production, retaining some of the original traces of local life. In 1996, Moutai's craftsmanship was identified as a state secret to be protected. In 2001, the traditional craft of Moutai was included in the first batch of national material cultural heritage. In 2006, the State Council approved the inclusion of the "Moutai traditional brewing process" in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, and declared the world intangible cultural heritage.

====3.The Types of Drinking Vessel in Ancient China====
Chinese people always pay attention to the beauty and delicacy of tableware, and we stress the exquisiteness and suitability of wine vessels when drinking. Therefore, drinking vessels as part of the liquor culture also have a long history and varied appearances.

In different historical periods, due to the continuous development of society and economy, the production technology, materials, and appearance of wine vessels will naturally undergo corresponding changes; therefore, a wide variety of wine vessels have been produced. As early as the Neolithic culture period, pottery with shapes similar to later wine-ware, such as the pottery of the Peiligang culture period, appeared. The development of the liquor industry and the noble identity of the drinker have made it possible for liquor utensils to be differentiated from ordinary eating utensils. The quality of wine-ware often becomes one of the symbols of the status of drinkers. Bronze ware originated in Xia Dynasty, and the earliest bronze wine ware that has been discovered is from the Xia Erlitou culture period. Bronze ware reached its heyday in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and declined in the Spring and Autumn Period. The purpose of the Shang and Zhou drinking vessels was basically specific.
In the Shang Dynasty, due to the development of the liquor industry and the improvement of bronze production technology, China's wine ware reached unprecedented prosperity. The bronze wine vessels of Shang and Zhou Dynasties were divided into liquor boiling vessels, liquor serving vessels, drinking vessels and liquor storaging vessels according to their purposes. Each vessel has many styles, some are in common styles, and some take animal shapes. Take Zun as an example, there are Elephant Zun, Rhino Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun, Tiger Zun, etc.
[[File:Example3.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine utensils became popular in southern China. It became the main type in the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its shape basically inherited the shape of bronze liquor vessels. Porcelain roughly appeared around the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with pottery, the performance of porcelain surpassed that of pottery. The shape of liquor glasses in the Tang Dynasty was much smaller than in the past, so some people think that distilled spirits appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic production, and there were many exquisite wine vessels. People in Song Dynasty like to warm rice wine and drink it. So the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl were invented. People placed the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and poured hot water into the bowl to warm the wine. The representative porcelain wine-ware of the Ming and Qing Dynasty is the blue-and-white porcelain wine-ware.

====4.Drinking Order====
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, drinking orders appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Basin. There are many ways to make wine orders. The way the literati and the ordinary people make drinking orders are naturally very different. Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc., while ordinary people use simple ways to act without any preparation. It requires a quick, witty, artistic and talented person to do liquor orders. The drinking order is of great significance to the transformation, enrichment and development of drinking rituals. It is not only an important means to add wine to the fun and to invigorate the banquet, but also to make Chinese culture enter the wine and become the Liquor Culture".

====Terms and Expressions====
1.Du Kang 杜康

2.Chinese Dionysus 中国酒神

3.husked sorghum rice 秫米饭

4.Baishui 白水县（陕西渭南市辖县）

5.Ruyang 汝阳县（河南省洛阳市下辖县）

6.fermented wine 发酵酒

7.Distilled liquor 蒸馏酒

8.Yellow rice wine 黄酒

9.Shaoxing Wine 绍兴酒

10.Jiujiang Old Seal Wine 九江成年封缸酒

11.Mellow Wine 醇香酒

12.Dongwu Rice Wine 东吴老酒

13.Liquor and Spirits 白酒

14.Kweichow Moutai 贵州茅台

15.sauce-flavor type 酱香型

16.light flavor type 清香型

17.strong flavor type 浓香型

18.Daqu sauce-flavored liquor 大曲酱香型白酒

19.the Peiligang culture period裴李岗文化时期

20.the Xia Erlitou culture period 夏二里头文化时期

21.Zun 樽

22.injection vessel and bowl 注子和注碗

23.drinking order 行酒令

====Questions====

1.Who is generally believed to invent liquor in China?

2.What is the most prominent of Shaoxing Wine?

3.How to use the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl in the Song dynasty?

4.How do literati often make drinking orders in China?

====Answers====

1.Du Kang

2.It’s fragrance improves with age.

3.Place the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and pour hot water into the bowl to warm the wine.

4.Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc.

====Bibliography====
*Huang Yixi 黄亦锡. (2008) 酒、酒器与传统文化[Wine, Wineset and Traditional Culture: the Study of Wine Culture of Ancient China]. 厦门大学Xiamen University.

*Li Fangzhou 李方舟. (1998) 酒令——酒文化的珍品[Liquor-a treasure of wine culture]. 质量天地Production Room.

*Du Jinpeng 杜金鹏. (1995) 中国古代酒具[Ancient Chinese Wine Set]. 上海文化出版社 Shanghai Culture Publishing House.

*Yang Li 杨利. (2005) 酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[A Probe into Wine Culture and Spiritual Cultural Value of Wine]. 邵阳学院学报Academic Journal of Shaoyang University, 2005(02):82-83.

*Xu Shaohua 徐少华. (1999) 中国酒文化研究50年[Research on 50 years of Chinese wine culture]. 酿酒科技Brewing Technology, 1999(06):15-18.

*Zhao Fengqi 赵凤琦. (2014) 我国白酒产业可持续发展研究[Research on Sustainable Development of Chinese Liquor Industry]. 中国社会科学院研究生院CASS Graduate School.

*Wng Jianguo&Xu Liang 汪建国,徐亮.(2005)我国黄酒的特征及展望[Characteristics and Prospects of Chinese Rice Wine] 江苏调味副食品Journal of Jiangsu Seasoning Food, 2005(06):8-12.

*Ding Jihua 丁季华. (1991) 中国酒文化的结构与功能[The structure and function of Chinese wine culture]. 历史教学问题History Research and Teaching, 1991(2).

== China Railway High-Speed (CRH) - Rajabov, Anushervon student NO. 201921080005 Major: Comparative literature and cross culture ==

===China Railway High-Speed (CRH)===

Introduction

High-speed railway (HSR) in China is the longest network of high-speed railways in the world and is used most widely. The network of UNCC includes the recently built railway at the estimated speed of 200-350 km / h (120-220 miles per hour). The Chinese VSM accounts for two thirds of world high-speed railways. Almost all trains, the path and services of the HSR belong to the Chinese railway corporation under the CHINA Railway High Speed brand (CRH). The high-speed railway has developed rapidly in China over the past 15 years. CRH was put into operation in April 2007, the Intercity Line Beijing-Tianjin, which opened in August 2008, became the first HSR allocated passenger line. HSR applies to all administrative provincial levels, except Macau and Tibet. The total length of the HSR network reached 36,000 km (22,000 miles) in August 2020. The HSR construction boom continues, and the HSR network should reach 70,000 km (43,000 miles) in 2035. China's first high-speed trains were imported or built in accordance with the Technology Transfer Agreement with foreign trains manufacturers, including Alstom, Siemens, Bombardier and Kawasaki Heavy Industry Since the initial technical support, Chinese engineers have overpower the internal components of the train and built local trains produced by the CRRC State Corporation. The appearance of a rapidly accelerated railway in China has decreased in the way and changed Chinese society and the economy. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."[[[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/451551468241176543/pdf/932270BRI0Box30ffic020140final000EN.pdf]]]

Definition and terminology

High-speed trains in China are usually belonging to passenger trades of classes G, D and C. in class G trains (高铁; Gāotiě; "High-speed rail") are commonly used trains E In class D trains (动车; Dòngchē; "Electrical multiple unit") are presented by EMU trains operating at lower speeds, whether in high-speed or low-speed ways. The actual movement speed of class D trains can vary greatly. D211 Creament train from Guyang-east to Guangzhou-South along the High Speed Railway Guang-Guangzhou, a line with an estimated speed of 250 km / h, on average, 207 km / h per trip. The sleeping train D312 EMU between South Beijing and Shanghai at a low speed Beijing - Shanghai on average passing 121 km / h. Class C (c héngjì; “intercity”) trains that run on high-speed tracks at speeds above 250 km / h are also considered high-speed trains.[[https://ru.qaz.wiki/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed]]

Influence on airlines

The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights. The effect of high-speed railway on airfare is most acute when traveling for less than 500 km (310 miles). By the spring of 2011, commercial airlines were fully stopped at previously popular routes such as Wuhan Nanjing, Wuhan Nanchang, Xi'an-Zhengzhou and Chengdu Chongqing. Flights along the routes with a length of more than 1500 km (930 miles) usually do not suffer. As of October 2013, half a speed of passengers were transported monthly on high-speed rail than in the country's airlines. where the source a
Technologies
Chinese High Speed Railway Controls Various Electric Forms of Trains, Hexie HAO Title (Simplified Chinese: 和谐号; Traditional Chinese: 和諧號; Pinyin: Héxié Hào; Harmony) is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 to CRH-5 and CRH380A (L), CRH380B (L) and CRH380C (L). CRH compositions are designed for fast and convenient movement between cities. The weakness of intellectual property Hexie HAO creates obstacles to China in the export of its products related to high-speed railways, which leads to the development of a fully recycled railway franchise called Fuxing Hao (Rejuvenation) that based on local technologies.[[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ]]

4 + 4 HSR network

The network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km. Most of the lines follow existing routes and are for passenger traffic only. These are known as Passenger Lines (PDL). Several sections of the national network, especially along the southeastern coastal corridor, have been built to connect cities that previously had no rail links. These sections will carry both passenger and cargo. High-speed trains on HSR corridors can usually reach speeds of 300-350 km / h (190-220 mph). On mixed HSR lines, passenger trains can reach a maximum speed of 200–250 km / h (120–160 mph). This ambitious national grid project was slated to be built by 2020, but government incentives have significantly shortened the construction timeframe for many lines.[[http://www.railjournal.com/A/xfeature2.html]]

Advantages

HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances that: Increases economic productivity and long-term competitiveness by increasing rail capacity and unifying labor markets. Moving passengers onto high-speed lines frees up older railways to carry more cargo, which is more beneficial for railways than for passengers whose fares are subsidized. Boosts the economy in the short term as high-speed rail construction creates jobs and stimulates demand in the construction, steel and cement industries during the economic downturn. 110,000 workers were mobilized for the construction of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. Facilitates economic integration between cities and promotes the growth of second-tier cities. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains. [[https://ru.qaz.wiki/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed]]

Wenzhou accident

On July 23, 2011, two high-speed trains collided on the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou railway in the Lucheng district of Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped. Signals failed, causing another train to stop a stopped train. Several carriages derailed. State Chinese media confirmed 40 deaths and at least 192 people were hospitalized, including 12 seriously injured. The train accident in Wenzhou and the lack of accountability by rail officials have generated public outcry and heightened concerns about the safety and management of China's high-speed rail system. Concerns about quality and safety have also influenced plans to export cheaper high-speed train technology to other countries. In the aftermath of the deadly disaster, the Chinese government has suspended approval of new rail projects and began security checks on existing equipment.[[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/23/china-train-crash-kills-32]]

Terms and expressions

高铁 - High-speed rail
动车 - Electrical multiple unit
和諧號 – Harmony
復興號 - Rejuvenation

Questions

1. What does the World Bank research say?
2. What forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights?
3. How many high speed rail corridors are there in the 4 + 4 HSR network? What is their total length?
4. What caused the accident?
5. What are the benefits of HSR?

Answers

1. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."
2. The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights.
3. The 4 + 4 HSR network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km.
4. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped.
5. HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

References

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/451551468241176543/pdf/932270BRI0Box30ffic020140final000EN.pdf
https://ru.qaz.wiki/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine
http://www.railjournal.com/A/xfeature2.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/23/china-train-crash-kills-32.

==Language, The Chinese Language - Seydou, Sagara, Student No:201911080004,Major:Translation Studies===
===Introduction===
China is a very big country with a large population, multi-ethnic,and multi-lingual. Each etthnic groups may have its own lingo, or dialects. There are great differences between these dialects because of pronunciation. For example, if people in different places use their dialects to talk, they may not be able to understand each other, and the situation may lead to embarrassment and understanding. Therefore, the Chinese people communicate with each other in a common language, Putonghua, also known as Mandarin in Western countries. Cheng Aimin (2019, 124)

China is a very big country with a large population, multi-ethnic nationalities, and multi-language. Each ethnic groups may have its own lingo, or dialects, which sounds completely different from each other because of pronunciation. For example, if people in different places use their dialects to talk, they may not be able to understand each other, worse still, this situation may lead to embarrassment and misunderstanding. Therefore, the Chinese people communicate with each other in standard Chinese, Putonghua, also known as Mandarin in Western countries. (Cheng Aimin, 2019, 124)--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 16:54, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Putonghua and Dialects==

Putonghua is the national language of China, and Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world. More than one billion of the world's populations are Chinese speakers. The Chinese population is already one fifth of the population of the world and is rapidly expanding its presence everywhere and influence many people around the world. Cheng Aimin (2019, 25)
It is the modern standard Chinese language with the Beijing pronunciation as its standard pronunciation, the northern dialect (also known as Mandarin, the official language in the past) as its basic dialect, and the modern vernacular as its grammatical norm. Therefore, the northern dialect sounds more like Putonghua than other dialects. Putonghua is a standardized language, which is legally used all over the country. In 2000, the law of the People’s Republic of China on common languages and characters established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese Characters as the national language and writing system. Putonghua is also one of the six working language of the United Nation and an important means of communication between China and foreign countries. According to statistics from ethnologist, in 2015, 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, but there were still about 400 million people who spoke dialects or minority languages. Article 19 of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that ‘’ Putonghua is widely used by the state ‘’, and the third week of September is the national Putonghua Publicity week. We often hear some sayings like this: ‘’ Learn Putonghua well and you will have friend all over the world.’’ Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven groups: northern dialect Wu dialect, Hunan dialect, Jiangxi dialect, Hakka dialect, and Cantonese dialect and Fujian dialect. Most northern are close to Putonghua and easy to understand a non-native speaker. Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

The dialects in China differ greatly. Speaking Putonghua allows the Chinese people to communicate better with each other and promote the development of economy and culture everywhere. However, the promotion of Putonghua cannot be achieved in a short time. The Chinese government plans to enable more than 80% of Chinese people to speak Putonghua by 2020. (C.Gov art 10. 2017)
Only by learning Putonghua can you communicate with people from all parts of China and event with Chinese –speaking people all over the world. While striving to promote Putonghua among the people of the whole country, China also pays special attention to the protection of dialects, which should not be lost after learning Putonghua. . Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

==Ancient Chinese and Modern Chinese ==
Over the past three thousand years, Chinese has undergone a long period of development and changes, and has been constantly interacting with the languages of other nations. Ancient Chinese and written Chinese characters are not exactly the same as they are now. When we visit Chinese historical sites, we often see couplets, poems, and inscriptions. Most of them are written in classical Chinese and traditional Chinese characters. Classical Chinese is a written language formed on the basis of the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Cheng Aimin (2019, 127)

By the time of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties (the 7th century to the 10th century), the spoken Chinese had changed greatly and had significant differences with the classical style of written Chinese. The pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar had changed greatly. But all the time, some people still insisted on writing in classical Chinese, while others wrote in the commonly used vernacular (spoken Chinese). The Four Classical Novels created in the Ming and Qing dynasties, The Dreams of the red Chambers, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Outlaws of the Marsh and the journey to the west, are all representative works of the ancient vernacular. After the May 4th movement in 1919, China launched a vernacular movement advocating ‘’my hand writes my speech’’. Since then, the vernacular has gradually been more widely used in the whole society, and modern Chinese has gradually developed and formed. Compared with ancient Chinese, modern Chinese absorbs a lot Western grammar and has added many disyllabic words. Cheng Aimin (2019 ,128)

==Idiomatic Phrases- Idioms, Proverbs, Common Sayings, and Allegorical Sayings.==
Many phrases with fixed meanings in Chinese have been handed down from the ancient times. Mastering these phrases will make your language more authentic and vivid. For example, ‘’Lofty mountains and flowing rivers ‘’. Playing the lute to the cow’’ ‘’prescribing medicine according to symptoms’’, and ‘’ pleading guilty by carrying a rod on one’s back’ ’these phrases, often contain four Chinese characters each, are called idioms. They are quite formal and often originate from ancient historical stories, fables, myths and legends, or literary works. Sometimes we cannot guess the meaning of an idiom simply according to the meaning of the words. For example, 崇山峻岭，流淌的河流 ‘’lofty mountains and flowing rivers’’ means meeting someone who can really understand and appreciate them, while吹牛的长笛 ‘’ Playing the lute to the cow’’ means the casting pearls before swine. Wendy Abraham: (2018 ,115)
There are also proverbs, common sayings, and allegorical sayings created and passed down by the common people in spoken language, which are quite colloquial and emotional, reflecting the unique culture of China.
Proverbs are common and easy -to understand fixed phrases used orally, often explaining a truth. For example, ‘’ if you are not in charge of a home, you don’t know how expensive the firewood and rice, if you don’t have children, you don’t know kinds your parents are.’’ ‘’Seeing is better than hearing 100 times, and doing is better than seeing 100 times’’ Cheng Aimin (2019, 129)
Common sayings mostly come in a three –character format, but there are also other formats. In addition to the literal meaning, there are deep metaphorical extensions. For example, 吹牛皮 ‘’blow cow skin’’ (meaning bragging or boating) ‘给某人. 穿紧身鞋 ‘’give SB . Tight shoes to wear ‘’ ( meaning making things hard for SB), ‘为外国人工作时的消磨时间‘’kill time when working for foreigners ‘’ ( loafing on the job) , 提一个黑锅 ‘’ carry a black pot’’ ( taking the blame for the fault of others ) , 钉在眼睛里 ‘’ nail in the eyes’’ ( thorn in the flesh ), 狗腿 ‘’ dog leg’’ ( hired thug) , 不管3x7 = 21 ‘’regardless of 3x7= 21’’( regardless of consequences, in the spite of anything ), 打不了八极 ‘’ can’t hit with eight poles’’ ( extremely distant or unrelated ). (Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002,232)
An allegorical saying is divided into two parts. It is like a riddle: The first part is a metaphor, and the second part is an explanation. There are two types of allegorical sayings: homophonic and figurative. Example of the homophonic type ‘’ the nephew carries a lantern – to light up the uncle’’ (pronounced the same ‘’ as before ‘’ in Chinese); ‘’the monk opens an umbrella – no hair and no sky ‘’ (‘’ no hair ‘’ is pronounced similar to ‘’ lawless ‘’ in Chinese). Examples of the figurative type: ‘’ A mute person takes a dose of bitter medicine- they can’t say it is bitter ‘’; ‘’ Mice go to the street – everybody shouts and beats them.’’ Cheng Aimin (2019.130)

==Language policy==
While vigorously promoting Putonghua, the Chinese government has also promulgated many policies to protect dialect and minority languages. In order to promote Putonghua, China promulgated the Chinese Pinyin Program in 1958. Pinyin (the standard Chinese sound- spelling system) is widely used in Putonghua promotion, international Chinese teaching, foreign exchange and other fields. It has become an important tool for reading Chinese characters, learning Putonghua, training and improving reading and writing ability. With the popularization of modern information technology, pinyin is widely used to input the Chinese characters on computers and mobile phones. Pinyin affects all aspects of social life. In translation, Chinese names of people, places, food, and even some cultural concept with Chinese characteristics (Such as Beijing, pingpang, Shaoling, Gongful) are directly spelled with Pinyin, which is therefore an important standard for translation and a bridge for international exchange. Minglang Zhou: (pp.71-95).

==Conclusion.==
Today, an increasing number of people from other countries now want to learn Chinese language and culture and also many universities from different countries throughout the world offer Chinese language courses because Putonghua is also an open door to a huge job market in all of the countries where Putonghua is the language of commerce like Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore. Learning Chinese can help to make a better future for everyone. Abundant opportunities for governments and business careers as well as scientific and cultural exchanges await the student of Chinese. The China market is blossoming after decades of global isolation. As China is rapidly becoming a world economic power as it opens its doors to foreign investment expands its infrastructure, those who know Chinese will be valuable to business.

==References==

Cheng Aimin.(2019), ''中国概况'' [Understanding China]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Minglang Zhou: Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China (p.71-95), Wendy Abraham: let’s talk Mandarin Chinese: 1,001 real-life phrases and Idioms. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) Article 10 Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters shall be used as the basic language in education and teaching in schools and other institutions of education, except where otherwise provided for in laws.
The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002)
===Terms and expressions===

Lingo: 林戈

Lingo: 行话，语言

Putonghua: 普通话

Await student:等待学生

Pinyin: 等待学生

Pinyin: 拼音

Lofty: 崇高

Vernacular: 白话

Swine: 猪

===Questions===
1. Why Putonghua is spoken in United Nations Organization?
2. How many people speak Putonghua in China and around the world?
3 .Why Chinese government is promoted Putonghua among many others languages?
===Answers===
1. Because it is an important means of communication between China and foreign countries.
2. According to ethnologist 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, and according to the10 most spoken languages in the world Chinese (and all of its varieties such as Mandarin) is by far the most spoken language across the world with 1.31 billion speakers.
3. Because Putonghua is become an international language and it also facilitate understanding between different ethnic groups in China.

20201215 cultexam 2

2020-12-18T09:01:27Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* China Railway High-Speed (CRH) - Rajabov, Anushervon student NO. 201921080005 */

*Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].
*Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_1 1 Alsied, Saffana - Jiang Qiwei]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_2 2 Kang Haoyu - Sagara Seydou]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_3 3 Shi Haiyao - You Yuting]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_4 4 Yu Ni - Zubareva, Ekaterina]. This page has become too large. Do not write on this page any more, but on one of the smaller pages.

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''
*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: Huadong Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chinese Red Culture - Kang Haoyu 康浩宇, 202070080638 English Interpreting==

<center>康浩宇 Kang Haoyu</center>

===Chinese Red Culture===
Chinese red culture is unique in the world. As a very important cultural resource, it has both tangible culture and intangible culture. Red culture in China refers to the advance(advanced)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:15, 18 December 2020 (UTC) culture with Chinese characteristics created by party and people in revolutionary years.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====1. Development====

China has brilliant history and splendid civilization in ancient times. However, with the Opium War of 1840, China was plunged into the darkness of domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. Despite of all efforts that countless dedicated patriots had made, they still failed to change the plight. The October Revolution in Russia brought Marxism-Leninism. With Communism as the the highest ideal and ultimate goal, the Communist Party of China shouldered the historic(historical)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC) mission of national rejuvenation. With the firm leadership of the party, Chinese people embraced national independence, people's liberation, national reunification and social stability, and stepped into a new era of prosperity and happiness.(Xi Jinpin 2017)

Red culture is condensed by the Communist Party of China in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. It is an advanced Marxism culture that was inherited and developed in the new period of socialist construction. It's a collectivism culture of bravery, sacrifice and devotion that seeks happiness for the Chinese people and(the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC) rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.Red culture is embodied in the aspects of ideal belief, value pursuit and spiritual outlook, and is integrated into material remains, mechanism behaviors and cultural and artistic forms.(Luo Liling, Pu Qingpin 2018, 45)

First of all, red culture is a revolutionary culture, which was formed by the Chinese Communist Party in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. After the founding of(the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC) People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to inherit and carry forward the revolutionary culture. In the new period of socialist construction and reform and opening up, a vigorous and advanced socialist culture was formed, which enriched and developed the connotation of red culture. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture, and are the core value and spiritual subject of contemporary Chinese culture. As for Chinese red culture, Among them, Marxism is the soul, the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the theme, the national spirit and the spirit of the times are the essence, and the socialist concept of honor and disgrace is the foundation. These four aspects influence, infiltrate and interact with each other, revealing the essential characteristics of red culture scientifically and completely.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====2. Symbols====

The word “red” in “red culture” has many symbols. Chinese people have “red” complex since ancient time. Red represents authority. For, example, official documents are also called red heading documents. Red represents courage. Red is the color of Chinese national flag. Chinese military strategists and generals have a deep understanding of the role of red in war, so they use red flags to unite their morale, inspire their fighting and their courage, and summon the spirit of going forward bravely and not fearing sacrifice. Red represents honor and auspiciousness. For instance, the places are always adorned with red for conference and ceremony. People are awarded with red flower and red certificates. Red represents revolution. When Marx was asked about "favorite color" in his early years, he clearly answered "red". In 1864, First International was founded, and its logo was red. The first army of (the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Communist Party of China was named Red Army, and Ruijin, the first revolutionary base area, was called Red Capital. There were also red boats in South Lake and red flags in Jinggangshan.(Chen dongwang, Huang Weiliang 2006, 19)

====3. Values====

Red culture has many values. Red culture has the value of history. It witnesses the early development history of the Communist Party of China. It shows the inevitability of the socialist road in China. And it is an important weapon to guide the success of Chinese revolution. Besides, red culture has the value of civilization. Carrying forward the red culture is an urgent need to cultivate a new national spirit. Red culture is important for the construction of socialism culture and ideology. Moreover, red culture has the value of economy. Red culture is a powerful driving force for the development of (the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)socialist market economy. It is an important medium of economic development under the new historical conditions. The red cultural industry has become a new economic growth point.(Wang Yidi 2007, 149)

====4. Red Culture in Nanchang====

Nanchang is the capital city of Jiangxi Province and it is where August 1st uprising took place. Nanchang is renowned as the cradle of Chinese revolution and the place where the military flag rose. Because in August 1st uprising, (the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)communist party of china formed its first army in Nanchang. There are lots of red culture resources in Nanchang.

Bayi Square is at the center of Nanchang city. It was built to memorize August 1st uprising. Bayi Square highlights the theme of "Bayi History and Culture" in all directions. The memorial area, cultural area, reminiscence area and leisure area of Bayi Square show Bayi Uprising in different forms. The landmark in the square is Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower. Besides, Nangchang August 1st Memorial Hall is a special memorial hall established to commemorate(the)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 05:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC) Nanchang Uprising.（Peng Bo, Zhang Li, Li Jiangyuan 2006, 58）

===References===

[1] 程东旺, 黄伟良. “红色文化”的价值形态与德育功能探析[J]. 现代教育科学, 2006: 19-21.

[2] 罗丽琳,蒲清平. 红色文化的思想政治教育基因及其时代价值[J].新疆师范大学学报, 2018: 45-52

[3] 彭波, 张丽, 李江源. 整合红色资源,提升江西文化力[J]. 江西崛起策论, 2006:58-60.

[4] 王以第. “红色文化”的价值内涵[J]. 文化论苑, 2007:149-150.

[5] 习近平, 决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告,人民日报,2017.

[6] 朱桂莲,李晶. 德育视角下的中国红色文化研究综述[J]. 研究综述, 2010:87-89.

===Terms and Expressions===

red culture 红色文化

Opium War 鸦片战争

red heading documents 红头文件

red army 红军

August 1st uprising 八一起义

===Questions===

1. What is the historical background of the birth of red culture?

2. What are two major components of red culture?

3. How many symbols dose the word "red" in red culture has? What are they?

4. How many values dose red culture has? What are they?

5. What is the landmark in Bayi Square?

===Answers===

1. In modern China, Communist Party of China led the Chinese revolution and led people to fight against suppression.

2. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture

3. Four. Authority, courage, honor and revolution.

4. Three. History value, civilization value and economic value.

5. Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower

==The Ancient Tea Horse Road - Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆, 202070080593 MTI==

===The Ancient Tea Horse Road===

====Introduction====
The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation. It originated from the ancient southwest frontier of the tea horse mutual market, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and most prosperous in the middle and late World War II. The Tea Horse Road was listed by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics conservation units on March 5, 2013.(Zou Jingyi , Zhang Yimei 2018,131)

The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation. It originated from the ancient southwest frontier of the tea horse mutual market, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and prospered（改） in the middle and late World War II. The Tea Horse Road was listed by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics conservation units on March 5, 2013. 空格 (Zou Jingyi , Zhang Yimei 2018,131) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:16, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====Historical Routes====
China’s ancient tea horse road is divided into:
1.Shanxi-Gansu tea horse road is the main route for tea to travel westward in mainland China and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.
2. Shanxi - Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), began in the Han Dynasty, formed by the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse each other. Due to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government control of tea trafficking, tea trafficking sub-regional, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.(Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng2020,281)

1.(点号后空格)Shanxi-Gansu tea horse road is the main route for tea to travel westward in mainland China and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.
2. Shanxi - Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), began in the Han Dynasty, formed by the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse each other. 这句话意思不太理解。During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government controlled（改） tea trafficking, and the tea trafficking sub-regional, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road. 空格 (Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng2020,281) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:28, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

3.The ancient Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road was formed in the late sixth century AD .It is in the south of Yunnan's main tea producing areas. It is an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.
4. Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shan-Kang-Tibet Tea Horse Road. It is an essential bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the interior. It is in the east of Yazhou edge, west to Lhasa, Tibet, and finally through to Bhutan, Nepal and India, a total length of nearly four thousand kilometers, .(Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng2020,282)

3. (点号后空格)The ancient Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road was formed in the late sixth century AD. (句点空格) It is in the south of Yunnan's main tea producing area. It is an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.
4. Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shan-Kang-Tibet Tea Horse Road. It is an essential bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the interior. It is in the east of Yazhou edge, west to Lhasa, Tibet, and finally through to Bhutan, Nepal and India, a total length of nearly four thousand kilometers(逗号删掉).(Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng2020,282) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:28, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

There are three main routes of the ancient tea-horse road: The Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line. Among the three ancient tea-horse roads, the Qinghai-Tibet line was established in the Tang Dynasty and developed earlier, while the Sichuan-Tibet line was the most influential and well-known later. These three routes are closely related to Chengdu, among them, the Yunnan-Tibet route and the Sichuan-Tibet route must pass through Chengdu, and their development is closely related to the tea-horse trade. (Kang Yuming,Li Jinfeng2020,283)

There are three main routes of the ancient tea-horse road: The Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line. Among the three ancient tea-horse roads, the Qinghai-Tibet line was established in the Tang Dynasty and developed earlier, while the Sichuan-Tibet line was the most influential and well-known later. These three routes are closely related to Chengdu, and among them, the Yunnan-Tibet route and the Sichuan-Tibet route （改） pass through Chengdu, and their development is closely related to the tea-horse trade. (句点后空格) (Kang Yuming,Li Jinfeng2020,283) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:28, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Historical Values===
1.The Golden Road of Tourism
The ancient tea-horse road tour has unique scenery, profound cultural connotation, exclusive resources and is unparalleled in the world.

1. 点号后空格 The Golden Road of Tourism
The ancient tea-horse road tour has unique scenery, profound cultural connotation and exclusive resources and is unparalleled in the world. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Ancient Roads for the Propagation of Civilization
The ancient Tea Horse Road was not only an important migration corridor for the ancient ancestors between Wei-Tibet and present Sichuan and Yunnan, but also an important aperture for the spread and exchange of ancient civilizations between present Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.(Ji Jing2016,354)

2. Ancient Roads for the Propagation of Civilization
The ancient Tea Horse Road was not only an important migration corridor for the ancient ancestors between Wei-Tibet and present Sichuan and Yunnan, but also an important aperture for the spread and exchange of ancient civilizations between present Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet. 句点后空格 (Ji Jing2016,354)--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

3.Migration Corridor of National Cultures
On this ancient road, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, Chinese, Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Hani, Kino, Qiang, Pumi, Bai, Nu, Jingpo, Achang and other ethnic groups have flourished here for thousands of years, highlighting the diversity and original form of ethnic culture in southwest China.

3. 点号后空格 Migration Corridor of National Cultures
On this ancient road, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, Chinese, Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Hani, Kino, Qiang, Pumi, Bai, Nu, Jingpo, Achang and other ethnic groups have flourished here for thousands of years, highlighting the diversity and original form of ethnic culture in southwest China. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

4. The Path of National Spirituality
You can't talk about the ancient tea-horse road without mentioning the horse gangs. The horse gangs have formed a unique cultural carrier in the course of thousands of years. Their spirit is attached to this ancient road, and become part of the Chinese national spirit.(Ji Jing2016,355)

4. The Path of National Spirituality
We can't talk about the ancient tea-horse road without mentioning the horse gangs. The horse gangs have formed a unique cultural carrier in the course of thousands of years. Their spirit is attached to this ancient road, and becomes a part of the Chinese national spirit. 句点后空格 (Ji Jing2016,355)--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

5.The Road of National Unity and Integration
The ancient tea-horse road is like a huge net in southwest China, through which people of all nationalities strengthen their ties and communication, promote political, economic and cultural interaction, development and integration among all nationalities, and enhance the emotional ties between them.

5. 点号后空格 The Road of National Unity and Integration
The ancient tea-horse road is like a huge net in southwest China, through which people of all nationalities strengthen their ties and communication, promote political, economic and cultural interaction, development and integration among all nationalities, and enhance the emotional ties between them. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

6.The Road of Securing the Borders
The expansion of the ancient tea-horse road and the flourishing of the tea-horse trade contributed to the stability and consolidation of China's southwest frontier.

6. 空格 The Road of Securing the Borders
The expansion of the ancient tea-horse road and the flourishing of the tea-horse trade contributes to the stability and consolidation of China's southwest frontier. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

7.The road to economic development
The Thousand-Year Tea Horse Trail contributed to the formation of many towns in the region through the tea and horse trade, which greatly contributed to the economic development of the region.(Ji Jing2016,355)--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:25, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

7. 空格 The road to economic development
The Thousand-Year Tea Horse Trail contributed to the formation of many towns in the region through the tea and horse trade, which greatly contributed to the economic development of the region. 空格 (Ji Jing2016,355)--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:25, 18 December 2020 (UTC) --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Terms and Expressions===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road(茶马古道)

2.Sichuan-Tibet Line（川藏线）

3.Yunnan-Tibet line（滇藏线）

4.wade ancient road（蹚古道）

===Questions===

1.What is the ancient tea horse road ?

1.What is 多了个空格 the ancient tea horse road ? --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:37, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.How many main routes does the ancient tea-horse road conclude?

2.How many main routes 多了个空格 does the ancient tea-horse road include? --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:37, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

3.What is the historical value?

3.What is the historical value of the ancient tea-horse road? --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 07:37, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation.

2.There are three main routes, including the Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

3.The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization.

===References===

Zou Jingyi, Zhang Yiqing邹怡情,张依玫. (2018). 作为文化线路的茶马古道遗产保护研究[ A Study on Heritage Conservation of Ancient Tea Horse Road as a Cultural Route].
''北京规划建设 BeiJing Planning Review''(04)131-140.

Kang Yuming, Li Jinfeng康昱明,李金峰.(2020).甘肃茶马古道文化线路遗产探究[ A Study on Cultural Route Heritage of Ancient Tea Horse Road in Gansu Province].''农村经济与科技Rural Economy and Science'' 31(11)281-283.

Li Gang, Li Wei李刚,李薇.(2011).论历史上三条茶马古道的联系及历史地位[ On the Connection and Historical Status of Three Ancient Tea Horse Roads in History].''西北大学学报Journal of Northwestern University'' 41(04):113-117.

Ji Ji纪静.(2016.)茶马古道的兴起及其价值研究 [ A Study on the Rise and Value of Ancient Tea Horse Road ].''福建茶叶 Tea In Fujian'' 38(07):354-355.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:23, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Novels - Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

===Four satirical novels in ancient China===
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.'''Quotation missing. E.g. (Gui Ninghuo 2009, 12)'''

====Introduction====
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.

==== Nie Hai Hua====
Nie Hai Hua was written by Zen Pu (1872-1935).A total of 35 chapters.it is a novel of condemnation, historical fiction and political fiction. In the novel, Jin yun (wen qing) is the main character.After won the scholarship, he took a famous courtesan, Fu Caiyun, as his concubine in Suzhou.He was then ordered to travel to Russia, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. After returning to China, Jin Wenqing died of illness in Beijing, and Fu Caiyun left the Jin family to resume her old profession in Shanghai, changing her name to Cao Menglan then went to Tianjin to work as a prostitute, calling herself Sai Jinhua.
The novel takes the story of Jin Wenqing and Fu Caiyun as the main line, vividly describes the historical and cultural changes as well as political and social changes from Tongzhi to Guangxu more than 30 years, exposing the decay and decline of the rulers, criticizing the feudal system of imperial examination, satirizing the officials, truly reflecting their spiritual life and cultural mentality. at the same time also enthusiastically glorifies Feng Zicai, Liu Yongfu and other war heroes and Sun Yat-sen and so on. The revolutionary activities of the Democratic Revolutionaries express the author's patriotic thoughts against the feudal dictatorship and advocate national democratic revolution. In specific writing, the author adopts the modern popular block novel structure combined with the traditional mesh novel structure to unfold the plot, with ups and downs, twists and turns, touching and orderly, always around the main line.
As a historical novel, Nie Hai Hua draws on the spirit of the ancient "good history" of China to portray its characters. At the same time, it draws on the satirical approach of "The History of Confucianism" in which "the fair-minded accuse the evils of the times", commenting on events and weighing characters in a realistic manner. In terms of art, Nie Hai Hua also has many shortcomings.However, it is a skillful structure and outstanding novel at that time.

==== the Travels of an Old Man====
The Travels of an Old Man was written by Liu E (1857-1909) and a total of 20 chapters. Liu E was an entrepreneur and scholar, not a professional writer, but his reputation as a literary figure was far greater than that of an entrepreneur and scholar. This novel is an unfinished work of his that was written in his later years with an autobiographical nature.
The novel takes a bell-ringing mountebank, Lao can (Tie Ying), as its main character, and narrates his experiences and activities during his travels in northern China, exposing the decadence and darkness of the Qing government, the brutality and lethargy of the officials, and the poverty and oppression of the people, especially attacking the abusive behavior of those "Qing officials" who are actually cruel officials, and expressing the author's strong views on the perilous reality of society and the country.
The artistic achievement of the novel is very high. The first is the superb descriptive skills, whether it is a description, a landscape, or a narrative, can be vividly depicted, such as the scenery of Thousand Buddha Mountain, Daming Lake etc., which makes people have a sense of being in the real world. Secondly, its psychological description and psychological analysis, with appropriate language, can brilliantly show the inner world of the characters. Thirdly, the exquisite structural art. The novel is in the form of a Travel Journal, with travel as a clue,and organic combined of what he see, hear, think and do along the way forms a unique structural feature of the novel.

==== The Records of Officialdom Exposure====
The Records of Officialdom Exposure by Li Baojia (1867-1906), five editions and a total of 60 chapters. This is the first long chapter novel in China's modern era that was published serially in newspapers and magazines and achieved a social sensation, creating a culture of critical reality in modern fiction.
The novel consists of more than 30 relatively independent bureaucratic stories linked together,involving the Qing government from the emperor, down to the minor officials and so on,and these various bureaucrats of all kinds of evil behavior were exposed:They embezzled public funds, corrupt and pervert the law or the named "expedition bandits", but is harmful to the people. The work is like a scroll of the officialdom at the end of the feudal society, touching on the main contradictions of that time.
The novel's writing method is modelled on "The Scholars" and has been developed, making full use of exaggeration, comic style and satirical techniques. only a few strokes will outline the character's voice and physical appearance. And the author also good at describing the details, so that the characters are vivid and evocative, with a strong artistic impact. Therefore, the subsequent imitation of the work is quite a lot, it become a great view.

==== 20 years witness strange present situation====
The Strange Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years was written by Wu Woyao(1866-1910), A total of 60 chapters. This is a long novel with autobiographical flavor.it through nearly 200 short stories that the protagonist hears and witnesses from the death of his father to his failure in business. it outlines the strange realities of late Qing society during the 20 years from the Sino-French War to the beginning of the 20th century.
The scope of social life is much broader than The Records of Officialdom Exposure. In addition to describing the officialdom, there are also involving the shopping malls, foreign markets, science fields, medical and astrological practices. It exposes the political situation, moral outlook, social customs, and human conditions of the increasingly colonized Chinese feudal society, and is of high cognitive value in helping readers to see the irreparable historical destiny of the late Qing society and feudal system.
The novel adopts the first-person narrative story, structured in a way that makes the reader feel intimate and trustworthy, setting a precedent in the history of Chinese fiction. The structure is also very clever: "nine deaths and a lifetime" is not only the narrator of the book story, but also the backbone of the structure of the book, and at the same time uses flashbacks, interpolations and other methods, combining it organically together, making the whole book complex and simple appropriate, muddle together.

==== Conclution====
As a result of the bourgeois reformists and democratic revolutionaries strongly advocated, the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty got unprecedented development, and a large number of influential novels emerged, forming a prosperous situation of the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty.The emergence of the "Four satirical novels" in the late Qing Dynasty is an important sign that The creation of Chinese novels has entered another prosperous period.

===Reference===
*[1]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B4%E8%B4%A3%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4/702907?fr=aladdin
*[2]二十年目睹之怪现状[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 吴趼人, 2012
*[3]老残游记[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 刘鹗, 2012
*[4]官场现形记[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 李宝嘉, 2012
*[5]孽海花[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 曾朴, 2012
*[6]四大谴责小说政治批判手法研究[J].李辉东,2017

===Terms and Expressions===
The Records of Officialdom Exposure 《官场现形记》

The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years 《二十年之目睹怪现象》

the Travels of an Old Man 《老残游记》

Nai Hai Hua 《孽海花》

The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty 晚清四大谴责小说

===Questions===
1、what are The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty ?

2、which novel is modeled the "The Scholars"?

3、what’s the common characteristic of these four novels?

4、what other satirical novels do you know?

===Answers===
1、They are Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua.

2、The Records of Officialdom Exposure

3、The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time.

4、E.g.The Scholars

==Shadow Play - Li Lili 李丽丽==
===Shadow Play Li Lili No.202070080594 MTI===
大标题+小标题+名字拼音+汉字+学号+专业，大标题应该涵盖小标题，比如文学，《红楼梦》...(可以直接在最上面一栏写哦，不必再写一栏）--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 15:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====The Origin of Shadow Play====
Shadow play has a long history from the written records. Legend has it that Madame Li, the wife of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu's yearning for her was so intense that he was in a trance and ignored the government's affairs all day. Minister Li Shaoweng went out one day when he came across a child playing with a doll in his hand, with its shadow being vivid，so he came up with an idea that he could cut the image of Mrs. Li from cotton and silk, painted it with color, and installed wooden poles on her hands and feet. After seeing it, Emperor Wu was glued to it and couldn't put it down. This love story is considered to be the earliest origin of shadow play. (Wei Liqun 2018,13)

Shadow play has a long history according to the written records. Legend has it that Empress Xiaowu, the wife of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu missed her so strongly that he was in a trance and ignored the government's affairs all day. One day, Minister Li Shaoweng went out and came across a child playing with a doll in his hand. The shadow of the doll was so vivid that he came up with an idea to cut the Mrs. Li's image out of cotton and silk, painted it, and installed wooden poles on its hands and feet. When Emperor Wu looked at it, it was like a treasure that he could not put down for a long time. This love story is considered to be the earliest origin of shadow play.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 01:29, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

There are also some views that shadow play originated in Xi'an of Tang Dynasty, however, it is worth discussing that although there were an variety of operas in the Tang Dynasty, yet there were no any records of shadow play mentioned in the Tang Dynasty. Up to now, the earliest shadow play we can see is recorded in Song Dynasty. Its rise and development is closely related to Bianjing’s (the capital of Northern Song Dynasty) superior geographical environment, the development of commodity trade and good commercial transportation at that time. (Wei Liqun 2018,14-15)

There are also some views that shadow play originated in Xi'an during the Tang Dynasty. However, it is worth discussing that although there were various operas in the Tang Dynasty, there is no record of any shadow plays in the Tang Dynasty. Up to now, the earliest record of shadow play that we can see is in Song Dynasty. Its rise and development were closely related to the superior geographical environment, the development of commodity trade and good commercial transportation at that time in Bianjing (the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty).--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 01:29, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====Introduction====
可以复制别人图片的格式，修改名字和来源即可--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)
[[File:shadow play.jpg|300px|thumb|right|]]

In Chinese ancient society, Chinese began to give performances using puppets against an illuminated screen. This is “shadow puppets”, also known as “lamp and shadow play”. It is considered as “precursor of movie” because it was the earliest moving part of form dubbed with human voice in the world. During a play, puppeteers hide behind the white screen and move puppets, while narrating the story, usually through singing. Performances are accompanied by musicians playing percussion and stringed instruments. A shadow puppet can perform actions such as “serving drinks”, “waving a sword and a spear,” or even “smoking” by puppeteer holding and moving manipulating rods on its body. (Wang Yexia 2012,1-2)

In ancient Chinese society, the Chinese people began to perform with puppets against a luminous screen. This was "shadow puppets", also known as "light and shadow play". It is considered the “predecessor of movie” because it was the earliest physical moving part in the world to be dubbed with human voices. In the play, puppeteers hide behind a white screen and move puppets while narrating the story, usually through singing. The performances are accompanied by musicians playing percussion and stringed instruments. Shadow puppets can perform actions such as “serving wine”, “waving a sword and dancing a spear,” and even “smoking” by the puppeteer holding and moving joysticks on its body.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Typically, a shadow puppet has three rods, some may have five or seven rods. It can create rich designs such as shadow puppets, animals and stage props, for example, buildings, imperial palaces, chariots, tables and chairs as well as weapons. It is so rich that it includes almost everything under the sun. It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools. The well-known ones include Tangshan Shadow Play in Hebei Province, Beijing Shadow Play as well as Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hunan Shadow Play. etc. (Wang Yexia 2012,2-3)

Typically, a shadow play has three poles, and some may have five or seven. It can create a rich variety of designs, for example shadow puppets, animals and stage props such as buildings, imperial palaces, chariots, tables and chairs as well as weapons. It is so rich that it includes almost everything under the sun. It incorporates traditional Chinese modeling and performing arts as well as the arts of painting, paper-cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the essence of local operas and folk songs and formed many genres. The well-known ones include Tangshan Shadow Play in Hebei Province, Beijing Shadow Play as well as Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hunan Shadow Play, etc.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

So how to make a puppet? First. Draw pictures of the various parts of the shadow puppets; second, finish carving with a knife and a hard board underneath the design; third, color the puppet with watercolor pens; forth, paint the body parts with a brush dipped in oil. This can make the puppet transparent and better reflect colors under the light.; fifth, connect joint sections with the cotton thread; sixth, make the manipulating rods; finally, attach the manipulating rods to the shadow puppet with cotton thread. Thanks to different manipulating rods moves, the shadow puppet has a life, and can show happiness, anger, sorrow and gladness. (Wang Yexia 2012,29-35)

So how do you make a puppet? Firstly, draw a picture of each part of the shadow puppet; secondly, finish the carving with a knife and put the hard board underneath the designed pattern; thirdly, color the puppet with watercolor pens; fourthly, paint the body parts with a brush dipped in oil paint. It can make the puppet transparent and better reflect colors under the light; fifthly, connect the joint sections with the cotton thread; sixthly, make the joysticks; finally, attach the joysticks to the shadow puppet with cotton thread. Due to the different movements of the joysticks, the shadow puppet has a life and can express joy, anger, sorrow and happiness.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The eyes and the eyebrows of a shadow puppet’s five facial features represent different personalities. The good and positive people are typical of a benevolent and kind countenance, with nice-looking eyebrows and eyes, while the villain or the general are ferocious look, with sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes. And the former are often concealed teeth and the latter are revealed teeth. The middle-aged people are short beard, but the elderly men are long beard. (Wang Yexia 2012,10-11)

The eyes and the eyebrows of the shadow puppet’s five facial features represent different personalities. A good and upright person is typically benevolent and kind with nice-looking eyebrows and eyes, while a villain or general is ferocious and evil-looking with sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes. And the former tends to hide their teeth and the latter show their teeth. The middle-aged people have short beards, while the elderly men have long beards.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The decorative designs on the shadow puppets are so important that they must match the character’s social status. In a shadow play, female characters are usually decorated with patters such as flowers, grass, clouds and phoenix, while male characters are often decorated with dragons, tigers, water and clouds. Shadows puppets look colorful under the light. To achieve a better visual effect, the translucent puppets need to be painted on both sides. The head of color can also represent different characters’ personalities. The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character and the representative is Guan Yu. The black is a sign of a just, honest and selfless personality and the representative is Zhang Fei. The yellow shows a brave and irascible character and are often used in fantasy plays to represent people with magic power. (Wang Yexia 2012,13-16)

The decorative patterns on the shadow puppets are so important that they must match the social status of characters. In a shadow play, female characters are usually decorated with patters such as flowers, grass, clouds and phoenixes, while male characters are often decorated with patterns such as dragons, tigers, water and clouds. The shadows puppets look colorful under the light. To achieve a better visual effect, translucent puppets need to be painted on both sides. The different colors of heads can also represent different characters’ personalities. Red is a symbol of heroic and upright character and the representative is Guan Yu. Black indicates a fair, honest and selfless character and the representative is Zhang Fei. Yellow shows a brave and irascible character and is often used in fantasy plays to represent people with magic powers.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====The Present Situation of Contemporary Shadow Play====
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, shadow play, as an art form, has undergone a series of reforms under the guidance of the Party's principles, including the organization of theatrical troupes, the compilation and creation of plays, the drawing and performing forms of shadow play. With the advent of the "Cultural Revolution", the prosperity of shadow play came to an abrupt end. The troupe was disbanded, the repertoire was banned, and the artists were transferred to other fields. A large number of precious shadow puppet props and documents were damaged. This situation, except for some places, lasted until 1976. (Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, shadow play, as an art form, has undergone a series of reforms under the guidance of the Party's principles, including the organization of theatrical troupes, the compilation and creation of scripts, the painting and performing forms of shadow play. With the advent of the "Cultural Revolution", the prosperity of shadow play came to an abrupt end. The troupe was disbanded, the repertoire was banned, and the artists were transferred to other fields. A large number of precious shadow puppet props and documents were damaged. This situation, with the exception of a few places, lasted until 1976.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:40, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", shadow puppet art revived rapidly, However, with the economic development being put in the first place of social activities and the popularity of television and the richness of artistic forms, shadow play is declining day by day with an irresistible trend, because shadow play arts are unable to keep pace with the times and get the appreciation from the audience. As a result, the prospect of shadow play art is becoming increasingly bleak. （Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）

After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", the art of shadow puppet was rapidly revived. However, as economic development was placed at the forefront of social activities with the popularity of television and the enrichment of art forms, shadow play is declining with an irresistible trend, because the art of shadow play are unable to keep pace with the times and be appreciated by the audience. As a result, the future of shadow play is becoming increasingly bleak.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

In order to inherit Chinese excellent culture and protect the ancient art forms such as shadow play. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first part of national intangible cultural heritage list. On November 27, 2011, UNESCO put Chinese shadow play on the "list of representative works of human intangible cultural heritage".（baidubaike）引用不规范--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:53, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

In order to inherit Chinese excellent culture and protect the ancient art forms such as shadow play. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On November 27, 2011, UNESCO included Chinese shadow play in the "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity".--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===
*Wang Yexia 王业霞.(2012). 《皮影戏》 [Shadow Play] 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: [Higher Education Publishing House]
*Wei Liqun 魏力群.(2018). 《小书大传承-皮影》["Small Book, Big Heritage - Shadow Play"] 重庆：重庆出版社 Chongqing: [Chongqing Publishing House]
*Zhu Hengfu 朱恒夫.(2020) 中国皮影戏的历史，现状与剧目特征[The History, Current Situation and Repertoire Characteristics of Chinese Shadow Theatre] 浙江艺术职业学院学报 [Journal of Zhejiang Arts Vocational College]
*https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9A%AE%E5%BD%B1%E6%88%8F/23224?fr=aladdin

===Words and Expressions===
*shadow puppet皮影戏
*paper cutting 剪纸
*ventriloquism 口技
*manipulating rod 操纵杆
*five facial features 五官
*sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes 尖眉杏眼
*Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
*intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

===Questions===
*1.When is the earliest shadow puppet’s record?
*2.What art of forms do shadow play use?
*3. What does a red head stand for in a play?
*4.When is it put on the list of intangible cultural heritage".

===Answers===
*1.Song dynasty.
*2.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools.
*3.The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character.
*4. On November 27, 2011.

==Confucian Culture - Li Liqin 李丽琴 Student No.202070080595 MTI ==

=== Confucian Culture ===

==== Introduction ====

Confucian school is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and composed by Xunzi. Today, it still retains a certain vitality. Confucian school takes Confucianism as its guiding ideology whose central ideas are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 31)

Confucian school was on an equal footing with the other hundred schools in the pre-Qin period. After the First Emperor of Qin, also called Qin Shihuang, burned books and buried scholars alive, the development of the Confucian school suffered a serious defeat. Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's advice of "banishing other schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism only" and imposed restrictions on thought, which led to the revival of Confucian school. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 20) The concepts of "Confucian school", "Confucianism", and "Confucian Religion" should be distinguished since Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism a social stratification, and Confucian religion belief. (Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 2017, 60-61)

Laozi founded Chinese Taoist school; Confucius started Chinese Confucian school; Sun Tzu initiated Chinese military strategist school; Mozi was the founder of Mohism in the early Warring States. Confucianism contributes to guiding the code of conduct and constructing social order; Taoism focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalism serves the system construction of national political management; the concepts of Universal Love and utilitarianism are two cornerstones for the Mohism. The General Unity idea of Confucianism has played an important role in the unification of a nation, the enhancement of national cohesion and the integration of cultural values. (Tan Su 2012, 68)

After more than two thousand years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, involving politics, education, morality, ethics, code of conduct, life skills and other aspects. It has cultivated the wisdom and soul of the Chinese people throughout the history, and formed deep-rooted set patterns of thinking, psychology and survival. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42-43)

After more than 2,000 years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, covering politics, education, morality and ethics, codes of conduct, life skills and many other aspects.It has long nurtured the wisdom and mind of the Chinese people and formed a fixed modes of thinking, psychology and survival, which are deeply rooted in the nation.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 03:49, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==== Analysis of Confucian Culture ====

===== Intelligence Development =====

Confucius is a great educator, as well as a pioneer and practitioner of mass education. After Confucianism was established as a dominant culture, both the rulers and the public respected the teachings of the sage and attached great importance to education. In this context, a basic requirement is to stay highly cultured and steeped in propriety. After the Emperor Wen initiated the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, those who are good scholars could make an official, which inspired students of poor families to change their lives by studying hard and diligent. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 19)

Confucius is a great educator, as well as a pioneer and practitioner of mass education. After Confucianism was established as the dominant culture, both the rulers and the public respected the teachings of the sage and attached great importance to education, and '''being educated and sensible''' became a basic requirement. After the Emperor Wen initiated the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, those who are good scholars could make an official, which inspired students of poor families to change their lives by studying hard and diligent. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 19)--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 03:59, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

For generations, the Chinese people have attached great importance to the education of their children, which is conducive to the improvement of the thinking ability of the whole nation. However, the corrupt of bureaucracy and the darkness of officialdom in metaphase and anaphase made many literati feel despairing about official career and discredit about the concept. In addition, the Four Books and Five Classics were the main learning content of Confucianism. Apart from government-run schools, private schools and self-study can hardly meet the requirements of the Six Classical Arts. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 21) Therefore, the Four Books and Five Classics were the focus of students, while the Six Classical Arts were not highly valued.

=====Spiritual Guidance =====

In terms of spirit, Confucianism contends that "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue." (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 86) Benevolent people love each other, which reflects the essence of “Unity of Man and Nature” and also the most brilliant connotation of Confucianism. This philosophy calls for people’s active contributions to the society. It is still alive in modern times, and is the fundamental requirement of people's spiritual orientation in the future. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32)

=====Order Construction =====

In the age of barbarism and backwardness, a common feature was that a small number of people used power and force to suppress and enslave the majority, thus resulting in labor division and unfair distribution of wealth and generating corresponding social hierarchy and concepts. Given the fact that Confucianism developed in the transitional period of feudal society, the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius were rooted in the idealist view of destiny and did not break the shackles of social hierarchy. In addition, they even advocated the distinguish between the noble and the humble and highlighted the importance of hierarchy division. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

In this context, the benevolence they advocated had great limitations in political management. The public could not be treated equally in terms of political status. Instead, the so-called benevolence calls for improvement of the living conditions of the public and more benefits from the ruling class. However, its purpose was to maintain social order and reconcile social contradictions. This is also the root cause of feudal rulers’ favoring of Confucianism. In essence, Confucianism did not promote social equality, instead, it worked to maintain the unequal feudal hierarchy that aggravated servitude. In fact, after a long history of feudal rule, the sense of hierarchy would be part of the national psyche. With the progress of times and civilization, the view of destiny and the thought of social order have become psychological shackles of the Chinese people. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

In this context, the benevolence they advocated had great limitations in political management. The public could not be treated equally in terms of political status. Instead, the so-called benevolence calls for improvement of the living conditions of the public and more benefits from the ruling class. However, its purpose was to maintain social order and reconcile social contradictions. This is the fundamental reason why Confucianism was so popular with the feudal rulers,
Instead of promoting social equality, it worked to maintain an unequal and slavish feudal hierarchy. Indeed, after a long period of feudal rule, the sense of hierarchy would enslave the national psyche. With the progress of times and civilization, Confucianism's view of the Mandate of Heaven and the ruling ideology of social order have becme a psychological yoke that enslaved the people.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:33, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

After eliminating the ideology of feudal hierarchy and formalism, some philosophies of Confucianism still generate positive effects on modern society. Specifically, the spirit of benevolence and universal love is conducive to cultivate people’s spirits; the concept of “the country belongs to the public” reflects a sense of social responsibility to make contributions for society, which can be expanded into a sharing social and political philosophy for different countries. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 33)

Filial piety and brotherhood increase the harmony and stability of family; Loyalty, faithfulness, propriety and forgiveness are conducive to the relationship between different countries, societies and people. "Loyalty" means that people should stay loyal to the country and people; "Friendliness" and "forgiveness" play an important role in resolving various contradictions and animosities; when it comes to "filial piety" and "propriety", many redundant forms inherited from feudal society should be eradicated and be more practical. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-41)

====The Contemporary Value of Confucian Culture ====

Today, Confucian culture is still of great significance. We must explore the value of Confucian culture on the basis of the excellent tradition of the Chinese nation and by combining the characteristics of the times with and the actual situation. The Confucian culture has affected Chinese more than two thousand years and gone deep into each aspect of Chinese society. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39)

=====Ideological and Political Education =====

Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy, and it places a high priority on human value and dignity. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 51-57) Over the years, the Chinese nation has been influenced by this excellent philosophy. On this occasion, its behavioral pattern and psychological structure are endowed with uniqueness, which is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is to respect yourself, learn how to love and care yourself. Moreover, gain dignity and achieve the development of human value through the continuous improvement of moral cultivation. Second, respect others and show respect for others' personality by respecting, understanding and caring for others. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-40)

===== Modern Economic Construction=====

Under today’s circumstance, some ideological contents are still alive and produce positive effects on promoting the economic construction of modernization and fostering modern patriotism emotion of the Chinese people. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

First of all, Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

Since Confucian culture reflects a collectivist view on life, individuals are full of sense of duty and responsibility towards others and groups. In this context, their self-cultivation targets at regulating the family, country and the world. Thus, the value of individual is closely linked with the rise and fall of the country, so they have a strong sense of responsibility. "Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country" has been a common belief for thousands of years. Such a social responsibility will give rise to a huge driving force for the development of the country and society. (Tan Su 2012, 68)

Second, the consciousness of "self-improvement" and the proposition of "seeking truth" in the Confucian culture strengthen the national spirit and provide a source power for China’s economic modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 66)

Yi Zhuan put forward: "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.’’ It means that continuous development is the law of nature and that a gentleman should pursue progress and be strong, unyielding resilient and positive. For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has formed a fine tradition of working hard and striving for strength under the influence of these thoughts. Today, we carry forward the spirits of “self-improvement” and "seeking truth" in ways that further enhance national spirits and provide a strong driving force for the socialist modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

Third, the "reform and innovation" concept in Confucian culture is conducive to the expansion of the reform and opening up and the acceleration of China's socialist modernization. On the basis of admitting the fact that the continuous development is the universal law of nature, Confucian culture puts forward the "innovation idea". The Book of Rites said, "If you can in one day renovate yourself; do so from day to day and let there be daily renovation." The Book of Changes said, "Reform refers to destroy the old, while innovation means to establish the new.” (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

The concept is not only serves as the theoretical basis for reform and innovation throughout the history, but also provides valuable lessons for the reform in socialist economic and political systems today. Domestically, promoting the innovative spirits can greatly enhance the reform consciousness of the Chinese people. Externally, it is conducive to advancing the opening up by leveraging the global influence of Confucian culture. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

The concept '''has not only served''' as theoretical basis for reformers in the past, but also provides valuable lessons for the reform in socialist economic and political systems today. Domestically, '''by promoting the "innovative" spirit of Confucianism''', we can greatly enhance the reform consciousness of the Chinese people; externally, by using the influence of Confucianism in the world, we can help promote opening up to the outside world.(Li Chengzong 2002, 67)--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 06:42, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===== Legal Construction =====

Confucian culture places a high priority on personal cultivation, while a highly civilized society under the rule of law must be composed of highly educated citizens. Confucian school, a school with thousands of years of history in China, has become an integral part of the Chinese culture. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33)

Nowadays, since China has called for the policy of combining the rule of virtue with the rule of law, it is the time for Confucian culture to find its historical position and fully play its role. Exploring the influence of Confucian culture on the construction of contemporary Chinese rule by law, not only can we help us more deeply understand the traditional culture, but also can promote the process of building the rule of law in contemporary China. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33)

The rule by virtue thought is an important part of Confucian culture and it emphasizes the importance of moral education. It is a national strategy pursued by ancient Chinese rulers and a method of national governance embodying reference significance in today’s China. (Wei Na 2014, 1-2)

In terms of national governance, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of morality, believing that national governance should not mainly rely on harsh punishment, instead, moral education should be applied to reform people. Confucius said, "By governing with virtue, rulers will be loved by the public, just like stars surround the North Star." By comparing rulers to the North Star and people to the stars, Confucius emphasized the importance of moral governance. (Wang Jie 2004, 77)

How to rule by virtue? First of all, rulers should pay attention to their personal cultivation and develop good moral characters, so that they can set a good example for the public. Only when officials and common people obey the ruler sincerely, can a good social atmosphere be formed. Secondly, since Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core and calls for the rule of virtue, many people subconsciously believe that Confucianism denies the role of criminal law and that Confucian culture does not call for the rule of law. (Wang Jie 2004, 82-83)

How to rule by virtue? First of all, rulers should pay attention to their personal cultivation and develop good moral '''qualities in order to play an exemplary and leading role'''. Only when officials and common people obey the ruler sincerely, can a good social atmosphere be formed. Secondly, since Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core and calls for the rule of virtue, many people subconsciously believe that Confucianism denies the role of criminal law and that Confucian culture does not call for the rule of law. (Wang Jie 2004, 82-83) --[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:40, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

In fact, this is not the case. While Confucianism advocates the rule of virtue, it also emphasizes the supplementary role of rule of law. Confucius said, "Sages believe that national governance must combine the rule of virtue and law." That is to say, if people are governed by systems and laws, they seek for impunity but lack of conscience; however, if they are guided by morality and etiquette, they will have a sense of right and wrong and will impose strict requirements on themselves. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

In a word, we should clearly realize that, although Confucian culture is an excellent traditional culture in China, it was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. Under this circumstance, we must analyse Confucian culture dialectically and explore the value of Confucian culture. At the same time, we should discard the bad habits and unfavorable factors left by it, so as to better carry forward our traditional culture and accelerate the construction of the rule of law in contemporary China. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

====The Confucius Institute ====

With the improvement of China's international status and the increasingly extensive international exchanges, Chinese culture has won wider foreign attention and the world is more eager to learn and understand the Chinese culture. The Confucius Institute project, founded in 2004, emerges in response to the call of the times. Today, Confucius Institutes have spread throughout Asia, Africa, The Americas, Europe and Oceania. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)

As China's international status continues to rise and international contacts become more widespread, Chinese culture is gaining more and more attention overseas. The demand for Chinese language learning and understanding of Chinese culture has grown dramatically around the world. The Confucius Institute project, founded in 2004, emerges in this context. Today, Confucius Institutes have spread throughout Asia, Africa, The Americas, Europe and Oceania. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:43, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Fundamentally speaking, its is conducive to the "going out" of Chinese culture since language is an important carrier of Chinese culture. It is of positive significance to the construction of China's national image, the promotion of China's international influence, the realization of wider international communication. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)

The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Today, countries are committed to spreading their own language and culture, so there is a fierce competition in international cultural promotion. In addition, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31)

At present, Confucius Institutes are prevalent all over the world, but the promotion strategy seeking for quantity and speed results in a serious shortage of teachers capable of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. According to statistics, there is a global shortage of at least five million TCSL teachers. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31)

Secondly, the lack of high-quality and localized teaching materials for Chinese has also become a bottleneck for the development of Confucius Institutes. The shortage of Chinese textbooks affects the depth of cultural communication of Confucius Institutes directly. Thirdly, Confucius Institutes are not capable of spreading the ideological depth of the Chinese culture. Although the textbooks are rich in content, they mainly focus on promoting folk culture by introducing Chinese food, tea and wine, traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Meanwhile, they rarely involve the ideological essence of traditional Chinese culture and the modern value of Chinese culture. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 32)

The Confucius Institutes should fully explore the modern significance of Confucianism and cast the quintessence of Chinese culture, and strengthen the spread of the core idea of Chinese culture and its modern cultural value. The connotation of Chinese culture is very rich. What Confucius Institutes should spread is not all the contents of Chinese culture, but the contents with universal value that are different from other countries and represent the essence of Chinese culture. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42)

====Terms and Expressions ====

儒家 Confucian school

儒学 Confucianism

儒教 Confucian religion

兼爱 Universal love

恕、忠、孝、悌、勇 forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage

仁、义、礼、智、信 benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith

学而优则仕 A good scholar will make an official

四书五经 the Four Books and Five Classics

天行健，君子当自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue.

天下兴亡，匹夫有责 Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country

====Questions ====

1. What’s the central ideas of Confucian culture?

2. What’s the difference among Confucian school, Confucianism and Confucian religion?

3. What do you think of the relationship between Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school, Legalist school?

4. What’s the Six Classical Arts?

5. What you think of the ancient influence of Confucianism?

6. Do you think Confucian culture still has its contemporary values in China? And why?

7. What do you think of the current situation of the development of the Confucian institute?

====Answers====

1. The central ideas of Confucian culture are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith.

2. Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism is a social stratification, and Confucian is a religion belief.

3. Confucian school emphasizes the code of conduct and the social order construction; Taoist school focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalist school serves the system construction of national political management; Mohist school emphasizes Universal Love and utilitarianism. Although Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school and Legalist school are different schools with different theories, they are not completely antagonistic.

4. The Six Classical Arts refers to propriety(礼), music（乐）, archery（射）, riding（御）, writing（书） and arithematic（数）.

5. The ancient influence of Confucianism should be analysed from a historical perspective. It was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. While contributing to intelligence development, spiritual guidance and order construction to some extent, it has also led to some negative effects in the long run. For example, it called for rigid feudal hierarchy and resulted in spiritual constraints.

6. Yes. Although Confucian culture has a history of thousands of years, it still has contemporary values in today's society. For instance, Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy and places a high priority on human value and dignity, which is still of profound significance; Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy.

7. The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Nowadays, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. Joint efforts of all social sectors should be made to achieve the sustainable development of it.

====References====

Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 陈智斌, 杜艾红. (2017). 儒学、儒家、儒教之异同 [The Differences and Similarities of Confucian School, Confucianism and Confucian Religion]. ''审计月刊'' Audit Monthly. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Li Chenzong 李承宗. (2002). 论儒家文化对培养现代爱国主义情感的积极作用 [On the Positive Effects of Confucian Culture on Cultivating Patriotism]. ''廊坊师范学院学报'' Journal of Langfang Teachers College. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Li Fangping 李芳萍. (2013). 儒家思想对中国文化的影响研究 [A Study on the Influence of Confucianism on Chinese Culture]. ''前沿'' Forward Position.'''[The pages are not given]'''

Li Xiaoyu 李晓愚. (2010). 儒家仁爱思想的当代诠释 [Contemporary Interpretation of Benevolence]. ''郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Zhengzhou University. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Tan Su 谭苏. (2012). 论春秋战国时期的百家争鸣 [On the Competition of Ideas in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period]. ''兰台世界'' Lantai World. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Wang Jie 王杰. (2004). 为政以德: 孔子的德治主义治国模式 [Rule of Virtue: Confucian’s Model of Governance]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 吴瑛, 提文静. (2009). 孔子学院的发展现状与问题分析 [The Development Status and Problems of Confucius Institute]. ''云南师范大学学报 (对外汉语教学与研究版)'' Journal of Yunnan Normal University. '''[The pages are not given]'''

Xiang Chunling 向春玲. (2008). 儒家文化的现代意义 [On Modern Significance of Confucian Culture]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C． '''[The pages are not given]'''

Zhang Qizhi 张岂之. (1990). ''中国儒学思想史'' [The History of Chinese Confucianism]. 陕西：陕西人民出版社 Shaanxi: Shaanxi People’s Publishing House. '''[The pages are not given]'''--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ch'ien Chung-shu - Liu Liu刘柳， 202070080596 MTI==

====Ch'ien Chung-shu====

Ch'ien Chung-shu (1910-1998), a well-known scholar, writer, translator and literary researcher, was born into an education family in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. In Chinese academic circles, Qian was ranked with Rao Zongyi, a master in academic circles, and both were called "South Rao and North Qian". He was admitted to Tsinghua University in 1929 and got to know Yang Jiang in 1932. Qian became famous soon after the enrolment, not only for the 15 mark of his mathematics, but for his excellent Chinese and English, especially full marks in English. Qian had an engagement with Yang the year after their acquaintance and went to study at Oxford University in England along with her. In 1937, he obtained the bachelor's degree from Oxford with the treatise ''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', and his daughter Qian Yuan was born the same year. He wrote a great many profound literary works in his lifetime. When it comes to Ch'ien Chung-shu, people would think of his representative work ''Fortress Besieged'', which was published in 1947.

As a realistic satirical novel, ''Fortress Besieged'' is known as "The New Scholars" in the 1940s. The novel is centralized on Fang Hongjian,who returned from studying abroad at the beginning of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It depicts the struggles in love, marriage,career and life of a group of intellectuals who were far away from the times and the people during the War of Resistance against Japanese Agression. It reveals their inner poverty, emptiness and lowliness, criticizes the dark reality of the Kuomintang-controlled areas, and reveals the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life. In the preface of the book, Qian said that, "In this book I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modern China. In writing about these people, I didn’t forget they are human beings, still human beings with the basic nature of hairless, two-legged animals. "The novel is like an X-ray mirror that reveals the deformed characters and ugly souls of those "hairless and two-legged animals" and analyzes the cultural matrix which is responsible for the deformed characters and ugly souls of these "latest style" literati. Yang Jiang said, "The main connotation of ''Fortress Besieged'' is that those who are besieged by the city want to escape, while those outside want to rush in. This is what most people wish for in life, whether in marriage or career. "The meaning of "fortress besieged" is also stated several times in the novel. It tells people that life is a besieged city everywhere, people have marriage and divorce, divorce and marriage in endless succession,with everlasting confusion and dilemma. The questions that Qian raised in the novel refer to a question of universal significance, which is the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life as a whole. In December 1990, the television series ''Fortress Besieged'' was broadcast on China Central Television(CCTV) and enjoyed great popularity.

Ch'ien Chung-shu has made significant achievements in literary research and literary creation. In particular, it is of great significance to carry forward and deny traditional Chinese culture scientifically and learn from foreign culture selectively. He has wrote the collection of essays ''Written in the Margins of Life''(1941), the collection of short stories ''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts''(1946), and the novel ''Fortress Besieged''(1947). Both his essays and novels are wise and meaningful. Qian has read Chinese history, philosophy and literary classics in depth and has studied western old and new literature, philosophy and psychology. Many of his works, such as ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideaas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', have enjoyed high reputation in academic circles both at home and abroad.

Ch'ien Chung-shu viewd China and the world with a cultural criticism spirit. Based on his profound knowledge of Chinese and world culture, Qian has always shown a clear mind and a deep insight when observing Chinese and Western culture. He didn't reject any theories or doctrines, nor did he blindly follow any authorities. He devoted his life to promoting Chinese literature and art to the world. To this end, he not only explicated the profound meaning and unique value of Chinese culture in depth, but also pointed out its historical and regional limitations. He not only criticized the Chinese for their arrogance towards the local culture due to certain illusions, but also mercilessly eliminated the Westerners' prejudice centered on European and American culture due to ignorance. It is Ch'ien Chung-shu who has promoted cultural communication between China and other countries.

November 21st,2020 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu. People often call him a well-informed scholar, but he is more of a down-to-earth writer and scholar. He was indifferent to fame and wealth and alaways took a rigorous and serious attitude towards academic research. We feel ourselves in an entirely new world when we read the subtle metaphors in ''Fortress Besieged'', while we read ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', we are amazed at Qian's erudition. People all over the world admire his talent, but in fact,it is his meticulous and diligent reading spirit that makes him a well-informed scholar. Many of his life experiences and the question of whether his scholarship was systematic or not have attracted much attention. Wang Shuizhao, professor of Chinese Department of Fudan University, who has studied and worked with Ch'ien Chung-shu for a long time, has recently published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'', in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements based on the first-hand historical data, his personal experiences and his own understanding of academia, and gives answers to the questions discueesed widely, such as Qian's experience of being falsely accused, whether there exists system in his scholarship and the collision of viewpoints between Qian and Chen Yinke.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:20, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

====Terms and Expressions====

''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries'' 《十七十八世纪英国文学中的中国》

''Fortress Besieged'' 《围城》

Kuomintang-controlled areas 国统区

''Written in the Margins of Life'' 《写在人生边上》

''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts'' 《人·兽·鬼》

''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' 《管锥编》

''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'' 《谈艺录》

the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu 钱钟书诞辰110周年纪念日

''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu '' 《钱钟书的学术人生》

====Questions====

1.What is Ch'ien Chung-shu's representative work? When was it published?

2.When was the TV series ''Fortress Besieged'' broadcast?

3.Do you know other works about Ch'ien Chung-shu? Can you list some of them?

4.Which book did Wang Shuizhao publish in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu? What does he talk about in this book?

5.Which sentence is your favoriate in ''Fortress Besieged''?

===Answers===

1.Ch'ien Chung-shu's representive work is ''Fortress Besieged''. It was published in 1947.

2.It was broadcast in December 1990.

3.''Patchwork:Seven Essays on Art and Literature''（《七缀集》） and ''Poetic Remains of an Ephemeral Life''（《槐聚诗存》）.

4.Wang Shuizhao published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'' in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu, in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements.

5."I want to be able to occupy the whole life of the man I love. Before meeting me, he would have had no past and would be waiting for me with a clean slate."

===References===

--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:00, 13 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:20, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧， 202070080597，MTI==
大标题+小标题+名字拼音+汉字+学号+专业--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC)
'''相声 Crosstalk'''

===The Development of Crosstalk===

Crosstalk, in the ancient time was known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate others’ voices. It was evolved and further developed from the folk opera in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China (1912-1949), crosstalk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to one person stand-up talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it developed into stand-up crosstalk, dual crosstalk, and group crosstalk. And become a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual crosstalk has finally become the most popular form of crosstalk among audiences.In the late Qing Dynasty, crosstalk formed its modern features and styles. The language uses in crosstalk is mainly Beijing dialect, however, there are also “dialect crosstalk” in other regions of China. (360 Encyclopedia)

Crosstalk, in the ancient time known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate others’ voices. It was evolved and further developed from the folk opera in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China (1912-1949), crosstalk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to one person stand-up talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it developed into stand-up crosstalk, dual crosstalk, and group crosstalk. And it becomes a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual crosstalk has finally become the most popular form of crosstalk among audiences. In the late Qing Dynasty, crosstalk formed its modern features and styles. The language uses in crosstalk is mainly Beijing dialect, however, there are also “dialect crosstalk” in other regions of China. (360 Encyclopedia)夹注应在句号前。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Crosstalk is a original folk art in China, with a long historical tradition, deeply loved by the majority of the people. The once-dead crosstalk art has been reborn and developed very rapidly especially since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. It is no longer confined to several cities in the north, nor spread only within the citizens, but also spread from the north to the whole country, from the city to the countryside, and from the citizens to all strata. (Hou Baolin, 1982:01)

Crosstalk is a original folk art in China, with a long historical tradition, deeply loved by the majority of the people 这句话语法错误--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC) . The once-dead crosstalk art has been reborn and developed very rapidly especially since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. It is no longer confined to several cities in the north, nor spread only within the citizens, but also spread from the north to the whole country, from the city to the countryside, and from the citizens to all strata 这句话关联词不完整， spread主谓注意一致，注意逗号的使用以及夹注在句号前。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). (Hou Baolin, 1982:01)

===Four Basic Skills in Crosstalk===

Speaking, imitating, teasing and singing are the four basic artistic skills of crosstalk. “Speaking” means to tell jokes, stories, lantern riddles, drinking games, etc; “imitating” is to imitate all kinds of birds and animals, hawking, singing and the sound of different languages, etc; “teasing” is to gag and tease; “sing” means to sing Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity, so they are called Taiping) (1982:194), opera lyrics and songs. Crosstalk artists regard “speaking, imitating, teasing and singing” as their “four compulsory lessons”. For example, by saying “tongue twisters” or “reciting classical repertoires” to grasp the rhythm in language and correct the pronunciation. By learning all kinds of sounds to gain the ability to imitate. To practice singing skills by singing “Taiping lyrics” , opera lyrics and songs. (Hou Baolin, 1982:11)

Speaking, imitating, teasing and singing are the four basic artistic skills of crosstalk. “Speaking” means to tell jokes, stories, lantern riddles, drinking games, etc; “imitating” is to imitate all kinds of birds and animals, hawking, singing and the sound of different languages, etc; “teasing” is to gag and tease; “sing” means to sing Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity, so they are called Taiping) (1982:194)作者？--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC), opera lyrics and songs. Crosstalk artists regard “speaking, imitating, teasing and singing” as their “four compulsory lessons”. For example, by saying “tongue twisters” or “reciting classical repertoires” to grasp the rhythm in language and correct the pronunciation 不是一个完整的句子。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). By learning all kinds of sounds to gain the ability to imitate不是一个完整的句子。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). To practice singing skills by singing “Taiping lyrics” , opera lyrics and songs不是一个完整的句子。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). (Hou Baolin, 1982:11)

===Characteristics of Crosstalk===

First of all, crosstalk is the art of “speaking”, which belongs to the art of “performing with words”, it is different from drama that “performing with body movements” 出现了两个句子，无连接词。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). This kind of performance has a close relationship between the actors and the audience and shortened the distance between the stage and the audience. The actors directly communicate with the audience and perform with the audience's cooperation and tacit understanding to obtain artistic effect. In this sense, crosstalk is a collective performance of actors and audiences. From the perspective of the audience, they are not standing on the opposite side of the actors and appreciating the stage performance passively and objectively, but creating artistic images with the actors. (Hou Baolin. 1982:02)

First of all, crosstalk is the art of “speaking”, which belongs to the art of “performing with words”, it is different from drama that “performing with body movements” 出现了两个句子，无连接词。--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). This kind of performance has a close relationship between the actors and the audience and shortened the distance between the stage and the audience. The actors directly communicate with the audience and perform with the audience's cooperation and tacit understanding to obtain artistic effect. In this sense, crosstalk is a collective performance of actors and audiences. From the perspective of the audience, they are not standing on the opposite side of the actors and appreciating the stage performance passively and objectively, but creating artistic images with the actors. (Hou Baolin. 1982:02)参考格式(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) --[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Secondly, crosstalk is the art of laughter. Crosstalk uses laughter as a weapon to expose contradictions, shape characters and evaluate life. Without laughter, it can constitute any other arts, but not crosstalk and comedy. In other words, crosstalk has the characteristics of humor and satire. It reflects that life is not flat, but exaggerated and even deformed. China has a long tradition of satirizing emperors or high rank officials, its written record could be traced back to the Zhou (1046BC-256BC) and Qin (221BC-207BC) Dynasties. Satire is the product of class oppression. China has been in a feudalistic society for a long time, without political democracy and freedom of speech, the people often take circuitous methods to fight against the ruling class. Satirical art is like a weed under a boulder. Only through deformation and roundabout can this kind of art maintain to exist. (Hou Baolin. 1982:03)

Secondly, crosstalk is the art of laughter. Crosstalk uses laughter as a weapon to expose contradictions, shape characters and evaluate life. Without laughter, it can constitute any other arts, but not crosstalk and comedy. In other words, crosstalk has the characteristics of humor and satire. It reflects that life is not flat, but exaggerated and even deformed. China has a long tradition of satirizing emperors or high rank officials, its written record could be traced back to the Zhou (1046BC-256BC) and Qin (221BC-207BC) Dynasties 没有连接词--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). Satire is the product of class oppression. China has been in a feudalistic society for a long time, without political democracy and freedom of speech, the people often take circuitous methods to fight against the ruling class没有连接词--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC). Satirical art is like a weed under a boulder. Only through deformation and roundabout can this kind of art maintain to exist. (Hou Baolin. 1982:03)

“Speaking” and “laughing” constitute the basic outline of cross talk art, which is a language performance art with comedy style. “Speaking”, as a kind of rap art, establishes the mode of crosstalk art, which is distinguished from drama art. “Laughing” is the artistic characteristics of crosstalk, which distinguishes it from other rap art forms. These two characteristics are interdependent and complementary. (Hou Baolin. 1982:04)

Crosstalk belongs to the art of drama, but it is different from comedy. In comedy, the laughter of audience mainly comes from plot and comic characters, while in crosstalk it mainly comes from “baofu” (jokes). Sometimes it relies on the plot, sometimes it is not needed, but win the applaud of audience by the charm of language. “Baofu” must be expressed in the way of “dialogue” and “chatting” between the actors . (Hou Baolin. 1982:04)

===Famous Artists of CrossTalk===

In Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) and Emperor Guangxu (1875—1908) periods, Zhu Shaowen (stage name “Qiong Bupa, which means not afraid of poverty”) was regarded as the “ancestor”of crosstalk art. Other famous crosstalk artists including Hou Baolin(1917-1993), a pioneering master of crosstalk. In his 60 years of art career, he has devoted himself to the research and development of crosstalk art and brought laughter to the audience. Under his leadership and promotion, crosstalk art has really entered thousands of households and reached a remarkable artistic peak. His crosstalk works including Drama Talks, Drunkenness and etc. Ma Sanli (1914-2003) is the son of the crosstalk actor Ma Delu. Ma Sanli devoted himself to the exploration of long-term artistic practice, and created the unique “Ma’s Style of Crosstalk”. He was the oldest, most experienced and most accomplished crosstalk leader in the cross-talk circle at that time. So was deeply loved and respected by all walks of life and the audience. Ma's cross talk enjoys wide popularity among the people. In Tianjin, it was a saying that “no branches of crosstalk did not learn from Ma”. His representative works including “Eating Yuanxiao(dumpling)”, “Selling Tickets” and “the Yellow Crane Tower” . Other famous crosstalk artists include Zhang Yongxi, Liu Baorui, Hou Yaowen, Jiang Kun, Feng Gong, Niu Qun and Guo Degang. (Baijiahao, 2018 )

===Terms and Expressions===

speaking, imitating, teasing and singing 说学逗唱

Taiping lyrics 太平歌词

Baofu 包袱

Drama Talks 《戏剧杂谈》

Drunkenness 《醉酒》

Selling Tickets 《卖挂票》

===Questions===

1.When did crosstalk form its format?

2.What is Taiping lyrics?

3.Who was regarded as the “ancestor”of crosstalk art ?

4.What are the four basic skills of crosstalk?

===Answers===

1.It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty.

2.Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity) is the content to be sang in the crosstalk.

3.Zhu Shaowen.

4.They are speaking, imitating, teasing and singing.

===References===

1.Hou Baolin，Xue Baokun，1982，《相声溯源》，People's Education Press

2.https://cul.sohu.com/20090619/n264630449.shtml

3.https://baike.so.com/doc/1925383-2037001.html

4.https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1590742532351773378

注意参考文献格式：
Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. 智库时代 Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:13, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
Go 围棋--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
===GO - Liu Yi 刘艺 202070080640 MTI===
Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board with one's stones than the opponent[1]. As the game progresses, the players position stones on the board to map out formations and potential territories. Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones.[2]

A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board. One or more liberties enclosed within a group is called an eye, and a group with two or more eyes cannot be captured, even if surrounded.[3] Such groups are said to be unconditionally alive.

The general strategy is to expand one's territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (groups that can be killed), and always stay mindful of the "life status" of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties (and/or better "shape") will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go.

Players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for komi) wins the game.

In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish positions (or "bases") in the corners and around the sides of the board. These bases help to quickly develop strong shapes which have many options for life (self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start in the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called "joseki" and are often studied independently.

"Dame" are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. "Seki" are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. A "ko" (Chinese and Japanese: 劫) is a repeated-position shape that may be contested by making forcing moves elsewhere. After the forcing move is played, the ko may be "taken back" and returned to its original position.[30] Some "ko fights" may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as "picnic kos" when only one side has a lot to lose. The Japanese call it a hanami (flower-viewing) ko.

Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rule-sets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions.

Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go:
• Rule 1 (the rule of liberty) states that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open "point" (an intersection, called a "liberty") directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point ("liberty") next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
• Rule 2 (the "ko rule") states that the stones on the board must never repeat a previous position of stones. Moves which would do so are forbidden, and thus only moves elsewhere on the board are permitted that turn.
Almost all other information about how the game is played is a heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the game is played, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rule-sets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game.[4]
Although there are some minor differences between rule-sets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game.

Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.

The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their colour on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid but for beginners, or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular.[5] The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first, unless black is given a handicap of two stones or more (in which case, white plays first). The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on, except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured. A player may also pass, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored.

===Terms and Expressions===
Go 围棋 heuristic 启发式的
adversarial game 对抗性游戏 intersection 交叉点
board 棋盘 black 黑棋
formation 阵型 white 白棋
move 走棋 scoring rule 计分规则
liberty 自由度 player 棋手

===Questions===
1, What’s the basic principle of Go?

2,Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, What are other two essential rules in Go？

3, What countries have the most notable scoring rules differences?--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===
1, A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board.

2,The rule of liberty and the "ko rule".

3, Most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===
[1]Matthews, Charles (2004). Teach Yourself Go. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-142977-1.

[2]NRICH Team, Going First, University of Cambridge, retrieved 2007-06-16

[3]Iwamoto, Kaoru (1977). Go for Beginners. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-73331-9.

[4]British Go Association, Comparison of some go rules, retrieved 2007-12-20

[5]Kim, Janice; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997). Learn to Play Go. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press. ISBN 978-0-9644796-1-6.

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜,202070080598 MTI--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 08:21, 14 December 2020 (UTC)==

===The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China===
It is said that there were four most beautiful women in ancient times, and corresponding to that, it is worth mentioning that there were four most attractive men at that time.Despite that we consider these four men as attractive, this refers to more than just their appearance. They have a common feature: it proves that while their appearance is marvelous, they are also outstanding in literature. Namely, as a Chinese saying goes, they are endowed with both beauty and talent.

These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

The allusion of “throwing fruit to fill a carriage” originates from Pan An, which resembles movie fans nowadays to see their idols. There is a comment on Pan An’s appearance: "No more and no less." The history books also describe Pan An with three words “good-looking, well-mannered, and graceful”. Although these did not describe Pan An’s appearance in details, such as eyebrows and eyes or lips, from these side descriptions, we can know that Pan An’s appearance is far above ordinary people, and even his styles draw imitation from others.

At the same time, Pan An is known as “the flower of a county in Heyang”, and he is also one of the few men who are compared with flowers to be praised for excellent appearance. The beauty of exterior only fails to last long in this world. Pan An's talent and temperament and the devotion to his wife are also often eulogized. Pan Yue showed his unusual talent since he was a child, and he was called a child prodigy by the villagers. In his early years, he was appreciated by an official and recommended as a scholar.

Later, served as the magistrate of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan), he was diligent in political affairs, and advocated the people to plant more fruits and trees. The county was full of trees and peaches and plums everywhere, known as “Flower County”. During his administration, his political achievements were remarkable. Besides, Pan An holds a special place in the history of literature.

He was good at composing verse and orders, expatiation, and skilled in the choice of words and building of sentences, which fully reflects the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to the beauty of form. He was expert in composing Ci lyric of sorrow and admonishment, and his current works such as Widow's Fu, Mourning Poem and other famous works are all known for their narration and empathy. Pan An can be described as both internally and externally blessed.（Liu Xixue 2003,63-64）

Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng. There is a very popular legend about King Lanling. It's believed that King Lanling was a brave and supremely skilled general. However, because he looked very sweet and it seemed hard to frighten the enemy, he often wore a half-mask when fighting, which sounds very fairytale.

Nevertheless, the beauty of King Lanling is beyond doubt and otherworldly. Book of Northern Qi Dynasty described that he was friendly looking and mentally strong, with beautiful voice and appearance.King Lanling spent half his life in military affairs, and made great achievements. While this gave him glory, it also brought bad luck. There is an old Chinese saying that the glow of a inferior from massive achievements will overshadow his superior.

Although the King Lanling did not have the idea of usurping the throne, but the incumbent felt threatened because of his existence itself. In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Song Yu (about 322 BC-298 BC), as it is widely rumored, a student of Qu Yuan, was born in the capital city of Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period (now Shangqiu, Henan). Song Yu was a writer of Ci lyric of State Chu in the late Warring States period, adept in Ci lyric and even acclaimed as a great poet after Qu Yuan' reputation. Later generations often referred to them as “Qu Song”. Rumors circulate that there are many Ci lyrics from him, and Book of Han records about 16 works, but many of them are lost today.

His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on. He was the first to write about sadness from Autumn and to write about women. His description of women's nature exerts a great influence on later generations such as Cao Zhi. The goddess in Song Yu's The Fu poetry of Goddess embodies the essence of pre-Qin female beauty, recounting the beauty of the goddess of Wushan Mountain in details so much so that later generations have coveted for it for thousands of years.

16 works survived, among which Nine Discriminations is believed to be truly composed by him. It is equivalent to Qu Yuan's Li Sao or A lament in the history of Chinese literature. Both poets can be called the two shining pearls in Ci lyric at their times.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Wei Jie (286-June 20, 312), a metaphysician and an official of the Jin Dynasty. Wei Jie was a noted talker and metaphysicist during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was appointed as an assistant of the prince in the matter of politics. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongjia(AD310), Wei Jie died at the age of 27. Both ancient books and ancients commented on Wei Jie's appearance. Wang Ji reckoned that, “A jade is on my side, and I feel like I am nobody”; “Wandering with Jiu is like sauntering with a pearl on the side, with him shining brightly.”

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers authored by Sima Guang goes into detail: "Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..." Wei Jie not only have a mere marvelous exterior, but also he can discern metaphysics from his perspective. Wei Jie’s views always amaze the concerned parties.

It is said that even three sons of the Wang family, are not as good as the first son of the Wei family, and the three sons of the Wang family were all well-known scholars at that time, and the Wei Jie could be regarded as unmatchable compared with the three in family background, appearance, and talents.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 08:33, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Terms and Expressions===
Pan An 潘安

King Lanling 兰陵王

Ji Kang 嵇康

Wei Jie 卫玠

throwing fruit to fill a carriage 掷果盈车

scholar 秀才

expatiation 铺陈

Book of Northern Qi Dynasty 《北齐书》

the Warring States Period 战国时期

Book of Han 《汉书》

Nine Discriminations 《九辨》

The Fu poetry of Wind 《风赋》

The Fu poetry of Goddess 《神女赋》

the goddess of Wushan Mountain 巫山神女

metaphysician 玄学家

a noted talker 清谈名士

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers 《资治通鉴》

Widow's Fu 《寡妇赋》

Mourning Poem 《悼亡诗》
===Questions===
1.Who are the four most handsome men at ancient time in China?

2.Who is Gao Changgong?

3.How did Lanlin King die?

4.What works did Song Yu compose?

5.Who are the two shining pearls in Ci lyric according to the passage?

6.What History Retold as a Mirror for rulers comment on Wei Jie?

===Answers===
1.These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.

2.Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng.

3.In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.

4.His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on.

5.Qu Yuan and Song Yu

6."Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..."

===References===
[1]刘细学.古代四大美男[J].文史天地,2003(06):63-64.

[2]王真波.四大美男都是怎么死的[J].青年文学家,2008(11):59-60.

==Lo, Minh Thao==

===Answers===
===References===
==Mogao Grottoes--Lou Cancan 娄灿灿 student no.202070080599 英语笔译==

===Mogao Grottoes===

===Introduction===

The Mogao Grottoes, known as the Thousand Buddhas Caves, were built on the eastern cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers to the southeast of Dunhuang city. There are 492 caves (well preserved) today, containing over 2,400 painted clay statues and 45,000 square meters of murals and 5 timber structures on the cliff of the southern district. There are also more than 300 caves used as both living room and burying place for monks and painters on the cliff of the northern district. Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). (Fan Jinshi 2010，170)

Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes,so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. The major caves were sponsored by patrons such as important asclergies, local ruling elites, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other caves may have been funded by merchants and other local people such as women's groups. (Sha Wutian 2020, 122)

====[[File:Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes]]====

===History===

Mogao Grottoes were not built in one day. According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff. Later, monk Faliang（法良）came here and joined him cultivating in caves. Since then more and more caves have been excavated over a thousand year. (Whitfield 1990, 8)

By the time of Northern Liang, small community of monks had formed at this site. The caves initially served only as a place of meditation for hermit monks. Later, they were developed to serve the monasteries that sprang up nearby. Members of the ruling families of Northern Wei and Northern Zhou constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived Sui Dynasty. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. In the Sui Dynasty, Hexi Corridor was controlled by central authority. The emperors were pious followers of Buddhism and they ordered to build stupas across the country. Therefore, more than 100 caves were excavated in Mogao Grottoes within 37 years. (Fan Jinshi 2010，175-178)

By the Tang Dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand. During this period, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious center. A large number of the caves were constructed during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang Empress Wu Zitian to build giant statues across the country. The site escaped the persecution of Buddhists ordered by Emperor Wuzong in 845 as it was then under Tibetan control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people. After the Tang Dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the Yuan Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes were preserved and kept by Cao Yijin（曹议金). (MA Shichang 2010, 303) After that, his later generations governed Dunhuang Prefecture and constructed multiple family caves such as Cave 55. (Gao Xiujun 2016, 9)

During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally abandoned and Dunhuang slowly became depolulated and was forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned. The site, however, went back to a place of pilgrimage and worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century. On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings. Since then, Dunhuang has become well known throughout the world. Both Chinese and foreign scholars have made extensive studies on the findings.(Stein 1912, volume 2)

====[[File:Taoist Wang Yuanlu.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Taoist Wang Yuanlu]]====

===Art===

The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture and they vary from dynasty to dynasty. There are mainly three types of structural forms of Mogao Grottoes: Vihara, Chaitya and Hall with inverted funnel shaped ceiling. A Chaitya with a central pillar is the main form of the caves in the early period of the Sixteen States, with Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties included. The murals may be divided into seven sorts:Buddhist figures, Sutra illustration, Buddhist stories, Buddhist historical pictures, Chinese mythologies, donors and decorative designs. Buddhist stories in the murals can be divided into three types: Jataka（佛本生), Buddha’s life and fate story. A Jataka is a narrative which tells of the good deeds performed by Sakyamuni during his perious existence such as prince Sudanda giving up his body to feed the hungry tigers. As to sculptures, they were constructed on a wooden frame, padded with reed, then modelled in clay stucco and finished with paint.（Duan Wenjie 1994, 163)

====[[File:A Chaitya with a Central Pillar.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Chaitya with a Central Pillar]]====

====[[File:A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body]]====

The artistic styles in the Sixteen States, which gradually turned away from being primitive and simple to an easy and graceful styles in the Northern Wei, manifested in figures with well-chiseled builds and emaciated looks. In Northern Zhou, the styles of figures show that Chinese art combining the influence of foreign and native styles gradually became more nationalized. ( Fan Jinshi 2010, 174)

The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs. The caves become spacious and more suited for large paintings, such as the Sutra illustrations and huge pictures of Buddha expounding sermons. Bold and vigorous, brush work was painted with intricate and flowing lines. For example, Lotus Sutra on the ceiling of Cave 420 displays a lot of episodes of mountains, forests, rivers, buildings and so on in a limitated space. The theme and art in the Sui Dynasty show an important devdelopment in traditional art and indicate a comimg glorious new era. （Duan Wenjie 1994, 164)

In Tang Dynasty, the caves are large with an inverted funnel shaped ceiling. The murals consist mostly of huge paintings of stories from Buddhist Sutras with well-regulated scenes and well-balanced composition. The figures at that time have round and plump faces and curved eyebrows which expresses the aesthetical taste of the people living in Tang. The mural in Cave 220 contains vivid portraits of the Emperor and his ministers listening to a sermon. The ministers attending to Emperor are each bestowed with differrent appearances and expressions. Some are natural and graceful and some cautious. The well-proportioned painted statues were made with more consummate care and attention to the detail, showing us the solemn Buddha. ( Fan Jinshi 2010, 174)

In addition, very tall and colossal statues of Buddha began to be made. The outstanding one is an early Tang Dynasty statue 34 metres high in Cave 96. In 781-848A.D, Hexi region fell into the Tibetan. Hence, there was an interesting changes: the king of the Tibetan took the place of central-plain emperors in the wall-painting.( Fan Jinshi 2010, 175)

====[[File:Cave 251 in Northern Wei.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 251 in Northern Wei]]====

====[[File:Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty]]====

By the time of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, the grottoes carved in this period are very large and different in form and layout. The subject and style of the statues and murals remain the influence from Tang Dynasty, but the use of colours and the drawing techniques show a simple folk style. From the 9th century to 12th, the Uygur had been in Dunhuang. The artistic styles bear the imprint of both Han and Uygur. The Uygur murals are generally characterized by the simplicity of the subject, the looseness of the arrangement, the direct and rough brush strokes. (Rong Xinjiang 1999, 248)

The human figures have features of certain minority groups. In the Western Xia Dynasty(1036-1227), most of caves were repaired and renovated, and only 10 caves were built because of the limited cliffs. Compared to the Yulin Grottoes at the same time, painting of Dunhuang display the Pure-land Sutra, containing simpler content. Only 27 caves are extant in Yuan times(1227-1372). The murals in Cave 3, however, still remain the Tang and Song techniques, namely using different types of drawing to depict different parts of human figures such as iron-wire lines, orchid-leaf strokes and broken-reef strokes, etc. Since the 15th century, the Mogao Grottoes had gradually fallen into neglect in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Rong Xinjiang 1999, 248)

====[[File:Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty]]====

===Terms and Expressions===

hermit 隐士

stupas 舍利塔

Emperor Wuzong ofTang Dynasty 唐武宗

Vihara 精舍

Chaitya 支提窟

stucco 灰泥

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Sutras 佛经

===Questions===

1.What do Dunhuang Grottoes refer to?

2.Who built the first cave and when?

3.In 1900, who found the treasure-house in Mogao Grottoes and what were stored in it?

4.How many aspects does the art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of and what are they respectively?

5.What are the characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty?

===Answers===

1.Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes, so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes.

2.According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff.

3.On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings.

4.The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture.

5.The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs.

===References===

Fan Jinshi 樊锦诗.(2010). ''敦煌石窟'' [The Caves of Dunhuang]. Gansu: The Dunhuang Academy 敦煌研究院.

Gao Xiujun 高秀军.(2016). ''敦煌莫高窟第55窟研究'' [Research on the 55th Grotto of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang].Lanzhou University 兰州大学.

MA Shichang.(2010). Buddhist Cave-temples and the Cao Family at Mogao Ku, Dunhuang. MA Shichang,27(2),303-317.

Rong Xinjiang 荣新江. (2010).'' 敦煌藏经洞的性质及其封闭原因'' [The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 上海古籍出版社.

Sha Wutian 沙武田. (2020). 佛教供养与政治宣传——敦煌莫高窟第156窟供养人画像研究 [Buddhist offerings and Political Propaganda -- A Study on the Portrait of the Patron of the 156th Grottoes in Dunhuang].''中原文物'' Cultural Relics in Central Plain, No.215,118-128.

Stein, M. Aurel. Ruins of Desert Cathay.(1912). Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, volume 2. London: Macmillan.

Suemori Kaoru. (2020)."Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns". Kyoto: Hozokan.

DuanWenjie. (1994). Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie. Abhinav Publications. p. 163.

Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. (1990). Chinese Art from the Silk Route, British Museum Publications. P . 5-20.

https://books.google.ru/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=vYPNqlAMZWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=info:9v6pr21oST8J:scholar.google.com/&ots=s-uXhnyDBp&sig=u3H7MAh_OpGRS6Iwxoqx0rC5_fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mogao+grottoes&oq=

==Four State-level Cultural Relics Luo Weijia 罗维嘉 Student No.202070080600 MTI ==

===Four State-level Cultural Relics===

China, home to one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, abounds in cultural relics, from ancient tombs, architecture, instruments to handicrafts, historical books and so on. They embody rich information about history and culture and vividly display the process of Chinese cultural development. The astounding artistic and technological levels shown in those relics continue to impress people today.

====Simuwu Ding====

[[File:Simuwu Ding.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

In ancient China, ding was a symbol of imperial power. Therefore, ding is often used in phrases and expressions in the Chinese language to imply authority (Anna, 2015). For instance, wending, literally “enquiring about ding”, means plotting to usurp political power, yiyan juiding, literally “One word of promise is equal to nine dings”, means a decisive comment(Lv Shuxiang, 2016).

Simuwu Ding was a very precious cultural relic, found in 1937 in Anyang of Henan Province. It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago. This square-shaped ding is the largest existing bronzeware in the ancient world. It is now housed in the National Museum of China in Beijing (Li Weiming, 2015).

Ding was a cooking vessel probably used to boil or cook food in the primitive society. At that time, dings were made of clay. During the Shang and Zhou (11th century-771 BC) dynasties, bronze cast technology reached a very high level in China. Therefore, people used bronze to cast ding. However, dings were no longer cooking utensils in ordinary people’s life but an object for important ceremonies to offer sacrifices (Anna, 2015).

Simuwu Ding was cast by Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty as a ritual object for a ceremony to offer sacrifices to his mother. The three characters simuwu form an inscription on the inside of the sidewall. According to archeologists, si means sacrificial ceremony and muwu is the name of the emperor’s mother. Later on, Simuwu became the name of this huge ding (Li Weiming, 2015).

Simuwu Ding is 1.33m high, 1.10m long and 0.78m wide, weighing 832.84kg. At that time, it needed 1000kg of metal and two to three hundred workers to produce it. This ding is solid in build, magnificent in appearance and was made with fine craftsmanship. The four pillar legs are thick and powerful. Each side has a blank space in the middle, surrounded by a band of decoration featuring taotie (animal faced creatures) and kuilong (one-legged dragons), symbolic of harvest and auspiciousness. Simuwu Ding represents the highest level of bronze cast technology in the Shang and Zhou dynasties (Li Weiming, 2015).

==== The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi ====

The chime bells, or bianzhong, are a kind of percussion musical instrument made of bronze. China is the earliest country to manufacture and use such instrument. Chime bells were divided into groups according to their size, temperament, pitch and were hang on a rack. A small hammer or wooden club is used to hit the bell to make a resonant and agreeable sound (Hubei Museum, 2015).

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are the largest and the most complete ancient chimes existing today in China. They were unearthed from the tomb of Yi, the Marquis of Zeng, a small state of the Warring States Period (475 BC- 221 BC), in 1978. When they were found, all bells were still hanging on their rack. They are now preserved in Hubei Museum (Hubei Museum, 2015).

There are altogether 65 bells hung in eight groups on wooden or bronze bars. The rack, 10.79m long, 2.67m high, is made of three bars, namely, the upper, middle and lower bars, held up by six bronze warriors and a few round, wooden posts. The 65 bells weigh over 2500kg. The largest bell is 1.52m in height and weighs more than 203.6kg. The smallest bell is about 20cm in height and weighs 2.4kg. It is extremely rare to see a set with so many bells of such weight and size (Wan Quanwen, 2020).

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are exquisitely cast and look very elegant. To help artists to perform music, there are instructions on each bell with 3700 characters in all (Wan Quanwen, 2020). There are also words about the hanging indication and musical temperament that are called the “valuable music theory work”. The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi show that, as early as the Warring States Period, China already had a very rich musical culture. The chime bells still could produce a pure and accurate note after unearthed. The tone is excellent and the timbre is pure.

After excavation of the chime, Chinese musicians created a melody entitled Bianzhong Yuewu (music and dance accompanied by chime bells), to once again demonstrate the charm of ancient Chinese music (Zhou Yi, 2016).

==== Jade Suit with Gold Thread ====

Ordinarily, the texture of clothes is cotton, flax or silk. However, there were suits made of gold and jade, that is “Jade Suit with Gold Thread”(Wang Jing, 2008).

The emperors of the Han Dynasty believed that jade could prevent their corpses from decaying, and they regarded jade as full of dignity and nobility. Therefore, they used jade suits as their grave clothes. Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade separately that are called Jade Suit Sewn with Gold Thread, Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread and Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread (Wang Jing, 2008).

The two sets of jade suits of the Han Dynasty tomb unearthed in Mancheng of Hebei Province in 1968 revealed to the world the real features of such grave clothes (Li Yawen,2019). Their owners were Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, and his wife, Dou Wan, of the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-25 AD).

In appearance, a jade suit follows the shape of a human body. It consists of five parts, i.e., head mask, coat, trousers, gloves and shoes. Each part is made of pieces of jade. The size and shape of each jade piece was designed according to its position. Most jade pieces are shaped in square or rectangular form, but there are a few in trapezoid, triangle or multi sided shapes. Each jade piece is perforated at its corners, through which a gold thread goes through to sew the pieces together. Liu Sheng’s jade suit is rather large, 1.88m long and made up of 2498 pieces. The gold thread used for this suit is about 700g in weight (Li Yawen, 2019).

Such refined suits made some 2000 years ago in the Han Dynasty indicate the high design level and excellent craftsmanship of that time. In fact, of course, the rulers’ dream of preventing their corpses from decaying could never be realized. The practice of wearing jade suits was banned during the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280) (Wang Jing, 2008).

==== Bronze Galloping Horse ====

In 1969, a galloping horse in bronze was unearthed in an Eastern Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province in western China. The bronze statue is a famous representative sculpture of the Han Dynasty. Wuwei County leapt to fame with the discovery of this national treasure (Li Xiaohu & Zhao Jing, 2019).

The 34.5 cm-high bronze horse, covered with spots of verdigris, has a full and robust body. The prancing legs, flying tail, slightly dilated nostrils portray a galloping horse. What is ingenious about it is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow. That means the galloping horse is faster than a flying swallow (Wang Qian, 2020). The positioning of its four legs strictly conforms to that of a living horse and is highly praised by many local and foreign archeologists and artists.

In this work, Chinese ancient artists combined realism and romanticism, and ingeniously integrated galloping horse and flying swallow through rich imagination, original conception and skillful craftsmanship (Wang Qian:10-11). The swift flying swallow sets off the amazingly fast speed of the galloping horse. According to analysis of its mechanics, Bronze Galloping Horse finds a center of gravity in the swallow to give the statue its stability. The romantic image of the swallow sets off the power and strength of the horse, providing a rich imaginative experience for viewers (Li Xiaohu & Zhao Jing, 2019).

Bronze Galloping Horse is believed to be a portrayal of the "heavenly steed" of Chinese legend. It is of high craftsmanship, fully expressive of the horse-breeding culture of China's western regions. It has become a symbol of Chinese tourism and a representative work that brings forth the time-honored cultural tradition of the Chinese nation and the oriental aesthetics to the world. The cultural relic is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum(Wang Qian, 2020).

===Terms and Expressions===

Houmuwu Ding 后母戊鼎

Simuwu Ding 司母戊鼎

Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty 商王武丁

taotie 饕餮

National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆

chime bells/bian zhong 编钟

Marquis Yi 曾侯乙

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi 曾侯乙编钟

Bianzhong Yuewu 《编钟乐舞》

Hubei Museum 湖北省博物馆

Jade Suit with Gold Thread 金缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread 银缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread 铜缕玉衣

Bronze Galloping Horse 铜奔马/ 马踏飞燕

Gansu Provincial Museum 甘肃省博物馆

===Questions===

1. What does ding symbolize?

2. When was Houmuwu Ding produced?

3.How many bells do the chime bells of Marquis Yi contain?

4.What is the size of the largest bell?

5.What kind of thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade?

6.When did the Jade Suit with Gold Thread unearth?

7.What is ingenious about the Galloping Horse?

8.Where is Bronze Galloping Horse preserved now?

===Answers===

1.Ding was a symbol of imperial power.

2.It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago.

3.They contain 65 bells.

4.The largest bell exceeds 1.5m in height and weighs more than 200kg.

5.Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade.

6.It unearthed in 1968.

7.It is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow.

8.It is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===References===

Anna 安娜.(2015).中国人的鼎文化. 科学大观园(15),72-73.

Hubei Museum 湖北省博物馆.(2015).曾侯乙编钟. 中华文化论坛(11),2.

Li Xiaohu & Zhao Jing 李小虎 & 赵静.(2019).青铜雕塑“马踏飞燕”的艺术解读. 艺术教育(09),170-171.

Li Weiming李维明(2015-06-19).司母戊鼎研究历程初览(上).中国文物报,006.

Li Weiming李维明(2015-07-03).司母戊鼎研究历程初览(中).中国文物报,006.

Li Weiming李维明(2015-07-31).司母戊鼎研究历程初览(下).中国文物报,006.

Li Yawen 李雅雯.(2019)浅说满城汉墓中的金缕玉衣 .文物鉴定与鉴赏 (03):38-39.

Lv Shuxiang 吕叔湘.(2016)现代汉语词典 (第七版)[M]. 北京:商务印书馆.

Wang Jing 王静.(2008).汉代玉衣研究(硕士学位论文,河北师范大学).

Wang Qian 王倩.(2020).青铜雕塑“马踏飞燕”的研究.艺术品鉴, (26):10-11.

Wan Quanwen 万全文.(2020).曾侯乙编钟.文史知识 (11):1-2.

Zhou Yi 周仪.(2016).“八音合鸣乐舞齐容”——大型乐舞作品《编钟乐舞》述评. 戏剧之家(19),66-67+79.

== Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴 Student No.202070080601 英语笔译 ==

===The Forbidden City===--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 08:30, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====I.Introduction====
The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, and with a total area of 720,000 square meters (180 acres). It lies in the center of Beijing's central axis. Today, the Forbidden City houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yong Le Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government.(Barmé, Geremie R 2018,26)
The Forbidden City is a national AAAAA tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection in 1961. What’s more, it was declared a world cultural heritage in 1987, and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.(UNESCO,2007)
====[[File:A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City]]====

====II.The Name of the Forbidden City====
The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; English: Purple Forbidden City). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in the period of Jia Jing. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31) In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized. The stars in the sky were used to correspond with the capital planning to highlight the legitimacy of the regime and the supremacy of imperial power. “ Zi ”, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, The emperor of heaven lived in Ziwei palace, while the human emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" who was ordered by heaven. His residence should be a symbol of Ziwei palace to correspond to the heaven emperor. “Jin” means that this splendid palace symbolizes supreme power and status of the royal family. In that case, this palace was forbidden, no one could enter and leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. Cheng means a city. Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace". The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

====III.The History of the Forbidden City====

When Hongwu’s son Zhu Di became the Yong Le Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. (Yu Zhuoyun1984,18)In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. He set fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process of retreating to Shannxi. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the Emperor Shunzhi as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. (Guo Moruo 1944,3.14) In the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), the reconstruction of the rest of the destroyed buildings of the Forbidden City was started, and it was basically completed in 1695.After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal. During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.( Xie Mengyin&Qu Wanlin2006, 11.7)

====IV.The Structure of the Forbidden City====
Firstly, The Forbidden City is a rectangle and symmetric in its layout. Its palaces are arranged along a north-south axis, on which the three main halls, the rear three palaces and the imperial garden are all located. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City, but also reaches Yongding Gate in the south, Drum Tower and bell tower in the north, and runs through the whole city.(Xie Li 2005,(03)100-102)
Secondly, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts, the Outer Court and Inner Court. The Outer Court is the place where the emperor deals with political affairs. There are mainly three halls: the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. The Inner Court or Back Palace includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. The inner court takes Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility as its center with six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west.

====[[File:The layout of the Forbidden City.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The layout of the Forbidden City]]====

====VI The Collections of the Forbidden City====
The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.(Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005,6-22)
The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1,863,404 pieces of art. They are numbered by "Gu", "Xin" and "Shu". Except for the ancient books and documents, all the other collections are labeled with "Gu" and "Xin". The number of ordinary cultural relics begins with the word "Zi", and the ceramic specimens begin with the word "Biao". The general catalogue is divided into 25 categories, and the numbers in each category are sorted from small to large. Many collections once lost and was brought to the Palace Museum, For example, Han Banquet map. And there are some exquisite collections like Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer, Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems and Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.(Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )In addition, The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. (Meng Fuxia 2012, (21) 73-74)

====[[File:Han Banquet map.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Han Banquet map]]====
====[[File:Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance]]====
====[[File:Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems]]====
====[[File:Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women]]====

====Terms and Expressions====
palace complex 宫殿群

central axis 中心轴

the Palace Museum故宫博物院

the Yong Le Emperor 永乐皇帝

key cultural relics under national protection 国家重点文物保护单位

world cultural heritage 世界文化遗产

harmony between man and nature 天人合一

the imperial garden 御花园

the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿

the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿

the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿

Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)

Hall of Union 交泰宫

Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫

Han Banquet map 韩熙载夜宴图

Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer陶彩绘女舞俑

Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems十二生肖镜

Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

====Questions====
1. What’ s the meaning of “Zi” in the Chinese name Zijin Cheng?

2. When was the Forbidden City listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

3.How many emperors have been lived in the Forbidden City?

4.How long did it take to build the Forbidden City?

5.Why some parts of national treasures are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei now.

6. What two parts can the Forbidden City be divided into?

7.When was the Palace Museum established?

===Answers===
1.“Zi” refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star

2.In 1897.

3.24 emperors.

4.14 years.

5.Because both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.

6.They are the Outer Court and Inner Court.

7.The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925

===References===

Barmé, Geremie R(2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press.26.

UNESCO(2007). "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang".

Li Xieping 李燮平. (1997) "紫禁城"名称始于何时[When did the name of the Forbidden City come into being?]. 紫禁城Forbidden City, (04) 29-31.

Yu Zhuoyun(1984), Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking Press,p18.

Guo Moruo 郭沫若.(1994) 甲申三百年祭[Commemorating 300th Anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year]. 新华日报 New China Daily, 3.19.

Xie Li 谢丽.(2005) 北京中轴线上的十七座门[Seventeen doors on the central axis of Beijing].紫禁城 Forbidden City, (03)100-102.

Meng Fuxia 孟福霞. (2012)北京故宫空间布局构思探源——论中国古代宫殿建筑的美学精神[On the Origin of the Space Layout of the Palace Museum in Beijing--On the Aesthetic Spirit of Ancient Chinese Palace Architecture]大众文艺Popular Literature and Art, (21) 73-74.

Li Wei&Wang Shuo 刘薇,王硕.2005故宫文物南迁路线图揭秘[Unveiling the Route Map of the Cultural Relics of the Imperial Palace to the South] 华夏经纬网Jinwei Network, 6.22 http://www.huaxia.com/wh/gjzt/2005/00333230.html

The Collection of the Palace Museum 故宫博物院馆藏https://www. dpm.org.cn /Home.html

Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 谢荫明,瞿宛林. (2006) “文化大革命” 中谁保护了故宫 [Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution? ].人民网People’s Daily Online,11,7. http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0811/c372327-25441615.html

==Chinese Marriage Customs Mo Ling 莫玲 202070080602 【专业 is missing】==
<center> 莫玲 Mo Ling </center>

===Chinese Marriage Customs===

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents.

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents. 【quotation is missing】
===Six Procedures===

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refersthat if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refers【refers to a practice that..】 that if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix【？】 and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask【asks】 the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the【可删】 one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential【prospective】 bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to 【inform sb of sth 】the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Customs===

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, 【 connective is missing】many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride 【before or during？】. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls【addresses】 the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Development===

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 14:49, 16 December 2020 (UTC) a unique Chinese characteristics.

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now【nowadays】. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now【the present day】. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry【dowries】, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should 【？】go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep【deeply】 rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows【show】--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 14:49, 16 December 2020 (UTC) a unique Chinese characteristics.

===References===

Gao Xiaoqian. 高筱倩.(2017) 中国传统婚嫁习俗研究［The Research on Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs］戏剧之家[Drama House] 235.

Zhang Yueyong. 张月莹.(2013) 中国近代婚嫁礼俗及婚姻观念转变的探索[A Study on the Change of Marriage customs and Marriage Concepts in Modern China] 松州学刊［Songzhou Academic Journal］ 47-48.

Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa. 周丹迪, 岳书法.(2012) 浅析近代以来中国婚嫁民俗的演变[On the evolution of Chinese marriage customs since modern times] 文化学刊[Cultural Academic Journal] 15.

===Terms and Expressions===

Na Cai 纳彩

Wen Ming 问名

Na Ji 纳吉

Na Zheng 纳征

Qing Qi 纳征

Qin Ying 亲迎

Huimen 回门

Guiling 归宁

betrothal presents 彩礼

the central room 堂屋

bridal chamber 婚房

“eight characters” of the birth moment 生辰八字

===Questions===

1.How many procedures are needed from the negotiation to the completion of marriage?

2.Did the ancient young people have the rights to decide their own marriage or not and why?

3.What is the kneeling etiquettes?

4.When the couple have to return to the girl’s home?

5.What changes have been made nowadays?

6.Please list some new wedding customs.

===Answers===

1.There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying.

2.No, they didn’t have the right to decide their own marriage because ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker.

3.It consists of 4 steps: the first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber.

4.At the third day of the wedding ceremony.

5.Adults can choose their spouse by themselves and they can meet each other whenever they want; Some couples choose to hold the ceremony in the church some even finish it through travel, etc.

6.Examples:couple can choose to live in the either part of the two families; wedding ceremony can be hold in hotel; the bride can wear white wedding dress rather than the single red in the ancient time.

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

====Topic: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam====

==Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac - Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲 202070080603专业 is missing--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 08:16, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling==

===Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac===

[[File:oyltacz.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have been engraved in every Chinese people.

2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have(has) been engraved in every Chinese people. --[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

====Origin====

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence. There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence.(there are various opinions,however,many of them are presented without sufficient evidences) There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring(time-honored) one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who (that)made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research(researches) on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

====Folk Culture and Belief ====

The zodiac sign not only can reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition.

The zodiac sign not only can (can not only)reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition. (quotation is missing) --[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic(zodiac) sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures, the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures(creature) , the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is(are) born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight(fight against) each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

====Conclusion====

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have developed a profound connotation and implications through generation. Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have(has) developed a profound connotation and implications through generation(generations). Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 06:20, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

===References===
《大中国上下五千年》丛书编委会(2010) The Editorial Board of the ''Five Thousand Years of Great China''（''Dazhongguo Shangxia Wuqiannian''） ''Series'',《中国生肖文化》''The Culture of Chinese Zodiac'', 北京：外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.

Yip, Paul S.F.伊普, Lee, Joseph 李 and Cheung, Y.B.张 (2002).The Influence of the Chinese Zodiac on Fertility in Hong Kong SAR 论生肖对香港生育率的影响. ''Social Science & Medicine''《社会科学与医学》, Volume 55, Issue 10 第55卷第10期, 1803-1812.

===Terms and Expressions===

Jade Emperor 玉皇大帝

Ten Heavenly Stems 十天干

Twelve Earthly Branches 十二地支

Five Elements 五行

Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth 金木水火土

Eight Characters 八字

===Questions===

1.How long is the history of Chinese zodiac?

2.What are the twelve zodiac signs in order?

3.From what time the Earthly Branches was used to record time?

4.According to Chinese folk belief, what kind of characteristics do people born in year of rat have?

5.Which zodiac animal is mostly praised in China?

6.Can you name some pairs of zodiac animal that get along well with each other according to Chinese folk culture?

7.Which pair of animals that are natural enemies according to Chinese folk culture?

===Answers===

1.More than 2200 years.

2.Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.

3.Han Dynasty.

4.They are smart, adaptable, and have the will to fight, but, on the other hand, they are so over-ambitious and easy to fail.

5.Dragon.

6.Tiger and pig, rabbit and dog and dragon and rooster.

7.Dragon and tiger.

==Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏 202070080641==
--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====Introduction of Lisu people and Daogan festival====

The Lisu ethnic group are the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group living in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.

The Lisu ethnic group is the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group whose people live in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Example1.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan province and Sichuan province in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 official nationalities recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of the 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 Lisu people live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans in the tribal clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames come from their own hunter work in primitive times. But later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames came from their own hunter work in primitive times. And later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture does. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic groups living in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, they were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic group in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, the traditions were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and were recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Example2.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

====Legend====

During the Ming Dynasty, when people not belonging to the same clan of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the king sent Wang Ji (王骥), the ministry of war, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. Later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the souls of the brave soldiers who died bravely defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Up and down the mountain" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

During the Ming Dynasty, when people of different clans of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the emperor sent Wang Ji (王骥), the war department of the Chinese feudal ministry, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. But later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the brave soldiers who died bravely in defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Going up to the mountain of swords and going down to the sea of fire" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Meaning====

Going up to the knife mountain and going down to the sea of fire are the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which reproduce the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains and the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

Going up to the mountain of swords and going down to the sea of fire is one of the the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which came from the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains with the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Performing====

[[File:Example3.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

Pine trees were used as tool poles, iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. When we go up the rice mountain and down the fire, we play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals from pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Setting , knife pole , vertical pole , sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper. After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the knife bearer grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When the knife-bearer reaches the top through the three scissors, the knife-bearer opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the boiling crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, over which he sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth, which showed the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

Pine trees were used as tool poles, with iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. Before people going up the mountain and down the fire, they play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , Suo na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals of pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Settings, knife pole, vertical pole, sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper. After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the player grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When he reaches the top through the three scissors, he opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the lively crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth. All of these show the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Development====

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and perform various difficult moves at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the good people of the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and make various difficult performances at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Terms and Expressions====

1.Lisu people 傈僳族

2."Up and down the mountain" event 上刀山，下火海

2.going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire上刀山，下火海--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

3.The Lisu tribe 傈僳族

4.clan 氏族

5.primitive times 原始时期

====Questions====

1.How many Lisu people live in Yunnan and Sichuan？

2.How many clans make up the Lisu people？

3.Who united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders？

4.Which day is the Daogan Festival？

5.What musical instruments do they play under the knife pole?

====Answers====

1.About 730,000 Lisu people.

2.The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans.

3.Wang Ji.

4.15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year.

5.They play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments.

====References====

*Ernst, Gabriel (21 October 2019). "'We try to not be Thai': the everyday resistance of ethnic minorities"
*"Yunnan Province of China Government Web". Eng.yn.gov.cn.
*李智环．Li Zhihuan. 傈僳族人口分布及形成原因分析 [Analysis of the Distribution and Causes of the Formation of the Lisu People] 《保山学院学报》， 2010 [Journal of Baoshan College], 2010

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
Culture==Topic-Chinese Clothing== Phyo, Su Kyi, Student No-20191108000,Major - Comparative Literature and Cross-cultural Studies.

Introduction

Chinese Clothing has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 years-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. (www.topchinatravel. com, 2004)

Chinese clothing has undergone continuous transformations throughout history,providing a reflection of the culture in place at any given time. A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry, and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive Chinese fashions through the ages. This illustrated introductory survey takes the reader through traditional Chinese clothing,ornamentation,and ceremonial wear, and discusses the importance of silk and the diverse costumes of China's ethnic groups before considering modern trends and China's place in the fashion world today.(Mei Hua-2010-page-1)

A-Chinese traditional clothing

Chinese traditional clothing contains rich cultural connotations.Today, after the reform and opening up, the clothing industry has developed vigorously. People gradually start pay attention to the local clothing culture, and pursue cultural connotation contained in clothing. For modern designers, the traditional clothing and its cultural background are their creation inspirations during creation phases,and they are also one of the expressive elements preferred by designers at home and abroad. Inheriting traditional clothing culture not only means that it needs us to turn the traditional clothing elements into a symbol, but also needs us to further understand the background and connotations of traditional clothing culture. The work of design without culture is like a gorgeous shell that can't stand the test of history. Only by grasping the inner spirit of traditional clothing culture, abandoning simple piled up work and patch-up work without connotation and learning the modern expressive methods of traditional clothing elements, one can design out the works which can touch people's heartstrings. (Jiangsu,2016,page-2)

Traditional clothing is the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics. Traditional clothing mutually integrates its unique style, comfortable fabric, bright colors,rich designs and exquisite craft elements to bring people impulsive feelings with visual communication. Traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics enjoys its unique artistic features in the style, color,fabrics,decoration and craft, ect. They are profoundly influenced by Chinese traditional culture ideas in the process of their formation and development and finally condensed into the national culture bearing Chinese culture features. These elements are the source of our inspiration in contemporary clothing design, and the use of these Chinese elements can help people to design out the clothing Chinese style.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-2)

Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design. Putting the traditional elements into fashion design not only helps the native culture to extend itself, but also greatly promotes the culture exchanges in nationalities. Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture,make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design, use the common language to express Chinese traditional culture essence, and integrate Chinese traditional element symbol into the spiritual elements of fashion design to make the national culture spirit and the language of the world integrate into the mainstream of modern clothing design.(Jiangsu,2016, page -3)

==Traditional Han Chinese Clothing (Han Fu):It refers to the attire worn byvthe Han people from the enthronement of the Yellow Emperor(about 2698BC) till the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644AD).It became known as the Han Fu(fu means 'clothes" in Chinese)because the fashion was improved and popularized during the Han Dynasty. It is usually in the from of long gown,cross collar, wrapping the right lapel over the left, loose wide sleeves and no buttons but a sash. Although simple in design, it gives different feelings to different wearers.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019-Aug-2)

==Chinese Suit(Tang Zhuang):It is a combination of the Manchu male jacket ofvthe Qing Dynasty and the western style suit. It is usually straight collared,with coiled buttons down the front. Its color and design are in traditional Chinese style but tailoring is western.(www.topchinatravel. com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Cheongsam(Qi Pao):Originated from the Manchu female clothes, it evolved by merging with western patterns that show off the beauty of a female body. Its features are straight collar, strain on the waist,coiled buttons and slits on both sides ofvthe dress. Materials used are usually silk, cotton and linen.Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire in the world today.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Chinese Tunic Suit(Zhongshan Zhuang) :Also called the Yat-sen Suit , it is designed by Dr.Sun Yat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire. It has a turn-down collar and four pockets with flaps. As Chairman Mao Zedong worn it quite frequently, it is also called the Mao Suit by westerners. It is the main attire from the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 till 1980,s. The country's leaders still wear it today when attending important occasions, such as military parades.(www.topchinatravel. com,2016,Auge-2.)

B-Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements

There are many old stories in ancient Chinese civilization, and Chinese traditional elements come up with the tenacity of the Chinese nations long history. Different times has their unique cultural connotations and form elements,which include Chinese architecture, costumes, traditional Chinese painting and folk art etc., and those cultural connotations and form elements are precious heritage that the ancestors leave to their off-springs. The change of dynasties in the history of our country lead to changes of cultural centers, which finally lead to the appearance Chinese traditional elements with different representative features in each historical periods, nations and regions. These elements include: Chinese silk ,cloth of brocade, hemp,blue printed fabric; chirpaur, Chinese -style chest covering, Chinese tunic suit, collar,surplice, mandarin and split etc.; colorful ethnic colors: such as bright red,green,yellow and blueetc.;Neolithic patterns, bronze patterns in Shang and Chou dynasties, ancient lacquer were pattern in Qin and Han dynasties, Buddhism patterns in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties and traditional decorative patterns in Tang,Sing and Qing dynasties. The essence of Chinese traditional culture which bear the role of inheriting national culture, and is the unique and external characteristic of Chinese nation.(Jiangsu,2016, page-3)

==The Aesthetic Performance of Design. Chinese traditional clothing of each dynasty has its own unique clothing style and design, but no matter how the style changes,the mainstream concept of traditional Chinese clothing always emphasizes symmetry and balance, and the clothing symmetry can be seen in sleeve, placket, hem,pattern ect.Chinese traditional clothing design is particular about proportion,such as the ancient Chinese woman dresses, short jacket unlined uper garment (named Ru)marching long dress , and it emphasizes the perfect proportion which hold that"the upper part should be short, the below part should be long"; in Song and Ming dynasties people the collocation of long BeiZi(a kind of dress that girls dress in ancient times) and short skirt, the "long upper part,short below part"ratio perfectly reflects the proportions beauty of the clothing.(Jiangsu,2016, page-5.)

==The Aesthetic Performance of colors. Green, white, yellow, red, black ,the five colors, form the Chinese traditional color system. They have obvious implied meaning and identification.Black stands for that the dark heaven, and yellow stands for the earth at dusj, and black and yellow stand for the heaven and the earth ,and they are mostly used in the Kings' clothing, About the colorific choice of Chinese traditional clothing the yellow and red which the historical role is prominent perform particularly well. In the late period of the Warring States as a royal color yellow appeared and became the supreme ruler's senior clothing color .People advocate yellow but don't prohibit yellow.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-6)

In Chinese traditional clothing colors red has evoluted from the original noble characteristic tovthe civilians characteristic. It evolution has experienced a certain period of time. The original red uses magenta, red ,cinnabar to represent. It is the noble officials' clothing color.
Many designers combine Chinese red and modern clothing design to embody the application of Chinese traditional clothing elements in modern clothing design.(Jaingsu,2016-page-7)

==Conclusion==
Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design.Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture, make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design.

Trems and Expressions

历史-history,

期-period,

世代-generations,

服装-clothing,

设计师-designers ,

装饰-ornamentation

中国服饰- Chinese clothing

服饰-Costumes

传统服装-Traditional clothing

服装设计-Clothing design

时尚设计-Fashion design

几代服装设计师-Generations of clothing designers

中国西装-Chinese Suit

旗袍-Cheongsam

中山装-Chinese Tunic Suit

中国传统元素-Chinese traditional elements

===Questions ===

1-What’s archaeological findings in Chinese fashions through the ages?

2-What's Traditional Clothing?

3-What's Traditional culture indispensable?

4-How is means Han Fu?

5-What's the popular Chinese attire?

6-How called was Chinese Tunic Suit?

7-What'are include Chinese traditional elements?
--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 04:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Su Kyi

==Answers===
1- A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry,
and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive chinese fanshions through the ages.

2-Traditional clothingis the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing
culture with Chinese characteristics.

3-Chineset traditional culture is an indispensablevsource of inspirationin fashion
design.

4-Han Fu is fu means clothes in Chinese.

5-Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire inthe world today.

6-It is also called the Yat-sen Suit,it is designed byDr.SunYat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire.

7-Chinese traditional elements include: Chinese silk,cloth of brocade, hemp, blue printed fabric.

--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 11:56, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===References===

1.Jiangsu.,(2016), “Influences of Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements on Modern Clothing Design”,

Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,Soochow University,Published by Atlantic Press.

2.Mei Hua,(2010), `Chinese Clothing´, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building,Cambridge CB28RU,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press,NewYork
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521186896
Originally published byChina Intercontinental Press as Cinese Clothing(9787508516615)in2010©ChinaIntercontinentalPress.

3.https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/history-of-chinese-clothing.htm

4.https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/clothing/--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 10:26, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

===Chinese traditional dance===

==The Liquor Culture of China 瞿淼 Student No.202070080604==
--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====1.The Origin of liquor in China====

With a long history of liquor-making, China boasts a variety of vintage liquor, which is renowned at home and abroad. Penetrating in China’s entire history of civilization, the liquor culture plays a significant role in many aspects, such as cuisine, literature, and health care, of Chinese people’s daily life.
As to the origin of Chinese liquor, opinions vary and no unanimous conclusion can be drawn, and the most widely accepted version is that Du Kang is the person who invented liquor. There are divergent views on Du Kang’s identity, so far, documents have been found which recorded his deeds in the Yellow Emperor era and Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties. And even his address is disputable. Some people think he lived in Baishui, Shaanxi province and was buried here, while others hold the opinion that he lived in Ruyang, Henan province. However, Du Kang is generally believed to be the Chinese Dionysus. According to the legend, one day it rained suddenly while Du Kang was herding the sheep. Hastily driving the sheep back to the sheepfold, he forgot some husked sorghum rice in a hollowed trunk by accident, and when he came back after a few days, the rice he left there became so fragrant that he couldn’t help tasting some. Surprisingly, it was palatable. This unexpected finding made Du Kang start to develop the liquor-brewing technique. Nowadays, Du kang has become the synonym of liquor in many places. Moreover, ancestral halls of Du Kang have been built in Baishui in Shaanxi province and Ruyang in Henan province to enshrine him. And the liquor produced in these places are called “Du Kang Liquor.”(Huang yixi, 2008, 12)

====2.The Types of liquor in Ancient China====
With constant reform and innovation of the techniques of brewing liquor, thousands types of vintage liquor have been created in China. According to the different production techniques, Chinese liquor can be divided into fermented wine and distilled liquor.

Yellow rice wine is the oldest fermented wine around the world. Shaoxing Wine, a famous specialty of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, is the representative of yellow rice wine. It has a very long history, and the wine industry in Shaoxing was prosperous early in the Warring States period. Shaoxing wine looks yellow and clear, hence sugar is added in its raw material. The most prominent of Shaoxing Wine is that it’s fragrance improves with age. In addition to Shaoxing Wine, there are other famous yellow rice wine like Jiujiang Old Seal Wine, Mellow Wine and Dongwu Rice Wine and so on.

Liquor and Spirits(Baijiu), a kind of distilled liquor, is divided into the following flavor types: sauce-flavor type, light flavor type, strong flavor type and other flavour types. Kweichow Moutai is a traditional Chinese specialty liquor. It is one of the world's three major distilled liquors on par with Scotch whiskey and French cognac. It is also the originator of Daqu sauce-flavored liquor with a history of more than 800 years. The style and quality of Kweichow Moutai is characterized by "prominent sauce, elegant and delicate flavour, full-bodied, long aftertaste, and lasting fragrance in an empty cup". Its special style comes from the unique traditional brewing techniques formed over the years and the brewing methods are combined with the agricultural production in the Chishui River Basin, which is affected by the environment and seasonal production, retaining some of the original traces of local life. In 1996, Moutai's craftsmanship was identified as a state secret to be protected. In 2001, the traditional craft of Moutai was included in the first batch of national material cultural heritage. In 2006, the State Council approved the inclusion of the "Moutai traditional brewing process" in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, and declared the world intangible cultural heritage.

====3.The Types of Drinking Vessel in Ancient China====
Chinese people always pay attention to the beauty and delicacy of tableware, and we stress the exquisiteness and suitability of wine vessels when drinking. Therefore, drinking vessels as part of the liquor culture also have a long history and varied appearances.

In different historical periods, due to the continuous development of society and economy, the production technology, materials, and appearance of wine vessels will naturally undergo corresponding changes; therefore, a wide variety of wine vessels have been produced. As early as the Neolithic culture period, pottery with shapes similar to later wine-ware, such as the pottery of the Peiligang culture period, appeared. The development of the liquor industry and the noble identity of the drinker have made it possible for liquor utensils to be differentiated from ordinary eating utensils. The quality of wine-ware often becomes one of the symbols of the status of drinkers. Bronze ware originated in Xia Dynasty, and the earliest bronze wine ware that has been discovered is from the Xia Erlitou culture period. Bronze ware reached its heyday in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and declined in the Spring and Autumn Period. The purpose of the Shang and Zhou drinking vessels was basically specific.
In the Shang Dynasty, due to the development of the liquor industry and the improvement of bronze production technology, China's wine ware reached unprecedented prosperity. The bronze wine vessels of Shang and Zhou Dynasties were divided into liquor boiling vessels, liquor serving vessels, drinking vessels and liquor storaging vessels according to their purposes. Each vessel has many styles, some are in common styles, and some take animal shapes. Take Zun as an example, there are Elephant Zun, Rhino Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun, Tiger Zun, etc.
[[File:Example3.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine utensils became popular in southern China. It became the main type in the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its shape basically inherited the shape of bronze liquor vessels. Porcelain roughly appeared around the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with pottery, the performance of porcelain surpassed that of pottery. The shape of liquor glasses in the Tang Dynasty was much smaller than in the past, so some people think that distilled spirits appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic production, and there were many exquisite wine vessels. People in Song Dynasty like to warm rice wine and drink it. So the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl were invented. People placed the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and poured hot water into the bowl to warm the wine. The representative porcelain wine-ware of the Ming and Qing Dynasty is the blue-and-white porcelain wine-ware.

====4.Drinking Order====
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, drinking orders appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Basin. There are many ways to make wine orders. The way the literati and the ordinary people make drinking orders are naturally very different. Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc., while ordinary people use simple ways to act without any preparation. It requires a quick, witty, artistic and talented person to do liquor orders. The drinking order is of great significance to the transformation, enrichment and development of drinking rituals. It is not only an important means to add wine to the fun and to invigorate the banquet, but also to make Chinese culture enter the wine and become the Liquor Culture".

====Terms and Expressions====
1.Du Kang 杜康

2.Chinese Dionysus 中国酒神

3.husked sorghum rice 秫米饭

4.Baishui 白水县（陕西渭南市辖县）

5.Ruyang 汝阳县（河南省洛阳市下辖县）

6.fermented wine 发酵酒

7.Distilled liquor 蒸馏酒

8.Yellow rice wine 黄酒

9.Shaoxing Wine 绍兴酒

10.Jiujiang Old Seal Wine 九江成年封缸酒

11.Mellow Wine 醇香酒

12.Dongwu Rice Wine 东吴老酒

13.Liquor and Spirits 白酒

14.Kweichow Moutai 贵州茅台

15.sauce-flavor type 酱香型

16.light flavor type 清香型

17.strong flavor type 浓香型

18.Daqu sauce-flavored liquor 大曲酱香型白酒

19.the Peiligang culture period裴李岗文化时期

20.the Xia Erlitou culture period 夏二里头文化时期

21.Zun 樽

22.injection vessel and bowl 注子和注碗

23.drinking order 行酒令

====Questions====

1.Who is generally believed to invent liquor in China?

2.What is the most prominent of Shaoxing Wine?

3.How to use the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl in the Song dynasty?

4.How do literati often make drinking orders in China?

====Answers====

1.Du Kang

2.It’s fragrance improves with age.

3.Place the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and pour hot water into the bowl to warm the wine.

4.Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc.

====Bibliography====
*Huang Yixi 黄亦锡. (2008) 酒、酒器与传统文化[Wine, Wineset and Traditional Culture: the Study of Wine Culture of Ancient China]. 厦门大学Xiamen University.

*Li Fangzhou 李方舟. (1998) 酒令——酒文化的珍品[Liquor-a treasure of wine culture]. 质量天地Production Room.

*Du Jinpeng 杜金鹏. (1995) 中国古代酒具[Ancient Chinese Wine Set]. 上海文化出版社 Shanghai Culture Publishing House.

*Yang Li 杨利. (2005) 酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[A Probe into Wine Culture and Spiritual Cultural Value of Wine]. 邵阳学院学报Academic Journal of Shaoyang University, 2005(02):82-83.

*Xu Shaohua 徐少华. (1999) 中国酒文化研究50年[Research on 50 years of Chinese wine culture]. 酿酒科技Brewing Technology, 1999(06):15-18.

*Zhao Fengqi 赵凤琦. (2014) 我国白酒产业可持续发展研究[Research on Sustainable Development of Chinese Liquor Industry]. 中国社会科学院研究生院CASS Graduate School.

*Wng Jianguo&Xu Liang 汪建国,徐亮.(2005)我国黄酒的特征及展望[Characteristics and Prospects of Chinese Rice Wine] 江苏调味副食品Journal of Jiangsu Seasoning Food, 2005(06):8-12.

*Ding Jihua 丁季华. (1991) 中国酒文化的结构与功能[The structure and function of Chinese wine culture]. 历史教学问题History Research and Teaching, 1991(2).

== China Railway High-Speed (CRH) - Rajabov, Anushervon student NO. 201921080005 Major: Comparative literature and cross culture ==

===China Railway High-Speed (CRH)===

Introduction

High-speed railway (HSR) in China is the longest network of high-speed railways in the world and is used most widely. The network of UNCC includes the recently built railway at the estimated speed of 200-350 km / h (120-220 miles per hour). The Chinese VSM accounts for two thirds of world high-speed railways. Almost all trains, the path and services of the HSR belong to the Chinese railway corporation under the CHINA Railway High Speed brand (CRH). The high-speed railway has developed rapidly in China over the past 15 years. CRH was put into operation in April 2007, the Intercity Line Beijing-Tianjin, which opened in August 2008, became the first HSR allocated passenger line. HSR applies to all administrative provincial levels, except Macau and Tibet. The total length of the HSR network reached 36,000 km (22,000 miles) in August 2020. The HSR construction boom continues, and the HSR network should reach 70,000 km (43,000 miles) in 2035. China's first high-speed trains were imported or built in accordance with the Technology Transfer Agreement with foreign trains manufacturers, including Alstom, Siemens, Bombardier and Kawasaki Heavy Industry Since the initial technical support, Chinese engineers have overpower the internal components of the train and built local trains produced by the CRRC State Corporation. The appearance of a rapidly accelerated railway in China has decreased in the way and changed Chinese society and the economy. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."[[[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/451551468241176543/pdf/932270BRI0Box30ffic020140final000EN.pdf]]]

Definition and terminology

High-speed trains in China are usually belonging to passenger trades of classes G, D and C. in class G trains (高铁; Gāotiě; "High-speed rail") are commonly used trains E In class D trains (动车; Dòngchē; "Electrical multiple unit") are presented by EMU trains operating at lower speeds, whether in high-speed or low-speed ways. The actual movement speed of class D trains can vary greatly. D211 Creament train from Guyang-east to Guangzhou-South along the High Speed Railway Guang-Guangzhou, a line with an estimated speed of 250 km / h, on average, 207 km / h per trip. The sleeping train D312 EMU between South Beijing and Shanghai at a low speed Beijing - Shanghai on average passing 121 km / h. Class C (c héngjì; “intercity”) trains that run on high-speed tracks at speeds above 250 km / h are also considered high-speed trains.[[https://ru.qaz.wiki/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed]]

Influence on airlines

The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights. The effect of high-speed railway on airfare is most acute when traveling for less than 500 km (310 miles). By the spring of 2011, commercial airlines were fully stopped at previously popular routes such as Wuhan Nanjing, Wuhan Nanchang, Xi'an-Zhengzhou and Chengdu Chongqing. Flights along the routes with a length of more than 1500 km (930 miles) usually do not suffer. As of October 2013, half a speed of passengers were transported monthly on high-speed rail than in the country's airlines. where the source a
Technologies
Chinese High Speed Railway Controls Various Electric Forms of Trains, Hexie HAO Title (Simplified Chinese: 和谐号; Traditional Chinese: 和諧號; Pinyin: Héxié Hào; Harmony) is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 to CRH-5 and CRH380A (L), CRH380B (L) and CRH380C (L). CRH compositions are designed for fast and convenient movement between cities. The weakness of intellectual property Hexie HAO creates obstacles to China in the export of its products related to high-speed railways, which leads to the development of a fully recycled railway franchise called Fuxing Hao (Rejuvenation) that based on local technologies. where are coming from?

4 + 4 HSR network

The network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km. Most of the lines follow existing routes and are for passenger traffic only. These are known as Passenger Lines (PDL). Several sections of the national network, especially along the southeastern coastal corridor, have been built to connect cities that previously had no rail links. These sections will carry both passenger and cargo. High-speed trains on HSR corridors can usually reach speeds of 300-350 km / h (190-220 mph). On mixed HSR lines, passenger trains can reach a maximum speed of 200–250 km / h (120–160 mph). This ambitious national grid project was slated to be built by 2020, but government incentives have significantly shortened the construction timeframe for many lines. where the sources are coming from ?

Advantages

HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances that: Increases economic productivity and long-term competitiveness by increasing rail capacity and unifying labor markets. Moving passengers onto high-speed lines frees up older railways to carry more cargo, which is more beneficial for railways than for passengers whose fares are subsidized. Boosts the economy in the short term as high-speed rail construction creates jobs and stimulates demand in the construction, steel and cement industries during the economic downturn. 110,000 workers were mobilized for the construction of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. Facilitates economic integration between cities and promotes the growth of second-tier cities. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains. where the sources are coming from ?

Wenzhou accident

On July 23, 2011, two high-speed trains collided on the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou railway in the Lucheng district of Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped. Signals failed, causing another train to stop a stopped train. Several carriages derailed. State Chinese media confirmed 40 deaths and at least 192 people were hospitalized, including 12 seriously injured. The train accident in Wenzhou and the lack of accountability by rail officials have generated public outcry and heightened concerns about the safety and management of China's high-speed rail system. Concerns about quality and safety have also influenced plans to export cheaper high-speed train technology to other countries. In the aftermath of the deadly disaster, the Chinese government has suspended approval of new rail projects and began security checks on existing equipment. where the source are coming from?

Terms and expressions

高铁 - High-speed rail
动车 - Electrical multiple unit
和諧號 – Harmony
復興號 - Rejuvenation

Questions

1. What does the World Bank research say?
2. What forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights?
3. How many high speed rail corridors are there in the 4 + 4 HSR network? What is their total length?
4. What caused the accident?
5. What are the benefits of HSR?

Answers

1. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."
2. The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights.
3. The 4 + 4 HSR network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km.
4. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped.
5. HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

References misssing

==Language, The Chinese Language - Seydou, Sagara, Student No:201911080004,Major:Translation Studies===
===Introduction===
China is a very big country with a large population, multi-ethnic,and multi-lingual. Each etthnic groups may have its own lingo, or dialects. There are great differences between these dialects because of pronunciation. For example, if people in different places use their dialects to talk, they may not be able to understand each other, and the situation may lead to embarrassment and understanding. Therefore, the Chinese people communicate with each other in a common language, Putonghua, also known as Mandarin in Western countries. Cheng Aimin (2019, 124)

China is a very big country with a large population, multi-ethnic nationalities, and multi-language. Each ethnic groups may have its own lingo, or dialects, which sounds completely different from each other because of pronunciation. For example, if people in different places use their dialects to talk, they may not be able to understand each other, worse still, this situation may lead to embarrassment and misunderstanding. Therefore, the Chinese people communicate with each other in standard Chinese, Putonghua, also known as Mandarin in Western countries. (Cheng Aimin, 2019, 124)--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 16:54, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Putonghua and Dialects==

Putonghua is the national language of China, and Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world. More than one billion of the world's populations are Chinese speakers. The Chinese population is already one fifth of the population of the world and is rapidly expanding its presence everywhere and influence many people around the world. Cheng Aimin (2019, 25)
It is the modern standard Chinese language with the Beijing pronunciation as its standard pronunciation, the northern dialect (also known as Mandarin, the official language in the past) as its basic dialect, and the modern vernacular as its grammatical norm. Therefore, the northern dialect sounds more like Putonghua than other dialects. Putonghua is a standardized language, which is legally used all over the country. In 2000, the law of the People’s Republic of China on common languages and characters established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese Characters as the national language and writing system. Putonghua is also one of the six working language of the United Nation and an important means of communication between China and foreign countries. According to statistics from ethnologist, in 2015, 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, but there were still about 400 million people who spoke dialects or minority languages. Article 19 of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that ‘’ Putonghua is widely used by the state ‘’, and the third week of September is the national Putonghua Publicity week. We often hear some sayings like this: ‘’ Learn Putonghua well and you will have friend all over the world.’’ Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven groups: northern dialect Wu dialect, Hunan dialect, Jiangxi dialect, Hakka dialect, and Cantonese dialect and Fujian dialect. Most northern are close to Putonghua and easy to understand a non-native speaker. Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

The dialects in China differ greatly. Speaking Putonghua allows the Chinese people to communicate better with each other and promote the development of economy and culture everywhere. However, the promotion of Putonghua cannot be achieved in a short time. The Chinese government plans to enable more than 80% of Chinese people to speak Putonghua by 2020. (C.Gov art 10. 2017)
Only by learning Putonghua can you communicate with people from all parts of China and event with Chinese –speaking people all over the world. While striving to promote Putonghua among the people of the whole country, China also pays special attention to the protection of dialects, which should not be lost after learning Putonghua. . Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

==Ancient Chinese and Modern Chinese ==
Over the past three thousand years, Chinese has undergone a long period of development and changes, and has been constantly interacting with the languages of other nations. Ancient Chinese and written Chinese characters are not exactly the same as they are now. When we visit Chinese historical sites, we often see couplets, poems, and inscriptions. Most of them are written in classical Chinese and traditional Chinese characters. Classical Chinese is a written language formed on the basis of the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Cheng Aimin (2019, 127)

By the time of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties (the 7th century to the 10th century), the spoken Chinese had changed greatly and had significant differences with the classical style of written Chinese. The pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar had changed greatly. But all the time, some people still insisted on writing in classical Chinese, while others wrote in the commonly used vernacular (spoken Chinese). The Four Classical Novels created in the Ming and Qing dynasties, The Dreams of the red Chambers, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Outlaws of the Marsh and the journey to the west, are all representative works of the ancient vernacular. After the May 4th movement in 1919, China launched a vernacular movement advocating ‘’my hand writes my speech’’. Since then, the vernacular has gradually been more widely used in the whole society, and modern Chinese has gradually developed and formed. Compared with ancient Chinese, modern Chinese absorbs a lot Western grammar and has added many disyllabic words. Cheng Aimin (2019 ,128)

==Idiomatic Phrases- Idioms, Proverbs, Common Sayings, and Allegorical Sayings.==
Many phrases with fixed meanings in Chinese have been handed down from the ancient times. Mastering these phrases will make your language more authentic and vivid. For example, ‘’Lofty mountains and flowing rivers ‘’. Playing the lute to the cow’’ ‘’prescribing medicine according to symptoms’’, and ‘’ pleading guilty by carrying a rod on one’s back’ ’these phrases, often contain four Chinese characters each, are called idioms. They are quite formal and often originate from ancient historical stories, fables, myths and legends, or literary works. Sometimes we cannot guess the meaning of an idiom simply according to the meaning of the words. For example, 崇山峻岭，流淌的河流 ‘’lofty mountains and flowing rivers’’ means meeting someone who can really understand and appreciate them, while吹牛的长笛 ‘’ Playing the lute to the cow’’ means the casting pearls before swine. Wendy Abraham: (2018 ,115)
There are also proverbs, common sayings, and allegorical sayings created and passed down by the common people in spoken language, which are quite colloquial and emotional, reflecting the unique culture of China.
Proverbs are common and easy -to understand fixed phrases used orally, often explaining a truth. For example, ‘’ if you are not in charge of a home, you don’t know how expensive the firewood and rice, if you don’t have children, you don’t know kinds your parents are.’’ ‘’Seeing is better than hearing 100 times, and doing is better than seeing 100 times’’ Cheng Aimin (2019, 129)
Common sayings mostly come in a three –character format, but there are also other formats. In addition to the literal meaning, there are deep metaphorical extensions. For example, 吹牛皮 ‘’blow cow skin’’ (meaning bragging or boating) ‘给某人. 穿紧身鞋 ‘’give SB . Tight shoes to wear ‘’ ( meaning making things hard for SB), ‘为外国人工作时的消磨时间‘’kill time when working for foreigners ‘’ ( loafing on the job) , 提一个黑锅 ‘’ carry a black pot’’ ( taking the blame for the fault of others ) , 钉在眼睛里 ‘’ nail in the eyes’’ ( thorn in the flesh ), 狗腿 ‘’ dog leg’’ ( hired thug) , 不管3x7 = 21 ‘’regardless of 3x7= 21’’( regardless of consequences, in the spite of anything ), 打不了八极 ‘’ can’t hit with eight poles’’ ( extremely distant or unrelated ). (Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002,232)
An allegorical saying is divided into two parts. It is like a riddle: The first part is a metaphor, and the second part is an explanation. There are two types of allegorical sayings: homophonic and figurative. Example of the homophonic type ‘’ the nephew carries a lantern – to light up the uncle’’ (pronounced the same ‘’ as before ‘’ in Chinese); ‘’the monk opens an umbrella – no hair and no sky ‘’ (‘’ no hair ‘’ is pronounced similar to ‘’ lawless ‘’ in Chinese). Examples of the figurative type: ‘’ A mute person takes a dose of bitter medicine- they can’t say it is bitter ‘’; ‘’ Mice go to the street – everybody shouts and beats them.’’ Cheng Aimin (2019.130)

==Language policy==
While vigorously promoting Putonghua, the Chinese government has also promulgated many policies to protect dialect and minority languages. In order to promote Putonghua, China promulgated the Chinese Pinyin Program in 1958. Pinyin (the standard Chinese sound- spelling system) is widely used in Putonghua promotion, international Chinese teaching, foreign exchange and other fields. It has become an important tool for reading Chinese characters, learning Putonghua, training and improving reading and writing ability. With the popularization of modern information technology, pinyin is widely used to input the Chinese characters on computers and mobile phones. Pinyin affects all aspects of social life. In translation, Chinese names of people, places, food, and even some cultural concept with Chinese characteristics (Such as Beijing, pingpang, Shaoling, Gongful) are directly spelled with Pinyin, which is therefore an important standard for translation and a bridge for international exchange. Minglang Zhou: (pp.71-95).

==Conclusion.==
Today, an increasing number of people from other countries now want to learn Chinese language and culture and also many universities from different countries throughout the world offer Chinese language courses because Putonghua is also an open door to a huge job market in all of the countries where Putonghua is the language of commerce like Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore. Learning Chinese can help to make a better future for everyone. Abundant opportunities for governments and business careers as well as scientific and cultural exchanges await the student of Chinese. The China market is blossoming after decades of global isolation. As China is rapidly becoming a world economic power as it opens its doors to foreign investment expands its infrastructure, those who know Chinese will be valuable to business.

==References==

Cheng Aimin.(2019), ''中国概况'' [Understanding China]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Minglang Zhou: Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China (p.71-95), Wendy Abraham: let’s talk Mandarin Chinese: 1,001 real-life phrases and Idioms. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) Article 10 Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters shall be used as the basic language in education and teaching in schools and other institutions of education, except where otherwise provided for in laws.
The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002)
===Terms and expressions===

Lingo: 林戈

Lingo: 行话，语言

Putonghua: 普通话

Await student:等待学生

Pinyin: 等待学生

Pinyin: 拼音

Lofty: 崇高

Vernacular: 白话

Swine: 猪

===Questions===
1. Why Putonghua is spoken in United Nations Organization?
2. How many people speak Putonghua in China and around the world?
3 .Why Chinese government is promoted Putonghua among many others languages?
===Answers===
1. Because it is an important means of communication between China and foreign countries.
2. According to ethnologist 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, and according to the10 most spoken languages in the world Chinese (and all of its varieties such as Mandarin) is by far the most spoken language across the world with 1.31 billion speakers.
3. Because Putonghua is become an international language and it also facilitate understanding between different ethnic groups in China.

20201215 cultexam 2

2020-12-17T14:22:50Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* China Railway High-Speed (CRH) */

*Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].
*Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_1 1 Alsied, Saffana - Jiang Qiwei]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_2 2 Kang Haoyu - Sagara Seydou]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_3 3 Shi Haiyao - You Yuting]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_4 4 Yu Ni - Zubareva, Ekaterina]. This page has become too large. Do not write on this page any more, but on one of the smaller pages.

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''
*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: Huadong Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chinese Red Culture - Kang Haoyu 康浩宇, 202070080638 English Interpreting==

<center>康浩宇 Kang Haoyu</center>

===Chinese Red Culture===
Chinese red culture is unique in the world. As a very important cultural resource, it has both tangible culture and intangible culture. Red culture in China refers to the advance culture with Chinese characteristics created by party and people in revolutionary years.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====1. Development====

China has brilliant history and splendid civilization in ancient times. However, with the Opium War of 1840, China was plunged into the darkness of domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. Despite of all efforts that countless dedicated patriots had made, they still failed to change the plight. The October Revolution in Russia brought Marxism-Leninism. With Communism as the the highest ideal and ultimate goal, the Communist Party of China shouldered the historic mission of national rejuvenation. With the firm leadership of the party, Chinese people embraced national independence, people's liberation, national reunification and social stability, and stepped into a new era of prosperity and happiness.(Xi Jinpin 2017)

Red culture is condensed by the Communist Party of China in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. It is an advanced Marxism culture that was inherited and developed in the new period of socialist construction. It's a collectivism culture of bravery, sacrifice and devotion that seeks happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.Red culture is embodied in the aspects of ideal belief, value pursuit and spiritual outlook, and is integrated into material remains, mechanism behaviors and cultural and artistic forms.(Luo Liling, Pu Qingpin 2018, 45)

First of all, red culture is a revolutionary culture, which was formed by the Chinese Communist Party in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. After the founding of People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to inherit and carry forward the revolutionary culture. In the new period of socialist construction and reform and opening up, a vigorous and advanced socialist culture was formed, which enriched and developed the connotation of red culture. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture, and are the core value and spiritual subject of contemporary Chinese culture. As for Chinese red culture, Among them, Marxism is the soul, the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the theme, the national spirit and the spirit of the times are the essence, and the socialist concept of honor and disgrace is the foundation. These four aspects influence, infiltrate and interact with each other, revealing the essential characteristics of red culture scientifically and completely.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====2. Symbols====

The word “red” in “red culture” has many symbols. Chinese people have “red” complex since ancient time. Red represents authority. For, example, official documents are also called red heading documents. Red represents courage. Red is the color of Chinese national flag. Chinese military strategists and generals have a deep understanding of the role of red in war, so they use red flags to unite their morale, inspire their fighting and their courage, and summon the spirit of going forward bravely and not fearing sacrifice. Red represents honor and auspiciousness. For instance, the places are always adorned with red for conference and ceremony. People are awarded with red flower and red certificates. Red represents revolution. When Marx was asked about "favorite color" in his early years, he clearly answered "red". In 1864, First International was founded, and its logo was red. The first army of Communist Party of China was named Red Army, and Ruijin, the first revolutionary base area, was called Red Capital. There were also red boats in South Lake and red flags in Jinggangshan.(Chen dongwang, Huang Weiliang 2006, 19)

====3. Values====

Red culture has many values. Red culture has the value of history. It witnesses the early development history of the Communist Party of China. It shows the inevitability of the socialist road in China. And it is an important weapon to guide the success of Chinese revolution. Besides, red culture has the value of civilization. Carrying forward the red culture is an urgent need to cultivate a new national spirit. Red culture is important for the construction of socialism culture and ideology. Moreover, red culture has the value of economy. Red culture is a powerful driving force for the development of socialist market economy. It is an important medium of economic development under the new historical conditions. The red cultural industry has become a new economic growth point.(Wang Yidi 2007, 149)

====4. Red Culture in Nanchang====

Nanchang is the capital city of Jiangxi Province and it is where August 1st uprising took place. Nanchang is renowned as the cradle of Chinese revolution and the place where the military flag rose. Because in August 1st uprising, communist party of china formed its first army in Nanchang. There are lots of red culture resources in Nanchang.

Bayi Square is at the center of Nanchang city. It was built to memorize August 1st uprising. Bayi Square highlights the theme of "Bayi History and Culture" in all directions. The memorial area, cultural area, reminiscence area and leisure area of Bayi Square show Bayi Uprising in different forms. The landmark in the square is Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower. Besides, Nangchang August 1st Memorial Hall is a special memorial hall established to commemorate Nanchang Uprising.（Peng Bo, Zhang Li, Li Jiangyuan 2006, 58）

===References===

[1] 程东旺, 黄伟良. “红色文化”的价值形态与德育功能探析[J]. 现代教育科学, 2006: 19-21.

[2] 罗丽琳,蒲清平. 红色文化的思想政治教育基因及其时代价值[J].新疆师范大学学报, 2018: 45-52

[3] 彭波, 张丽, 李江源. 整合红色资源,提升江西文化力[J]. 江西崛起策论, 2006:58-60.

[4] 王以第. “红色文化”的价值内涵[J]. 文化论苑, 2007:149-150.

[5] 习近平, 决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告,人民日报,2017.

[6] 朱桂莲,李晶. 德育视角下的中国红色文化研究综述[J]. 研究综述, 2010:87-89.

===Terms and Expressions===

red culture 红色文化

Opium War 鸦片战争

red heading documents 红头文件

red army 红军

August 1st uprising 八一起义

===Questions===

1. What is the historical background of the birth of red culture?

2. What are two major components of red culture?

3. How many symbols dose the word "red" in red culture has? What are they?

4. How many values dose red culture has? What are they?

5. What is the landmark in Bayi Square?

===Answers===

1. In modern China, Communist Party of China led the Chinese revolution and led people to fight against suppression.

2. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture

3. Four. Authority, courage, honor and revolution.

4. Three. History value, civilization value and economic value.

5. Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower

==Landscape, The Ancient Tea Horse Road - Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

===The Ancient Tea Horse Road===

====Introduction====
The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation. The ancient tea horse road is divided into two routes: the Sichuan-Tibet line and the Yunnan-Tibet line. The ancient tea horse road originated from the ancient southwest frontier of the tea horse mutual market, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and most prosperous in the middle and late World War II. The ancient Tea Horse Road divided into Shanxi-Gan, Shanxi-Kangtang (folk called wade ancient road, Sichuan-Tibet line is part of it), Yunnan-Tibet and other three main routes, connecting Sichuan, Yunnan-Tibet, extending into the territory of Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, India, until reaching West Asia, West Africa, the Red Sea coast. 5 March 2013, the Tea Horse Road was listed by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics conservation units.(Zou Jingyi 2018,131)

====Historical Routes====
China’s ancient tea horse road is divided into:
1. The Shanxi-Gansu tea horse road is the main route for tea to travel westward in mainland China and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.
2. Shanxi and Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), began in the Han Dynasty, formed by the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse each other. Due to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government control of tea trafficking, tea trafficking sub-regional, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.
3. The ancient Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road. Formed around the late sixth century AD, it is south of Yunnan's main tea producing areas in Xishuangbanna Yiwu, Pu'er City, intermediate through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture and Lijiang City, Shangri-La into Tibet, directly to Lhasa. Some also re-exported from Tibet to India and Nepal, is an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.
4.Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shan-Kang-Tibet Tea Horse Road, east of Yazhou edge tea production Ya'an, after playing arrow furnace (now Kangding), west to Lhasa, Tibet, and finally through to Bhutan, Nepal and India, a total length of nearly four thousand kilometers, is an essential bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the interior.
There are three main routes of the ancient tea-horse road: The Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.
Among the three ancient tea-horse roads, the Qinghai-Tibet line was established in the Tang Dynasty and developed earlier, while the Sichuan-Tibet line was the most influential and well-known later. These three routes are closely related to Chengdu, among them, the Yunnan-Tibet route and the Sichuan-Tibet route must pass through Chengdu, and their development is closely related to the tea-horse trade.(Kang Yuming2020,281-283)

Shanxi- Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), was formed in the Han dynasty through the efforts of the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government controlled tea traffickin along the tea trafficking sub-region, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 03:02, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

====Historical Value====
The Silk Road in the north and the ancient Tea Horse Road in the south. The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization. However, its history and value will always shine brightly.(Li Gang 2011,113-117)

1.The Golden Road of Tourism
The ancient tea-horse road tour has unique scenery, profound cultural connotation, exclusive resources and is unparalleled in the world.
2. Ancient Roads for the Propagation of Civilization
The ancient Tea Horse Road was not only an important migration corridor for the ancient ancestors between Wei-Tibet and present Sichuan and Yunnan, but also an important aperture for the spread and exchange of ancient civilizations between present Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.
3.Migration Corridor of National Cultures
On this ancient road, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, Chinese, Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Hani, Kino, Qiang, Pumi, Bai, Nu, Jingpo, Achang and other ethnic groups have flourished here for thousands of years, highlighting the diversity and original form of ethnic culture in southwest China.
4.Religious Propagation Road
With the development of the tea-horse trade and the extension of the ancient tea-horse route, Tibetan Buddhism spread widely along this route on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. The development and spread of Tibetan stupas can be roughly divided into two routes: one is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia - the other is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia. -Liaoning--Jilin--Heilongjiang--Beijing--Hebei --Henan--Jiangsu; second, Tibet--Yunnan--Sichuan. --Guangxi--Hubei.
5. The Path of National Spirituality
You can't talk about the ancient tea-horse road without mentioning the horse gangs. The horse gangs have formed a unique cultural carrier in the course of thousands of years. Their spirit is attached to this ancient road, and become part of the Chinese national spirit.
6.The Road of National Unity and Integration
The ancient tea-horse road is like a huge net in southwest China, through which people of all nationalities strengthen their ties and communication, promote political, economic and cultural interaction, development and integration among all nationalities, and enhance the emotional ties between them.
7.The Road of Securing the Borders
The expansion of the ancient tea-horse road and the flourishing of the tea-horse trade contributed to the stability and consolidation of China's southwest frontier.
8.The road to economic development
The Thousand-Year Tea Horse Trail contributed to the formation of many towns in the region through the tea and horse trade, which greatly contributed to the economic development of the region.(Ji Jing2016,354-355)
===Terms and Expressions===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road(茶马古道)

2.Sichuan-Tibet Line（川藏线）

3.Yunnan-Tibet line（滇藏线）

4.wade ancient road（蹚古道）

===Questions===

1.What is the ancient tea horse road ?

2.How many main routes does the ancient tea-horse road conclude?

3.What is the historical value?
--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 04:15, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation.

2.There are three main routes, including the Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

3.The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization.

===References===
[1]邹怡情,张依玫.作为文化线路的茶马古道遗产保护研究[J].北京规划建设,2018(04):131-140.

[2]康昱明,李金峰.甘肃茶马古道文化线路遗产探究[J].农村经济与科技,2020,31(11):281-283.

[3]李刚,李薇.论历史上三条茶马古道的联系及历史地位[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,41(04):113-117.

[4]纪静.茶马古道的兴起及其价值研究[J].福建茶叶,2016,38(07):354-355.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 09:06, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Novels - Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

===Four satirical novels in ancient China===
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.'''Quotation missing. E.g. (Gui Ninghuo 2009, 12)'''

====Introduction====
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.

==== Nie Hai Hua====
Nie Hai Hua was written by Zen Pu (1872-1935).A total of 35 chapters.it is a novel of condemnation, historical fiction and political fiction. In the novel, Jin yun (wen qing) is the main character.After won the scholarship, he took a famous courtesan, Fu Caiyun, as his concubine in Suzhou.He was then ordered to travel to Russia, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. After returning to China, Jin Wenqing died of illness in Beijing, and Fu Caiyun left the Jin family to resume her old profession in Shanghai, changing her name to Cao Menglan then went to Tianjin to work as a prostitute, calling herself Sai Jinhua.
The novel takes the story of Jin Wenqing and Fu Caiyun as the main line, vividly describes the historical and cultural changes as well as political and social changes from Tongzhi to Guangxu more than 30 years, exposing the decay and decline of the rulers, criticizing the feudal system of imperial examination, satirizing the officials, truly reflecting their spiritual life and cultural mentality. at the same time also enthusiastically glorifies Feng Zicai, Liu Yongfu and other war heroes and Sun Yat-sen and so on. The revolutionary activities of the Democratic Revolutionaries express the author's patriotic thoughts against the feudal dictatorship and advocate national democratic revolution. In specific writing, the author adopts the modern popular block novel structure combined with the traditional mesh novel structure to unfold the plot, with ups and downs, twists and turns, touching and orderly, always around the main line.
As a historical novel, Nie Hai Hua draws on the spirit of the ancient "good history" of China to portray its characters. At the same time, it draws on the satirical approach of "The History of Confucianism" in which "the fair-minded accuse the evils of the times", commenting on events and weighing characters in a realistic manner. In terms of art, Nie Hai Hua also has many shortcomings.However, it is a skillful structure and outstanding novel at that time.

==== the Travels of an Old Man====
The Travels of an Old Man was written by Liu E (1857-1909) and a total of 20 chapters. Liu E was an entrepreneur and scholar, not a professional writer, but his reputation as a literary figure was far greater than that of an entrepreneur and scholar. This novel is an unfinished work of his that was written in his later years with an autobiographical nature.
The novel takes a bell-ringing mountebank, Lao can (Tie Ying), as its main character, and narrates his experiences and activities during his travels in northern China, exposing the decadence and darkness of the Qing government, the brutality and lethargy of the officials, and the poverty and oppression of the people, especially attacking the abusive behavior of those "Qing officials" who are actually cruel officials, and expressing the author's strong views on the perilous reality of society and the country.
The artistic achievement of the novel is very high. The first is the superb descriptive skills, whether it is a description, a landscape, or a narrative, can be vividly depicted, such as the scenery of Thousand Buddha Mountain, Daming Lake etc., which makes people have a sense of being in the real world. Secondly, its psychological description and psychological analysis, with appropriate language, can brilliantly show the inner world of the characters. Thirdly, the exquisite structural art. The novel is in the form of a Travel Journal, with travel as a clue,and organic combined of what he see, hear, think and do along the way forms a unique structural feature of the novel.

==== The Records of Officialdom Exposure====
The Records of Officialdom Exposure by Li Baojia (1867-1906), five editions and a total of 60 chapters. This is the first long chapter novel in China's modern era that was published serially in newspapers and magazines and achieved a social sensation, creating a culture of critical reality in modern fiction.
The novel consists of more than 30 relatively independent bureaucratic stories linked together,involving the Qing government from the emperor, down to the minor officials and so on,and these various bureaucrats of all kinds of evil behavior were exposed:They embezzled public funds, corrupt and pervert the law or the named "expedition bandits", but is harmful to the people. The work is like a scroll of the officialdom at the end of the feudal society, touching on the main contradictions of that time.
The novel's writing method is modelled on "The Scholars" and has been developed, making full use of exaggeration, comic style and satirical techniques. only a few strokes will outline the character's voice and physical appearance. And the author also good at describing the details, so that the characters are vivid and evocative, with a strong artistic impact. Therefore, the subsequent imitation of the work is quite a lot, it become a great view.

==== 20 years witness strange present situation====
The Strange Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years was written by Wu Woyao(1866-1910), A total of 60 chapters. This is a long novel with autobiographical flavor.it through nearly 200 short stories that the protagonist hears and witnesses from the death of his father to his failure in business. it outlines the strange realities of late Qing society during the 20 years from the Sino-French War to the beginning of the 20th century.
The scope of social life is much broader than The Records of Officialdom Exposure. In addition to describing the officialdom, there are also involving the shopping malls, foreign markets, science fields, medical and astrological practices. It exposes the political situation, moral outlook, social customs, and human conditions of the increasingly colonized Chinese feudal society, and is of high cognitive value in helping readers to see the irreparable historical destiny of the late Qing society and feudal system.
The novel adopts the first-person narrative story, structured in a way that makes the reader feel intimate and trustworthy, setting a precedent in the history of Chinese fiction. The structure is also very clever: "nine deaths and a lifetime" is not only the narrator of the book story, but also the backbone of the structure of the book, and at the same time uses flashbacks, interpolations and other methods, combining it organically together, making the whole book complex and simple appropriate, muddle together.

==== Conclution====
As a result of the bourgeois reformists and democratic revolutionaries strongly advocated, the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty got unprecedented development, and a large number of influential novels emerged, forming a prosperous situation of the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty.The emergence of the "Four satirical novels" in the late Qing Dynasty is an important sign that The creation of Chinese novels has entered another prosperous period.

===Reference===
*[1]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B4%E8%B4%A3%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4/702907?fr=aladdin
*[2]二十年目睹之怪现状[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 吴趼人, 2012
*[3]老残游记[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 刘鹗, 2012
*[4]官场现形记[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 李宝嘉, 2012
*[5]孽海花[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 曾朴, 2012
*[6]四大谴责小说政治批判手法研究[J].李辉东,2017

===Terms and Expressions===
The Records of Officialdom Exposure 《官场现形记》

The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years 《二十年之目睹怪现象》

the Travels of an Old Man 《老残游记》

Nai Hai Hua 《孽海花》

The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty 晚清四大谴责小说

===Questions===
1、what are The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty ?

2、which novel is modeled the "The Scholars"?

3、what’s the common characteristic of these four novels?

4、what other satirical novels do you know?

===Answers===
1、They are Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua.

2、The Records of Officialdom Exposure

3、The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time.

4、E.g.The Scholars

==Shadow Play - Li Lili 李丽丽==
===Shadow Play Li Lili No.202070080594 MTI===
====The Origin of Shadow Play====
Shadow play has a long history from the written records. Legend has it that Madame Li, the wife of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu's yearning for her was so intense that he was in a trance and ignored the government's affairs all day. Minister Li Shaoweng went out one day when he came across a child playing with a doll in his hand, with its shadow being vivid，so he came up with an idea that he could cut the image of Mrs. Li from cotton and silk, painted it with color, and installed wooden poles on her hands and feet. After seeing it, Emperor Wu was glued to it and couldn't put it down. This love story is considered to be the earliest origin of shadow play. (Wei Liqun 2018,13)

There are also some views that shadow play originated in Xi'an of Tang Dynasty, however, it is worth discussing that although there were an variety of operas in the Tang Dynasty, yet there were no any records of shadow play mentioned in the Tang Dynasty. Up to now, the earliest shadow play we can see is recorded in Song Dynasty. Its rise and development is closely related to Bianjing’s (the capital of Northern Song Dynasty) superior geographical environment, the development of commodity trade and good commercial transportation at that time. (Wei Liqun 2018,14-15)

====Introduction====
[[File:shadow play.jpg]]
In Chinese ancient society, Chinese began to give performances using puppets against an illuminated screen. This is “shadow puppets”, also known as “lamp and shadow play”. It is considered as “precursor of movie” because it was the earliest moving part of form dubbed with human voice in the world. During a play, puppeteers hide behind the white screen and move puppets, while narrating the story, usually through singing. Performances are accompanied by musicians playing percussion and stringed instruments. A shadow puppet can perform actions such as “serving drinks”, “waving a sword and a spear,” or even “smoking” by puppeteer holding and moving manipulating rods on its body. (Wang Yexia 2012,1-2)

Typically, a shadow puppet has three rods, some may have five or seven rods. It can create rich designs such as shadow puppets, animals and stage props, for example, buildings, imperial palaces, chariots, tables and chairs as well as weapons. It is so rich that it includes almost everything under the sun. It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools. The well-known ones include Tangshan Shadow Play in Hebei Province, Beijing Shadow Play as well as Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hunan Shadow Play. etc. (Wang Yexia 2012,2-3)

So how to make a puppet? First. Draw pictures of the various parts of the shadow puppets; second, finish carving with a knife and a hard board underneath the design; third, color the puppet with watercolor pens; forth, paint the body parts with a brush dipped in oil. This can make the puppet transparent and better reflect colors under the light.; fifth, connect joint sections with the cotton thread; sixth, make the manipulating rods; finally, attach the manipulating rods to the shadow puppet with cotton thread. Thanks to different manipulating rods moves, the shadow puppet has a life, and can show happiness, anger, sorrow and gladness. (Wang Yexia 2012,29-35)

The eyes and the eyebrows of a shadow puppet’s five facial features represent different personalities. The good and positive people are typical of a benevolent and kind countenance, with nice-looking eyebrows and eyes, while the villain or the general are ferocious look, with sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes. And the former are often concealed teeth and the latter are revealed teeth. The middle-aged people are short beard, but the elderly men are long beard. (Wang Yexia 2012,10-11)

The decorative designs on the shadow puppets are so important that they must match the character’s social status. In a shadow play, female characters are usually decorated with patters such as flowers, grass, clouds and phoenix, while male characters are often decorated with dragons, tigers, water and clouds. Shadows puppets look colorful under the light. To achieve a better visual effect, the translucent puppets need to be painted on both sides. The head of color can also represent different characters’ personalities. The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character and the representative is Guan Yu. The black is a sign of a just, honest and selfless personality and the representative is Zhang Fei. The yellow shows a brave and irascible character and are often used in fantasy plays to represent people with magic power. (Wang Yexia 2012,13-16)

====The Present Situation of Contemporary Shadow Play====
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, shadow play, as an art form, has undergone a series of reforms under the guidance of the Party's principles, including the organization of theatrical troupes, the compilation and creation of plays, the drawing and performing forms of shadow play. With the advent of the "Cultural Revolution", the prosperity of shadow play came to an abrupt end. The troupe was disbanded, the repertoire was banned, and the artists were transferred to other fields. A large number of precious shadow puppet props and documents were damaged. This situation, except for some places, lasted until 1976.
(Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）

After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", shadow puppet art revived rapidly, However, with the economic development being put in the first place of social activities and the popularity of television and the richness of artistic forms, shadow play is declining day by day with an irresistible trend, because shadow play arts are unable to keep pace with the times and get the appreciation from the audience. As a result, the prospect of shadow play art is becoming increasingly bleak. （Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）

In order to inherit Chinese excellent culture and protect the ancient art forms such as shadow play. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first part of national intangible cultural heritage list. On November 27, 2011, UNESCO put Chinese shadow play on the "list of representative works of human intangible cultural heritage".（baidubaike）

===References：===
Wang Yexia 王业霞.(2012). 《皮影戏》 [Shadow Play] 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: [Higher Education Publishing House]

Wei Liqun 魏力群.(2018). 《小书大传承-皮影》["Small Book, Big Heritage - Shadow Play"] 重庆：重庆出版社 Chongqing: [Chongqing Publishing House]

Zhu Hengfu 朱恒夫.(2020) 中国皮影戏的历史，现状与剧目特征[The History, Current Situation and Repertoire Characteristics of Chinese Shadow Theatre] 浙江艺术职业学院学报 [Journal of Zhejiang Arts Vocational College]

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9A%AE%E5%BD%B1%E6%88%8F/23224?fr=aladdin

===Words and Expressions===
shadow puppet皮影戏
paper cutting 剪纸
ventriloquism 口技
manipulating rod 操纵杆
five facial features 五官
sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes 尖眉杏眼
Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

===Questions===
1.When is the earliest shadow puppet’s record?

2.What art of forms do shadow play use?

3. What does a red head stand for in a play?

4.When is it put on the list of intangible cultural heritage".

===Answers===
1.Song dynasty.

2.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools.

3.The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character.

4. On November 27, 2011.

==Confucian Culture - Li Liqin 李丽琴 Student No.202070080595 MTI ==

=== Confucian Culture ===

==== Introduction ====

Confucian school is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and composed by Xunzi. Today, it still retains a certain vitality. Confucian school takes Confucianism as its guiding ideology whose central ideas are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 31)

Confucian school was on an equal footing with the other hundred schools in the pre-Qin period. After the First Emperor of Qin, also called Qin Shihuang, burned books and buried scholars alive, the development of the Confucian school suffered a serious defeat. Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's advice of "banishing other schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism only" and imposed restrictions on thought, which led to the revival of Confucian school. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 20) The concepts of "Confucian school", "Confucianism", and "Confucian Religion" should be distinguished since Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism a social stratification, and Confucian religion belief. (Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 2017, 60-61)

Laozi founded Chinese Taoist school; Confucius started Chinese Confucian school; Sun Tzu initiated Chinese military strategist school; Mozi was the founder of Mohism in the early Warring States. Confucianism contributes to guiding the code of conduct and constructing social order; Taoism focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalism serves the system construction of national political management; the concepts of Universal Love and utilitarianism are two cornerstones for the Mohism. The General Unity idea of Confucianism has played an important role in the unification of a nation, the enhancement of national cohesion and the integration of cultural values. (Tan Su 2012, 68)

After more than two thousand years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, involving politics, education, morality, ethics, code of conduct, life skills and other aspects. It has cultivated the wisdom and soul of the Chinese people throughout the history, and formed deep-rooted set patterns of thinking, psychology and survival. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42-43)

==== Analysis of Confucian Culture ====

===== Intelligence Development =====

Confucius is a great educator, as well as a pioneer and practitioner of mass education. After Confucianism was established as a dominant culture, both the rulers and the public respected the teachings of the sage and attached great importance to education. In this context, a basic requirement is to stay highly cultured and steeped in propriety. After the Emperor Wen initiated the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, those who are good scholars could make an official, which inspired students of poor families to change their lives by studying hard and diligent. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 19)

For generations, the Chinese people have attached great importance to the education of their children, which is conducive to the improvement of the thinking ability of the whole nation. However, the corrupt of bureaucracy and the darkness of officialdom in metaphase and anaphase made many literati feel despairing about official career and discredit about the concept. In addition, the Four Books and Five Classics were the main learning content of Confucianism. Apart from government-run schools, private schools and self-study can hardly meet the requirements of the Six Classical Arts. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 21) Therefore, the Four Books and Five Classics were the focus of students, while the Six Classical Arts were not highly valued.

=====Spiritual Guidance =====

In terms of spirit, Confucianism contends that "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue." (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 86) Benevolent people love each other, which reflects the essence of “Unity of Man and Nature” and also the most brilliant connotation of Confucianism. This philosophy calls for people’s active contributions to the society. It is still alive in modern times, and is the fundamental requirement of people's spiritual orientation in the future. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32)

=====Order Construction =====

In the age of barbarism and backwardness, a common feature was that a small number of people used power and force to suppress and enslave the majority, thus resulting in labor division and unfair distribution of wealth and generating corresponding social hierarchy and concepts. Given the fact that Confucianism developed in the transitional period of feudal society, the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius were rooted in the idealist view of destiny and did not break the shackles of social hierarchy. In addition, they even advocated the distinguish between the noble and the humble and highlighted the importance of hierarchy division. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

In this context, the benevolence they advocated had great limitations in political management. The public could not be treated equally in terms of political status. Instead, the so-called benevolence calls for improvement of the living conditions of the public and more benefits from the ruling class. However, its purpose was to maintain social order and reconcile social contradictions. This is also the root cause of feudal rulers’ favoring of Confucianism. In essence, Confucianism did not promote social equality, instead, it worked to maintain the unequal feudal hierarchy that aggravated servitude. In fact, after a long history of feudal rule, the sense of hierarchy would be part of the national psyche. With the progress of times and civilization, the view of destiny and the thought of social order have become psychological shackles of the Chinese people. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

After eliminating the ideology of feudal hierarchy and formalism, some philosophies of Confucianism still generate positive effects on modern society. Specifically, the spirit of benevolence and universal love is conducive to cultivate people’s spirits; the concept of “the country belongs to the public” reflects a sense of social responsibility to make contributions for society, which can be expanded into a sharing social and political philosophy for different countries. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 33)

Filial piety and brotherhood increase the harmony and stability of family; Loyalty, faithfulness, propriety and forgiveness are conducive to the relationship between different countries, societies and people. "Loyalty" means that people should stay loyal to the country and people; "Friendliness" and "forgiveness" play an important role in resolving various contradictions and animosities; when it comes to "filial piety" and "propriety", many redundant forms inherited from feudal society should be eradicated and be more practical. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-41)

====The Contemporary Value of Confucian Culture ====

Today, Confucian culture is still of great significance. We must explore the value of Confucian culture on the basis of the excellent tradition of the Chinese nation and by combining the characteristics of the times with and the actual situation. The Confucian culture has affected Chinese more than two thousand years and gone deep into each aspect of Chinese society. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39)

=====Ideological and Political Education =====

Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy, and it places a high priority on human value and dignity. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 51-57) Over the years, the Chinese nation has been influenced by this excellent philosophy. On this occasion, its behavioral pattern and psychological structure are endowed with uniqueness, which is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is to respect yourself, learn how to love and care yourself. Moreover, gain dignity and achieve the development of human value through the continuous improvement of moral cultivation. Second, respect others and show respect for others' personality by respecting, understanding and caring for others. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-40)

===== Modern Economic Construction=====

Under today’s circumstance, some ideological contents are still alive and produce positive effects on promoting the economic construction of modernization and fostering modern patriotism emotion of the Chinese people. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

First of all, Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

Since Confucian culture reflects a collectivist view on life, individuals are full of sense of duty and responsibility towards others and groups. In this context, their self-cultivation targets at regulating the family, country and the world. Thus, the value of individual is closely linked with the rise and fall of the country, so they have a strong sense of responsibility. "Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country" has been a common belief for thousands of years. Such a social responsibility will give rise to a huge driving force for the development of the country and society. (Tan Su 2012, 68)

Second, the consciousness of "self-improvement" and the proposition of "seeking truth" in the Confucian culture strengthen the national spirit and provide a source power for China’s economic modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 66)

Yi Zhuan put forward: "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.’’ It means that continuous development is the law of nature and that a gentleman should pursue progress and be strong, unyielding resilient and positive. For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has formed a fine tradition of working hard and striving for strength under the influence of these thoughts. Today, we carry forward the spirits of “self-improvement” and "seeking truth" in ways that further enhance national spirits and provide a strong driving force for the socialist modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

Third, the "reform and innovation" concept in Confucian culture is conducive to the expansion of the reform and opening up and the acceleration of China's socialist modernization. On the basis of admitting the fact that the continuous development is the universal law of nature, Confucian culture puts forward the "innovation idea". The Book of Rites said, "If you can in one day renovate yourself; do so from day to day and let there be daily renovation." The Book of Changes said, "Reform refers to destroy the old, while innovation means to establish the new.” (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

The concept is not only serves as the theoretical basis for reform and innovation throughout the history, but also provides valuable lessons for the reform in socialist economic and political systems today. Domestically, promoting the innovative spirits can greatly enhance the reform consciousness of the Chinese people. Externally, it is conducive to advancing the opening up by leveraging the global influence of Confucian culture. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

===== Legal Construction =====

Confucian culture places a high priority on personal cultivation, while a highly civilized society under the rule of law must be composed of highly educated citizens. Confucian school, a school with thousands of years of history in China, has become an integral part of the Chinese culture. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33)

Nowadays, since China has called for the policy of combining the rule of virtue with the rule of law, it is the time for Confucian culture to find its historical position and fully play its role. Exploring the influence of Confucian culture on the construction of contemporary Chinese rule by law, not only can we help us more deeply understand the traditional culture, but also can promote the process of building the rule of law in contemporary China. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33)

The rule by virtue thought is an important part of Confucian culture and it emphasizes the importance of moral education. It is a national strategy pursued by ancient Chinese rulers and a method of national governance embodying reference significance in today’s China. (Wei Na 2014, 1-2)

In terms of national governance, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of morality, believing that national governance should not mainly rely on harsh punishment, instead, moral education should be applied to reform people. Confucius said, "By governing with virtue, rulers will be loved by the public, just like stars surround the North Star." By comparing rulers to the North Star and people to the stars, Confucius emphasized the importance of moral governance. (Wang Jie 2004, 77)

How to rule by virtue? First of all, rulers should pay attention to their personal cultivation and develop good moral characters, so that they can set a good example for the public. Only when officials and common people obey the ruler sincerely, can a good social atmosphere be formed. Secondly, since Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core and calls for the rule of virtue, many people subconsciously believe that Confucianism denies the role of criminal law and that Confucian culture does not call for the rule of law. (Wang Jie 2004, 82-83)

In fact, this is not the case. While Confucianism advocates the rule of virtue, it also emphasizes the supplementary role of rule of law. Confucius said, "Sages believe that national governance must combine the rule of virtue and law." That is to say, if people are governed by systems and laws, they seek for impunity but lack of conscience; however, if they are guided by morality and etiquette, they will have a sense of right and wrong and will impose strict requirements on themselves. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

In a word, we should clearly realize that, although Confucian culture is an excellent traditional culture in China, it was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. Under this circumstance, we must analyse Confucian culture dialectically and explore the value of Confucian culture. At the same time, we should discard the bad habits and unfavorable factors left by it, so as to better carry forward our traditional culture and accelerate the construction of the rule of law in contemporary China. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

====The Confucius Institute ====

With the improvement of China's international status and the increasingly extensive international exchanges, Chinese culture has won wider foreign attention and the world is more eager to learn and understand the Chinese culture. The Confucius Institute project, founded in 2004, emerges in response to the call of the times. Today, Confucius Institutes have spread throughout Asia, Africa, The Americas, Europe and Oceania. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)

Fundamentally speaking, its is conducive to the "going out" of Chinese culture since language is an important carrier of Chinese culture. It is of positive significance to the construction of China's national image, the promotion of China's international influence, the realization of wider international communication. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)

The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Today, countries are committed to spreading their own language and culture, so there is a fierce competition in international cultural promotion. In addition, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31)

At present, Confucius Institutes are prevalent all over the world, but the promotion strategy seeking for quantity and speed results in a serious shortage of teachers capable of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. According to statistics, there is a global shortage of at least five million TCSL teachers. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31)

Secondly, the lack of high-quality and localized teaching materials for Chinese has also become a bottleneck for the development of Confucius Institutes. The shortage of Chinese textbooks affects the depth of cultural communication of Confucius Institutes directly. Thirdly, Confucius Institutes are not capable of spreading the ideological depth of the Chinese culture. Although the textbooks are rich in content, they mainly focus on promoting folk culture by introducing Chinese food, tea and wine, traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Meanwhile, they rarely involve the ideological essence of traditional Chinese culture and the modern value of Chinese culture. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 32)

The Confucius Institutes should fully explore the modern significance of Confucianism and cast the quintessence of Chinese culture, and strengthen the spread of the core idea of Chinese culture and its modern cultural value. The connotation of Chinese culture is very rich. What Confucius Institutes should spread is not all the contents of Chinese culture, but the contents with universal value that are different from other countries and represent the essence of Chinese culture. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42)

====Terms and Expressions ====

儒家 Confucian school

儒学 Confucianism

儒教 Confucian religion

兼爱 Universal love

恕、忠、孝、悌、勇 forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage

仁、义、礼、智、信 benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith

学而优则仕 A good scholar will make an official

四书五经 the Four Books and Five Classics

天行健，君子当自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue.

天下兴亡，匹夫有责 Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country

====Questions ====

1. What’s the central ideas of Confucian culture?

2. What’s the difference among Confucian school, Confucianism and Confucian religion?

3. What do you think of the relationship between Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school, Legalist school?

4. What’s the Six Classical Arts?

5. What you think of the ancient influence of Confucianism?

6. Do you think Confucian culture still has its contemporary values in China? And why?

7. What do you think of the current situation of the development of the Confucian institute?

====Answers====

1. The central ideas of Confucian culture are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith.

2. Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism is a social stratification, and Confucian is a religion belief.

3. Confucian school emphasizes the code of conduct and the social order construction; Taoist school focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalist school serves the system construction of national political management; Mohist school emphasizes Universal Love and utilitarianism. Although Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school and Legalist school are different schools with different theories, they are not completely antagonistic.

4. The Six Classical Arts refers to propriety(礼), music（乐）, archery（射）, riding（御）, writing（书） and arithematic（数）.

5. The ancient influence of Confucianism should be analysed from a historical perspective. It was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. While contributing to intelligence development, spiritual guidance and order construction to some extent, it has also led to some negative effects in the long run. For example, it called for rigid feudal hierarchy and resulted in spiritual constraints.

6. Yes. Although Confucian culture has a history of thousands of years, it still has contemporary values in today's society. For instance, Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy and places a high priority on human value and dignity, which is still of profound significance; Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy.

7. The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Nowadays, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. Joint efforts of all social sectors should be made to achieve the sustainable development of it.

====References====

Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 陈智斌, 杜艾红. (2017). 儒学、儒家、儒教之异同 [The Differences and Similarities of Confucian School, Confucianism and Confucian Religion]. ''审计月刊'' Audit Monthly.

Li Chenzong 李承宗. (2002). 论儒家文化对培养现代爱国主义情感的积极作用 [On the Positive Effects of Confucian Culture on Cultivating Patriotism]. ''廊坊师范学院学报'' Journal of Langfang Teachers College.

Li Fangping 李芳萍. (2013). 儒家思想对中国文化的影响研究 [A Study on the Influence of Confucianism on Chinese Culture]. ''前沿'' Forward Position.

Li Xiaoyu 李晓愚. (2010). 儒家仁爱思想的当代诠释 [Contemporary Interpretation of Benevolence]. ''郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Zhengzhou University.

Tan Su 谭苏. (2012). 论春秋战国时期的百家争鸣 [On the Competition of Ideas in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period]. ''兰台世界'' Lantai World.

Wang Jie 王杰. (2004). 为政以德: 孔子的德治主义治国模式 [Rule of Virtue: Confucian’s Model of Governance]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 吴瑛, 提文静. (2009). 孔子学院的发展现状与问题分析 [The Development Status and Problems of Confucius Institute]. ''云南师范大学学报 (对外汉语教学与研究版)'' Journal of Yunnan Normal University.

Xiang Chunling 向春玲. (2008). 儒家文化的现代意义 [On Modern Significance of Confucian Culture]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Zhang Qizhi 张岂之. (1990). ''中国儒学思想史'' [The History of Chinese Confucianism]. 陕西：陕西人民出版社 Shaanxi: Shaanxi People’s Publishing House.

==Ch'ien Chung-shu - Liu Liu刘柳， 202070080596 MTI==

====Ch'ien Chung-shu====

Ch'ien Chung-shu (1910-1998), a well-known scholar, writer, translator and literary researcher, was born into an education family in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. In Chinese academic circles, Qian was ranked with Rao Zongyi, a master in academic circles, and both were called "South Rao and North Qian". He was admitted to Tsinghua University in 1929 and got to know Yang Jiang in 1932. Qian became famous soon after the enrolment, not only for the 15 mark of his mathematics, but for his excellent Chinese and English, especially full marks in English. Qian had an engagement with Yang the year after their acquaintance and went to study at Oxford University in England along with her. In 1937, he obtained the bachelor's degree from Oxford with the treatise ''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', and his daughter Qian Yuan was born the same year. He wrote a great many profound literary works in his lifetime. When it comes to Ch'ien Chung-shu, people would think of his representative work ''Fortress Besieged'', which was published in 1947.

As a realistic satirical novel, ''Fortress Besieged'' is known as "The New Scholars" in the 1940s. The novel is centralized on Fang Hongjian,who returned from studying abroad at the beginning of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It depicts the struggles in love, marriage,career and life of a group of intellectuals who were far away from the times and the people during the War of Resistance against Japanese Agression. It reveals their inner poverty, emptiness and lowliness, criticizes the dark reality of the Kuomintang-controlled areas, and reveals the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life. In the preface of the book, Qian said that, "In this book I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modern China. In writing about these people, I didn’t forget they are human beings, still human beings with the basic nature of hairless, two-legged animals. "The novel is like an X-ray mirror that reveals the deformed characters and ugly souls of those "hairless and two-legged animals" and analyzes the cultural matrix which is responsible for the deformed characters and ugly souls of these "latest style" literati. Yang Jiang said, "The main connotation of ''Fortress Besieged'' is that those who are besieged by the city want to escape, while those outside want to rush in. This is what most people wish for in life, whether in marriage or career. "The meaning of "fortress besieged" is also stated several times in the novel. It tells people that life is a besieged city everywhere, people have marriage and divorce, divorce and marriage in endless succession,with everlasting confusion and dilemma. The questions that Qian raised in the novel refer to a question of universal significance, which is the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life as a whole. In December 1990, the television series ''Fortress Besieged'' was broadcast on China Central Television(CCTV) and enjoyed great popularity.

Ch'ien Chung-shu has made significant achievements in literary research and literary creation. In particular, it is of great significance to carry forward and deny traditional Chinese culture scientifically and learn from foreign culture selectively. He has wrote the collection of essays ''Written in the Margins of Life''(1941), the collection of short stories ''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts''(1946), and the novel ''Fortress Besieged''(1947). Both his essays and novels are wise and meaningful. Qian has read Chinese history, philosophy and literary classics in depth and has studied western old and new literature, philosophy and psychology. Many of his works, such as ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideaas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', have enjoyed high reputation in academic circles both at home and abroad.

Ch'ien Chung-shu viewd China and the world with a cultural criticism spirit. Based on his profound knowledge of Chinese and world culture, Qian has always shown a clear mind and a deep insight when observing Chinese and Western culture. He didn't reject any theories or doctrines, nor did he blindly follow any authorities. He devoted his life to promoting Chinese literature and art to the world. To this end, he not only explicated the profound meaning and unique value of Chinese culture in depth, but also pointed out its historical and regional limitations. He not only criticized the Chinese for their arrogance towards the local culture due to certain illusions, but also mercilessly eliminated the Westerners' prejudice centered on European and American culture due to ignorance. It is Ch'ien Chung-shu who has promoted cultural communication between China and other countries.

November 21st,2020 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu. People often call him a well-informed scholar, but he is more of a down-to-earth writer and scholar. He was indifferent to fame and wealth and alaways took a rigorous and serious attitude towards academic research. We feel ourselves in an entirely new world when we read the subtle metaphors in ''Fortress Besieged'', while we read ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', we are amazed at Qian's erudition. People all over the world admire his talent, but in fact,it is his meticulous and diligent reading spirit that makes him a well-informed scholar. Many of his life experiences and the question of whether his scholarship was systematic or not have attracted much attention. Wang Shuizhao, professor of Chinese Department of Fudan University, who has studied and worked with Ch'ien Chung-shu for a long time, has recently published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'', in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements based on the first-hand historical data, his personal experiences and his own understanding of academia, and gives answers to the questions discueesed widely, such as Qian's experience of being falsely accused, whether there exists system in his scholarship and the collision of viewpoints between Qian and Chen Yinke.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:20, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

====Terms and Expressions====

''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries'' 《十七十八世纪英国文学中的中国》

''Fortress Besieged'' 《围城》

Kuomintang-controlled areas 国统区

''Written in the Margins of Life'' 《写在人生边上》

''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts'' 《人·兽·鬼》

''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' 《管锥编》

''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'' 《谈艺录》

the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu 钱钟书诞辰110周年纪念日

''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu '' 《钱钟书的学术人生》

====Questions====

1.What is Ch'ien Chung-shu's representative work? When was it published?

2.When was the TV series ''Fortress Besieged'' broadcast?

3.Do you know other works about Ch'ien Chung-shu? Can you list some of them?

4.Which book did Wang Shuizhao publish in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu? What does he talk about in this book?

5.Which sentence is your favoriate in ''Fortress Besieged''?

===Answers===

1.Ch'ien Chung-shu's representive work is ''Fortress Besieged''. It was published in 1947.

2.It was broadcast in December 1990.

3.''Patchwork:Seven Essays on Art and Literature''（《七缀集》） and ''Poetic Remains of an Ephemeral Life''（《槐聚诗存》）.

4.Wang Shuizhao published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'' in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu, in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements.

5."I want to be able to occupy the whole life of the man I love. Before meeting me, he would have had no past and would be waiting for me with a clean slate."

===References===

--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:00, 13 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:20, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧， 202070080597，MTI==

'''相声 Crosstalk'''

===The Development of Crosstalk===

Crosstalk, in the ancient time was known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate others’ voices. It was evolved and further developed from the folk opera in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China (1912-1949), crosstalk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to one person stand-up talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it developed into stand-up crosstalk, dual crosstalk, and group crosstalk. And become a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual crosstalk has finally become the most popular form of crosstalk among audiences.In the late Qing Dynasty, crosstalk formed its modern features and styles. The language uses in crosstalk is mainly Beijing dialect, however, there are also “dialect crosstalk” in other regions of China. (360 Encyclopedia)

Crosstalk is a original folk art in China, with a long historical tradition, deeply loved by the majority of the people. The once-dead crosstalk art has been reborn and developed very rapidly especially since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. It is no longer confined to several cities in the north, nor spread only within the citizens, but also spread from the north to the whole country, from the city to the countryside, and from the citizens to all strata. (Hou Baolin, 1982:01)

===Four Basic Skills in Crosstalk===

Speaking, imitating, teasing and singing are the four basic artistic skills of crosstalk. “Speaking” means to tell jokes, stories, lantern riddles, drinking games, etc; “imitating” is to imitate all kinds of birds and animals, hawking, singing and the sound of different languages, etc; “teasing” is to gag and tease; “sing” means to sing Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity, so they are called Taiping) (1982:194), opera lyrics and songs. Crosstalk artists regard “speaking, imitating, teasing and singing” as their “four compulsory lessons”. For example, by saying “tongue twisters” or “reciting classical repertoires” to grasp the rhythm in language and correct the pronunciation. By learning all kinds of sounds to gain the ability to imitate. To practice singing skills by singing “Taiping lyrics” , opera lyrics and songs. (Hou Baolin, 1982:11)

===Characteristics of Crosstalk===

First of all, crosstalk is the art of “speaking”, which belongs to the art of “performing with words”, it is different from drama that “performing with body movements”. This kind of performance has a close relationship between the actors and the audience and shortened the distance between the stage and the audience. The actors directly communicate with the audience and perform with the audience's cooperation and tacit understanding to obtain artistic effect. In this sense, crosstalk is a collective performance of actors and audiences. From the perspective of the audience, they are not standing on the opposite side of the actors and appreciating the stage performance passively and objectively, but creating artistic images with the actors. (Hou Baolin. 1982:02)

Secondly, crosstalk is the art of laughter. Crosstalk uses laughter as a weapon to expose contradictions, shape characters and evaluate life. Without laughter, it can constitute any other arts, but not crosstalk and comedy. In other words, crosstalk has the characteristics of humor and satire. It reflects that life is not flat, but exaggerated and even deformed. China has a long tradition of satirizing emperors or high rank officials, its written record could be traced back to the Zhou (1046BC-256BC) and Qin (221BC-207BC) Dynasties. Satire is the product of class oppression. China has been in a feudalistic society for a long time, without political democracy and freedom of speech, the people often take circuitous methods to fight against the ruling class. Satirical art is like a weed under a boulder. Only through deformation and roundabout can this kind of art maintain to exist. (Hou Baolin. 1982:03)

“Speaking” and “laughing” constitute the basic outline of cross talk art, which is a language performance art with comedy style. “Speaking”, as a kind of rap art, establishes the mode of crosstalk art, which is distinguished from drama art. “Laughing” is the artistic characteristics of crosstalk, which distinguishes it from other rap art forms. These two characteristics are interdependent and complementary. (Hou Baolin. 1982:04)

Crosstalk belongs to the art of drama, but it is different from comedy. In comedy, the laughter of audience mainly comes from plot and comic characters, while in crosstalk it mainly comes from “baofu” (jokes). Sometimes it relies on the plot, sometimes it is not needed, but win the applaud of audience by the charm of language. “Baofu” must be expressed in the way of “dialogue” and “chatting” between the actors . (Hou Baolin. 1982:04)

===Famous Artists of CrossTalk===

In Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) and Emperor Guangxu (1875—1908) periods, Zhu Shaowen (stage name “Qiong Bupa, which means not afraid of poverty”) was regarded as the “ancestor”of crosstalk art. Other famous crosstalk artists including Hou Baolin(1917-1993), a pioneering master of crosstalk. In his 60 years of art career, he has devoted himself to the research and development of crosstalk art and brought laughter to the audience. Under his leadership and promotion, crosstalk art has really entered thousands of households and reached a remarkable artistic peak. His crosstalk works including Drama Talks, Drunkenness and etc. Ma Sanli (1914-2003) is the son of the crosstalk actor Ma Delu. Ma Sanli devoted himself to the exploration of long-term artistic practice, and created the unique “Ma’s Style of Crosstalk”. He was the oldest, most experienced and most accomplished crosstalk leader in the cross-talk circle at that time. So was deeply loved and respected by all walks of life and the audience. Ma's cross talk enjoys wide popularity among the people. In Tianjin, it was a saying that “no branches of crosstalk did not learn from Ma”. His representative works including “Eating Yuanxiao(dumpling)”, “Selling Tickets” and “the Yellow Crane Tower” . Other famous crosstalk artists include Zhang Yongxi, Liu Baorui, Hou Yaowen, Jiang Kun, Feng Gong, Niu Qun and Guo Degang. (Baijiahao, 2018 )

===Terms and Expressions===

speaking, imitating, teasing and singing 说学逗唱

Taiping lyrics 太平歌词

Baofu 包袱

Drama Talks 《戏剧杂谈》

Drunkenness 《醉酒》

Selling Tickets 《卖挂票》

===Questions===

1.When did crosstalk form its format?

2.What is Taiping lyrics?

3.Who was regarded as the “ancestor”of crosstalk art ?

4.What are the four basic skills of crosstalk?

===Answers===

1.It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty.

2.Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity) is the content to be sang in the crosstalk.

3.Zhu Shaowen.

4.They are speaking, imitating, teasing and singing.

===References===

1.Hou Baolin，Xue Baokun，1982，《相声溯源》，People's Education Press
2.https://cul.sohu.com/20090619/n264630449.shtml
3.https://baike.so.com/doc/1925383-2037001.html
4.https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1590742532351773378

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
Go 围棋--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
===GO - Liu Yi 刘艺 202070080640 MTI===
Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board with one's stones than the opponent[1]. As the game progresses, the players position stones on the board to map out formations and potential territories. Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones.[2]

A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board. One or more liberties enclosed within a group is called an eye, and a group with two or more eyes cannot be captured, even if surrounded.[3] Such groups are said to be unconditionally alive.

The general strategy is to expand one's territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (groups that can be killed), and always stay mindful of the "life status" of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties (and/or better "shape") will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go.

Players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for komi) wins the game.

In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish positions (or "bases") in the corners and around the sides of the board. These bases help to quickly develop strong shapes which have many options for life (self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start in the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called "joseki" and are often studied independently.

"Dame" are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. "Seki" are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. A "ko" (Chinese and Japanese: 劫) is a repeated-position shape that may be contested by making forcing moves elsewhere. After the forcing move is played, the ko may be "taken back" and returned to its original position.[30] Some "ko fights" may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as "picnic kos" when only one side has a lot to lose. The Japanese call it a hanami (flower-viewing) ko.

Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rule-sets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions.

Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go:
• Rule 1 (the rule of liberty) states that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open "point" (an intersection, called a "liberty") directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point ("liberty") next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
• Rule 2 (the "ko rule") states that the stones on the board must never repeat a previous position of stones. Moves which would do so are forbidden, and thus only moves elsewhere on the board are permitted that turn.
Almost all other information about how the game is played is a heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the game is played, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rule-sets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game.[4]
Although there are some minor differences between rule-sets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game.

Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.

The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their colour on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid but for beginners, or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular.[5] The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first, unless black is given a handicap of two stones or more (in which case, white plays first). The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on, except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured. A player may also pass, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored.

===Terms and Expressions===
Go 围棋 heuristic 启发式的
adversarial game 对抗性游戏 intersection 交叉点
board 棋盘 black 黑棋
formation 阵型 white 白棋
move 走棋 scoring rule 计分规则
liberty 自由度 player 棋手

===Questions===
1, What’s the basic principle of Go?

2,Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, What are other two essential rules in Go？

3, What countries have the most notable scoring rules differences?--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===
1, A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board.

2,The rule of liberty and the "ko rule".

3, Most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===
[1]Matthews, Charles (2004). Teach Yourself Go. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-142977-1.

[2]NRICH Team, Going First, University of Cambridge, retrieved 2007-06-16

[3]Iwamoto, Kaoru (1977). Go for Beginners. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-73331-9.

[4]British Go Association, Comparison of some go rules, retrieved 2007-12-20

[5]Kim, Janice; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997). Learn to Play Go. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press. ISBN 978-0-9644796-1-6.

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜,202070080598 MTI--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 08:21, 14 December 2020 (UTC)==

===The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China===
It is said that there were four most beautiful women in ancient times, and corresponding to that, it is worth mentioning that there were four most attractive men at that time.Despite that we consider these four men as attractive, this refers to more than just their appearance. They have a common feature: it proves that while their appearance is marvelous, they are also outstanding in literature. Namely, as a Chinese saying goes, they are endowed with both beauty and talent.
These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

The allusion of “throwing fruit to fill a carriage” originates from Pan An, which resembles movie fans nowadays to see their idols. There is a comment on Pan An’s appearance: "No more and no less." The history books also describe Pan An with three words “good-looking, well-mannered, and graceful”. Although these did not describe Pan An’s appearance in details, such as eyebrows and eyes or lips, from these side descriptions, we can know that Pan An’s appearance is far above ordinary people, and even his styles draw imitation from others.
At the same time, Pan An is known as “the flower of a county in Heyang”, and he is also one of the few men who are compared with flowers to be praised for excellent appearance. The beauty of exterior only fails to last long in this world. Pan An's talent and temperament and the devotion to his wife are also often eulogized. Pan Yue showed his unusual talent since he was a child, and he was called a child prodigy by the villagers. In his early years, he was appreciated by an official and recommended as a scholar.
Later, served as the magistrate of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan), he was diligent in political affairs, and advocated the people to plant more fruits and trees. The county was full of trees and peaches and plums everywhere, known as “Flower County”. During his administration, his political achievements were remarkable. Besides, Pan An holds a special place in the history of literature. He was good at composing verse and orders, expatiation, and skilled in the choice of words and building of sentences, which fully reflects the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to the beauty of form.
He was expert in composing Ci lyric of sorrow and admonishment, and his current works such as Widow's Fu, Mourning Poem and other famous works are all known for their narration and empathy. Pan An can be described as both internally and externally blessed.（Liu Xixue 2003,63-64）

Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng. There is a very popular legend about King Lanling. It's believed that King Lanling was a brave and supremely skilled general. However, because he looked very sweet and it seemed hard to frighten the enemy, he often wore a half-mask when fighting, which sounds very fairytale.
Nevertheless, the beauty of King Lanling is beyond doubt and otherworldly. Book of Northern Qi Dynasty described that he was friendly looking and mentally strong, with beautiful voice and appearance.King Lanling spent half his life in military affairs, and made great achievements. While this gave him glory, it also brought bad luck. There is an old Chinese saying that the glow of a inferior from massive achievements will overshadow his superior.
Although the King Lanling did not have the idea of usurping the throne, but the incumbent felt threatened because of his existence itself. In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Song Yu (about 322 BC-298 BC), as it is widely rumored, a student of Qu Yuan, was born in the capital city of Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period (now Shangqiu, Henan). Song Yu was a writer of Ci lyric of State Chu in the late Warring States period, adept in Ci lyric and even acclaimed as a great poet after Qu Yuan' reputation. Later generations often referred to them as “Qu Song”. Rumors circulate that there are many Ci lyrics from him, and Book of Han records about 16 works, but many of them are lost today.
His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on. He was the first to write about sadness from Autumn and to write about women. His description of women's nature exerts a great influence on later generations such as Cao Zhi. The goddess in Song Yu's The Fu poetry of Goddess embodies the essence of pre-Qin female beauty, recounting the beauty of the goddess of Wushan Mountain in details so much so that later generations have coveted for it for thousands of years.
16 works survived, among which Nine Discriminations is believed to be truly composed by him. It is equivalent to Qu Yuan's Li Sao or A lament in the history of Chinese literature. Both poets can be called the two shining pearls in Ci lyric at their times.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Wei Jie (286-June 20, 312), a metaphysician and an official of the Jin Dynasty. Wei Jie was a noted talker and metaphysicist during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was appointed as an assistant of the prince in the matter of politics. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongjia(AD310), Wei Jie died at the age of 27. Both ancient books and ancients commented on Wei Jie's appearance. Wang Ji reckoned that, “A jade is on my side, and I feel like I am nobody”; “Wandering with Jiu is like sauntering with a pearl on the side, with him shining brightly.”
History Retold as a Mirror for rulers authored by Sima Guang goes into detail: "Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..." Wei Jie not only have a mere marvelous exterior, but also he can discern metaphysics from his perspective. Wei Jie’s views always amaze the concerned parties.
It is said that even three sons of the Wang family, are not as good as the first son of the Wei family, and the three sons of the Wang family were all well-known scholars at that time, and the Wei Jie could be regarded as unmatchable compared with the three in family background, appearance, and talents.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）
===Terms and Expressions===
Pan An 潘安

King Lanling 兰陵王

Ji Kang 嵇康

Wei Jie 卫玠

throwing fruit to fill a carriage 掷果盈车

scholar 秀才

expatiation 铺陈

Book of Northern Qi Dynasty 《北齐书》

the Warring States Period 战国时期

Book of Han 《汉书》

Nine Discriminations 《九辨》

The Fu poetry of Wind 《风赋》

The Fu poetry of Goddess 《神女赋》

the goddess of Wushan Mountain 巫山神女

metaphysician 玄学家

a noted talker 清谈名士

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers 《资治通鉴》

Widow's Fu 《寡妇赋》

Mourning Poem 《悼亡诗》
===Questions===
1.Who are the four most handsome men at ancient time in China?

2.Who is Gao Changgong?

3.How did Lanlin King die?

4.What works did Song Yu compose?

5.Who are the two shining pearls in Ci lyric according to the passage?

6.What History Retold as a Mirror for rulers comment on Wei Jie?

===Answers===
1.These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.

2.Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng.

3.In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.

4.His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on.

5.Qu Yuan and Song Yu

6."Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..."

===References===
[1]刘细学.古代四大美男[J].文史天地,2003(06):63-64.

[2]王真波.四大美男都是怎么死的[J].青年文学家,2008(11):59-60.

==Lo, Minh Thao==

===Answers===
===References===
==Mogao Grottoes--Lou Cancan 娄灿灿 student no.202070080599 英语笔译==

===Mogao Grottoes===

===Introduction===

The Mogao Grottoes, known as the Thousand Buddhas Caves, were built on the eastern cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers to the southeast of Dunhuang city. There are 492 caves (well preserved) today, containing over 2,400 painted clay statues and 45,000 square meters of murals and 5 timber structures on the cliff of the southern district. There are also more than 300 caves used as both living room and burying place for monks and painters on the cliff of the northern district. Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes,so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. (Fan Jinshi 2010，170)The major caves were sponsored by patrons such as important asclergies, local ruling elites, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other caves may have been funded by merchants and other local people such as women's groups. (Sha Wutian 2020, 122)

====[[File:Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes]]====

===History===

Mogao Grottoes were not built in one day. According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff. Later, monk Faliang（法良）came here and joined him cultivating in caves. Since then more and more caves have been excavated over a thousand year. (Whitfield 1990, 8)

By the time of Northern Liang, small community of monks had formed at this site. The caves initially served only as a place of meditation for hermit monks. Later, they were developed to serve the monasteries that sprang up nearby. Members of the ruling families of Northern Wei and Northern Zhou constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived Sui Dynasty. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. In the Sui Dynasty, Hexi Corridor was controlled by central authority. The emperors were pious followers of Buddhism and they ordered to build stupas across the country. Therefore, more than 100 caves were excavated in Mogao Grottoes within 37 years. By the Tang Dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand. During this period, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious center. A large number of the caves were constructed during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang Empress Wu Zitian to build giant statues across the country. The site escaped the persecution of Buddhists ordered by Emperor Wuzong in 845 as it was then under Tibetan control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people. After the Tang Dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the Yuan Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes were preserved and kept by Cao Yijin（曹议金). (MA Shichang 2010, 303) After that, his later generations governed Dunhuang Prefecture and constructed multiple family caves such as Cave 55. (Gao Xiujun 2016, 9) During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally abandoned and Dunhuang slowly became depolulated and was forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned. The site, however, went back to a place of pilgrimage and worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century. On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings. Since then, Dunhuang has become well known throughout the world. Both Chinese and foreign scholars have made extensive studies on the findings.(Stein 1912, volume 2)

====[[File:Taoist Wang Yuanlu.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Taoist Wang Yuanlu]]====

===Art===

The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture and they vary from dynasty to dynasty. There are mainly three types of structural forms of Mogao Grottoes: Vihara, Chaitya and Hall with inverted funnel shaped ceiling. A Chaitya with a central pillar is the main form of the caves in the early period of the Sixteen States, with Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties included. The murals may be divided into seven sorts:Buddhist figures, Sutra illustration, Buddhist stories, Buddhist historical pictures, Chinese mythologies, donors and decorative designs. Buddhist stories in the murals can be divided into three types: Jataka（佛本生), Buddha’s life and fate story. A Jataka is a narrative which tells of the good deeds performed by Sakyamuni during his perious existence such as prince Sudanda giving up his body to feed the hungry tigers. As to sculptures, they were constructed on a wooden frame, padded with reed, then modelled in clay stucco and finished with paint.（Duan Wenjie 1994, 163)

====[[File:A Chaitya with a Central Pillar.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Chaitya with a Central Pillar]]====

====[[File:A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body]]====

The artistic styles in the Sixteen States, which gradually turned away from being primitive and simple to an easy and graceful styles in the Northern Wei, manifested in figures with well-chiseled builds and emaciated looks. In Northern Zhou, the styles of figures show that Chinese art combining the influence of foreign and native styles gradually became more nationalized. The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs. The caves become spacious and more suited for large paintings, such as the Sutra illustrations and huge pictures of Buddha expounding sermons. Bold and vigorous, brush work was painted with intricate and flowing lines. For example, Lotus Sutra on the ceiling of Cave 420 displays a lot of episodes of mountains, forests, rivers, buildings and so on in a limitated space. The theme and art in the Sui Dynasty show an important devdelopment in traditional art and indicate a comimg glorious new era. In Tang Dynasty, the caves are large with an inverted funnel shaped ceiling. The murals consist mostly of huge paintings of stories from Buddhist Sutras with well-regulated scenes and well-balanced composition. The figures at that time have round and plump faces and curved eyebrows which expresses the aesthetical taste of the people living in Tang. The mural in Cave 220 contains vivid portraits of the Emperor and his ministers listening to a sermon. The ministers attending to Emperor are each bestowed with differrent appearances and expressions. Some are natural and graceful and some cautious. The well-proportioned painted statues were made with more consummate care and attention to the detail, showing us the solemn Buddha. In addition, very tall and colossal statues of Buddha began to be made. The outstanding one is an early Tang Dynasty statue 34 metres high in Cave 96. In 781-848A.D, Hexi region fell into the Tibetan. Hence, there was an interesting changes: the king of the Tibetan took the place of central-plain emperors in the wall-painting.( Fan Jinshi 2010, 175)

====[[File:Cave 251 in Northern Wei.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 251 in Northern Wei]]====

====[[File:Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty]]====

By the time of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, the grottoes carved in this period are very large and different in form and layout. The subject and style of the statues and murals remain the influence from Tang Dynasty, but the use of colours and the drawing techniques show a simple folk style. From the 9th century to 12th, the Uygur had been in Dunhuang. The artistic styles bear the imprint of both Han and Uygur. The Uygur murals are generally characterized by the simplicity of the subject, the looseness of the arrangement, the direct and rough brush strokes. The human figures have features of certain minority groups. In the Western Xia Dynasty(1036-1227), most of caves were repaired and renovated, and only 10 caves were built because of the limited cliffs. Compared to the Yulin Grottoes at the same time, painting of Dunhuang display the Pure-land Sutra, containing simpler content. Only 27 caves are extant in Yuan times(1227-1372). The murals in Cave 3, however, still remain the Tang and Song techniques, namely using different types of drawing to depict different parts of human figures such as iron-wire lines, orchid-leaf strokes and broken-reef strokes, etc. Since the 15th century, the Mogao Grottoes had gradually fallen into neglect in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Rong Xinjiang 1999, 248)

====[[File:Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty]]====

===Terms and Expressions===

hermit 隐士

stupas 舍利塔

Emperor Wuzong ofTang Dynasty 唐武宗

Vihara 精舍

Chaitya 支提窟

stucco 灰泥

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Sutras 佛经

===Questions===

1.What do Dunhuang Grottoes refer to?

2.Who built the first cave and when?

3.In 1900, who found the treasure-house in Mogao Grottoes and what were stored in it?

4.How many aspects does the art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of and what are they respectively?

5.What are the characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty?

===Answers===

1.Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes, so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes.

2.According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff.

3.On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings.

4.The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture.

5.The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs.

===References===

Fan Jinshi 樊锦诗.(2010). ''敦煌石窟'' [The Caves of Dunhuang]. Gansu: The Dunhuang Academy 敦煌研究院.

Gao Xiujun 高秀军.(2016). ''敦煌莫高窟第55窟研究'' [Research on the 55th Grotto of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang].Lanzhou University 兰州大学.

MA Shichang.(2010). Buddhist Cave-temples and the Cao Family at Mogao Ku, Dunhuang. MA Shichang,27(2),303-317.

Rong Xinjiang 荣新江. (2010).'' 敦煌藏经洞的性质及其封闭原因'' [The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 上海古籍出版社.

Sha Wutian 沙武田. (2020). 佛教供养与政治宣传——敦煌莫高窟第156窟供养人画像研究 [Buddhist offerings and Political Propaganda -- A Study on the Portrait of the Patron of the 156th Grottoes in Dunhuang].''中原文物'' Cultural Relics in Central Plain, No.215,118-128.

Stein, M. Aurel. Ruins of Desert Cathay.(1912). Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, volume 2. London: Macmillan.

Suemori Kaoru. (2020)."Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns". Kyoto: Hozokan.

DuanWenjie. (1994). Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie. Abhinav Publications. p. 163.

Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. (1990). Chinese Art from the Silk Route, British Museum Publications. P . 5-20.

https://books.google.ru/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=vYPNqlAMZWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=info:9v6pr21oST8J:scholar.google.com/&ots=s-uXhnyDBp&sig=u3H7MAh_OpGRS6Iwxoqx0rC5_fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mogao+grottoes&oq=

==Four State-level Cultural Relics Luo Weijia罗维嘉 Student No.202070080600==

===Four State-level Cultural Relics===

China, home to one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, abounds in cultural relics, from ancient tombs, architecture, instruments to handicrafts, historical books and so on. They embody rich information about history and culture and vividly display the process of Chinese cultural development. The astounding artistic and technological levels shown in those relics continue to impress people today.

====Houmuwu Ding====

In ancient China, ding was a symbol of imperial power. Therefore, ding is often used in phrases and expressions in the Chinese language to imply authority. For instance, wending, literally “enquiring about ding”, means plotting to usurp political power, yiyan juiding, literally “One word of promise is equal to nine dings”, means a decisive comment.

Simuwu Ding,or Houmuwu Ding, was a very precious cultural relic, found in 1937 in Anyang of Henan Province (Zhang Peng:86-89).It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago. This square-shaped ding is the largest existing bronzeware in the ancient world. It is now housed in the National Museum of China in Beijing.

Ding was a cooking vessel probably used to boil or cook food in the primitive society. At that time, dings were made of clay. During the Shang and Zhou (11th century-771 BC) dynasties, bronze cast technology reached a very high level in China. Therefore, people used bronze to cast ding. However, dings were no longer cooking utensils in ordinary people’s life but an object for important ceremonies to offer sacrifices.

Simuwu Ding was cast by Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty as a ritual object for a ceremony to offer sacrifices to his mother. The three characters simuwu form an inscription on the inside of the sidewall. According to archeologists, si means sacrificial ceremony and muwu is the name of the emperor’s mother. Later on, Simuwu became the name of this huge ding (Zhang Peng:86-89).

Simuwu Ding is 1.33m high, 1.10m long and 0.78m wide, weighing 832.84kg. At that time, it needed 1000kg of metal and two to three hundred workers to produce it. This ding is solid in build, magnificent in appearance and was made with fine craftsmanship. The four pillar legs are thick and powerful. Each side has a blank space in the middle, surrounded by a band of decoration featuring taotie (animal faced creatures) and kuilong (one-legged dragons), symbolic of harvest and auspiciousness. Simuwu Ding represents the highest level of bronze cast technology in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

==== The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi ====

The chime bells, or bianzhong, are a kind of percussion musical instrument made of bronze. China is the earliest country to manufacture and use such instrument. Chime bells were divided into groups according to their size, temperament, pitch and were hang on a rack. A small hammer or wooden club is used to hit the bell to make a resonant and agreeable sound.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are the largest and the most complete ancient chimes existing today in China. They were unearthed from the tomb of Yi, the Marquis of Zeng, a small state of the Warring States Period (475 BC- 221 BC), in 1978. When they were found, all bells were still hanging on their rack. They are now preserved in Hubei Museum(Gao Nan:29).

There are altogether 65 bells hung in eight groups on wooden or bronze bars. The rack, 10.79m long, 2.67m high, is made of three bars, namely, the upper, middle and lower bars, held up by six bronze warriors and a few round, wooden posts. The 65 bells weigh over 2500kg. The largest bell is 1.52m in height and weighs more than 203.6kg. The smallest bell is about 20cm in height and weighs 2.4kg (Gao Nan:29). It is extremely rare tosee a set with so many bells of such weight and size.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are exquisitely cast and look very elegant. To help artists to perform music, there are instructions on each bell with 3700 characters in all (Wan Quanwen:1-2). There are also words about the hanging indication and musical temperament that are called the “valuable music theory work”. The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi show that, as early as the Warring States Period, China already had a very rich musical culture. The chime bells still could produce a pure and accurate note after unearthed. The tone is excellent and the timbre is pure.

After excavation of the chime, Chinese musicians created a melody entitled Bianzhong Yuewu (music and dance accompanied by chime bells), to once again demonstrate the charm of ancient Chinese music.

==== Jade Suit with Gold Thread ====

Ordinarily, the texture of clothes is cotton, flax or silk. However, there were suits made of gold and jade, that is “Jade Suit with Gold Thread”.

The emperors of the Han Dynasty believed that jade could prevent their corpses from decaying, and they regarded jade as full of dignity and nobility. Therefore, they used jade suits as their grave clothes. Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade separately that are called Jade Suit Sewn with Gold Thread, Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread and Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread.

The two sets of jade suits of the Han Dynasty tomb unearthed in Mancheng of Hebei Province in 1968 revealed to the world the real features of such grave clothes (Li Yawen:38-39). Their owners were Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, and his wife, Dou Wan, of the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-25 AD).

In appearance, a jade suit follows the shape of a human body. It consists of five parts, i.e., head mask, coat, trousers, gloves and shoes. Each part is made of pieces of jade. The size and shape of each jade piece was designed according to its position. Most jade pieces are shaped in square or rectangular form, but there are a few in trapezoid, triangle or multi sided shapes. Each jade piece is perforated at its corners, through which a gold thread goes through to sew the pieces together. Liu Sheng’s jade suit is rather large, 1.88m long and made up of 2498 pieces. The gold thread used for this suit is about 700g in weight (Li Yawen:38-39).

Such refined suits made some 2000 years ago in the Han Dynasty indicate the high design level and excellent craftsmanship of that time. In fact, of course, the rulers’ dream of preventing their corpses from decaying could never be realized. The practice of wearing jade suits was banned during the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280).

==== Bronze Galloping Horse ====

In 1969, a galloping horse in bronze was unearthed in an Eastern Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province in western China. The bronze statue is a famous representative sculpture of the Han Dynasty. Wuwei County leapt to fame with the discovery of this national treasure.

The 34.5 cm-high bronze horse, covered with spots of verdigris, has a full and robust body. The prancing legs, flying tail, slightly dilated nostrils portray a galloping horse. What is ingenious about it is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow. That means the galloping horse is faster than a flying swallow (Wang Qian:10-11). The positioning of its four legs strictly conforms to that of a living horse and is highly praised by many local and foreign archeologists and artists.

In this work, Chinese ancient artists combined realism and romanticism, and ingeniously integrated galloping horse and flying swallow through rich imagination, original conception and skillful craftsmanship (Wang Qian:10-11). The swift flying swallow sets off the amazingly fast speed of the galloping horse. According to analysis of its mechanics, Bronze Galloping Horse finds a center of gravity in the swallow to give the statue its stability. The romantic image of the swallow sets off the power and strength of the horse, providing a rich imaginative experience for viewers.

Bronze Galloping Horse is believed to be a portrayal of the "heavenly steed" of Chinese legend. It is of high craftsmanship, fully expressive of the horse-breeding culture of China's western regions. It has become a symbol of Chinese tourism and a representative work that brings forth the time-honored cultural tradition of the Chinese nation and the oriental aesthetics to the world. The cultural relic is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===Terms and Expressions===

Houmuwu Ding 后母戊鼎

Simuwu Ding 司母戊鼎

Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty 商王武丁

taotie 饕餮

National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆

chime bells/bian zhong 编钟

Marquis Yi 曾侯乙

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi 曾侯乙编钟

Bianzhong Yuewu 《编钟乐舞》

Hubei Museum 湖北省博物馆

Jade Suit with Gold Thread 金缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread 银缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread 铜缕玉衣

Bronze Galloping Horse 铜奔马/ 马踏飞燕

Gansu Provincial Museum 甘肃省博物馆

===Questions===

1. What does ding symbolize?

2. When was Houmuwu Ding produced?

3.How many bells do the chime bells of Marquis Yi contain?

4.What is the size of the largest bell?

5.What kind of thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade?

6.When did the Jade Suit with Gold Thread unearth?

7.What is ingenious about the Galloping Horse?

8.Where is Bronze Galloping Horse preserved now?

===Answers===

1.Ding was a symbol of imperial power.

2.It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago.

3.They contain 65 bells.

4.The largest bell exceeds 1.5m in height and weighs more than 200kg.

5.Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade.

6.It unearthed in 1968.

7.It is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow.

8.It is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===References===

[1]Zhang Peng 张鹏.(2020).青铜大师杜廼松:“司母戊鼎”名称不容置疑[No Doubt about the Name of Simuwu Ding].中国民族博览 (09):86-89.

[2]Wan Quanwen 万全文.(2020).曾侯乙编钟[The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi].文史知识 (11):1-2.

[3]Gao Nan 高楠.(2020).音乐中的国家宝藏——曾侯乙编钟[National Treasure in Music].琴童 (01):29.

[4]Li Yawen 李雅雯.(2019)浅说满城汉墓中的金缕玉衣 [The Study of Jade Suit with Gold Thread Unearthed in Mancheng].文物鉴定与鉴赏 (03):38-39.

[5]Wang Qian 王倩.(2020).青铜雕塑“马踏飞燕”的研究[The Study of the Bronze Sculpture ——the Galloping Horse].艺术品鉴, (26):10-11.

== Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴 Student No.202070080601 英语笔译 ==

===The Forbidden City===--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 08:30, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====I.Introduction====
The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, and with a total area of 720,000 square meters (180 acres). It lies in the center of Beijing's central axis. Today, the Forbidden City houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yong Le Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government.(Barmé, Geremie R 2018,26)
The Forbidden City is a national AAAAA tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection in 1961. What’s more, it was declared a world cultural heritage in 1987, and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.(UNESCO,2007)
====[[File:A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City]]====

====II.The Name of the Forbidden City====
The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; English: Purple Forbidden City). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in the period of Jia Jing. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31) In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized. The stars in the sky were used to correspond with the capital planning to highlight the legitimacy of the regime and the supremacy of imperial power. “ Zi ”, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, The emperor of heaven lived in Ziwei palace, while the human emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" who was ordered by heaven. His residence should be a symbol of Ziwei palace to correspond to the heaven emperor. “Jin” means that this splendid palace symbolizes supreme power and status of the royal family. In that case, this palace was forbidden, no one could enter and leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. Cheng means a city. Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace". The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

====III.The History of the Forbidden City====

When Hongwu’s son Zhu Di became the Yong Le Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. (Yu Zhuoyun1984,18)In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. He set fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process of retreating to Shannxi. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the Emperor Shunzhi as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. (Guo Moruo 1944,3.14) In the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), the reconstruction of the rest of the destroyed buildings of the Forbidden City was started, and it was basically completed in 1695.After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal. During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.( Xie Mengyin&Qu Wanlin2006, 11.7)

====IV.The Structure of the Forbidden City====
Firstly, The Forbidden City is a rectangle and symmetric in its layout. Its palaces are arranged along a north-south axis, on which the three main halls, the rear three palaces and the imperial garden are all located. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City, but also reaches Yongding Gate in the south, Drum Tower and bell tower in the north, and runs through the whole city.(Xie Li 2005,(03)100-102)
Secondly, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts, the Outer Court and Inner Court. The Outer Court is the place where the emperor deals with political affairs. There are mainly three halls: the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. The Inner Court or Back Palace includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. The inner court takes Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility as its center with six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west.

====[[File:The layout of the Forbidden City.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The layout of the Forbidden City]]====

====VI The Collections of the Forbidden City====
The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.(Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005,6-22)
The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1,863,404 pieces of art. They are numbered by "Gu", "Xin" and "Shu". Except for the ancient books and documents, all the other collections are labeled with "Gu" and "Xin". The number of ordinary cultural relics begins with the word "Zi", and the ceramic specimens begin with the word "Biao". The general catalogue is divided into 25 categories, and the numbers in each category are sorted from small to large. Many collections once lost and was brought to the Palace Museum, For example, Han Banquet map. And there are some exquisite collections like Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer, Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems and Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.(Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )In addition, The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. (Meng Fuxia 2012, (21) 73-74)

====[[File:Han Banquet map.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Han Banquet map]]====
====[[File:Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance]]====
====[[File:Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems]]====
====[[File:Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women]]====

====Terms and Expressions====
palace complex 宫殿群

central axis 中心轴

the Palace Museum故宫博物院

the Yong Le Emperor 永乐皇帝

key cultural relics under national protection 国家重点文物保护单位

world cultural heritage 世界文化遗产

harmony between man and nature 天人合一

the imperial garden 御花园

the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿

the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿

the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿

Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)

Hall of Union 交泰宫

Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫

Han Banquet map 韩熙载夜宴图

Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer陶彩绘女舞俑

Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems十二生肖镜

Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

====Questions====
1. What’ s the meaning of “Zi” in the Chinese name Zijin Cheng?

2. When was the Forbidden City listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

3.How many emperors have been lived in the Forbidden City?

4.How long did it take to build the Forbidden City?

5.Why some parts of national treasures are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei now.

6. What two parts can the Forbidden City be divided into?

7.When was the Palace Museum established?

===Answers===
1.“Zi” refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star

2.In 1897.

3.24 emperors.

4.14 years.

5.Because both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.

6.They are the Outer Court and Inner Court.

7.The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925

===References===

Barmé, Geremie R(2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press.26.

UNESCO(2007). "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang".

Li Xieping 李燮平. (1997) "紫禁城"名称始于何时[When did the name of the Forbidden City come into being?]. 紫禁城Forbidden City, (04) 29-31.

Yu Zhuoyun(1984), Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking Press,p18.

Guo Moruo 郭沫若.(1994) 甲申三百年祭[Commemorating 300th Anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year]. 新华日报 New China Daily, 3.19.

Xie Li 谢丽.(2005) 北京中轴线上的十七座门[Seventeen doors on the central axis of Beijing].紫禁城 Forbidden City, (03)100-102.

Meng Fuxia 孟福霞. (2012)北京故宫空间布局构思探源——论中国古代宫殿建筑的美学精神[On the Origin of the Space Layout of the Palace Museum in Beijing--On the Aesthetic Spirit of Ancient Chinese Palace Architecture]大众文艺Popular Literature and Art, (21) 73-74.

Li Wei&Wang Shuo 刘薇,王硕.2005故宫文物南迁路线图揭秘[Unveiling the Route Map of the Cultural Relics of the Imperial Palace to the South] 华夏经纬网Jinwei Network, 6.22 http://www.huaxia.com/wh/gjzt/2005/00333230.html

The Collection of the Palace Museum 故宫博物院馆藏https://www. dpm.org.cn /Home.html

Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 谢荫明,瞿宛林. (2006) “文化大革命” 中谁保护了故宫 [Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution? ].人民网People’s Daily Online,11,7. http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0811/c372327-25441615.html

==Chinese Marriage Customs Mo Ling 莫玲 202070080602 【专业 is missing】==
<center> 莫玲 Mo Ling </center>

===Chinese Marriage Customs===

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents.

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents. 【quotation is missing】
===Six Procedures===

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refersthat if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refers【refers to a practice that..】 that if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix【？】 and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask【asks】 the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the【可删】 one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential【prospective】 bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to 【inform sb of sth 】the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Customs===

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, 【 connective is missing】many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride 【before or during？】. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls【addresses】 the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Development===

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 14:49, 16 December 2020 (UTC) a unique Chinese characteristics.

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now【nowadays】. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now【the present day】. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry【dowries】, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should 【？】go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep【deeply】 rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows【show】--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 14:49, 16 December 2020 (UTC) a unique Chinese characteristics.

===References===

Gao Xiaoqian. 高筱倩.(2017) 中国传统婚嫁习俗研究［The Research on Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs］戏剧之家[Drama House] 235.

Zhang Yueyong. 张月莹.(2013) 中国近代婚嫁礼俗及婚姻观念转变的探索[A Study on the Change of Marriage customs and Marriage Concepts in Modern China] 松州学刊［Songzhou Academic Journal］ 47-48.

Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa. 周丹迪, 岳书法.(2012) 浅析近代以来中国婚嫁民俗的演变[On the evolution of Chinese marriage customs since modern times] 文化学刊[Cultural Academic Journal] 15.

===Terms and Expressions===

Na Cai 纳彩

Wen Ming 问名

Na Ji 纳吉

Na Zheng 纳征

Qing Qi 纳征

Qin Ying 亲迎

Huimen 回门

Guiling 归宁

betrothal presents 彩礼

the central room 堂屋

bridal chamber 婚房

“eight characters” of the birth moment 生辰八字

===Questions===

1.How many procedures are needed from the negotiation to the completion of marriage?

2.Did the ancient young people have the rights to decide their own marriage or not and why?

3.What is the kneeling etiquettes?

4.When the couple have to return to the girl’s home?

5.What changes have been made nowadays?

6.Please list some new wedding customs.

===Answers===

1.There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying.

2.No, they didn’t have the right to decide their own marriage because ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker.

3.It consists of 4 steps: the first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber.

4.At the third day of the wedding ceremony.

5.Adults can choose their spouse by themselves and they can meet each other whenever they want; Some couples choose to hold the ceremony in the church some even finish it through travel, etc.

6.Examples:couple can choose to live in the either part of the two families; wedding ceremony can be hold in hotel; the bride can wear white wedding dress rather than the single red in the ancient time.

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

====Topic: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam====

==Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac - Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲 202070080603专业 is missing--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 08:16, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling==

===Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac===

[[File:oyltacz.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have been engraved in every Chinese people.

2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have(has) been engraved in every Chinese people. --[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

====Origin====

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence. There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence.(there are various opinions,however,many of them are presented without sufficient evidences) There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring(time-honored) one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who (that)made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research(researches) on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

====Folk Culture and Belief ====

The zodiac sign not only can reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition.

The zodiac sign not only can (can not only)reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition. (quotation is missing) --[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic(zodiac) sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures, the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures(creature) , the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is(are) born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight(fight against) each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

====Conclusion====

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have developed a profound connotation and implications through generation. Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have(has) developed a profound connotation and implications through generation(generations). Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 06:20, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

===References===
《大中国上下五千年》丛书编委会(2010) The Editorial Board of the ''Five Thousand Years of Great China''（''Dazhongguo Shangxia Wuqiannian''） ''Series'',《中国生肖文化》''The Culture of Chinese Zodiac'', 北京：外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.

Yip, Paul S.F.伊普, Lee, Joseph 李 and Cheung, Y.B.张 (2002).The Influence of the Chinese Zodiac on Fertility in Hong Kong SAR 论生肖对香港生育率的影响. ''Social Science & Medicine''《社会科学与医学》, Volume 55, Issue 10 第55卷第10期, 1803-1812.

===Terms and Expressions===

Jade Emperor 玉皇大帝

Ten Heavenly Stems 十天干

Twelve Earthly Branches 十二地支

Five Elements 五行

Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth 金木水火土

Eight Characters 八字

===Questions===

1.How long is the history of Chinese zodiac?

2.What are the twelve zodiac signs in order?

3.From what time the Earthly Branches was used to record time?

4.According to Chinese folk belief, what kind of characteristics do people born in year of rat have?

5.Which zodiac animal is mostly praised in China?

6.Can you name some pairs of zodiac animal that get along well with each other according to Chinese folk culture?

7.Which pair of animals that are natural enemies according to Chinese folk culture?

===Answers===

1.More than 2200 years.

2.Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.

3.Han Dynasty.

4.They are smart, adaptable, and have the will to fight, but, on the other hand, they are so over-ambitious and easy to fail.

5.Dragon.

6.Tiger and pig, rabbit and dog and dragon and rooster.

7.Dragon and tiger.

==Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏 202070080641==
--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====Introduction of Lisu people and Daogan festival====

The Lisu ethnic group are the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group living in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.

The Lisu ethnic group is the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group whose people live in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Example1.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan province and Sichuan province in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 official nationalities recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of the 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 Lisu people live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans in the tribal clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames come from their own hunter work in primitive times. But later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames came from their own hunter work in primitive times. And later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture does. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic groups living in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, they were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic group in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, the traditions were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and were recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Example2.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

====Legend====

During the Ming Dynasty, when people not belonging to the same clan of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the king sent Wang Ji (王骥), the ministry of war, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. Later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the souls of the brave soldiers who died bravely defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Up and down the mountain" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

During the Ming Dynasty, when people of different clans of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the emperor sent Wang Ji (王骥), the war department of the Chinese feudal ministry, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. But later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the brave soldiers who died bravely in defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Going up to the mountain of swords and going down to the sea of fire" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Meaning====

Going up to the knife mountain and going down to the sea of fire are the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which reproduce the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains and the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

Going up to the mountain of swords and going down to the sea of fire is one of the the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which came from the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains with the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Performing====

[[File:Example3.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

Pine trees were used as tool poles, iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. When we go up the rice mountain and down the fire, we play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals from pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Setting , knife pole , vertical pole , sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper. After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the knife bearer grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When the knife-bearer reaches the top through the three scissors, the knife-bearer opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the boiling crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, over which he sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth, which showed the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

Pine trees were used as tool poles, with iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. Before people going up the mountain and down the fire, they play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , Suo na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals of pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Settings, knife pole, vertical pole, sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper. After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the player grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When he reaches the top through the three scissors, he opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the lively crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth. All of these show the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Development====

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and perform various difficult moves at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the good people of the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and make various difficult performances at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Terms and Expressions====

1.Lisu people 傈僳族

2."Up and down the mountain" event 上刀山，下火海

2.going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire上刀山，下火海--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

3.The Lisu tribe 傈僳族

4.clan 氏族

5.primitive times 原始时期

====Questions====

1.How many Lisu people live in Yunnan and Sichuan？

2.How many clans make up the Lisu people？

3.Who united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders？

4.Which day is the Daogan Festival？

5.What musical instruments do they play under the knife pole?

====Answers====

1.About 730,000 Lisu people.

2.The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans.

3.Wang Ji.

4.15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year.

5.They play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments.

====References====

*Ernst, Gabriel (21 October 2019). "'We try to not be Thai': the everyday resistance of ethnic minorities"
*"Yunnan Province of China Government Web". Eng.yn.gov.cn.
*李智环．Li Zhihuan. 傈僳族人口分布及形成原因分析 [Analysis of the Distribution and Causes of the Formation of the Lisu People] 《保山学院学报》， 2010 [Journal of Baoshan College], 2010

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
Culture==Topic-Chinese Clothing== Phyo, Su Kyi, Student No-20191108000,Major - Comparative Literature and Cross-cultural Studies.

Introduction

Chinese Clothing has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 years-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. (www.topchinatravel. com, 2004)

Chinese clothing has undergone continuous transformations throughout history,providing a reflection of the culture in place at any given time. A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry, and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive Chinese fashions through the ages. This illustrated introductory survey takes the reader through traditional Chinese clothing,ornamentation,and ceremonial wear, and discusses the importance of silk and the diverse costumes of China's ethnic groups before considering modern trends and China's place in the fashion world today.(Mei Hua-2010-page-1)

A-Chinese traditional clothing

Chinese traditional clothing contains rich cultural connotations.Today, after the reform and opening up, the clothing industry has developed vigorously. People gradually start pay attention to the local clothing culture, and pursue cultural connotation contained in clothing. For modern designers, the traditional clothing and its cultural background are their creation inspirations during creation phases,and they are also one of the expressive elements preferred by designers at home and abroad. Inheriting traditional clothing culture not only means that it needs us to turn the traditional clothing elements into a symbol, but also needs us to further understand the background and connotations of traditional clothing culture. The work of design without culture is like a gorgeous shell that can't stand the test of history. Only by grasping the inner spirit of traditional clothing culture, abandoning simple piled up work and patch-up work without connotation and learning the modern expressive methods of traditional clothing elements, one can design out the works which can touch people's heartstrings. (Jiangsu,2016,page-2)

Traditional clothing is the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics. Traditional clothing mutually integrates its unique style, comfortable fabric, bright colors,rich designs and exquisite craft elements to bring people impulsive feelings with visual communication. Traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics enjoys its unique artistic features in the style, color,fabrics,decoration and craft, ect. They are profoundly influenced by Chinese traditional culture ideas in the process of their formation and development and finally condensed into the national culture bearing Chinese culture features. These elements are the source of our inspiration in contemporary clothing design, and the use of these Chinese elements can help people to design out the clothing Chinese style.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-2)

Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design. Putting the traditional elements into fashion design not only helps the native culture to extend itself, but also greatly promotes the culture exchanges in nationalities. Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture,make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design, use the common language to express Chinese traditional culture essence, and integrate Chinese traditional element symbol into the spiritual elements of fashion design to make the national culture spirit and the language of the world integrate into the mainstream of modern clothing design.(Jiangsu,2016, page -3)

==Traditional Han Chinese Clothing (Han Fu):It refers to the attire worn byvthe Han people from the enthronement of the Yellow Emperor(about 2698BC) till the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644AD).It became known as the Han Fu(fu means 'clothes" in Chinese)because the fashion was improved and popularized during the Han Dynasty. It is usually in the from of long gown,cross collar, wrapping the right lapel over the left, loose wide sleeves and no buttons but a sash. Although simple in design, it gives different feelings to different wearers.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019-Aug-2)

==Chinese Suit(Tang Zhuang):It is a combination of the Manchu male jacket ofvthe Qing Dynasty and the western style suit. It is usually straight collared,with coiled buttons down the front. Its color and design are in traditional Chinese style but tailoring is western.(www.topchinatravel. com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Cheongsam(Qi Pao):Originated from the Manchu female clothes, it evolved by merging with western patterns that show off the beauty of a female body. Its features are straight collar, strain on the waist,coiled buttons and slits on both sides ofvthe dress. Materials used are usually silk, cotton and linen.Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire in the world today.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Chinese Tunic Suit(Zhongshan Zhuang) :Also called the Yat-sen Suit , it is designed by Dr.Sun Yat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire. It has a turn-down collar and four pockets with flaps. As Chairman Mao Zedong worn it quite frequently, it is also called the Mao Suit by westerners. It is the main attire from the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 till 1980,s. The country's leaders still wear it today when attending important occasions, such as military parades.(www.topchinatravel. com,2016,Auge-2.)

B-Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements

There are many old stories in ancient Chinese civilization, and Chinese traditional elements come up with the tenacity of the Chinese nations long history. Different times has their unique cultural connotations and form elements,which include Chinese architecture, costumes, traditional Chinese painting and folk art etc., and those cultural connotations and form elements are precious heritage that the ancestors leave to their off-springs. The change of dynasties in the history of our country lead to changes of cultural centers, which finally lead to the appearance Chinese traditional elements with different representative features in each historical periods, nations and regions. These elements include: Chinese silk ,cloth of brocade, hemp,blue printed fabric; chirpaur, Chinese -style chest covering, Chinese tunic suit, collar,surplice, mandarin and split etc.; colorful ethnic colors: such as bright red,green,yellow and blueetc.;Neolithic patterns, bronze patterns in Shang and Chou dynasties, ancient lacquer were pattern in Qin and Han dynasties, Buddhism patterns in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties and traditional decorative patterns in Tang,Sing and Qing dynasties. The essence of Chinese traditional culture which bear the role of inheriting national culture, and is the unique and external characteristic of Chinese nation.(Jiangsu,2016, page-3)

==The Aesthetic Performance of Design. Chinese traditional clothing of each dynasty has its own unique clothing style and design, but no matter how the style changes,the mainstream concept of traditional Chinese clothing always emphasizes symmetry and balance, and the clothing symmetry can be seen in sleeve, placket, hem,pattern ect.Chinese traditional clothing design is particular about proportion,such as the ancient Chinese woman dresses, short jacket unlined uper garment (named Ru)marching long dress , and it emphasizes the perfect proportion which hold that"the upper part should be short, the below part should be long"; in Song and Ming dynasties people the collocation of long BeiZi(a kind of dress that girls dress in ancient times) and short skirt, the "long upper part,short below part"ratio perfectly reflects the proportions beauty of the clothing.(Jiangsu,2016, page-5.)

==The Aesthetic Performance of colors. Green, white, yellow, red, black ,the five colors, form the Chinese traditional color system. They have obvious implied meaning and identification.Black stands for that the dark heaven, and yellow stands for the earth at dusj, and black and yellow stand for the heaven and the earth ,and they are mostly used in the Kings' clothing, About the colorific choice of Chinese traditional clothing the yellow and red which the historical role is prominent perform particularly well. In the late period of the Warring States as a royal color yellow appeared and became the supreme ruler's senior clothing color .People advocate yellow but don't prohibit yellow.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-6)

In Chinese traditional clothing colors red has evoluted from the original noble characteristic tovthe civilians characteristic. It evolution has experienced a certain period of time. The original red uses magenta, red ,cinnabar to represent. It is the noble officials' clothing color.
Many designers combine Chinese red and modern clothing design to embody the application of Chinese traditional clothing elements in modern clothing design.(Jaingsu,2016-page-7)

==Conclusion==
Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design.Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture, make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design.

Trems and Expressions

历史-history,

期-period,

世代-generations,

服装-clothing,

设计师-designers ,

装饰-ornamentation

中国服饰- Chinese clothing

服饰-Costumes

传统服装-Traditional clothing

服装设计-Clothing design

时尚设计-Fashion design

几代服装设计师-Generations of clothing designers

中国西装-Chinese Suit

旗袍-Cheongsam

中山装-Chinese Tunic Suit

中国传统元素-Chinese traditional elements

===Questions ===

1-What’s archaeological findings in Chinese fashions through the ages?

2-What's Traditional Clothing?

3-What's Traditional culture indispensable?

4-How is means Han Fu?

5-What's the popular Chinese attire?

6-How called was Chinese Tunic Suit?

7-What'are include Chinese traditional elements?
--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 04:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Su Kyi

==Answers===
1- A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry,
and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive chinese fanshions through the ages.

2-Traditional clothingis the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing
culture with Chinese characteristics.

3-Chineset traditional culture is an indispensablevsource of inspirationin fashion
design.

4-Han Fu is fu means clothes in Chinese.

5-Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire inthe world today.

6-It is also called the Yat-sen Suit,it is designed byDr.SunYat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire.

7-Chinese traditional elements include: Chinese silk,cloth of brocade, hemp, blue printed fabric.

--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 11:56, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===References===

1.Jiangsu.,(2016), “Influences of Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements on Modern Clothing Design”,

Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,Soochow University,Published by Atlantic Press.

2.Mei Hua,(2010), `Chinese Clothing´, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building,Cambridge CB28RU,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press,NewYork
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521186896
Originally published byChina Intercontinental Press as Cinese Clothing(9787508516615)in2010©ChinaIntercontinentalPress.

3.https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/history-of-chinese-clothing.htm

4.https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/clothing/--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 10:26, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

===Chinese traditional dance===

==The Liquor Culture of China 瞿淼 Student No.202070080604==
--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====1.The Origin of liquor in China====

With a long history of liquor-making, China boasts a variety of vintage liquor, which is renowned at home and abroad. Penetrating in China’s entire history of civilization, the liquor culture plays a significant role in many aspects, such as cuisine, literature, and health care, of Chinese people’s daily life.
As to the origin of Chinese liquor, opinions vary and no unanimous conclusion can be drawn, and the most widely accepted version is that Du Kang is the person who invented liquor. There are divergent views on Du Kang’s identity, so far, documents have been found which recorded his deeds in the Yellow Emperor era and Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties. And even his address is disputable. Some people think he lived in Baishui, Shaanxi province and was buried here, while others hold the opinion that he lived in Ruyang, Henan province. However, Du Kang is generally believed to be the Chinese Dionysus. According to the legend, one day it rained suddenly while Du Kang was herding the sheep. Hastily driving the sheep back to the sheepfold, he forgot some husked sorghum rice in a hollowed trunk by accident, and when he came back after a few days, the rice he left there became so fragrant that he couldn’t help tasting some. Surprisingly, it was palatable. This unexpected finding made Du Kang start to develop the liquor-brewing technique. Nowadays, Du kang has become the synonym of liquor in many places. Moreover, ancestral halls of Du Kang have been built in Baishui in Shaanxi province and Ruyang in Henan province to enshrine him. And the liquor produced in these places are called “Du Kang Liquor.”(Huang yixi, 2008, 12)

====2.The Types of liquor in Ancient China====
With constant reform and innovation of the techniques of brewing liquor, thousands types of vintage liquor have been created in China. According to the different production techniques, Chinese liquor can be divided into fermented wine and distilled liquor.

Yellow rice wine is the oldest fermented wine around the world. Shaoxing Wine, a famous specialty of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, is the representative of yellow rice wine. It has a very long history, and the wine industry in Shaoxing was prosperous early in the Warring States period. Shaoxing wine looks yellow and clear, hence sugar is added in its raw material. The most prominent of Shaoxing Wine is that it’s fragrance improves with age. In addition to Shaoxing Wine, there are other famous yellow rice wine like Jiujiang Old Seal Wine, Mellow Wine and Dongwu Rice Wine and so on.

Liquor and Spirits(Baijiu), a kind of distilled liquor, is divided into the following flavor types: sauce-flavor type, light flavor type, strong flavor type and other flavour types. Kweichow Moutai is a traditional Chinese specialty liquor. It is one of the world's three major distilled liquors on par with Scotch whiskey and French cognac. It is also the originator of Daqu sauce-flavored liquor with a history of more than 800 years. The style and quality of Kweichow Moutai is characterized by "prominent sauce, elegant and delicate flavour, full-bodied, long aftertaste, and lasting fragrance in an empty cup". Its special style comes from the unique traditional brewing techniques formed over the years and the brewing methods are combined with the agricultural production in the Chishui River Basin, which is affected by the environment and seasonal production, retaining some of the original traces of local life. In 1996, Moutai's craftsmanship was identified as a state secret to be protected. In 2001, the traditional craft of Moutai was included in the first batch of national material cultural heritage. In 2006, the State Council approved the inclusion of the "Moutai traditional brewing process" in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, and declared the world intangible cultural heritage.

====3.The Types of Drinking Vessel in Ancient China====
Chinese people always pay attention to the beauty and delicacy of tableware, and we stress the exquisiteness and suitability of wine vessels when drinking. Therefore, drinking vessels as part of the liquor culture also have a long history and varied appearances.

In different historical periods, due to the continuous development of society and economy, the production technology, materials, and appearance of wine vessels will naturally undergo corresponding changes; therefore, a wide variety of wine vessels have been produced. As early as the Neolithic culture period, pottery with shapes similar to later wine-ware, such as the pottery of the Peiligang culture period, appeared. The development of the liquor industry and the noble identity of the drinker have made it possible for liquor utensils to be differentiated from ordinary eating utensils. The quality of wine-ware often becomes one of the symbols of the status of drinkers. Bronze ware originated in Xia Dynasty, and the earliest bronze wine ware that has been discovered is from the Xia Erlitou culture period. Bronze ware reached its heyday in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and declined in the Spring and Autumn Period. The purpose of the Shang and Zhou drinking vessels was basically specific. In the Shang Dynasty, due to the development of the liquor industry and the improvement of bronze production technology, China's wine ware reached unprecedented prosperity. The bronze wine vessels of Shang and Zhou Dynasties were divided into liquor boiling vessels, liquor serving vessels, drinking vessels and liquor storaging vessels according to their purposes. Each vessel has many styles, some are in common styles, and some take animal shapes. Take Zun as an example, there are Elephant Zun, Rhino Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun, Tiger Zun, etc. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine utensils became popular in southern China. It became the main type in the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its shape basically inherited the shape of bronze liquor vessels. Porcelain roughly appeared around the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with pottery, the performance of porcelain surpassed that of pottery. The shape of liquor glasses in the Tang Dynasty was much smaller than in the past, so some people think that distilled spirits appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic production, and there were many exquisite wine vessels. People in Song Dynasty like to warm rice wine and drink it. So the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl were invented. People placed the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and poured hot water into the bowl to warm the wine. The representative porcelain wine-ware of the Ming and Qing Dynasty is the blue-and-white porcelain wine-ware.

====4.Drinking Order====
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, drinking orders appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Basin. There are many ways to make wine orders. The way the literati and the ordinary people make drinking orders are naturally very different. Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc., while ordinary people use simple ways to act without any preparation. It requires a quick, witty, artistic and talented person to do liquor orders. The drinking order is of great significance to the transformation, enrichment and development of drinking rituals. It is not only an important means to add wine to the fun and to invigorate the banquet, but also to make Chinese culture enter the wine and become the Liquor Culture".

====Terms and Expressions====
1.Du Kang 杜康

2.Chinese Dionysus 中国酒神

3.husked sorghum rice 秫米饭

4.Baishui 白水县（陕西渭南市辖县）

5.Ruyang 汝阳县（河南省洛阳市下辖县）

6.fermented wine 发酵酒

7.Distilled liquor 蒸馏酒

8.Yellow rice wine 黄酒

9.Shaoxing Wine 绍兴酒

10.Jiujiang Old Seal Wine 九江成年封缸酒

11.Mellow Wine 醇香酒

12.Dongwu Rice Wine 东吴老酒

13.Liquor and Spirits 白酒

14.Kweichow Moutai 贵州茅台

15.sauce-flavor type 酱香型

16.light flavor type 清香型

17.strong flavor type 浓香型

18.Daqu sauce-flavored liquor 大曲酱香型白酒

19.the Peiligang culture period裴李岗文化时期

20.the Xia Erlitou culture period 夏二里头文化时期

21.Zun 樽

22.injection vessel and bowl 注子和注碗

23.drinking order 行酒令

====Questions====

1.Who is generally believed to invent liquor in China?

2.What is the most prominent of Shaoxing Wine?

3.How to use the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl in the Song dynasty?

4.How do literati often make drinking orders in China?

====Answers====

1.Du Kang

2.It’s fragrance improves with age.

3.Place the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and pour hot water into the bowl to warm the wine.

4.Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc.

====Bibliography====
*Huang Yixi 黄亦锡. (2008) 酒、酒器与传统文化[Wine, Wineset and Traditional Culture: the Study of Wine Culture of Ancient China]. 厦门大学Xiamen University.

*Li Fangzhou 李方舟. (1998) 酒令——酒文化的珍品[Liquor-a treasure of wine culture]. 质量天地Production Room.

*Du Jinpeng 杜金鹏. (1995) 中国古代酒具[Ancient Chinese Wine Set]. 上海文化出版社 Shanghai Culture Publishing House.

*Yang Li 杨利. (2005) 酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[A Probe into Wine Culture and Spiritual Cultural Value of Wine]. 邵阳学院学报Academic Journal of Shaoyang University, 2005(02):82-83.

*Xu Shaohua 徐少华. (1999) 中国酒文化研究50年[Research on 50 years of Chinese wine culture]. 酿酒科技Brewing Technology, 1999(06):15-18.

*Zhao Fengqi 赵凤琦. (2014) 我国白酒产业可持续发展研究[Research on Sustainable Development of Chinese Liquor Industry]. 中国社会科学院研究生院CASS Graduate School.

*Wng Jianguo&Xu Liang 汪建国,徐亮.(2005)我国黄酒的特征及展望[Characteristics and Prospects of Chinese Rice Wine] 江苏调味副食品Journal of Jiangsu Seasoning Food, 2005(06):8-12.

*Ding Jihua 丁季华. (1991) 中国酒文化的结构与功能[The structure and function of Chinese wine culture]. 历史教学问题History Research and Teaching, 1991(2).

== China Railway High-Speed (CRH) - Rajabov, Anushervon student NO. 201921080005==

===China Railway High-Speed (CRH)===

Introduction

High-speed railway (HSR) in China is the longest network of high-speed railways in the world and is used most widely. The network of UNCC includes the recently built railway at the estimated speed of 200-350 km / h (120-220 miles per hour). The Chinese VSM accounts for two thirds of world high-speed railways. Almost all trains, the path and services of the HSR belong to the Chinese railway corporation under the CHINA Railway High Speed brand (CRH). The high-speed railway has developed rapidly in China over the past 15 years. CRH was put into operation in April 2007, the Intercity Line Beijing-Tianjin, which opened in August 2008, became the first HSR allocated passenger line. HSR applies to all administrative provincial levels, except Macau and Tibet. The total length of the HSR network reached 36,000 km (22,000 miles) in August 2020. The HSR construction boom continues, and the HSR network should reach 70,000 km (43,000 miles) in 2035. China's first high-speed trains were imported or built in accordance with the Technology Transfer Agreement with foreign trains manufacturers, including Alstom, Siemens, Bombardier and Kawasaki Heavy Industry Since the initial technical support, Chinese engineers have overpower the internal components of the train and built local trains produced by the CRRC State Corporation. The appearance of a rapidly accelerated railway in China has decreased in the way and changed Chinese society and the economy. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality." where the sources are coming from?

[[https://ru.qaz.wiki/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed]]

Definition and terminology

High-speed trains in China are usually belonging to passenger trades of classes G, D and C. in class G trains (高铁; Gāotiě; "High-speed rail") are commonly used trains E In class D trains (动车; Dòngchē; "Electrical multiple unit") are presented by EMU trains operating at lower speeds, whether in high-speed or low-speed ways. The actual movement speed of class D trains can vary greatly. D211 Creament train from Guyang-east to Guangzhou-South along the High Speed Railway Guang-Guangzhou, a line with an estimated speed of 250 km / h, on average, 207 km / h per trip. The sleeping train D312 EMU between South Beijing and Shanghai at a low speed Beijing - Shanghai on average passing 121 km / h. Class C (c héngjì; “intercity”) trains that run on high-speed tracks at speeds above 250 km / h are also considered high-speed trains. where the sources are coming from ?

Influence on airlines

The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights. The effect of high-speed railway on airfare is most acute when traveling for less than 500 km (310 miles). By the spring of 2011, commercial airlines were fully stopped at previously popular routes such as Wuhan Nanjing, Wuhan Nanchang, Xi'an-Zhengzhou and Chengdu Chongqing. Flights along the routes with a length of more than 1500 km (930 miles) usually do not suffer. As of October 2013, half a speed of passengers were transported monthly on high-speed rail than in the country's airlines. where the source a
Technologies
Chinese High Speed Railway Controls Various Electric Forms of Trains, Hexie HAO Title (Simplified Chinese: 和谐号; Traditional Chinese: 和諧號; Pinyin: Héxié Hào; Harmony) is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 to CRH-5 and CRH380A (L), CRH380B (L) and CRH380C (L). CRH compositions are designed for fast and convenient movement between cities. The weakness of intellectual property Hexie HAO creates obstacles to China in the export of its products related to high-speed railways, which leads to the development of a fully recycled railway franchise called Fuxing Hao (Rejuvenation) that based on local technologies. where are coming from?

4 + 4 HSR network

The network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km. Most of the lines follow existing routes and are for passenger traffic only. These are known as Passenger Lines (PDL). Several sections of the national network, especially along the southeastern coastal corridor, have been built to connect cities that previously had no rail links. These sections will carry both passenger and cargo. High-speed trains on HSR corridors can usually reach speeds of 300-350 km / h (190-220 mph). On mixed HSR lines, passenger trains can reach a maximum speed of 200–250 km / h (120–160 mph). This ambitious national grid project was slated to be built by 2020, but government incentives have significantly shortened the construction timeframe for many lines. where the sources are coming from ?

Advantages

HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances that: Increases economic productivity and long-term competitiveness by increasing rail capacity and unifying labor markets. Moving passengers onto high-speed lines frees up older railways to carry more cargo, which is more beneficial for railways than for passengers whose fares are subsidized. Boosts the economy in the short term as high-speed rail construction creates jobs and stimulates demand in the construction, steel and cement industries during the economic downturn. 110,000 workers were mobilized for the construction of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. Facilitates economic integration between cities and promotes the growth of second-tier cities. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains. where the sources are coming from ?

Wenzhou accident

On July 23, 2011, two high-speed trains collided on the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou railway in the Lucheng district of Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped. Signals failed, causing another train to stop a stopped train. Several carriages derailed. State Chinese media confirmed 40 deaths and at least 192 people were hospitalized, including 12 seriously injured. The train accident in Wenzhou and the lack of accountability by rail officials have generated public outcry and heightened concerns about the safety and management of China's high-speed rail system. Concerns about quality and safety have also influenced plans to export cheaper high-speed train technology to other countries. In the aftermath of the deadly disaster, the Chinese government has suspended approval of new rail projects and began security checks on existing equipment. where the source are coming from?

Terms and expressions

高铁 - High-speed rail
动车 - Electrical multiple unit
和諧號 – Harmony
復興號 - Rejuvenation

Questions

1. What does the World Bank research say?
2. What forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights?
3. How many high speed rail corridors are there in the 4 + 4 HSR network? What is their total length?
4. What caused the accident?
5. What are the benefits of HSR?

Answers

1. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."
2. The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights.
3. The 4 + 4 HSR network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km.
4. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped.
5. HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

References misssing

==Language, The Chinese Language - Seydou, Sagara, Student No:201911080004,Major:Translation Studies===
===Introduction===
China is a very big country with a large population, multi-ethnic,and multi-lingual. Each etthnic groups may have its own lingo, or dialects. There are great differences between these dialects because of pronunciation. For example, if people in different places use their dialects to talk, they may not be able to understand each other, and the situation may lead to embarrassment and understanding. Therefore, the Chinese people communicate with each other in a common language, Putonghua, also known as Mandarin in Western countries. Cheng Aimin (2019, 124)

==Putonghua and Dialects==

Putonghua is the national language of China, and Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world. More than one billion of the world's populations are Chinese speakers. The Chinese population is already one fifth of the population of the world and is rapidly expanding its presence everywhere and influence many people around the world. Cheng Aimin (2019, 25)
It is the modern standard Chinese language with the Beijing pronunciation as its standard pronunciation, the northern dialect (also known as Mandarin, the official language in the past) as its basic dialect, and the modern vernacular as its grammatical norm. Therefore, the northern dialect sounds more like Putonghua than other dialects. Putonghua is a standardized language, which is legally used all over the country. In 2000, the law of the People’s Republic of China on common languages and characters established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese Characters as the national language and writing system. Putonghua is also one of the six working language of the United Nation and an important means of communication between China and foreign countries. According to statistics from ethnologist, in 2015, 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, but there were still about 400 million people who spoke dialects or minority languages. Article 19 of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that ‘’ Putonghua is widely used by the state ‘’, and the third week of September is the national Putonghua Publicity week. We often hear some sayings like this: ‘’ Learn Putonghua well and you will have friend all over the world.’’ Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven groups: northern dialect Wu dialect, Hunan dialect, Jiangxi dialect, Hakka dialect, and Cantonese dialect and Fujian dialect. Most northern are close to Putonghua and easy to understand a non-native speaker. Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

The dialects in China differ greatly. Speaking Putonghua allows the Chinese people to communicate better with each other and promote the development of economy and culture everywhere. However, the promotion of Putonghua cannot be achieved in a short time. The Chinese government plans to enable more than 80% of Chinese people to speak Putonghua by 2020. (C.Gov art 10. 2017)
Only by learning Putonghua can you communicate with people from all parts of China and event with Chinese –speaking people all over the world. While striving to promote Putonghua among the people of the whole country, China also pays special attention to the protection of dialects, which should not be lost after learning Putonghua. . Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

==Ancient Chinese and Modern Chinese ==
Over the past three thousand years, Chinese has undergone a long period of development and changes, and has been constantly interacting with the languages of other nations. Ancient Chinese and written Chinese characters are not exactly the same as they are now. When we visit Chinese historical sites, we often see couplets, poems, and inscriptions. Most of them are written in classical Chinese and traditional Chinese characters. Classical Chinese is a written language formed on the basis of the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Cheng Aimin (2019, 127)

By the time of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties (the 7th century to the 10th century), the spoken Chinese had changed greatly and had significant differences with the classical style of written Chinese. The pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar had changed greatly. But all the time, some people still insisted on writing in classical Chinese, while others wrote in the commonly used vernacular (spoken Chinese). The Four Classical Novels created in the Ming and Qing dynasties, The Dreams of the red Chambers, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Outlaws of the Marsh and the journey to the west, are all representative works of the ancient vernacular. After the May 4th movement in 1919, China launched a vernacular movement advocating ‘’my hand writes my speech’’. Since then, the vernacular has gradually been more widely used in the whole society, and modern Chinese has gradually developed and formed. Compared with ancient Chinese, modern Chinese absorbs a lot Western grammar and has added many disyllabic words. Cheng Aimin (2019 ,128)

==Idiomatic Phrases- Idioms, Proverbs, Common Sayings, and Allegorical Sayings.==
Many phrases with fixed meanings in Chinese have been handed down from the ancient times. Mastering these phrases will make your language more authentic and vivid. For example, ‘’Lofty mountains and flowing rivers ‘’. Playing the lute to the cow’’ ‘’prescribing medicine according to symptoms’’, and ‘’ pleading guilty by carrying a rod on one’s back’ ’these phrases, often contain four Chinese characters each, are called idioms. They are quite formal and often originate from ancient historical stories, fables, myths and legends, or literary works. Sometimes we cannot guess the meaning of an idiom simply according to the meaning of the words. For example, 崇山峻岭，流淌的河流 ‘’lofty mountains and flowing rivers’’ means meeting someone who can really understand and appreciate them, while吹牛的长笛 ‘’ Playing the lute to the cow’’ means the casting pearls before swine. Wendy Abraham: (2018 ,115)
There are also proverbs, common sayings, and allegorical sayings created and passed down by the common people in spoken language, which are quite colloquial and emotional, reflecting the unique culture of China.
Proverbs are common and easy -to understand fixed phrases used orally, often explaining a truth. For example, ‘’ if you are not in charge of a home, you don’t know how expensive the firewood and rice, if you don’t have children, you don’t know kinds your parents are.’’ ‘’Seeing is better than hearing 100 times, and doing is better than seeing 100 times’’ Cheng Aimin (2019, 129)
Common sayings mostly come in a three –character format, but there are also other formats. In addition to the literal meaning, there are deep metaphorical extensions. For example, 吹牛皮 ‘’blow cow skin’’ (meaning bragging or boating) ‘给某人. 穿紧身鞋 ‘’give SB . Tight shoes to wear ‘’ ( meaning making things hard for SB), ‘为外国人工作时的消磨时间‘’kill time when working for foreigners ‘’ ( loafing on the job) , 提一个黑锅 ‘’ carry a black pot’’ ( taking the blame for the fault of others ) , 钉在眼睛里 ‘’ nail in the eyes’’ ( thorn in the flesh ), 狗腿 ‘’ dog leg’’ ( hired thug) , 不管3x7 = 21 ‘’regardless of 3x7= 21’’( regardless of consequences, in the spite of anything ), 打不了八极 ‘’ can’t hit with eight poles’’ ( extremely distant or unrelated ). (Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002,232)
An allegorical saying is divided into two parts. It is like a riddle: The first part is a metaphor, and the second part is an explanation. There are two types of allegorical sayings: homophonic and figurative. Example of the homophonic type ‘’ the nephew carries a lantern – to light up the uncle’’ (pronounced the same ‘’ as before ‘’ in Chinese); ‘’the monk opens an umbrella – no hair and no sky ‘’ (‘’ no hair ‘’ is pronounced similar to ‘’ lawless ‘’ in Chinese). Examples of the figurative type: ‘’ A mute person takes a dose of bitter medicine- they can’t say it is bitter ‘’; ‘’ Mice go to the street – everybody shouts and beats them.’’ Cheng Aimin (2019.130)

==Language policy==
While vigorously promoting Putonghua, the Chinese government has also promulgated many policies to protect dialect and minority languages. In order to promote Putonghua, China promulgated the Chinese Pinyin Program in 1958. Pinyin (the standard Chinese sound- spelling system) is widely used in Putonghua promotion, international Chinese teaching, foreign exchange and other fields. It has become an important tool for reading Chinese characters, learning Putonghua, training and improving reading and writing ability. With the popularization of modern information technology, pinyin is widely used to input the Chinese characters on computers and mobile phones. Pinyin affects all aspects of social life. In translation, Chinese names of people, places, food, and even some cultural concept with Chinese characteristics (Such as Beijing, pingpang, Shaoling, Gongful) are directly spelled with Pinyin, which is therefore an important standard for translation and a bridge for international exchange. Minglang Zhou: (pp.71-95).

==Conclusion.==
Today, an increasing number of people from other countries now want to learn Chinese language and culture and also many universities from different countries throughout the world offer Chinese language courses because Putonghua is also an open door to a huge job market in all of the countries where Putonghua is the language of commerce like Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore. Learning Chinese can help to make a better future for everyone. Abundant opportunities for governments and business careers as well as scientific and cultural exchanges await the student of Chinese. The China market is blossoming after decades of global isolation. As China is rapidly becoming a world economic power as it opens its doors to foreign investment expands its infrastructure, those who know Chinese will be valuable to business.

==References==

Cheng Aimin.(2019), ''中国概况'' [Understanding China]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Minglang Zhou: Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China (p.71-95), Wendy Abraham: let’s talk Mandarin Chinese: 1,001 real-life phrases and Idioms. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) Article 10 Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters shall be used as the basic language in education and teaching in schools and other institutions of education, except where otherwise provided for in laws.
The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002)
===Terms and expressions===
Lingo: 林戈
Putonghua: 普通话
Await student:等待学生
Pinyin: 等待学生
Lofty: 崇高：
Vernacular: 白话：
Swine: 猪：
===Questions===
1. Why Putonghua is spoken in United Nations Organization?
2. How many people speak Putonghua in China and around the world?
3 .Why Chinese government is promoted Putonghua among many others languages?
===Answers===
1. Because it is an important means of communication between China and foreign countries.
2. According to ethnologist 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, and according to the10 most spoken languages in the world Chinese (and all of its varieties such as Mandarin) is by far the most spoken language across the world with 1.31 billion speakers.
3. Because Putonghua is become an international language and it also facilitate understanding between different ethnic groups in China.

1

2020-12-17T14:20:18Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: Created page with "https://ru.qaz.wiki/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed"

https://ru.qaz.wiki/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed

20201215 cultexam 2

2020-12-17T14:19:30Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* China Railway High-Speed (CRH) */

*Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].
*Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_1 1 Alsied, Saffana - Jiang Qiwei]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_2 2 Kang Haoyu - Sagara Seydou]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_3 3 Shi Haiyao - You Yuting]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_4 4 Yu Ni - Zubareva, Ekaterina]. This page has become too large. Do not write on this page any more, but on one of the smaller pages.

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''
*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: Huadong Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chinese Red Culture - Kang Haoyu 康浩宇, 202070080638 English Interpreting==

<center>康浩宇 Kang Haoyu</center>

===Chinese Red Culture===
Chinese red culture is unique in the world. As a very important cultural resource, it has both tangible culture and intangible culture. Red culture in China refers to the advance culture with Chinese characteristics created by party and people in revolutionary years.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====1. Development====

China has brilliant history and splendid civilization in ancient times. However, with the Opium War of 1840, China was plunged into the darkness of domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. Despite of all efforts that countless dedicated patriots had made, they still failed to change the plight. The October Revolution in Russia brought Marxism-Leninism. With Communism as the the highest ideal and ultimate goal, the Communist Party of China shouldered the historic mission of national rejuvenation. With the firm leadership of the party, Chinese people embraced national independence, people's liberation, national reunification and social stability, and stepped into a new era of prosperity and happiness.(Xi Jinpin 2017)

Red culture is condensed by the Communist Party of China in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. It is an advanced Marxism culture that was inherited and developed in the new period of socialist construction. It's a collectivism culture of bravery, sacrifice and devotion that seeks happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.Red culture is embodied in the aspects of ideal belief, value pursuit and spiritual outlook, and is integrated into material remains, mechanism behaviors and cultural and artistic forms.(Luo Liling, Pu Qingpin 2018, 45)

First of all, red culture is a revolutionary culture, which was formed by the Chinese Communist Party in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. After the founding of People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to inherit and carry forward the revolutionary culture. In the new period of socialist construction and reform and opening up, a vigorous and advanced socialist culture was formed, which enriched and developed the connotation of red culture. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture, and are the core value and spiritual subject of contemporary Chinese culture. As for Chinese red culture, Among them, Marxism is the soul, the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the theme, the national spirit and the spirit of the times are the essence, and the socialist concept of honor and disgrace is the foundation. These four aspects influence, infiltrate and interact with each other, revealing the essential characteristics of red culture scientifically and completely.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====2. Symbols====

The word “red” in “red culture” has many symbols. Chinese people have “red” complex since ancient time. Red represents authority. For, example, official documents are also called red heading documents. Red represents courage. Red is the color of Chinese national flag. Chinese military strategists and generals have a deep understanding of the role of red in war, so they use red flags to unite their morale, inspire their fighting and their courage, and summon the spirit of going forward bravely and not fearing sacrifice. Red represents honor and auspiciousness. For instance, the places are always adorned with red for conference and ceremony. People are awarded with red flower and red certificates. Red represents revolution. When Marx was asked about "favorite color" in his early years, he clearly answered "red". In 1864, First International was founded, and its logo was red. The first army of Communist Party of China was named Red Army, and Ruijin, the first revolutionary base area, was called Red Capital. There were also red boats in South Lake and red flags in Jinggangshan.(Chen dongwang, Huang Weiliang 2006, 19)

====3. Values====

Red culture has many values. Red culture has the value of history. It witnesses the early development history of the Communist Party of China. It shows the inevitability of the socialist road in China. And it is an important weapon to guide the success of Chinese revolution. Besides, red culture has the value of civilization. Carrying forward the red culture is an urgent need to cultivate a new national spirit. Red culture is important for the construction of socialism culture and ideology. Moreover, red culture has the value of economy. Red culture is a powerful driving force for the development of socialist market economy. It is an important medium of economic development under the new historical conditions. The red cultural industry has become a new economic growth point.(Wang Yidi 2007, 149)

====4. Red Culture in Nanchang====

Nanchang is the capital city of Jiangxi Province and it is where August 1st uprising took place. Nanchang is renowned as the cradle of Chinese revolution and the place where the military flag rose. Because in August 1st uprising, communist party of china formed its first army in Nanchang. There are lots of red culture resources in Nanchang.

Bayi Square is at the center of Nanchang city. It was built to memorize August 1st uprising. Bayi Square highlights the theme of "Bayi History and Culture" in all directions. The memorial area, cultural area, reminiscence area and leisure area of Bayi Square show Bayi Uprising in different forms. The landmark in the square is Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower. Besides, Nangchang August 1st Memorial Hall is a special memorial hall established to commemorate Nanchang Uprising.（Peng Bo, Zhang Li, Li Jiangyuan 2006, 58）

===References===

[1] 程东旺, 黄伟良. “红色文化”的价值形态与德育功能探析[J]. 现代教育科学, 2006: 19-21.

[2] 罗丽琳,蒲清平. 红色文化的思想政治教育基因及其时代价值[J].新疆师范大学学报, 2018: 45-52

[3] 彭波, 张丽, 李江源. 整合红色资源,提升江西文化力[J]. 江西崛起策论, 2006:58-60.

[4] 王以第. “红色文化”的价值内涵[J]. 文化论苑, 2007:149-150.

[5] 习近平, 决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告,人民日报,2017.

[6] 朱桂莲,李晶. 德育视角下的中国红色文化研究综述[J]. 研究综述, 2010:87-89.

===Terms and Expressions===

red culture 红色文化

Opium War 鸦片战争

red heading documents 红头文件

red army 红军

August 1st uprising 八一起义

===Questions===

1. What is the historical background of the birth of red culture?

2. What are two major components of red culture?

3. How many symbols dose the word "red" in red culture has? What are they?

4. How many values dose red culture has? What are they?

5. What is the landmark in Bayi Square?

===Answers===

1. In modern China, Communist Party of China led the Chinese revolution and led people to fight against suppression.

2. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture

3. Four. Authority, courage, honor and revolution.

4. Three. History value, civilization value and economic value.

5. Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower

==Landscape, The Ancient Tea Horse Road - Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

===The Ancient Tea Horse Road===

====Introduction====
The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation. The ancient tea horse road is divided into two routes: the Sichuan-Tibet line and the Yunnan-Tibet line. The ancient tea horse road originated from the ancient southwest frontier of the tea horse mutual market, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and most prosperous in the middle and late World War II. The ancient Tea Horse Road divided into Shanxi-Gan, Shanxi-Kangtang (folk called wade ancient road, Sichuan-Tibet line is part of it), Yunnan-Tibet and other three main routes, connecting Sichuan, Yunnan-Tibet, extending into the territory of Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, India, until reaching West Asia, West Africa, the Red Sea coast. 5 March 2013, the Tea Horse Road was listed by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics conservation units.(Zou Jingyi 2018,131)

====Historical Routes====
China’s ancient tea horse road is divided into:
1. The Shanxi-Gansu tea horse road is the main route for tea to travel westward in mainland China and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.
2. Shanxi and Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), began in the Han Dynasty, formed by the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse each other. Due to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government control of tea trafficking, tea trafficking sub-regional, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.
3. The ancient Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road. Formed around the late sixth century AD, it is south of Yunnan's main tea producing areas in Xishuangbanna Yiwu, Pu'er City, intermediate through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture and Lijiang City, Shangri-La into Tibet, directly to Lhasa. Some also re-exported from Tibet to India and Nepal, is an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.
4.Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shan-Kang-Tibet Tea Horse Road, east of Yazhou edge tea production Ya'an, after playing arrow furnace (now Kangding), west to Lhasa, Tibet, and finally through to Bhutan, Nepal and India, a total length of nearly four thousand kilometers, is an essential bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the interior.
There are three main routes of the ancient tea-horse road: The Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.
Among the three ancient tea-horse roads, the Qinghai-Tibet line was established in the Tang Dynasty and developed earlier, while the Sichuan-Tibet line was the most influential and well-known later. These three routes are closely related to Chengdu, among them, the Yunnan-Tibet route and the Sichuan-Tibet route must pass through Chengdu, and their development is closely related to the tea-horse trade.(Kang Yuming2020,281-283)

Shanxi- Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), was formed in the Han dynasty through the efforts of the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government controlled tea traffickin along the tea trafficking sub-region, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 03:02, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

====Historical Value====
The Silk Road in the north and the ancient Tea Horse Road in the south. The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization. However, its history and value will always shine brightly.(Li Gang 2011,113-117)

1.The Golden Road of Tourism
The ancient tea-horse road tour has unique scenery, profound cultural connotation, exclusive resources and is unparalleled in the world.
2. Ancient Roads for the Propagation of Civilization
The ancient Tea Horse Road was not only an important migration corridor for the ancient ancestors between Wei-Tibet and present Sichuan and Yunnan, but also an important aperture for the spread and exchange of ancient civilizations between present Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.
3.Migration Corridor of National Cultures
On this ancient road, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, Chinese, Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Hani, Kino, Qiang, Pumi, Bai, Nu, Jingpo, Achang and other ethnic groups have flourished here for thousands of years, highlighting the diversity and original form of ethnic culture in southwest China.
4.Religious Propagation Road
With the development of the tea-horse trade and the extension of the ancient tea-horse route, Tibetan Buddhism spread widely along this route on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. The development and spread of Tibetan stupas can be roughly divided into two routes: one is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia - the other is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia. -Liaoning--Jilin--Heilongjiang--Beijing--Hebei --Henan--Jiangsu; second, Tibet--Yunnan--Sichuan. --Guangxi--Hubei.
5. The Path of National Spirituality
You can't talk about the ancient tea-horse road without mentioning the horse gangs. The horse gangs have formed a unique cultural carrier in the course of thousands of years. Their spirit is attached to this ancient road, and become part of the Chinese national spirit.
6.The Road of National Unity and Integration
The ancient tea-horse road is like a huge net in southwest China, through which people of all nationalities strengthen their ties and communication, promote political, economic and cultural interaction, development and integration among all nationalities, and enhance the emotional ties between them.
7.The Road of Securing the Borders
The expansion of the ancient tea-horse road and the flourishing of the tea-horse trade contributed to the stability and consolidation of China's southwest frontier.
8.The road to economic development
The Thousand-Year Tea Horse Trail contributed to the formation of many towns in the region through the tea and horse trade, which greatly contributed to the economic development of the region.(Ji Jing2016,354-355)
===Terms and Expressions===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road(茶马古道)

2.Sichuan-Tibet Line（川藏线）

3.Yunnan-Tibet line（滇藏线）

4.wade ancient road（蹚古道）

===Questions===

1.What is the ancient tea horse road ?

2.How many main routes does the ancient tea-horse road conclude?

3.What is the historical value?
--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 04:15, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation.

2.There are three main routes, including the Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

3.The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization.

===References===
[1]邹怡情,张依玫.作为文化线路的茶马古道遗产保护研究[J].北京规划建设,2018(04):131-140.

[2]康昱明,李金峰.甘肃茶马古道文化线路遗产探究[J].农村经济与科技,2020,31(11):281-283.

[3]李刚,李薇.论历史上三条茶马古道的联系及历史地位[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,41(04):113-117.

[4]纪静.茶马古道的兴起及其价值研究[J].福建茶叶,2016,38(07):354-355.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 09:06, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Novels - Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

===Four satirical novels in ancient China===
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.'''Quotation missing. E.g. (Gui Ninghuo 2009, 12)'''

====Introduction====
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.

==== Nie Hai Hua====
Nie Hai Hua was written by Zen Pu (1872-1935).A total of 35 chapters.it is a novel of condemnation, historical fiction and political fiction. In the novel, Jin yun (wen qing) is the main character.After won the scholarship, he took a famous courtesan, Fu Caiyun, as his concubine in Suzhou.He was then ordered to travel to Russia, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. After returning to China, Jin Wenqing died of illness in Beijing, and Fu Caiyun left the Jin family to resume her old profession in Shanghai, changing her name to Cao Menglan then went to Tianjin to work as a prostitute, calling herself Sai Jinhua.
The novel takes the story of Jin Wenqing and Fu Caiyun as the main line, vividly describes the historical and cultural changes as well as political and social changes from Tongzhi to Guangxu more than 30 years, exposing the decay and decline of the rulers, criticizing the feudal system of imperial examination, satirizing the officials, truly reflecting their spiritual life and cultural mentality. at the same time also enthusiastically glorifies Feng Zicai, Liu Yongfu and other war heroes and Sun Yat-sen and so on. The revolutionary activities of the Democratic Revolutionaries express the author's patriotic thoughts against the feudal dictatorship and advocate national democratic revolution. In specific writing, the author adopts the modern popular block novel structure combined with the traditional mesh novel structure to unfold the plot, with ups and downs, twists and turns, touching and orderly, always around the main line.
As a historical novel, Nie Hai Hua draws on the spirit of the ancient "good history" of China to portray its characters. At the same time, it draws on the satirical approach of "The History of Confucianism" in which "the fair-minded accuse the evils of the times", commenting on events and weighing characters in a realistic manner. In terms of art, Nie Hai Hua also has many shortcomings.However, it is a skillful structure and outstanding novel at that time.

==== the Travels of an Old Man====
The Travels of an Old Man was written by Liu E (1857-1909) and a total of 20 chapters. Liu E was an entrepreneur and scholar, not a professional writer, but his reputation as a literary figure was far greater than that of an entrepreneur and scholar. This novel is an unfinished work of his that was written in his later years with an autobiographical nature.
The novel takes a bell-ringing mountebank, Lao can (Tie Ying), as its main character, and narrates his experiences and activities during his travels in northern China, exposing the decadence and darkness of the Qing government, the brutality and lethargy of the officials, and the poverty and oppression of the people, especially attacking the abusive behavior of those "Qing officials" who are actually cruel officials, and expressing the author's strong views on the perilous reality of society and the country.
The artistic achievement of the novel is very high. The first is the superb descriptive skills, whether it is a description, a landscape, or a narrative, can be vividly depicted, such as the scenery of Thousand Buddha Mountain, Daming Lake etc., which makes people have a sense of being in the real world. Secondly, its psychological description and psychological analysis, with appropriate language, can brilliantly show the inner world of the characters. Thirdly, the exquisite structural art. The novel is in the form of a Travel Journal, with travel as a clue,and organic combined of what he see, hear, think and do along the way forms a unique structural feature of the novel.

==== The Records of Officialdom Exposure====
The Records of Officialdom Exposure by Li Baojia (1867-1906), five editions and a total of 60 chapters. This is the first long chapter novel in China's modern era that was published serially in newspapers and magazines and achieved a social sensation, creating a culture of critical reality in modern fiction.
The novel consists of more than 30 relatively independent bureaucratic stories linked together,involving the Qing government from the emperor, down to the minor officials and so on,and these various bureaucrats of all kinds of evil behavior were exposed:They embezzled public funds, corrupt and pervert the law or the named "expedition bandits", but is harmful to the people. The work is like a scroll of the officialdom at the end of the feudal society, touching on the main contradictions of that time.
The novel's writing method is modelled on "The Scholars" and has been developed, making full use of exaggeration, comic style and satirical techniques. only a few strokes will outline the character's voice and physical appearance. And the author also good at describing the details, so that the characters are vivid and evocative, with a strong artistic impact. Therefore, the subsequent imitation of the work is quite a lot, it become a great view.

==== 20 years witness strange present situation====
The Strange Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years was written by Wu Woyao(1866-1910), A total of 60 chapters. This is a long novel with autobiographical flavor.it through nearly 200 short stories that the protagonist hears and witnesses from the death of his father to his failure in business. it outlines the strange realities of late Qing society during the 20 years from the Sino-French War to the beginning of the 20th century.
The scope of social life is much broader than The Records of Officialdom Exposure. In addition to describing the officialdom, there are also involving the shopping malls, foreign markets, science fields, medical and astrological practices. It exposes the political situation, moral outlook, social customs, and human conditions of the increasingly colonized Chinese feudal society, and is of high cognitive value in helping readers to see the irreparable historical destiny of the late Qing society and feudal system.
The novel adopts the first-person narrative story, structured in a way that makes the reader feel intimate and trustworthy, setting a precedent in the history of Chinese fiction. The structure is also very clever: "nine deaths and a lifetime" is not only the narrator of the book story, but also the backbone of the structure of the book, and at the same time uses flashbacks, interpolations and other methods, combining it organically together, making the whole book complex and simple appropriate, muddle together.

==== Conclution====
As a result of the bourgeois reformists and democratic revolutionaries strongly advocated, the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty got unprecedented development, and a large number of influential novels emerged, forming a prosperous situation of the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty.The emergence of the "Four satirical novels" in the late Qing Dynasty is an important sign that The creation of Chinese novels has entered another prosperous period.

===Reference===
*[1]https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B4%E8%B4%A3%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4/702907?fr=aladdin
*[2]二十年目睹之怪现状[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 吴趼人, 2012
*[3]老残游记[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 刘鹗, 2012
*[4]官场现形记[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 李宝嘉, 2012
*[5]孽海花[M]. 北方文艺出版社 , (清) 曾朴, 2012
*[6]四大谴责小说政治批判手法研究[J].李辉东,2017

===Terms and Expressions===
The Records of Officialdom Exposure 《官场现形记》

The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years 《二十年之目睹怪现象》

the Travels of an Old Man 《老残游记》

Nai Hai Hua 《孽海花》

The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty 晚清四大谴责小说

===Questions===
1、what are The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty ?

2、which novel is modeled the "The Scholars"?

3、what’s the common characteristic of these four novels?

4、what other satirical novels do you know?

===Answers===
1、They are Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua.

2、The Records of Officialdom Exposure

3、The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time.

4、E.g.The Scholars

==Shadow Play - Li Lili 李丽丽==
===Shadow Play Li Lili No.202070080594 MTI===
====The Origin of Shadow Play====
Shadow play has a long history from the written records. Legend has it that Madame Li, the wife of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu's yearning for her was so intense that he was in a trance and ignored the government's affairs all day. Minister Li Shaoweng went out one day when he came across a child playing with a doll in his hand, with its shadow being vivid，so he came up with an idea that he could cut the image of Mrs. Li from cotton and silk, painted it with color, and installed wooden poles on her hands and feet. After seeing it, Emperor Wu was glued to it and couldn't put it down. This love story is considered to be the earliest origin of shadow play. (Wei Liqun 2018,13)

There are also some views that shadow play originated in Xi'an of Tang Dynasty, however, it is worth discussing that although there were an variety of operas in the Tang Dynasty, yet there were no any records of shadow play mentioned in the Tang Dynasty. Up to now, the earliest shadow play we can see is recorded in Song Dynasty. Its rise and development is closely related to Bianjing’s (the capital of Northern Song Dynasty) superior geographical environment, the development of commodity trade and good commercial transportation at that time. (Wei Liqun 2018,14-15)

====Introduction====
[[File:shadow play.jpg]]
In Chinese ancient society, Chinese began to give performances using puppets against an illuminated screen. This is “shadow puppets”, also known as “lamp and shadow play”. It is considered as “precursor of movie” because it was the earliest moving part of form dubbed with human voice in the world. During a play, puppeteers hide behind the white screen and move puppets, while narrating the story, usually through singing. Performances are accompanied by musicians playing percussion and stringed instruments. A shadow puppet can perform actions such as “serving drinks”, “waving a sword and a spear,” or even “smoking” by puppeteer holding and moving manipulating rods on its body. (Wang Yexia 2012,1-2)

Typically, a shadow puppet has three rods, some may have five or seven rods. It can create rich designs such as shadow puppets, animals and stage props, for example, buildings, imperial palaces, chariots, tables and chairs as well as weapons. It is so rich that it includes almost everything under the sun. It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools. The well-known ones include Tangshan Shadow Play in Hebei Province, Beijing Shadow Play as well as Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hunan Shadow Play. etc. (Wang Yexia 2012,2-3)

So how to make a puppet? First. Draw pictures of the various parts of the shadow puppets; second, finish carving with a knife and a hard board underneath the design; third, color the puppet with watercolor pens; forth, paint the body parts with a brush dipped in oil. This can make the puppet transparent and better reflect colors under the light.; fifth, connect joint sections with the cotton thread; sixth, make the manipulating rods; finally, attach the manipulating rods to the shadow puppet with cotton thread. Thanks to different manipulating rods moves, the shadow puppet has a life, and can show happiness, anger, sorrow and gladness. (Wang Yexia 2012,29-35)

The eyes and the eyebrows of a shadow puppet’s five facial features represent different personalities. The good and positive people are typical of a benevolent and kind countenance, with nice-looking eyebrows and eyes, while the villain or the general are ferocious look, with sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes. And the former are often concealed teeth and the latter are revealed teeth. The middle-aged people are short beard, but the elderly men are long beard. (Wang Yexia 2012,10-11)

The decorative designs on the shadow puppets are so important that they must match the character’s social status. In a shadow play, female characters are usually decorated with patters such as flowers, grass, clouds and phoenix, while male characters are often decorated with dragons, tigers, water and clouds. Shadows puppets look colorful under the light. To achieve a better visual effect, the translucent puppets need to be painted on both sides. The head of color can also represent different characters’ personalities. The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character and the representative is Guan Yu. The black is a sign of a just, honest and selfless personality and the representative is Zhang Fei. The yellow shows a brave and irascible character and are often used in fantasy plays to represent people with magic power. (Wang Yexia 2012,13-16)

====The Present Situation of Contemporary Shadow Play====
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, shadow play, as an art form, has undergone a series of reforms under the guidance of the Party's principles, including the organization of theatrical troupes, the compilation and creation of plays, the drawing and performing forms of shadow play. With the advent of the "Cultural Revolution", the prosperity of shadow play came to an abrupt end. The troupe was disbanded, the repertoire was banned, and the artists were transferred to other fields. A large number of precious shadow puppet props and documents were damaged. This situation, except for some places, lasted until 1976.
(Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）

After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", shadow puppet art revived rapidly, However, with the economic development being put in the first place of social activities and the popularity of television and the richness of artistic forms, shadow play is declining day by day with an irresistible trend, because shadow play arts are unable to keep pace with the times and get the appreciation from the audience. As a result, the prospect of shadow play art is becoming increasingly bleak. （Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）

In order to inherit Chinese excellent culture and protect the ancient art forms such as shadow play. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first part of national intangible cultural heritage list. On November 27, 2011, UNESCO put Chinese shadow play on the "list of representative works of human intangible cultural heritage".（baidubaike）

===References：===
Wang Yexia 王业霞.(2012). 《皮影戏》 [Shadow Play] 北京：高等教育出版社 Beijing: [Higher Education Publishing House]

Wei Liqun 魏力群.(2018). 《小书大传承-皮影》["Small Book, Big Heritage - Shadow Play"] 重庆：重庆出版社 Chongqing: [Chongqing Publishing House]

Zhu Hengfu 朱恒夫.(2020) 中国皮影戏的历史，现状与剧目特征[The History, Current Situation and Repertoire Characteristics of Chinese Shadow Theatre] 浙江艺术职业学院学报 [Journal of Zhejiang Arts Vocational College]

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9A%AE%E5%BD%B1%E6%88%8F/23224?fr=aladdin

===Words and Expressions===
shadow puppet皮影戏
paper cutting 剪纸
ventriloquism 口技
manipulating rod 操纵杆
five facial features 五官
sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes 尖眉杏眼
Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

===Questions===
1.When is the earliest shadow puppet’s record?

2.What art of forms do shadow play use?

3. What does a red head stand for in a play?

4.When is it put on the list of intangible cultural heritage".

===Answers===
1.Song dynasty.

2.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools.

3.The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character.

4. On November 27, 2011.

==Confucian Culture - Li Liqin 李丽琴 Student No.202070080595 MTI ==

=== Confucian Culture ===

==== Introduction ====

Confucian school is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and composed by Xunzi. Today, it still retains a certain vitality. Confucian school takes Confucianism as its guiding ideology whose central ideas are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 31)

Confucian school was on an equal footing with the other hundred schools in the pre-Qin period. After the First Emperor of Qin, also called Qin Shihuang, burned books and buried scholars alive, the development of the Confucian school suffered a serious defeat. Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's advice of "banishing other schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism only" and imposed restrictions on thought, which led to the revival of Confucian school. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 20) The concepts of "Confucian school", "Confucianism", and "Confucian Religion" should be distinguished since Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism a social stratification, and Confucian religion belief. (Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 2017, 60-61)

Laozi founded Chinese Taoist school; Confucius started Chinese Confucian school; Sun Tzu initiated Chinese military strategist school; Mozi was the founder of Mohism in the early Warring States. Confucianism contributes to guiding the code of conduct and constructing social order; Taoism focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalism serves the system construction of national political management; the concepts of Universal Love and utilitarianism are two cornerstones for the Mohism. The General Unity idea of Confucianism has played an important role in the unification of a nation, the enhancement of national cohesion and the integration of cultural values. (Tan Su 2012, 68)

After more than two thousand years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, involving politics, education, morality, ethics, code of conduct, life skills and other aspects. It has cultivated the wisdom and soul of the Chinese people throughout the history, and formed deep-rooted set patterns of thinking, psychology and survival. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42-43)

==== Analysis of Confucian Culture ====

===== Intelligence Development =====

Confucius is a great educator, as well as a pioneer and practitioner of mass education. After Confucianism was established as a dominant culture, both the rulers and the public respected the teachings of the sage and attached great importance to education. In this context, a basic requirement is to stay highly cultured and steeped in propriety. After the Emperor Wen initiated the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, those who are good scholars could make an official, which inspired students of poor families to change their lives by studying hard and diligent. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 19)

For generations, the Chinese people have attached great importance to the education of their children, which is conducive to the improvement of the thinking ability of the whole nation. However, the corrupt of bureaucracy and the darkness of officialdom in metaphase and anaphase made many literati feel despairing about official career and discredit about the concept. In addition, the Four Books and Five Classics were the main learning content of Confucianism. Apart from government-run schools, private schools and self-study can hardly meet the requirements of the Six Classical Arts. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 21) Therefore, the Four Books and Five Classics were the focus of students, while the Six Classical Arts were not highly valued.

=====Spiritual Guidance =====

In terms of spirit, Confucianism contends that "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue." (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 86) Benevolent people love each other, which reflects the essence of “Unity of Man and Nature” and also the most brilliant connotation of Confucianism. This philosophy calls for people’s active contributions to the society. It is still alive in modern times, and is the fundamental requirement of people's spiritual orientation in the future. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32)

=====Order Construction =====

In the age of barbarism and backwardness, a common feature was that a small number of people used power and force to suppress and enslave the majority, thus resulting in labor division and unfair distribution of wealth and generating corresponding social hierarchy and concepts. Given the fact that Confucianism developed in the transitional period of feudal society, the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius were rooted in the idealist view of destiny and did not break the shackles of social hierarchy. In addition, they even advocated the distinguish between the noble and the humble and highlighted the importance of hierarchy division. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

In this context, the benevolence they advocated had great limitations in political management. The public could not be treated equally in terms of political status. Instead, the so-called benevolence calls for improvement of the living conditions of the public and more benefits from the ruling class. However, its purpose was to maintain social order and reconcile social contradictions. This is also the root cause of feudal rulers’ favoring of Confucianism. In essence, Confucianism did not promote social equality, instead, it worked to maintain the unequal feudal hierarchy that aggravated servitude. In fact, after a long history of feudal rule, the sense of hierarchy would be part of the national psyche. With the progress of times and civilization, the view of destiny and the thought of social order have become psychological shackles of the Chinese people. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

After eliminating the ideology of feudal hierarchy and formalism, some philosophies of Confucianism still generate positive effects on modern society. Specifically, the spirit of benevolence and universal love is conducive to cultivate people’s spirits; the concept of “the country belongs to the public” reflects a sense of social responsibility to make contributions for society, which can be expanded into a sharing social and political philosophy for different countries. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 33)

Filial piety and brotherhood increase the harmony and stability of family; Loyalty, faithfulness, propriety and forgiveness are conducive to the relationship between different countries, societies and people. "Loyalty" means that people should stay loyal to the country and people; "Friendliness" and "forgiveness" play an important role in resolving various contradictions and animosities; when it comes to "filial piety" and "propriety", many redundant forms inherited from feudal society should be eradicated and be more practical. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-41)

====The Contemporary Value of Confucian Culture ====

Today, Confucian culture is still of great significance. We must explore the value of Confucian culture on the basis of the excellent tradition of the Chinese nation and by combining the characteristics of the times with and the actual situation. The Confucian culture has affected Chinese more than two thousand years and gone deep into each aspect of Chinese society. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39)

=====Ideological and Political Education =====

Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy, and it places a high priority on human value and dignity. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 51-57) Over the years, the Chinese nation has been influenced by this excellent philosophy. On this occasion, its behavioral pattern and psychological structure are endowed with uniqueness, which is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is to respect yourself, learn how to love and care yourself. Moreover, gain dignity and achieve the development of human value through the continuous improvement of moral cultivation. Second, respect others and show respect for others' personality by respecting, understanding and caring for others. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-40)

===== Modern Economic Construction=====

Under today’s circumstance, some ideological contents are still alive and produce positive effects on promoting the economic construction of modernization and fostering modern patriotism emotion of the Chinese people. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

First of all, Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

Since Confucian culture reflects a collectivist view on life, individuals are full of sense of duty and responsibility towards others and groups. In this context, their self-cultivation targets at regulating the family, country and the world. Thus, the value of individual is closely linked with the rise and fall of the country, so they have a strong sense of responsibility. "Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country" has been a common belief for thousands of years. Such a social responsibility will give rise to a huge driving force for the development of the country and society. (Tan Su 2012, 68)

Second, the consciousness of "self-improvement" and the proposition of "seeking truth" in the Confucian culture strengthen the national spirit and provide a source power for China’s economic modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 66)

Yi Zhuan put forward: "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.’’ It means that continuous development is the law of nature and that a gentleman should pursue progress and be strong, unyielding resilient and positive. For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has formed a fine tradition of working hard and striving for strength under the influence of these thoughts. Today, we carry forward the spirits of “self-improvement” and "seeking truth" in ways that further enhance national spirits and provide a strong driving force for the socialist modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

Third, the "reform and innovation" concept in Confucian culture is conducive to the expansion of the reform and opening up and the acceleration of China's socialist modernization. On the basis of admitting the fact that the continuous development is the universal law of nature, Confucian culture puts forward the "innovation idea". The Book of Rites said, "If you can in one day renovate yourself; do so from day to day and let there be daily renovation." The Book of Changes said, "Reform refers to destroy the old, while innovation means to establish the new.” (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

The concept is not only serves as the theoretical basis for reform and innovation throughout the history, but also provides valuable lessons for the reform in socialist economic and political systems today. Domestically, promoting the innovative spirits can greatly enhance the reform consciousness of the Chinese people. Externally, it is conducive to advancing the opening up by leveraging the global influence of Confucian culture. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67)

===== Legal Construction =====

Confucian culture places a high priority on personal cultivation, while a highly civilized society under the rule of law must be composed of highly educated citizens. Confucian school, a school with thousands of years of history in China, has become an integral part of the Chinese culture. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33)

Nowadays, since China has called for the policy of combining the rule of virtue with the rule of law, it is the time for Confucian culture to find its historical position and fully play its role. Exploring the influence of Confucian culture on the construction of contemporary Chinese rule by law, not only can we help us more deeply understand the traditional culture, but also can promote the process of building the rule of law in contemporary China. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33)

The rule by virtue thought is an important part of Confucian culture and it emphasizes the importance of moral education. It is a national strategy pursued by ancient Chinese rulers and a method of national governance embodying reference significance in today’s China. (Wei Na 2014, 1-2)

In terms of national governance, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of morality, believing that national governance should not mainly rely on harsh punishment, instead, moral education should be applied to reform people. Confucius said, "By governing with virtue, rulers will be loved by the public, just like stars surround the North Star." By comparing rulers to the North Star and people to the stars, Confucius emphasized the importance of moral governance. (Wang Jie 2004, 77)

How to rule by virtue? First of all, rulers should pay attention to their personal cultivation and develop good moral characters, so that they can set a good example for the public. Only when officials and common people obey the ruler sincerely, can a good social atmosphere be formed. Secondly, since Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core and calls for the rule of virtue, many people subconsciously believe that Confucianism denies the role of criminal law and that Confucian culture does not call for the rule of law. (Wang Jie 2004, 82-83)

In fact, this is not the case. While Confucianism advocates the rule of virtue, it also emphasizes the supplementary role of rule of law. Confucius said, "Sages believe that national governance must combine the rule of virtue and law." That is to say, if people are governed by systems and laws, they seek for impunity but lack of conscience; however, if they are guided by morality and etiquette, they will have a sense of right and wrong and will impose strict requirements on themselves. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

In a word, we should clearly realize that, although Confucian culture is an excellent traditional culture in China, it was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. Under this circumstance, we must analyse Confucian culture dialectically and explore the value of Confucian culture. At the same time, we should discard the bad habits and unfavorable factors left by it, so as to better carry forward our traditional culture and accelerate the construction of the rule of law in contemporary China. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

====The Confucius Institute ====

With the improvement of China's international status and the increasingly extensive international exchanges, Chinese culture has won wider foreign attention and the world is more eager to learn and understand the Chinese culture. The Confucius Institute project, founded in 2004, emerges in response to the call of the times. Today, Confucius Institutes have spread throughout Asia, Africa, The Americas, Europe and Oceania. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)

Fundamentally speaking, its is conducive to the "going out" of Chinese culture since language is an important carrier of Chinese culture. It is of positive significance to the construction of China's national image, the promotion of China's international influence, the realization of wider international communication. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30)

The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Today, countries are committed to spreading their own language and culture, so there is a fierce competition in international cultural promotion. In addition, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31)

At present, Confucius Institutes are prevalent all over the world, but the promotion strategy seeking for quantity and speed results in a serious shortage of teachers capable of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. According to statistics, there is a global shortage of at least five million TCSL teachers. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31)

Secondly, the lack of high-quality and localized teaching materials for Chinese has also become a bottleneck for the development of Confucius Institutes. The shortage of Chinese textbooks affects the depth of cultural communication of Confucius Institutes directly. Thirdly, Confucius Institutes are not capable of spreading the ideological depth of the Chinese culture. Although the textbooks are rich in content, they mainly focus on promoting folk culture by introducing Chinese food, tea and wine, traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Meanwhile, they rarely involve the ideological essence of traditional Chinese culture and the modern value of Chinese culture. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 32)

The Confucius Institutes should fully explore the modern significance of Confucianism and cast the quintessence of Chinese culture, and strengthen the spread of the core idea of Chinese culture and its modern cultural value. The connotation of Chinese culture is very rich. What Confucius Institutes should spread is not all the contents of Chinese culture, but the contents with universal value that are different from other countries and represent the essence of Chinese culture. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42)

====Terms and Expressions ====

儒家 Confucian school

儒学 Confucianism

儒教 Confucian religion

兼爱 Universal love

恕、忠、孝、悌、勇 forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage

仁、义、礼、智、信 benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith

学而优则仕 A good scholar will make an official

四书五经 the Four Books and Five Classics

天行健，君子当自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue.

天下兴亡，匹夫有责 Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country

====Questions ====

1. What’s the central ideas of Confucian culture?

2. What’s the difference among Confucian school, Confucianism and Confucian religion?

3. What do you think of the relationship between Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school, Legalist school?

4. What’s the Six Classical Arts?

5. What you think of the ancient influence of Confucianism?

6. Do you think Confucian culture still has its contemporary values in China? And why?

7. What do you think of the current situation of the development of the Confucian institute?

====Answers====

1. The central ideas of Confucian culture are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith.

2. Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism is a social stratification, and Confucian is a religion belief.

3. Confucian school emphasizes the code of conduct and the social order construction; Taoist school focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalist school serves the system construction of national political management; Mohist school emphasizes Universal Love and utilitarianism. Although Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school and Legalist school are different schools with different theories, they are not completely antagonistic.

4. The Six Classical Arts refers to propriety(礼), music（乐）, archery（射）, riding（御）, writing（书） and arithematic（数）.

5. The ancient influence of Confucianism should be analysed from a historical perspective. It was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. While contributing to intelligence development, spiritual guidance and order construction to some extent, it has also led to some negative effects in the long run. For example, it called for rigid feudal hierarchy and resulted in spiritual constraints.

6. Yes. Although Confucian culture has a history of thousands of years, it still has contemporary values in today's society. For instance, Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy and places a high priority on human value and dignity, which is still of profound significance; Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy.

7. The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Nowadays, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. Joint efforts of all social sectors should be made to achieve the sustainable development of it.

====References====

Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 陈智斌, 杜艾红. (2017). 儒学、儒家、儒教之异同 [The Differences and Similarities of Confucian School, Confucianism and Confucian Religion]. ''审计月刊'' Audit Monthly.

Li Chenzong 李承宗. (2002). 论儒家文化对培养现代爱国主义情感的积极作用 [On the Positive Effects of Confucian Culture on Cultivating Patriotism]. ''廊坊师范学院学报'' Journal of Langfang Teachers College.

Li Fangping 李芳萍. (2013). 儒家思想对中国文化的影响研究 [A Study on the Influence of Confucianism on Chinese Culture]. ''前沿'' Forward Position.

Li Xiaoyu 李晓愚. (2010). 儒家仁爱思想的当代诠释 [Contemporary Interpretation of Benevolence]. ''郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Zhengzhou University.

Tan Su 谭苏. (2012). 论春秋战国时期的百家争鸣 [On the Competition of Ideas in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period]. ''兰台世界'' Lantai World.

Wang Jie 王杰. (2004). 为政以德: 孔子的德治主义治国模式 [Rule of Virtue: Confucian’s Model of Governance]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 吴瑛, 提文静. (2009). 孔子学院的发展现状与问题分析 [The Development Status and Problems of Confucius Institute]. ''云南师范大学学报 (对外汉语教学与研究版)'' Journal of Yunnan Normal University.

Xiang Chunling 向春玲. (2008). 儒家文化的现代意义 [On Modern Significance of Confucian Culture]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Zhang Qizhi 张岂之. (1990). ''中国儒学思想史'' [The History of Chinese Confucianism]. 陕西：陕西人民出版社 Shaanxi: Shaanxi People’s Publishing House.

==Ch'ien Chung-shu - Liu Liu刘柳， 202070080596 MTI==

====Ch'ien Chung-shu====

Ch'ien Chung-shu (1910-1998), a well-known scholar, writer, translator and literary researcher, was born into an education family in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. In Chinese academic circles, Qian was ranked with Rao Zongyi, a master in academic circles, and both were called "South Rao and North Qian". He was admitted to Tsinghua University in 1929 and got to know Yang Jiang in 1932. Qian became famous soon after the enrolment, not only for the 15 mark of his mathematics, but for his excellent Chinese and English, especially full marks in English. Qian had an engagement with Yang the year after their acquaintance and went to study at Oxford University in England along with her. In 1937, he obtained the bachelor's degree from Oxford with the treatise ''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', and his daughter Qian Yuan was born the same year. He wrote a great many profound literary works in his lifetime. When it comes to Ch'ien Chung-shu, people would think of his representative work ''Fortress Besieged'', which was published in 1947.

As a realistic satirical novel, ''Fortress Besieged'' is known as "The New Scholars" in the 1940s. The novel is centralized on Fang Hongjian,who returned from studying abroad at the beginning of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It depicts the struggles in love, marriage,career and life of a group of intellectuals who were far away from the times and the people during the War of Resistance against Japanese Agression. It reveals their inner poverty, emptiness and lowliness, criticizes the dark reality of the Kuomintang-controlled areas, and reveals the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life. In the preface of the book, Qian said that, "In this book I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modern China. In writing about these people, I didn’t forget they are human beings, still human beings with the basic nature of hairless, two-legged animals. "The novel is like an X-ray mirror that reveals the deformed characters and ugly souls of those "hairless and two-legged animals" and analyzes the cultural matrix which is responsible for the deformed characters and ugly souls of these "latest style" literati. Yang Jiang said, "The main connotation of ''Fortress Besieged'' is that those who are besieged by the city want to escape, while those outside want to rush in. This is what most people wish for in life, whether in marriage or career. "The meaning of "fortress besieged" is also stated several times in the novel. It tells people that life is a besieged city everywhere, people have marriage and divorce, divorce and marriage in endless succession,with everlasting confusion and dilemma. The questions that Qian raised in the novel refer to a question of universal significance, which is the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life as a whole. In December 1990, the television series ''Fortress Besieged'' was broadcast on China Central Television(CCTV) and enjoyed great popularity.

Ch'ien Chung-shu has made significant achievements in literary research and literary creation. In particular, it is of great significance to carry forward and deny traditional Chinese culture scientifically and learn from foreign culture selectively. He has wrote the collection of essays ''Written in the Margins of Life''(1941), the collection of short stories ''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts''(1946), and the novel ''Fortress Besieged''(1947). Both his essays and novels are wise and meaningful. Qian has read Chinese history, philosophy and literary classics in depth and has studied western old and new literature, philosophy and psychology. Many of his works, such as ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideaas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', have enjoyed high reputation in academic circles both at home and abroad.

Ch'ien Chung-shu viewd China and the world with a cultural criticism spirit. Based on his profound knowledge of Chinese and world culture, Qian has always shown a clear mind and a deep insight when observing Chinese and Western culture. He didn't reject any theories or doctrines, nor did he blindly follow any authorities. He devoted his life to promoting Chinese literature and art to the world. To this end, he not only explicated the profound meaning and unique value of Chinese culture in depth, but also pointed out its historical and regional limitations. He not only criticized the Chinese for their arrogance towards the local culture due to certain illusions, but also mercilessly eliminated the Westerners' prejudice centered on European and American culture due to ignorance. It is Ch'ien Chung-shu who has promoted cultural communication between China and other countries.

November 21st,2020 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu. People often call him a well-informed scholar, but he is more of a down-to-earth writer and scholar. He was indifferent to fame and wealth and alaways took a rigorous and serious attitude towards academic research. We feel ourselves in an entirely new world when we read the subtle metaphors in ''Fortress Besieged'', while we read ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', we are amazed at Qian's erudition. People all over the world admire his talent, but in fact,it is his meticulous and diligent reading spirit that makes him a well-informed scholar. Many of his life experiences and the question of whether his scholarship was systematic or not have attracted much attention. Wang Shuizhao, professor of Chinese Department of Fudan University, who has studied and worked with Ch'ien Chung-shu for a long time, has recently published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'', in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements based on the first-hand historical data, his personal experiences and his own understanding of academia, and gives answers to the questions discueesed widely, such as Qian's experience of being falsely accused, whether there exists system in his scholarship and the collision of viewpoints between Qian and Chen Yinke.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:20, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

====Terms and Expressions====

''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries'' 《十七十八世纪英国文学中的中国》

''Fortress Besieged'' 《围城》

Kuomintang-controlled areas 国统区

''Written in the Margins of Life'' 《写在人生边上》

''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts'' 《人·兽·鬼》

''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' 《管锥编》

''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'' 《谈艺录》

the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu 钱钟书诞辰110周年纪念日

''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu '' 《钱钟书的学术人生》

====Questions====

1.What is Ch'ien Chung-shu's representative work? When was it published?

2.When was the TV series ''Fortress Besieged'' broadcast?

3.Do you know other works about Ch'ien Chung-shu? Can you list some of them?

4.Which book did Wang Shuizhao publish in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu? What does he talk about in this book?

5.Which sentence is your favoriate in ''Fortress Besieged''?

===Answers===

1.Ch'ien Chung-shu's representive work is ''Fortress Besieged''. It was published in 1947.

2.It was broadcast in December 1990.

3.''Patchwork:Seven Essays on Art and Literature''（《七缀集》） and ''Poetic Remains of an Ephemeral Life''（《槐聚诗存》）.

4.Wang Shuizhao published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'' in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu, in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements.

5."I want to be able to occupy the whole life of the man I love. Before meeting me, he would have had no past and would be waiting for me with a clean slate."

===References===

--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:00, 13 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:20, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧， 202070080597，MTI==

'''相声 Crosstalk'''

===The Development of Crosstalk===

Crosstalk, in the ancient time was known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate others’ voices. It was evolved and further developed from the folk opera in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China (1912-1949), crosstalk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to one person stand-up talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it developed into stand-up crosstalk, dual crosstalk, and group crosstalk. And become a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual crosstalk has finally become the most popular form of crosstalk among audiences.In the late Qing Dynasty, crosstalk formed its modern features and styles. The language uses in crosstalk is mainly Beijing dialect, however, there are also “dialect crosstalk” in other regions of China. (360 Encyclopedia)

Crosstalk is a original folk art in China, with a long historical tradition, deeply loved by the majority of the people. The once-dead crosstalk art has been reborn and developed very rapidly especially since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. It is no longer confined to several cities in the north, nor spread only within the citizens, but also spread from the north to the whole country, from the city to the countryside, and from the citizens to all strata. (Hou Baolin, 1982:01)

===Four Basic Skills in Crosstalk===

Speaking, imitating, teasing and singing are the four basic artistic skills of crosstalk. “Speaking” means to tell jokes, stories, lantern riddles, drinking games, etc; “imitating” is to imitate all kinds of birds and animals, hawking, singing and the sound of different languages, etc; “teasing” is to gag and tease; “sing” means to sing Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity, so they are called Taiping) (1982:194), opera lyrics and songs. Crosstalk artists regard “speaking, imitating, teasing and singing” as their “four compulsory lessons”. For example, by saying “tongue twisters” or “reciting classical repertoires” to grasp the rhythm in language and correct the pronunciation. By learning all kinds of sounds to gain the ability to imitate. To practice singing skills by singing “Taiping lyrics” , opera lyrics and songs. (Hou Baolin, 1982:11)

===Characteristics of Crosstalk===

First of all, crosstalk is the art of “speaking”, which belongs to the art of “performing with words”, it is different from drama that “performing with body movements”. This kind of performance has a close relationship between the actors and the audience and shortened the distance between the stage and the audience. The actors directly communicate with the audience and perform with the audience's cooperation and tacit understanding to obtain artistic effect. In this sense, crosstalk is a collective performance of actors and audiences. From the perspective of the audience, they are not standing on the opposite side of the actors and appreciating the stage performance passively and objectively, but creating artistic images with the actors. (Hou Baolin. 1982:02)

Secondly, crosstalk is the art of laughter. Crosstalk uses laughter as a weapon to expose contradictions, shape characters and evaluate life. Without laughter, it can constitute any other arts, but not crosstalk and comedy. In other words, crosstalk has the characteristics of humor and satire. It reflects that life is not flat, but exaggerated and even deformed. China has a long tradition of satirizing emperors or high rank officials, its written record could be traced back to the Zhou (1046BC-256BC) and Qin (221BC-207BC) Dynasties. Satire is the product of class oppression. China has been in a feudalistic society for a long time, without political democracy and freedom of speech, the people often take circuitous methods to fight against the ruling class. Satirical art is like a weed under a boulder. Only through deformation and roundabout can this kind of art maintain to exist. (Hou Baolin. 1982:03)

“Speaking” and “laughing” constitute the basic outline of cross talk art, which is a language performance art with comedy style. “Speaking”, as a kind of rap art, establishes the mode of crosstalk art, which is distinguished from drama art. “Laughing” is the artistic characteristics of crosstalk, which distinguishes it from other rap art forms. These two characteristics are interdependent and complementary. (Hou Baolin. 1982:04)

Crosstalk belongs to the art of drama, but it is different from comedy. In comedy, the laughter of audience mainly comes from plot and comic characters, while in crosstalk it mainly comes from “baofu” (jokes). Sometimes it relies on the plot, sometimes it is not needed, but win the applaud of audience by the charm of language. “Baofu” must be expressed in the way of “dialogue” and “chatting” between the actors . (Hou Baolin. 1982:04)

===Famous Artists of CrossTalk===

In Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) and Emperor Guangxu (1875—1908) periods, Zhu Shaowen (stage name “Qiong Bupa, which means not afraid of poverty”) was regarded as the “ancestor”of crosstalk art. Other famous crosstalk artists including Hou Baolin(1917-1993), a pioneering master of crosstalk. In his 60 years of art career, he has devoted himself to the research and development of crosstalk art and brought laughter to the audience. Under his leadership and promotion, crosstalk art has really entered thousands of households and reached a remarkable artistic peak. His crosstalk works including Drama Talks, Drunkenness and etc. Ma Sanli (1914-2003) is the son of the crosstalk actor Ma Delu. Ma Sanli devoted himself to the exploration of long-term artistic practice, and created the unique “Ma’s Style of Crosstalk”. He was the oldest, most experienced and most accomplished crosstalk leader in the cross-talk circle at that time. So was deeply loved and respected by all walks of life and the audience. Ma's cross talk enjoys wide popularity among the people. In Tianjin, it was a saying that “no branches of crosstalk did not learn from Ma”. His representative works including “Eating Yuanxiao(dumpling)”, “Selling Tickets” and “the Yellow Crane Tower” . Other famous crosstalk artists include Zhang Yongxi, Liu Baorui, Hou Yaowen, Jiang Kun, Feng Gong, Niu Qun and Guo Degang. (Baijiahao, 2018 )

===Terms and Expressions===

speaking, imitating, teasing and singing 说学逗唱

Taiping lyrics 太平歌词

Baofu 包袱

Drama Talks 《戏剧杂谈》

Drunkenness 《醉酒》

Selling Tickets 《卖挂票》

===Questions===

1.When did crosstalk form its format?

2.What is Taiping lyrics?

3.Who was regarded as the “ancestor”of crosstalk art ?

4.What are the four basic skills of crosstalk?

===Answers===

1.It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng (1850—1861) and Emperor Tongzhi (1861—1874) period in Qing dynasty.

2.Taiping lyrics (most of which contain the meaning of peace and prosperity) is the content to be sang in the crosstalk.

3.Zhu Shaowen.

4.They are speaking, imitating, teasing and singing.

===References===

1.Hou Baolin，Xue Baokun，1982，《相声溯源》，People's Education Press
2.https://cul.sohu.com/20090619/n264630449.shtml
3.https://baike.so.com/doc/1925383-2037001.html
4.https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1590742532351773378

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
Go 围棋--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
===GO - Liu Yi 刘艺 202070080640 MTI===
Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board with one's stones than the opponent[1]. As the game progresses, the players position stones on the board to map out formations and potential territories. Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones.[2]

A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board. One or more liberties enclosed within a group is called an eye, and a group with two or more eyes cannot be captured, even if surrounded.[3] Such groups are said to be unconditionally alive.

The general strategy is to expand one's territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (groups that can be killed), and always stay mindful of the "life status" of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties (and/or better "shape") will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go.

Players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for komi) wins the game.

In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish positions (or "bases") in the corners and around the sides of the board. These bases help to quickly develop strong shapes which have many options for life (self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start in the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called "joseki" and are often studied independently.

"Dame" are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. "Seki" are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. A "ko" (Chinese and Japanese: 劫) is a repeated-position shape that may be contested by making forcing moves elsewhere. After the forcing move is played, the ko may be "taken back" and returned to its original position.[30] Some "ko fights" may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as "picnic kos" when only one side has a lot to lose. The Japanese call it a hanami (flower-viewing) ko.

Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rule-sets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions.

Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go:
• Rule 1 (the rule of liberty) states that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open "point" (an intersection, called a "liberty") directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point ("liberty") next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
• Rule 2 (the "ko rule") states that the stones on the board must never repeat a previous position of stones. Moves which would do so are forbidden, and thus only moves elsewhere on the board are permitted that turn.
Almost all other information about how the game is played is a heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the game is played, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rule-sets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game.[4]
Although there are some minor differences between rule-sets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game.

Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.

The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their colour on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid but for beginners, or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular.[5] The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first, unless black is given a handicap of two stones or more (in which case, white plays first). The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on, except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured. A player may also pass, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored.

===Terms and Expressions===
Go 围棋 heuristic 启发式的
adversarial game 对抗性游戏 intersection 交叉点
board 棋盘 black 黑棋
formation 阵型 white 白棋
move 走棋 scoring rule 计分规则
liberty 自由度 player 棋手

===Questions===
1, What’s the basic principle of Go?

2,Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, What are other two essential rules in Go？

3, What countries have the most notable scoring rules differences?--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===
1, A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board.

2,The rule of liberty and the "ko rule".

3, Most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===
[1]Matthews, Charles (2004). Teach Yourself Go. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-142977-1.

[2]NRICH Team, Going First, University of Cambridge, retrieved 2007-06-16

[3]Iwamoto, Kaoru (1977). Go for Beginners. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-73331-9.

[4]British Go Association, Comparison of some go rules, retrieved 2007-12-20

[5]Kim, Janice; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997). Learn to Play Go. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press. ISBN 978-0-9644796-1-6.

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜,202070080598 MTI--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 08:21, 14 December 2020 (UTC)==

===The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China===
It is said that there were four most beautiful women in ancient times, and corresponding to that, it is worth mentioning that there were four most attractive men at that time.Despite that we consider these four men as attractive, this refers to more than just their appearance. They have a common feature: it proves that while their appearance is marvelous, they are also outstanding in literature. Namely, as a Chinese saying goes, they are endowed with both beauty and talent.
These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

The allusion of “throwing fruit to fill a carriage” originates from Pan An, which resembles movie fans nowadays to see their idols. There is a comment on Pan An’s appearance: "No more and no less." The history books also describe Pan An with three words “good-looking, well-mannered, and graceful”. Although these did not describe Pan An’s appearance in details, such as eyebrows and eyes or lips, from these side descriptions, we can know that Pan An’s appearance is far above ordinary people, and even his styles draw imitation from others.
At the same time, Pan An is known as “the flower of a county in Heyang”, and he is also one of the few men who are compared with flowers to be praised for excellent appearance. The beauty of exterior only fails to last long in this world. Pan An's talent and temperament and the devotion to his wife are also often eulogized. Pan Yue showed his unusual talent since he was a child, and he was called a child prodigy by the villagers. In his early years, he was appreciated by an official and recommended as a scholar.
Later, served as the magistrate of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan), he was diligent in political affairs, and advocated the people to plant more fruits and trees. The county was full of trees and peaches and plums everywhere, known as “Flower County”. During his administration, his political achievements were remarkable. Besides, Pan An holds a special place in the history of literature. He was good at composing verse and orders, expatiation, and skilled in the choice of words and building of sentences, which fully reflects the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to the beauty of form.
He was expert in composing Ci lyric of sorrow and admonishment, and his current works such as Widow's Fu, Mourning Poem and other famous works are all known for their narration and empathy. Pan An can be described as both internally and externally blessed.（Liu Xixue 2003,63-64）

Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng. There is a very popular legend about King Lanling. It's believed that King Lanling was a brave and supremely skilled general. However, because he looked very sweet and it seemed hard to frighten the enemy, he often wore a half-mask when fighting, which sounds very fairytale.
Nevertheless, the beauty of King Lanling is beyond doubt and otherworldly. Book of Northern Qi Dynasty described that he was friendly looking and mentally strong, with beautiful voice and appearance.King Lanling spent half his life in military affairs, and made great achievements. While this gave him glory, it also brought bad luck. There is an old Chinese saying that the glow of a inferior from massive achievements will overshadow his superior.
Although the King Lanling did not have the idea of usurping the throne, but the incumbent felt threatened because of his existence itself. In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Song Yu (about 322 BC-298 BC), as it is widely rumored, a student of Qu Yuan, was born in the capital city of Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period (now Shangqiu, Henan). Song Yu was a writer of Ci lyric of State Chu in the late Warring States period, adept in Ci lyric and even acclaimed as a great poet after Qu Yuan' reputation. Later generations often referred to them as “Qu Song”. Rumors circulate that there are many Ci lyrics from him, and Book of Han records about 16 works, but many of them are lost today.
His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on. He was the first to write about sadness from Autumn and to write about women. His description of women's nature exerts a great influence on later generations such as Cao Zhi. The goddess in Song Yu's The Fu poetry of Goddess embodies the essence of pre-Qin female beauty, recounting the beauty of the goddess of Wushan Mountain in details so much so that later generations have coveted for it for thousands of years.
16 works survived, among which Nine Discriminations is believed to be truly composed by him. It is equivalent to Qu Yuan's Li Sao or A lament in the history of Chinese literature. Both poets can be called the two shining pearls in Ci lyric at their times.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Wei Jie (286-June 20, 312), a metaphysician and an official of the Jin Dynasty. Wei Jie was a noted talker and metaphysicist during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was appointed as an assistant of the prince in the matter of politics. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongjia(AD310), Wei Jie died at the age of 27. Both ancient books and ancients commented on Wei Jie's appearance. Wang Ji reckoned that, “A jade is on my side, and I feel like I am nobody”; “Wandering with Jiu is like sauntering with a pearl on the side, with him shining brightly.”
History Retold as a Mirror for rulers authored by Sima Guang goes into detail: "Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..." Wei Jie not only have a mere marvelous exterior, but also he can discern metaphysics from his perspective. Wei Jie’s views always amaze the concerned parties.
It is said that even three sons of the Wang family, are not as good as the first son of the Wei family, and the three sons of the Wang family were all well-known scholars at that time, and the Wei Jie could be regarded as unmatchable compared with the three in family background, appearance, and talents.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）
===Terms and Expressions===
Pan An 潘安

King Lanling 兰陵王

Ji Kang 嵇康

Wei Jie 卫玠

throwing fruit to fill a carriage 掷果盈车

scholar 秀才

expatiation 铺陈

Book of Northern Qi Dynasty 《北齐书》

the Warring States Period 战国时期

Book of Han 《汉书》

Nine Discriminations 《九辨》

The Fu poetry of Wind 《风赋》

The Fu poetry of Goddess 《神女赋》

the goddess of Wushan Mountain 巫山神女

metaphysician 玄学家

a noted talker 清谈名士

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers 《资治通鉴》

Widow's Fu 《寡妇赋》

Mourning Poem 《悼亡诗》
===Questions===
1.Who are the four most handsome men at ancient time in China?

2.Who is Gao Changgong?

3.How did Lanlin King die?

4.What works did Song Yu compose?

5.Who are the two shining pearls in Ci lyric according to the passage?

6.What History Retold as a Mirror for rulers comment on Wei Jie?

===Answers===
1.These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.

2.Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng.

3.In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.

4.His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on.

5.Qu Yuan and Song Yu

6."Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..."

===References===
[1]刘细学.古代四大美男[J].文史天地,2003(06):63-64.

[2]王真波.四大美男都是怎么死的[J].青年文学家,2008(11):59-60.

==Lo, Minh Thao==

===Answers===
===References===
==Mogao Grottoes--Lou Cancan 娄灿灿 student no.202070080599 英语笔译==

===Mogao Grottoes===

===Introduction===

The Mogao Grottoes, known as the Thousand Buddhas Caves, were built on the eastern cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers to the southeast of Dunhuang city. There are 492 caves (well preserved) today, containing over 2,400 painted clay statues and 45,000 square meters of murals and 5 timber structures on the cliff of the southern district. There are also more than 300 caves used as both living room and burying place for monks and painters on the cliff of the northern district. Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes,so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. (Fan Jinshi 2010，170)The major caves were sponsored by patrons such as important asclergies, local ruling elites, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other caves may have been funded by merchants and other local people such as women's groups. (Sha Wutian 2020, 122)

====[[File:Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes]]====

===History===

Mogao Grottoes were not built in one day. According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff. Later, monk Faliang（法良）came here and joined him cultivating in caves. Since then more and more caves have been excavated over a thousand year. (Whitfield 1990, 8)

By the time of Northern Liang, small community of monks had formed at this site. The caves initially served only as a place of meditation for hermit monks. Later, they were developed to serve the monasteries that sprang up nearby. Members of the ruling families of Northern Wei and Northern Zhou constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived Sui Dynasty. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. In the Sui Dynasty, Hexi Corridor was controlled by central authority. The emperors were pious followers of Buddhism and they ordered to build stupas across the country. Therefore, more than 100 caves were excavated in Mogao Grottoes within 37 years. By the Tang Dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand. During this period, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious center. A large number of the caves were constructed during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang Empress Wu Zitian to build giant statues across the country. The site escaped the persecution of Buddhists ordered by Emperor Wuzong in 845 as it was then under Tibetan control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people. After the Tang Dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the Yuan Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes were preserved and kept by Cao Yijin（曹议金). (MA Shichang 2010, 303) After that, his later generations governed Dunhuang Prefecture and constructed multiple family caves such as Cave 55. (Gao Xiujun 2016, 9) During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally abandoned and Dunhuang slowly became depolulated and was forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned. The site, however, went back to a place of pilgrimage and worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century. On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings. Since then, Dunhuang has become well known throughout the world. Both Chinese and foreign scholars have made extensive studies on the findings.(Stein 1912, volume 2)

====[[File:Taoist Wang Yuanlu.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Taoist Wang Yuanlu]]====

===Art===

The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture and they vary from dynasty to dynasty. There are mainly three types of structural forms of Mogao Grottoes: Vihara, Chaitya and Hall with inverted funnel shaped ceiling. A Chaitya with a central pillar is the main form of the caves in the early period of the Sixteen States, with Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties included. The murals may be divided into seven sorts:Buddhist figures, Sutra illustration, Buddhist stories, Buddhist historical pictures, Chinese mythologies, donors and decorative designs. Buddhist stories in the murals can be divided into three types: Jataka（佛本生), Buddha’s life and fate story. A Jataka is a narrative which tells of the good deeds performed by Sakyamuni during his perious existence such as prince Sudanda giving up his body to feed the hungry tigers. As to sculptures, they were constructed on a wooden frame, padded with reed, then modelled in clay stucco and finished with paint.（Duan Wenjie 1994, 163)

====[[File:A Chaitya with a Central Pillar.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Chaitya with a Central Pillar]]====

====[[File:A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body]]====

The artistic styles in the Sixteen States, which gradually turned away from being primitive and simple to an easy and graceful styles in the Northern Wei, manifested in figures with well-chiseled builds and emaciated looks. In Northern Zhou, the styles of figures show that Chinese art combining the influence of foreign and native styles gradually became more nationalized. The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs. The caves become spacious and more suited for large paintings, such as the Sutra illustrations and huge pictures of Buddha expounding sermons. Bold and vigorous, brush work was painted with intricate and flowing lines. For example, Lotus Sutra on the ceiling of Cave 420 displays a lot of episodes of mountains, forests, rivers, buildings and so on in a limitated space. The theme and art in the Sui Dynasty show an important devdelopment in traditional art and indicate a comimg glorious new era. In Tang Dynasty, the caves are large with an inverted funnel shaped ceiling. The murals consist mostly of huge paintings of stories from Buddhist Sutras with well-regulated scenes and well-balanced composition. The figures at that time have round and plump faces and curved eyebrows which expresses the aesthetical taste of the people living in Tang. The mural in Cave 220 contains vivid portraits of the Emperor and his ministers listening to a sermon. The ministers attending to Emperor are each bestowed with differrent appearances and expressions. Some are natural and graceful and some cautious. The well-proportioned painted statues were made with more consummate care and attention to the detail, showing us the solemn Buddha. In addition, very tall and colossal statues of Buddha began to be made. The outstanding one is an early Tang Dynasty statue 34 metres high in Cave 96. In 781-848A.D, Hexi region fell into the Tibetan. Hence, there was an interesting changes: the king of the Tibetan took the place of central-plain emperors in the wall-painting.( Fan Jinshi 2010, 175)

====[[File:Cave 251 in Northern Wei.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 251 in Northern Wei]]====

====[[File:Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty]]====

By the time of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, the grottoes carved in this period are very large and different in form and layout. The subject and style of the statues and murals remain the influence from Tang Dynasty, but the use of colours and the drawing techniques show a simple folk style. From the 9th century to 12th, the Uygur had been in Dunhuang. The artistic styles bear the imprint of both Han and Uygur. The Uygur murals are generally characterized by the simplicity of the subject, the looseness of the arrangement, the direct and rough brush strokes. The human figures have features of certain minority groups. In the Western Xia Dynasty(1036-1227), most of caves were repaired and renovated, and only 10 caves were built because of the limited cliffs. Compared to the Yulin Grottoes at the same time, painting of Dunhuang display the Pure-land Sutra, containing simpler content. Only 27 caves are extant in Yuan times(1227-1372). The murals in Cave 3, however, still remain the Tang and Song techniques, namely using different types of drawing to depict different parts of human figures such as iron-wire lines, orchid-leaf strokes and broken-reef strokes, etc. Since the 15th century, the Mogao Grottoes had gradually fallen into neglect in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Rong Xinjiang 1999, 248)

====[[File:Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty]]====

===Terms and Expressions===

hermit 隐士

stupas 舍利塔

Emperor Wuzong ofTang Dynasty 唐武宗

Vihara 精舍

Chaitya 支提窟

stucco 灰泥

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Sutras 佛经

===Questions===

1.What do Dunhuang Grottoes refer to?

2.Who built the first cave and when?

3.In 1900, who found the treasure-house in Mogao Grottoes and what were stored in it?

4.How many aspects does the art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of and what are they respectively?

5.What are the characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty?

===Answers===

1.Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes, so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes.

2.According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff.

3.On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings.

4.The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture.

5.The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs.

===References===

Fan Jinshi 樊锦诗.(2010). ''敦煌石窟'' [The Caves of Dunhuang]. Gansu: The Dunhuang Academy 敦煌研究院.

Gao Xiujun 高秀军.(2016). ''敦煌莫高窟第55窟研究'' [Research on the 55th Grotto of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang].Lanzhou University 兰州大学.

MA Shichang.(2010). Buddhist Cave-temples and the Cao Family at Mogao Ku, Dunhuang. MA Shichang,27(2),303-317.

Rong Xinjiang 荣新江. (2010).'' 敦煌藏经洞的性质及其封闭原因'' [The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 上海古籍出版社.

Sha Wutian 沙武田. (2020). 佛教供养与政治宣传——敦煌莫高窟第156窟供养人画像研究 [Buddhist offerings and Political Propaganda -- A Study on the Portrait of the Patron of the 156th Grottoes in Dunhuang].''中原文物'' Cultural Relics in Central Plain, No.215,118-128.

Stein, M. Aurel. Ruins of Desert Cathay.(1912). Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, volume 2. London: Macmillan.

Suemori Kaoru. (2020)."Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns". Kyoto: Hozokan.

DuanWenjie. (1994). Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie. Abhinav Publications. p. 163.

Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. (1990). Chinese Art from the Silk Route, British Museum Publications. P . 5-20.

https://books.google.ru/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=vYPNqlAMZWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=info:9v6pr21oST8J:scholar.google.com/&ots=s-uXhnyDBp&sig=u3H7MAh_OpGRS6Iwxoqx0rC5_fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mogao+grottoes&oq=

==Four State-level Cultural Relics Luo Weijia罗维嘉 Student No.202070080600==

===Four State-level Cultural Relics===

China, home to one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, abounds in cultural relics, from ancient tombs, architecture, instruments to handicrafts, historical books and so on. They embody rich information about history and culture and vividly display the process of Chinese cultural development. The astounding artistic and technological levels shown in those relics continue to impress people today.

====Houmuwu Ding====

In ancient China, ding was a symbol of imperial power. Therefore, ding is often used in phrases and expressions in the Chinese language to imply authority. For instance, wending, literally “enquiring about ding”, means plotting to usurp political power, yiyan juiding, literally “One word of promise is equal to nine dings”, means a decisive comment.

Simuwu Ding,or Houmuwu Ding, was a very precious cultural relic, found in 1937 in Anyang of Henan Province (Zhang Peng:86-89).It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago. This square-shaped ding is the largest existing bronzeware in the ancient world. It is now housed in the National Museum of China in Beijing.

Ding was a cooking vessel probably used to boil or cook food in the primitive society. At that time, dings were made of clay. During the Shang and Zhou (11th century-771 BC) dynasties, bronze cast technology reached a very high level in China. Therefore, people used bronze to cast ding. However, dings were no longer cooking utensils in ordinary people’s life but an object for important ceremonies to offer sacrifices.

Simuwu Ding was cast by Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty as a ritual object for a ceremony to offer sacrifices to his mother. The three characters simuwu form an inscription on the inside of the sidewall. According to archeologists, si means sacrificial ceremony and muwu is the name of the emperor’s mother. Later on, Simuwu became the name of this huge ding (Zhang Peng:86-89).

Simuwu Ding is 1.33m high, 1.10m long and 0.78m wide, weighing 832.84kg. At that time, it needed 1000kg of metal and two to three hundred workers to produce it. This ding is solid in build, magnificent in appearance and was made with fine craftsmanship. The four pillar legs are thick and powerful. Each side has a blank space in the middle, surrounded by a band of decoration featuring taotie (animal faced creatures) and kuilong (one-legged dragons), symbolic of harvest and auspiciousness. Simuwu Ding represents the highest level of bronze cast technology in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

==== The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi ====

The chime bells, or bianzhong, are a kind of percussion musical instrument made of bronze. China is the earliest country to manufacture and use such instrument. Chime bells were divided into groups according to their size, temperament, pitch and were hang on a rack. A small hammer or wooden club is used to hit the bell to make a resonant and agreeable sound.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are the largest and the most complete ancient chimes existing today in China. They were unearthed from the tomb of Yi, the Marquis of Zeng, a small state of the Warring States Period (475 BC- 221 BC), in 1978. When they were found, all bells were still hanging on their rack. They are now preserved in Hubei Museum(Gao Nan:29).

There are altogether 65 bells hung in eight groups on wooden or bronze bars. The rack, 10.79m long, 2.67m high, is made of three bars, namely, the upper, middle and lower bars, held up by six bronze warriors and a few round, wooden posts. The 65 bells weigh over 2500kg. The largest bell is 1.52m in height and weighs more than 203.6kg. The smallest bell is about 20cm in height and weighs 2.4kg (Gao Nan:29). It is extremely rare tosee a set with so many bells of such weight and size.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are exquisitely cast and look very elegant. To help artists to perform music, there are instructions on each bell with 3700 characters in all (Wan Quanwen:1-2). There are also words about the hanging indication and musical temperament that are called the “valuable music theory work”. The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi show that, as early as the Warring States Period, China already had a very rich musical culture. The chime bells still could produce a pure and accurate note after unearthed. The tone is excellent and the timbre is pure.

After excavation of the chime, Chinese musicians created a melody entitled Bianzhong Yuewu (music and dance accompanied by chime bells), to once again demonstrate the charm of ancient Chinese music.

==== Jade Suit with Gold Thread ====

Ordinarily, the texture of clothes is cotton, flax or silk. However, there were suits made of gold and jade, that is “Jade Suit with Gold Thread”.

The emperors of the Han Dynasty believed that jade could prevent their corpses from decaying, and they regarded jade as full of dignity and nobility. Therefore, they used jade suits as their grave clothes. Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade separately that are called Jade Suit Sewn with Gold Thread, Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread and Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread.

The two sets of jade suits of the Han Dynasty tomb unearthed in Mancheng of Hebei Province in 1968 revealed to the world the real features of such grave clothes (Li Yawen:38-39). Their owners were Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, and his wife, Dou Wan, of the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-25 AD).

In appearance, a jade suit follows the shape of a human body. It consists of five parts, i.e., head mask, coat, trousers, gloves and shoes. Each part is made of pieces of jade. The size and shape of each jade piece was designed according to its position. Most jade pieces are shaped in square or rectangular form, but there are a few in trapezoid, triangle or multi sided shapes. Each jade piece is perforated at its corners, through which a gold thread goes through to sew the pieces together. Liu Sheng’s jade suit is rather large, 1.88m long and made up of 2498 pieces. The gold thread used for this suit is about 700g in weight (Li Yawen:38-39).

Such refined suits made some 2000 years ago in the Han Dynasty indicate the high design level and excellent craftsmanship of that time. In fact, of course, the rulers’ dream of preventing their corpses from decaying could never be realized. The practice of wearing jade suits was banned during the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280).

==== Bronze Galloping Horse ====

In 1969, a galloping horse in bronze was unearthed in an Eastern Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province in western China. The bronze statue is a famous representative sculpture of the Han Dynasty. Wuwei County leapt to fame with the discovery of this national treasure.

The 34.5 cm-high bronze horse, covered with spots of verdigris, has a full and robust body. The prancing legs, flying tail, slightly dilated nostrils portray a galloping horse. What is ingenious about it is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow. That means the galloping horse is faster than a flying swallow (Wang Qian:10-11). The positioning of its four legs strictly conforms to that of a living horse and is highly praised by many local and foreign archeologists and artists.

In this work, Chinese ancient artists combined realism and romanticism, and ingeniously integrated galloping horse and flying swallow through rich imagination, original conception and skillful craftsmanship (Wang Qian:10-11). The swift flying swallow sets off the amazingly fast speed of the galloping horse. According to analysis of its mechanics, Bronze Galloping Horse finds a center of gravity in the swallow to give the statue its stability. The romantic image of the swallow sets off the power and strength of the horse, providing a rich imaginative experience for viewers.

Bronze Galloping Horse is believed to be a portrayal of the "heavenly steed" of Chinese legend. It is of high craftsmanship, fully expressive of the horse-breeding culture of China's western regions. It has become a symbol of Chinese tourism and a representative work that brings forth the time-honored cultural tradition of the Chinese nation and the oriental aesthetics to the world. The cultural relic is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===Terms and Expressions===

Houmuwu Ding 后母戊鼎

Simuwu Ding 司母戊鼎

Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty 商王武丁

taotie 饕餮

National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆

chime bells/bian zhong 编钟

Marquis Yi 曾侯乙

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi 曾侯乙编钟

Bianzhong Yuewu 《编钟乐舞》

Hubei Museum 湖北省博物馆

Jade Suit with Gold Thread 金缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread 银缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread 铜缕玉衣

Bronze Galloping Horse 铜奔马/ 马踏飞燕

Gansu Provincial Museum 甘肃省博物馆

===Questions===

1. What does ding symbolize?

2. When was Houmuwu Ding produced?

3.How many bells do the chime bells of Marquis Yi contain?

4.What is the size of the largest bell?

5.What kind of thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade?

6.When did the Jade Suit with Gold Thread unearth?

7.What is ingenious about the Galloping Horse?

8.Where is Bronze Galloping Horse preserved now?

===Answers===

1.Ding was a symbol of imperial power.

2.It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago.

3.They contain 65 bells.

4.The largest bell exceeds 1.5m in height and weighs more than 200kg.

5.Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade.

6.It unearthed in 1968.

7.It is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow.

8.It is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===References===

[1]Zhang Peng 张鹏.(2020).青铜大师杜廼松:“司母戊鼎”名称不容置疑[No Doubt about the Name of Simuwu Ding].中国民族博览 (09):86-89.

[2]Wan Quanwen 万全文.(2020).曾侯乙编钟[The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi].文史知识 (11):1-2.

[3]Gao Nan 高楠.(2020).音乐中的国家宝藏——曾侯乙编钟[National Treasure in Music].琴童 (01):29.

[4]Li Yawen 李雅雯.(2019)浅说满城汉墓中的金缕玉衣 [The Study of Jade Suit with Gold Thread Unearthed in Mancheng].文物鉴定与鉴赏 (03):38-39.

[5]Wang Qian 王倩.(2020).青铜雕塑“马踏飞燕”的研究[The Study of the Bronze Sculpture ——the Galloping Horse].艺术品鉴, (26):10-11.

== Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴 Student No.202070080601 英语笔译 ==

===The Forbidden City===--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 08:30, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====I.Introduction====
The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, and with a total area of 720,000 square meters (180 acres). It lies in the center of Beijing's central axis. Today, the Forbidden City houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yong Le Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government.(Barmé, Geremie R 2018,26)
The Forbidden City is a national AAAAA tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection in 1961. What’s more, it was declared a world cultural heritage in 1987, and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.(UNESCO,2007)
====[[File:A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City]]====

====II.The Name of the Forbidden City====
The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; English: Purple Forbidden City). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in the period of Jia Jing. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31) In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized. The stars in the sky were used to correspond with the capital planning to highlight the legitimacy of the regime and the supremacy of imperial power. “ Zi ”, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, The emperor of heaven lived in Ziwei palace, while the human emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" who was ordered by heaven. His residence should be a symbol of Ziwei palace to correspond to the heaven emperor. “Jin” means that this splendid palace symbolizes supreme power and status of the royal family. In that case, this palace was forbidden, no one could enter and leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. Cheng means a city. Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace". The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

====III.The History of the Forbidden City====

When Hongwu’s son Zhu Di became the Yong Le Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. (Yu Zhuoyun1984,18)In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. He set fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process of retreating to Shannxi. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the Emperor Shunzhi as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. (Guo Moruo 1944,3.14) In the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), the reconstruction of the rest of the destroyed buildings of the Forbidden City was started, and it was basically completed in 1695.After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal. During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.( Xie Mengyin&Qu Wanlin2006, 11.7)

====IV.The Structure of the Forbidden City====
Firstly, The Forbidden City is a rectangle and symmetric in its layout. Its palaces are arranged along a north-south axis, on which the three main halls, the rear three palaces and the imperial garden are all located. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City, but also reaches Yongding Gate in the south, Drum Tower and bell tower in the north, and runs through the whole city.(Xie Li 2005,(03)100-102)
Secondly, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts, the Outer Court and Inner Court. The Outer Court is the place where the emperor deals with political affairs. There are mainly three halls: the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. The Inner Court or Back Palace includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. The inner court takes Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility as its center with six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west.

====[[File:The layout of the Forbidden City.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The layout of the Forbidden City]]====

====VI The Collections of the Forbidden City====
The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.(Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005,6-22)
The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1,863,404 pieces of art. They are numbered by "Gu", "Xin" and "Shu". Except for the ancient books and documents, all the other collections are labeled with "Gu" and "Xin". The number of ordinary cultural relics begins with the word "Zi", and the ceramic specimens begin with the word "Biao". The general catalogue is divided into 25 categories, and the numbers in each category are sorted from small to large. Many collections once lost and was brought to the Palace Museum, For example, Han Banquet map. And there are some exquisite collections like Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer, Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems and Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.(Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )In addition, The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. (Meng Fuxia 2012, (21) 73-74)

====[[File:Han Banquet map.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Han Banquet map]]====
====[[File:Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance]]====
====[[File:Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems]]====
====[[File:Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women]]====

====Terms and Expressions====
palace complex 宫殿群

central axis 中心轴

the Palace Museum故宫博物院

the Yong Le Emperor 永乐皇帝

key cultural relics under national protection 国家重点文物保护单位

world cultural heritage 世界文化遗产

harmony between man and nature 天人合一

the imperial garden 御花园

the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿

the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿

the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿

Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)

Hall of Union 交泰宫

Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫

Han Banquet map 韩熙载夜宴图

Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer陶彩绘女舞俑

Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems十二生肖镜

Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

====Questions====
1. What’ s the meaning of “Zi” in the Chinese name Zijin Cheng?

2. When was the Forbidden City listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

3.How many emperors have been lived in the Forbidden City?

4.How long did it take to build the Forbidden City?

5.Why some parts of national treasures are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei now.

6. What two parts can the Forbidden City be divided into?

7.When was the Palace Museum established?

===Answers===
1.“Zi” refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star

2.In 1897.

3.24 emperors.

4.14 years.

5.Because both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.

6.They are the Outer Court and Inner Court.

7.The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925

===References===

Barmé, Geremie R(2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press.26.

UNESCO(2007). "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang".

Li Xieping 李燮平. (1997) "紫禁城"名称始于何时[When did the name of the Forbidden City come into being?]. 紫禁城Forbidden City, (04) 29-31.

Yu Zhuoyun(1984), Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking Press,p18.

Guo Moruo 郭沫若.(1994) 甲申三百年祭[Commemorating 300th Anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year]. 新华日报 New China Daily, 3.19.

Xie Li 谢丽.(2005) 北京中轴线上的十七座门[Seventeen doors on the central axis of Beijing].紫禁城 Forbidden City, (03)100-102.

Meng Fuxia 孟福霞. (2012)北京故宫空间布局构思探源——论中国古代宫殿建筑的美学精神[On the Origin of the Space Layout of the Palace Museum in Beijing--On the Aesthetic Spirit of Ancient Chinese Palace Architecture]大众文艺Popular Literature and Art, (21) 73-74.

Li Wei&Wang Shuo 刘薇,王硕.2005故宫文物南迁路线图揭秘[Unveiling the Route Map of the Cultural Relics of the Imperial Palace to the South] 华夏经纬网Jinwei Network, 6.22 http://www.huaxia.com/wh/gjzt/2005/00333230.html

The Collection of the Palace Museum 故宫博物院馆藏https://www. dpm.org.cn /Home.html

Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 谢荫明,瞿宛林. (2006) “文化大革命” 中谁保护了故宫 [Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution? ].人民网People’s Daily Online,11,7. http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0811/c372327-25441615.html

==Chinese Marriage Customs Mo Ling 莫玲 202070080602 【专业 is missing】==
<center> 莫玲 Mo Ling </center>

===Chinese Marriage Customs===

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents.

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents. 【quotation is missing】
===Six Procedures===

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refersthat if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refers【refers to a practice that..】 that if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix【？】 and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask【asks】 the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the【可删】 one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential【prospective】 bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to 【inform sb of sth 】the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Customs===

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, 【 connective is missing】many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride 【before or during？】. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls【addresses】 the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Development===

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 14:49, 16 December 2020 (UTC) a unique Chinese characteristics.

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now【nowadays】. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now【the present day】. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry【dowries】, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should 【？】go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep【deeply】 rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows【show】--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 14:49, 16 December 2020 (UTC) a unique Chinese characteristics.

===References===

Gao Xiaoqian. 高筱倩.(2017) 中国传统婚嫁习俗研究［The Research on Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs］戏剧之家[Drama House] 235.

Zhang Yueyong. 张月莹.(2013) 中国近代婚嫁礼俗及婚姻观念转变的探索[A Study on the Change of Marriage customs and Marriage Concepts in Modern China] 松州学刊［Songzhou Academic Journal］ 47-48.

Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa. 周丹迪, 岳书法.(2012) 浅析近代以来中国婚嫁民俗的演变[On the evolution of Chinese marriage customs since modern times] 文化学刊[Cultural Academic Journal] 15.

===Terms and Expressions===

Na Cai 纳彩

Wen Ming 问名

Na Ji 纳吉

Na Zheng 纳征

Qing Qi 纳征

Qin Ying 亲迎

Huimen 回门

Guiling 归宁

betrothal presents 彩礼

the central room 堂屋

bridal chamber 婚房

“eight characters” of the birth moment 生辰八字

===Questions===

1.How many procedures are needed from the negotiation to the completion of marriage?

2.Did the ancient young people have the rights to decide their own marriage or not and why?

3.What is the kneeling etiquettes?

4.When the couple have to return to the girl’s home?

5.What changes have been made nowadays?

6.Please list some new wedding customs.

===Answers===

1.There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying.

2.No, they didn’t have the right to decide their own marriage because ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker.

3.It consists of 4 steps: the first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber.

4.At the third day of the wedding ceremony.

5.Adults can choose their spouse by themselves and they can meet each other whenever they want; Some couples choose to hold the ceremony in the church some even finish it through travel, etc.

6.Examples:couple can choose to live in the either part of the two families; wedding ceremony can be hold in hotel; the bride can wear white wedding dress rather than the single red in the ancient time.

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

====Topic: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam====

==Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac - Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲 202070080603专业 is missing--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 08:16, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling==

===Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac===

[[File:oyltacz.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have been engraved in every Chinese people.

2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have(has) been engraved in every Chinese people. --[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

====Origin====

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence. There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence.(there are various opinions,however,many of them are presented without sufficient evidences) There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring(time-honored) one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who (that)made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research(researches) on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

====Folk Culture and Belief ====

The zodiac sign not only can reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition.

The zodiac sign not only can (can not only)reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition. (quotation is missing) --[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic(zodiac) sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures, the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures(creature) , the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is(are) born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight(fight against) each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

====Conclusion====

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have developed a profound connotation and implications through generation. Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have(has) developed a profound connotation and implications through generation(generations). Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 06:20, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

===References===
《大中国上下五千年》丛书编委会(2010) The Editorial Board of the ''Five Thousand Years of Great China''（''Dazhongguo Shangxia Wuqiannian''） ''Series'',《中国生肖文化》''The Culture of Chinese Zodiac'', 北京：外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.

Yip, Paul S.F.伊普, Lee, Joseph 李 and Cheung, Y.B.张 (2002).The Influence of the Chinese Zodiac on Fertility in Hong Kong SAR 论生肖对香港生育率的影响. ''Social Science & Medicine''《社会科学与医学》, Volume 55, Issue 10 第55卷第10期, 1803-1812.

===Terms and Expressions===

Jade Emperor 玉皇大帝

Ten Heavenly Stems 十天干

Twelve Earthly Branches 十二地支

Five Elements 五行

Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth 金木水火土

Eight Characters 八字

===Questions===

1.How long is the history of Chinese zodiac?

2.What are the twelve zodiac signs in order?

3.From what time the Earthly Branches was used to record time?

4.According to Chinese folk belief, what kind of characteristics do people born in year of rat have?

5.Which zodiac animal is mostly praised in China?

6.Can you name some pairs of zodiac animal that get along well with each other according to Chinese folk culture?

7.Which pair of animals that are natural enemies according to Chinese folk culture?

===Answers===

1.More than 2200 years.

2.Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.

3.Han Dynasty.

4.They are smart, adaptable, and have the will to fight, but, on the other hand, they are so over-ambitious and easy to fail.

5.Dragon.

6.Tiger and pig, rabbit and dog and dragon and rooster.

7.Dragon and tiger.

==Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏 202070080641==
--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====Introduction of Lisu people and Daogan festival====

The Lisu ethnic group are the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group living in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.

The Lisu ethnic group is the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group whose people live in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Example1.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan province and Sichuan province in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 official nationalities recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of the 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 Lisu people live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans in the tribal clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames come from their own hunter work in primitive times. But later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames came from their own hunter work in primitive times. And later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture does. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic groups living in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, they were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic group in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, the traditions were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and were recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Example2.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

====Legend====

During the Ming Dynasty, when people not belonging to the same clan of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the king sent Wang Ji (王骥), the ministry of war, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. Later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the souls of the brave soldiers who died bravely defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Up and down the mountain" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

During the Ming Dynasty, when people of different clans of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the emperor sent Wang Ji (王骥), the war department of the Chinese feudal ministry, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. But later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the brave soldiers who died bravely in defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Going up to the mountain of swords and going down to the sea of fire" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Meaning====

Going up to the knife mountain and going down to the sea of fire are the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which reproduce the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains and the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

Going up to the mountain of swords and going down to the sea of fire is one of the the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which came from the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains with the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Performing====

[[File:Example3.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

Pine trees were used as tool poles, iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. When we go up the rice mountain and down the fire, we play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals from pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Setting , knife pole , vertical pole , sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper. After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the knife bearer grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When the knife-bearer reaches the top through the three scissors, the knife-bearer opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the boiling crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, over which he sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth, which showed the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

Pine trees were used as tool poles, with iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. Before people going up the mountain and down the fire, they play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , Suo na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals of pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Settings, knife pole, vertical pole, sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper. After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the player grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When he reaches the top through the three scissors, he opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the lively crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth. All of these show the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Development====

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and perform various difficult moves at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the good people of the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and make various difficult performances at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

====Terms and Expressions====

1.Lisu people 傈僳族

2."Up and down the mountain" event 上刀山，下火海

2.going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire上刀山，下火海--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

3.The Lisu tribe 傈僳族

4.clan 氏族

5.primitive times 原始时期

====Questions====

1.How many Lisu people live in Yunnan and Sichuan？

2.How many clans make up the Lisu people？

3.Who united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders？

4.Which day is the Daogan Festival？

5.What musical instruments do they play under the knife pole?

====Answers====

1.About 730,000 Lisu people.

2.The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans.

3.Wang Ji.

4.15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year.

5.They play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments.

====References====

*Ernst, Gabriel (21 October 2019). "'We try to not be Thai': the everyday resistance of ethnic minorities"
*"Yunnan Province of China Government Web". Eng.yn.gov.cn.
*李智环．Li Zhihuan. 傈僳族人口分布及形成原因分析 [Analysis of the Distribution and Causes of the Formation of the Lisu People] 《保山学院学报》， 2010 [Journal of Baoshan College], 2010

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
Culture==Topic-Chinese Clothing== Phyo, Su Kyi, Student No-20191108000,Major - Comparative Literature and Cross-cultural Studies.

Introduction

Chinese Clothing has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 years-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. (www.topchinatravel. com, 2004)

Chinese clothing has undergone continuous transformations throughout history,providing a reflection of the culture in place at any given time. A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry, and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive Chinese fashions through the ages. This illustrated introductory survey takes the reader through traditional Chinese clothing,ornamentation,and ceremonial wear, and discusses the importance of silk and the diverse costumes of China's ethnic groups before considering modern trends and China's place in the fashion world today.(Mei Hua-2010-page-1)

A-Chinese traditional clothing

Chinese traditional clothing contains rich cultural connotations.Today, after the reform and opening up, the clothing industry has developed vigorously. People gradually start pay attention to the local clothing culture, and pursue cultural connotation contained in clothing. For modern designers, the traditional clothing and its cultural background are their creation inspirations during creation phases,and they are also one of the expressive elements preferred by designers at home and abroad. Inheriting traditional clothing culture not only means that it needs us to turn the traditional clothing elements into a symbol, but also needs us to further understand the background and connotations of traditional clothing culture. The work of design without culture is like a gorgeous shell that can't stand the test of history. Only by grasping the inner spirit of traditional clothing culture, abandoning simple piled up work and patch-up work without connotation and learning the modern expressive methods of traditional clothing elements, one can design out the works which can touch people's heartstrings. (Jiangsu,2016,page-2)

Traditional clothing is the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics. Traditional clothing mutually integrates its unique style, comfortable fabric, bright colors,rich designs and exquisite craft elements to bring people impulsive feelings with visual communication. Traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics enjoys its unique artistic features in the style, color,fabrics,decoration and craft, ect. They are profoundly influenced by Chinese traditional culture ideas in the process of their formation and development and finally condensed into the national culture bearing Chinese culture features. These elements are the source of our inspiration in contemporary clothing design, and the use of these Chinese elements can help people to design out the clothing Chinese style.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-2)

Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design. Putting the traditional elements into fashion design not only helps the native culture to extend itself, but also greatly promotes the culture exchanges in nationalities. Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture,make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design, use the common language to express Chinese traditional culture essence, and integrate Chinese traditional element symbol into the spiritual elements of fashion design to make the national culture spirit and the language of the world integrate into the mainstream of modern clothing design.(Jiangsu,2016, page -3)

==Traditional Han Chinese Clothing (Han Fu):It refers to the attire worn byvthe Han people from the enthronement of the Yellow Emperor(about 2698BC) till the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644AD).It became known as the Han Fu(fu means 'clothes" in Chinese)because the fashion was improved and popularized during the Han Dynasty. It is usually in the from of long gown,cross collar, wrapping the right lapel over the left, loose wide sleeves and no buttons but a sash. Although simple in design, it gives different feelings to different wearers.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019-Aug-2)

==Chinese Suit(Tang Zhuang):It is a combination of the Manchu male jacket ofvthe Qing Dynasty and the western style suit. It is usually straight collared,with coiled buttons down the front. Its color and design are in traditional Chinese style but tailoring is western.(www.topchinatravel. com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Cheongsam(Qi Pao):Originated from the Manchu female clothes, it evolved by merging with western patterns that show off the beauty of a female body. Its features are straight collar, strain on the waist,coiled buttons and slits on both sides ofvthe dress. Materials used are usually silk, cotton and linen.Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire in the world today.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Chinese Tunic Suit(Zhongshan Zhuang) :Also called the Yat-sen Suit , it is designed by Dr.Sun Yat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire. It has a turn-down collar and four pockets with flaps. As Chairman Mao Zedong worn it quite frequently, it is also called the Mao Suit by westerners. It is the main attire from the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 till 1980,s. The country's leaders still wear it today when attending important occasions, such as military parades.(www.topchinatravel. com,2016,Auge-2.)

B-Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements

There are many old stories in ancient Chinese civilization, and Chinese traditional elements come up with the tenacity of the Chinese nations long history. Different times has their unique cultural connotations and form elements,which include Chinese architecture, costumes, traditional Chinese painting and folk art etc., and those cultural connotations and form elements are precious heritage that the ancestors leave to their off-springs. The change of dynasties in the history of our country lead to changes of cultural centers, which finally lead to the appearance Chinese traditional elements with different representative features in each historical periods, nations and regions. These elements include: Chinese silk ,cloth of brocade, hemp,blue printed fabric; chirpaur, Chinese -style chest covering, Chinese tunic suit, collar,surplice, mandarin and split etc.; colorful ethnic colors: such as bright red,green,yellow and blueetc.;Neolithic patterns, bronze patterns in Shang and Chou dynasties, ancient lacquer were pattern in Qin and Han dynasties, Buddhism patterns in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties and traditional decorative patterns in Tang,Sing and Qing dynasties. The essence of Chinese traditional culture which bear the role of inheriting national culture, and is the unique and external characteristic of Chinese nation.(Jiangsu,2016, page-3)

==The Aesthetic Performance of Design. Chinese traditional clothing of each dynasty has its own unique clothing style and design, but no matter how the style changes,the mainstream concept of traditional Chinese clothing always emphasizes symmetry and balance, and the clothing symmetry can be seen in sleeve, placket, hem,pattern ect.Chinese traditional clothing design is particular about proportion,such as the ancient Chinese woman dresses, short jacket unlined uper garment (named Ru)marching long dress , and it emphasizes the perfect proportion which hold that"the upper part should be short, the below part should be long"; in Song and Ming dynasties people the collocation of long BeiZi(a kind of dress that girls dress in ancient times) and short skirt, the "long upper part,short below part"ratio perfectly reflects the proportions beauty of the clothing.(Jiangsu,2016, page-5.)

==The Aesthetic Performance of colors. Green, white, yellow, red, black ,the five colors, form the Chinese traditional color system. They have obvious implied meaning and identification.Black stands for that the dark heaven, and yellow stands for the earth at dusj, and black and yellow stand for the heaven and the earth ,and they are mostly used in the Kings' clothing, About the colorific choice of Chinese traditional clothing the yellow and red which the historical role is prominent perform particularly well. In the late period of the Warring States as a royal color yellow appeared and became the supreme ruler's senior clothing color .People advocate yellow but don't prohibit yellow.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-6)

In Chinese traditional clothing colors red has evoluted from the original noble characteristic tovthe civilians characteristic. It evolution has experienced a certain period of time. The original red uses magenta, red ,cinnabar to represent. It is the noble officials' clothing color.
Many designers combine Chinese red and modern clothing design to embody the application of Chinese traditional clothing elements in modern clothing design.(Jaingsu,2016-page-7)

==Conclusion==
Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design.Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture, make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design.

Trems and Expressions

历史-history,

期-period,

世代-generations,

服装-clothing,

设计师-designers ,

装饰-ornamentation

中国服饰- Chinese clothing

服饰-Costumes

传统服装-Traditional clothing

服装设计-Clothing design

时尚设计-Fashion design

几代服装设计师-Generations of clothing designers

中国西装-Chinese Suit

旗袍-Cheongsam

中山装-Chinese Tunic Suit

中国传统元素-Chinese traditional elements

===Questions ===

1-What’s archaeological findings in Chinese fashions through the ages?

2-What's Traditional Clothing?

3-What's Traditional culture indispensable?

4-How is means Han Fu?

5-What's the popular Chinese attire?

6-How called was Chinese Tunic Suit?

7-What'are include Chinese traditional elements?
--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 04:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Su Kyi

==Answers===
1- A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry,
and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive chinese fanshions through the ages.

2-Traditional clothingis the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing
culture with Chinese characteristics.

3-Chineset traditional culture is an indispensablevsource of inspirationin fashion
design.

4-Han Fu is fu means clothes in Chinese.

5-Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire inthe world today.

6-It is also called the Yat-sen Suit,it is designed byDr.SunYat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire.

7-Chinese traditional elements include: Chinese silk,cloth of brocade, hemp, blue printed fabric.

--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 11:56, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===References===

1.Jiangsu.,(2016), “Influences of Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements on Modern Clothing Design”,

Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,Soochow University,Published by Atlantic Press.

2.Mei Hua,(2010), `Chinese Clothing´, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building,Cambridge CB28RU,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press,NewYork
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521186896
Originally published byChina Intercontinental Press as Cinese Clothing(9787508516615)in2010©ChinaIntercontinentalPress.

3.https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/history-of-chinese-clothing.htm

4.https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/clothing/--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 10:26, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

===Chinese traditional dance===

==The Liquor Culture of China 瞿淼 Student No.202070080604==
--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====1.The Origin of liquor in China====

With a long history of liquor-making, China boasts a variety of vintage liquor, which is renowned at home and abroad. Penetrating in China’s entire history of civilization, the liquor culture plays a significant role in many aspects, such as cuisine, literature, and health care, of Chinese people’s daily life.
As to the origin of Chinese liquor, opinions vary and no unanimous conclusion can be drawn, and the most widely accepted version is that Du Kang is the person who invented liquor. There are divergent views on Du Kang’s identity, so far, documents have been found which recorded his deeds in the Yellow Emperor era and Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties. And even his address is disputable. Some people think he lived in Baishui, Shaanxi province and was buried here, while others hold the opinion that he lived in Ruyang, Henan province. However, Du Kang is generally believed to be the Chinese Dionysus. According to the legend, one day it rained suddenly while Du Kang was herding the sheep. Hastily driving the sheep back to the sheepfold, he forgot some husked sorghum rice in a hollowed trunk by accident, and when he came back after a few days, the rice he left there became so fragrant that he couldn’t help tasting some. Surprisingly, it was palatable. This unexpected finding made Du Kang start to develop the liquor-brewing technique. Nowadays, Du kang has become the synonym of liquor in many places. Moreover, ancestral halls of Du Kang have been built in Baishui in Shaanxi province and Ruyang in Henan province to enshrine him. And the liquor produced in these places are called “Du Kang Liquor.”(Huang yixi, 2008, 12)

====2.The Types of liquor in Ancient China====
With constant reform and innovation of the techniques of brewing liquor, thousands types of vintage liquor have been created in China. According to the different production techniques, Chinese liquor can be divided into fermented wine and distilled liquor.

Yellow rice wine is the oldest fermented wine around the world. Shaoxing Wine, a famous specialty of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, is the representative of yellow rice wine. It has a very long history, and the wine industry in Shaoxing was prosperous early in the Warring States period. Shaoxing wine looks yellow and clear, hence sugar is added in its raw material. The most prominent of Shaoxing Wine is that it’s fragrance improves with age. In addition to Shaoxing Wine, there are other famous yellow rice wine like Jiujiang Old Seal Wine, Mellow Wine and Dongwu Rice Wine and so on.

Liquor and Spirits(Baijiu), a kind of distilled liquor, is divided into the following flavor types: sauce-flavor type, light flavor type, strong flavor type and other flavour types. Kweichow Moutai is a traditional Chinese specialty liquor. It is one of the world's three major distilled liquors on par with Scotch whiskey and French cognac. It is also the originator of Daqu sauce-flavored liquor with a history of more than 800 years. The style and quality of Kweichow Moutai is characterized by "prominent sauce, elegant and delicate flavour, full-bodied, long aftertaste, and lasting fragrance in an empty cup". Its special style comes from the unique traditional brewing techniques formed over the years and the brewing methods are combined with the agricultural production in the Chishui River Basin, which is affected by the environment and seasonal production, retaining some of the original traces of local life. In 1996, Moutai's craftsmanship was identified as a state secret to be protected. In 2001, the traditional craft of Moutai was included in the first batch of national material cultural heritage. In 2006, the State Council approved the inclusion of the "Moutai traditional brewing process" in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, and declared the world intangible cultural heritage.

====3.The Types of Drinking Vessel in Ancient China====
Chinese people always pay attention to the beauty and delicacy of tableware, and we stress the exquisiteness and suitability of wine vessels when drinking. Therefore, drinking vessels as part of the liquor culture also have a long history and varied appearances.

In different historical periods, due to the continuous development of society and economy, the production technology, materials, and appearance of wine vessels will naturally undergo corresponding changes; therefore, a wide variety of wine vessels have been produced. As early as the Neolithic culture period, pottery with shapes similar to later wine-ware, such as the pottery of the Peiligang culture period, appeared. The development of the liquor industry and the noble identity of the drinker have made it possible for liquor utensils to be differentiated from ordinary eating utensils. The quality of wine-ware often becomes one of the symbols of the status of drinkers. Bronze ware originated in Xia Dynasty, and the earliest bronze wine ware that has been discovered is from the Xia Erlitou culture period. Bronze ware reached its heyday in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and declined in the Spring and Autumn Period. The purpose of the Shang and Zhou drinking vessels was basically specific. In the Shang Dynasty, due to the development of the liquor industry and the improvement of bronze production technology, China's wine ware reached unprecedented prosperity. The bronze wine vessels of Shang and Zhou Dynasties were divided into liquor boiling vessels, liquor serving vessels, drinking vessels and liquor storaging vessels according to their purposes. Each vessel has many styles, some are in common styles, and some take animal shapes. Take Zun as an example, there are Elephant Zun, Rhino Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun, Tiger Zun, etc. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine utensils became popular in southern China. It became the main type in the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its shape basically inherited the shape of bronze liquor vessels. Porcelain roughly appeared around the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with pottery, the performance of porcelain surpassed that of pottery. The shape of liquor glasses in the Tang Dynasty was much smaller than in the past, so some people think that distilled spirits appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic production, and there were many exquisite wine vessels. People in Song Dynasty like to warm rice wine and drink it. So the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl were invented. People placed the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and poured hot water into the bowl to warm the wine. The representative porcelain wine-ware of the Ming and Qing Dynasty is the blue-and-white porcelain wine-ware.

====4.Drinking Order====
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, drinking orders appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Basin. There are many ways to make wine orders. The way the literati and the ordinary people make drinking orders are naturally very different. Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc., while ordinary people use simple ways to act without any preparation. It requires a quick, witty, artistic and talented person to do liquor orders. The drinking order is of great significance to the transformation, enrichment and development of drinking rituals. It is not only an important means to add wine to the fun and to invigorate the banquet, but also to make Chinese culture enter the wine and become the Liquor Culture".

====Terms and Expressions====
1.Du Kang 杜康

2.Chinese Dionysus 中国酒神

3.husked sorghum rice 秫米饭

4.Baishui 白水县（陕西渭南市辖县）

5.Ruyang 汝阳县（河南省洛阳市下辖县）

6.fermented wine 发酵酒

7.Distilled liquor 蒸馏酒

8.Yellow rice wine 黄酒

9.Shaoxing Wine 绍兴酒

10.Jiujiang Old Seal Wine 九江成年封缸酒

11.Mellow Wine 醇香酒

12.Dongwu Rice Wine 东吴老酒

13.Liquor and Spirits 白酒

14.Kweichow Moutai 贵州茅台

15.sauce-flavor type 酱香型

16.light flavor type 清香型

17.strong flavor type 浓香型

18.Daqu sauce-flavored liquor 大曲酱香型白酒

19.the Peiligang culture period裴李岗文化时期

20.the Xia Erlitou culture period 夏二里头文化时期

21.Zun 樽

22.injection vessel and bowl 注子和注碗

23.drinking order 行酒令

====Questions====

1.Who is generally believed to invent liquor in China?

2.What is the most prominent of Shaoxing Wine?

3.How to use the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl in the Song dynasty?

4.How do literati often make drinking orders in China?

====Answers====

1.Du Kang

2.It’s fragrance improves with age.

3.Place the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and pour hot water into the bowl to warm the wine.

4.Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc.

====Bibliography====
*Huang Yixi 黄亦锡. (2008) 酒、酒器与传统文化[Wine, Wineset and Traditional Culture: the Study of Wine Culture of Ancient China]. 厦门大学Xiamen University.

*Li Fangzhou 李方舟. (1998) 酒令——酒文化的珍品[Liquor-a treasure of wine culture]. 质量天地Production Room.

*Du Jinpeng 杜金鹏. (1995) 中国古代酒具[Ancient Chinese Wine Set]. 上海文化出版社 Shanghai Culture Publishing House.

*Yang Li 杨利. (2005) 酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[A Probe into Wine Culture and Spiritual Cultural Value of Wine]. 邵阳学院学报Academic Journal of Shaoyang University, 2005(02):82-83.

*Xu Shaohua 徐少华. (1999) 中国酒文化研究50年[Research on 50 years of Chinese wine culture]. 酿酒科技Brewing Technology, 1999(06):15-18.

*Zhao Fengqi 赵凤琦. (2014) 我国白酒产业可持续发展研究[Research on Sustainable Development of Chinese Liquor Industry]. 中国社会科学院研究生院CASS Graduate School.

*Wng Jianguo&Xu Liang 汪建国,徐亮.(2005)我国黄酒的特征及展望[Characteristics and Prospects of Chinese Rice Wine] 江苏调味副食品Journal of Jiangsu Seasoning Food, 2005(06):8-12.

*Ding Jihua 丁季华. (1991) 中国酒文化的结构与功能[The structure and function of Chinese wine culture]. 历史教学问题History Research and Teaching, 1991(2).

== China Railway High-Speed (CRH) - Rajabov, Anushervon student NO. 201921080005==

===China Railway High-Speed (CRH)===

Introduction

High-speed railway (HSR) in China is the longest network of high-speed railways in the world and is used most widely. The network of UNCC includes the recently built railway at the estimated speed of 200-350 km / h (120-220 miles per hour). The Chinese VSM accounts for two thirds of world high-speed railways. Almost all trains, the path and services of the HSR belong to the Chinese railway corporation under the CHINA Railway High Speed brand (CRH). The high-speed railway has developed rapidly in China over the past 15 years. CRH was put into operation in April 2007, the Intercity Line Beijing-Tianjin, which opened in August 2008, became the first HSR allocated passenger line. HSR applies to all administrative provincial levels, except Macau and Tibet. The total length of the HSR network reached 36,000 km (22,000 miles) in August 2020. The HSR construction boom continues, and the HSR network should reach 70,000 km (43,000 miles) in 2035. China's first high-speed trains were imported or built in accordance with the Technology Transfer Agreement with foreign trains manufacturers, including Alstom, Siemens, Bombardier and Kawasaki Heavy Industry Since the initial technical support, Chinese engineers have overpower the internal components of the train and built local trains produced by the CRRC State Corporation. The appearance of a rapidly accelerated railway in China has decreased in the way and changed Chinese society and the economy. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality." where the sources are coming from?

[[1]]

Definition and terminology

High-speed trains in China are usually belonging to passenger trades of classes G, D and C. in class G trains (高铁; Gāotiě; "High-speed rail") are commonly used trains E In class D trains (动车; Dòngchē; "Electrical multiple unit") are presented by EMU trains operating at lower speeds, whether in high-speed or low-speed ways. The actual movement speed of class D trains can vary greatly. D211 Creament train from Guyang-east to Guangzhou-South along the High Speed Railway Guang-Guangzhou, a line with an estimated speed of 250 km / h, on average, 207 km / h per trip. The sleeping train D312 EMU between South Beijing and Shanghai at a low speed Beijing - Shanghai on average passing 121 km / h. Class C (c héngjì; “intercity”) trains that run on high-speed tracks at speeds above 250 km / h are also considered high-speed trains. where the sources are coming from ?

Influence on airlines

The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights. The effect of high-speed railway on airfare is most acute when traveling for less than 500 km (310 miles). By the spring of 2011, commercial airlines were fully stopped at previously popular routes such as Wuhan Nanjing, Wuhan Nanchang, Xi'an-Zhengzhou and Chengdu Chongqing. Flights along the routes with a length of more than 1500 km (930 miles) usually do not suffer. As of October 2013, half a speed of passengers were transported monthly on high-speed rail than in the country's airlines. where the source a
Technologies
Chinese High Speed Railway Controls Various Electric Forms of Trains, Hexie HAO Title (Simplified Chinese: 和谐号; Traditional Chinese: 和諧號; Pinyin: Héxié Hào; Harmony) is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 to CRH-5 and CRH380A (L), CRH380B (L) and CRH380C (L). CRH compositions are designed for fast and convenient movement between cities. The weakness of intellectual property Hexie HAO creates obstacles to China in the export of its products related to high-speed railways, which leads to the development of a fully recycled railway franchise called Fuxing Hao (Rejuvenation) that based on local technologies. where are coming from?

4 + 4 HSR network

The network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km. Most of the lines follow existing routes and are for passenger traffic only. These are known as Passenger Lines (PDL). Several sections of the national network, especially along the southeastern coastal corridor, have been built to connect cities that previously had no rail links. These sections will carry both passenger and cargo. High-speed trains on HSR corridors can usually reach speeds of 300-350 km / h (190-220 mph). On mixed HSR lines, passenger trains can reach a maximum speed of 200–250 km / h (120–160 mph). This ambitious national grid project was slated to be built by 2020, but government incentives have significantly shortened the construction timeframe for many lines. where the sources are coming from ?

Advantages

HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances that: Increases economic productivity and long-term competitiveness by increasing rail capacity and unifying labor markets. Moving passengers onto high-speed lines frees up older railways to carry more cargo, which is more beneficial for railways than for passengers whose fares are subsidized. Boosts the economy in the short term as high-speed rail construction creates jobs and stimulates demand in the construction, steel and cement industries during the economic downturn. 110,000 workers were mobilized for the construction of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. Facilitates economic integration between cities and promotes the growth of second-tier cities. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains. where the sources are coming from ?

Wenzhou accident

On July 23, 2011, two high-speed trains collided on the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou railway in the Lucheng district of Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped. Signals failed, causing another train to stop a stopped train. Several carriages derailed. State Chinese media confirmed 40 deaths and at least 192 people were hospitalized, including 12 seriously injured. The train accident in Wenzhou and the lack of accountability by rail officials have generated public outcry and heightened concerns about the safety and management of China's high-speed rail system. Concerns about quality and safety have also influenced plans to export cheaper high-speed train technology to other countries. In the aftermath of the deadly disaster, the Chinese government has suspended approval of new rail projects and began security checks on existing equipment. where the source are coming from?

Terms and expressions

高铁 - High-speed rail
动车 - Electrical multiple unit
和諧號 – Harmony
復興號 - Rejuvenation

Questions

1. What does the World Bank research say?
2. What forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights?
3. How many high speed rail corridors are there in the 4 + 4 HSR network? What is their total length?
4. What caused the accident?
5. What are the benefits of HSR?

Answers

1. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."
2. The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights.
3. The 4 + 4 HSR network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km.
4. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped.
5. HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

References misssing

==Language, The Chinese Language - Seydou, Sagara, Student No:201911080004,Major:Translation Studies===
===Introduction===
China is a very big country with a large population, multi-ethnic,and multi-lingual. Each etthnic groups may have its own lingo, or dialects. There are great differences between these dialects because of pronunciation. For example, if people in different places use their dialects to talk, they may not be able to understand each other, and the situation may lead to embarrassment and understanding. Therefore, the Chinese people communicate with each other in a common language, Putonghua, also known as Mandarin in Western countries. Cheng Aimin (2019, 124)

==Putonghua and Dialects==

Putonghua is the national language of China, and Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world. More than one billion of the world's populations are Chinese speakers. The Chinese population is already one fifth of the population of the world and is rapidly expanding its presence everywhere and influence many people around the world. Cheng Aimin (2019, 25)
It is the modern standard Chinese language with the Beijing pronunciation as its standard pronunciation, the northern dialect (also known as Mandarin, the official language in the past) as its basic dialect, and the modern vernacular as its grammatical norm. Therefore, the northern dialect sounds more like Putonghua than other dialects. Putonghua is a standardized language, which is legally used all over the country. In 2000, the law of the People’s Republic of China on common languages and characters established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese Characters as the national language and writing system. Putonghua is also one of the six working language of the United Nation and an important means of communication between China and foreign countries. According to statistics from ethnologist, in 2015, 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, but there were still about 400 million people who spoke dialects or minority languages. Article 19 of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that ‘’ Putonghua is widely used by the state ‘’, and the third week of September is the national Putonghua Publicity week. We often hear some sayings like this: ‘’ Learn Putonghua well and you will have friend all over the world.’’ Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven groups: northern dialect Wu dialect, Hunan dialect, Jiangxi dialect, Hakka dialect, and Cantonese dialect and Fujian dialect. Most northern are close to Putonghua and easy to understand a non-native speaker. Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

The dialects in China differ greatly. Speaking Putonghua allows the Chinese people to communicate better with each other and promote the development of economy and culture everywhere. However, the promotion of Putonghua cannot be achieved in a short time. The Chinese government plans to enable more than 80% of Chinese people to speak Putonghua by 2020. (C.Gov art 10. 2017)
Only by learning Putonghua can you communicate with people from all parts of China and event with Chinese –speaking people all over the world. While striving to promote Putonghua among the people of the whole country, China also pays special attention to the protection of dialects, which should not be lost after learning Putonghua. . Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

==Ancient Chinese and Modern Chinese ==
Over the past three thousand years, Chinese has undergone a long period of development and changes, and has been constantly interacting with the languages of other nations. Ancient Chinese and written Chinese characters are not exactly the same as they are now. When we visit Chinese historical sites, we often see couplets, poems, and inscriptions. Most of them are written in classical Chinese and traditional Chinese characters. Classical Chinese is a written language formed on the basis of the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Cheng Aimin (2019, 127)

By the time of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties (the 7th century to the 10th century), the spoken Chinese had changed greatly and had significant differences with the classical style of written Chinese. The pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar had changed greatly. But all the time, some people still insisted on writing in classical Chinese, while others wrote in the commonly used vernacular (spoken Chinese). The Four Classical Novels created in the Ming and Qing dynasties, The Dreams of the red Chambers, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Outlaws of the Marsh and the journey to the west, are all representative works of the ancient vernacular. After the May 4th movement in 1919, China launched a vernacular movement advocating ‘’my hand writes my speech’’. Since then, the vernacular has gradually been more widely used in the whole society, and modern Chinese has gradually developed and formed. Compared with ancient Chinese, modern Chinese absorbs a lot Western grammar and has added many disyllabic words. Cheng Aimin (2019 ,128)

==Idiomatic Phrases- Idioms, Proverbs, Common Sayings, and Allegorical Sayings.==
Many phrases with fixed meanings in Chinese have been handed down from the ancient times. Mastering these phrases will make your language more authentic and vivid. For example, ‘’Lofty mountains and flowing rivers ‘’. Playing the lute to the cow’’ ‘’prescribing medicine according to symptoms’’, and ‘’ pleading guilty by carrying a rod on one’s back’ ’these phrases, often contain four Chinese characters each, are called idioms. They are quite formal and often originate from ancient historical stories, fables, myths and legends, or literary works. Sometimes we cannot guess the meaning of an idiom simply according to the meaning of the words. For example, 崇山峻岭，流淌的河流 ‘’lofty mountains and flowing rivers’’ means meeting someone who can really understand and appreciate them, while吹牛的长笛 ‘’ Playing the lute to the cow’’ means the casting pearls before swine. Wendy Abraham: (2018 ,115)
There are also proverbs, common sayings, and allegorical sayings created and passed down by the common people in spoken language, which are quite colloquial and emotional, reflecting the unique culture of China.
Proverbs are common and easy -to understand fixed phrases used orally, often explaining a truth. For example, ‘’ if you are not in charge of a home, you don’t know how expensive the firewood and rice, if you don’t have children, you don’t know kinds your parents are.’’ ‘’Seeing is better than hearing 100 times, and doing is better than seeing 100 times’’ Cheng Aimin (2019, 129)
Common sayings mostly come in a three –character format, but there are also other formats. In addition to the literal meaning, there are deep metaphorical extensions. For example, 吹牛皮 ‘’blow cow skin’’ (meaning bragging or boating) ‘给某人. 穿紧身鞋 ‘’give SB . Tight shoes to wear ‘’ ( meaning making things hard for SB), ‘为外国人工作时的消磨时间‘’kill time when working for foreigners ‘’ ( loafing on the job) , 提一个黑锅 ‘’ carry a black pot’’ ( taking the blame for the fault of others ) , 钉在眼睛里 ‘’ nail in the eyes’’ ( thorn in the flesh ), 狗腿 ‘’ dog leg’’ ( hired thug) , 不管3x7 = 21 ‘’regardless of 3x7= 21’’( regardless of consequences, in the spite of anything ), 打不了八极 ‘’ can’t hit with eight poles’’ ( extremely distant or unrelated ). (Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002,232)
An allegorical saying is divided into two parts. It is like a riddle: The first part is a metaphor, and the second part is an explanation. There are two types of allegorical sayings: homophonic and figurative. Example of the homophonic type ‘’ the nephew carries a lantern – to light up the uncle’’ (pronounced the same ‘’ as before ‘’ in Chinese); ‘’the monk opens an umbrella – no hair and no sky ‘’ (‘’ no hair ‘’ is pronounced similar to ‘’ lawless ‘’ in Chinese). Examples of the figurative type: ‘’ A mute person takes a dose of bitter medicine- they can’t say it is bitter ‘’; ‘’ Mice go to the street – everybody shouts and beats them.’’ Cheng Aimin (2019.130)

==Language policy==
While vigorously promoting Putonghua, the Chinese government has also promulgated many policies to protect dialect and minority languages. In order to promote Putonghua, China promulgated the Chinese Pinyin Program in 1958. Pinyin (the standard Chinese sound- spelling system) is widely used in Putonghua promotion, international Chinese teaching, foreign exchange and other fields. It has become an important tool for reading Chinese characters, learning Putonghua, training and improving reading and writing ability. With the popularization of modern information technology, pinyin is widely used to input the Chinese characters on computers and mobile phones. Pinyin affects all aspects of social life. In translation, Chinese names of people, places, food, and even some cultural concept with Chinese characteristics (Such as Beijing, pingpang, Shaoling, Gongful) are directly spelled with Pinyin, which is therefore an important standard for translation and a bridge for international exchange. Minglang Zhou: (pp.71-95).

==Conclusion.==
Today, an increasing number of people from other countries now want to learn Chinese language and culture and also many universities from different countries throughout the world offer Chinese language courses because Putonghua is also an open door to a huge job market in all of the countries where Putonghua is the language of commerce like Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore. Learning Chinese can help to make a better future for everyone. Abundant opportunities for governments and business careers as well as scientific and cultural exchanges await the student of Chinese. The China market is blossoming after decades of global isolation. As China is rapidly becoming a world economic power as it opens its doors to foreign investment expands its infrastructure, those who know Chinese will be valuable to business.

==References==

Cheng Aimin.(2019), ''中国概况'' [Understanding China]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Minglang Zhou: Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China (p.71-95), Wendy Abraham: let’s talk Mandarin Chinese: 1,001 real-life phrases and Idioms. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) Article 10 Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters shall be used as the basic language in education and teaching in schools and other institutions of education, except where otherwise provided for in laws.
The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002)
===Terms and expressions===
Lingo: 林戈
Putonghua: 普通话
Await student:等待学生
Pinyin: 等待学生
Lofty: 崇高：
Vernacular: 白话：
Swine: 猪：
===Questions===
1. Why Putonghua is spoken in United Nations Organization?
2. How many people speak Putonghua in China and around the world?
3 .Why Chinese government is promoted Putonghua among many others languages?
===Answers===
1. Because it is an important means of communication between China and foreign countries.
2. According to ethnologist 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, and according to the10 most spoken languages in the world Chinese (and all of its varieties such as Mandarin) is by far the most spoken language across the world with 1.31 billion speakers.
3. Because Putonghua is become an international language and it also facilitate understanding between different ethnic groups in China.

20201215 cultexam 2

2020-12-14T03:07:03Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* China Railway High-Speed (CRH) Rajabov, Anushervon student NO. 201921080005 */

*Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].
*Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_1 1 Alsied, Saffana - Jiang Qiwei]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_2 2 Kang Haoyu - Sagara Seydou]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_3 3 Shi Haiyao - You Yuting]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_4 4 Yu Ni - Zubareva, Ekaterina]. This page has become too large. Do not write on this page any more, but on one of the smaller pages.

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''
*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: Huadong Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chinese Red Culture - Kang Haoyu 康浩宇, 202070080638==

<center>康浩宇 Kang Haoyu</center>

===Chinese Red Culture===
Chinese red culture is unique in the world. As a very important cultural resource, it has both tangible culture and intangible culture. Red culture in China refers to the advance culture with Chinese characteristics created by party and people in revolutionary years.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====1. Development====

China has brilliant history and splendid civilization in ancient times. However, with the Opium War of 1840, China was plunged into the darkness of domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. Despite of all efforts that countless dedicated patriots had made, they still failed to change the plight. The October Revolution in Russia brought Marxism-Leninism. With Communism as the the highest ideal and ultimate goal, the Communist Party of China shouldered the historic mission of national rejuvenation. With the firm leadership of the party, Chinese people embraced national independence, people's liberation, national reunification and social stability, and stepped into a new era of prosperity and happiness.(Xi Jinpin 2017)

Red culture is condensed by the Communist Party of China in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. It is an advanced Marxism culture that was inherited and developed in the new period of socialist construction. It's a collectivism culture of bravery, sacrifice and devotion that seeks happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.Red culture is embodied in the aspects of ideal belief, value pursuit and spiritual outlook, and is integrated into material remains, mechanism behaviors and cultural and artistic forms.(Luo Liling, Pu Qingpin 2018, 45)

First of all, red culture is a revolutionary culture, which was formed by the Chinese Communist Party in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. After the founding of People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to inherit and carry forward the revolutionary culture. In the new period of socialist construction and reform and opening up, a vigorous and advanced socialist culture was formed, which enriched and developed the connotation of red culture. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture, and are the core value and spiritual subject of contemporary Chinese culture. As for Chinese red culture, Among them, Marxism is the soul, the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the theme, the national spirit and the spirit of the times are the essence, and the socialist concept of honor and disgrace is the foundation. These four aspects influence, infiltrate and interact with each other, revealing the essential characteristics of red culture scientifically and completely.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====2. Symbols====

The word “red” in “red culture” has many symbols. Chinese people have “red” complex since ancient time. Red represents authority. For, example, official documents are also called red heading documents. Red represents courage. Red is the color of Chinese national flag. Chinese military strategists and generals have a deep understanding of the role of red in war, so they use red flags to unite their morale, inspire their fighting and their courage, and summon the spirit of going forward bravely and not fearing sacrifice. Red represents honor and auspiciousness. For instance, the places are always adorned with red for conference and ceremony. People are awarded with red flower and red certificates. Red represents revolution. When Marx was asked about "favorite color" in his early years, he clearly answered "red". In 1864, First International was founded, and its logo was red. The first army of Communist Party of China was named Red Army, and Ruijin, the first revolutionary base area, was called Red Capital. There were also red boats in South Lake and red flags in Jinggangshan.(Chen dongwang, Huang Weiliang 2006, 19)

====3. Values====

Red culture has many values. Red culture has the value of history. It witnesses the early development history of the Communist Party of China. It shows the inevitability of the socialist road in China. And it is an important weapon to guide the success of Chinese revolution. Besides, red culture has the value of civilization. Carrying forward the red culture is an urgent need to cultivate a new national spirit. Red culture is important for the construction of socialism culture and ideology. Moreover, red culture has the value of economy. Red culture is a powerful driving force for the development of socialist market economy. It is an important medium of economic development under the new historical conditions. The red cultural industry has become a new economic growth point.(Wang Yidi 2007, 149)

====4. Red Culture in Nanchang====

Nanchang is the capital city of Jiangxi Province and it is where August 1st uprising took place. Nanchang is renowned as the cradle of Chinese revolution and the place where the military flag rose. Because in August 1st uprising, communist party of china formed its first army in Nanchang. There are lots of red culture resources in Nanchang.

Bayi Square is at the center of Nanchang city. It was built to memorize August 1st uprising. Bayi Square highlights the theme of "Bayi History and Culture" in all directions. The memorial area, cultural area, reminiscence area and leisure area of Bayi Square show Bayi Uprising in different forms. The landmark in the square is Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower. Besides, Nangchang August 1st Memorial Hall is a special memorial hall established to commemorate Nanchang Uprising.（Peng Bo, Zhang Li, Li Jiangyuan 2006, 58）

===References===

[1] 程东旺, 黄伟良. “红色文化”的价值形态与德育功能探析[J]. 现代教育科学, 2006: 19-21.

[2] 罗丽琳,蒲清平. 红色文化的思想政治教育基因及其时代价值[J].新疆师范大学学报, 2018: 45-52

[3] 彭波, 张丽, 李江源. 整合红色资源,提升江西文化力[J]. 江西崛起策论, 2006:58-60.

[4] 王以第. “红色文化”的价值内涵[J]. 文化论苑, 2007:149-150.

[5] 习近平, 决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告,人民日报,2017.

[6] 朱桂莲,李晶. 德育视角下的中国红色文化研究综述[J]. 研究综述, 2010:87-89.

===Terms and Expressions===

red culture 红色文化

Opium War 鸦片战争

red heading documents 红头文件

red army 红军

August 1st uprising 八一起义

===Questions===

1. What is the historical background of the birth of red culture?

2. What are two major components of red culture?

3. How many symbols dose the word "red" in red culture has? What are they?

4. How many values dose red culture has? What are they?

5. What is the landmark in Bayi Square?

===Answers===

1. In modern China, Communist Party of China led the Chinese revolution and led people to fight against suppression.

2. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture

3. Four. Authority, courage, honor and revolution.

4. Three. History value, civilization value and economic value.

5. Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower

==Landscape, The Ancient Tea Horse Road - Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

===The Ancient Tea Horse Road===

====Introduction====
The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation. The ancient tea horse road is divided into two routes: the Sichuan-Tibet line and the Yunnan-Tibet line. The ancient tea horse road originated from the ancient southwest frontier of the tea horse mutual market, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and most prosperous in the middle and late World War II. The ancient Tea Horse Road divided into Shanxi-Gan, Shanxi-Kangtang (folk called wade ancient road, Sichuan-Tibet line is part of it), Yunnan-Tibet and other three main routes, connecting Sichuan, Yunnan-Tibet, extending into the territory of Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, India, until reaching West Asia, West Africa, the Red Sea coast. 5 March 2013, the Tea Horse Road was listed by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics conservation units.(Baidu Baike)

====Historical Routes====
China’s ancient tea horse road is divided into:
1. The Shanxi-Gansu tea horse road is the main route for tea to travel westward in mainland China and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.

2. Shanxi and Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), began in the Han Dynasty, formed by the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse each other. Due to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government control of tea trafficking, tea trafficking sub-regional, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.((Baidu Baike)

3. the ancient Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road. Formed around the late sixth century AD, it is south of Yunnan's main tea producing areas in Xishuangbanna Yiwu, Pu'er City, intermediate through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture and Lijiang City, Shangri-La into Tibet, directly to Lhasa. Some also re-exported from Tibet to India and Nepal, is an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.(Baidu Baike)

4.Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shan-Kang-Tibet Tea Horse Road, east of Yazhou edge tea production Ya'an, after playing arrow furnace (now Kangding), west to Lhasa, Tibet, and finally through to Bhutan, Nepal and India, a total length of nearly four thousand kilometers, is an essential bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the interior.(Baidu Baike)

There are three main routes of the ancient tea-horse road: The Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

Among the three ancient tea-horse roads, the Qinghai-Tibet line was established in the Tang Dynasty and developed earlier, while the Sichuan-Tibet line was the most influential and well-known later. These three routes are closely related to Chengdu, among them, the Yunnan-Tibet route and the Sichuan-Tibet route must pass through Chengdu, and their development is closely related to the tea-horse trade.

Shanxi- Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), was formed in the Han dynasty through the efforts of the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government controlled tea traffickin along the tea trafficking sub-region, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 03:02, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

====Historical Value====
The Silk Road in the north and the ancient Tea Horse Road in the south. The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization. However, its history and value will always shine brightly.(Baidu Baike)

1.The Golden Road of Tourism

The ancient tea-horse road tour has unique scenery, profound cultural connotation, exclusive resources and is unparalleled in the world.(Baidu Baike)

2. Ancient Roads for the Propagation of Civilization

The ancient Tea Horse Road was not only an important migration corridor for the ancient ancestors between Wei-Tibet and present Sichuan and Yunnan, but also an important aperture for the spread and exchange of ancient civilizations between present Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.(Baidu Baike)

3.Migration Corridor of National Cultures

On this ancient road, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, Chinese, Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Hani, Kino, Qiang, Pumi, Bai, Nu, Jingpo, Achang and other ethnic groups have flourished here for thousands of years, highlighting the diversity and original form of ethnic culture in southwest China.(Baidu Baike)

4.Religious Propagation Road

With the development of the tea-horse trade and the extension of the ancient tea-horse route, Tibetan Buddhism spread widely along this route on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. The development and spread of Tibetan stupas can be roughly divided into two routes: one is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia - the other is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia. -Liaoning--Jilin--Heilongjiang--Beijing--Hebei --Henan--Jiangsu; second, Tibet--Yunnan--Sichuan. --Guangxi--Hubei.(Baidu Baike)

5. The Path of National Spirituality

You can't talk about the ancient tea-horse road without mentioning the horse gangs. The horse gangs have formed a unique cultural carrier in the course of thousands of years. Their spirit is attached to this ancient road, and become part of the Chinese national spirit.(Baidu Baike)
6.The Road of National Unity and Integration

The ancient tea-horse road is like a huge net in southwest China, through which people of all nationalities strengthen their ties and communication, promote political, economic and cultural interaction, development and integration among all nationalities, and enhance the emotional ties between them.(Baidu Baike)

7.The Road of Securing the Borders

The expansion of the ancient tea-horse road and the flourishing of the tea-horse trade contributed to the stability and consolidation of China's southwest frontier.(Baidu Baike)

8.The road to economic development

The Thousand-Year Tea Horse Trail contributed to the formation of many towns in the region through the tea and horse trade, which greatly contributed to the economic development of the region.(Baidu Baike)--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 03:42, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

===Terms and Expressions===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road(茶马古道)

2.Sichuan-Tibet Line（川藏线）

3.Yunnan-Tibet line（滇藏线）

4.wade ancient road（蹚古道）

===Questions===

1.What is the ancient tea horse road ?

2.How many main routes does the ancient tea-horse road conclude?

3.What is the historical value?
--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 04:15, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation.

2.There are three main routes, including the Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

3.The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization.

===References===
The Chinese text rooted in Baidu Baike. The website as following:https://baike.baidu.com.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:15, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Novels - Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

===Four satirical novels in ancient China===
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.'''Quotation missing. E.g. (Gui Ninghuo 2009, 12)'''

====Introduction====
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.

==== Nie Hai Hua====
Nie Hai Hua was written by Zen Pu (1872-1935).A total of 35 chapters.it is a novel of condemnation, historical fiction and political fiction. In the novel, Jin yun (wen qing) is the main character.After won the scholarship, he took a famous courtesan, Fu Caiyun, as his concubine in Suzhou.He was then ordered to travel to Russia, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. After returning to China, Jin Wenqing died of illness in Beijing, and Fu Caiyun left the Jin family to resume her old profession in Shanghai, changing her name to Cao Menglan then went to Tianjin to work as a prostitute, calling herself Sai Jinhua.
The novel takes the story of Jin Wenqing and Fu Caiyun as the main line, vividly describes the historical and cultural changes as well as political and social changes from Tongzhi to Guangxu more than 30 years, exposing the decay and decline of the rulers, criticizing the feudal system of imperial examination, satirizing the officials, truly reflecting their spiritual life and cultural mentality. at the same time also enthusiastically glorifies Feng Zicai, Liu Yongfu and other war heroes and Sun Yat-sen and so on. The revolutionary activities of the Democratic Revolutionaries express the author's patriotic thoughts against the feudal dictatorship and advocate national democratic revolution. In specific writing, the author adopts the modern popular block novel structure combined with the traditional mesh novel structure to unfold the plot, with ups and downs, twists and turns, touching and orderly, always around the main line.
As a historical novel, Nie Hai Hua draws on the spirit of the ancient "good history" of China to portray its characters. At the same time, it draws on the satirical approach of "The History of Confucianism" in which "the fair-minded accuse the evils of the times", commenting on events and weighing characters in a realistic manner. In terms of art, Nie Hai Hua also has many shortcomings.However, it is a skillful structure and outstanding novel at that time.

==== the Travels of an Old Man====
The Travels of an Old Man was written by Liu E (1857-1909) and a total of 20 chapters. Liu E was an entrepreneur and scholar, not a professional writer, but his reputation as a literary figure was far greater than that of an entrepreneur and scholar. This novel is an unfinished work of his that was written in his later years with an autobiographical nature.
The novel takes a bell-ringing mountebank, Lao can (Tie Ying), as its main character, and narrates his experiences and activities during his travels in northern China, exposing the decadence and darkness of the Qing government, the brutality and lethargy of the officials, and the poverty and oppression of the people, especially attacking the abusive behavior of those "Qing officials" who are actually cruel officials, and expressing the author's strong views on the perilous reality of society and the country.
The artistic achievement of the novel is very high. The first is the superb descriptive skills, whether it is a description, a landscape, or a narrative, can be vividly depicted, such as the scenery of Thousand Buddha Mountain, Daming Lake etc., which makes people have a sense of being in the real world. Secondly, its psychological description and psychological analysis, with appropriate language, can brilliantly show the inner world of the characters. Thirdly, the exquisite structural art. The novel is in the form of a Travel Journal, with travel as a clue,and organic combined of what he see, hear, think and do along the way forms a unique structural feature of the novel.

==== The Records of Officialdom Exposure====
The Records of Officialdom Exposure by Li Baojia (1867-1906), five editions and a total of 60 chapters. This is the first long chapter novel in China's modern era that was published serially in newspapers and magazines and achieved a social sensation, creating a culture of critical reality in modern fiction.
The novel consists of more than 30 relatively independent bureaucratic stories linked together,involving the Qing government from the emperor, down to the minor officials and so on,and these various bureaucrats of all kinds of evil behavior were exposed:They embezzled public funds, corrupt and pervert the law or the named "expedition bandits", but is harmful to the people. The work is like a scroll of the officialdom at the end of the feudal society, touching on the main contradictions of that time.
The novel's writing method is modelled on "The Scholars" and has been developed, making full use of exaggeration, comic style and satirical techniques. only a few strokes will outline the character's voice and physical appearance. And the author also good at describing the details, so that the characters are vivid and evocative, with a strong artistic impact. Therefore, the subsequent imitation of the work is quite a lot, it become a great view.

==== 20 years witness strange present situation====
The Strange Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years was written by Wu Woyao(1866-1910), A total of 60 chapters. This is a long novel with autobiographical flavor.it through nearly 200 short stories that the protagonist hears and witnesses from the death of his father to his failure in business. it outlines the strange realities of late Qing society during the 20 years from the Sino-French War to the beginning of the 20th century.
The scope of social life is much broader than The Records of Officialdom Exposure. In addition to describing the officialdom, there are also involving the shopping malls, foreign markets, science fields, medical and astrological practices. It exposes the political situation, moral outlook, social customs, and human conditions of the increasingly colonized Chinese feudal society, and is of high cognitive value in helping readers to see the irreparable historical destiny of the late Qing society and feudal system.
The novel adopts the first-person narrative story, structured in a way that makes the reader feel intimate and trustworthy, setting a precedent in the history of Chinese fiction. The structure is also very clever: "nine deaths and a lifetime" is not only the narrator of the book story, but also the backbone of the structure of the book, and at the same time uses flashbacks, interpolations and other methods, combining it organically together, making the whole book complex and simple appropriate, muddle together.

==== Conclution====
As a result of the bourgeois reformists and democratic revolutionaries strongly advocated, the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty got unprecedented development, and a large number of influential novels emerged, forming a prosperous situation of the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty.The emergence of the "Four satirical novels" in the late Qing Dynasty is an important sign that The creation of Chinese novels has entered another prosperous period.

===Reference===
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B4%E8%B4%A3%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4/702907?fr=aladdin

===Terms and Expressions===
The Records of Officialdom Exposure 《官场现形记》

The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years 《二十年之目睹怪现象》

the Travels of an Old Man 《老残游记》

Nai Hai Hua 《孽海花》

The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty 晚清四大谴责小说

===Questions===
1、what are The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty ?

2、which novel is modeled the "The Scholars"?

3、what’s the common characteristic of these four novels?

4、what other satirical novels do you know?

===Answers===
1、They are Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua.

2、The Records of Officialdom Exposure

3、The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time.

4、E.g.The Scholars

==Shadow Puppets - Li Lili 李丽丽==
===Shadow Puppets Li Lili No.202070080594===
====The Origin of Shadow Play====
Shadow play has a history of more than 2000 years from the written records. Legend has it that Madame Li, the wife of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu's yearning was so intense that he was in a trance and ignored the government's affairs all day. Minister Li Shaoweng went out one day when he came across a child playing with a doll in his hand, with its shadow being vivid. So he came up with an idea that he could cut the image of Mrs. Li from cotton and silk, painted it with color, and installed wooden poles on her hands and feet. After seeing it, Emperor Wu was glued to it and couldn't put it down. This love story written in Hanshu is considered to be the earliest origin of shadow play. There are also some views that shadow play originated in Xi'an of Tang Dynasty, however, it is worth discussing that although there were an variety of operas in the Tang Dynasty, yet there were no any records of shadow play mentioned in the Tang Dynasty. Up to now, the earliest shadow play we can see is recorded in Song Dynasty. Its rise and development in Bianjing of the Northern Song Dynasty is closely related to Bianjing’s superior geographical environment, the development of commodity trade and commercial transportation at that time.(Wei Liqun 2018,13-14)

====Introduction====
More than 2,000 years ago, Chinese began to give performances using puppets against an illuminated screen. This is “shadow puppets”, also known as “lamp and shadow play”. It is considered as “precursor of movie” because it was the earliest moving part of form dubbed with human voice in the world. During a play, puppeteers hide behind the white screen and move puppets, while narrating the story, usually through singing. Performances are accompanied by musicians playing percussion and stringed instruments. A shadow puppet can perform actions such as “serving drinks” , “waving a sword and a spear, ” or even “smoking ”by puppeteer holding and moving manipulating rods on its body. Typically, a shadow puppet has three rods, some may have five or seven rods. It can create rich designs such as shadow puppets, animals and stage props, for example, buildings, imperial palaces, chariots, tables and chairs as well as weapons. It is so rich that it includes almost everything under the sun.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools. The well-known ones include Tangshan Shadow Play in Hebei Province, Beijing Shadow Play as well as Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hunan Shadow Play. etc.(Wang Yexia 2012,1-3)

So how to make a puppet? First. Draw pictures of the various parts of the shadow puppets; second, finish carving with a knife and a hard board underneath the design; third, color the puppet with watercolor pens; forth, paint the body parts with a brush dipped in oil. This can make the puppet transparent and better reflect colors under the light.; fifth, connect joint sections with the cotton thread; sixth, make the manipulating rods; finally, attach the manipulating rods to the shadow puppet with cotton thread. The “head” is the most important part of a shadow puppet and its total component number is about four times that of the “body”. A shadow puppet’s “head”. And the “body” can be mixed and matched with each other. (Wang Yexia 2012,29-33)

The eyes and the eyebrows of a shadow puppet’s five facial features represent different personalities. The good and positive people are typical of a benevolent and kind countenance, with nice-looking eyebrows and eyes, while the villain or the general are ferocious look, with sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes. And the former are often concealed teeth and the latter are revealed teeth. The middle-aged person are short beard, but the elderly man are long beard. The decorative designs on the shadow puppets are very important and match the character’s social status. In a shadow play, female characters are usually decorated with patters such as flowers, grass, clouds and phoenix, while male characters are often decorated with dragons, tigers, water and clouds. Shadows puppets look colorful under the light. To achieve a better visual effect, the translucent puppets need to be painted on both sides. The head of color can also represent different characters’ personalities. The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character. The black is a sign of a just, honest and selfless personality. The yellow shows a brave and irascible character, also are used in fantasy plays to represent people with magic power. To make a shadow puppet move flexibly, a complete figure often has many components such as a head, a chest,a belly, two legs, two arms, two elbows, two hands. (Wang Yexia 2012,9-16)

====The Present Situation of Contemporary Shadow Play====
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, shadow play, as an art form, has undergone a series of reforms under the guidance of the Party's principles, including the organization of theatrical troupes, the compilation and creation of plays, the drawing and performing forms of shadow play. With the advent of the "Cultural Revolution", the prosperity of shadow play came to an abrupt end. The troupe was disbanded, the repertoire was banned, and the artists were transferred to work. A large number of precious shadow puppet props and documents were damaged. This situation, except for some places, lasted until 1976. After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", shadow puppet art recovered rapidly, However, with the economic development being put in the first place of social activities and the popularity of television and the richness of artistic forms, shadow play is declining day by day with an irresistible trend, because shadow play arts are unable to keep pace with the times and get the appreciation of the audience. As a result, the prospect of shadow play art is becoming increasingly bleak. （Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）
In order to inherit Chinese excellent culture and protect the ancient art forms such as shadow play. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first part of national intangible cultural heritage list. On November 27, 2011, UNESCO put Chinese shadow play on the "list of representative works of human intangible cultural heritage".

===References：===
王业霞《皮影戏》北京：高等教育出版社 2012 Wang Yexia [Shadow Play] Beijing: [Higher Education Publishing House] 2012

魏力群《小书大传承-皮影》重庆：重庆出版社 2018 Wei Liqun ["Small Book, Big Heritage - Shadow Play"] Chongqing: [Chongqing Publishing House] 2018

朱恒夫中国皮影戏的历史，现状与剧目特征[J] 浙江艺术职业学院学报 2020(18) Zhu [Hengfu The History, Current Situation and Repertoire Characteristics of Chinese Shadow Theatre][J] [Journal of Zhejiang Arts Vocational College] 2020(18)

===Words and Expressions===
shadow puppet皮影戏
paper cutting 剪纸
ventriloquism 口技
manipulating rod 操纵杆
five facial features 五官
sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes 尖眉杏眼
Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

===Questions===
1.When is the earliest shadow puppet’s record?

2.What art of forms do shadow play use?

3. What does a red head stand for in a play?

4.When is it put on the list of intangible cultural heritage".

===Answers===
1.Song dynasty.

2.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools.

3.The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character.

4. On November 27, 2011.

==Confucian Culture - Li Liqin 李丽琴==

=== Confucian Culture ===

==== Introduction ====

Confucian school is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and composed by Xunzi. Today, it still retains a certain vitality. Confucian school takes Confucianism as its guiding ideology whose central ideas are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 31)

Confucian school was on an equal footing with the other hundred schools in the pre-Qin period. After the First Emperor of Qin, also called Qin Shihuang, burned books and buried scholars alive, the development of the Confucian school suffered a serious defeat. Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's advice of "banishing other schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism only" and imposed restrictions on thought, which led to the revival of Confucian school. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 20) The concepts of "Confucian school", "Confucianism", and "Confucian Religion" should be distinguished since Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism a social stratification, and Confucian religion belief. (Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 2017, 60-61)

Laozi founded Chinese Taoist school; Confucius started Chinese Confucian school; Sun Tzu initiated Chinese military strategist school; Mozi was the founder of Mohism in the early Warring States. Confucianism contributes to guiding the code of conduct and constructing social order; Taoism focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalism serves the system construction of national political management.; the concepts of Universal Love and utilitarianism are two cornerstones for the Mohism. The General Unity idea of Confucianism has played an important role in the unification of a nation, the enhancement of national cohesion and the integration of cultural values. (Tan Su 2012, 68) After more than two thousand years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, involving politics, education, morality, ethics, code of conduct, life skills and other aspects. It has cultivated the wisdom and soul of the Chinese people throughout the history, and formed deep-rooted set patterns of thinking, psychology and survival. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42-43)

==== Analysis of Confucian Culture ====

===== Intelligence Development =====

Confucius is a great educator, as well as a pioneer and practitioner of mass education. After Confucianism was established as a dominant culture, both the rulers and the public respected the teachings of the sage and attached great importance to education. In this context, a basic requirement is to stay highly cultured and steeped in propriety. After the Emperor Wen initiated the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, those who are good scholars could make an official, which inspired students of poor families to change their lives by studying hard and diligent. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 19) For generations, the Chinese people have attached great importance to the education of their children, which is conducive to the improvement of the thinking ability of the whole nation.

However, the corrupt of bureaucracy and the darkness of officialdom in metaphase and anaphase made many literati feel despairing about official career and discredit about the concept. In addition, the Four Books and Five Classics were the main learning content of Confucianism. Apart from government-run schools, private schools and self-study can hardly meet the requirements of the Six Classical Arts. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 21) Therefore, the Four Books and Five Classics were the focus of students, while the Six Classical Arts were not highly valued.

=====Spiritual Guidance =====

In terms of spirit, Confucianism contends that "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue." (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 86) Benevolent people love each other, which reflects the essence of “Unity of Man and Nature” and also the most brilliant connotation of Confucianism. This philosophy calls for people’s active contributions to the society. It is still alive in modern times, and is the fundamental requirement of people's spiritual orientation in the future. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32)

=====Order Construction =====

In the age of barbarism and backwardness, a common feature was that a small number of people used power and force to suppress and enslave the majority, thus resulting in labor division and unfair distribution of wealth and generating corresponding social hierarchy and concepts. Given the fact that Confucianism developed in the transitional period of feudal society, the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius were rooted in the idealist view of destiny and did not break the shackles of social hierarchy. In addition, they even advocated the distinguish between the noble and the humble and highlighted the importance of hierarchy division. In this context, the benevolence they advocated had great limitations in political management. The public could not be treated equally in terms of political status. Instead, the so-called benevolence calls for improvement of the living conditions of the public and more benefits from the ruling class. However, its purpose was to maintain social order and reconcile social contradictions. This is also the root cause of feudal rulers’ favoring of Confucianism. In essence, Confucianism did not promote social equality, instead, it worked to maintain the unequal feudal hierarchy that aggravated servitude. In fact, after a long history of feudal rule, the sense of hierarchy would be part of the national psyche. With the progress of times and civilization, the view of destiny and the thought of social order have become psychological shackles of the Chinese people. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

After eliminating the ideology of feudal hierarchy and formalism, some philosophies of Confucianism still generate positive effects on modern society. Specifically, the spirit of benevolence and universal love is conducive to cultivate people’s spirits; (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 33) the concept of “the country belongs to the public” reflects a sense of social responsibility to make contributions for society, which can be expanded into a sharing social and political philosophy for different countries. Filial piety and brotherhood increase the harmony and stability of family; Loyalty, faithfulness, propriety and forgiveness are conducive to the relationship between different countries, societies and people. "Loyalty" means that people should stay loyal to the country and people; "Friendliness" and "forgiveness" play an important role in resolving various contradictions and animosities; when it comes to "filial piety" and "propriety", many redundant forms inherited from feudal society should be eradicated and be more practical. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-41)

====The Contemporary Value of Confucian Culture ====

Today, Confucian culture is still of great significance. We must explore the value of Confucian culture on the basis of the excellent tradition of the Chinese nation and by combining the characteristics of the times with and the actual situation. The Confucian culture has affected Chinese more than two thousand years and gone deep into each aspect of Chinese society. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39)

=====Ideological and Political Education =====

Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy, and it places a high priority on human value and dignity. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 51-57) Over the years, the Chinese nation has been influenced by this excellent philosophy. On this occasion, its behavioral pattern and psychological structure are endowed with uniqueness, which is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is to respect yourself, learn how to love and care yourself. Moreover, gain dignity and achieve the development of human value through the continuous improvement of moral cultivation. Second, respect others and show respect for others' personality by respecting, understanding and caring for others. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-40)

===== Modern Economic Construction=====

Under today’s circumstance, some ideological contents are still alive and produce positive effects on promoting the economic construction of modernization and fostering modern patriotism emotion of the Chinese people. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

First of all, Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65) Since Confucian culture reflects a collectivist view on life, individuals are full of sense of duty and responsibility towards others and groups. In this context, their self-cultivation targets at regulating the family, country and the world. Thus, the value of individual is closely linked with the rise and fall of the country, so they have a strong sense of responsibility. (Tan Su 2012, 68) "Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country" has been a common belief for thousands of years. Such a social responsibility will give rise to a huge driving force for the development of the country and society.

Second, the consciousness of "self-improvement" and the proposition of "seeking truth" in the Confucian culture strengthen the national spirit and provide a source power for China’s economic modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 66) Yi Zhuan put forward: "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.’’ It means that continuous development is the law of nature and that a gentleman should pursue progress and be strong, unyielding resilient and positive. For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has formed a fine tradition of working hard and striving for strength under the influence of these thoughts. Today, we carry forward the spirits of “self-improvement” and "seeking truth" in ways that further enhance national spirits and provide a strong driving force for the socialist modernization.

Third, the "reform and innovation" concept in Confucian culture is conducive to the expansion of the reform and opening up and the acceleration of China's socialist modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67) On the basis of admitting the fact that the continuous development is the universal law of nature, Confucian culture puts forward the "innovation idea". The Book of Rites said, "If you can in one day renovate yourself; do so from day to day and let there be daily renovation." The Book of Changes said, "Reform refers to destroy the old, while innovation means to establish the new.” The concept is not only serves as the theoretical basis for reform and innovation throughout the history, but also provides valuable lessons for the reform in socialist economic and political systems today. Domestically, promoting the innovative spirits can greatly enhance the reform consciousness of the Chinese people. Externally, it is conducive to advancing the opening up by leveraging the global influence of Confucian culture.

===== Legal Construction =====

Confucian culture places a high priority on personal cultivation, while a highly civilized society under the rule of law must be composed of highly educated citizens. Confucian school, a school with thousands of years of history in China, has become an integral part of the Chinese culture. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33) Nowadays, since China has called for the policy of combining the rule of virtue with the rule of law, it is the time for Confucian culture to find its historical position and fully play its role. Exploring the influence of Confucian culture on the construction of contemporary Chinese rule by law, not only can we help us more deeply understand the traditional culture, but also can promote the process of building the rule of law in contemporary China.

The rule by virtue thought is an important part of Confucian culture and it emphasizes the importance of moral education. It is a national strategy pursued by ancient Chinese rulers and a method of national governance embodying reference significance in today’s China. (Wei Na 2014, 1-2) In terms of national governance, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of morality, believing that national governance should not mainly rely on harsh punishment, instead, moral education should be applied to reform people. Confucius said, "By governing with virtue, rulers will be loved by the public, just like stars surround the North Star." By comparing rulers to the North Star and people to the stars, Confucius emphasized the importance of moral governance. (Wang Jie 2004, 77)

How to rule by virtue? First of all, rulers should pay attention to their personal cultivation and develop good moral characters, so that they can set a good example for the public. Only when officials and common people obey the ruler sincerely, can a good social atmosphere be formed. Secondly, since Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core and calls for the rule of virtue, many people subconsciously believe that Confucianism denies the role of criminal law and that Confucian culture does not call for the rule of law. In fact, this is not the case. While Confucianism advocates the rule of virtue, it also emphasizes the supplementary role of rule of law. (Wang Jie 2004, 82-83) Confucius said, "Sages believe that national governance must combine the rule of virtue and law." That is to say, if people are governed by systems and laws, they seek for impunity but lack of conscience; however, if they are guided by morality and etiquette, they will have a sense of right and wrong and will impose strict requirements on themselves.

In a word, we should clearly realize that, although Confucian culture is an excellent traditional culture in China, it was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. Under this circumstance, we must analyse Confucian culture dialectically and explore the value of Confucian culture. At the same time, we should discard the bad habits and unfavorable factors left by it, so as to better carry forward our traditional culture and accelerate the construction of the rule of law in contemporary China. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

====The Confucius Institute ====

With the improvement of China's international status and the increasingly extensive international exchanges, Chinese culture has won wider foreign attention and the world is more eager to learn and understand the Chinese culture. The Confucius Institute project, founded in 2004, emerges in response to the call of the times. Today, Confucius Institutes have spread throughout Asia, Africa, The Americas, Europe and Oceania. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30) Fundamentally speaking, its is conducive to the "going out" of Chinese culture since language is an important carrier of Chinese culture. It is of positive significance to the construction of China's national image, the promotion of China's international influence, the realization of wider international communication.

The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Today, countries are committed to spreading their own language and culture, so there is a fierce competition in international cultural promotion. In addition, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. At present, Confucius Institutes are prevalent all over the world, but the promotion strategy seeking for quantity and speed results in a serious shortage of teachers capable of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. According to statistics, there is a global shortage of at least five million TCSL teachers. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31) Secondly, the lack of high-quality and localized teaching materials for Chinese has also become a bottleneck for the development of Confucius Institutes. The shortage of Chinese textbooks affects the depth of cultural communication of Confucius Institutes directly. Thirdly, Confucius Institutes are not capable of spreading the ideological depth of the Chinese culture. Although the textbooks are rich in content, they mainly focus on promoting folk culture by introducing Chinese food, tea and wine, traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Meanwhile, they rarely involve the ideological essence of traditional Chinese culture and the modern value of Chinese culture. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 32)

The Confucius Institutes should fully explore the modern significance of Confucianism and cast the quintessence of Chinese culture, and strengthen the spread of the core idea of Chinese culture and its modern cultural value. The connotation of Chinese culture is very rich. What Confucius Institutes should spread is not all the contents of Chinese culture, but the contents with universal value that are different from other countries and represent the essence of Chinese culture. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42)

====Terms and Expressions ====

儒家 Confucian school

儒学 Confucianism

儒教 Confucian religion

兼爱 Universal love

恕、忠、孝、悌、勇 forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage

仁、义、礼、智、信 benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith

学而优则仕 A good scholar will make an official

四书五经 the Four Books and Five Classics

天行健，君子当自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue.

天下兴亡，匹夫有责 Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country

====Questions ====

1. What’s the central ideas of Confucian culture?

2. What’s the difference among Confucian school, Confucianism and Confucian religion?

3. What do you think of the relationship between Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school, Legalist school?

4. What’s the Six Classical Arts?

5. What you think of the ancient influence of Confucianism?

6. Do you think Confucian culture still has its contemporary values in China? And why?

7. What do you think of the current situation of the development of the Confucian institute?

===Answers===

1. The central ideas of Confucian culture are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith.

2. Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism is a social stratification, and Confucian is a religion belief.

3. Confucian school emphasizes the code of conduct and the social order construction; Taoist school focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalist school serves the system construction of national political management; Mohist school emphasizes Universal Love and utilitarianism. Although Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school and Legalist school are different schools with different theories, they are not completely antagonistic.

4. The Six Classical Arts refers to propriety(礼), music（乐）, archery（射）, riding（御）, writing（书） and arithematic（数）.

5. The ancient influence of Confucianism should be analysed from a historical perspective. It was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. While contributing to intelligence development, spiritual guidance and order construction to some extent, it has also led to some negative effects in the long run. For example, it called for rigid feudal hierarchy and resulted in spiritual constraints.

6. Yes. Although Confucian culture has a history of thousands of years, it still has contemporary values in today's society. For instance, Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy and places a high priority on human value and dignity, which is still of profound significance; Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy.

7. The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Nowadays, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. Joint efforts of all social sectors should be made to achieve the sustainable development of it.

===References===

Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 陈智斌, 杜艾红. (2017). 儒学、儒家、儒教之异同 [The Differences and Similarities of Confucian School, Confucianism and Confucian Religion]. ''审计月刊'' Audit Monthly.

Li Chenzong 李承宗. (2002). 论儒家文化对培养现代爱国主义情感的积极作用 [On the Positive Effects of Confucian Culture on Cultivating Patriotism]. ''廊坊师范学院学报'' Journal of Langfang Teachers College.

Li Fangping 李芳萍. (2013). 儒家思想对中国文化的影响研究 [A Study on the Influence of Confucianism on Chinese Culture]. ''前沿'' Forward Position.

Li Xiaoyu 李晓愚. (2010). 儒家仁爱思想的当代诠释 [Contemporary Interpretation of Benevolence]. ''郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Zhengzhou University.

Tan Su 谭苏. (2012). 论春秋战国时期的百家争鸣 [On the Competition of Ideas in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period]. ''兰台世界'' Lantai World.

Wang Jie 王杰. (2004). 为政以德: 孔子的德治主义治国模式 [Rule of Virtue: Confucian’s Model of Governance]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 吴瑛, 提文静. (2009). 孔子学院的发展现状与问题分析 [The Development Status and Problems of Confucius Institute]. ''云南师范大学学报 (对外汉语教学与研究版)'' Journal of Yunnan Normal University.

Xiang Chunling 向春玲. (2008). 儒家文化的现代意义 [On Modern Significance of Confucian Culture]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Zhang Qizhi 张岂之. (1990). ''中国儒学思想史'' [The History of Chinese Confucianism]. 陕西：陕西人民出版社 Shaanxi: Shaanxi People’s Publishing House.

==Ch'ien Chung-shu Liu Liu 刘柳， 202070080596==

====Ch'ien Chung-shu====

Ch'ien Chung-shu (1910-1998), a well-known scholar, writer, translator and literary researcher, was born into an education family in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. In Chinese academic circles, Qian was ranked with Rao Zongyi, a master in academic circles, and both were called "South Rao and North Qian". He was admitted to Tsinghua University in 1929 and got to know Yang Jiang in 1932. Qian became famous soon after the enrolment, not only for the 15 mark of his mathematics, but for his excellent Chinese and English, especially full marks in English. Qian had an engagement with Yang the year after their acquaintance and went to study at Oxford University in England along with her. In 1937, he obtained the bachelor's degree from Oxford with the treatise ''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', and his daughter Qian Yuan was born the same year. He wrote a great many profound literary works in his lifetime. When it comes to Ch'ien Chung-shu, people would think of his representative work ''Fortress Besieged'', which was published in 1947.

As a realistic satirical novel, ''Fortress Besieged'' is known as "The New Scholars" in the 1940s. The novel is centralized on Fang Hongjian,who returned from studying abroad at the beginning of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It depicts the struggles in love, marriage,career and life of a group of intellectuals who were far away from the times and the people during the War of Resistance against Japanese Agression. It reveals their inner poverty, emptiness and lowliness, criticizes the dark reality of the Kuomintang-controlled areas, and reveals the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life. In the preface of the book, Qian said that, "In this book I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modern China. In writing about these people, I didn’t forget they are human beings, still human beings with the basic nature of hairless, two-legged animals. "The novel is like an X-ray mirror that reveals the deformed characters and ugly souls of those "hairless and two-legged animals" and analyzes the cultural matrix which is responsible for the deformed characters and ugly souls of these "latest style" literati. Yang Jiang said, "The main connotation of ''Fortress Besieged'' is that those who are besieged by the city want to escape, while those outside want to rush in. This is what most people wish for in life, whether in marriage or career. "The meaning of "fortress besieged" is also stated several times in the novel. It tells people that life is a besieged city everywhere, people have marriage and divorce, divorce and marriage in endless succession,with everlasting confusion and dilemma. The questions that Qian raised in the novel refer to a question of universal significance, which is the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life as a whole. In December 1990, the television series ''Fortress Besieged'' was broadcast on China Central Television(CCTV) and enjoyed great popularity.

Ch'ien Chung-shu has made significant achievements in literary research and literary creation. In particular, it is of great significance to carry forward and deny traditional Chinese culture scientifically and learn from foreign culture selectively. He has wrote the collection of essays ''Written in the Margins of Life''(1941), the collection of short stories ''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts''(1946), and the novel ''Fortress Besieged''(1947). Both his essays and novels are wise and meaningful. Qian has read Chinese history, philosophy and literary classics in depth and has studied western old and new literature, philosophy and psychology. Many of his works, such as ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideaas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', have enjoyed high reputation in academic circles both at home and abroad.

Ch'ien Chung-shu viewd China and the world with a cultural criticism spirit. Based on his profound knowledge of Chinese and world culture, Qian has always shown a clear mind and a deep insight when observing Chinese and Western culture. He didn't reject any theories or doctrines, nor did he blindly follow any authorities. He devoted his life to promoting Chinese literature and art to the world. To this end, he not only explicated the profound meaning and unique value of Chinese culture in depth, but also pointed out its historical and regional limitations. He not only criticized the Chinese for their arrogance towards the local culture due to certain illusions, but also mercilessly eliminated the Westerners' prejudice centered on European and American culture due to ignorance. It is Ch'ien Chung-shu who has promoted cultural communication between China and other countries.

November 21st,2020 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu. People often call him a well-informed scholar, but he is more of a down-to-earth writer and scholar. He was indifferent to fame and wealth and alaways took a rigorous and serious attitude towards academic research. We feel ourselves in an entirely new world when we read the subtle metaphors in ''Fortress Besieged'', while we read ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', we are amazed at Qian's erudition. People all over the world admire his talent, but in fact,it is his meticulous and diligent reading spirit that makes him a well-informed scholar. Many of his life experiences and the question of whether his scholarship was systematic or not have attracted much attention. Wang Shuizhao, professor of Chinese Department of Fudan University, who has studied and worked with Ch'ien Chung-shu for a long time, has recently published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'', in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements based on the first-hand historical data, his personal experiences and his own understanding of academia, and gives answers to the questions discueesed widely, such as Qian's experience of being falsely accused, whether there exists system in his scholarship and the collision of viewpoints between Qian and Chen Yinke.

====Terms and Expressions====

''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries'' 《十七十八世纪英国文学中的中国》

''Fortress Besieged'' 《围城》

Kuomintang-controlled areas 国统区

''Written in the Margins of Life'' 《写在人生边上》

''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts'' 《人·兽·鬼》

''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' 《管锥编》

''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'' 《谈艺录》

the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu 钱钟书诞辰110周年纪念日

''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu '' 《钱钟书的学术人生》

====Questions====

1.What is Ch'ien Chung-shu's representative work? When was it published?

2.When was the TV series ''Fortress Besieged'' broadcast?

3.Do you know other works about Ch'ien Chung-shu? Can you list some of them?

4.Which book did Wang Shuizhao publish in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu? What does he talk about in this book?

5.Which sentence is your favoriate in ''Fortress Besieged''?

===Answers===

1.Ch'ien Chung-shu's representive work is ''Fortress Besieged''. It was published in 1947.

2.It was broadcast in December 1990.

3.''Patchwork:Seven Essays on Art and Literature''（《七缀集》） and ''Poetic Remains of an Ephemeral Life''（《槐聚诗存》）.

4.Wang Shuizhao published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'' in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu, in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements.

5."I want to be able to occupy the whole life of the man I love. Before meeting me, he would have had no past and would be waiting for me with a clean slate."

===References===

--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:00, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

===相声 Cross Talk===

===The History of Cross Talk===

Cross talk, in the ancient time was known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate other's voices, also known as neighboring cross talk. It was evolved and further developed from the folk music in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng （1850—1861）and Emperor Tongzhi（1861—1874）period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China, cross talk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to stand-up one person talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it gradually developed into stand-up cross talk, dual cross talk, and group cross talk. And become a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual cross talk has finally become the most popular form of cross talk among audiences.--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 06:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Famous Artists of Cross Talk===

===Answers===
===References===
==Liu Yi 刘艺==
Go 围棋--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
===GO===
Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board with one's stones than the opponent[1]. As the game progresses, the players position stones on the board to map out formations and potential territories. Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones.[2]

A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board. One or more liberties enclosed within a group is called an eye, and a group with two or more eyes cannot be captured, even if surrounded.[3] Such groups are said to be unconditionally alive.

The general strategy is to expand one's territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (groups that can be killed), and always stay mindful of the "life status" of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties (and/or better "shape") will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go.

Players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for komi) wins the game.

In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish positions (or "bases") in the corners and around the sides of the board. These bases help to quickly develop strong shapes which have many options for life (self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start in the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called "joseki" and are often studied independently.

"Dame" are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. "Seki" are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. A "ko" (Chinese and Japanese: 劫) is a repeated-position shape that may be contested by making forcing moves elsewhere. After the forcing move is played, the ko may be "taken back" and returned to its original position.[30] Some "ko fights" may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as "picnic kos" when only one side has a lot to lose. The Japanese call it a hanami (flower-viewing) ko.

Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rule-sets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions.

Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go:
• Rule 1 (the rule of liberty) states that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open "point" (an intersection, called a "liberty") directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point ("liberty") next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
• Rule 2 (the "ko rule") states that the stones on the board must never repeat a previous position of stones. Moves which would do so are forbidden, and thus only moves elsewhere on the board are permitted that turn.
Almost all other information about how the game is played is a heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the game is played, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rule-sets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game.[4]
Although there are some minor differences between rule-sets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game.

Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.

The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their colour on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid but for beginners, or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular.[5] The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first, unless black is given a handicap of two stones or more (in which case, white plays first). The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on, except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured. A player may also pass, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored.

===Terms and Expressions===
Go 围棋 heuristic 启发式的
adversarial game 对抗性游戏 intersection 交叉点
board 棋盘 black 黑棋
formation 阵型 white 白棋
move 走棋 scoring rule 计分规则
liberty 自由度 player 棋手

===Questions===
1, What’s the basic principle of Go?

2,Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, What are other two essential rules in Go？

3, What countries have the most notable scoring rules differences?--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===
1, A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board.

2,The rule of liberty and the "ko rule".

3, Most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===
[1]Matthews, Charles (2004). Teach Yourself Go. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-142977-1.

[2]NRICH Team, Going First, University of Cambridge, retrieved 2007-06-16

[3]Iwamoto, Kaoru (1977). Go for Beginners. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-73331-9.

[4]British Go Association, Comparison of some go rules, retrieved 2007-12-20

[5]Kim, Janice; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997). Learn to Play Go. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press. ISBN 978-0-9644796-1-6.

[6]百度百科：围棋

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
===The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China===
It is said that there were four most beautiful women in ancient times, and corresponding to that, it is worth mentioning that there were four most attractive men at that time.Despite that we consider these four men as attractive, this refers to more than just their appearance. They have a common feature: it proves that while their appearance is marvelous, they are also outstanding in literature. Namely, as a Chinese saying goes, they are endowed with both beauty and talent.
These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

The allusion of “throwing fruit to fill a carriage” originates from Pan An, which resembles movie fans nowadays to see their idols. There is a comment on Pan An’s appearance: "No more and no less." The history books also describe Pan An with three words “good-looking, well-mannered, and graceful”. Although these did not describe Pan An’s appearance in details, such as eyebrows and eyes or lips, from these side descriptions, we can know that Pan An’s appearance is far above ordinary people, and even his styles draw imitation from others. At the same time, Pan An is known as “the flower of a county in Heyang”, and he is also one of the few men who are compared with flowers to be praised for excellent appearance. The beauty of exterior only fails to last long in this world. Pan An's talent and temperament and the devotion to his wife are also often eulogized. Pan Yue showed his unusual talent since he was a child, and he was called a child prodigy by the villagers. In his early years, he was appreciated by an official and recommended as a scholar. Later, served as the magistrate of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan), he was diligent in political affairs, and advocated the people to plant more fruits and trees. The county was full of trees and peaches and plums everywhere, known as “Flower County”. During his administration, his political achievements were remarkable. Besides, Pan An holds a special place in the history of literature. He was good at composing verse and orders, expatiation, and skilled in the choice of words and building of sentences, which fully reflects the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to the beauty of form. He was expert in composing Ci lyric of sorrow and admonishment, and his current works such as Widow's Fu, Mourning Poem and other famous works are all known for their narration and empathy. Pan An can be described as both internally and externally blessed.（Liu Xixue 2003,63-64）

Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng. There is a very popular legend about King Lanling. It's believed that King Lanling was a brave and supremely skilled general. However, because he looked very sweet and it seemed hard to frighten the enemy, he often wore a half-mask when fighting, which sounds very fairytale. Nevertheless, the beauty of King Lanling is beyond doubt and otherworldly. Book of Northern Qi Dynasty described that he was friendly looking and mentally strong, with beautiful voice and appearance. King Lanling spent half his life in military affairs, and made great achievements. While this gave him glory, it also brought bad luck. There is an old Chinese saying that the glow of a inferior from massive achievements will overshadow his superior. Although the King Lanling did not have the idea of usurping the throne, but the incumbent felt threatened because of his existence itself. In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Song Yu (about 322 BC-298 BC), as it is widely rumored, a student of Qu Yuan, was born in the capital city of Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period (now Shangqiu, Henan). Song Yu was a writer of Ci lyric of State Chu in the late Warring States period, adept in Ci lyric and even acclaimed as a great poet after Qu Yuan' reputation. Later generations often referred to them as “Qu Song”. Rumors circulate that there are many Ci lyrics from him, and Book of Han records about 16 works, but many of them are lost today. His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on. He was the first to write about sadness from Autumn and to write about women. His description of women's nature exerts a great influence on later generations such as Cao Zhi. The goddess in Song Yu's The Fu poetry of Goddess embodies the essence of pre-Qin female beauty, recounting the beauty of the goddess of Wushan Mountain in details so much so that later generations have coveted for it for thousands of years. 16 works survived, among which Nine Discriminations is believed to be truly composed by him. It is equivalent to Qu Yuan's Li Sao or A lament in the history of Chinese literature. Both poets can be called the two shining pearls in Ci lyric at their times.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Wei Jie (286-June 20, 312), a metaphysician and an official of the Jin Dynasty. Wei Jie was a noted talker and metaphysicist during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was appointed as an assistant of the prince in the matter of politics. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongjia(AD310), Wei Jie died at the age of 27. Both ancient books and ancients commented on Wei Jie's appearance. Wang Ji reckoned that, “A jade is on my side, and I feel like I am nobody”; “Wandering with Jiu is like sauntering with a pearl on the side, with him shining brightly.” History Retold as a Mirror for rulers authored by Sima Guang goes into detail: "Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..." Wei Jie not only have a mere marvelous exterior, but also he can discern metaphysics from his perspective. Wei Jie’s views always amaze the concerned parties. It is said that even three sons of the Wang family, are not as good as the first son of the Wei family, and the three sons of the Wang family were all well-known scholars at that time, and the Wei Jie could be regarded as unmatchable compared with the three in family background, appearance, and talents.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）
===Terms and Expressions===
Pan An 潘安

King Lanling 兰陵王

Ji Kang 嵇康

Wei Jie 卫玠

throwing fruit to fill a carriage 掷果盈车

scholar 秀才

expatiation 铺陈

Book of Northern Qi Dynasty 《北齐书》

the Warring States Period 战国时期

Book of Han 《汉书》

Nine Discriminations 《九辨》

The Fu poetry of Wind 《风赋》

The Fu poetry of Goddess 《神女赋》

the goddess of Wushan Mountain 巫山神女

metaphysician 玄学家

a noted talker 清谈名士

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers 《资治通鉴》

Widow's Fu 《寡妇赋》

Mourning Poem 《悼亡诗》
===Questions===
1.Who are the four most handsome men at ancient time in China?

2.Who is Gao Changgong?

3.How did Lanlin King die?

4.What works did Song Yu compose?

5.Who are the two shining pearls in Ci lyric according to the passage?

6.What History Retold as a Mirror for rulers comment on Wei Jie?

===Answers===
1.These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.

2.Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng.

3.In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.

4.His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on.

5.Qu Yuan and Song Yu

6."Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..."

===References===
[1]刘细学.古代四大美男[J].文史天地,2003(06):63-64.

[2]王真波.四大美男都是怎么死的[J].青年文学家,2008(11):59-60.

==Lo, Minh Thao==

===Answers===
===References===
==Mogao Grottoes--Lou Cancan 娄灿灿 student no.202070080599==

===Mogao Grottoes===

===Introduction===

The Mogao Grottoes, known as the Thousand Buddhas Caves, were built on the eastern cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers to the southeast of Dunhuang city. There are 492 caves (well preserved) today, containing over 2,400 painted clay statues and 45,000 square meters of murals and 5 timber structures on the cliff of the southern district. There are also more than 300 caves used as both living room and burying place for monks and painters on the cliff of the northern district. Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes,so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. (Fan Jinshi 2010，170)The major caves were sponsored by patrons such as important asclergies, local ruling elites, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other caves may have been funded by merchants and other local people such as women's groups. (Sha Wutian 2020, 122)

====[[File:Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes]]====

===History===

Mogao Grottoes were not built in one day. According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff. Later, monk Faliang（法良）came here and joined him cultivating in caves. Since then more and more caves have been excavated over a thousand year. (Whitfield 1990, 8)

By the time of Northern Liang, small community of monks had formed at this site. The caves initially served only as a place of meditation for hermit monks. Later, they were developed to serve the monasteries that sprang up nearby. Members of the ruling families of Northern Wei and Northern Zhou constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived Sui Dynasty. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. In the Sui Dynasty, Hexi Corridor was controlled by central authority. The emperors were pious followers of Buddhism and they ordered to build stupas across the country. Therefore, more than 100 caves were excavated in Mogao Grottoes within 37 years. By the Tang Dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand. During this period, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious center. A large number of the caves were constructed during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang Empress Wu Zitian to build giant statues across the country. The site escaped the persecution of Buddhists ordered by Emperor Wuzong in 845 as it was then under Tibetan control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people.

After the Tang Dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the Yuan Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes were preserved and kept by Cao Yijin（曹议金). (MA Shichang 2010, 303) After that, his later generations governed Dunhuang Prefecture and constructed multiple family caves such as Cave 55. (Gao Xiujun 2016, 9) During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally abandoned and Dunhuang slowly became depolulated and was forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned. The site, however, went back to a place of pilgrimage and worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century. On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings. Since then, Dunhuang has become well known throughout the world. Both Chinese and foreign scholars have made extensive studies on the findings.(Stein 1912, volume 2)

====[[File:Taoist Wang Yuanlu.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Taoist Wang Yuanlu]]====

===Art===

The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture and they vary from dynasty to dynasty. There are mainly three types of structural forms of Mogao Grottoes: Vihara, Chaitya and Hall with inverted funnel shaped ceiling. A Chaitya with a central pillar is the main form of the caves in the early period of the Sixteen States, with Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties included. The murals may be divided into seven sorts:Buddhist figures, Sutra illustration, Buddhist stories, Buddhist historical pictures, Chinese mythologies, donors and decorative designs. Buddhist stories in the murals can be divided into three types: Jataka（佛本生), Buddha’s life and fate story. A Jataka is a narrative which tells of the good deeds performed by Sakyamuni during his perious existence such as prince Sudanda giving up his body to feed the hungry tigers. As to sculptures, they were constructed on a wooden frame, padded with reed, then modelled in clay stucco and finished with paint.（Duan Wenjie 1994, 163)

====[[File:A Chaitya with a Central Pillar.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Chaitya with a Central Pillar]]====

====[[File:A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body]]====

The artistic styles in the Sixteen States, which gradually turned away from being primitive and simple to an easy and graceful styles in the Northern Wei, manifested in figures with well-chiseled builds and emaciated looks. In Northern Zhou, the styles of figures show that Chinese art combining the influence of foreign and native styles gradually became more nationalized. The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs. The caves become spacious and more suited for large paintings, such as the Sutra illustrations and huge pictures of Buddha expounding sermons. Bold and vigorous, brush work was painted with intricate and flowing lines. For example, Lotus Sutra on the ceiling of Cave 420 displays a lot of episodes of mountains, forests, rivers, buildings and so on in a limitated space. The theme and art in the Sui Dynasty show an important devdelopment in traditional art and indicate a comimg glorious new era. In Tang Dynasty, the caves are large with an inverted funnel shaped ceiling. The murals consist mostly of huge paintings of stories from Buddhist Sutras with well-regulated scenes and well-balanced composition. The figures at that time have round and plump faces and curved eyebrows which expresses the aesthetical taste of the people living in Tang. The mural in Cave 220 contains vivid portraits of the Emperor and his ministers listening to a sermon. The ministers attending to Emperor are each bestowed with differrent appearances and expressions. Some are natural and graceful and some cautious. The well-proportioned painted statues were made with more consummate care and attention to the detail, showing us the solemn Buddha. In addition, very tall and colossal statues of Buddha began to be made. The outstanding one is an early Tang Dynasty statue 34 metres high in Cave 96.( Fan Jinshi 2010, 175) In 781-848A.D, Hexi region fell into the Tibetan. Hence, there was an interesting changes: the king of the Tibetan took the place of central-plain emperors in the wall-painting.

====[[File:Cave 251 in Northern Wei.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 251 in Northern Wei]]====

====[[File:Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty]]====

By the time of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, the grottoes carved in this period are very large and different in form and layout. The subject and style of the statues and murals remain the influence from Tang Dynasty, but the use of colours and the drawing techniques show a simple folk style. From the 9th century to 12th, the Uygur had been in Dunhuang. The artistic styles bear the imprint of both Han and Uygur. The Uygur murals are generally characterized by the simplicity of the subject, the looseness of the arrangement, the direct and rough brush strokes. The human figures have features of certain minority groups. In the Western Xia Dynasty(1036-1227), most of caves were repaired and renovated, and only 10 caves were built because of the limited cliffs. Compared to the Yulin Grottoes at the same time, painting of Dunhuang display the Pure-land Sutra, containing simpler content. Only 27 caves are extant in Yuan times(1227-1372). The murals in Cave 3, however, still remain the Tang and Song techniques, namely using different types of drawing to depict different parts of human figures such as iron-wire lines, orchid-leaf strokes and broken-reef strokes, etc. Since the 15th century, the Mogao Grottoes had gradually fallen into neglect in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Rong Xinjiang 1999, 248)

====[[File:Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty]]====

===Terms and Expressions===

hermit 隐士

stupas 舍利塔

Emperor Wuzong 唐武宗

Vihara 精舍

Chaitya 支提窟

stucco 灰泥

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Sutras 佛经

===Questions===

1.What do Dunhuang Grottoes refer to?

2.Who built the first cave and when?

3.In 1900, who found the treasure-house in Mogao Grottoes and what were stored in it?

4.How many aspects does the art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of and what are they respectively?

5.What are the characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty?

===Answers===

1.Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes, so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes.

2.According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff.

3.On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings.

4.The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture.

5.The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs.

===References===

Fan Jinshi 樊锦诗.(2010). 敦煌石窟 [The Caves of Dunhuang]. Gansu: The Dunhuang Academy敦煌研究院.

Gao Xiujun 高秀军.(2016). 敦煌莫高窟第55窟研究 [Research on the 55th Grotto of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang].Lanzhou University兰州大学.

MA Shichang.(2010).Buddhist Cave-temples and the Cao Family at Mogao Ku, Dunhuang.MA Shichang,27(2),303-317.

Rong Xinjiang 荣新江. (2010). 敦煌藏经洞的性质及其封闭原因 [The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House上海古籍出版社.

Sha Wutian 沙武田. (2020). 佛教供养与政治宣传——敦煌莫高窟第156窟供养人画像研究 [Buddhist offerings and Political Propaganda -- A Study on the Portrait of the Patron of the 156th Grottoes in Dunhuang].中原文物 Cultural Relics in Central Plain,No.215,118-128.

Stein, M. Aurel. Ruins of Desert Cathay.(1912). Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, volume 2. London: Macmillan.

Suemori Kaoru. (2020)."Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns". Kyoto: Hozokan.

DuanWenjie. (1994). Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie. Abhinav Publications. p. 163.

Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. (1990). Chinese Art from the Silk Route, British Museum Publications. P . 5-20.

https://books.google.ru/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=vYPNqlAMZWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=info:9v6pr21oST8J:scholar.google.com/&ots=s-uXhnyDBp&sig=u3H7MAh_OpGRS6Iwxoqx0rC5_fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mogao+grottoes&oq=

==Four State-level Cultural Relics Luo Weijia罗维嘉 Student No.202070080600==

===Four State-level Cultural Relics===

China, home to one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, abounds in cultural relics, from ancient tombs, architecture, instruments to handicrafts, historical books and so on. They embody rich information about history and culture and vividly display the process of Chinese cultural development. The astounding artistic and technological levels shown in those relics continue to impress people today.

====Houmuwu Ding====

In ancient China, ding was a symbol of imperial power. Therefore, ding is often used in phrases and expressions in the Chinese language to imply authority. For instance, wending, literally “enquiring about ding”, means plotting to usurp political power, yiyan juiding, literally “One word of promise is equal to nine dings”, means a decisive comment.

Simuwu Ding,or Houmuwu Ding, was a very precious cultural relic, found in 1937 in Anyang of Henan Province (Zhang Peng:86-89).It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago. This square-shaped ding is the largest existing bronzeware in the ancient world. It is now housed in the National Museum of China in Beijing.

Ding was a cooking vessel probably used to boil or cook food in the primitive society. At that time, dings were made of clay. During the Shang and Zhou (11th century-771 BC) dynasties, bronze cast technology reached a very high level in China. Therefore, people used bronze to cast ding. However, dings were no longer cooking utensils in ordinary people’s life but an object for important ceremonies to offer sacrifices.

Simuwu Ding was cast by Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty as a ritual object for a ceremony to offer sacrifices to his mother. The three characters simuwu form an inscription on the inside of the sidewall. According to archeologists, si means sacrificial ceremony and muwu is the name of the emperor’s mother. Later on, Simuwu became the name of this huge ding (Zhang Peng:86-89).

Simuwu Ding is 1.33m high, 1.10m long and 0.78m wide, weighing 832.84kg. At that time, it needed 1000kg of metal and two to three hundred workers to produce it. This ding is solid in build, magnificent in appearance and was made with fine craftsmanship. The four pillar legs are thick and powerful. Each side has a blank space in the middle, surrounded by a band of decoration featuring taotie (animal faced creatures) and kuilong (one-legged dragons), symbolic of harvest and auspiciousness. Simuwu Ding represents the highest level of bronze cast technology in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

==== The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi ====

The chime bells, or bianzhong, are a kind of percussion musical instrument made of bronze. China is the earliest country to manufacture and use such instrument. Chime bells were divided into groups according to their size, temperament, pitch and were hang on a rack. A small hammer or wooden club is used to hit the bell to make a resonant and agreeable sound.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are the largest and the most complete ancient chimes existing today in China. They were unearthed from the tomb of Yi, the Marquis of Zeng, a small state of the Warring States Period (475 BC- 221 BC), in 1978. When they were found, all bells were still hanging on their rack. They are now preserved in Hubei Museum(Gao Nan:29).

There are altogether 65 bells hung in eight groups on wooden or bronze bars. The rack, 10.79m long, 2.67m high, is made of three bars, namely, the upper, middle and lower bars, held up by six bronze warriors and a few round, wooden posts. The 65 bells weigh over 2500kg. The largest bell is 1.52m in height and weighs more than 203.6kg. The smallest bell is about 20cm in height and weighs 2.4kg (Gao Nan:29). It is extremely rare tosee a set with so many bells of such weight and size.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are exquisitely cast and look very elegant. To help artists to perform music, there are instructions on each bell with 3700 characters in all (Wan Quanwen:1-2). There are also words about the hanging indication and musical temperament that are called the “valuable music theory work”. The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi show that, as early as the Warring States Period, China already had a very rich musical culture. The chime bells still could produce a pure and accurate note after unearthed. The tone is excellent and the timbre is pure.

After excavation of the chime, Chinese musicians created a melody entitled Bianzhong Yuewu (music and dance accompanied by chime bells), to once again demonstrate the charm of ancient Chinese music.

==== Jade Suit with Gold Thread ====

Ordinarily, the texture of clothes is cotton, flax or silk. However, there were suits made of gold and jade, that is “Jade Suit with Gold Thread”.

The emperors of the Han Dynasty believed that jade could prevent their corpses from decaying, and they regarded jade as full of dignity and nobility. Therefore, they used jade suits as their grave clothes. Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade separately that are called Jade Suit Sewn with Gold Thread, Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread and Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread.

The two sets of jade suits of the Han Dynasty tomb unearthed in Mancheng of Hebei Province in 1968 revealed to the world the real features of such grave clothes (Li Yawen:38-39). Their owners were Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, and his wife, Dou Wan, of the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-25 AD).

In appearance, a jade suit follows the shape of a human body. It consists of five parts, i.e., head mask, coat, trousers, gloves and shoes. Each part is made of pieces of jade. The size and shape of each jade piece was designed according to its position. Most jade pieces are shaped in square or rectangular form, but there are a few in trapezoid, triangle or multi sided shapes. Each jade piece is perforated at its corners, through which a gold thread goes through to sew the pieces together. Liu Sheng’s jade suit is rather large, 1.88m long and made up of 2498 pieces. The gold thread used for this suit is about 700g in weight (Li Yawen:38-39).

Such refined suits made some 2000 years ago in the Han Dynasty indicate the high design level and excellent craftsmanship of that time. In fact, of course, the rulers’ dream of preventing their corpses from decaying could never be realized. The practice of wearing jade suits was banned during the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280).

==== Bronze Galloping Horse ====

In 1969, a galloping horse in bronze was unearthed in an Eastern Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province in western China. The bronze statue is a famous representative sculpture of the Han Dynasty. Wuwei County leapt to fame with the discovery of this national treasure.

The 34.5 cm-high bronze horse, covered with spots of verdigris, has a full and robust body. The prancing legs, flying tail, slightly dilated nostrils portray a galloping horse. What is ingenious about it is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow. That means the galloping horse is faster than a flying swallow (Wang Qian:10-11). The positioning of its four legs strictly conforms to that of a living horse and is highly praised by many local and foreign archeologists and artists.

In this work, Chinese ancient artists combined realism and romanticism, and ingeniously integrated galloping horse and flying swallow through rich imagination, original conception and skillful craftsmanship (Wang Qian:10-11). The swift flying swallow sets off the amazingly fast speed of the galloping horse. According to analysis of its mechanics, Bronze Galloping Horse finds a center of gravity in the swallow to give the statue its stability. The romantic image of the swallow sets off the power and strength of the horse, providing a rich imaginative experience for viewers.

Bronze Galloping Horse is believed to be a portrayal of the "heavenly steed" of Chinese legend. It is of high craftsmanship, fully expressive of the horse-breeding culture of China's western regions. It has become a symbol of Chinese tourism and a representative work that brings forth the time-honored cultural tradition of the Chinese nation and the oriental aesthetics to the world. The cultural relic is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===Terms and Expressions===

Houmuwu Ding 后母戊鼎

Simuwu Ding 司母戊鼎

Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty 商王武丁

taotie 饕餮

National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆

chime bells/bian zhong 编钟

Marquis Yi 曾侯乙

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi 曾侯乙编钟

Bianzhong Yuewu 《编钟乐舞》

Hubei Museum 湖北省博物馆

Jade Suit with Gold Thread 金缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread 银缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread 铜缕玉衣

Bronze Galloping Horse 铜奔马/ 马踏飞燕

Gansu Provincial Museum 甘肃省博物馆

===Questions===

1. What does ding symbolize?

2. When was Houmuwu Ding produced?

3.How many bells do the chime bells of Marquis Yi contain?

4.What is the size of the largest bell?

5.What kind of thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade?

6.When did the Jade Suit with Gold Thread unearth?

7.What is ingenious about the Galloping Horse?

8.Where is Bronze Galloping Horse preserved now?

===Answers===

1.Ding was a symbol of imperial power.

2.It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago.

3.They contain 65 bells.

4.The largest bell exceeds 1.5m in height and weighs more than 200kg.

5.Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade.

6.It unearthed in 1968.

7.It is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow.

8.It is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===References===

[1]Zhang Peng 张鹏.(2020).青铜大师杜廼松:“司母戊鼎”名称不容置疑[No Doubt about the Name of Simuwu Ding].中国民族博览 (09):86-89.

[2]Wan Quanwen 万全文.(2020).曾侯乙编钟[The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi].文史知识 (11):1-2.

[3]Gao Nan 高楠.(2020).音乐中的国家宝藏——曾侯乙编钟[National Treasure in Music].琴童 (01):29.

[4]Li Yawen 李雅雯.(2019)浅说满城汉墓中的金缕玉衣 [The Study of Jade Suit with Gold Thread Unearthed in Mancheng].文物鉴定与鉴赏 (03):38-39.

[5]Wang Qian 王倩.(2020).青铜雕塑“马踏飞燕”的研究[The Study of the Bronze Sculpture ——the Galloping Horse].艺术品鉴, (26):10-11.

== The Forbidden City Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴 Student No.202070080601==

===The Forbidden City===--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 08:30, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====I.Introduction====
The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, and with a total area of 720,000 square meters (180 acres). It lies in the center of Beijing's central axis. Today, the Forbidden City houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yong Le Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government.(Barmé, Geremie R 2018,26)
The Forbidden City is a national AAAAA tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection in 1961. What’s more, it was declared a world cultural heritage in 1987, and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.(UNESCO,2007)
====[[File:A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City]]====

====II.The Name of the Forbidden City====
The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; English: Purple Forbidden City). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in the period of Jia Jing. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31) In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized. The stars in the sky were used to correspond with the capital planning to highlight the legitimacy of the regime and the supremacy of imperial power. “ Zi ”, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, The emperor of heaven lived in Ziwei palace, while the human emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" who was ordered by heaven. His residence should be a symbol of Ziwei palace to correspond to the heaven emperor. “Jin” means that this splendid palace symbolizes supreme power and status of the royal family. In that case, this palace was forbidden, no one could enter and leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. Cheng means a city. Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace". The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

====III.The History of the Forbidden City====

When Hongwu’s son Zhu Di became the Yong Le Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. (Yu Zhuoyun1984,18)In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. He set fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process of retreating to Shannxi. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the Emperor Shunzhi as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. (Guo Moruo 1944,3.14) In the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), the reconstruction of the rest of the destroyed buildings of the Forbidden City was started, and it was basically completed in 1695.After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal. During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.( Xie Mengyin&Qu Wanlin2006, 11.7)

====IV.The Structure of the Forbidden City====
Firstly, The Forbidden City is a rectangle and symmetric in its layout. Its palaces are arranged along a north-south axis, on which the three main halls, the rear three palaces and the imperial garden are all located. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City, but also reaches Yongding Gate in the south, Drum Tower and bell tower in the north, and runs through the whole city.(Xie Li 2005,(03)100-102)
Secondly, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts, the Outer Court and Inner Court. The Outer Court is the place where the emperor deals with political affairs. There are mainly three halls: the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. The Inner Court or Back Palace includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. The inner court takes Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility as its center with six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west.

====[[File:The layout of the Forbidden City.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The layout of the Forbidden City]]====

====VI The Collections of the Forbidden City====
The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.(Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005,6-22)
The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1,863,404 pieces of art. They are numbered by "Gu", "Xin" and "Shu". Except for the ancient books and documents, all the other collections are labeled with "Gu" and "Xin". The number of ordinary cultural relics begins with the word "Zi", and the ceramic specimens begin with the word "Biao". The general catalogue is divided into 25 categories, and the numbers in each category are sorted from small to large. Many collections once lost and was brought to the Palace Museum, For example, Han Banquet map. And there are some exquisite collections like Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer, Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems and Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.(Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )In addition, The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. (Meng Fuxia 2012, (21) 73-74)

====[[File:Han Banquet map.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Han Banquet map]]====
====[[File:Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance]]====
====[[File:Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems]]====
====[[File:Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women]]====

====Terms and Expressions====
palace complex 宫殿群

central axis 中心轴

the Palace Museum故宫博物院

the Yong Le Emperor 永乐皇帝

key cultural relics under national protection 国家重点文物保护单位

world cultural heritage 世界文化遗产

harmony between man and nature 天人合一

the imperial garden 御花园

the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿

the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿

the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿

Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)

Hall of Union 交泰宫

Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫

Han Banquet map 韩熙载夜宴图

Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer陶彩绘女舞俑

Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems十二生肖镜

Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

====Questions====
1. What’ s the meaning of “Zi” in the Chinese name Zijin Cheng?

2. When was the Forbidden City listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

3.How many emperors have been lived in the Forbidden City?

4.How long did it take to build the Forbidden City?

5.Why some parts of national treasures are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei now.

6. What two parts can the Forbidden City be divided into?

7.When was the Palace Museum established?

===Answers===
1.“Zi” refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star

2.In 1897.

3.24 emperors.

4.14 years.

5.Because both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.

6.They are the Outer Court and Inner Court.

7.The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925

===References===

Barmé, Geremie R(2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press.26.

UNESCO(2007). "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang".

Li Xieping 李燮平. (1997) "紫禁城"名称始于何时[When did the name of the Forbidden City come into being?]. 紫禁城Forbidden City, (04) 29-31.

Yu Zhuoyun(1984), Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking Press,p18.

Guo Moruo 郭沫若.(1994) 甲申三百年祭[Commemorating 300th Anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year]. 新华日报 New China Daily, 3.19.

Xie Li 谢丽.(2005) 北京中轴线上的十七座门[Seventeen doors on the central axis of Beijing].紫禁城 Forbidden City, (03)100-102.

Meng Fuxia 孟福霞. (2012)北京故宫空间布局构思探源——论中国古代宫殿建筑的美学精神[On the Origin of the Space Layout of the Palace Museum in Beijing--On the Aesthetic Spirit of Ancient Chinese Palace Architecture]大众文艺Popular Literature and Art, (21) 73-74.

Li Wei&Wang Shuo 刘薇,王硕.2005故宫文物南迁路线图揭秘[Unveiling the Route Map of the Cultural Relics of the Imperial Palace to the South] 华夏经纬网Jinwei Network, 6.22 http://www.huaxia.com/wh/gjzt/2005/00333230.html

The Collection of the Palace Museum 故宫博物院馆藏https://www. dpm.org.cn /Home.html

Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 谢荫明,瞿宛林. (2006) “文化大革命” 中谁保护了故宫 [Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution? ].人民网People’s Daily Online,11,7. http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0811/c372327-25441615.html

==Chinese Marriage Customs Mo Ling 莫玲 202070080602==
<center> 莫玲 Mo Ling </center>

===Chinese Marriage Customs===

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents.

===Six Procedures===

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refers that if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose,which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Customs===

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Development===

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows a unique Chinese characteristics.

===References===

Gao Xiaoqian. 高筱倩.(2017) 中国传统婚嫁习俗研究［The Research on Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs］戏剧之家[Drama House] 235.

Zhang Yueyong. 张月莹.(2013) 中国近代婚嫁礼俗及婚姻观念转变的探索[A Study on the Change of Marriage customs and Marriage Concepts in Modern China] 松州学刊［Songzhou Academic Journal］ 47-48.

Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa. 周丹迪, 岳书法.(2012) 浅析近代以来中国婚嫁民俗的演变[On the evolution of Chinese marriage customs since modern times] 文化学刊[Cultural Academic Journal] 15.

===Terms and Expressions===

Na Cai 纳彩

Wen Ming 问名

Na Ji 纳吉

Na Zheng 纳征

Qing Qi 纳征

Qin Ying 亲迎

Huimen 回门

Guiling 归宁

betrothal presents 彩礼

the central room 堂屋

bridal chamber 婚房

“eight characters” of the birth moment 生辰八字

===Questions===

1.How many procedures are needed from the negotiation to the completion of marriage?

2.Did the ancient young people have the rights to decide their own marriage or not and why?

3.What is the kneeling etiquettes?

4.When the couple have to return to the girl’s home?

5.What changes have been made nowadays?

6.Please list some new wedding customs.

===Answers===

1.There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying.

2.No, they didn’t have the right to decide their own marriage because ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker.

3.It consists of 4 steps: the first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber.

4.At the third day of the wedding ceremony.

5.Adults can choose their spouse by themselves and they can meet each other whenever they want; Some couples choose to hold the ceremony in the church some even finish it through travel, etc.

6.Examples:couple can choose to live in the either part of the two families; wedding ceremony can be hold in hotel; the bride can wear white wedding dress rather than the single red in the ancient time.

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

====Topic: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam====

==Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac - Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲 202070080603==

===Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac===

[[File:oyltacz.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have been engraved in every Chinese people.

====Origin====

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence. There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).

====Folk Culture and Belief ====

The zodiac sign not only can reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition.

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures, the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

====Conclusion====

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have developed a profound connotation and implications through generation. Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).

===References===
《大中国上下五千年》丛书编委会(2010) The Editorial Board of the ''Five Thousand Years of Great China''（''Dazhongguo Shangxia Wuqiannian''） ''Series'',《中国生肖文化》''The Culture of Chinese Zodiac'', 北京：外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.

Yip, Paul S.F.伊普, Lee, Joseph 李 and Cheung, Y.B.张 (2002).The Influence of the Chinese Zodiac on Fertility in Hong Kong SAR 论生肖对香港生育率的影响. ''Social Science & Medicine''《社会科学与医学》, Volume 55, Issue 10 第55卷第10期, 1803-1812.

===Terms and Expressions===

Jade Emperor 玉皇大帝

Ten Heavenly Stems 十天干

Twelve Earthly Branches 十二地支

Five Elements 五行

Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth 金木水火土

Eight Characters 八字

===Questions===

1.How long is the history of Chinese zodiac?

2.What are the twelve zodiac signs in order?

3.From what time the Earthly Branches was used to record time?

4.According to Chinese folk belief, what kind of characteristics do people born in year of rat have?

5.Which zodiac animal is mostly praised in China?

6.Can you name some pairs of zodiac animal that get along well with each other according to Chinese folk culture?

7.Which pair of animals that are natural enemies according to Chinese folk culture?

===Answers===

1.More than 2200 years.

2.Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.

3.Han Dynasty.

4.They are smart, adaptable, and have the will to fight, but, on the other hand, they are so over-ambitious and easy to fail.

5.Dragon.

6.Tiger and pig, rabbit and dog and dragon and rooster.

7.Dragon and tiger.

==Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏 202070080641==
--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====Introduction of Lisu people and Daogan festival====

The Lisu ethnic group are the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group living in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.

[[File:Example1.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans in the tribal clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames come from their own hunter work in primitive times. But later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic groups living in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, they were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

[[File:Example2.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

====Legend====

During the Ming Dynasty, when people not belonging to the same clan of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the king sent Wang Ji (王骥), the war department of the Chinese feudal ministry, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. Later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the souls of the brave soldiers who died bravely defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Up and down the mountain" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Meaning====

Going up to the knife mountain and going down to the sea of fire are the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which reproduce the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains and the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Performing====

[[File:Example3.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

Pine trees were used as tool poles, iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. When we go up the rice mountain and down the fire, we play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals from pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Setting , knife pole , vertical pole , sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper.
After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the knife bearer grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When the knife-bearer reaches the top through the three scissors, the knife-bearer opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the boiling crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, over which he sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth, which showed the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Development====

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and perform various difficult moves at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the good people of the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Terms and Expressions====

1.Lisu people 傈僳族

2."Up and down the mountain" event 上刀山，下火海

3.The Lisu tribe 傈僳族

4.clan 氏族

5.primitive times 原始时期

====Questions====

1.How many Lisu people live in Yunnan and Sichuan？

2.How many clans make up the Lisu people？

3.Who united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders？

4.Which day is the Daogan Festival？

5.What musical instruments do they play under the knife pole?

====Answers====

1.About 730,000 Lisu people.

2.The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans.

3.Wang Ji.

4.15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year.

5.They play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments.

====References====

*Ernst, Gabriel (21 October 2019). "'We try to not be Thai': the everyday resistance of ethnic minorities"
*"Yunnan Province of China Government Web". Eng.yn.gov.cn.
*李智环．Li Zhihuan. 傈僳族人口分布及形成原因分析 [Analysis of the Distribution and Causes of the Formation of the Lisu People] 《保山学院学报》， 2010 [Journal of Baoshan College], 2010

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
Chinese Clothing== Phyo, Su Kyi, Student No-20191108000

Introduction

Chinese Clothing has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 years-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. (www.topchinatravel. com, 2004)

Chinese clothing has undergone continuous transformations throughout history,providing a reflection of the culture in place at any given time. A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry, and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive Chinese fashions through the ages. This illustrated introductory survey takes the reader through traditional Chinese clothing,ornamentation,and ceremonial wear, and discusses the importance of silk and the diverse costumes of China's ethnic groups before considering modern trends and China's place in the fashion world today.(Mei Hua-2010-page-1)

A-Chinese traditional clothing

Chinese traditional clothing contains rich cultural connotations.Today, after the reform and opening up, the clothing industry has developed vigorously. People gradually start pay attention to the local clothing culture, and pursue cultural connotation contained in clothing. For modern designers, the traditional clothing and its cultural background are their creation inspirations during creation phases,and they are also one of the expressive elements preferred by designers at home and abroad. Inheriting traditional clothing culture not only means that it needs us to turn the traditional clothing elements into a symbol, but also needs us to further understand the background and connotations of traditional clothing culture. The work of design without culture is like a gorgeous shell that can't stand the test of history. Only by grasping the inner spirit of traditional clothing culture, abandoning simple piled up work and patch-up work without connotation and learning the modern expressive methods of traditional clothing elements, one can design out the works which can touch people's heartstrings. (Jiangsu,2016,page-2)

Traditional clothing is the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics. Traditional clothing mutually integrates its unique style, comfortable fabric, bright colors,rich designs and exquisite craft elements to bring people impulsive feelings with visual communication. Traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics enjoys its unique artistic features in the style, color,fabrics,decoration and craft, ect. They are profoundly influenced by Chinese traditional culture ideas in the process of their formation and development and finally condensed into the national culture bearing Chinese culture features. These elements are the source of our inspiration in contemporary clothing design, and the use of these Chinese elements can help people to design out the clothing Chinese style.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-2)

Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design. Putting the traditional elements into fashion design not only helps the native culture to extend itself, but also greatly promotes the culture exchanges in nationalities. Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture,make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design, use the common language to express Chinese traditional culture essence, and integrate Chinese traditional element symbol into the spiritual elements of fashion design to make the national culture spirit and the language of the world integrate into the mainstream of modern clothing design.(Jiangsu,2016, page -3)

==Traditional Han Chinese Clothing (Han Fu):It refers to the attire worn byvthe Han people from the enthronement of the Yellow Emperor(about 2698BC) till the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644AD).It became known as the Han Fu(fu means 'clothes" in Chinese)because the fashion was improved and popularized during the Han Dynasty. It is usually in the from of long gown,cross collar, wrapping the right lapel over the left, loose wide sleeves and no buttons but a sash. Although simple in design, it gives different feelings to different wearers.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019-Aug-2)

==Chinese Suit(Tang Zhuang):It is a combination of the Manchu male jacket ofvthe Qing Dynasty and the western style suit. It is usually straight collared,with coiled buttons down the front. Its color and design are in traditional Chinese style but tailoring is western.(www.topchinatravel. com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Cheongsam(Qi Pao):Originated from the Manchu female clothes, it evolved by merging with western patterns that show off the beauty of a female body. Its features are straight collar, strain on the waist,coiled buttons and slits on both sides ofvthe dress. Materials used are usually silk, cotton and linen.Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire in the world today.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Chinese Tunic Suit(Zhongshan Zhuang) :Also called the Yat-sen Suit , it is designed by Dr.Sun Yat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire. It has a turn-down collar and four pockets with flaps. As Chairman Mao Zedong worn it quite frequently, it is also called the Mao Suit by westerners. It is the main attire from the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 till 1980,s. The country's leaders still wear it today when attending important occasions, such as military parades.(www.topchinatravel. com,2016,Auge-2.)

B-Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements

There are many old stories in ancient Chinese civilization, and Chinese traditional elements come up with the tenacity of the Chinese nations long history. Different times has their unique cultural connotations and form elements,which include Chinese architecture, costumes, traditional Chinese painting and folk art etc., and those cultural connotations and form elements are precious heritage that the ancestors leave to their off-springs. The change of dynasties in the history of our country lead to changes of cultural centers, which finally lead to the appearance Chinese traditional elements with different representative features in each historical periods, nations and regions. These elements include: Chinese silk ,cloth of brocade, hemp,blue printed fabric; chirpaur, Chinese -style chest covering, Chinese tunic suit, collar,surplice, mandarin and split etc.; colorful ethnic colors: such as bright red,green,yellow and blueetc.;Neolithic patterns, bronze patterns in Shang and Chou dynasties, ancient lacquer were pattern in Qin and Han dynasties, Buddhism patterns in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties and traditional decorative patterns in Tang,Sing and Qing dynasties. The essence of Chinese traditional culture which bear the role of inheriting national culture, and is the unique and external characteristic of Chinese nation.(Jiangsu,2016, page-3)

Trems and Expressions

历史-history,

期-period,

世代-generations,

服装-clothing,

设计师-designers ,

装饰-ornamentation

中国服饰- Chinese clothing

服饰-Costumes

传统服装-Traditional clothing

服装设计-Clothing design

时尚设计-Fashion design

几代服装设计师-Generations of clothing designers

中国西装-Chinese Suit

旗袍-Cheongsam

中山装-Chinese Tunic Suit

中国传统元素-Chinese traditional elements

===Questions ===

1-What’s archaeological findings in Chinese fashions through the ages?

2-What's Traditional Clothing?

3-What's Traditional culture indispensable?

4-How is means Han Fu?

5-What's the popular Chinese attire?

6-How called was Chinese Tunic Suit?

7-What'are include Chinese traditional elements?
--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 04:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Su Kyi

==Answers===
1- A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry,
and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive chinese fanshions through the ages.

2-Traditional clothingis the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing
culture with Chinese characteristics.

3-Chineset traditional culture is an indispensablevsource of inspirationin fashion
design.

4-Han Fu is fu means clothes in Chinese.

5-Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire inthe world today.

6-It is also called the Yat-sen Suit,it is designed byDr.SunYat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire.

7-Chinese traditional elements include: Chinese silk,cloth of brocade, hemp, blue printed fabric.

--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 11:56, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===References===

1.Jiangsu.“Influences of Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements on Modern Clothing Design”,

Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,Soochow University,Published by Atlantic Press,2016.

2.Mei Hua, `Chinese Clothing´, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building,Cambridge CB28RU,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press,NewYork
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521186896
Originally published byChina Intercontinental Press as Cinese Clothing(9787508516615)in2010©ChinaIntercontinentalPress2010

3.https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/history-of-chinese-clothing.htm

4.https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/clothing/--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 10:26, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

===Chinese traditional dance===

===Chinese Traditional women clothing===

===1- History of Chinese clothing===

History of Chinese clothing China has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000 years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 year-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization.

===A- Chinese Clothing during Qin and Han Dynasties (221 B.C - 220 A.D)===

The Qin and Han dynasties (221 B.C. - A.D. 220) witnessed the unification of territory as well as written language. Qin Shihuang, the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, established many social systems, including one for uniforms to distinguish people's ranks and social positions. China's complete code of costume and trappings was established in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). The yarn-dyeing, embroidering and metal-processing technologies developed rapidly in the period, spurring changes in costume and adornments.

===B-Chinese Clothing during Wei,Jin, South and North Dynasties(220-589)===

Chinese clothing experienced a rapid development during the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern dynasties (220-589). Before 265, the cultures and esthetic views of the peoples in north and south China merged because of the moves initiated by frequent wars. Many philosophical schools of thought influenced both people's lives and the conceptions of clothing design.

===C- Chinese Clothing during Tang Dynasty(618-907)===

The Tang Dynasty (618-907) wrote the most brilliant page in the history of Chinese clothing. People's clothes were more varied than before because the state was more open to the outside world and people became more cosmopolitan in their thinking. The clothes for women could be called fashionable because they changed rapidly and were showy. Once only a new style came out, many people would be willing to take it.

===D-Chinese Clothing during Song, Yuan, Ming Dynasties===

Casual wear appeared during the Song Dynasty (960-1279), and clothes were simple and elegant.During the Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), the Mongolian ethnic group, known as the People on Horseback, was in power. The style of clothing was mainly a combination of Mongolian and Han. Clothes were luxurious for upper class yet simple and unadorned in design.Dramatic changes took place during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). A new conception came into being in clothing design, with no limitation to one style and advocating natural beauty, thus bringing vigor and vitality to the clothing culture.

===E- Chinese Clothing during Qing Dynasty===

During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), clothes became elegant, poised, and glorious. During the 200 years of the Qing Empire, the entire world witnessed dramatic changes such as the Renaissance in Italy and Columbus's discovery of the Americas, but the changes did not affect traditional Chinese clothing because China had a closed-door policy. People still wore clothes showing rank and lifestyle. The retreat from outside cultures has left a precious heritage for traditional Chinese clothes.

===F-Chinese Clothing from 1930s till Modern Era===

Chinese clothing from 1930s till now, Qipao has become into fashion since then. During 1930s to 1940s, dress is further westernized, tailored to flatter body shape. During 1940s to 1960s, Qipao(Cheongsam) survives as everyday wear in Hong Kong until the late 1960s.

===Terms and Expressions===

===Questions===

===References===.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 17:37, 25 November 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===Answers===

===References===--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 04:45, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==The Liquor Culture of China 瞿淼 Student No.202070080604==
--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====1.The Origin of liquor in China====

With a long history of liquor-making, China boasts a variety of vintage liquor, which is renowned at home and abroad. Penetrating in China’s entire history of civilization, the liquor culture plays a significant role in many aspects, such as cuisine, literature, and health care, of Chinese people’s daily life.
As to the origin of Chinese liquor, opinions vary and no unanimous conclusion can be drawn, and the most widely accepted version is that Du Kang is the person who invented liquor. There are divergent views on Du Kang’s identity, so far, documents have been found which recorded his deeds in the Yellow Emperor era and Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties. And even his address is disputable. Some people think he lived in Baishui, Shaanxi province and was buried here, while others hold the opinion that he lived in Ruyang, Henan province. However, Du Kang is generally believed to be the Chinese Dionysus. According to the legend, one day it rained suddenly while Du Kang was herding the sheep. Hastily driving the sheep back to the sheepfold, he forgot some husked sorghum rice in a hollowed trunk by accident, and when he came back after a few days, the rice he left there became so fragrant that he couldn’t help tasting some. Surprisingly, it was palatable. This unexpected finding made Du Kang start to develop the liquor-brewing technique. Nowadays, Du kang has become the synonym of liquor in many places. Moreover, ancestral halls of Du Kang have been built in Baishui in Shaanxi province and Ruyang in Henan province to enshrine him. And the liquor produced in these places are called “Du Kang Liquor.”

====2.The Types of liquor in Ancient China====
With constant reform and innovation of the techniques of brewing liquor, thousands types of vintage liquor have been created in China. According to the different production techniques, Chinese liquor can be divided into fermented wine and distilled liquor.

Yellow rice wine is the oldest fermented wine around the world. Shaoxing Wine, a famous specialty of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, is the representative of yellow rice wine. It has a very long history, and the wine industry in Shaoxing was prosperous early in the Warring States period. Shaoxing wine looks yellow and clear, hence sugar is added in its raw material. The most prominent of Shaoxing Wine is that it’s fragrance improves with age. In addition to Shaoxing Wine, there are other famous yellow rice wine like Jiujiang Old Seal Wine, Mellow Wine and Dongwu Rice Wine and so on.

Liquor and Spirits(Baijiu), a kind of distilled liquor, is divided into the following flavor types: sauce-flavor type, light flavor type, strong flavor type and other flavour types. Kweichow Moutai is a traditional Chinese specialty liquor. It is one of the world's three major distilled liquors on par with Scotch whiskey and French cognac. It is also the originator of Daqu sauce-flavored liquor with a history of more than 800 years. The style and quality of Kweichow Moutai is characterized by "prominent sauce, elegant and delicate flavour, full-bodied, long aftertaste, and lasting fragrance in an empty cup". Its special style comes from the unique traditional brewing techniques formed over the years and the brewing methods are combined with the agricultural production in the Chishui River Basin, which is affected by the environment and seasonal production, retaining some of the original traces of local life. In 1996, Moutai's craftsmanship was identified as a state secret to be protected. In 2001, the traditional craft of Moutai was included in the first batch of national material cultural heritage. In 2006, the State Council approved the inclusion of the "Moutai traditional brewing process" in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, and declared the world intangible cultural heritage.

====3.The Types of Drinking Vessel in Ancient China====
Chinese people always pay attention to the beauty and delicacy of tableware, and we stress the exquisiteness and suitability of wine vessels when drinking. Therefore, drinking vessels as part of the liquor culture also have a long history and varied appearances.

In different historical periods, due to the continuous development of society and economy, the production technology, materials, and appearance of wine vessels will naturally undergo corresponding changes; therefore, a wide variety of wine vessels have been produced. As early as the Neolithic culture period, pottery with shapes similar to later wine-ware, such as the pottery of the Peiligang culture period, appeared. The development of the liquor industry and the noble identity of the drinker have made it possible for liquor utensils to be differentiated from ordinary eating utensils. The quality of wine-ware often becomes one of the symbols of the status of drinkers. Bronze ware originated in Xia Dynasty, and the earliest bronze wine ware that has been discovered is from the Xia Erlitou culture period. Bronze ware reached its heyday in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and declined in the Spring and Autumn Period. The purpose of the Shang and Zhou drinking vessels was basically specific. In the Shang Dynasty, due to the development of the liquor industry and the improvement of bronze production technology, China's wine ware reached unprecedented prosperity. The bronze wine vessels of Shang and Zhou Dynasties were divided into liquor boiling vessels, liquor serving vessels, drinking vessels and liquor storaging vessels according to their purposes. Each vessel has many styles, some are in common styles, and some take animal shapes. Take Zun as an example, there are Elephant Zun, Rhino Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun, Tiger Zun, etc. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine utensils became popular in southern China. It became the main type in the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its shape basically inherited the shape of bronze liquor vessels. Porcelain roughly appeared around the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with pottery, the performance of porcelain surpassed that of pottery. The shape of liquor glasses in the Tang Dynasty was much smaller than in the past, so some people think that distilled spirits appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic production, and there were many exquisite wine vessels. People in Song Dynasty like to warm rice wine and drink it. So the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl were invented. People placed the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and poured hot water into the bowl to warm the wine. The representative porcelain wine-ware of the Ming and Qing Dynasty is the blue-and-white porcelain wine-ware.

====4.Drinking Order====
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, drinking orders appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Basin. There are many ways to make wine orders. The way the literati and the ordinary people make drinking orders are naturally very different. Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc., while ordinary people use simple ways to act without any preparation. It requires a quick, witty, artistic and talented person to do liquor orders. The drinking order is of great significance to the transformation, enrichment and development of drinking rituals. It is not only an important means to add wine to the fun and to invigorate the banquet, but also to make Chinese culture enter the wine and become the Liquor Culture".

====Terms and Expressions====
1.Du Kang 杜康
2.Chinese Dionysus 中国酒神
3.husked sorghum rice 秫米饭
4.Baishui 白水县（陕西渭南市辖县）
5.Ruyang 汝阳县（河南省洛阳市下辖县）
6.fermented wine 发酵酒
7.Distilled liquor 蒸馏酒
8.Yellow rice wine 黄酒
9.Shaoxing Wine 绍兴酒
10.Jiujiang Old Seal Wine 九江成年封缸酒
11.Mellow Wine 醇香酒
12.Dongwu Rice Wine 东吴老酒
13.Liquor and Spirits 白酒
14.Kweichow Moutai 贵州茅台
15.sauce-flavor type 酱香型
16.light flavor type 清香型
17.strong flavor type 浓香型
18.Daqu sauce-flavored liquor 大曲酱香型白酒
19.the Peiligang culture period裴李岗文化时期
20.the Xia Erlitou culture period 夏二里头文化时期
21.Zun 樽
22.injection vessel and bowl 注子和注碗
23.drinking order 行酒令

====Questions====

1.Who is generally believed to invent liquor in China?

2.What is the most prominent of Shaoxing Wine?

3.How to use the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl in the Song dynasty?

4.How do literati often make drinking orders in China?

====Answers====

1.Du Kang

2.It’s fragrance improves with age.

3.Place the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and pour hot water into the bowl to warm the wine.

4.Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc.

====Bibliography====
*Huang Yixi 黄亦锡. (2008) 酒、酒器与传统文化[Wine, Wineset and Traditional Culture: the Study of Wine Culture of Ancient China]. 厦门大学Xiamen University.

*Li Fangzhou 李方舟. (1998) 酒令——酒文化的珍品[Liquor-a treasure of wine culture]. 质量天地Production Room.

*Du Jinpeng 杜金鹏. (1995) 中国古代酒具[Ancient Chinese Wine Set]. 上海文化出版社 Shanghai Culture Publishing House.

*Yang Li 杨利. (2005) 酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[A Probe into Wine Culture and Spiritual Cultural Value of Wine]. 邵阳学院学报Academic Journal of Shaoyang University, 2005(02):82-83.

*Xu Shaohua 徐少华. (1999) 中国酒文化研究50年[Research on 50 years of Chinese wine culture]. 酿酒科技Brewing Technology, 1999(06):15-18.

*Zhao Fengqi 赵凤琦. (2014) 我国白酒产业可持续发展研究[Research on Sustainable Development of Chinese Liquor Industry]. 中国社会科学院研究生院CASS Graduate School.

*Wng Jianguo&Xu Liang 汪建国,徐亮.(2005)我国黄酒的特征及展望[Characteristics and Prospects of Chinese Rice Wine] 江苏调味副食品Journal of Jiangsu Seasoning Food, 2005(06):8-12.

*Ding Jihua 丁季华. (1991) 中国酒文化的结构与功能[The structure and function of Chinese wine culture]. 历史教学问题History Research and Teaching, 1991(2).

== China Railway High-Speed (CRH) - Rajabov, Anushervon student NO. 201921080005==

===China Railway High-Speed (CRH)===

Introduction

High-speed railway (HSR) in China is the longest network of high-speed railways in the world and is used most widely. The network of UNCC includes the recently built railway at the estimated speed of 200-350 km / h (120-220 miles per hour). The Chinese VSM accounts for two thirds of world high-speed railways. Almost all trains, the path and services of the HSR belong to the Chinese railway corporation under the CHINA Railway High Speed brand (CRH). The high-speed railway has developed rapidly in China over the past 15 years. CRH was put into operation in April 2007, the Intercity Line Beijing-Tianjin, which opened in August 2008, became the first HSR allocated passenger line. HSR applies to all administrative provincial levels, except Macau and Tibet. The total length of the HSR network reached 36,000 km (22,000 miles) in August 2020. The HSR construction boom continues, and the HSR network should reach 70,000 km (43,000 miles) in 2035. China's first high-speed trains were imported or built in accordance with the Technology Transfer Agreement with foreign trains manufacturers, including Alstom, Siemens, Bombardier and Kawasaki Heavy Industry Since the initial technical support, Chinese engineers have overpower the internal components of the train and built local trains produced by the CRRC State Corporation. The appearance of a rapidly accelerated railway in China has decreased in the way and changed Chinese society and the economy. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."

Definition and terminology

High-speed trains in China are usually belonging to passenger trades of classes G, D and C. in class G trains (高铁; Gāotiě; "High-speed rail") are commonly used trains E In class D trains (动车; Dòngchē; "Electrical multiple unit") are presented by EMU trains operating at lower speeds, whether in high-speed or low-speed ways. The actual movement speed of class D trains can vary greatly. D211 Creament train from Guyang-east to Guangzhou-South along the High Speed Railway Guang-Guangzhou, a line with an estimated speed of 250 km / h, on average, 207 km / h per trip. The sleeping train D312 EMU between South Beijing and Shanghai at a low speed Beijing - Shanghai on average passing 121 km / h. Class C (c héngjì; “intercity”) trains that run on high-speed tracks at speeds above 250 km / h are also considered high-speed trains.

Influence on airlines

The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights. The effect of high-speed railway on airfare is most acute when traveling for less than 500 km (310 miles). By the spring of 2011, commercial airlines were fully stopped at previously popular routes such as Wuhan Nanjing, Wuhan Nanchang, Xi'an-Zhengzhou and Chengdu Chongqing. Flights along the routes with a length of more than 1500 km (930 miles) usually do not suffer. As of October 2013, half a speed of passengers were transported monthly on high-speed rail than in the country's airlines.
Technologies
Chinese High Speed Railway Controls Various Electric Forms of Trains, Hexie HAO Title (Simplified Chinese: 和谐号; Traditional Chinese: 和諧號; Pinyin: Héxié Hào; Harmony) is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 to CRH-5 and CRH380A (L), CRH380B (L) and CRH380C (L). CRH compositions are designed for fast and convenient movement between cities. The weakness of intellectual property Hexie HAO creates obstacles to China in the export of its products related to high-speed railways, which leads to the development of a fully recycled railway franchise called Fuxing Hao (Rejuvenation) that based on local technologies.

4 + 4 HSR network

The network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km. Most of the lines follow existing routes and are for passenger traffic only. These are known as Passenger Lines (PDL). Several sections of the national network, especially along the southeastern coastal corridor, have been built to connect cities that previously had no rail links. These sections will carry both passenger and cargo. High-speed trains on HSR corridors can usually reach speeds of 300-350 km / h (190-220 mph). On mixed HSR lines, passenger trains can reach a maximum speed of 200–250 km / h (120–160 mph). This ambitious national grid project was slated to be built by 2020, but government incentives have significantly shortened the construction timeframe for many lines.

Advantages

HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances that: Increases economic productivity and long-term competitiveness by increasing rail capacity and unifying labor markets. Moving passengers onto high-speed lines frees up older railways to carry more cargo, which is more beneficial for railways than for passengers whose fares are subsidized. Boosts the economy in the short term as high-speed rail construction creates jobs and stimulates demand in the construction, steel and cement industries during the economic downturn. 110,000 workers were mobilized for the construction of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. Facilitates economic integration between cities and promotes the growth of second-tier cities. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

Wenzhou accident

On July 23, 2011, two high-speed trains collided on the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou railway in the Lucheng district of Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped. Signals failed, causing another train to stop a stopped train. Several carriages derailed. State Chinese media confirmed 40 deaths and at least 192 people were hospitalized, including 12 seriously injured. The train accident in Wenzhou and the lack of accountability by rail officials have generated public outcry and heightened concerns about the safety and management of China's high-speed rail system. Concerns about quality and safety have also influenced plans to export cheaper high-speed train technology to other countries. In the aftermath of the deadly disaster, the Chinese government has suspended approval of new rail projects and began security checks on existing equipment.

Terms and expressions

高铁 - High-speed rail
动车 - Electrical multiple unit
和諧號 – Harmony
復興號 - Rejuvenation

Questions

1. What does the World Bank research say?
2. What forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights?
3. How many high speed rail corridors are there in the 4 + 4 HSR network? What is their total length?
4. What caused the accident?
5. What are the benefits of HSR?

Answers

1. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."
2. The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights.
3. The 4 + 4 HSR network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km.
4. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped.
5. HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

References

==Language, The Chinese Language - Seydou, Sagara, Student No:201911080004==
===Introduction===
China is a very big country with a large population, multi-ethnic, and multi-lingual. Each etthnic groups may have its own lingo, or dialects. There are great differences between these dialects because of pronunciation. For example, if people in different places use their dialects to talk, they may not be able to understand each other, and the situation may lead to embarrassment and understanding. Therefore, the Chinese people communicate with each other in a common language, Putonghua, also known as Mandarin in Western countries. Cheng Aimin (2019, 124)

==Putonghua and Dialects==

Putonghua is the national language of China, and Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world. More than one billion of the world's populations are Chinese speakers. The Chinese population is already one fifth of the population of the world and is rapidly expanding its presence everywhere and influence many people around the world. Cheng Aimin (2019, 25)
It is the modern standard Chinese language with the Beijing pronunciation as its standard pronunciation, the northern dialect (also known as Mandarin, the official language in the past) as its basic dialect, and the modern vernacular as its grammatical norm. Therefore, the northern dialect sounds more like Putonghua than other dialects. Putonghua is a standardized language, which is legally used all over the country. In 2000, the law of the People’s Republic of China on common languages and characters established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese Characters as the national language and writing system. Putonghua is also one of the six working language of the United Nation and an important means of communication between China and foreign countries. According to statistics from ethnologist, in 2015, 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, but there were still about 400 million people who spoke dialects or minority languages. Article 19 of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that ‘’ Putonghua is widely used by the state ‘’, and the third week of September is the national Putonghua Publicity week. We often hear some sayings like this: ‘’ Learn Putonghua well and you will have friend all over the world.’’ Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven groups: northern dialect Wu dialect, Hunan dialect, Jiangxi dialect, Hakka dialect, and Cantonese dialect and Fujian dialect. Most northern are close to Putonghua and easy to understand a non-native speaker. Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

The dialects in China differ greatly. Speaking Putonghua allows the Chinese people to communicate better with each other and promote the development of economy and culture everywhere. However, the promotion of Putonghua cannot be achieved in a short time. The Chinese government plans to enable more than 80% of Chinese people to speak Putonghua by 2020. (C.Gov art 10. 2017)
Only by learning Putonghua can you communicate with people from all parts of China and event with Chinese –speaking people all over the world. While striving to promote Putonghua among the people of the whole country, China also pays special attention to the protection of dialects, which should not be lost after learning Putonghua. . Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

==Ancient Chinese and Modern Chinese ==
Over the past three thousand years, Chinese has undergone a long period of development and changes, and has been constantly interacting with the languages of other nations. Ancient Chinese and written Chinese characters are not exactly the same as they are now. When we visit Chinese historical sites, we often see couplets, poems, and inscriptions. Most of them are written in classical Chinese and traditional Chinese characters. Classical Chinese is a written language formed on the basis of the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Cheng Aimin (2019, 127)

By the time of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties (the 7th century to the 10th century), the spoken Chinese had changed greatly and had significant differences with the classical style of written Chinese. The pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar had changed greatly. But all the time, some people still insisted on writing in classical Chinese, while others wrote in the commonly used vernacular (spoken Chinese). The Four Classical Novels created in the Ming and Qing dynasties, The Dreams of the red Chambers, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Outlaws of the Marsh and the journey to the west, are all representative works of the ancient vernacular. After the May 4th movement in 1919, China launched a vernacular movement advocating ‘’my hand writes my speech’’. Since then, the vernacular has gradually been more widely used in the whole society, and modern Chinese has gradually developed and formed. Compared with ancient Chinese, modern Chinese absorbs a lot Western grammar and has added many disyllabic words. Cheng Aimin (2019 ,128)

==Idiomatic Phrases- Idioms, Proverbs, Common Sayings, and Allegorical Sayings.==
Many phrases with fixed meanings in Chinese have been handed down from the ancient times. Mastering these phrases will make your language more authentic and vivid. For example, ‘’Lofty mountains and flowing rivers ‘’. Playing the lute to the cow’’ ‘’prescribing medicine according to symptoms’’, and ‘’ pleading guilty by carrying a rod on one’s back’ ’these phrases, often contain four Chinese characters each, are called idioms. They are quite formal and often originate from ancient historical stories, fables, myths and legends, or literary works. Sometimes we cannot guess the meaning of an idiom simply according to the meaning of the words. For example, 崇山峻岭，流淌的河流 ‘’lofty mountains and flowing rivers’’ means meeting someone who can really understand and appreciate them, while吹牛的长笛 ‘’ Playing the lute to the cow’’ means the casting pearls before swine. Wendy Abraham: (2018 ,115)
There are also proverbs, common sayings, and allegorical sayings created and passed down by the common people in spoken language, which are quite colloquial and emotional, reflecting the unique culture of China.
Proverbs are common and easy -to understand fixed phrases used orally, often explaining a truth. For example, ‘’ if you are not in charge of a home, you don’t know how expensive the firewood and rice, if you don’t have children, you don’t know kinds your parents are.’’ ‘’Seeing is better than hearing 100 times, and doing is better than seeing 100 times’’ Cheng Aimin (2019, 129)
Common sayings mostly come in a three –character format, but there are also other formats. In addition to the literal meaning, there are deep metaphorical extensions. For example, 吹牛皮 ‘’blow cow skin’’ (meaning bragging or boating) ‘给某人. 穿紧身鞋 ‘’give SB . Tight shoes to wear ‘’ ( meaning making things hard for SB), ‘为外国人工作时的消磨时间‘’kill time when working for foreigners ‘’ ( loafing on the job) , 提一个黑锅 ‘’ carry a black pot’’ ( taking the blame for the fault of others ) , 钉在眼睛里 ‘’ nail in the eyes’’ ( thorn in the flesh ), 狗腿 ‘’ dog leg’’ ( hired thug) , 不管3x7 = 21 ‘’regardless of 3x7= 21’’( regardless of consequences, in the spite of anything ), 打不了八极 ‘’ can’t hit with eight poles’’ ( extremely distant or unrelated ). (Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002,232)
An allegorical saying is divided into two parts. It is like a riddle: The first part is a metaphor, and the second part is an explanation. There are two types of allegorical sayings: homophonic and figurative. Example of the homophonic type ‘’ the nephew carries a lantern – to light up the uncle’’ (pronounced the same ‘’ as before ‘’ in Chinese); ‘’the monk opens an umbrella – no hair and no sky ‘’ (‘’ no hair ‘’ is pronounced similar to ‘’ lawless ‘’ in Chinese). Examples of the figurative type: ‘’ A mute person takes a dose of bitter medicine- they can’t say it is bitter ‘’; ‘’ Mice go to the street – everybody shouts and beats them.’’ Cheng Aimin (2019.130)

==Language policy==
While vigorously promoting Putonghua, the Chinese government has also promulgated many policies to protect dialect and minority languages. In order to promote Putonghua, China promulgated the Chinese Pinyin Program in 1958. Pinyin (the standard Chinese sound- spelling system) is widely used in Putonghua promotion, international Chinese teaching, foreign exchange and other fields. It has become an important tool for reading Chinese characters, learning Putonghua, training and improving reading and writing ability. With the popularization of modern information technology, pinyin is widely used to input the Chinese characters on computers and mobile phones. Pinyin affects all aspects of social life. In translation, Chinese names of people, places, food, and even some cultural concept with Chinese characteristics (Such as Beijing, pingpang, Shaoling, Gongful) are directly spelled with Pinyin, which is therefore an important standard for translation and a bridge for international exchange. Minglang Zhou: (pp.71-95).

==Conclusion.==
Today, an increasing number of people from other countries now want to learn Chinese language and culture and also many universities from different countries throughout the world offer Chinese language courses because Putonghua is also an open door to a huge job market in all of the countries where Putonghua is the language of commerce like Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore. Learning Chinese can help to make a better future for everyone. Abundant opportunities for governments and business careers as well as scientific and cultural exchanges await the student of Chinese. The China market is blossoming after decades of global isolation. As China is rapidly becoming a world economic power as it opens its doors to foreign investment expands its infrastructure, those who know Chinese will be valuable to business.

==References==

Cheng Aimin.(2019), ''中国概况'' [Understanding China]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Minglang Zhou: Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China (p.71-95), Wendy Abraham: let’s talk Mandarin Chinese: 1,001 real-life phrases and Idioms. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) Article 10 Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters shall be used as the basic language in education and teaching in schools and other institutions of education, except where otherwise provided for in laws.
The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002)
===Terms and expressions===
Lingo: 林戈
Putonghua: 普通话
Await student:等待学生
Pinyin: 等待学生
Lofty: 崇高：
Vernacular: 白话：
Swine: 猪：
===Questions===
1. Why Putonghua is spoken in United Nations Organization?
2. How many people speak Putonghua in China and around the world?
3 .Why Chinese government is promoted Putonghua among many others languages?
===Answers===
1. Because it is an important means of communication between China and foreign countries.
2. According to ethnologist 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, and according to the10 most spoken languages in the world Chinese (and all of its varieties such as Mandarin) is by far the most spoken language across the world with 1.31 billion speakers.
3. Because Putonghua is become an international language and it also facilitate understanding between different ethnic groups in China.

20201215 cultexam 2

2020-12-14T03:06:01Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* Rajabov, Anushervon */

*Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].
*Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_1 1 Alsied, Saffana - Jiang Qiwei]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_2 2 Kang Haoyu - Sagara Seydou]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_3 3 Shi Haiyao - You Yuting]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_4 4 Yu Ni - Zubareva, Ekaterina]. This page has become too large. Do not write on this page any more, but on one of the smaller pages.

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''
*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: Huadong Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chinese Red Culture - Kang Haoyu 康浩宇, 202070080638==

<center>康浩宇 Kang Haoyu</center>

===Chinese Red Culture===
Chinese red culture is unique in the world. As a very important cultural resource, it has both tangible culture and intangible culture. Red culture in China refers to the advance culture with Chinese characteristics created by party and people in revolutionary years.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====1. Development====

China has brilliant history and splendid civilization in ancient times. However, with the Opium War of 1840, China was plunged into the darkness of domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. Despite of all efforts that countless dedicated patriots had made, they still failed to change the plight. The October Revolution in Russia brought Marxism-Leninism. With Communism as the the highest ideal and ultimate goal, the Communist Party of China shouldered the historic mission of national rejuvenation. With the firm leadership of the party, Chinese people embraced national independence, people's liberation, national reunification and social stability, and stepped into a new era of prosperity and happiness.(Xi Jinpin 2017)

Red culture is condensed by the Communist Party of China in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. It is an advanced Marxism culture that was inherited and developed in the new period of socialist construction. It's a collectivism culture of bravery, sacrifice and devotion that seeks happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.Red culture is embodied in the aspects of ideal belief, value pursuit and spiritual outlook, and is integrated into material remains, mechanism behaviors and cultural and artistic forms.(Luo Liling, Pu Qingpin 2018, 45)

First of all, red culture is a revolutionary culture, which was formed by the Chinese Communist Party in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. After the founding of People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to inherit and carry forward the revolutionary culture. In the new period of socialist construction and reform and opening up, a vigorous and advanced socialist culture was formed, which enriched and developed the connotation of red culture. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture, and are the core value and spiritual subject of contemporary Chinese culture. As for Chinese red culture, Among them, Marxism is the soul, the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the theme, the national spirit and the spirit of the times are the essence, and the socialist concept of honor and disgrace is the foundation. These four aspects influence, infiltrate and interact with each other, revealing the essential characteristics of red culture scientifically and completely.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====2. Symbols====

The word “red” in “red culture” has many symbols. Chinese people have “red” complex since ancient time. Red represents authority. For, example, official documents are also called red heading documents. Red represents courage. Red is the color of Chinese national flag. Chinese military strategists and generals have a deep understanding of the role of red in war, so they use red flags to unite their morale, inspire their fighting and their courage, and summon the spirit of going forward bravely and not fearing sacrifice. Red represents honor and auspiciousness. For instance, the places are always adorned with red for conference and ceremony. People are awarded with red flower and red certificates. Red represents revolution. When Marx was asked about "favorite color" in his early years, he clearly answered "red". In 1864, First International was founded, and its logo was red. The first army of Communist Party of China was named Red Army, and Ruijin, the first revolutionary base area, was called Red Capital. There were also red boats in South Lake and red flags in Jinggangshan.(Chen dongwang, Huang Weiliang 2006, 19)

====3. Values====

Red culture has many values. Red culture has the value of history. It witnesses the early development history of the Communist Party of China. It shows the inevitability of the socialist road in China. And it is an important weapon to guide the success of Chinese revolution. Besides, red culture has the value of civilization. Carrying forward the red culture is an urgent need to cultivate a new national spirit. Red culture is important for the construction of socialism culture and ideology. Moreover, red culture has the value of economy. Red culture is a powerful driving force for the development of socialist market economy. It is an important medium of economic development under the new historical conditions. The red cultural industry has become a new economic growth point.(Wang Yidi 2007, 149)

====4. Red Culture in Nanchang====

Nanchang is the capital city of Jiangxi Province and it is where August 1st uprising took place. Nanchang is renowned as the cradle of Chinese revolution and the place where the military flag rose. Because in August 1st uprising, communist party of china formed its first army in Nanchang. There are lots of red culture resources in Nanchang.

Bayi Square is at the center of Nanchang city. It was built to memorize August 1st uprising. Bayi Square highlights the theme of "Bayi History and Culture" in all directions. The memorial area, cultural area, reminiscence area and leisure area of Bayi Square show Bayi Uprising in different forms. The landmark in the square is Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower. Besides, Nangchang August 1st Memorial Hall is a special memorial hall established to commemorate Nanchang Uprising.（Peng Bo, Zhang Li, Li Jiangyuan 2006, 58）

===References===

[1] 程东旺, 黄伟良. “红色文化”的价值形态与德育功能探析[J]. 现代教育科学, 2006: 19-21.

[2] 罗丽琳,蒲清平. 红色文化的思想政治教育基因及其时代价值[J].新疆师范大学学报, 2018: 45-52

[3] 彭波, 张丽, 李江源. 整合红色资源,提升江西文化力[J]. 江西崛起策论, 2006:58-60.

[4] 王以第. “红色文化”的价值内涵[J]. 文化论苑, 2007:149-150.

[5] 习近平, 决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告,人民日报,2017.

[6] 朱桂莲,李晶. 德育视角下的中国红色文化研究综述[J]. 研究综述, 2010:87-89.

===Terms and Expressions===

red culture 红色文化

Opium War 鸦片战争

red heading documents 红头文件

red army 红军

August 1st uprising 八一起义

===Questions===

1. What is the historical background of the birth of red culture?

2. What are two major components of red culture?

3. How many symbols dose the word "red" in red culture has? What are they?

4. How many values dose red culture has? What are they?

5. What is the landmark in Bayi Square?

===Answers===

1. In modern China, Communist Party of China led the Chinese revolution and led people to fight against suppression.

2. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture

3. Four. Authority, courage, honor and revolution.

4. Three. History value, civilization value and economic value.

5. Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower

==Landscape, The Ancient Tea Horse Road - Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

===The Ancient Tea Horse Road===

====Introduction====
The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation. The ancient tea horse road is divided into two routes: the Sichuan-Tibet line and the Yunnan-Tibet line. The ancient tea horse road originated from the ancient southwest frontier of the tea horse mutual market, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and most prosperous in the middle and late World War II. The ancient Tea Horse Road divided into Shanxi-Gan, Shanxi-Kangtang (folk called wade ancient road, Sichuan-Tibet line is part of it), Yunnan-Tibet and other three main routes, connecting Sichuan, Yunnan-Tibet, extending into the territory of Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, India, until reaching West Asia, West Africa, the Red Sea coast. 5 March 2013, the Tea Horse Road was listed by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics conservation units.(Baidu Baike)

====Historical Routes====
China’s ancient tea horse road is divided into:
1. The Shanxi-Gansu tea horse road is the main route for tea to travel westward in mainland China and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.

2. Shanxi and Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), began in the Han Dynasty, formed by the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse each other. Due to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government control of tea trafficking, tea trafficking sub-regional, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.((Baidu Baike)

3. the ancient Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road. Formed around the late sixth century AD, it is south of Yunnan's main tea producing areas in Xishuangbanna Yiwu, Pu'er City, intermediate through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture and Lijiang City, Shangri-La into Tibet, directly to Lhasa. Some also re-exported from Tibet to India and Nepal, is an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.(Baidu Baike)

4.Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shan-Kang-Tibet Tea Horse Road, east of Yazhou edge tea production Ya'an, after playing arrow furnace (now Kangding), west to Lhasa, Tibet, and finally through to Bhutan, Nepal and India, a total length of nearly four thousand kilometers, is an essential bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the interior.(Baidu Baike)

There are three main routes of the ancient tea-horse road: The Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

Among the three ancient tea-horse roads, the Qinghai-Tibet line was established in the Tang Dynasty and developed earlier, while the Sichuan-Tibet line was the most influential and well-known later. These three routes are closely related to Chengdu, among them, the Yunnan-Tibet route and the Sichuan-Tibet route must pass through Chengdu, and their development is closely related to the tea-horse trade.

Shanxi- Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), was formed in the Han dynasty through the efforts of the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government controlled tea traffickin along the tea trafficking sub-region, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 03:02, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

====Historical Value====
The Silk Road in the north and the ancient Tea Horse Road in the south. The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization. However, its history and value will always shine brightly.(Baidu Baike)

1.The Golden Road of Tourism

The ancient tea-horse road tour has unique scenery, profound cultural connotation, exclusive resources and is unparalleled in the world.(Baidu Baike)

2. Ancient Roads for the Propagation of Civilization

The ancient Tea Horse Road was not only an important migration corridor for the ancient ancestors between Wei-Tibet and present Sichuan and Yunnan, but also an important aperture for the spread and exchange of ancient civilizations between present Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.(Baidu Baike)

3.Migration Corridor of National Cultures

On this ancient road, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, Chinese, Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Hani, Kino, Qiang, Pumi, Bai, Nu, Jingpo, Achang and other ethnic groups have flourished here for thousands of years, highlighting the diversity and original form of ethnic culture in southwest China.(Baidu Baike)

4.Religious Propagation Road

With the development of the tea-horse trade and the extension of the ancient tea-horse route, Tibetan Buddhism spread widely along this route on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. The development and spread of Tibetan stupas can be roughly divided into two routes: one is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia - the other is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia. -Liaoning--Jilin--Heilongjiang--Beijing--Hebei --Henan--Jiangsu; second, Tibet--Yunnan--Sichuan. --Guangxi--Hubei.(Baidu Baike)

5. The Path of National Spirituality

You can't talk about the ancient tea-horse road without mentioning the horse gangs. The horse gangs have formed a unique cultural carrier in the course of thousands of years. Their spirit is attached to this ancient road, and become part of the Chinese national spirit.(Baidu Baike)
6.The Road of National Unity and Integration

The ancient tea-horse road is like a huge net in southwest China, through which people of all nationalities strengthen their ties and communication, promote political, economic and cultural interaction, development and integration among all nationalities, and enhance the emotional ties between them.(Baidu Baike)

7.The Road of Securing the Borders

The expansion of the ancient tea-horse road and the flourishing of the tea-horse trade contributed to the stability and consolidation of China's southwest frontier.(Baidu Baike)

8.The road to economic development

The Thousand-Year Tea Horse Trail contributed to the formation of many towns in the region through the tea and horse trade, which greatly contributed to the economic development of the region.(Baidu Baike)--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 03:42, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

===Terms and Expressions===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road(茶马古道)

2.Sichuan-Tibet Line（川藏线）

3.Yunnan-Tibet line（滇藏线）

4.wade ancient road（蹚古道）

===Questions===

1.What is the ancient tea horse road ?

2.How many main routes does the ancient tea-horse road conclude?

3.What is the historical value?
--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 04:15, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation.

2.There are three main routes, including the Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

3.The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization.

===References===
The Chinese text rooted in Baidu Baike. The website as following:https://baike.baidu.com.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:15, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Novels - Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

===Four satirical novels in ancient China===
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.'''Quotation missing. E.g. (Gui Ninghuo 2009, 12)'''

====Introduction====
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.

==== Nie Hai Hua====
Nie Hai Hua was written by Zen Pu (1872-1935).A total of 35 chapters.it is a novel of condemnation, historical fiction and political fiction. In the novel, Jin yun (wen qing) is the main character.After won the scholarship, he took a famous courtesan, Fu Caiyun, as his concubine in Suzhou.He was then ordered to travel to Russia, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. After returning to China, Jin Wenqing died of illness in Beijing, and Fu Caiyun left the Jin family to resume her old profession in Shanghai, changing her name to Cao Menglan then went to Tianjin to work as a prostitute, calling herself Sai Jinhua.
The novel takes the story of Jin Wenqing and Fu Caiyun as the main line, vividly describes the historical and cultural changes as well as political and social changes from Tongzhi to Guangxu more than 30 years, exposing the decay and decline of the rulers, criticizing the feudal system of imperial examination, satirizing the officials, truly reflecting their spiritual life and cultural mentality. at the same time also enthusiastically glorifies Feng Zicai, Liu Yongfu and other war heroes and Sun Yat-sen and so on. The revolutionary activities of the Democratic Revolutionaries express the author's patriotic thoughts against the feudal dictatorship and advocate national democratic revolution. In specific writing, the author adopts the modern popular block novel structure combined with the traditional mesh novel structure to unfold the plot, with ups and downs, twists and turns, touching and orderly, always around the main line.
As a historical novel, Nie Hai Hua draws on the spirit of the ancient "good history" of China to portray its characters. At the same time, it draws on the satirical approach of "The History of Confucianism" in which "the fair-minded accuse the evils of the times", commenting on events and weighing characters in a realistic manner. In terms of art, Nie Hai Hua also has many shortcomings.However, it is a skillful structure and outstanding novel at that time.

==== the Travels of an Old Man====
The Travels of an Old Man was written by Liu E (1857-1909) and a total of 20 chapters. Liu E was an entrepreneur and scholar, not a professional writer, but his reputation as a literary figure was far greater than that of an entrepreneur and scholar. This novel is an unfinished work of his that was written in his later years with an autobiographical nature.
The novel takes a bell-ringing mountebank, Lao can (Tie Ying), as its main character, and narrates his experiences and activities during his travels in northern China, exposing the decadence and darkness of the Qing government, the brutality and lethargy of the officials, and the poverty and oppression of the people, especially attacking the abusive behavior of those "Qing officials" who are actually cruel officials, and expressing the author's strong views on the perilous reality of society and the country.
The artistic achievement of the novel is very high. The first is the superb descriptive skills, whether it is a description, a landscape, or a narrative, can be vividly depicted, such as the scenery of Thousand Buddha Mountain, Daming Lake etc., which makes people have a sense of being in the real world. Secondly, its psychological description and psychological analysis, with appropriate language, can brilliantly show the inner world of the characters. Thirdly, the exquisite structural art. The novel is in the form of a Travel Journal, with travel as a clue,and organic combined of what he see, hear, think and do along the way forms a unique structural feature of the novel.

==== The Records of Officialdom Exposure====
The Records of Officialdom Exposure by Li Baojia (1867-1906), five editions and a total of 60 chapters. This is the first long chapter novel in China's modern era that was published serially in newspapers and magazines and achieved a social sensation, creating a culture of critical reality in modern fiction.
The novel consists of more than 30 relatively independent bureaucratic stories linked together,involving the Qing government from the emperor, down to the minor officials and so on,and these various bureaucrats of all kinds of evil behavior were exposed:They embezzled public funds, corrupt and pervert the law or the named "expedition bandits", but is harmful to the people. The work is like a scroll of the officialdom at the end of the feudal society, touching on the main contradictions of that time.
The novel's writing method is modelled on "The Scholars" and has been developed, making full use of exaggeration, comic style and satirical techniques. only a few strokes will outline the character's voice and physical appearance. And the author also good at describing the details, so that the characters are vivid and evocative, with a strong artistic impact. Therefore, the subsequent imitation of the work is quite a lot, it become a great view.

==== 20 years witness strange present situation====
The Strange Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years was written by Wu Woyao(1866-1910), A total of 60 chapters. This is a long novel with autobiographical flavor.it through nearly 200 short stories that the protagonist hears and witnesses from the death of his father to his failure in business. it outlines the strange realities of late Qing society during the 20 years from the Sino-French War to the beginning of the 20th century.
The scope of social life is much broader than The Records of Officialdom Exposure. In addition to describing the officialdom, there are also involving the shopping malls, foreign markets, science fields, medical and astrological practices. It exposes the political situation, moral outlook, social customs, and human conditions of the increasingly colonized Chinese feudal society, and is of high cognitive value in helping readers to see the irreparable historical destiny of the late Qing society and feudal system.
The novel adopts the first-person narrative story, structured in a way that makes the reader feel intimate and trustworthy, setting a precedent in the history of Chinese fiction. The structure is also very clever: "nine deaths and a lifetime" is not only the narrator of the book story, but also the backbone of the structure of the book, and at the same time uses flashbacks, interpolations and other methods, combining it organically together, making the whole book complex and simple appropriate, muddle together.

==== Conclution====
As a result of the bourgeois reformists and democratic revolutionaries strongly advocated, the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty got unprecedented development, and a large number of influential novels emerged, forming a prosperous situation of the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty.The emergence of the "Four satirical novels" in the late Qing Dynasty is an important sign that The creation of Chinese novels has entered another prosperous period.

===Reference===
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B4%E8%B4%A3%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4/702907?fr=aladdin

===Terms and Expressions===
The Records of Officialdom Exposure 《官场现形记》

The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years 《二十年之目睹怪现象》

the Travels of an Old Man 《老残游记》

Nai Hai Hua 《孽海花》

The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty 晚清四大谴责小说

===Questions===
1、what are The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty ?

2、which novel is modeled the "The Scholars"?

3、what’s the common characteristic of these four novels?

4、what other satirical novels do you know?

===Answers===
1、They are Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua.

2、The Records of Officialdom Exposure

3、The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time.

4、E.g.The Scholars

==Shadow Puppets - Li Lili 李丽丽==
===Shadow Puppets Li Lili No.202070080594===
====The Origin of Shadow Play====
Shadow play has a history of more than 2000 years from the written records. Legend has it that Madame Li, the wife of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu's yearning was so intense that he was in a trance and ignored the government's affairs all day. Minister Li Shaoweng went out one day when he came across a child playing with a doll in his hand, with its shadow being vivid. So he came up with an idea that he could cut the image of Mrs. Li from cotton and silk, painted it with color, and installed wooden poles on her hands and feet. After seeing it, Emperor Wu was glued to it and couldn't put it down. This love story written in Hanshu is considered to be the earliest origin of shadow play. There are also some views that shadow play originated in Xi'an of Tang Dynasty, however, it is worth discussing that although there were an variety of operas in the Tang Dynasty, yet there were no any records of shadow play mentioned in the Tang Dynasty. Up to now, the earliest shadow play we can see is recorded in Song Dynasty. Its rise and development in Bianjing of the Northern Song Dynasty is closely related to Bianjing’s superior geographical environment, the development of commodity trade and commercial transportation at that time.(Wei Liqun 2018,13-14)

====Introduction====
More than 2,000 years ago, Chinese began to give performances using puppets against an illuminated screen. This is “shadow puppets”, also known as “lamp and shadow play”. It is considered as “precursor of movie” because it was the earliest moving part of form dubbed with human voice in the world. During a play, puppeteers hide behind the white screen and move puppets, while narrating the story, usually through singing. Performances are accompanied by musicians playing percussion and stringed instruments. A shadow puppet can perform actions such as “serving drinks” , “waving a sword and a spear, ” or even “smoking ”by puppeteer holding and moving manipulating rods on its body. Typically, a shadow puppet has three rods, some may have five or seven rods. It can create rich designs such as shadow puppets, animals and stage props, for example, buildings, imperial palaces, chariots, tables and chairs as well as weapons. It is so rich that it includes almost everything under the sun.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools. The well-known ones include Tangshan Shadow Play in Hebei Province, Beijing Shadow Play as well as Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hunan Shadow Play. etc.(Wang Yexia 2012,1-3)

So how to make a puppet? First. Draw pictures of the various parts of the shadow puppets; second, finish carving with a knife and a hard board underneath the design; third, color the puppet with watercolor pens; forth, paint the body parts with a brush dipped in oil. This can make the puppet transparent and better reflect colors under the light.; fifth, connect joint sections with the cotton thread; sixth, make the manipulating rods; finally, attach the manipulating rods to the shadow puppet with cotton thread. The “head” is the most important part of a shadow puppet and its total component number is about four times that of the “body”. A shadow puppet’s “head”. And the “body” can be mixed and matched with each other. (Wang Yexia 2012,29-33)

The eyes and the eyebrows of a shadow puppet’s five facial features represent different personalities. The good and positive people are typical of a benevolent and kind countenance, with nice-looking eyebrows and eyes, while the villain or the general are ferocious look, with sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes. And the former are often concealed teeth and the latter are revealed teeth. The middle-aged person are short beard, but the elderly man are long beard. The decorative designs on the shadow puppets are very important and match the character’s social status. In a shadow play, female characters are usually decorated with patters such as flowers, grass, clouds and phoenix, while male characters are often decorated with dragons, tigers, water and clouds. Shadows puppets look colorful under the light. To achieve a better visual effect, the translucent puppets need to be painted on both sides. The head of color can also represent different characters’ personalities. The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character. The black is a sign of a just, honest and selfless personality. The yellow shows a brave and irascible character, also are used in fantasy plays to represent people with magic power. To make a shadow puppet move flexibly, a complete figure often has many components such as a head, a chest,a belly, two legs, two arms, two elbows, two hands. (Wang Yexia 2012,9-16)

====The Present Situation of Contemporary Shadow Play====
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, shadow play, as an art form, has undergone a series of reforms under the guidance of the Party's principles, including the organization of theatrical troupes, the compilation and creation of plays, the drawing and performing forms of shadow play. With the advent of the "Cultural Revolution", the prosperity of shadow play came to an abrupt end. The troupe was disbanded, the repertoire was banned, and the artists were transferred to work. A large number of precious shadow puppet props and documents were damaged. This situation, except for some places, lasted until 1976. After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", shadow puppet art recovered rapidly, However, with the economic development being put in the first place of social activities and the popularity of television and the richness of artistic forms, shadow play is declining day by day with an irresistible trend, because shadow play arts are unable to keep pace with the times and get the appreciation of the audience. As a result, the prospect of shadow play art is becoming increasingly bleak. （Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）
In order to inherit Chinese excellent culture and protect the ancient art forms such as shadow play. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first part of national intangible cultural heritage list. On November 27, 2011, UNESCO put Chinese shadow play on the "list of representative works of human intangible cultural heritage".

===References：===
王业霞《皮影戏》北京：高等教育出版社 2012 Wang Yexia [Shadow Play] Beijing: [Higher Education Publishing House] 2012

魏力群《小书大传承-皮影》重庆：重庆出版社 2018 Wei Liqun ["Small Book, Big Heritage - Shadow Play"] Chongqing: [Chongqing Publishing House] 2018

朱恒夫中国皮影戏的历史，现状与剧目特征[J] 浙江艺术职业学院学报 2020(18) Zhu [Hengfu The History, Current Situation and Repertoire Characteristics of Chinese Shadow Theatre][J] [Journal of Zhejiang Arts Vocational College] 2020(18)

===Words and Expressions===
shadow puppet皮影戏
paper cutting 剪纸
ventriloquism 口技
manipulating rod 操纵杆
five facial features 五官
sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes 尖眉杏眼
Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

===Questions===
1.When is the earliest shadow puppet’s record?

2.What art of forms do shadow play use?

3. What does a red head stand for in a play?

4.When is it put on the list of intangible cultural heritage".

===Answers===
1.Song dynasty.

2.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools.

3.The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character.

4. On November 27, 2011.

==Confucian Culture - Li Liqin 李丽琴==

=== Confucian Culture ===

==== Introduction ====

Confucian school is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and composed by Xunzi. Today, it still retains a certain vitality. Confucian school takes Confucianism as its guiding ideology whose central ideas are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 31)

Confucian school was on an equal footing with the other hundred schools in the pre-Qin period. After the First Emperor of Qin, also called Qin Shihuang, burned books and buried scholars alive, the development of the Confucian school suffered a serious defeat. Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's advice of "banishing other schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism only" and imposed restrictions on thought, which led to the revival of Confucian school. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 20) The concepts of "Confucian school", "Confucianism", and "Confucian Religion" should be distinguished since Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism a social stratification, and Confucian religion belief. (Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 2017, 60-61)

Laozi founded Chinese Taoist school; Confucius started Chinese Confucian school; Sun Tzu initiated Chinese military strategist school; Mozi was the founder of Mohism in the early Warring States. Confucianism contributes to guiding the code of conduct and constructing social order; Taoism focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalism serves the system construction of national political management.; the concepts of Universal Love and utilitarianism are two cornerstones for the Mohism. The General Unity idea of Confucianism has played an important role in the unification of a nation, the enhancement of national cohesion and the integration of cultural values. (Tan Su 2012, 68) After more than two thousand years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, involving politics, education, morality, ethics, code of conduct, life skills and other aspects. It has cultivated the wisdom and soul of the Chinese people throughout the history, and formed deep-rooted set patterns of thinking, psychology and survival. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42-43)

==== Analysis of Confucian Culture ====

===== Intelligence Development =====

Confucius is a great educator, as well as a pioneer and practitioner of mass education. After Confucianism was established as a dominant culture, both the rulers and the public respected the teachings of the sage and attached great importance to education. In this context, a basic requirement is to stay highly cultured and steeped in propriety. After the Emperor Wen initiated the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, those who are good scholars could make an official, which inspired students of poor families to change their lives by studying hard and diligent. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 19) For generations, the Chinese people have attached great importance to the education of their children, which is conducive to the improvement of the thinking ability of the whole nation.

However, the corrupt of bureaucracy and the darkness of officialdom in metaphase and anaphase made many literati feel despairing about official career and discredit about the concept. In addition, the Four Books and Five Classics were the main learning content of Confucianism. Apart from government-run schools, private schools and self-study can hardly meet the requirements of the Six Classical Arts. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 21) Therefore, the Four Books and Five Classics were the focus of students, while the Six Classical Arts were not highly valued.

=====Spiritual Guidance =====

In terms of spirit, Confucianism contends that "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue." (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 86) Benevolent people love each other, which reflects the essence of “Unity of Man and Nature” and also the most brilliant connotation of Confucianism. This philosophy calls for people’s active contributions to the society. It is still alive in modern times, and is the fundamental requirement of people's spiritual orientation in the future. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32)

=====Order Construction =====

In the age of barbarism and backwardness, a common feature was that a small number of people used power and force to suppress and enslave the majority, thus resulting in labor division and unfair distribution of wealth and generating corresponding social hierarchy and concepts. Given the fact that Confucianism developed in the transitional period of feudal society, the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius were rooted in the idealist view of destiny and did not break the shackles of social hierarchy. In addition, they even advocated the distinguish between the noble and the humble and highlighted the importance of hierarchy division. In this context, the benevolence they advocated had great limitations in political management. The public could not be treated equally in terms of political status. Instead, the so-called benevolence calls for improvement of the living conditions of the public and more benefits from the ruling class. However, its purpose was to maintain social order and reconcile social contradictions. This is also the root cause of feudal rulers’ favoring of Confucianism. In essence, Confucianism did not promote social equality, instead, it worked to maintain the unequal feudal hierarchy that aggravated servitude. In fact, after a long history of feudal rule, the sense of hierarchy would be part of the national psyche. With the progress of times and civilization, the view of destiny and the thought of social order have become psychological shackles of the Chinese people. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

After eliminating the ideology of feudal hierarchy and formalism, some philosophies of Confucianism still generate positive effects on modern society. Specifically, the spirit of benevolence and universal love is conducive to cultivate people’s spirits; (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 33) the concept of “the country belongs to the public” reflects a sense of social responsibility to make contributions for society, which can be expanded into a sharing social and political philosophy for different countries. Filial piety and brotherhood increase the harmony and stability of family; Loyalty, faithfulness, propriety and forgiveness are conducive to the relationship between different countries, societies and people. "Loyalty" means that people should stay loyal to the country and people; "Friendliness" and "forgiveness" play an important role in resolving various contradictions and animosities; when it comes to "filial piety" and "propriety", many redundant forms inherited from feudal society should be eradicated and be more practical. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-41)

====The Contemporary Value of Confucian Culture ====

Today, Confucian culture is still of great significance. We must explore the value of Confucian culture on the basis of the excellent tradition of the Chinese nation and by combining the characteristics of the times with and the actual situation. The Confucian culture has affected Chinese more than two thousand years and gone deep into each aspect of Chinese society. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39)

=====Ideological and Political Education =====

Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy, and it places a high priority on human value and dignity. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 51-57) Over the years, the Chinese nation has been influenced by this excellent philosophy. On this occasion, its behavioral pattern and psychological structure are endowed with uniqueness, which is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is to respect yourself, learn how to love and care yourself. Moreover, gain dignity and achieve the development of human value through the continuous improvement of moral cultivation. Second, respect others and show respect for others' personality by respecting, understanding and caring for others. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-40)

===== Modern Economic Construction=====

Under today’s circumstance, some ideological contents are still alive and produce positive effects on promoting the economic construction of modernization and fostering modern patriotism emotion of the Chinese people. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

First of all, Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65) Since Confucian culture reflects a collectivist view on life, individuals are full of sense of duty and responsibility towards others and groups. In this context, their self-cultivation targets at regulating the family, country and the world. Thus, the value of individual is closely linked with the rise and fall of the country, so they have a strong sense of responsibility. (Tan Su 2012, 68) "Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country" has been a common belief for thousands of years. Such a social responsibility will give rise to a huge driving force for the development of the country and society.

Second, the consciousness of "self-improvement" and the proposition of "seeking truth" in the Confucian culture strengthen the national spirit and provide a source power for China’s economic modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 66) Yi Zhuan put forward: "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.’’ It means that continuous development is the law of nature and that a gentleman should pursue progress and be strong, unyielding resilient and positive. For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has formed a fine tradition of working hard and striving for strength under the influence of these thoughts. Today, we carry forward the spirits of “self-improvement” and "seeking truth" in ways that further enhance national spirits and provide a strong driving force for the socialist modernization.

Third, the "reform and innovation" concept in Confucian culture is conducive to the expansion of the reform and opening up and the acceleration of China's socialist modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67) On the basis of admitting the fact that the continuous development is the universal law of nature, Confucian culture puts forward the "innovation idea". The Book of Rites said, "If you can in one day renovate yourself; do so from day to day and let there be daily renovation." The Book of Changes said, "Reform refers to destroy the old, while innovation means to establish the new.” The concept is not only serves as the theoretical basis for reform and innovation throughout the history, but also provides valuable lessons for the reform in socialist economic and political systems today. Domestically, promoting the innovative spirits can greatly enhance the reform consciousness of the Chinese people. Externally, it is conducive to advancing the opening up by leveraging the global influence of Confucian culture.

===== Legal Construction =====

Confucian culture places a high priority on personal cultivation, while a highly civilized society under the rule of law must be composed of highly educated citizens. Confucian school, a school with thousands of years of history in China, has become an integral part of the Chinese culture. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33) Nowadays, since China has called for the policy of combining the rule of virtue with the rule of law, it is the time for Confucian culture to find its historical position and fully play its role. Exploring the influence of Confucian culture on the construction of contemporary Chinese rule by law, not only can we help us more deeply understand the traditional culture, but also can promote the process of building the rule of law in contemporary China.

The rule by virtue thought is an important part of Confucian culture and it emphasizes the importance of moral education. It is a national strategy pursued by ancient Chinese rulers and a method of national governance embodying reference significance in today’s China. (Wei Na 2014, 1-2) In terms of national governance, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of morality, believing that national governance should not mainly rely on harsh punishment, instead, moral education should be applied to reform people. Confucius said, "By governing with virtue, rulers will be loved by the public, just like stars surround the North Star." By comparing rulers to the North Star and people to the stars, Confucius emphasized the importance of moral governance. (Wang Jie 2004, 77)

How to rule by virtue? First of all, rulers should pay attention to their personal cultivation and develop good moral characters, so that they can set a good example for the public. Only when officials and common people obey the ruler sincerely, can a good social atmosphere be formed. Secondly, since Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core and calls for the rule of virtue, many people subconsciously believe that Confucianism denies the role of criminal law and that Confucian culture does not call for the rule of law. In fact, this is not the case. While Confucianism advocates the rule of virtue, it also emphasizes the supplementary role of rule of law. (Wang Jie 2004, 82-83) Confucius said, "Sages believe that national governance must combine the rule of virtue and law." That is to say, if people are governed by systems and laws, they seek for impunity but lack of conscience; however, if they are guided by morality and etiquette, they will have a sense of right and wrong and will impose strict requirements on themselves.

In a word, we should clearly realize that, although Confucian culture is an excellent traditional culture in China, it was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. Under this circumstance, we must analyse Confucian culture dialectically and explore the value of Confucian culture. At the same time, we should discard the bad habits and unfavorable factors left by it, so as to better carry forward our traditional culture and accelerate the construction of the rule of law in contemporary China. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

====The Confucius Institute ====

With the improvement of China's international status and the increasingly extensive international exchanges, Chinese culture has won wider foreign attention and the world is more eager to learn and understand the Chinese culture. The Confucius Institute project, founded in 2004, emerges in response to the call of the times. Today, Confucius Institutes have spread throughout Asia, Africa, The Americas, Europe and Oceania. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30) Fundamentally speaking, its is conducive to the "going out" of Chinese culture since language is an important carrier of Chinese culture. It is of positive significance to the construction of China's national image, the promotion of China's international influence, the realization of wider international communication.

The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Today, countries are committed to spreading their own language and culture, so there is a fierce competition in international cultural promotion. In addition, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. At present, Confucius Institutes are prevalent all over the world, but the promotion strategy seeking for quantity and speed results in a serious shortage of teachers capable of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. According to statistics, there is a global shortage of at least five million TCSL teachers. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31) Secondly, the lack of high-quality and localized teaching materials for Chinese has also become a bottleneck for the development of Confucius Institutes. The shortage of Chinese textbooks affects the depth of cultural communication of Confucius Institutes directly. Thirdly, Confucius Institutes are not capable of spreading the ideological depth of the Chinese culture. Although the textbooks are rich in content, they mainly focus on promoting folk culture by introducing Chinese food, tea and wine, traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Meanwhile, they rarely involve the ideological essence of traditional Chinese culture and the modern value of Chinese culture. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 32)

The Confucius Institutes should fully explore the modern significance of Confucianism and cast the quintessence of Chinese culture, and strengthen the spread of the core idea of Chinese culture and its modern cultural value. The connotation of Chinese culture is very rich. What Confucius Institutes should spread is not all the contents of Chinese culture, but the contents with universal value that are different from other countries and represent the essence of Chinese culture. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42)

====Terms and Expressions ====

儒家 Confucian school

儒学 Confucianism

儒教 Confucian religion

兼爱 Universal love

恕、忠、孝、悌、勇 forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage

仁、义、礼、智、信 benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith

学而优则仕 A good scholar will make an official

四书五经 the Four Books and Five Classics

天行健，君子当自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue.

天下兴亡，匹夫有责 Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country

====Questions ====

1. What’s the central ideas of Confucian culture?

2. What’s the difference among Confucian school, Confucianism and Confucian religion?

3. What do you think of the relationship between Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school, Legalist school?

4. What’s the Six Classical Arts?

5. What you think of the ancient influence of Confucianism?

6. Do you think Confucian culture still has its contemporary values in China? And why?

7. What do you think of the current situation of the development of the Confucian institute?

===Answers===

1. The central ideas of Confucian culture are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith.

2. Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism is a social stratification, and Confucian is a religion belief.

3. Confucian school emphasizes the code of conduct and the social order construction; Taoist school focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalist school serves the system construction of national political management; Mohist school emphasizes Universal Love and utilitarianism. Although Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school and Legalist school are different schools with different theories, they are not completely antagonistic.

4. The Six Classical Arts refers to propriety(礼), music（乐）, archery（射）, riding（御）, writing（书） and arithematic（数）.

5. The ancient influence of Confucianism should be analysed from a historical perspective. It was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. While contributing to intelligence development, spiritual guidance and order construction to some extent, it has also led to some negative effects in the long run. For example, it called for rigid feudal hierarchy and resulted in spiritual constraints.

6. Yes. Although Confucian culture has a history of thousands of years, it still has contemporary values in today's society. For instance, Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy and places a high priority on human value and dignity, which is still of profound significance; Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy.

7. The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Nowadays, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. Joint efforts of all social sectors should be made to achieve the sustainable development of it.

===References===

Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 陈智斌, 杜艾红. (2017). 儒学、儒家、儒教之异同 [The Differences and Similarities of Confucian School, Confucianism and Confucian Religion]. ''审计月刊'' Audit Monthly.

Li Chenzong 李承宗. (2002). 论儒家文化对培养现代爱国主义情感的积极作用 [On the Positive Effects of Confucian Culture on Cultivating Patriotism]. ''廊坊师范学院学报'' Journal of Langfang Teachers College.

Li Fangping 李芳萍. (2013). 儒家思想对中国文化的影响研究 [A Study on the Influence of Confucianism on Chinese Culture]. ''前沿'' Forward Position.

Li Xiaoyu 李晓愚. (2010). 儒家仁爱思想的当代诠释 [Contemporary Interpretation of Benevolence]. ''郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Zhengzhou University.

Tan Su 谭苏. (2012). 论春秋战国时期的百家争鸣 [On the Competition of Ideas in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period]. ''兰台世界'' Lantai World.

Wang Jie 王杰. (2004). 为政以德: 孔子的德治主义治国模式 [Rule of Virtue: Confucian’s Model of Governance]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 吴瑛, 提文静. (2009). 孔子学院的发展现状与问题分析 [The Development Status and Problems of Confucius Institute]. ''云南师范大学学报 (对外汉语教学与研究版)'' Journal of Yunnan Normal University.

Xiang Chunling 向春玲. (2008). 儒家文化的现代意义 [On Modern Significance of Confucian Culture]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Zhang Qizhi 张岂之. (1990). ''中国儒学思想史'' [The History of Chinese Confucianism]. 陕西：陕西人民出版社 Shaanxi: Shaanxi People’s Publishing House.

==Ch'ien Chung-shu Liu Liu 刘柳， 202070080596==

====Ch'ien Chung-shu====

Ch'ien Chung-shu (1910-1998), a well-known scholar, writer, translator and literary researcher, was born into an education family in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. In Chinese academic circles, Qian was ranked with Rao Zongyi, a master in academic circles, and both were called "South Rao and North Qian". He was admitted to Tsinghua University in 1929 and got to know Yang Jiang in 1932. Qian became famous soon after the enrolment, not only for the 15 mark of his mathematics, but for his excellent Chinese and English, especially full marks in English. Qian had an engagement with Yang the year after their acquaintance and went to study at Oxford University in England along with her. In 1937, he obtained the bachelor's degree from Oxford with the treatise ''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', and his daughter Qian Yuan was born the same year. He wrote a great many profound literary works in his lifetime. When it comes to Ch'ien Chung-shu, people would think of his representative work ''Fortress Besieged'', which was published in 1947.

As a realistic satirical novel, ''Fortress Besieged'' is known as "The New Scholars" in the 1940s. The novel is centralized on Fang Hongjian,who returned from studying abroad at the beginning of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It depicts the struggles in love, marriage,career and life of a group of intellectuals who were far away from the times and the people during the War of Resistance against Japanese Agression. It reveals their inner poverty, emptiness and lowliness, criticizes the dark reality of the Kuomintang-controlled areas, and reveals the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life. In the preface of the book, Qian said that, "In this book I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modern China. In writing about these people, I didn’t forget they are human beings, still human beings with the basic nature of hairless, two-legged animals. "The novel is like an X-ray mirror that reveals the deformed characters and ugly souls of those "hairless and two-legged animals" and analyzes the cultural matrix which is responsible for the deformed characters and ugly souls of these "latest style" literati. Yang Jiang said, "The main connotation of ''Fortress Besieged'' is that those who are besieged by the city want to escape, while those outside want to rush in. This is what most people wish for in life, whether in marriage or career. "The meaning of "fortress besieged" is also stated several times in the novel. It tells people that life is a besieged city everywhere, people have marriage and divorce, divorce and marriage in endless succession,with everlasting confusion and dilemma. The questions that Qian raised in the novel refer to a question of universal significance, which is the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life as a whole. In December 1990, the television series ''Fortress Besieged'' was broadcast on China Central Television(CCTV) and enjoyed great popularity.

Ch'ien Chung-shu has made significant achievements in literary research and literary creation. In particular, it is of great significance to carry forward and deny traditional Chinese culture scientifically and learn from foreign culture selectively. He has wrote the collection of essays ''Written in the Margins of Life''(1941), the collection of short stories ''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts''(1946), and the novel ''Fortress Besieged''(1947). Both his essays and novels are wise and meaningful. Qian has read Chinese history, philosophy and literary classics in depth and has studied western old and new literature, philosophy and psychology. Many of his works, such as ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideaas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', have enjoyed high reputation in academic circles both at home and abroad.

Ch'ien Chung-shu viewd China and the world with a cultural criticism spirit. Based on his profound knowledge of Chinese and world culture, Qian has always shown a clear mind and a deep insight when observing Chinese and Western culture. He didn't reject any theories or doctrines, nor did he blindly follow any authorities. He devoted his life to promoting Chinese literature and art to the world. To this end, he not only explicated the profound meaning and unique value of Chinese culture in depth, but also pointed out its historical and regional limitations. He not only criticized the Chinese for their arrogance towards the local culture due to certain illusions, but also mercilessly eliminated the Westerners' prejudice centered on European and American culture due to ignorance. It is Ch'ien Chung-shu who has promoted cultural communication between China and other countries.

November 21st,2020 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu. People often call him a well-informed scholar, but he is more of a down-to-earth writer and scholar. He was indifferent to fame and wealth and alaways took a rigorous and serious attitude towards academic research. We feel ourselves in an entirely new world when we read the subtle metaphors in ''Fortress Besieged'', while we read ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', we are amazed at Qian's erudition. People all over the world admire his talent, but in fact,it is his meticulous and diligent reading spirit that makes him a well-informed scholar. Many of his life experiences and the question of whether his scholarship was systematic or not have attracted much attention. Wang Shuizhao, professor of Chinese Department of Fudan University, who has studied and worked with Ch'ien Chung-shu for a long time, has recently published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'', in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements based on the first-hand historical data, his personal experiences and his own understanding of academia, and gives answers to the questions discueesed widely, such as Qian's experience of being falsely accused, whether there exists system in his scholarship and the collision of viewpoints between Qian and Chen Yinke.

====Terms and Expressions====

''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries'' 《十七十八世纪英国文学中的中国》

''Fortress Besieged'' 《围城》

Kuomintang-controlled areas 国统区

''Written in the Margins of Life'' 《写在人生边上》

''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts'' 《人·兽·鬼》

''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' 《管锥编》

''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'' 《谈艺录》

the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu 钱钟书诞辰110周年纪念日

''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu '' 《钱钟书的学术人生》

====Questions====

1.What is Ch'ien Chung-shu's representative work? When was it published?

2.When was the TV series ''Fortress Besieged'' broadcast?

3.Do you know other works about Ch'ien Chung-shu? Can you list some of them?

4.Which book did Wang Shuizhao publish in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu? What does he talk about in this book?

5.Which sentence is your favoriate in ''Fortress Besieged''?

===Answers===

1.Ch'ien Chung-shu's representive work is ''Fortress Besieged''. It was published in 1947.

2.It was broadcast in December 1990.

3.''Patchwork:Seven Essays on Art and Literature''（《七缀集》） and ''Poetic Remains of an Ephemeral Life''（《槐聚诗存》）.

4.Wang Shuizhao published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'' in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu, in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements.

5."I want to be able to occupy the whole life of the man I love. Before meeting me, he would have had no past and would be waiting for me with a clean slate."

===References===

--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:00, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

===相声 Cross Talk===

===The History of Cross Talk===

Cross talk, in the ancient time was known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate other's voices, also known as neighboring cross talk. It was evolved and further developed from the folk music in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng （1850—1861）and Emperor Tongzhi（1861—1874）period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China, cross talk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to stand-up one person talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it gradually developed into stand-up cross talk, dual cross talk, and group cross talk. And become a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual cross talk has finally become the most popular form of cross talk among audiences.--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 06:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Famous Artists of Cross Talk===

===Answers===
===References===
==Liu Yi 刘艺==
Go 围棋--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
===GO===
Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board with one's stones than the opponent[1]. As the game progresses, the players position stones on the board to map out formations and potential territories. Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones.[2]

A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board. One or more liberties enclosed within a group is called an eye, and a group with two or more eyes cannot be captured, even if surrounded.[3] Such groups are said to be unconditionally alive.

The general strategy is to expand one's territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (groups that can be killed), and always stay mindful of the "life status" of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties (and/or better "shape") will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go.

Players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for komi) wins the game.

In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish positions (or "bases") in the corners and around the sides of the board. These bases help to quickly develop strong shapes which have many options for life (self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start in the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called "joseki" and are often studied independently.

"Dame" are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. "Seki" are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. A "ko" (Chinese and Japanese: 劫) is a repeated-position shape that may be contested by making forcing moves elsewhere. After the forcing move is played, the ko may be "taken back" and returned to its original position.[30] Some "ko fights" may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as "picnic kos" when only one side has a lot to lose. The Japanese call it a hanami (flower-viewing) ko.

Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rule-sets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions.

Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go:
• Rule 1 (the rule of liberty) states that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open "point" (an intersection, called a "liberty") directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point ("liberty") next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
• Rule 2 (the "ko rule") states that the stones on the board must never repeat a previous position of stones. Moves which would do so are forbidden, and thus only moves elsewhere on the board are permitted that turn.
Almost all other information about how the game is played is a heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the game is played, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rule-sets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game.[4]
Although there are some minor differences between rule-sets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game.

Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.

The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their colour on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid but for beginners, or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular.[5] The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first, unless black is given a handicap of two stones or more (in which case, white plays first). The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on, except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured. A player may also pass, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored.

===Terms and Expressions===
Go 围棋 heuristic 启发式的
adversarial game 对抗性游戏 intersection 交叉点
board 棋盘 black 黑棋
formation 阵型 white 白棋
move 走棋 scoring rule 计分规则
liberty 自由度 player 棋手

===Questions===
1, What’s the basic principle of Go?

2,Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, What are other two essential rules in Go？

3, What countries have the most notable scoring rules differences?--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===
1, A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board.

2,The rule of liberty and the "ko rule".

3, Most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===
[1]Matthews, Charles (2004). Teach Yourself Go. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-142977-1.

[2]NRICH Team, Going First, University of Cambridge, retrieved 2007-06-16

[3]Iwamoto, Kaoru (1977). Go for Beginners. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-73331-9.

[4]British Go Association, Comparison of some go rules, retrieved 2007-12-20

[5]Kim, Janice; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997). Learn to Play Go. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press. ISBN 978-0-9644796-1-6.

[6]百度百科：围棋

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
===The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China===
It is said that there were four most beautiful women in ancient times, and corresponding to that, it is worth mentioning that there were four most attractive men at that time.Despite that we consider these four men as attractive, this refers to more than just their appearance. They have a common feature: it proves that while their appearance is marvelous, they are also outstanding in literature. Namely, as a Chinese saying goes, they are endowed with both beauty and talent.
These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

The allusion of “throwing fruit to fill a carriage” originates from Pan An, which resembles movie fans nowadays to see their idols. There is a comment on Pan An’s appearance: "No more and no less." The history books also describe Pan An with three words “good-looking, well-mannered, and graceful”. Although these did not describe Pan An’s appearance in details, such as eyebrows and eyes or lips, from these side descriptions, we can know that Pan An’s appearance is far above ordinary people, and even his styles draw imitation from others. At the same time, Pan An is known as “the flower of a county in Heyang”, and he is also one of the few men who are compared with flowers to be praised for excellent appearance. The beauty of exterior only fails to last long in this world. Pan An's talent and temperament and the devotion to his wife are also often eulogized. Pan Yue showed his unusual talent since he was a child, and he was called a child prodigy by the villagers. In his early years, he was appreciated by an official and recommended as a scholar. Later, served as the magistrate of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan), he was diligent in political affairs, and advocated the people to plant more fruits and trees. The county was full of trees and peaches and plums everywhere, known as “Flower County”. During his administration, his political achievements were remarkable. Besides, Pan An holds a special place in the history of literature. He was good at composing verse and orders, expatiation, and skilled in the choice of words and building of sentences, which fully reflects the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to the beauty of form. He was expert in composing Ci lyric of sorrow and admonishment, and his current works such as Widow's Fu, Mourning Poem and other famous works are all known for their narration and empathy. Pan An can be described as both internally and externally blessed.（Liu Xixue 2003,63-64）

Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng. There is a very popular legend about King Lanling. It's believed that King Lanling was a brave and supremely skilled general. However, because he looked very sweet and it seemed hard to frighten the enemy, he often wore a half-mask when fighting, which sounds very fairytale. Nevertheless, the beauty of King Lanling is beyond doubt and otherworldly. Book of Northern Qi Dynasty described that he was friendly looking and mentally strong, with beautiful voice and appearance. King Lanling spent half his life in military affairs, and made great achievements. While this gave him glory, it also brought bad luck. There is an old Chinese saying that the glow of a inferior from massive achievements will overshadow his superior. Although the King Lanling did not have the idea of usurping the throne, but the incumbent felt threatened because of his existence itself. In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Song Yu (about 322 BC-298 BC), as it is widely rumored, a student of Qu Yuan, was born in the capital city of Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period (now Shangqiu, Henan). Song Yu was a writer of Ci lyric of State Chu in the late Warring States period, adept in Ci lyric and even acclaimed as a great poet after Qu Yuan' reputation. Later generations often referred to them as “Qu Song”. Rumors circulate that there are many Ci lyrics from him, and Book of Han records about 16 works, but many of them are lost today. His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on. He was the first to write about sadness from Autumn and to write about women. His description of women's nature exerts a great influence on later generations such as Cao Zhi. The goddess in Song Yu's The Fu poetry of Goddess embodies the essence of pre-Qin female beauty, recounting the beauty of the goddess of Wushan Mountain in details so much so that later generations have coveted for it for thousands of years. 16 works survived, among which Nine Discriminations is believed to be truly composed by him. It is equivalent to Qu Yuan's Li Sao or A lament in the history of Chinese literature. Both poets can be called the two shining pearls in Ci lyric at their times.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Wei Jie (286-June 20, 312), a metaphysician and an official of the Jin Dynasty. Wei Jie was a noted talker and metaphysicist during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was appointed as an assistant of the prince in the matter of politics. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongjia(AD310), Wei Jie died at the age of 27. Both ancient books and ancients commented on Wei Jie's appearance. Wang Ji reckoned that, “A jade is on my side, and I feel like I am nobody”; “Wandering with Jiu is like sauntering with a pearl on the side, with him shining brightly.” History Retold as a Mirror for rulers authored by Sima Guang goes into detail: "Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..." Wei Jie not only have a mere marvelous exterior, but also he can discern metaphysics from his perspective. Wei Jie’s views always amaze the concerned parties. It is said that even three sons of the Wang family, are not as good as the first son of the Wei family, and the three sons of the Wang family were all well-known scholars at that time, and the Wei Jie could be regarded as unmatchable compared with the three in family background, appearance, and talents.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）
===Terms and Expressions===
Pan An 潘安

King Lanling 兰陵王

Ji Kang 嵇康

Wei Jie 卫玠

throwing fruit to fill a carriage 掷果盈车

scholar 秀才

expatiation 铺陈

Book of Northern Qi Dynasty 《北齐书》

the Warring States Period 战国时期

Book of Han 《汉书》

Nine Discriminations 《九辨》

The Fu poetry of Wind 《风赋》

The Fu poetry of Goddess 《神女赋》

the goddess of Wushan Mountain 巫山神女

metaphysician 玄学家

a noted talker 清谈名士

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers 《资治通鉴》

Widow's Fu 《寡妇赋》

Mourning Poem 《悼亡诗》
===Questions===
1.Who are the four most handsome men at ancient time in China?

2.Who is Gao Changgong?

3.How did Lanlin King die?

4.What works did Song Yu compose?

5.Who are the two shining pearls in Ci lyric according to the passage?

6.What History Retold as a Mirror for rulers comment on Wei Jie?

===Answers===
1.These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.

2.Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng.

3.In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.

4.His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on.

5.Qu Yuan and Song Yu

6."Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..."

===References===
[1]刘细学.古代四大美男[J].文史天地,2003(06):63-64.

[2]王真波.四大美男都是怎么死的[J].青年文学家,2008(11):59-60.

==Lo, Minh Thao==

===Answers===
===References===
==Mogao Grottoes--Lou Cancan 娄灿灿 student no.202070080599==

===Mogao Grottoes===

===Introduction===

The Mogao Grottoes, known as the Thousand Buddhas Caves, were built on the eastern cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers to the southeast of Dunhuang city. There are 492 caves (well preserved) today, containing over 2,400 painted clay statues and 45,000 square meters of murals and 5 timber structures on the cliff of the southern district. There are also more than 300 caves used as both living room and burying place for monks and painters on the cliff of the northern district. Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes,so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. (Fan Jinshi 2010，170)The major caves were sponsored by patrons such as important asclergies, local ruling elites, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other caves may have been funded by merchants and other local people such as women's groups. (Sha Wutian 2020, 122)

====[[File:Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes]]====

===History===

Mogao Grottoes were not built in one day. According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff. Later, monk Faliang（法良）came here and joined him cultivating in caves. Since then more and more caves have been excavated over a thousand year. (Whitfield 1990, 8)

By the time of Northern Liang, small community of monks had formed at this site. The caves initially served only as a place of meditation for hermit monks. Later, they were developed to serve the monasteries that sprang up nearby. Members of the ruling families of Northern Wei and Northern Zhou constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived Sui Dynasty. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. In the Sui Dynasty, Hexi Corridor was controlled by central authority. The emperors were pious followers of Buddhism and they ordered to build stupas across the country. Therefore, more than 100 caves were excavated in Mogao Grottoes within 37 years. By the Tang Dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand. During this period, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious center. A large number of the caves were constructed during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang Empress Wu Zitian to build giant statues across the country. The site escaped the persecution of Buddhists ordered by Emperor Wuzong in 845 as it was then under Tibetan control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people.

After the Tang Dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the Yuan Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes were preserved and kept by Cao Yijin（曹议金). (MA Shichang 2010, 303) After that, his later generations governed Dunhuang Prefecture and constructed multiple family caves such as Cave 55. (Gao Xiujun 2016, 9) During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally abandoned and Dunhuang slowly became depolulated and was forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned. The site, however, went back to a place of pilgrimage and worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century. On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings. Since then, Dunhuang has become well known throughout the world. Both Chinese and foreign scholars have made extensive studies on the findings.(Stein 1912, volume 2)

====[[File:Taoist Wang Yuanlu.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Taoist Wang Yuanlu]]====

===Art===

The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture and they vary from dynasty to dynasty. There are mainly three types of structural forms of Mogao Grottoes: Vihara, Chaitya and Hall with inverted funnel shaped ceiling. A Chaitya with a central pillar is the main form of the caves in the early period of the Sixteen States, with Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties included. The murals may be divided into seven sorts:Buddhist figures, Sutra illustration, Buddhist stories, Buddhist historical pictures, Chinese mythologies, donors and decorative designs. Buddhist stories in the murals can be divided into three types: Jataka（佛本生), Buddha’s life and fate story. A Jataka is a narrative which tells of the good deeds performed by Sakyamuni during his perious existence such as prince Sudanda giving up his body to feed the hungry tigers. As to sculptures, they were constructed on a wooden frame, padded with reed, then modelled in clay stucco and finished with paint.（Duan Wenjie 1994, 163)

====[[File:A Chaitya with a Central Pillar.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Chaitya with a Central Pillar]]====

====[[File:A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body]]====

The artistic styles in the Sixteen States, which gradually turned away from being primitive and simple to an easy and graceful styles in the Northern Wei, manifested in figures with well-chiseled builds and emaciated looks. In Northern Zhou, the styles of figures show that Chinese art combining the influence of foreign and native styles gradually became more nationalized. The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs. The caves become spacious and more suited for large paintings, such as the Sutra illustrations and huge pictures of Buddha expounding sermons. Bold and vigorous, brush work was painted with intricate and flowing lines. For example, Lotus Sutra on the ceiling of Cave 420 displays a lot of episodes of mountains, forests, rivers, buildings and so on in a limitated space. The theme and art in the Sui Dynasty show an important devdelopment in traditional art and indicate a comimg glorious new era. In Tang Dynasty, the caves are large with an inverted funnel shaped ceiling. The murals consist mostly of huge paintings of stories from Buddhist Sutras with well-regulated scenes and well-balanced composition. The figures at that time have round and plump faces and curved eyebrows which expresses the aesthetical taste of the people living in Tang. The mural in Cave 220 contains vivid portraits of the Emperor and his ministers listening to a sermon. The ministers attending to Emperor are each bestowed with differrent appearances and expressions. Some are natural and graceful and some cautious. The well-proportioned painted statues were made with more consummate care and attention to the detail, showing us the solemn Buddha. In addition, very tall and colossal statues of Buddha began to be made. The outstanding one is an early Tang Dynasty statue 34 metres high in Cave 96.( Fan Jinshi 2010, 175) In 781-848A.D, Hexi region fell into the Tibetan. Hence, there was an interesting changes: the king of the Tibetan took the place of central-plain emperors in the wall-painting.

====[[File:Cave 251 in Northern Wei.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 251 in Northern Wei]]====

====[[File:Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty]]====

By the time of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, the grottoes carved in this period are very large and different in form and layout. The subject and style of the statues and murals remain the influence from Tang Dynasty, but the use of colours and the drawing techniques show a simple folk style. From the 9th century to 12th, the Uygur had been in Dunhuang. The artistic styles bear the imprint of both Han and Uygur. The Uygur murals are generally characterized by the simplicity of the subject, the looseness of the arrangement, the direct and rough brush strokes. The human figures have features of certain minority groups. In the Western Xia Dynasty(1036-1227), most of caves were repaired and renovated, and only 10 caves were built because of the limited cliffs. Compared to the Yulin Grottoes at the same time, painting of Dunhuang display the Pure-land Sutra, containing simpler content. Only 27 caves are extant in Yuan times(1227-1372). The murals in Cave 3, however, still remain the Tang and Song techniques, namely using different types of drawing to depict different parts of human figures such as iron-wire lines, orchid-leaf strokes and broken-reef strokes, etc. Since the 15th century, the Mogao Grottoes had gradually fallen into neglect in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Rong Xinjiang 1999, 248)

====[[File:Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty]]====

===Terms and Expressions===

hermit 隐士

stupas 舍利塔

Emperor Wuzong 唐武宗

Vihara 精舍

Chaitya 支提窟

stucco 灰泥

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Sutras 佛经

===Questions===

1.What do Dunhuang Grottoes refer to?

2.Who built the first cave and when?

3.In 1900, who found the treasure-house in Mogao Grottoes and what were stored in it?

4.How many aspects does the art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of and what are they respectively?

5.What are the characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty?

===Answers===

1.Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes, so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes.

2.According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff.

3.On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings.

4.The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture.

5.The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs.

===References===

Fan Jinshi 樊锦诗.(2010). 敦煌石窟 [The Caves of Dunhuang]. Gansu: The Dunhuang Academy敦煌研究院.

Gao Xiujun 高秀军.(2016). 敦煌莫高窟第55窟研究 [Research on the 55th Grotto of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang].Lanzhou University兰州大学.

MA Shichang.(2010).Buddhist Cave-temples and the Cao Family at Mogao Ku, Dunhuang.MA Shichang,27(2),303-317.

Rong Xinjiang 荣新江. (2010). 敦煌藏经洞的性质及其封闭原因 [The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House上海古籍出版社.

Sha Wutian 沙武田. (2020). 佛教供养与政治宣传——敦煌莫高窟第156窟供养人画像研究 [Buddhist offerings and Political Propaganda -- A Study on the Portrait of the Patron of the 156th Grottoes in Dunhuang].中原文物 Cultural Relics in Central Plain,No.215,118-128.

Stein, M. Aurel. Ruins of Desert Cathay.(1912). Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, volume 2. London: Macmillan.

Suemori Kaoru. (2020)."Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns". Kyoto: Hozokan.

DuanWenjie. (1994). Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie. Abhinav Publications. p. 163.

Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. (1990). Chinese Art from the Silk Route, British Museum Publications. P . 5-20.

https://books.google.ru/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=vYPNqlAMZWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=info:9v6pr21oST8J:scholar.google.com/&ots=s-uXhnyDBp&sig=u3H7MAh_OpGRS6Iwxoqx0rC5_fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mogao+grottoes&oq=

==Four State-level Cultural Relics Luo Weijia罗维嘉 Student No.202070080600==

===Four State-level Cultural Relics===

China, home to one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, abounds in cultural relics, from ancient tombs, architecture, instruments to handicrafts, historical books and so on. They embody rich information about history and culture and vividly display the process of Chinese cultural development. The astounding artistic and technological levels shown in those relics continue to impress people today.

====Houmuwu Ding====

In ancient China, ding was a symbol of imperial power. Therefore, ding is often used in phrases and expressions in the Chinese language to imply authority. For instance, wending, literally “enquiring about ding”, means plotting to usurp political power, yiyan juiding, literally “One word of promise is equal to nine dings”, means a decisive comment.

Simuwu Ding,or Houmuwu Ding, was a very precious cultural relic, found in 1937 in Anyang of Henan Province (Zhang Peng:86-89).It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago. This square-shaped ding is the largest existing bronzeware in the ancient world. It is now housed in the National Museum of China in Beijing.

Ding was a cooking vessel probably used to boil or cook food in the primitive society. At that time, dings were made of clay. During the Shang and Zhou (11th century-771 BC) dynasties, bronze cast technology reached a very high level in China. Therefore, people used bronze to cast ding. However, dings were no longer cooking utensils in ordinary people’s life but an object for important ceremonies to offer sacrifices.

Simuwu Ding was cast by Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty as a ritual object for a ceremony to offer sacrifices to his mother. The three characters simuwu form an inscription on the inside of the sidewall. According to archeologists, si means sacrificial ceremony and muwu is the name of the emperor’s mother. Later on, Simuwu became the name of this huge ding (Zhang Peng:86-89).

Simuwu Ding is 1.33m high, 1.10m long and 0.78m wide, weighing 832.84kg. At that time, it needed 1000kg of metal and two to three hundred workers to produce it. This ding is solid in build, magnificent in appearance and was made with fine craftsmanship. The four pillar legs are thick and powerful. Each side has a blank space in the middle, surrounded by a band of decoration featuring taotie (animal faced creatures) and kuilong (one-legged dragons), symbolic of harvest and auspiciousness. Simuwu Ding represents the highest level of bronze cast technology in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

==== The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi ====

The chime bells, or bianzhong, are a kind of percussion musical instrument made of bronze. China is the earliest country to manufacture and use such instrument. Chime bells were divided into groups according to their size, temperament, pitch and were hang on a rack. A small hammer or wooden club is used to hit the bell to make a resonant and agreeable sound.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are the largest and the most complete ancient chimes existing today in China. They were unearthed from the tomb of Yi, the Marquis of Zeng, a small state of the Warring States Period (475 BC- 221 BC), in 1978. When they were found, all bells were still hanging on their rack. They are now preserved in Hubei Museum(Gao Nan:29).

There are altogether 65 bells hung in eight groups on wooden or bronze bars. The rack, 10.79m long, 2.67m high, is made of three bars, namely, the upper, middle and lower bars, held up by six bronze warriors and a few round, wooden posts. The 65 bells weigh over 2500kg. The largest bell is 1.52m in height and weighs more than 203.6kg. The smallest bell is about 20cm in height and weighs 2.4kg (Gao Nan:29). It is extremely rare tosee a set with so many bells of such weight and size.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are exquisitely cast and look very elegant. To help artists to perform music, there are instructions on each bell with 3700 characters in all (Wan Quanwen:1-2). There are also words about the hanging indication and musical temperament that are called the “valuable music theory work”. The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi show that, as early as the Warring States Period, China already had a very rich musical culture. The chime bells still could produce a pure and accurate note after unearthed. The tone is excellent and the timbre is pure.

After excavation of the chime, Chinese musicians created a melody entitled Bianzhong Yuewu (music and dance accompanied by chime bells), to once again demonstrate the charm of ancient Chinese music.

==== Jade Suit with Gold Thread ====

Ordinarily, the texture of clothes is cotton, flax or silk. However, there were suits made of gold and jade, that is “Jade Suit with Gold Thread”.

The emperors of the Han Dynasty believed that jade could prevent their corpses from decaying, and they regarded jade as full of dignity and nobility. Therefore, they used jade suits as their grave clothes. Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade separately that are called Jade Suit Sewn with Gold Thread, Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread and Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread.

The two sets of jade suits of the Han Dynasty tomb unearthed in Mancheng of Hebei Province in 1968 revealed to the world the real features of such grave clothes (Li Yawen:38-39). Their owners were Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, and his wife, Dou Wan, of the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-25 AD).

In appearance, a jade suit follows the shape of a human body. It consists of five parts, i.e., head mask, coat, trousers, gloves and shoes. Each part is made of pieces of jade. The size and shape of each jade piece was designed according to its position. Most jade pieces are shaped in square or rectangular form, but there are a few in trapezoid, triangle or multi sided shapes. Each jade piece is perforated at its corners, through which a gold thread goes through to sew the pieces together. Liu Sheng’s jade suit is rather large, 1.88m long and made up of 2498 pieces. The gold thread used for this suit is about 700g in weight (Li Yawen:38-39).

Such refined suits made some 2000 years ago in the Han Dynasty indicate the high design level and excellent craftsmanship of that time. In fact, of course, the rulers’ dream of preventing their corpses from decaying could never be realized. The practice of wearing jade suits was banned during the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280).

==== Bronze Galloping Horse ====

In 1969, a galloping horse in bronze was unearthed in an Eastern Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province in western China. The bronze statue is a famous representative sculpture of the Han Dynasty. Wuwei County leapt to fame with the discovery of this national treasure.

The 34.5 cm-high bronze horse, covered with spots of verdigris, has a full and robust body. The prancing legs, flying tail, slightly dilated nostrils portray a galloping horse. What is ingenious about it is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow. That means the galloping horse is faster than a flying swallow (Wang Qian:10-11). The positioning of its four legs strictly conforms to that of a living horse and is highly praised by many local and foreign archeologists and artists.

In this work, Chinese ancient artists combined realism and romanticism, and ingeniously integrated galloping horse and flying swallow through rich imagination, original conception and skillful craftsmanship (Wang Qian:10-11). The swift flying swallow sets off the amazingly fast speed of the galloping horse. According to analysis of its mechanics, Bronze Galloping Horse finds a center of gravity in the swallow to give the statue its stability. The romantic image of the swallow sets off the power and strength of the horse, providing a rich imaginative experience for viewers.

Bronze Galloping Horse is believed to be a portrayal of the "heavenly steed" of Chinese legend. It is of high craftsmanship, fully expressive of the horse-breeding culture of China's western regions. It has become a symbol of Chinese tourism and a representative work that brings forth the time-honored cultural tradition of the Chinese nation and the oriental aesthetics to the world. The cultural relic is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===Terms and Expressions===

Houmuwu Ding 后母戊鼎

Simuwu Ding 司母戊鼎

Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty 商王武丁

taotie 饕餮

National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆

chime bells/bian zhong 编钟

Marquis Yi 曾侯乙

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi 曾侯乙编钟

Bianzhong Yuewu 《编钟乐舞》

Hubei Museum 湖北省博物馆

Jade Suit with Gold Thread 金缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread 银缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread 铜缕玉衣

Bronze Galloping Horse 铜奔马/ 马踏飞燕

Gansu Provincial Museum 甘肃省博物馆

===Questions===

1. What does ding symbolize?

2. When was Houmuwu Ding produced?

3.How many bells do the chime bells of Marquis Yi contain?

4.What is the size of the largest bell?

5.What kind of thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade?

6.When did the Jade Suit with Gold Thread unearth?

7.What is ingenious about the Galloping Horse?

8.Where is Bronze Galloping Horse preserved now?

===Answers===

1.Ding was a symbol of imperial power.

2.It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago.

3.They contain 65 bells.

4.The largest bell exceeds 1.5m in height and weighs more than 200kg.

5.Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade.

6.It unearthed in 1968.

7.It is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow.

8.It is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===References===

[1]Zhang Peng 张鹏.(2020).青铜大师杜廼松:“司母戊鼎”名称不容置疑[No Doubt about the Name of Simuwu Ding].中国民族博览 (09):86-89.

[2]Wan Quanwen 万全文.(2020).曾侯乙编钟[The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi].文史知识 (11):1-2.

[3]Gao Nan 高楠.(2020).音乐中的国家宝藏——曾侯乙编钟[National Treasure in Music].琴童 (01):29.

[4]Li Yawen 李雅雯.(2019)浅说满城汉墓中的金缕玉衣 [The Study of Jade Suit with Gold Thread Unearthed in Mancheng].文物鉴定与鉴赏 (03):38-39.

[5]Wang Qian 王倩.(2020).青铜雕塑“马踏飞燕”的研究[The Study of the Bronze Sculpture ——the Galloping Horse].艺术品鉴, (26):10-11.

== The Forbidden City Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴 Student No.202070080601==

===The Forbidden City===--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 08:30, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====I.Introduction====
The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, and with a total area of 720,000 square meters (180 acres). It lies in the center of Beijing's central axis. Today, the Forbidden City houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yong Le Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government.(Barmé, Geremie R 2018,26)
The Forbidden City is a national AAAAA tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection in 1961. What’s more, it was declared a world cultural heritage in 1987, and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.(UNESCO,2007)
====[[File:A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City]]====

====II.The Name of the Forbidden City====
The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; English: Purple Forbidden City). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in the period of Jia Jing. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31) In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized. The stars in the sky were used to correspond with the capital planning to highlight the legitimacy of the regime and the supremacy of imperial power. “ Zi ”, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, The emperor of heaven lived in Ziwei palace, while the human emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" who was ordered by heaven. His residence should be a symbol of Ziwei palace to correspond to the heaven emperor. “Jin” means that this splendid palace symbolizes supreme power and status of the royal family. In that case, this palace was forbidden, no one could enter and leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. Cheng means a city. Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace". The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

====III.The History of the Forbidden City====

When Hongwu’s son Zhu Di became the Yong Le Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. (Yu Zhuoyun1984,18)In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. He set fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process of retreating to Shannxi. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the Emperor Shunzhi as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. (Guo Moruo 1944,3.14) In the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), the reconstruction of the rest of the destroyed buildings of the Forbidden City was started, and it was basically completed in 1695.After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal. During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.( Xie Mengyin&Qu Wanlin2006, 11.7)

====IV.The Structure of the Forbidden City====
Firstly, The Forbidden City is a rectangle and symmetric in its layout. Its palaces are arranged along a north-south axis, on which the three main halls, the rear three palaces and the imperial garden are all located. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City, but also reaches Yongding Gate in the south, Drum Tower and bell tower in the north, and runs through the whole city.(Xie Li 2005,(03)100-102)
Secondly, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts, the Outer Court and Inner Court. The Outer Court is the place where the emperor deals with political affairs. There are mainly three halls: the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. The Inner Court or Back Palace includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. The inner court takes Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility as its center with six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west.

====[[File:The layout of the Forbidden City.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The layout of the Forbidden City]]====

====VI The Collections of the Forbidden City====
The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.(Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005,6-22)
The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1,863,404 pieces of art. They are numbered by "Gu", "Xin" and "Shu". Except for the ancient books and documents, all the other collections are labeled with "Gu" and "Xin". The number of ordinary cultural relics begins with the word "Zi", and the ceramic specimens begin with the word "Biao". The general catalogue is divided into 25 categories, and the numbers in each category are sorted from small to large. Many collections once lost and was brought to the Palace Museum, For example, Han Banquet map. And there are some exquisite collections like Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer, Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems and Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.(Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )In addition, The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. (Meng Fuxia 2012, (21) 73-74)

====[[File:Han Banquet map.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Han Banquet map]]====
====[[File:Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance]]====
====[[File:Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems]]====
====[[File:Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women]]====

====Terms and Expressions====
palace complex 宫殿群

central axis 中心轴

the Palace Museum故宫博物院

the Yong Le Emperor 永乐皇帝

key cultural relics under national protection 国家重点文物保护单位

world cultural heritage 世界文化遗产

harmony between man and nature 天人合一

the imperial garden 御花园

the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿

the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿

the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿

Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)

Hall of Union 交泰宫

Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫

Han Banquet map 韩熙载夜宴图

Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer陶彩绘女舞俑

Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems十二生肖镜

Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

====Questions====
1. What’ s the meaning of “Zi” in the Chinese name Zijin Cheng?

2. When was the Forbidden City listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

3.How many emperors have been lived in the Forbidden City?

4.How long did it take to build the Forbidden City?

5.Why some parts of national treasures are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei now.

6. What two parts can the Forbidden City be divided into?

7.When was the Palace Museum established?

===Answers===
1.“Zi” refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star

2.In 1897.

3.24 emperors.

4.14 years.

5.Because both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.

6.They are the Outer Court and Inner Court.

7.The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925

===References===

Barmé, Geremie R(2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press.26.

UNESCO(2007). "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang".

Li Xieping 李燮平. (1997) "紫禁城"名称始于何时[When did the name of the Forbidden City come into being?]. 紫禁城Forbidden City, (04) 29-31.

Yu Zhuoyun(1984), Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking Press,p18.

Guo Moruo 郭沫若.(1994) 甲申三百年祭[Commemorating 300th Anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year]. 新华日报 New China Daily, 3.19.

Xie Li 谢丽.(2005) 北京中轴线上的十七座门[Seventeen doors on the central axis of Beijing].紫禁城 Forbidden City, (03)100-102.

Meng Fuxia 孟福霞. (2012)北京故宫空间布局构思探源——论中国古代宫殿建筑的美学精神[On the Origin of the Space Layout of the Palace Museum in Beijing--On the Aesthetic Spirit of Ancient Chinese Palace Architecture]大众文艺Popular Literature and Art, (21) 73-74.

Li Wei&Wang Shuo 刘薇,王硕.2005故宫文物南迁路线图揭秘[Unveiling the Route Map of the Cultural Relics of the Imperial Palace to the South] 华夏经纬网Jinwei Network, 6.22 http://www.huaxia.com/wh/gjzt/2005/00333230.html

The Collection of the Palace Museum 故宫博物院馆藏https://www. dpm.org.cn /Home.html

Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 谢荫明,瞿宛林. (2006) “文化大革命” 中谁保护了故宫 [Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution? ].人民网People’s Daily Online,11,7. http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0811/c372327-25441615.html

==Chinese Marriage Customs Mo Ling 莫玲 202070080602==
<center> 莫玲 Mo Ling </center>

===Chinese Marriage Customs===

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents.

===Six Procedures===

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refers that if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose,which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Customs===

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Development===

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows a unique Chinese characteristics.

===References===

Gao Xiaoqian. 高筱倩.(2017) 中国传统婚嫁习俗研究［The Research on Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs］戏剧之家[Drama House] 235.

Zhang Yueyong. 张月莹.(2013) 中国近代婚嫁礼俗及婚姻观念转变的探索[A Study on the Change of Marriage customs and Marriage Concepts in Modern China] 松州学刊［Songzhou Academic Journal］ 47-48.

Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa. 周丹迪, 岳书法.(2012) 浅析近代以来中国婚嫁民俗的演变[On the evolution of Chinese marriage customs since modern times] 文化学刊[Cultural Academic Journal] 15.

===Terms and Expressions===

Na Cai 纳彩

Wen Ming 问名

Na Ji 纳吉

Na Zheng 纳征

Qing Qi 纳征

Qin Ying 亲迎

Huimen 回门

Guiling 归宁

betrothal presents 彩礼

the central room 堂屋

bridal chamber 婚房

“eight characters” of the birth moment 生辰八字

===Questions===

1.How many procedures are needed from the negotiation to the completion of marriage?

2.Did the ancient young people have the rights to decide their own marriage or not and why?

3.What is the kneeling etiquettes?

4.When the couple have to return to the girl’s home?

5.What changes have been made nowadays?

6.Please list some new wedding customs.

===Answers===

1.There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying.

2.No, they didn’t have the right to decide their own marriage because ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker.

3.It consists of 4 steps: the first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber.

4.At the third day of the wedding ceremony.

5.Adults can choose their spouse by themselves and they can meet each other whenever they want; Some couples choose to hold the ceremony in the church some even finish it through travel, etc.

6.Examples:couple can choose to live in the either part of the two families; wedding ceremony can be hold in hotel; the bride can wear white wedding dress rather than the single red in the ancient time.

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

====Topic: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam====

==Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac - Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲 202070080603==

===Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac===

[[File:oyltacz.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have been engraved in every Chinese people.

====Origin====

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence. There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).

====Folk Culture and Belief ====

The zodiac sign not only can reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition.

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures, the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

====Conclusion====

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have developed a profound connotation and implications through generation. Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).

===References===
《大中国上下五千年》丛书编委会(2010) The Editorial Board of the ''Five Thousand Years of Great China''（''Dazhongguo Shangxia Wuqiannian''） ''Series'',《中国生肖文化》''The Culture of Chinese Zodiac'', 北京：外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.

Yip, Paul S.F.伊普, Lee, Joseph 李 and Cheung, Y.B.张 (2002).The Influence of the Chinese Zodiac on Fertility in Hong Kong SAR 论生肖对香港生育率的影响. ''Social Science & Medicine''《社会科学与医学》, Volume 55, Issue 10 第55卷第10期, 1803-1812.

===Terms and Expressions===

Jade Emperor 玉皇大帝

Ten Heavenly Stems 十天干

Twelve Earthly Branches 十二地支

Five Elements 五行

Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth 金木水火土

Eight Characters 八字

===Questions===

1.How long is the history of Chinese zodiac?

2.What are the twelve zodiac signs in order?

3.From what time the Earthly Branches was used to record time?

4.According to Chinese folk belief, what kind of characteristics do people born in year of rat have?

5.Which zodiac animal is mostly praised in China?

6.Can you name some pairs of zodiac animal that get along well with each other according to Chinese folk culture?

7.Which pair of animals that are natural enemies according to Chinese folk culture?

===Answers===

1.More than 2200 years.

2.Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.

3.Han Dynasty.

4.They are smart, adaptable, and have the will to fight, but, on the other hand, they are so over-ambitious and easy to fail.

5.Dragon.

6.Tiger and pig, rabbit and dog and dragon and rooster.

7.Dragon and tiger.

==Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏 202070080641==
--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====Introduction of Lisu people and Daogan festival====

The Lisu ethnic group are the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group living in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.

[[File:Example1.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans in the tribal clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames come from their own hunter work in primitive times. But later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic groups living in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, they were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

[[File:Example2.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

====Legend====

During the Ming Dynasty, when people not belonging to the same clan of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the king sent Wang Ji (王骥), the war department of the Chinese feudal ministry, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. Later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the souls of the brave soldiers who died bravely defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Up and down the mountain" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Meaning====

Going up to the knife mountain and going down to the sea of fire are the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which reproduce the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains and the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Performing====

[[File:Example3.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

Pine trees were used as tool poles, iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. When we go up the rice mountain and down the fire, we play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals from pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Setting , knife pole , vertical pole , sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper.
After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the knife bearer grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When the knife-bearer reaches the top through the three scissors, the knife-bearer opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the boiling crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, over which he sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth, which showed the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Development====

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and perform various difficult moves at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the good people of the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Terms and Expressions====

1.Lisu people 傈僳族

2."Up and down the mountain" event 上刀山，下火海

3.The Lisu tribe 傈僳族

4.clan 氏族

5.primitive times 原始时期

====Questions====

1.How many Lisu people live in Yunnan and Sichuan？

2.How many clans make up the Lisu people？

3.Who united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders？

4.Which day is the Daogan Festival？

5.What musical instruments do they play under the knife pole?

====Answers====

1.About 730,000 Lisu people.

2.The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans.

3.Wang Ji.

4.15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year.

5.They play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments.

====References====

*Ernst, Gabriel (21 October 2019). "'We try to not be Thai': the everyday resistance of ethnic minorities"
*"Yunnan Province of China Government Web". Eng.yn.gov.cn.
*李智环．Li Zhihuan. 傈僳族人口分布及形成原因分析 [Analysis of the Distribution and Causes of the Formation of the Lisu People] 《保山学院学报》， 2010 [Journal of Baoshan College], 2010

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
Chinese Clothing== Phyo, Su Kyi, Student No-20191108000

Introduction

Chinese Clothing has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 years-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. (www.topchinatravel. com, 2004)

Chinese clothing has undergone continuous transformations throughout history,providing a reflection of the culture in place at any given time. A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry, and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive Chinese fashions through the ages. This illustrated introductory survey takes the reader through traditional Chinese clothing,ornamentation,and ceremonial wear, and discusses the importance of silk and the diverse costumes of China's ethnic groups before considering modern trends and China's place in the fashion world today.(Mei Hua-2010-page-1)

A-Chinese traditional clothing

Chinese traditional clothing contains rich cultural connotations.Today, after the reform and opening up, the clothing industry has developed vigorously. People gradually start pay attention to the local clothing culture, and pursue cultural connotation contained in clothing. For modern designers, the traditional clothing and its cultural background are their creation inspirations during creation phases,and they are also one of the expressive elements preferred by designers at home and abroad. Inheriting traditional clothing culture not only means that it needs us to turn the traditional clothing elements into a symbol, but also needs us to further understand the background and connotations of traditional clothing culture. The work of design without culture is like a gorgeous shell that can't stand the test of history. Only by grasping the inner spirit of traditional clothing culture, abandoning simple piled up work and patch-up work without connotation and learning the modern expressive methods of traditional clothing elements, one can design out the works which can touch people's heartstrings. (Jiangsu,2016,page-2)

Traditional clothing is the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics. Traditional clothing mutually integrates its unique style, comfortable fabric, bright colors,rich designs and exquisite craft elements to bring people impulsive feelings with visual communication. Traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics enjoys its unique artistic features in the style, color,fabrics,decoration and craft, ect. They are profoundly influenced by Chinese traditional culture ideas in the process of their formation and development and finally condensed into the national culture bearing Chinese culture features. These elements are the source of our inspiration in contemporary clothing design, and the use of these Chinese elements can help people to design out the clothing Chinese style.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-2)

Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design. Putting the traditional elements into fashion design not only helps the native culture to extend itself, but also greatly promotes the culture exchanges in nationalities. Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture,make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design, use the common language to express Chinese traditional culture essence, and integrate Chinese traditional element symbol into the spiritual elements of fashion design to make the national culture spirit and the language of the world integrate into the mainstream of modern clothing design.(Jiangsu,2016, page -3)

==Traditional Han Chinese Clothing (Han Fu):It refers to the attire worn byvthe Han people from the enthronement of the Yellow Emperor(about 2698BC) till the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644AD).It became known as the Han Fu(fu means 'clothes" in Chinese)because the fashion was improved and popularized during the Han Dynasty. It is usually in the from of long gown,cross collar, wrapping the right lapel over the left, loose wide sleeves and no buttons but a sash. Although simple in design, it gives different feelings to different wearers.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019-Aug-2)

==Chinese Suit(Tang Zhuang):It is a combination of the Manchu male jacket ofvthe Qing Dynasty and the western style suit. It is usually straight collared,with coiled buttons down the front. Its color and design are in traditional Chinese style but tailoring is western.(www.topchinatravel. com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Cheongsam(Qi Pao):Originated from the Manchu female clothes, it evolved by merging with western patterns that show off the beauty of a female body. Its features are straight collar, strain on the waist,coiled buttons and slits on both sides ofvthe dress. Materials used are usually silk, cotton and linen.Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire in the world today.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Chinese Tunic Suit(Zhongshan Zhuang) :Also called the Yat-sen Suit , it is designed by Dr.Sun Yat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire. It has a turn-down collar and four pockets with flaps. As Chairman Mao Zedong worn it quite frequently, it is also called the Mao Suit by westerners. It is the main attire from the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 till 1980,s. The country's leaders still wear it today when attending important occasions, such as military parades.(www.topchinatravel. com,2016,Auge-2.)

B-Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements

There are many old stories in ancient Chinese civilization, and Chinese traditional elements come up with the tenacity of the Chinese nations long history. Different times has their unique cultural connotations and form elements,which include Chinese architecture, costumes, traditional Chinese painting and folk art etc., and those cultural connotations and form elements are precious heritage that the ancestors leave to their off-springs. The change of dynasties in the history of our country lead to changes of cultural centers, which finally lead to the appearance Chinese traditional elements with different representative features in each historical periods, nations and regions. These elements include: Chinese silk ,cloth of brocade, hemp,blue printed fabric; chirpaur, Chinese -style chest covering, Chinese tunic suit, collar,surplice, mandarin and split etc.; colorful ethnic colors: such as bright red,green,yellow and blueetc.;Neolithic patterns, bronze patterns in Shang and Chou dynasties, ancient lacquer were pattern in Qin and Han dynasties, Buddhism patterns in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties and traditional decorative patterns in Tang,Sing and Qing dynasties. The essence of Chinese traditional culture which bear the role of inheriting national culture, and is the unique and external characteristic of Chinese nation.(Jiangsu,2016, page-3)

Trems and Expressions

历史-history,

期-period,

世代-generations,

服装-clothing,

设计师-designers ,

装饰-ornamentation

中国服饰- Chinese clothing

服饰-Costumes

传统服装-Traditional clothing

服装设计-Clothing design

时尚设计-Fashion design

几代服装设计师-Generations of clothing designers

中国西装-Chinese Suit

旗袍-Cheongsam

中山装-Chinese Tunic Suit

中国传统元素-Chinese traditional elements

===Questions ===

1-What’s archaeological findings in Chinese fashions through the ages?

2-What's Traditional Clothing?

3-What's Traditional culture indispensable?

4-How is means Han Fu?

5-What's the popular Chinese attire?

6-How called was Chinese Tunic Suit?

7-What'are include Chinese traditional elements?
--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 04:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Su Kyi

==Answers===
1- A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry,
and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive chinese fanshions through the ages.

2-Traditional clothingis the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing
culture with Chinese characteristics.

3-Chineset traditional culture is an indispensablevsource of inspirationin fashion
design.

4-Han Fu is fu means clothes in Chinese.

5-Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire inthe world today.

6-It is also called the Yat-sen Suit,it is designed byDr.SunYat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire.

7-Chinese traditional elements include: Chinese silk,cloth of brocade, hemp, blue printed fabric.

--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 11:56, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===References===

1.Jiangsu.“Influences of Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements on Modern Clothing Design”,

Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,Soochow University,Published by Atlantic Press,2016.

2.Mei Hua, `Chinese Clothing´, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building,Cambridge CB28RU,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press,NewYork
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521186896
Originally published byChina Intercontinental Press as Cinese Clothing(9787508516615)in2010©ChinaIntercontinentalPress2010

3.https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/history-of-chinese-clothing.htm

4.https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/clothing/--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 10:26, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

===Chinese traditional dance===

===Chinese Traditional women clothing===

===1- History of Chinese clothing===

History of Chinese clothing China has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000 years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 year-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization.

===A- Chinese Clothing during Qin and Han Dynasties (221 B.C - 220 A.D)===

The Qin and Han dynasties (221 B.C. - A.D. 220) witnessed the unification of territory as well as written language. Qin Shihuang, the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, established many social systems, including one for uniforms to distinguish people's ranks and social positions. China's complete code of costume and trappings was established in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). The yarn-dyeing, embroidering and metal-processing technologies developed rapidly in the period, spurring changes in costume and adornments.

===B-Chinese Clothing during Wei,Jin, South and North Dynasties(220-589)===

Chinese clothing experienced a rapid development during the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern dynasties (220-589). Before 265, the cultures and esthetic views of the peoples in north and south China merged because of the moves initiated by frequent wars. Many philosophical schools of thought influenced both people's lives and the conceptions of clothing design.

===C- Chinese Clothing during Tang Dynasty(618-907)===

The Tang Dynasty (618-907) wrote the most brilliant page in the history of Chinese clothing. People's clothes were more varied than before because the state was more open to the outside world and people became more cosmopolitan in their thinking. The clothes for women could be called fashionable because they changed rapidly and were showy. Once only a new style came out, many people would be willing to take it.

===D-Chinese Clothing during Song, Yuan, Ming Dynasties===

Casual wear appeared during the Song Dynasty (960-1279), and clothes were simple and elegant.During the Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), the Mongolian ethnic group, known as the People on Horseback, was in power. The style of clothing was mainly a combination of Mongolian and Han. Clothes were luxurious for upper class yet simple and unadorned in design.Dramatic changes took place during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). A new conception came into being in clothing design, with no limitation to one style and advocating natural beauty, thus bringing vigor and vitality to the clothing culture.

===E- Chinese Clothing during Qing Dynasty===

During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), clothes became elegant, poised, and glorious. During the 200 years of the Qing Empire, the entire world witnessed dramatic changes such as the Renaissance in Italy and Columbus's discovery of the Americas, but the changes did not affect traditional Chinese clothing because China had a closed-door policy. People still wore clothes showing rank and lifestyle. The retreat from outside cultures has left a precious heritage for traditional Chinese clothes.

===F-Chinese Clothing from 1930s till Modern Era===

Chinese clothing from 1930s till now, Qipao has become into fashion since then. During 1930s to 1940s, dress is further westernized, tailored to flatter body shape. During 1940s to 1960s, Qipao(Cheongsam) survives as everyday wear in Hong Kong until the late 1960s.

===Terms and Expressions===

===Questions===

===References===.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 17:37, 25 November 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===Answers===

===References===--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 04:45, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==The Liquor Culture of China 瞿淼 Student No.202070080604==
--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====1.The Origin of liquor in China====

With a long history of liquor-making, China boasts a variety of vintage liquor, which is renowned at home and abroad. Penetrating in China’s entire history of civilization, the liquor culture plays a significant role in many aspects, such as cuisine, literature, and health care, of Chinese people’s daily life.
As to the origin of Chinese liquor, opinions vary and no unanimous conclusion can be drawn, and the most widely accepted version is that Du Kang is the person who invented liquor. There are divergent views on Du Kang’s identity, so far, documents have been found which recorded his deeds in the Yellow Emperor era and Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties. And even his address is disputable. Some people think he lived in Baishui, Shaanxi province and was buried here, while others hold the opinion that he lived in Ruyang, Henan province. However, Du Kang is generally believed to be the Chinese Dionysus. According to the legend, one day it rained suddenly while Du Kang was herding the sheep. Hastily driving the sheep back to the sheepfold, he forgot some husked sorghum rice in a hollowed trunk by accident, and when he came back after a few days, the rice he left there became so fragrant that he couldn’t help tasting some. Surprisingly, it was palatable. This unexpected finding made Du Kang start to develop the liquor-brewing technique. Nowadays, Du kang has become the synonym of liquor in many places. Moreover, ancestral halls of Du Kang have been built in Baishui in Shaanxi province and Ruyang in Henan province to enshrine him. And the liquor produced in these places are called “Du Kang Liquor.”

====2.The Types of liquor in Ancient China====
With constant reform and innovation of the techniques of brewing liquor, thousands types of vintage liquor have been created in China. According to the different production techniques, Chinese liquor can be divided into fermented wine and distilled liquor.

Yellow rice wine is the oldest fermented wine around the world. Shaoxing Wine, a famous specialty of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, is the representative of yellow rice wine. It has a very long history, and the wine industry in Shaoxing was prosperous early in the Warring States period. Shaoxing wine looks yellow and clear, hence sugar is added in its raw material. The most prominent of Shaoxing Wine is that it’s fragrance improves with age. In addition to Shaoxing Wine, there are other famous yellow rice wine like Jiujiang Old Seal Wine, Mellow Wine and Dongwu Rice Wine and so on.

Liquor and Spirits(Baijiu), a kind of distilled liquor, is divided into the following flavor types: sauce-flavor type, light flavor type, strong flavor type and other flavour types. Kweichow Moutai is a traditional Chinese specialty liquor. It is one of the world's three major distilled liquors on par with Scotch whiskey and French cognac. It is also the originator of Daqu sauce-flavored liquor with a history of more than 800 years. The style and quality of Kweichow Moutai is characterized by "prominent sauce, elegant and delicate flavour, full-bodied, long aftertaste, and lasting fragrance in an empty cup". Its special style comes from the unique traditional brewing techniques formed over the years and the brewing methods are combined with the agricultural production in the Chishui River Basin, which is affected by the environment and seasonal production, retaining some of the original traces of local life. In 1996, Moutai's craftsmanship was identified as a state secret to be protected. In 2001, the traditional craft of Moutai was included in the first batch of national material cultural heritage. In 2006, the State Council approved the inclusion of the "Moutai traditional brewing process" in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, and declared the world intangible cultural heritage.

====3.The Types of Drinking Vessel in Ancient China====
Chinese people always pay attention to the beauty and delicacy of tableware, and we stress the exquisiteness and suitability of wine vessels when drinking. Therefore, drinking vessels as part of the liquor culture also have a long history and varied appearances.

In different historical periods, due to the continuous development of society and economy, the production technology, materials, and appearance of wine vessels will naturally undergo corresponding changes; therefore, a wide variety of wine vessels have been produced. As early as the Neolithic culture period, pottery with shapes similar to later wine-ware, such as the pottery of the Peiligang culture period, appeared. The development of the liquor industry and the noble identity of the drinker have made it possible for liquor utensils to be differentiated from ordinary eating utensils. The quality of wine-ware often becomes one of the symbols of the status of drinkers. Bronze ware originated in Xia Dynasty, and the earliest bronze wine ware that has been discovered is from the Xia Erlitou culture period. Bronze ware reached its heyday in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and declined in the Spring and Autumn Period. The purpose of the Shang and Zhou drinking vessels was basically specific. In the Shang Dynasty, due to the development of the liquor industry and the improvement of bronze production technology, China's wine ware reached unprecedented prosperity. The bronze wine vessels of Shang and Zhou Dynasties were divided into liquor boiling vessels, liquor serving vessels, drinking vessels and liquor storaging vessels according to their purposes. Each vessel has many styles, some are in common styles, and some take animal shapes. Take Zun as an example, there are Elephant Zun, Rhino Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun, Tiger Zun, etc. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine utensils became popular in southern China. It became the main type in the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its shape basically inherited the shape of bronze liquor vessels. Porcelain roughly appeared around the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with pottery, the performance of porcelain surpassed that of pottery. The shape of liquor glasses in the Tang Dynasty was much smaller than in the past, so some people think that distilled spirits appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic production, and there were many exquisite wine vessels. People in Song Dynasty like to warm rice wine and drink it. So the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl were invented. People placed the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and poured hot water into the bowl to warm the wine. The representative porcelain wine-ware of the Ming and Qing Dynasty is the blue-and-white porcelain wine-ware.

====4.Drinking Order====
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, drinking orders appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Basin. There are many ways to make wine orders. The way the literati and the ordinary people make drinking orders are naturally very different. Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc., while ordinary people use simple ways to act without any preparation. It requires a quick, witty, artistic and talented person to do liquor orders. The drinking order is of great significance to the transformation, enrichment and development of drinking rituals. It is not only an important means to add wine to the fun and to invigorate the banquet, but also to make Chinese culture enter the wine and become the Liquor Culture".

====Terms and Expressions====
1.Du Kang 杜康
2.Chinese Dionysus 中国酒神
3.husked sorghum rice 秫米饭
4.Baishui 白水县（陕西渭南市辖县）
5.Ruyang 汝阳县（河南省洛阳市下辖县）
6.fermented wine 发酵酒
7.Distilled liquor 蒸馏酒
8.Yellow rice wine 黄酒
9.Shaoxing Wine 绍兴酒
10.Jiujiang Old Seal Wine 九江成年封缸酒
11.Mellow Wine 醇香酒
12.Dongwu Rice Wine 东吴老酒
13.Liquor and Spirits 白酒
14.Kweichow Moutai 贵州茅台
15.sauce-flavor type 酱香型
16.light flavor type 清香型
17.strong flavor type 浓香型
18.Daqu sauce-flavored liquor 大曲酱香型白酒
19.the Peiligang culture period裴李岗文化时期
20.the Xia Erlitou culture period 夏二里头文化时期
21.Zun 樽
22.injection vessel and bowl 注子和注碗
23.drinking order 行酒令

====Questions====

1.Who is generally believed to invent liquor in China?

2.What is the most prominent of Shaoxing Wine?

3.How to use the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl in the Song dynasty?

4.How do literati often make drinking orders in China?

====Answers====

1.Du Kang

2.It’s fragrance improves with age.

3.Place the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and pour hot water into the bowl to warm the wine.

4.Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc.

====Bibliography====
*Huang Yixi 黄亦锡. (2008) 酒、酒器与传统文化[Wine, Wineset and Traditional Culture: the Study of Wine Culture of Ancient China]. 厦门大学Xiamen University.

*Li Fangzhou 李方舟. (1998) 酒令——酒文化的珍品[Liquor-a treasure of wine culture]. 质量天地Production Room.

*Du Jinpeng 杜金鹏. (1995) 中国古代酒具[Ancient Chinese Wine Set]. 上海文化出版社 Shanghai Culture Publishing House.

*Yang Li 杨利. (2005) 酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[A Probe into Wine Culture and Spiritual Cultural Value of Wine]. 邵阳学院学报Academic Journal of Shaoyang University, 2005(02):82-83.

*Xu Shaohua 徐少华. (1999) 中国酒文化研究50年[Research on 50 years of Chinese wine culture]. 酿酒科技Brewing Technology, 1999(06):15-18.

*Zhao Fengqi 赵凤琦. (2014) 我国白酒产业可持续发展研究[Research on Sustainable Development of Chinese Liquor Industry]. 中国社会科学院研究生院CASS Graduate School.

*Wng Jianguo&Xu Liang 汪建国,徐亮.(2005)我国黄酒的特征及展望[Characteristics and Prospects of Chinese Rice Wine] 江苏调味副食品Journal of Jiangsu Seasoning Food, 2005(06):8-12.

*Ding Jihua 丁季华. (1991) 中国酒文化的结构与功能[The structure and function of Chinese wine culture]. 历史教学问题History Research and Teaching, 1991(2).

== China Railway High-Speed (CRH) Rajabov, Anushervon student NO. 201921080005==

===China Railway High-Speed (CRH)===

Introduction

High-speed railway (HSR) in China is the longest network of high-speed railways in the world and is used most widely. The network of UNCC includes the recently built railway at the estimated speed of 200-350 km / h (120-220 miles per hour). The Chinese VSM accounts for two thirds of world high-speed railways. Almost all trains, the path and services of the HSR belong to the Chinese railway corporation under the CHINA Railway High Speed brand (CRH). The high-speed railway has developed rapidly in China over the past 15 years. CRH was put into operation in April 2007, the Intercity Line Beijing-Tianjin, which opened in August 2008, became the first HSR allocated passenger line. HSR applies to all administrative provincial levels, except Macau and Tibet. The total length of the HSR network reached 36,000 km (22,000 miles) in August 2020. The HSR construction boom continues, and the HSR network should reach 70,000 km (43,000 miles) in 2035. China's first high-speed trains were imported or built in accordance with the Technology Transfer Agreement with foreign trains manufacturers, including Alstom, Siemens, Bombardier and Kawasaki Heavy Industry Since the initial technical support, Chinese engineers have overpower the internal components of the train and built local trains produced by the CRRC State Corporation. The appearance of a rapidly accelerated railway in China has decreased in the way and changed Chinese society and the economy. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."

Definition and terminology

High-speed trains in China are usually belonging to passenger trades of classes G, D and C. in class G trains (高铁; Gāotiě; "High-speed rail") are commonly used trains E In class D trains (动车; Dòngchē; "Electrical multiple unit") are presented by EMU trains operating at lower speeds, whether in high-speed or low-speed ways. The actual movement speed of class D trains can vary greatly. D211 Creament train from Guyang-east to Guangzhou-South along the High Speed Railway Guang-Guangzhou, a line with an estimated speed of 250 km / h, on average, 207 km / h per trip. The sleeping train D312 EMU between South Beijing and Shanghai at a low speed Beijing - Shanghai on average passing 121 km / h. Class C (c héngjì; “intercity”) trains that run on high-speed tracks at speeds above 250 km / h are also considered high-speed trains.

Influence on airlines

The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights. The effect of high-speed railway on airfare is most acute when traveling for less than 500 km (310 miles). By the spring of 2011, commercial airlines were fully stopped at previously popular routes such as Wuhan Nanjing, Wuhan Nanchang, Xi'an-Zhengzhou and Chengdu Chongqing. Flights along the routes with a length of more than 1500 km (930 miles) usually do not suffer. As of October 2013, half a speed of passengers were transported monthly on high-speed rail than in the country's airlines.
Technologies
Chinese High Speed Railway Controls Various Electric Forms of Trains, Hexie HAO Title (Simplified Chinese: 和谐号; Traditional Chinese: 和諧號; Pinyin: Héxié Hào; Harmony) is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 to CRH-5 and CRH380A (L), CRH380B (L) and CRH380C (L). CRH compositions are designed for fast and convenient movement between cities. The weakness of intellectual property Hexie HAO creates obstacles to China in the export of its products related to high-speed railways, which leads to the development of a fully recycled railway franchise called Fuxing Hao (Rejuvenation) that based on local technologies.

4 + 4 HSR network

The network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km. Most of the lines follow existing routes and are for passenger traffic only. These are known as Passenger Lines (PDL). Several sections of the national network, especially along the southeastern coastal corridor, have been built to connect cities that previously had no rail links. These sections will carry both passenger and cargo. High-speed trains on HSR corridors can usually reach speeds of 300-350 km / h (190-220 mph). On mixed HSR lines, passenger trains can reach a maximum speed of 200–250 km / h (120–160 mph). This ambitious national grid project was slated to be built by 2020, but government incentives have significantly shortened the construction timeframe for many lines.

Advantages

HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances that: Increases economic productivity and long-term competitiveness by increasing rail capacity and unifying labor markets. Moving passengers onto high-speed lines frees up older railways to carry more cargo, which is more beneficial for railways than for passengers whose fares are subsidized. Boosts the economy in the short term as high-speed rail construction creates jobs and stimulates demand in the construction, steel and cement industries during the economic downturn. 110,000 workers were mobilized for the construction of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. Facilitates economic integration between cities and promotes the growth of second-tier cities. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

Wenzhou accident

On July 23, 2011, two high-speed trains collided on the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou railway in the Lucheng district of Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped. Signals failed, causing another train to stop a stopped train. Several carriages derailed. State Chinese media confirmed 40 deaths and at least 192 people were hospitalized, including 12 seriously injured. The train accident in Wenzhou and the lack of accountability by rail officials have generated public outcry and heightened concerns about the safety and management of China's high-speed rail system. Concerns about quality and safety have also influenced plans to export cheaper high-speed train technology to other countries. In the aftermath of the deadly disaster, the Chinese government has suspended approval of new rail projects and began security checks on existing equipment.

Terms and expressions

高铁 - High-speed rail
动车 - Electrical multiple unit
和諧號 – Harmony
復興號 - Rejuvenation

Questions

1. What does the World Bank research say?
2. What forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights?
3. How many high speed rail corridors are there in the 4 + 4 HSR network? What is their total length?
4. What caused the accident?
5. What are the benefits of HSR?

Answers

1. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."
2. The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights.
3. The 4 + 4 HSR network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km.
4. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped.
5. HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

References

==Language, The Chinese Language - Seydou, Sagara, Student No:201911080004==
===Introduction===
China is a very big country with a large population, multi-ethnic, and multi-lingual. Each etthnic groups may have its own lingo, or dialects. There are great differences between these dialects because of pronunciation. For example, if people in different places use their dialects to talk, they may not be able to understand each other, and the situation may lead to embarrassment and understanding. Therefore, the Chinese people communicate with each other in a common language, Putonghua, also known as Mandarin in Western countries. Cheng Aimin (2019, 124)

==Putonghua and Dialects==

Putonghua is the national language of China, and Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world. More than one billion of the world's populations are Chinese speakers. The Chinese population is already one fifth of the population of the world and is rapidly expanding its presence everywhere and influence many people around the world. Cheng Aimin (2019, 25)
It is the modern standard Chinese language with the Beijing pronunciation as its standard pronunciation, the northern dialect (also known as Mandarin, the official language in the past) as its basic dialect, and the modern vernacular as its grammatical norm. Therefore, the northern dialect sounds more like Putonghua than other dialects. Putonghua is a standardized language, which is legally used all over the country. In 2000, the law of the People’s Republic of China on common languages and characters established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese Characters as the national language and writing system. Putonghua is also one of the six working language of the United Nation and an important means of communication between China and foreign countries. According to statistics from ethnologist, in 2015, 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, but there were still about 400 million people who spoke dialects or minority languages. Article 19 of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that ‘’ Putonghua is widely used by the state ‘’, and the third week of September is the national Putonghua Publicity week. We often hear some sayings like this: ‘’ Learn Putonghua well and you will have friend all over the world.’’ Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven groups: northern dialect Wu dialect, Hunan dialect, Jiangxi dialect, Hakka dialect, and Cantonese dialect and Fujian dialect. Most northern are close to Putonghua and easy to understand a non-native speaker. Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

The dialects in China differ greatly. Speaking Putonghua allows the Chinese people to communicate better with each other and promote the development of economy and culture everywhere. However, the promotion of Putonghua cannot be achieved in a short time. The Chinese government plans to enable more than 80% of Chinese people to speak Putonghua by 2020. (C.Gov art 10. 2017)
Only by learning Putonghua can you communicate with people from all parts of China and event with Chinese –speaking people all over the world. While striving to promote Putonghua among the people of the whole country, China also pays special attention to the protection of dialects, which should not be lost after learning Putonghua. . Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

==Ancient Chinese and Modern Chinese ==
Over the past three thousand years, Chinese has undergone a long period of development and changes, and has been constantly interacting with the languages of other nations. Ancient Chinese and written Chinese characters are not exactly the same as they are now. When we visit Chinese historical sites, we often see couplets, poems, and inscriptions. Most of them are written in classical Chinese and traditional Chinese characters. Classical Chinese is a written language formed on the basis of the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Cheng Aimin (2019, 127)

By the time of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties (the 7th century to the 10th century), the spoken Chinese had changed greatly and had significant differences with the classical style of written Chinese. The pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar had changed greatly. But all the time, some people still insisted on writing in classical Chinese, while others wrote in the commonly used vernacular (spoken Chinese). The Four Classical Novels created in the Ming and Qing dynasties, The Dreams of the red Chambers, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Outlaws of the Marsh and the journey to the west, are all representative works of the ancient vernacular. After the May 4th movement in 1919, China launched a vernacular movement advocating ‘’my hand writes my speech’’. Since then, the vernacular has gradually been more widely used in the whole society, and modern Chinese has gradually developed and formed. Compared with ancient Chinese, modern Chinese absorbs a lot Western grammar and has added many disyllabic words. Cheng Aimin (2019 ,128)

==Idiomatic Phrases- Idioms, Proverbs, Common Sayings, and Allegorical Sayings.==
Many phrases with fixed meanings in Chinese have been handed down from the ancient times. Mastering these phrases will make your language more authentic and vivid. For example, ‘’Lofty mountains and flowing rivers ‘’. Playing the lute to the cow’’ ‘’prescribing medicine according to symptoms’’, and ‘’ pleading guilty by carrying a rod on one’s back’ ’these phrases, often contain four Chinese characters each, are called idioms. They are quite formal and often originate from ancient historical stories, fables, myths and legends, or literary works. Sometimes we cannot guess the meaning of an idiom simply according to the meaning of the words. For example, 崇山峻岭，流淌的河流 ‘’lofty mountains and flowing rivers’’ means meeting someone who can really understand and appreciate them, while吹牛的长笛 ‘’ Playing the lute to the cow’’ means the casting pearls before swine. Wendy Abraham: (2018 ,115)
There are also proverbs, common sayings, and allegorical sayings created and passed down by the common people in spoken language, which are quite colloquial and emotional, reflecting the unique culture of China.
Proverbs are common and easy -to understand fixed phrases used orally, often explaining a truth. For example, ‘’ if you are not in charge of a home, you don’t know how expensive the firewood and rice, if you don’t have children, you don’t know kinds your parents are.’’ ‘’Seeing is better than hearing 100 times, and doing is better than seeing 100 times’’ Cheng Aimin (2019, 129)
Common sayings mostly come in a three –character format, but there are also other formats. In addition to the literal meaning, there are deep metaphorical extensions. For example, 吹牛皮 ‘’blow cow skin’’ (meaning bragging or boating) ‘给某人. 穿紧身鞋 ‘’give SB . Tight shoes to wear ‘’ ( meaning making things hard for SB), ‘为外国人工作时的消磨时间‘’kill time when working for foreigners ‘’ ( loafing on the job) , 提一个黑锅 ‘’ carry a black pot’’ ( taking the blame for the fault of others ) , 钉在眼睛里 ‘’ nail in the eyes’’ ( thorn in the flesh ), 狗腿 ‘’ dog leg’’ ( hired thug) , 不管3x7 = 21 ‘’regardless of 3x7= 21’’( regardless of consequences, in the spite of anything ), 打不了八极 ‘’ can’t hit with eight poles’’ ( extremely distant or unrelated ). (Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002,232)
An allegorical saying is divided into two parts. It is like a riddle: The first part is a metaphor, and the second part is an explanation. There are two types of allegorical sayings: homophonic and figurative. Example of the homophonic type ‘’ the nephew carries a lantern – to light up the uncle’’ (pronounced the same ‘’ as before ‘’ in Chinese); ‘’the monk opens an umbrella – no hair and no sky ‘’ (‘’ no hair ‘’ is pronounced similar to ‘’ lawless ‘’ in Chinese). Examples of the figurative type: ‘’ A mute person takes a dose of bitter medicine- they can’t say it is bitter ‘’; ‘’ Mice go to the street – everybody shouts and beats them.’’ Cheng Aimin (2019.130)

==Language policy==
While vigorously promoting Putonghua, the Chinese government has also promulgated many policies to protect dialect and minority languages. In order to promote Putonghua, China promulgated the Chinese Pinyin Program in 1958. Pinyin (the standard Chinese sound- spelling system) is widely used in Putonghua promotion, international Chinese teaching, foreign exchange and other fields. It has become an important tool for reading Chinese characters, learning Putonghua, training and improving reading and writing ability. With the popularization of modern information technology, pinyin is widely used to input the Chinese characters on computers and mobile phones. Pinyin affects all aspects of social life. In translation, Chinese names of people, places, food, and even some cultural concept with Chinese characteristics (Such as Beijing, pingpang, Shaoling, Gongful) are directly spelled with Pinyin, which is therefore an important standard for translation and a bridge for international exchange. Minglang Zhou: (pp.71-95).

==Conclusion.==
Today, an increasing number of people from other countries now want to learn Chinese language and culture and also many universities from different countries throughout the world offer Chinese language courses because Putonghua is also an open door to a huge job market in all of the countries where Putonghua is the language of commerce like Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore. Learning Chinese can help to make a better future for everyone. Abundant opportunities for governments and business careers as well as scientific and cultural exchanges await the student of Chinese. The China market is blossoming after decades of global isolation. As China is rapidly becoming a world economic power as it opens its doors to foreign investment expands its infrastructure, those who know Chinese will be valuable to business.

==References==

Cheng Aimin.(2019), ''中国概况'' [Understanding China]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Minglang Zhou: Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China (p.71-95), Wendy Abraham: let’s talk Mandarin Chinese: 1,001 real-life phrases and Idioms. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) Article 10 Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters shall be used as the basic language in education and teaching in schools and other institutions of education, except where otherwise provided for in laws.
The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002)
===Terms and expressions===
Lingo: 林戈
Putonghua: 普通话
Await student:等待学生
Pinyin: 等待学生
Lofty: 崇高：
Vernacular: 白话：
Swine: 猪：
===Questions===
1. Why Putonghua is spoken in United Nations Organization?
2. How many people speak Putonghua in China and around the world?
3 .Why Chinese government is promoted Putonghua among many others languages?
===Answers===
1. Because it is an important means of communication between China and foreign countries.
2. According to ethnologist 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, and according to the10 most spoken languages in the world Chinese (and all of its varieties such as Mandarin) is by far the most spoken language across the world with 1.31 billion speakers.
3. Because Putonghua is become an international language and it also facilitate understanding between different ethnic groups in China.

20201215 cultexam 2

2020-12-14T02:56:28Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* Rajabov, Anushervon */

*Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].
*Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_1 1 Alsied, Saffana - Jiang Qiwei]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_2 2 Kang Haoyu - Sagara Seydou]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_3 3 Shi Haiyao - You Yuting]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_4 4 Yu Ni - Zubareva, Ekaterina]. This page has become too large. Do not write on this page any more, but on one of the smaller pages.

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''
*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: Huadong Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chinese Red Culture - Kang Haoyu 康浩宇, 202070080638==

<center>康浩宇 Kang Haoyu</center>

===Chinese Red Culture===
Chinese red culture is unique in the world. As a very important cultural resource, it has both tangible culture and intangible culture. Red culture in China refers to the advance culture with Chinese characteristics created by party and people in revolutionary years.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====1. Development====

China has brilliant history and splendid civilization in ancient times. However, with the Opium War of 1840, China was plunged into the darkness of domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. Despite of all efforts that countless dedicated patriots had made, they still failed to change the plight. The October Revolution in Russia brought Marxism-Leninism. With Communism as the the highest ideal and ultimate goal, the Communist Party of China shouldered the historic mission of national rejuvenation. With the firm leadership of the party, Chinese people embraced national independence, people's liberation, national reunification and social stability, and stepped into a new era of prosperity and happiness.(Xi Jinpin 2017)

Red culture is condensed by the Communist Party of China in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. It is an advanced Marxism culture that was inherited and developed in the new period of socialist construction. It's a collectivism culture of bravery, sacrifice and devotion that seeks happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.Red culture is embodied in the aspects of ideal belief, value pursuit and spiritual outlook, and is integrated into material remains, mechanism behaviors and cultural and artistic forms.(Luo Liling, Pu Qingpin 2018, 45)

First of all, red culture is a revolutionary culture, which was formed by the Chinese Communist Party in the great struggle of leading the Chinese revolution. After the founding of People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to inherit and carry forward the revolutionary culture. In the new period of socialist construction and reform and opening up, a vigorous and advanced socialist culture was formed, which enriched and developed the connotation of red culture. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture, and are the core value and spiritual subject of contemporary Chinese culture. As for Chinese red culture, Among them, Marxism is the soul, the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the theme, the national spirit and the spirit of the times are the essence, and the socialist concept of honor and disgrace is the foundation. These four aspects influence, infiltrate and interact with each other, revealing the essential characteristics of red culture scientifically and completely.(Zhu Guilian, Li Jin 2010, 87)

====2. Symbols====

The word “red” in “red culture” has many symbols. Chinese people have “red” complex since ancient time. Red represents authority. For, example, official documents are also called red heading documents. Red represents courage. Red is the color of Chinese national flag. Chinese military strategists and generals have a deep understanding of the role of red in war, so they use red flags to unite their morale, inspire their fighting and their courage, and summon the spirit of going forward bravely and not fearing sacrifice. Red represents honor and auspiciousness. For instance, the places are always adorned with red for conference and ceremony. People are awarded with red flower and red certificates. Red represents revolution. When Marx was asked about "favorite color" in his early years, he clearly answered "red". In 1864, First International was founded, and its logo was red. The first army of Communist Party of China was named Red Army, and Ruijin, the first revolutionary base area, was called Red Capital. There were also red boats in South Lake and red flags in Jinggangshan.(Chen dongwang, Huang Weiliang 2006, 19)

====3. Values====

Red culture has many values. Red culture has the value of history. It witnesses the early development history of the Communist Party of China. It shows the inevitability of the socialist road in China. And it is an important weapon to guide the success of Chinese revolution. Besides, red culture has the value of civilization. Carrying forward the red culture is an urgent need to cultivate a new national spirit. Red culture is important for the construction of socialism culture and ideology. Moreover, red culture has the value of economy. Red culture is a powerful driving force for the development of socialist market economy. It is an important medium of economic development under the new historical conditions. The red cultural industry has become a new economic growth point.(Wang Yidi 2007, 149)

====4. Red Culture in Nanchang====

Nanchang is the capital city of Jiangxi Province and it is where August 1st uprising took place. Nanchang is renowned as the cradle of Chinese revolution and the place where the military flag rose. Because in August 1st uprising, communist party of china formed its first army in Nanchang. There are lots of red culture resources in Nanchang.

Bayi Square is at the center of Nanchang city. It was built to memorize August 1st uprising. Bayi Square highlights the theme of "Bayi History and Culture" in all directions. The memorial area, cultural area, reminiscence area and leisure area of Bayi Square show Bayi Uprising in different forms. The landmark in the square is Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower. Besides, Nangchang August 1st Memorial Hall is a special memorial hall established to commemorate Nanchang Uprising.（Peng Bo, Zhang Li, Li Jiangyuan 2006, 58）

===References===

[1] 程东旺, 黄伟良. “红色文化”的价值形态与德育功能探析[J]. 现代教育科学, 2006: 19-21.

[2] 罗丽琳,蒲清平. 红色文化的思想政治教育基因及其时代价值[J].新疆师范大学学报, 2018: 45-52

[3] 彭波, 张丽, 李江源. 整合红色资源,提升江西文化力[J]. 江西崛起策论, 2006:58-60.

[4] 王以第. “红色文化”的价值内涵[J]. 文化论苑, 2007:149-150.

[5] 习近平, 决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告,人民日报,2017.

[6] 朱桂莲,李晶. 德育视角下的中国红色文化研究综述[J]. 研究综述, 2010:87-89.

===Terms and Expressions===

red culture 红色文化

Opium War 鸦片战争

red heading documents 红头文件

red army 红军

August 1st uprising 八一起义

===Questions===

1. What is the historical background of the birth of red culture?

2. What are two major components of red culture?

3. How many symbols dose the word "red" in red culture has? What are they?

4. How many values dose red culture has? What are they?

5. What is the landmark in Bayi Square?

===Answers===

1. In modern China, Communist Party of China led the Chinese revolution and led people to fight against suppression.

2. Revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture are two major components of red culture

3. Four. Authority, courage, honor and revolution.

4. Three. History value, civilization value and economic value.

5. Bayi Nanchang Uprising Memorial Tower

==Landscape, The Ancient Tea Horse Road - Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

===The Ancient Tea Horse Road===

====Introduction====
The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation. The ancient tea horse road is divided into two routes: the Sichuan-Tibet line and the Yunnan-Tibet line. The ancient tea horse road originated from the ancient southwest frontier of the tea horse mutual market, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and most prosperous in the middle and late World War II. The ancient Tea Horse Road divided into Shanxi-Gan, Shanxi-Kangtang (folk called wade ancient road, Sichuan-Tibet line is part of it), Yunnan-Tibet and other three main routes, connecting Sichuan, Yunnan-Tibet, extending into the territory of Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, India, until reaching West Asia, West Africa, the Red Sea coast. 5 March 2013, the Tea Horse Road was listed by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics conservation units.(Baidu Baike)

====Historical Routes====
China’s ancient tea horse road is divided into:
1. The Shanxi-Gansu tea horse road is the main route for tea to travel westward in mainland China and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.

2. Shanxi and Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), began in the Han Dynasty, formed by the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse each other. Due to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government control of tea trafficking, tea trafficking sub-regional, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.((Baidu Baike)

3. the ancient Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road. Formed around the late sixth century AD, it is south of Yunnan's main tea producing areas in Xishuangbanna Yiwu, Pu'er City, intermediate through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture and Lijiang City, Shangri-La into Tibet, directly to Lhasa. Some also re-exported from Tibet to India and Nepal, is an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.(Baidu Baike)

4.Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shan-Kang-Tibet Tea Horse Road, east of Yazhou edge tea production Ya'an, after playing arrow furnace (now Kangding), west to Lhasa, Tibet, and finally through to Bhutan, Nepal and India, a total length of nearly four thousand kilometers, is an essential bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the interior.(Baidu Baike)

There are three main routes of the ancient tea-horse road: The Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

Among the three ancient tea-horse roads, the Qinghai-Tibet line was established in the Tang Dynasty and developed earlier, while the Sichuan-Tibet line was the most influential and well-known later. These three routes are closely related to Chengdu, among them, the Yunnan-Tibet route and the Sichuan-Tibet route must pass through Chengdu, and their development is closely related to the tea-horse trade.

Shanxi- Tibet tea horse road (wade ancient road), was formed in the Han dynasty through the efforts of the Shanxi merchants and the ancient southwest border tea and horse. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government controlled tea traffickin along the tea trafficking sub-region, including the most prosperous tea horse trading market in Kangding, known as the wade ancient road.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 03:02, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

====Historical Value====
The Silk Road in the north and the ancient Tea Horse Road in the south. The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization. However, its history and value will always shine brightly.(Baidu Baike)

1.The Golden Road of Tourism

The ancient tea-horse road tour has unique scenery, profound cultural connotation, exclusive resources and is unparalleled in the world.(Baidu Baike)

2. Ancient Roads for the Propagation of Civilization

The ancient Tea Horse Road was not only an important migration corridor for the ancient ancestors between Wei-Tibet and present Sichuan and Yunnan, but also an important aperture for the spread and exchange of ancient civilizations between present Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.(Baidu Baike)

3.Migration Corridor of National Cultures

On this ancient road, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, Chinese, Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Hani, Kino, Qiang, Pumi, Bai, Nu, Jingpo, Achang and other ethnic groups have flourished here for thousands of years, highlighting the diversity and original form of ethnic culture in southwest China.(Baidu Baike)

4.Religious Propagation Road

With the development of the tea-horse trade and the extension of the ancient tea-horse route, Tibetan Buddhism spread widely along this route on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. The development and spread of Tibetan stupas can be roughly divided into two routes: one is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia - the other is Tibet - Qinghai - Gansu - Inner Mongolia. -Liaoning--Jilin--Heilongjiang--Beijing--Hebei --Henan--Jiangsu; second, Tibet--Yunnan--Sichuan. --Guangxi--Hubei.(Baidu Baike)

5. The Path of National Spirituality

You can't talk about the ancient tea-horse road without mentioning the horse gangs. The horse gangs have formed a unique cultural carrier in the course of thousands of years. Their spirit is attached to this ancient road, and become part of the Chinese national spirit.(Baidu Baike)
6.The Road of National Unity and Integration

The ancient tea-horse road is like a huge net in southwest China, through which people of all nationalities strengthen their ties and communication, promote political, economic and cultural interaction, development and integration among all nationalities, and enhance the emotional ties between them.(Baidu Baike)

7.The Road of Securing the Borders

The expansion of the ancient tea-horse road and the flourishing of the tea-horse trade contributed to the stability and consolidation of China's southwest frontier.(Baidu Baike)

8.The road to economic development

The Thousand-Year Tea Horse Trail contributed to the formation of many towns in the region through the tea and horse trade, which greatly contributed to the economic development of the region.(Baidu Baike)--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 03:42, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

===Terms and Expressions===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road(茶马古道)

2.Sichuan-Tibet Line（川藏线）

3.Yunnan-Tibet line（滇藏线）

4.wade ancient road（蹚古道）

===Questions===

1.What is the ancient tea horse road ?

2.How many main routes does the ancient tea-horse road conclude?

3.What is the historical value?
--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 04:15, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a folk international trade route that exists in southwest China and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges with horses as the main means of transportation.

2.There are three main routes, including the Qinghai-Tibet line (the ancient Tang and Tibetan road), the Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line.

3.The ancient Tea Horse Road, a passage that once played an important role in the birth and development of the Chinese nation just like the Silk Road, has been gradually buried in the dust of history with the washing away of modern civilization.

===References===
The Chinese text rooted in Baidu Baike. The website as following:https://baike.baidu.com.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:15, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Novels - Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

===Four satirical novels in ancient China===
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.'''Quotation missing. E.g. (Gui Ninghuo 2009, 12)'''

====Introduction====
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, literary scholars with reformist ideas criticized current affairs through novels and proposed to save the country, which were called novels of condemnation. The novels Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua represent the highest achievement of such novels, and are known as "the four great condemnation novels of the late Qing Dynasty". They attacked corruption and made straightforward decisions about current problems, forming a strong literary trend of criticizing reality in modern times.
The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time. In spite of the shortcomings pointed out by Lu Xun, "the rhetoric is revealing, the pen has no hidden edges, and the rhetoric is even too much", they have unprecedented breadth in reflecting social reality, and their sharp and incisive strokes caused strong repercussions at that time.

==== Nie Hai Hua====
Nie Hai Hua was written by Zen Pu (1872-1935).A total of 35 chapters.it is a novel of condemnation, historical fiction and political fiction. In the novel, Jin yun (wen qing) is the main character.After won the scholarship, he took a famous courtesan, Fu Caiyun, as his concubine in Suzhou.He was then ordered to travel to Russia, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. After returning to China, Jin Wenqing died of illness in Beijing, and Fu Caiyun left the Jin family to resume her old profession in Shanghai, changing her name to Cao Menglan then went to Tianjin to work as a prostitute, calling herself Sai Jinhua.
The novel takes the story of Jin Wenqing and Fu Caiyun as the main line, vividly describes the historical and cultural changes as well as political and social changes from Tongzhi to Guangxu more than 30 years, exposing the decay and decline of the rulers, criticizing the feudal system of imperial examination, satirizing the officials, truly reflecting their spiritual life and cultural mentality. at the same time also enthusiastically glorifies Feng Zicai, Liu Yongfu and other war heroes and Sun Yat-sen and so on. The revolutionary activities of the Democratic Revolutionaries express the author's patriotic thoughts against the feudal dictatorship and advocate national democratic revolution. In specific writing, the author adopts the modern popular block novel structure combined with the traditional mesh novel structure to unfold the plot, with ups and downs, twists and turns, touching and orderly, always around the main line.
As a historical novel, Nie Hai Hua draws on the spirit of the ancient "good history" of China to portray its characters. At the same time, it draws on the satirical approach of "The History of Confucianism" in which "the fair-minded accuse the evils of the times", commenting on events and weighing characters in a realistic manner. In terms of art, Nie Hai Hua also has many shortcomings.However, it is a skillful structure and outstanding novel at that time.

==== the Travels of an Old Man====
The Travels of an Old Man was written by Liu E (1857-1909) and a total of 20 chapters. Liu E was an entrepreneur and scholar, not a professional writer, but his reputation as a literary figure was far greater than that of an entrepreneur and scholar. This novel is an unfinished work of his that was written in his later years with an autobiographical nature.
The novel takes a bell-ringing mountebank, Lao can (Tie Ying), as its main character, and narrates his experiences and activities during his travels in northern China, exposing the decadence and darkness of the Qing government, the brutality and lethargy of the officials, and the poverty and oppression of the people, especially attacking the abusive behavior of those "Qing officials" who are actually cruel officials, and expressing the author's strong views on the perilous reality of society and the country.
The artistic achievement of the novel is very high. The first is the superb descriptive skills, whether it is a description, a landscape, or a narrative, can be vividly depicted, such as the scenery of Thousand Buddha Mountain, Daming Lake etc., which makes people have a sense of being in the real world. Secondly, its psychological description and psychological analysis, with appropriate language, can brilliantly show the inner world of the characters. Thirdly, the exquisite structural art. The novel is in the form of a Travel Journal, with travel as a clue,and organic combined of what he see, hear, think and do along the way forms a unique structural feature of the novel.

==== The Records of Officialdom Exposure====
The Records of Officialdom Exposure by Li Baojia (1867-1906), five editions and a total of 60 chapters. This is the first long chapter novel in China's modern era that was published serially in newspapers and magazines and achieved a social sensation, creating a culture of critical reality in modern fiction.
The novel consists of more than 30 relatively independent bureaucratic stories linked together,involving the Qing government from the emperor, down to the minor officials and so on,and these various bureaucrats of all kinds of evil behavior were exposed:They embezzled public funds, corrupt and pervert the law or the named "expedition bandits", but is harmful to the people. The work is like a scroll of the officialdom at the end of the feudal society, touching on the main contradictions of that time.
The novel's writing method is modelled on "The Scholars" and has been developed, making full use of exaggeration, comic style and satirical techniques. only a few strokes will outline the character's voice and physical appearance. And the author also good at describing the details, so that the characters are vivid and evocative, with a strong artistic impact. Therefore, the subsequent imitation of the work is quite a lot, it become a great view.

==== 20 years witness strange present situation====
The Strange Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years was written by Wu Woyao(1866-1910), A total of 60 chapters. This is a long novel with autobiographical flavor.it through nearly 200 short stories that the protagonist hears and witnesses from the death of his father to his failure in business. it outlines the strange realities of late Qing society during the 20 years from the Sino-French War to the beginning of the 20th century.
The scope of social life is much broader than The Records of Officialdom Exposure. In addition to describing the officialdom, there are also involving the shopping malls, foreign markets, science fields, medical and astrological practices. It exposes the political situation, moral outlook, social customs, and human conditions of the increasingly colonized Chinese feudal society, and is of high cognitive value in helping readers to see the irreparable historical destiny of the late Qing society and feudal system.
The novel adopts the first-person narrative story, structured in a way that makes the reader feel intimate and trustworthy, setting a precedent in the history of Chinese fiction. The structure is also very clever: "nine deaths and a lifetime" is not only the narrator of the book story, but also the backbone of the structure of the book, and at the same time uses flashbacks, interpolations and other methods, combining it organically together, making the whole book complex and simple appropriate, muddle together.

==== Conclution====
As a result of the bourgeois reformists and democratic revolutionaries strongly advocated, the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty got unprecedented development, and a large number of influential novels emerged, forming a prosperous situation of the novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty.The emergence of the "Four satirical novels" in the late Qing Dynasty is an important sign that The creation of Chinese novels has entered another prosperous period.

===Reference===
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B4%E8%B4%A3%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4/702907?fr=aladdin

===Terms and Expressions===
The Records of Officialdom Exposure 《官场现形记》

The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years 《二十年之目睹怪现象》

the Travels of an Old Man 《老残游记》

Nai Hai Hua 《孽海花》

The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty 晚清四大谴责小说

===Questions===
1、what are The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty ?

2、which novel is modeled the "The Scholars"?

3、what’s the common characteristic of these four novels?

4、what other satirical novels do you know?

===Answers===
1、They are Li Baojia's The Records of Officialdom Exposure, Wu Wa-ren's The Strange Situation of Seeing in twenty years, Liu E's the Travels of an Old Man and Zeng Pu's Nai Hai Hua.

2、The Records of Officialdom Exposure

3、The Four Great Condemnation Novels of the late Qing dynasty mainly exposed the dark side of society and its various shortcomings, and dealt with various aspects of social life at that time.

4、E.g.The Scholars

==Shadow Puppets - Li Lili 李丽丽==
===Shadow Puppets Li Lili No.202070080594===
====The Origin of Shadow Play====
Shadow play has a history of more than 2000 years from the written records. Legend has it that Madame Li, the wife of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu's yearning was so intense that he was in a trance and ignored the government's affairs all day. Minister Li Shaoweng went out one day when he came across a child playing with a doll in his hand, with its shadow being vivid. So he came up with an idea that he could cut the image of Mrs. Li from cotton and silk, painted it with color, and installed wooden poles on her hands and feet. After seeing it, Emperor Wu was glued to it and couldn't put it down. This love story written in Hanshu is considered to be the earliest origin of shadow play. There are also some views that shadow play originated in Xi'an of Tang Dynasty, however, it is worth discussing that although there were an variety of operas in the Tang Dynasty, yet there were no any records of shadow play mentioned in the Tang Dynasty. Up to now, the earliest shadow play we can see is recorded in Song Dynasty. Its rise and development in Bianjing of the Northern Song Dynasty is closely related to Bianjing’s superior geographical environment, the development of commodity trade and commercial transportation at that time.(Wei Liqun 2018,13-14)

====Introduction====
More than 2,000 years ago, Chinese began to give performances using puppets against an illuminated screen. This is “shadow puppets”, also known as “lamp and shadow play”. It is considered as “precursor of movie” because it was the earliest moving part of form dubbed with human voice in the world. During a play, puppeteers hide behind the white screen and move puppets, while narrating the story, usually through singing. Performances are accompanied by musicians playing percussion and stringed instruments. A shadow puppet can perform actions such as “serving drinks” , “waving a sword and a spear, ” or even “smoking ”by puppeteer holding and moving manipulating rods on its body. Typically, a shadow puppet has three rods, some may have five or seven rods. It can create rich designs such as shadow puppets, animals and stage props, for example, buildings, imperial palaces, chariots, tables and chairs as well as weapons. It is so rich that it includes almost everything under the sun.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools. The well-known ones include Tangshan Shadow Play in Hebei Province, Beijing Shadow Play as well as Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hunan Shadow Play. etc.(Wang Yexia 2012,1-3)

So how to make a puppet? First. Draw pictures of the various parts of the shadow puppets; second, finish carving with a knife and a hard board underneath the design; third, color the puppet with watercolor pens; forth, paint the body parts with a brush dipped in oil. This can make the puppet transparent and better reflect colors under the light.; fifth, connect joint sections with the cotton thread; sixth, make the manipulating rods; finally, attach the manipulating rods to the shadow puppet with cotton thread. The “head” is the most important part of a shadow puppet and its total component number is about four times that of the “body”. A shadow puppet’s “head”. And the “body” can be mixed and matched with each other. (Wang Yexia 2012,29-33)

The eyes and the eyebrows of a shadow puppet’s five facial features represent different personalities. The good and positive people are typical of a benevolent and kind countenance, with nice-looking eyebrows and eyes, while the villain or the general are ferocious look, with sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes. And the former are often concealed teeth and the latter are revealed teeth. The middle-aged person are short beard, but the elderly man are long beard. The decorative designs on the shadow puppets are very important and match the character’s social status. In a shadow play, female characters are usually decorated with patters such as flowers, grass, clouds and phoenix, while male characters are often decorated with dragons, tigers, water and clouds. Shadows puppets look colorful under the light. To achieve a better visual effect, the translucent puppets need to be painted on both sides. The head of color can also represent different characters’ personalities. The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character. The black is a sign of a just, honest and selfless personality. The yellow shows a brave and irascible character, also are used in fantasy plays to represent people with magic power. To make a shadow puppet move flexibly, a complete figure often has many components such as a head, a chest,a belly, two legs, two arms, two elbows, two hands. (Wang Yexia 2012,9-16)

====The Present Situation of Contemporary Shadow Play====
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, shadow play, as an art form, has undergone a series of reforms under the guidance of the Party's principles, including the organization of theatrical troupes, the compilation and creation of plays, the drawing and performing forms of shadow play. With the advent of the "Cultural Revolution", the prosperity of shadow play came to an abrupt end. The troupe was disbanded, the repertoire was banned, and the artists were transferred to work. A large number of precious shadow puppet props and documents were damaged. This situation, except for some places, lasted until 1976. After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", shadow puppet art recovered rapidly, However, with the economic development being put in the first place of social activities and the popularity of television and the richness of artistic forms, shadow play is declining day by day with an irresistible trend, because shadow play arts are unable to keep pace with the times and get the appreciation of the audience. As a result, the prospect of shadow play art is becoming increasingly bleak. （Zhu Hengfu 2020,36）
In order to inherit Chinese excellent culture and protect the ancient art forms such as shadow play. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first part of national intangible cultural heritage list. On November 27, 2011, UNESCO put Chinese shadow play on the "list of representative works of human intangible cultural heritage".

===References：===
王业霞《皮影戏》北京：高等教育出版社 2012 Wang Yexia [Shadow Play] Beijing: [Higher Education Publishing House] 2012

魏力群《小书大传承-皮影》重庆：重庆出版社 2018 Wei Liqun ["Small Book, Big Heritage - Shadow Play"] Chongqing: [Chongqing Publishing House] 2018

朱恒夫中国皮影戏的历史，现状与剧目特征[J] 浙江艺术职业学院学报 2020(18) Zhu [Hengfu The History, Current Situation and Repertoire Characteristics of Chinese Shadow Theatre][J] [Journal of Zhejiang Arts Vocational College] 2020(18)

===Words and Expressions===
shadow puppet皮影戏
paper cutting 剪纸
ventriloquism 口技
manipulating rod 操纵杆
five facial features 五官
sharp eyebrows and almond-shaped eyes 尖眉杏眼
Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

===Questions===
1.When is the earliest shadow puppet’s record?

2.What art of forms do shadow play use?

3. What does a red head stand for in a play?

4.When is it put on the list of intangible cultural heritage".

===Answers===
1.Song dynasty.

2.It combines traditional Chinese plastic art and performing art as well as the arts of painting, paper cutting, local opera, and ventriloquism. Besides, it has absorbed the best parts of local operas, folk songs and emerged into many schools.

3.The red is symbol of a heroic and upstanding character.

4. On November 27, 2011.

==Confucian Culture - Li Liqin 李丽琴==

=== Confucian Culture ===

==== Introduction ====

Confucian school is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and composed by Xunzi. Today, it still retains a certain vitality. Confucian school takes Confucianism as its guiding ideology whose central ideas are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 31)

Confucian school was on an equal footing with the other hundred schools in the pre-Qin period. After the First Emperor of Qin, also called Qin Shihuang, burned books and buried scholars alive, the development of the Confucian school suffered a serious defeat. Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's advice of "banishing other schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism only" and imposed restrictions on thought, which led to the revival of Confucian school. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 20) The concepts of "Confucian school", "Confucianism", and "Confucian Religion" should be distinguished since Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism a social stratification, and Confucian religion belief. (Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 2017, 60-61)

Laozi founded Chinese Taoist school; Confucius started Chinese Confucian school; Sun Tzu initiated Chinese military strategist school; Mozi was the founder of Mohism in the early Warring States. Confucianism contributes to guiding the code of conduct and constructing social order; Taoism focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalism serves the system construction of national political management.; the concepts of Universal Love and utilitarianism are two cornerstones for the Mohism. The General Unity idea of Confucianism has played an important role in the unification of a nation, the enhancement of national cohesion and the integration of cultural values. (Tan Su 2012, 68) After more than two thousand years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, involving politics, education, morality, ethics, code of conduct, life skills and other aspects. It has cultivated the wisdom and soul of the Chinese people throughout the history, and formed deep-rooted set patterns of thinking, psychology and survival. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42-43)

==== Analysis of Confucian Culture ====

===== Intelligence Development =====

Confucius is a great educator, as well as a pioneer and practitioner of mass education. After Confucianism was established as a dominant culture, both the rulers and the public respected the teachings of the sage and attached great importance to education. In this context, a basic requirement is to stay highly cultured and steeped in propriety. After the Emperor Wen initiated the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, those who are good scholars could make an official, which inspired students of poor families to change their lives by studying hard and diligent. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 19) For generations, the Chinese people have attached great importance to the education of their children, which is conducive to the improvement of the thinking ability of the whole nation.

However, the corrupt of bureaucracy and the darkness of officialdom in metaphase and anaphase made many literati feel despairing about official career and discredit about the concept. In addition, the Four Books and Five Classics were the main learning content of Confucianism. Apart from government-run schools, private schools and self-study can hardly meet the requirements of the Six Classical Arts. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 21) Therefore, the Four Books and Five Classics were the focus of students, while the Six Classical Arts were not highly valued.

=====Spiritual Guidance =====

In terms of spirit, Confucianism contends that "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue." (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 86) Benevolent people love each other, which reflects the essence of “Unity of Man and Nature” and also the most brilliant connotation of Confucianism. This philosophy calls for people’s active contributions to the society. It is still alive in modern times, and is the fundamental requirement of people's spiritual orientation in the future. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32)

=====Order Construction =====

In the age of barbarism and backwardness, a common feature was that a small number of people used power and force to suppress and enslave the majority, thus resulting in labor division and unfair distribution of wealth and generating corresponding social hierarchy and concepts. Given the fact that Confucianism developed in the transitional period of feudal society, the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius were rooted in the idealist view of destiny and did not break the shackles of social hierarchy. In addition, they even advocated the distinguish between the noble and the humble and highlighted the importance of hierarchy division. In this context, the benevolence they advocated had great limitations in political management. The public could not be treated equally in terms of political status. Instead, the so-called benevolence calls for improvement of the living conditions of the public and more benefits from the ruling class. However, its purpose was to maintain social order and reconcile social contradictions. This is also the root cause of feudal rulers’ favoring of Confucianism. In essence, Confucianism did not promote social equality, instead, it worked to maintain the unequal feudal hierarchy that aggravated servitude. In fact, after a long history of feudal rule, the sense of hierarchy would be part of the national psyche. With the progress of times and civilization, the view of destiny and the thought of social order have become psychological shackles of the Chinese people. (Li Fangping 2013, 56)

After eliminating the ideology of feudal hierarchy and formalism, some philosophies of Confucianism still generate positive effects on modern society. Specifically, the spirit of benevolence and universal love is conducive to cultivate people’s spirits; (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 33) the concept of “the country belongs to the public” reflects a sense of social responsibility to make contributions for society, which can be expanded into a sharing social and political philosophy for different countries. Filial piety and brotherhood increase the harmony and stability of family; Loyalty, faithfulness, propriety and forgiveness are conducive to the relationship between different countries, societies and people. "Loyalty" means that people should stay loyal to the country and people; "Friendliness" and "forgiveness" play an important role in resolving various contradictions and animosities; when it comes to "filial piety" and "propriety", many redundant forms inherited from feudal society should be eradicated and be more practical. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-41)

====The Contemporary Value of Confucian Culture ====

Today, Confucian culture is still of great significance. We must explore the value of Confucian culture on the basis of the excellent tradition of the Chinese nation and by combining the characteristics of the times with and the actual situation. The Confucian culture has affected Chinese more than two thousand years and gone deep into each aspect of Chinese society. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39)

=====Ideological and Political Education =====

Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy, and it places a high priority on human value and dignity. (Zhang Qizhi 1990, 51-57) Over the years, the Chinese nation has been influenced by this excellent philosophy. On this occasion, its behavioral pattern and psychological structure are endowed with uniqueness, which is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is to respect yourself, learn how to love and care yourself. Moreover, gain dignity and achieve the development of human value through the continuous improvement of moral cultivation. Second, respect others and show respect for others' personality by respecting, understanding and caring for others. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 39-40)

===== Modern Economic Construction=====

Under today’s circumstance, some ideological contents are still alive and produce positive effects on promoting the economic construction of modernization and fostering modern patriotism emotion of the Chinese people. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65)

First of all, Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy. (Li Chengzong 2002, 65) Since Confucian culture reflects a collectivist view on life, individuals are full of sense of duty and responsibility towards others and groups. In this context, their self-cultivation targets at regulating the family, country and the world. Thus, the value of individual is closely linked with the rise and fall of the country, so they have a strong sense of responsibility. (Tan Su 2012, 68) "Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country" has been a common belief for thousands of years. Such a social responsibility will give rise to a huge driving force for the development of the country and society.

Second, the consciousness of "self-improvement" and the proposition of "seeking truth" in the Confucian culture strengthen the national spirit and provide a source power for China’s economic modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 66) Yi Zhuan put forward: "As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.’’ It means that continuous development is the law of nature and that a gentleman should pursue progress and be strong, unyielding resilient and positive. For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has formed a fine tradition of working hard and striving for strength under the influence of these thoughts. Today, we carry forward the spirits of “self-improvement” and "seeking truth" in ways that further enhance national spirits and provide a strong driving force for the socialist modernization.

Third, the "reform and innovation" concept in Confucian culture is conducive to the expansion of the reform and opening up and the acceleration of China's socialist modernization. (Li Chengzong 2002, 67) On the basis of admitting the fact that the continuous development is the universal law of nature, Confucian culture puts forward the "innovation idea". The Book of Rites said, "If you can in one day renovate yourself; do so from day to day and let there be daily renovation." The Book of Changes said, "Reform refers to destroy the old, while innovation means to establish the new.” The concept is not only serves as the theoretical basis for reform and innovation throughout the history, but also provides valuable lessons for the reform in socialist economic and political systems today. Domestically, promoting the innovative spirits can greatly enhance the reform consciousness of the Chinese people. Externally, it is conducive to advancing the opening up by leveraging the global influence of Confucian culture.

===== Legal Construction =====

Confucian culture places a high priority on personal cultivation, while a highly civilized society under the rule of law must be composed of highly educated citizens. Confucian school, a school with thousands of years of history in China, has become an integral part of the Chinese culture. (Li Xiaoyu 2010, 32-33) Nowadays, since China has called for the policy of combining the rule of virtue with the rule of law, it is the time for Confucian culture to find its historical position and fully play its role. Exploring the influence of Confucian culture on the construction of contemporary Chinese rule by law, not only can we help us more deeply understand the traditional culture, but also can promote the process of building the rule of law in contemporary China.

The rule by virtue thought is an important part of Confucian culture and it emphasizes the importance of moral education. It is a national strategy pursued by ancient Chinese rulers and a method of national governance embodying reference significance in today’s China. (Wei Na 2014, 1-2) In terms of national governance, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of morality, believing that national governance should not mainly rely on harsh punishment, instead, moral education should be applied to reform people. Confucius said, "By governing with virtue, rulers will be loved by the public, just like stars surround the North Star." By comparing rulers to the North Star and people to the stars, Confucius emphasized the importance of moral governance. (Wang Jie 2004, 77)

How to rule by virtue? First of all, rulers should pay attention to their personal cultivation and develop good moral characters, so that they can set a good example for the public. Only when officials and common people obey the ruler sincerely, can a good social atmosphere be formed. Secondly, since Confucianism takes "benevolence" as its core and calls for the rule of virtue, many people subconsciously believe that Confucianism denies the role of criminal law and that Confucian culture does not call for the rule of law. In fact, this is not the case. While Confucianism advocates the rule of virtue, it also emphasizes the supplementary role of rule of law. (Wang Jie 2004, 82-83) Confucius said, "Sages believe that national governance must combine the rule of virtue and law." That is to say, if people are governed by systems and laws, they seek for impunity but lack of conscience; however, if they are guided by morality and etiquette, they will have a sense of right and wrong and will impose strict requirements on themselves.

In a word, we should clearly realize that, although Confucian culture is an excellent traditional culture in China, it was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. Under this circumstance, we must analyse Confucian culture dialectically and explore the value of Confucian culture. At the same time, we should discard the bad habits and unfavorable factors left by it, so as to better carry forward our traditional culture and accelerate the construction of the rule of law in contemporary China. (Wang Jie 2004, 83)

====The Confucius Institute ====

With the improvement of China's international status and the increasingly extensive international exchanges, Chinese culture has won wider foreign attention and the world is more eager to learn and understand the Chinese culture. The Confucius Institute project, founded in 2004, emerges in response to the call of the times. Today, Confucius Institutes have spread throughout Asia, Africa, The Americas, Europe and Oceania. (Wang Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 30) Fundamentally speaking, its is conducive to the "going out" of Chinese culture since language is an important carrier of Chinese culture. It is of positive significance to the construction of China's national image, the promotion of China's international influence, the realization of wider international communication.

The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Today, countries are committed to spreading their own language and culture, so there is a fierce competition in international cultural promotion. In addition, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. At present, Confucius Institutes are prevalent all over the world, but the promotion strategy seeking for quantity and speed results in a serious shortage of teachers capable of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. According to statistics, there is a global shortage of at least five million TCSL teachers. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 31) Secondly, the lack of high-quality and localized teaching materials for Chinese has also become a bottleneck for the development of Confucius Institutes. The shortage of Chinese textbooks affects the depth of cultural communication of Confucius Institutes directly. Thirdly, Confucius Institutes are not capable of spreading the ideological depth of the Chinese culture. Although the textbooks are rich in content, they mainly focus on promoting folk culture by introducing Chinese food, tea and wine, traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Meanwhile, they rarely involve the ideological essence of traditional Chinese culture and the modern value of Chinese culture. (Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 2009, 32)

The Confucius Institutes should fully explore the modern significance of Confucianism and cast the quintessence of Chinese culture, and strengthen the spread of the core idea of Chinese culture and its modern cultural value. The connotation of Chinese culture is very rich. What Confucius Institutes should spread is not all the contents of Chinese culture, but the contents with universal value that are different from other countries and represent the essence of Chinese culture. (Xiang Chunling 2008, 42)

====Terms and Expressions ====

儒家 Confucian school

儒学 Confucianism

儒教 Confucian religion

兼爱 Universal love

恕、忠、孝、悌、勇 forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage

仁、义、礼、智、信 benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith

学而优则仕 A good scholar will make an official

四书五经 the Four Books and Five Classics

天行健，君子当自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。As heaven maintains vigor through movements, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection; The terrain is vast, a gentleman carries goods with great virtue.

天下兴亡，匹夫有责 Everyone being responsible for the fate of his country

====Questions ====

1. What’s the central ideas of Confucian culture?

2. What’s the difference among Confucian school, Confucianism and Confucian religion?

3. What do you think of the relationship between Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school, Legalist school?

4. What’s the Six Classical Arts?

5. What you think of the ancient influence of Confucianism?

6. Do you think Confucian culture still has its contemporary values in China? And why?

7. What do you think of the current situation of the development of the Confucian institute?

===Answers===

1. The central ideas of Confucian culture are forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, courage, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith.

2. Confucian school is a school of theory, Confucianism is a social stratification, and Confucian is a religion belief.

3. Confucian school emphasizes the code of conduct and the social order construction; Taoist school focuses on fostering the view of nature and the orientation of spiritual development; Legalist school serves the system construction of national political management; Mohist school emphasizes Universal Love and utilitarianism. Although Confucian school, Taoist school, Mohist school and Legalist school are different schools with different theories, they are not completely antagonistic.

4. The Six Classical Arts refers to propriety(礼), music（乐）, archery（射）, riding（御）, writing（书） and arithematic（数）.

5. The ancient influence of Confucianism should be analysed from a historical perspective. It was generated from the feudal society and its original intention was to maintain the feudal autocratic monarchy. Therefore, it inevitably has some drawbacks and limitations. While contributing to intelligence development, spiritual guidance and order construction to some extent, it has also led to some negative effects in the long run. For example, it called for rigid feudal hierarchy and resulted in spiritual constraints.

6. Yes. Although Confucian culture has a history of thousands of years, it still has contemporary values in today's society. For instance, Confucian culture calls for “the people-oriented” philosophy and places a high priority on human value and dignity, which is still of profound significance; Confucian culture emphasizes the thought of "benevolence" and group consciousness. It is conducive to the cultivation of collectivism and provides a spiritual pillar for China's modern economy.

7. The rapid development of Confucius Institutes has fully demonstrated the needs and aspirations of people around the world to learn Chinese and learn more about China, but there are still some problems in this process. Nowadays, the Confucius Institutes is struggling to achieve sustainable development. Internally, its development has been restricted by many factors, including the shortage of teachers and textbooks, the low quality and the lack of pertinence. Joint efforts of all social sectors should be made to achieve the sustainable development of it.

===References===

Chen Zhibin, Du Aihong 陈智斌, 杜艾红. (2017). 儒学、儒家、儒教之异同 [The Differences and Similarities of Confucian School, Confucianism and Confucian Religion]. ''审计月刊'' Audit Monthly.

Li Chenzong 李承宗. (2002). 论儒家文化对培养现代爱国主义情感的积极作用 [On the Positive Effects of Confucian Culture on Cultivating Patriotism]. ''廊坊师范学院学报'' Journal of Langfang Teachers College.

Li Fangping 李芳萍. (2013). 儒家思想对中国文化的影响研究 [A Study on the Influence of Confucianism on Chinese Culture]. ''前沿'' Forward Position.

Li Xiaoyu 李晓愚. (2010). 儒家仁爱思想的当代诠释 [Contemporary Interpretation of Benevolence]. ''郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Zhengzhou University.

Tan Su 谭苏. (2012). 论春秋战国时期的百家争鸣 [On the Competition of Ideas in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period]. ''兰台世界'' Lantai World.

Wang Jie 王杰. (2004). 为政以德: 孔子的德治主义治国模式 [Rule of Virtue: Confucian’s Model of Governance]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Wu Ying, Ti Wenjing 吴瑛, 提文静. (2009). 孔子学院的发展现状与问题分析 [The Development Status and Problems of Confucius Institute]. ''云南师范大学学报 (对外汉语教学与研究版)'' Journal of Yunnan Normal University.

Xiang Chunling 向春玲. (2008). 儒家文化的现代意义 [On Modern Significance of Confucian Culture]. ''中共中央党校学报'' Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C．P．C．

Zhang Qizhi 张岂之. (1990). ''中国儒学思想史'' [The History of Chinese Confucianism]. 陕西：陕西人民出版社 Shaanxi: Shaanxi People’s Publishing House.

==Ch'ien Chung-shu Liu Liu 刘柳， 202070080596==

====Ch'ien Chung-shu====

Ch'ien Chung-shu (1910-1998), a well-known scholar, writer, translator and literary researcher, was born into an education family in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. In Chinese academic circles, Qian was ranked with Rao Zongyi, a master in academic circles, and both were called "South Rao and North Qian". He was admitted to Tsinghua University in 1929 and got to know Yang Jiang in 1932. Qian became famous soon after the enrolment, not only for the 15 mark of his mathematics, but for his excellent Chinese and English, especially full marks in English. Qian had an engagement with Yang the year after their acquaintance and went to study at Oxford University in England along with her. In 1937, he obtained the bachelor's degree from Oxford with the treatise ''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', and his daughter Qian Yuan was born the same year. He wrote a great many profound literary works in his lifetime. When it comes to Ch'ien Chung-shu, people would think of his representative work ''Fortress Besieged'', which was published in 1947.

As a realistic satirical novel, ''Fortress Besieged'' is known as "The New Scholars" in the 1940s. The novel is centralized on Fang Hongjian,who returned from studying abroad at the beginning of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It depicts the struggles in love, marriage,career and life of a group of intellectuals who were far away from the times and the people during the War of Resistance against Japanese Agression. It reveals their inner poverty, emptiness and lowliness, criticizes the dark reality of the Kuomintang-controlled areas, and reveals the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life. In the preface of the book, Qian said that, "In this book I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modern China. In writing about these people, I didn’t forget they are human beings, still human beings with the basic nature of hairless, two-legged animals. "The novel is like an X-ray mirror that reveals the deformed characters and ugly souls of those "hairless and two-legged animals" and analyzes the cultural matrix which is responsible for the deformed characters and ugly souls of these "latest style" literati. Yang Jiang said, "The main connotation of ''Fortress Besieged'' is that those who are besieged by the city want to escape, while those outside want to rush in. This is what most people wish for in life, whether in marriage or career. "The meaning of "fortress besieged" is also stated several times in the novel. It tells people that life is a besieged city everywhere, people have marriage and divorce, divorce and marriage in endless succession,with everlasting confusion and dilemma. The questions that Qian raised in the novel refer to a question of universal significance, which is the crisis of modern civilization and the dilemma of modern life as a whole. In December 1990, the television series ''Fortress Besieged'' was broadcast on China Central Television(CCTV) and enjoyed great popularity.

Ch'ien Chung-shu has made significant achievements in literary research and literary creation. In particular, it is of great significance to carry forward and deny traditional Chinese culture scientifically and learn from foreign culture selectively. He has wrote the collection of essays ''Written in the Margins of Life''(1941), the collection of short stories ''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts''(1946), and the novel ''Fortress Besieged''(1947). Both his essays and novels are wise and meaningful. Qian has read Chinese history, philosophy and literary classics in depth and has studied western old and new literature, philosophy and psychology. Many of his works, such as ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideaas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', have enjoyed high reputation in academic circles both at home and abroad.

Ch'ien Chung-shu viewd China and the world with a cultural criticism spirit. Based on his profound knowledge of Chinese and world culture, Qian has always shown a clear mind and a deep insight when observing Chinese and Western culture. He didn't reject any theories or doctrines, nor did he blindly follow any authorities. He devoted his life to promoting Chinese literature and art to the world. To this end, he not only explicated the profound meaning and unique value of Chinese culture in depth, but also pointed out its historical and regional limitations. He not only criticized the Chinese for their arrogance towards the local culture due to certain illusions, but also mercilessly eliminated the Westerners' prejudice centered on European and American culture due to ignorance. It is Ch'ien Chung-shu who has promoted cultural communication between China and other countries.

November 21st,2020 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu. People often call him a well-informed scholar, but he is more of a down-to-earth writer and scholar. He was indifferent to fame and wealth and alaways took a rigorous and serious attitude towards academic research. We feel ourselves in an entirely new world when we read the subtle metaphors in ''Fortress Besieged'', while we read ''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' and ''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'', we are amazed at Qian's erudition. People all over the world admire his talent, but in fact,it is his meticulous and diligent reading spirit that makes him a well-informed scholar. Many of his life experiences and the question of whether his scholarship was systematic or not have attracted much attention. Wang Shuizhao, professor of Chinese Department of Fudan University, who has studied and worked with Ch'ien Chung-shu for a long time, has recently published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'', in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements based on the first-hand historical data, his personal experiences and his own understanding of academia, and gives answers to the questions discueesed widely, such as Qian's experience of being falsely accused, whether there exists system in his scholarship and the collision of viewpoints between Qian and Chen Yinke.

====Terms and Expressions====

''China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries'' 《十七十八世纪英国文学中的中国》

''Fortress Besieged'' 《围城》

Kuomintang-controlled areas 国统区

''Written in the Margins of Life'' 《写在人生边上》

''Humans·Beasts·Ghosts'' 《人·兽·鬼》

''Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters'' 《管锥编》

''Patchwork:Essays on Art and Literature'' 《谈艺录》

the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu 钱钟书诞辰110周年纪念日

''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu '' 《钱钟书的学术人生》

====Questions====

1.What is Ch'ien Chung-shu's representative work? When was it published?

2.When was the TV series ''Fortress Besieged'' broadcast?

3.Do you know other works about Ch'ien Chung-shu? Can you list some of them?

4.Which book did Wang Shuizhao publish in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu? What does he talk about in this book?

5.Which sentence is your favoriate in ''Fortress Besieged''?

===Answers===

1.Ch'ien Chung-shu's representive work is ''Fortress Besieged''. It was published in 1947.

2.It was broadcast in December 1990.

3.''Patchwork:Seven Essays on Art and Literature''（《七缀集》） and ''Poetic Remains of an Ephemeral Life''（《槐聚诗存》）.

4.Wang Shuizhao published his new book ''Academic Life of Qian Zhongshu'' in commemoration of the 110 anniversary of the birth of Ch'ien Chung-shu, in which he writes about Qian's life experiences and academic achievements.

5."I want to be able to occupy the whole life of the man I love. Before meeting me, he would have had no past and would be waiting for me with a clean slate."

===References===

--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:00, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

===相声 Cross Talk===

===The History of Cross Talk===

Cross talk, in the ancient time was known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate other's voices, also known as neighboring cross talk. It was evolved and further developed from the folk music in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng （1850—1861）and Emperor Tongzhi（1861—1874）period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China, cross talk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to stand-up one person talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it gradually developed into stand-up cross talk, dual cross talk, and group cross talk. And become a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual cross talk has finally become the most popular form of cross talk among audiences.--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 06:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Famous Artists of Cross Talk===

===Answers===
===References===
==Liu Yi 刘艺==
Go 围棋--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
===GO===
Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board with one's stones than the opponent[1]. As the game progresses, the players position stones on the board to map out formations and potential territories. Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones.[2]

A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board. One or more liberties enclosed within a group is called an eye, and a group with two or more eyes cannot be captured, even if surrounded.[3] Such groups are said to be unconditionally alive.

The general strategy is to expand one's territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (groups that can be killed), and always stay mindful of the "life status" of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties (and/or better "shape") will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go.

Players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for komi) wins the game.

In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish positions (or "bases") in the corners and around the sides of the board. These bases help to quickly develop strong shapes which have many options for life (self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start in the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called "joseki" and are often studied independently.

"Dame" are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. "Seki" are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. A "ko" (Chinese and Japanese: 劫) is a repeated-position shape that may be contested by making forcing moves elsewhere. After the forcing move is played, the ko may be "taken back" and returned to its original position.[30] Some "ko fights" may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as "picnic kos" when only one side has a lot to lose. The Japanese call it a hanami (flower-viewing) ko.

Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rule-sets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions.

Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go:
• Rule 1 (the rule of liberty) states that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open "point" (an intersection, called a "liberty") directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point ("liberty") next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
• Rule 2 (the "ko rule") states that the stones on the board must never repeat a previous position of stones. Moves which would do so are forbidden, and thus only moves elsewhere on the board are permitted that turn.
Almost all other information about how the game is played is a heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the game is played, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rule-sets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game.[4]
Although there are some minor differences between rule-sets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game.

Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.

The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their colour on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid but for beginners, or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular.[5] The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first, unless black is given a handicap of two stones or more (in which case, white plays first). The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on, except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured. A player may also pass, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored.

===Terms and Expressions===
Go 围棋 heuristic 启发式的
adversarial game 对抗性游戏 intersection 交叉点
board 棋盘 black 黑棋
formation 阵型 white 白棋
move 走棋 scoring rule 计分规则
liberty 自由度 player 棋手

===Questions===
1, What’s the basic principle of Go?

2,Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, What are other two essential rules in Go？

3, What countries have the most notable scoring rules differences?--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===
1, A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one open point bordering the group, known as a liberty, to remain on the board.

2,The rule of liberty and the "ko rule".

3, Most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===
[1]Matthews, Charles (2004). Teach Yourself Go. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-142977-1.

[2]NRICH Team, Going First, University of Cambridge, retrieved 2007-06-16

[3]Iwamoto, Kaoru (1977). Go for Beginners. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-73331-9.

[4]British Go Association, Comparison of some go rules, retrieved 2007-12-20

[5]Kim, Janice; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997). Learn to Play Go. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press. ISBN 978-0-9644796-1-6.

[6]百度百科：围棋

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
===The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China===
It is said that there were four most beautiful women in ancient times, and corresponding to that, it is worth mentioning that there were four most attractive men at that time.Despite that we consider these four men as attractive, this refers to more than just their appearance. They have a common feature: it proves that while their appearance is marvelous, they are also outstanding in literature. Namely, as a Chinese saying goes, they are endowed with both beauty and talent.
These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

The allusion of “throwing fruit to fill a carriage” originates from Pan An, which resembles movie fans nowadays to see their idols. There is a comment on Pan An’s appearance: "No more and no less." The history books also describe Pan An with three words “good-looking, well-mannered, and graceful”. Although these did not describe Pan An’s appearance in details, such as eyebrows and eyes or lips, from these side descriptions, we can know that Pan An’s appearance is far above ordinary people, and even his styles draw imitation from others. At the same time, Pan An is known as “the flower of a county in Heyang”, and he is also one of the few men who are compared with flowers to be praised for excellent appearance. The beauty of exterior only fails to last long in this world. Pan An's talent and temperament and the devotion to his wife are also often eulogized. Pan Yue showed his unusual talent since he was a child, and he was called a child prodigy by the villagers. In his early years, he was appreciated by an official and recommended as a scholar. Later, served as the magistrate of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan), he was diligent in political affairs, and advocated the people to plant more fruits and trees. The county was full of trees and peaches and plums everywhere, known as “Flower County”. During his administration, his political achievements were remarkable. Besides, Pan An holds a special place in the history of literature. He was good at composing verse and orders, expatiation, and skilled in the choice of words and building of sentences, which fully reflects the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to the beauty of form. He was expert in composing Ci lyric of sorrow and admonishment, and his current works such as Widow's Fu, Mourning Poem and other famous works are all known for their narration and empathy. Pan An can be described as both internally and externally blessed.（Liu Xixue 2003,63-64）

Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng. There is a very popular legend about King Lanling. It's believed that King Lanling was a brave and supremely skilled general. However, because he looked very sweet and it seemed hard to frighten the enemy, he often wore a half-mask when fighting, which sounds very fairytale. Nevertheless, the beauty of King Lanling is beyond doubt and otherworldly. Book of Northern Qi Dynasty described that he was friendly looking and mentally strong, with beautiful voice and appearance. King Lanling spent half his life in military affairs, and made great achievements. While this gave him glory, it also brought bad luck. There is an old Chinese saying that the glow of a inferior from massive achievements will overshadow his superior. Although the King Lanling did not have the idea of usurping the throne, but the incumbent felt threatened because of his existence itself. In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Song Yu (about 322 BC-298 BC), as it is widely rumored, a student of Qu Yuan, was born in the capital city of Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period (now Shangqiu, Henan). Song Yu was a writer of Ci lyric of State Chu in the late Warring States period, adept in Ci lyric and even acclaimed as a great poet after Qu Yuan' reputation. Later generations often referred to them as “Qu Song”. Rumors circulate that there are many Ci lyrics from him, and Book of Han records about 16 works, but many of them are lost today. His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on. He was the first to write about sadness from Autumn and to write about women. His description of women's nature exerts a great influence on later generations such as Cao Zhi. The goddess in Song Yu's The Fu poetry of Goddess embodies the essence of pre-Qin female beauty, recounting the beauty of the goddess of Wushan Mountain in details so much so that later generations have coveted for it for thousands of years. 16 works survived, among which Nine Discriminations is believed to be truly composed by him. It is equivalent to Qu Yuan's Li Sao or A lament in the history of Chinese literature. Both poets can be called the two shining pearls in Ci lyric at their times.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）

Wei Jie (286-June 20, 312), a metaphysician and an official of the Jin Dynasty. Wei Jie was a noted talker and metaphysicist during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was appointed as an assistant of the prince in the matter of politics. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongjia(AD310), Wei Jie died at the age of 27. Both ancient books and ancients commented on Wei Jie's appearance. Wang Ji reckoned that, “A jade is on my side, and I feel like I am nobody”; “Wandering with Jiu is like sauntering with a pearl on the side, with him shining brightly.” History Retold as a Mirror for rulers authored by Sima Guang goes into detail: "Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..." Wei Jie not only have a mere marvelous exterior, but also he can discern metaphysics from his perspective. Wei Jie’s views always amaze the concerned parties. It is said that even three sons of the Wang family, are not as good as the first son of the Wei family, and the three sons of the Wang family were all well-known scholars at that time, and the Wei Jie could be regarded as unmatchable compared with the three in family background, appearance, and talents.（Wang Zhenbo 2008,59-60）
===Terms and Expressions===
Pan An 潘安

King Lanling 兰陵王

Ji Kang 嵇康

Wei Jie 卫玠

throwing fruit to fill a carriage 掷果盈车

scholar 秀才

expatiation 铺陈

Book of Northern Qi Dynasty 《北齐书》

the Warring States Period 战国时期

Book of Han 《汉书》

Nine Discriminations 《九辨》

The Fu poetry of Wind 《风赋》

The Fu poetry of Goddess 《神女赋》

the goddess of Wushan Mountain 巫山神女

metaphysician 玄学家

a noted talker 清谈名士

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers 《资治通鉴》

Widow's Fu 《寡妇赋》

Mourning Poem 《悼亡诗》
===Questions===
1.Who are the four most handsome men at ancient time in China?

2.Who is Gao Changgong?

3.How did Lanlin King die?

4.What works did Song Yu compose?

5.Who are the two shining pearls in Ci lyric according to the passage?

6.What History Retold as a Mirror for rulers comment on Wei Jie?

===Answers===
1.These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie.

2.Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng.

3.In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King.

4.His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on.

5.Qu Yuan and Song Yu

6."Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior..."

===References===
[1]刘细学.古代四大美男[J].文史天地,2003(06):63-64.

[2]王真波.四大美男都是怎么死的[J].青年文学家,2008(11):59-60.

==Lo, Minh Thao==

===Answers===
===References===
==Mogao Grottoes--Lou Cancan 娄灿灿 student no.202070080599==

===Mogao Grottoes===

===Introduction===

The Mogao Grottoes, known as the Thousand Buddhas Caves, were built on the eastern cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers to the southeast of Dunhuang city. There are 492 caves (well preserved) today, containing over 2,400 painted clay statues and 45,000 square meters of murals and 5 timber structures on the cliff of the southern district. There are also more than 300 caves used as both living room and burying place for monks and painters on the cliff of the northern district. Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes,so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. (Fan Jinshi 2010，170)The major caves were sponsored by patrons such as important asclergies, local ruling elites, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other caves may have been funded by merchants and other local people such as women's groups. (Sha Wutian 2020, 122)

====[[File:Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Iconic Building of Mogao Grottoes]]====

===History===

Mogao Grottoes were not built in one day. According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff. Later, monk Faliang（法良）came here and joined him cultivating in caves. Since then more and more caves have been excavated over a thousand year. (Whitfield 1990, 8)

By the time of Northern Liang, small community of monks had formed at this site. The caves initially served only as a place of meditation for hermit monks. Later, they were developed to serve the monasteries that sprang up nearby. Members of the ruling families of Northern Wei and Northern Zhou constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived Sui Dynasty. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. In the Sui Dynasty, Hexi Corridor was controlled by central authority. The emperors were pious followers of Buddhism and they ordered to build stupas across the country. Therefore, more than 100 caves were excavated in Mogao Grottoes within 37 years. By the Tang Dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand. During this period, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious center. A large number of the caves were constructed during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang Empress Wu Zitian to build giant statues across the country. The site escaped the persecution of Buddhists ordered by Emperor Wuzong in 845 as it was then under Tibetan control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people.

After the Tang Dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the Yuan Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes were preserved and kept by Cao Yijin（曹议金). (MA Shichang 2010, 303) After that, his later generations governed Dunhuang Prefecture and constructed multiple family caves such as Cave 55. (Gao Xiujun 2016, 9) During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally abandoned and Dunhuang slowly became depolulated and was forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned. The site, however, went back to a place of pilgrimage and worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century. On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings. Since then, Dunhuang has become well known throughout the world. Both Chinese and foreign scholars have made extensive studies on the findings.(Stein 1912, volume 2)

====[[File:Taoist Wang Yuanlu.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Taoist Wang Yuanlu]]====

===Art===

The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture and they vary from dynasty to dynasty. There are mainly three types of structural forms of Mogao Grottoes: Vihara, Chaitya and Hall with inverted funnel shaped ceiling. A Chaitya with a central pillar is the main form of the caves in the early period of the Sixteen States, with Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties included. The murals may be divided into seven sorts:Buddhist figures, Sutra illustration, Buddhist stories, Buddhist historical pictures, Chinese mythologies, donors and decorative designs. Buddhist stories in the murals can be divided into three types: Jataka（佛本生), Buddha’s life and fate story. A Jataka is a narrative which tells of the good deeds performed by Sakyamuni during his perious existence such as prince Sudanda giving up his body to feed the hungry tigers. As to sculptures, they were constructed on a wooden frame, padded with reed, then modelled in clay stucco and finished with paint.（Duan Wenjie 1994, 163)

====[[File:A Chaitya with a Central Pillar.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Chaitya with a Central Pillar]]====

====[[File:A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A Prince is Feeding Hungry Tigers with His Body]]====

The artistic styles in the Sixteen States, which gradually turned away from being primitive and simple to an easy and graceful styles in the Northern Wei, manifested in figures with well-chiseled builds and emaciated looks. In Northern Zhou, the styles of figures show that Chinese art combining the influence of foreign and native styles gradually became more nationalized. The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs. The caves become spacious and more suited for large paintings, such as the Sutra illustrations and huge pictures of Buddha expounding sermons. Bold and vigorous, brush work was painted with intricate and flowing lines. For example, Lotus Sutra on the ceiling of Cave 420 displays a lot of episodes of mountains, forests, rivers, buildings and so on in a limitated space. The theme and art in the Sui Dynasty show an important devdelopment in traditional art and indicate a comimg glorious new era. In Tang Dynasty, the caves are large with an inverted funnel shaped ceiling. The murals consist mostly of huge paintings of stories from Buddhist Sutras with well-regulated scenes and well-balanced composition. The figures at that time have round and plump faces and curved eyebrows which expresses the aesthetical taste of the people living in Tang. The mural in Cave 220 contains vivid portraits of the Emperor and his ministers listening to a sermon. The ministers attending to Emperor are each bestowed with differrent appearances and expressions. Some are natural and graceful and some cautious. The well-proportioned painted statues were made with more consummate care and attention to the detail, showing us the solemn Buddha. In addition, very tall and colossal statues of Buddha began to be made. The outstanding one is an early Tang Dynasty statue 34 metres high in Cave 96.( Fan Jinshi 2010, 175) In 781-848A.D, Hexi region fell into the Tibetan. Hence, there was an interesting changes: the king of the Tibetan took the place of central-plain emperors in the wall-painting.

====[[File:Cave 251 in Northern Wei.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 251 in Northern Wei]]====

====[[File:Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 68 in Tang Dynasty]]====

By the time of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period and the Northern Song Dynasty, the grottoes carved in this period are very large and different in form and layout. The subject and style of the statues and murals remain the influence from Tang Dynasty, but the use of colours and the drawing techniques show a simple folk style. From the 9th century to 12th, the Uygur had been in Dunhuang. The artistic styles bear the imprint of both Han and Uygur. The Uygur murals are generally characterized by the simplicity of the subject, the looseness of the arrangement, the direct and rough brush strokes. The human figures have features of certain minority groups. In the Western Xia Dynasty(1036-1227), most of caves were repaired and renovated, and only 10 caves were built because of the limited cliffs. Compared to the Yulin Grottoes at the same time, painting of Dunhuang display the Pure-land Sutra, containing simpler content. Only 27 caves are extant in Yuan times(1227-1372). The murals in Cave 3, however, still remain the Tang and Song techniques, namely using different types of drawing to depict different parts of human figures such as iron-wire lines, orchid-leaf strokes and broken-reef strokes, etc. Since the 15th century, the Mogao Grottoes had gradually fallen into neglect in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Rong Xinjiang 1999, 248)

====[[File:Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Cave 3 in Yuan Dynasty]]====

===Terms and Expressions===

hermit 隐士

stupas 舍利塔

Emperor Wuzong 唐武宗

Vihara 精舍

Chaitya 支提窟

stucco 灰泥

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Sutras 佛经

===Questions===

1.What do Dunhuang Grottoes refer to?

2.Who built the first cave and when?

3.In 1900, who found the treasure-house in Mogao Grottoes and what were stored in it?

4.How many aspects does the art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of and what are they respectively?

5.What are the characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty?

===Answers===

1.Near the Mogao Grottoes, there are some other cave temples: West Caves of Thousand Buddhas (22 caves), Yulin Caves (42 caves), East Caves of Thousand Buddhas (23 caves, 8 caves with murals and statues among them), Five Cave Temples( 5 caves). Their built-dates, contents and artistic styles are very similar to Mogao Grottoes, so they are often referred to as Dunhuang Grottoes.

2.According to relevant records in Tang Dynasty, in 366 AD, a monk named Yuezun（乐僔）was roaming about Dunhuang. One day, he caught a sight of the Buddhas over the Sanwei Mountain opposite the cliff of the Mingsha Mountain, so the devout believer set to build the first cave on the cliff.

3.On June 22th,1900, while Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu（王圆箓）was removing sand from Cave 161, he found a treasure-house on the wall of the corridor containing a great number of scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative papers, embroidered work and paintings.

4.The art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of three aspects: architectural structure, mural and sculpture.

5.The characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty are robust body, large head, square face and short legs.

===References===

Fan Jinshi 樊锦诗.(2010). 敦煌石窟 [The Caves of Dunhuang]. Gansu: The Dunhuang Academy敦煌研究院.

Gao Xiujun 高秀军.(2016). 敦煌莫高窟第55窟研究 [Research on the 55th Grotto of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang].Lanzhou University兰州大学.

MA Shichang.(2010).Buddhist Cave-temples and the Cao Family at Mogao Ku, Dunhuang.MA Shichang,27(2),303-317.

Rong Xinjiang 荣新江. (2010). 敦煌藏经洞的性质及其封闭原因 [The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House上海古籍出版社.

Sha Wutian 沙武田. (2020). 佛教供养与政治宣传——敦煌莫高窟第156窟供养人画像研究 [Buddhist offerings and Political Propaganda -- A Study on the Portrait of the Patron of the 156th Grottoes in Dunhuang].中原文物 Cultural Relics in Central Plain,No.215,118-128.

Stein, M. Aurel. Ruins of Desert Cathay.(1912). Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, volume 2. London: Macmillan.

Suemori Kaoru. (2020)."Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns". Kyoto: Hozokan.

DuanWenjie. (1994). Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie. Abhinav Publications. p. 163.

Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. (1990). Chinese Art from the Silk Route, British Museum Publications. P . 5-20.

https://books.google.ru/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=vYPNqlAMZWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=info:9v6pr21oST8J:scholar.google.com/&ots=s-uXhnyDBp&sig=u3H7MAh_OpGRS6Iwxoqx0rC5_fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mogao+grottoes&oq=

==Four State-level Cultural Relics Luo Weijia罗维嘉 Student No.202070080600==

===Four State-level Cultural Relics===

China, home to one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, abounds in cultural relics, from ancient tombs, architecture, instruments to handicrafts, historical books and so on. They embody rich information about history and culture and vividly display the process of Chinese cultural development. The astounding artistic and technological levels shown in those relics continue to impress people today.

====Houmuwu Ding====

In ancient China, ding was a symbol of imperial power. Therefore, ding is often used in phrases and expressions in the Chinese language to imply authority. For instance, wending, literally “enquiring about ding”, means plotting to usurp political power, yiyan juiding, literally “One word of promise is equal to nine dings”, means a decisive comment.

Simuwu Ding,or Houmuwu Ding, was a very precious cultural relic, found in 1937 in Anyang of Henan Province (Zhang Peng:86-89).It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago. This square-shaped ding is the largest existing bronzeware in the ancient world. It is now housed in the National Museum of China in Beijing.

Ding was a cooking vessel probably used to boil or cook food in the primitive society. At that time, dings were made of clay. During the Shang and Zhou (11th century-771 BC) dynasties, bronze cast technology reached a very high level in China. Therefore, people used bronze to cast ding. However, dings were no longer cooking utensils in ordinary people’s life but an object for important ceremonies to offer sacrifices.

Simuwu Ding was cast by Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty as a ritual object for a ceremony to offer sacrifices to his mother. The three characters simuwu form an inscription on the inside of the sidewall. According to archeologists, si means sacrificial ceremony and muwu is the name of the emperor’s mother. Later on, Simuwu became the name of this huge ding (Zhang Peng:86-89).

Simuwu Ding is 1.33m high, 1.10m long and 0.78m wide, weighing 832.84kg. At that time, it needed 1000kg of metal and two to three hundred workers to produce it. This ding is solid in build, magnificent in appearance and was made with fine craftsmanship. The four pillar legs are thick and powerful. Each side has a blank space in the middle, surrounded by a band of decoration featuring taotie (animal faced creatures) and kuilong (one-legged dragons), symbolic of harvest and auspiciousness. Simuwu Ding represents the highest level of bronze cast technology in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

==== The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi ====

The chime bells, or bianzhong, are a kind of percussion musical instrument made of bronze. China is the earliest country to manufacture and use such instrument. Chime bells were divided into groups according to their size, temperament, pitch and were hang on a rack. A small hammer or wooden club is used to hit the bell to make a resonant and agreeable sound.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are the largest and the most complete ancient chimes existing today in China. They were unearthed from the tomb of Yi, the Marquis of Zeng, a small state of the Warring States Period (475 BC- 221 BC), in 1978. When they were found, all bells were still hanging on their rack. They are now preserved in Hubei Museum(Gao Nan:29).

There are altogether 65 bells hung in eight groups on wooden or bronze bars. The rack, 10.79m long, 2.67m high, is made of three bars, namely, the upper, middle and lower bars, held up by six bronze warriors and a few round, wooden posts. The 65 bells weigh over 2500kg. The largest bell is 1.52m in height and weighs more than 203.6kg. The smallest bell is about 20cm in height and weighs 2.4kg (Gao Nan:29). It is extremely rare tosee a set with so many bells of such weight and size.

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi are exquisitely cast and look very elegant. To help artists to perform music, there are instructions on each bell with 3700 characters in all (Wan Quanwen:1-2). There are also words about the hanging indication and musical temperament that are called the “valuable music theory work”. The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi show that, as early as the Warring States Period, China already had a very rich musical culture. The chime bells still could produce a pure and accurate note after unearthed. The tone is excellent and the timbre is pure.

After excavation of the chime, Chinese musicians created a melody entitled Bianzhong Yuewu (music and dance accompanied by chime bells), to once again demonstrate the charm of ancient Chinese music.

==== Jade Suit with Gold Thread ====

Ordinarily, the texture of clothes is cotton, flax or silk. However, there were suits made of gold and jade, that is “Jade Suit with Gold Thread”.

The emperors of the Han Dynasty believed that jade could prevent their corpses from decaying, and they regarded jade as full of dignity and nobility. Therefore, they used jade suits as their grave clothes. Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade separately that are called Jade Suit Sewn with Gold Thread, Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread and Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread.

The two sets of jade suits of the Han Dynasty tomb unearthed in Mancheng of Hebei Province in 1968 revealed to the world the real features of such grave clothes (Li Yawen:38-39). Their owners were Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, and his wife, Dou Wan, of the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-25 AD).

In appearance, a jade suit follows the shape of a human body. It consists of five parts, i.e., head mask, coat, trousers, gloves and shoes. Each part is made of pieces of jade. The size and shape of each jade piece was designed according to its position. Most jade pieces are shaped in square or rectangular form, but there are a few in trapezoid, triangle or multi sided shapes. Each jade piece is perforated at its corners, through which a gold thread goes through to sew the pieces together. Liu Sheng’s jade suit is rather large, 1.88m long and made up of 2498 pieces. The gold thread used for this suit is about 700g in weight (Li Yawen:38-39).

Such refined suits made some 2000 years ago in the Han Dynasty indicate the high design level and excellent craftsmanship of that time. In fact, of course, the rulers’ dream of preventing their corpses from decaying could never be realized. The practice of wearing jade suits was banned during the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280).

==== Bronze Galloping Horse ====

In 1969, a galloping horse in bronze was unearthed in an Eastern Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province in western China. The bronze statue is a famous representative sculpture of the Han Dynasty. Wuwei County leapt to fame with the discovery of this national treasure.

The 34.5 cm-high bronze horse, covered with spots of verdigris, has a full and robust body. The prancing legs, flying tail, slightly dilated nostrils portray a galloping horse. What is ingenious about it is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow. That means the galloping horse is faster than a flying swallow (Wang Qian:10-11). The positioning of its four legs strictly conforms to that of a living horse and is highly praised by many local and foreign archeologists and artists.

In this work, Chinese ancient artists combined realism and romanticism, and ingeniously integrated galloping horse and flying swallow through rich imagination, original conception and skillful craftsmanship (Wang Qian:10-11). The swift flying swallow sets off the amazingly fast speed of the galloping horse. According to analysis of its mechanics, Bronze Galloping Horse finds a center of gravity in the swallow to give the statue its stability. The romantic image of the swallow sets off the power and strength of the horse, providing a rich imaginative experience for viewers.

Bronze Galloping Horse is believed to be a portrayal of the "heavenly steed" of Chinese legend. It is of high craftsmanship, fully expressive of the horse-breeding culture of China's western regions. It has become a symbol of Chinese tourism and a representative work that brings forth the time-honored cultural tradition of the Chinese nation and the oriental aesthetics to the world. The cultural relic is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===Terms and Expressions===

Houmuwu Ding 后母戊鼎

Simuwu Ding 司母戊鼎

Emperor Wuding of the Shang Dynasty 商王武丁

taotie 饕餮

National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆

chime bells/bian zhong 编钟

Marquis Yi 曾侯乙

The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi 曾侯乙编钟

Bianzhong Yuewu 《编钟乐舞》

Hubei Museum 湖北省博物馆

Jade Suit with Gold Thread 金缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Silver Thread 银缕玉衣

Jade Suit Sewn with Copper Thread 铜缕玉衣

Bronze Galloping Horse 铜奔马/ 马踏飞燕

Gansu Provincial Museum 甘肃省博物馆

===Questions===

1. What does ding symbolize?

2. When was Houmuwu Ding produced?

3.How many bells do the chime bells of Marquis Yi contain?

4.What is the size of the largest bell?

5.What kind of thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade?

6.When did the Jade Suit with Gold Thread unearth?

7.What is ingenious about the Galloping Horse?

8.Where is Bronze Galloping Horse preserved now?

===Answers===

1.Ding was a symbol of imperial power.

2.It was produced in the late Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago.

3.They contain 65 bells.

4.The largest bell exceeds 1.5m in height and weighs more than 200kg.

5.Gold thread, silver thread or copper thread was used to link pieces of four-square jade.

6.It unearthed in 1968.

7.It is that one of its hind feet is stepping on a flying swallow.

8.It is now preserved in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

===References===

[1]Zhang Peng 张鹏.(2020).青铜大师杜廼松:“司母戊鼎”名称不容置疑[No Doubt about the Name of Simuwu Ding].中国民族博览 (09):86-89.

[2]Wan Quanwen 万全文.(2020).曾侯乙编钟[The Chime Bells of Marquis Yi].文史知识 (11):1-2.

[3]Gao Nan 高楠.(2020).音乐中的国家宝藏——曾侯乙编钟[National Treasure in Music].琴童 (01):29.

[4]Li Yawen 李雅雯.(2019)浅说满城汉墓中的金缕玉衣 [The Study of Jade Suit with Gold Thread Unearthed in Mancheng].文物鉴定与鉴赏 (03):38-39.

[5]Wang Qian 王倩.(2020).青铜雕塑“马踏飞燕”的研究[The Study of the Bronze Sculpture ——the Galloping Horse].艺术品鉴, (26):10-11.

== The Forbidden City Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴 Student No.202070080601==

===The Forbidden City===--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 08:30, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====I.Introduction====
The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, and with a total area of 720,000 square meters (180 acres). It lies in the center of Beijing's central axis. Today, the Forbidden City houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yong Le Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government.(Barmé, Geremie R 2018,26)
The Forbidden City is a national AAAAA tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection in 1961. What’s more, it was declared a world cultural heritage in 1987, and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.(UNESCO,2007)
====[[File:A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A Panaroma view of the Forbidden City]]====

====II.The Name of the Forbidden City====
The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; English: Purple Forbidden City). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in the period of Jia Jing. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31) In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized. The stars in the sky were used to correspond with the capital planning to highlight the legitimacy of the regime and the supremacy of imperial power. “ Zi ”, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, The emperor of heaven lived in Ziwei palace, while the human emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" who was ordered by heaven. His residence should be a symbol of Ziwei palace to correspond to the heaven emperor. “Jin” means that this splendid palace symbolizes supreme power and status of the royal family. In that case, this palace was forbidden, no one could enter and leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. Cheng means a city. Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace". The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

====III.The History of the Forbidden City====

When Hongwu’s son Zhu Di became the Yong Le Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. (Yu Zhuoyun1984,18)In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. He set fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process of retreating to Shannxi. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the Emperor Shunzhi as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. (Guo Moruo 1944,3.14) In the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), the reconstruction of the rest of the destroyed buildings of the Forbidden City was started, and it was basically completed in 1695.After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal. During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.( Xie Mengyin&Qu Wanlin2006, 11.7)

====IV.The Structure of the Forbidden City====
Firstly, The Forbidden City is a rectangle and symmetric in its layout. Its palaces are arranged along a north-south axis, on which the three main halls, the rear three palaces and the imperial garden are all located. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City, but also reaches Yongding Gate in the south, Drum Tower and bell tower in the north, and runs through the whole city.(Xie Li 2005,(03)100-102)
Secondly, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts, the Outer Court and Inner Court. The Outer Court is the place where the emperor deals with political affairs. There are mainly three halls: the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. The Inner Court or Back Palace includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. The inner court takes Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility as its center with six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west.

====[[File:The layout of the Forbidden City.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The layout of the Forbidden City]]====

====VI The Collections of the Forbidden City====
The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.(Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005,6-22)
The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1,863,404 pieces of art. They are numbered by "Gu", "Xin" and "Shu". Except for the ancient books and documents, all the other collections are labeled with "Gu" and "Xin". The number of ordinary cultural relics begins with the word "Zi", and the ceramic specimens begin with the word "Biao". The general catalogue is divided into 25 categories, and the numbers in each category are sorted from small to large. Many collections once lost and was brought to the Palace Museum, For example, Han Banquet map. And there are some exquisite collections like Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer, Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems and Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.(Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )In addition, The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. (Meng Fuxia 2012, (21) 73-74)

====[[File:Han Banquet map.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Han Banquet map]]====
====[[File:Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance]]====
====[[File:Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems]]====
====[[File:Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women]]====

====Terms and Expressions====
palace complex 宫殿群

central axis 中心轴

the Palace Museum故宫博物院

the Yong Le Emperor 永乐皇帝

key cultural relics under national protection 国家重点文物保护单位

world cultural heritage 世界文化遗产

harmony between man and nature 天人合一

the imperial garden 御花园

the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿

the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿

the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿

Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)

Hall of Union 交泰宫

Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫

Han Banquet map 韩熙载夜宴图

Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer陶彩绘女舞俑

Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems十二生肖镜

Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

====Questions====
1. What’ s the meaning of “Zi” in the Chinese name Zijin Cheng?

2. When was the Forbidden City listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

3.How many emperors have been lived in the Forbidden City?

4.How long did it take to build the Forbidden City?

5.Why some parts of national treasures are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei now.

6. What two parts can the Forbidden City be divided into?

7.When was the Palace Museum established?

===Answers===
1.“Zi” refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star

2.In 1897.

3.24 emperors.

4.14 years.

5.Because both museums descend from the same institution but were split after the Chinese Civil War.

6.They are the Outer Court and Inner Court.

7.The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925

===References===

Barmé, Geremie R(2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press.26.

UNESCO(2007). "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang".

Li Xieping 李燮平. (1997) "紫禁城"名称始于何时[When did the name of the Forbidden City come into being?]. 紫禁城Forbidden City, (04) 29-31.

Yu Zhuoyun(1984), Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking Press,p18.

Guo Moruo 郭沫若.(1994) 甲申三百年祭[Commemorating 300th Anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year]. 新华日报 New China Daily, 3.19.

Xie Li 谢丽.(2005) 北京中轴线上的十七座门[Seventeen doors on the central axis of Beijing].紫禁城 Forbidden City, (03)100-102.

Meng Fuxia 孟福霞. (2012)北京故宫空间布局构思探源——论中国古代宫殿建筑的美学精神[On the Origin of the Space Layout of the Palace Museum in Beijing--On the Aesthetic Spirit of Ancient Chinese Palace Architecture]大众文艺Popular Literature and Art, (21) 73-74.

Li Wei&Wang Shuo 刘薇,王硕.2005故宫文物南迁路线图揭秘[Unveiling the Route Map of the Cultural Relics of the Imperial Palace to the South] 华夏经纬网Jinwei Network, 6.22 http://www.huaxia.com/wh/gjzt/2005/00333230.html

The Collection of the Palace Museum 故宫博物院馆藏https://www. dpm.org.cn /Home.html

Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 谢荫明,瞿宛林. (2006) “文化大革命” 中谁保护了故宫 [Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution? ].人民网People’s Daily Online,11,7. http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0811/c372327-25441615.html

==Chinese Marriage Customs Mo Ling 莫玲 202070080602==
<center> 莫玲 Mo Ling </center>

===Chinese Marriage Customs===

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life---marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents.

===Six Procedures===

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refers that if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose,which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks, phoenix and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. Wen Ming means that the boy's family ask the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the potential bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform it to the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Customs===

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker, many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47-48)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride. After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony --- at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he calls the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming.(Gao Xiaoqian 2017,235)

===Development===

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage right now. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more.(Zhang Yueyong 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel.(Zhou Dandi & Yue Shufa 2012,15)Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until right now. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowry, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The groom should go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deep rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and shows a unique Chinese characteristics.

===References===

Gao Xiaoqian. 高筱倩.(2017) 中国传统婚嫁习俗研究［The Research on Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs］戏剧之家[Drama House] 235.

Zhang Yueyong. 张月莹.(2013) 中国近代婚嫁礼俗及婚姻观念转变的探索[A Study on the Change of Marriage customs and Marriage Concepts in Modern China] 松州学刊［Songzhou Academic Journal］ 47-48.

Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa. 周丹迪, 岳书法.(2012) 浅析近代以来中国婚嫁民俗的演变[On the evolution of Chinese marriage customs since modern times] 文化学刊[Cultural Academic Journal] 15.

===Terms and Expressions===

Na Cai 纳彩

Wen Ming 问名

Na Ji 纳吉

Na Zheng 纳征

Qing Qi 纳征

Qin Ying 亲迎

Huimen 回门

Guiling 归宁

betrothal presents 彩礼

the central room 堂屋

bridal chamber 婚房

“eight characters” of the birth moment 生辰八字

===Questions===

1.How many procedures are needed from the negotiation to the completion of marriage?

2.Did the ancient young people have the rights to decide their own marriage or not and why?

3.What is the kneeling etiquettes?

4.When the couple have to return to the girl’s home?

5.What changes have been made nowadays?

6.Please list some new wedding customs.

===Answers===

1.There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying.

2.No, they didn’t have the right to decide their own marriage because ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker.

3.It consists of 4 steps: the first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber.

4.At the third day of the wedding ceremony.

5.Adults can choose their spouse by themselves and they can meet each other whenever they want; Some couples choose to hold the ceremony in the church some even finish it through travel, etc.

6.Examples:couple can choose to live in the either part of the two families; wedding ceremony can be hold in hotel; the bride can wear white wedding dress rather than the single red in the ancient time.

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

====Topic: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam====

==Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac - Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲 202070080603==

===Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac===

[[File:oyltacz.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]2020 is the year of rat according to the Chinese zodiac which consists of twelve animals used by people to name years. The traditional Chinese zodiac has been passed down for more than 2000 years since its origin(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). The twelve zodiac signs are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig, which are assigned in a repeating 12-year cycle(The Editorial Board, 2010: 2). This traditional Chinese scheme was originated from China and then has enjoyed a popularity in many other Asian countries(The Editorial Board, 2010: 12-13). With its cultural connotation and time-honored impact, the Chinese zodiac have been engraved in every Chinese people.

====Origin====

Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac, there are various opinions but many of them are presented with no sufficient evidence. There are many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement. Among them the most enduring one is the Great Race. In this story, the Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. At the end, the first twelve animals who made it across the river were the winners and so they earned themselves a spot on the zodiac calender in the order they arrived(The Editorial Board, 2010: 6). Besides this folk story, some scholars claim the zodiac scheme was indeed derived from the Twelve Earthly Branches but did not occur at the same time while the Earthly Branches appeared. Since the Han Dynasty, the Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. Therefore some hold until that time, the 12 zodiac came into being as a supplementary to refer to the 12 periods of 24 hours. Since the original meaning of the Earthly Branches at that time was obliterated due to the passage of time, the ancient Chinese attached the Earthly Branches and the Ten Heavenly Stems to the zodiac(The Editorial Board, 2010: 5-7). There also stands an opinion that the zodiac signs were originated from the totem worship in the primitive society. According to some research on the origin of Chinese zodiac, there were only twelve earliest surnames in ancient China, which were derived from the names of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac scheme. Here the twelve animals refer to the totems at ancient times and different surname tribes use different animals as their totems. Therefore, the twelve animals of Chinese zodiac was developed from the totems of ancient tribes(The Editorial Board, 2010: 4-5).

====Folk Culture and Belief ====

The zodiac sign not only can reveal one’s age, but also represents his or her personality, career prospects and way of life according to Chinese superstition.

The Chinese seem to believe that they have some affinity with the animals of the years in which they were born and that their personal traits and fortunes come under their mysterious influence. According to superstitious belief in China, Zodiac animals are combined with the Five Elements that consist of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, to tell one's destiny. Since people have their zodic sign's fixed elment, there are many folk beliefs based on this. For example, people born in the years of Metal Rat are believed to have a promising future; people born in the years of Fire Rat are deemed to be clever and intelligent and Wood Rat independent and self-respected(The Editorial Board, 2010: 40).

Besides, since the zodiac is determined by the year of birth, there are many implications of one’s birth year. For example, some zodiacal preferences prevail in Chinese population. Chinese have always had a strong affection for the Dragon, so married couples prefer to give births in the year of Dragon. Since dragon is regarded as the auspicious and divine creatures, the children born in these years of dragon are believed to have fortune. These cultural preferences and folk beliefs have influenced prospective parents’ reproductive behavior in the Chinese society(Yip et al., 2002: 1804).

Moreover, Chinese people believe certain animals get on better than the others, so the zodiac has had a great impact on marriage as well. Specifically, people who is born in the Year of Tiger would have perfect romance with Pigs, Rabbit with Dogs and Dragon with Roosters. On the contrary, some zodiac signs are believed to have misfortune if they are married with people of certain zodiac. As the Chinese idiom goes, if a dragon and a tiger fight each other, there will be one injured. This old says reflects that dragon and tiger are natural enemies according to the belief(The Editorial Board, 2010: 34-35). And this is the reason why men and women would like to evaluate their Bazi, the Eight Characters, before they get married. However, in reality, personality is related to one’s experience through the life journey rather than the pre-written zodiac signs. People born in the same year would have very distinctive personalities. Similarly, the destiny is also a result of people’s character and most decisions they’ll be making along the way. Of course the marriage is a more complex thing that cannot be deemed to have a pre-given outcome brought by the zodiac.

====Conclusion====

Chinese zodiac is a complex scheme which combines the traditional Chinese astrology in it. Based on the Five Elements theory, Yin and Yang system and Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system, the traditional scheme have developed a profound connotation and implications through generation. Over thousands of years, this popular culture has affected people’s major decisions in naming, marriage, giving birth and attitude towards each other. But people have to consider zodiac in a rational and scientific way. Perhaps the zodiac may help us to understand what we’re given, but it cannot determine our destiny. We should treat it as the precious cultural heritage and explore the profound culture and historical traces embodied in it(The Editorial Board, 2010: 1-2).

===References===
《大中国上下五千年》丛书编委会(2010) The Editorial Board of the ''Five Thousand Years of Great China''（''Dazhongguo Shangxia Wuqiannian''） ''Series'',《中国生肖文化》''The Culture of Chinese Zodiac'', 北京：外文出版社 Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.

Yip, Paul S.F.伊普, Lee, Joseph 李 and Cheung, Y.B.张 (2002).The Influence of the Chinese Zodiac on Fertility in Hong Kong SAR 论生肖对香港生育率的影响. ''Social Science & Medicine''《社会科学与医学》, Volume 55, Issue 10 第55卷第10期, 1803-1812.

===Terms and Expressions===

Jade Emperor 玉皇大帝

Ten Heavenly Stems 十天干

Twelve Earthly Branches 十二地支

Five Elements 五行

Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth 金木水火土

Eight Characters 八字

===Questions===

1.How long is the history of Chinese zodiac?

2.What are the twelve zodiac signs in order?

3.From what time the Earthly Branches was used to record time?

4.According to Chinese folk belief, what kind of characteristics do people born in year of rat have?

5.Which zodiac animal is mostly praised in China?

6.Can you name some pairs of zodiac animal that get along well with each other according to Chinese folk culture?

7.Which pair of animals that are natural enemies according to Chinese folk culture?

===Answers===

1.More than 2200 years.

2.Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.

3.Han Dynasty.

4.They are smart, adaptable, and have the will to fight, but, on the other hand, they are so over-ambitious and easy to fail.

5.Dragon.

6.Tiger and pig, rabbit and dog and dragon and rooster.

7.Dragon and tiger.

==Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏 202070080641==
--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====Introduction of Lisu people and Daogan festival====

The Lisu ethnic group are the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group living in mountainous areas such as Burma, southwest China, Thailand, and Arunachal Pradesh in India.

[[File:Example1.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

There are about 730,000 Lisu people living in Lijiang, Baoshan, Nujiang, Diqing, Dehong and other counties in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China. The Lisu nationality is one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu ethnic group is recognized as one of 135 ethnic groups with an estimated population of 600,000. Approximately 55,000 live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each clan has its own name or surname. The most famous family clans in the tribal clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the surnames come from their own hunter work in primitive times. But later, they adopted many Chinese surnames. Their culture has the same characteristics as the Yi nationality or Nuosu (Lolo) culture. (Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

Daogan Festival (刀杆节) is a traditional festival of Lisu ethnic groups living in Lushui County(泸水县), Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture(怒江傈僳族自治州).Due to the death of the old artists, they were once lost in Nujiang Prefecture and recovered in recent years. They are mainly distributed in Luzhang Village(鲁掌镇), Luzu Village(鲁祖村) and Loma Village(洛玛村) of Lushui County(泸水县).(Ernst, Gabriel 2019)

[[File:Example2.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

====Legend====

During the Ming Dynasty, when people not belonging to the same clan of feudal China invaded the borders of Yunnan, the king sent Wang Ji (王骥), the war department of the Chinese feudal ministry, to resist the enemy with troops. Wang Ji united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders. Later, Wang Ji was killed by traitors. To commemorate Wang Ji's great achievement and to pray for the souls of the brave soldiers who died bravely defending the border, the Li tribe held the "Up and down the mountain" event. (上刀山，下火海), and designated the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year as the Knife Gan Festival.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Meaning====

Going up to the knife mountain and going down to the sea of fire are the main custom performances of the Taozhen Festival, which reproduce the life experience of people living in mountainous areas as they climb the mountains and the hard spirit and skills of climbing.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Performing====

[[File:Example3.left.jpg|300px|thumb|left]]

Pine trees were used as tool poles, iron knives as tool ladders, crinkled paper as flowers, and bamboo as flower sticks. When we go up the rice mountain and down the fire, we play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments under the knife pole. There are strict procedures and rituals from pointing flowers, pointing knives, playing knives, tying knives, tying flowers, welcoming flowers, and altars. Setting , knife pole , vertical pole , sacrificial dragon , knife stand and dismantling knife (in the sea of fire). Knife poles are usually called gold pillar, silver pillar or male pillar and female pillar respectively, representing the dead and the living. Thirty-six long sharp knives representing 365 days a year are tied to the sides of the ladder with paper flowers made of five-color paper.
After the knife poles are tied, Heung Tong/Heung Tong (巫师) recites the words in his mouth and performs the knife dance with drum music. After the knife dance, to the sound of Suo na, gongs and drums, the knife bearer grasps the blade with both hands, steps on the blade with bare feet and then climbs up. When the knife-bearer reaches the top through the three scissors, the knife-bearer opens the lock of heaven, takes out the grains and flowers, spreads them out into the boiling crowd, and then places the red ribbon on the colored door, over which he sings the old prayer song, and then he comes down from the pole of the knife again. After that, he stepped barefoot into the burning charcoal fire, licking the burning plow with his tongue and biting the burning chains with his teeth, which showed the national spirit of the Li people and their superb performance skills.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Development====

According to legend, it commemorates an ancient Han Chinese hero who showed great kindness to the Lisu people. The Lisu people made the anniversary of the hero's death a traditional holiday for their own people, and used symbolic rituals such as going to the Mountain of Swords and the Sea of Fire to express their feelings of willingness to go through fire in return. On the day of the Knife Festival, several able-bodied men first perform the "firewalking" ceremony. They jump into the red-hot coals with bare feet and perform various stunts. On the second day, they sharpen 36 long knives and tie them to two 20-meter-high wooden racks with rattan strips, forming a knife ladder. With bare hands and feet, the performers climb to the top from the edge of the knives and perform various difficult moves at the top of the pole. Today, this thrilling traditional sacrificial ritual has evolved into a sporting event for the good people of the Lisu people to perform their stunts.(Li Zhihuan,2010)

====Terms and Expressions====

1.Lisu people 傈僳族

2."Up and down the mountain" event 上刀山，下火海

3.The Lisu tribe 傈僳族

4.clan 氏族

5.primitive times 原始时期

====Questions====

1.How many Lisu people live in Yunnan and Sichuan？

2.How many clans make up the Lisu people？

3.Who united with the local people of Li clan and soon expelled the invaders？

4.Which day is the Daogan Festival？

5.What musical instruments do they play under the knife pole?

====Answers====

1.About 730,000 Lisu people.

2.The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans.

3.Wang Ji.

4.15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year.

5.They play cowhide drum, gong , hairpin , na (唢呐) and other musical instruments.

====References====

*Ernst, Gabriel (21 October 2019). "'We try to not be Thai': the everyday resistance of ethnic minorities"
*"Yunnan Province of China Government Web". Eng.yn.gov.cn.
*李智环．Li Zhihuan. 傈僳族人口分布及形成原因分析 [Analysis of the Distribution and Causes of the Formation of the Lisu People] 《保山学院学报》， 2010 [Journal of Baoshan College], 2010

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
Chinese Clothing== Phyo, Su Kyi, Student No-20191108000

Introduction

Chinese Clothing has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 years-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. (www.topchinatravel. com, 2004)

Chinese clothing has undergone continuous transformations throughout history,providing a reflection of the culture in place at any given time. A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry, and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive Chinese fashions through the ages. This illustrated introductory survey takes the reader through traditional Chinese clothing,ornamentation,and ceremonial wear, and discusses the importance of silk and the diverse costumes of China's ethnic groups before considering modern trends and China's place in the fashion world today.(Mei Hua-2010-page-1)

A-Chinese traditional clothing

Chinese traditional clothing contains rich cultural connotations.Today, after the reform and opening up, the clothing industry has developed vigorously. People gradually start pay attention to the local clothing culture, and pursue cultural connotation contained in clothing. For modern designers, the traditional clothing and its cultural background are their creation inspirations during creation phases,and they are also one of the expressive elements preferred by designers at home and abroad. Inheriting traditional clothing culture not only means that it needs us to turn the traditional clothing elements into a symbol, but also needs us to further understand the background and connotations of traditional clothing culture. The work of design without culture is like a gorgeous shell that can't stand the test of history. Only by grasping the inner spirit of traditional clothing culture, abandoning simple piled up work and patch-up work without connotation and learning the modern expressive methods of traditional clothing elements, one can design out the works which can touch people's heartstrings. (Jiangsu,2016,page-2)

Traditional clothing is the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics. Traditional clothing mutually integrates its unique style, comfortable fabric, bright colors,rich designs and exquisite craft elements to bring people impulsive feelings with visual communication. Traditional clothing culture with Chinese characteristics enjoys its unique artistic features in the style, color,fabrics,decoration and craft, ect. They are profoundly influenced by Chinese traditional culture ideas in the process of their formation and development and finally condensed into the national culture bearing Chinese culture features. These elements are the source of our inspiration in contemporary clothing design, and the use of these Chinese elements can help people to design out the clothing Chinese style.(Jiangsu, 2016,page-2)

Chinese traditional culture is an indispensable source of inspiration in fashion design. Putting the traditional elements into fashion design not only helps the native culture to extend itself, but also greatly promotes the culture exchanges in nationalities. Therefore, we should advocate the national advanced culture,make the Chinese traditional culture achieve the development in the clothing design, use the common language to express Chinese traditional culture essence, and integrate Chinese traditional element symbol into the spiritual elements of fashion design to make the national culture spirit and the language of the world integrate into the mainstream of modern clothing design.(Jiangsu,2016, page -3)

==Traditional Han Chinese Clothing (Han Fu):It refers to the attire worn byvthe Han people from the enthronement of the Yellow Emperor(about 2698BC) till the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644AD).It became known as the Han Fu(fu means 'clothes" in Chinese)because the fashion was improved and popularized during the Han Dynasty. It is usually in the from of long gown,cross collar, wrapping the right lapel over the left, loose wide sleeves and no buttons but a sash. Although simple in design, it gives different feelings to different wearers.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019-Aug-2)

==Chinese Suit(Tang Zhuang):It is a combination of the Manchu male jacket ofvthe Qing Dynasty and the western style suit. It is usually straight collared,with coiled buttons down the front. Its color and design are in traditional Chinese style but tailoring is western.(www.topchinatravel. com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Cheongsam(Qi Pao):Originated from the Manchu female clothes, it evolved by merging with western patterns that show off the beauty of a female body. Its features are straight collar, strain on the waist,coiled buttons and slits on both sides ofvthe dress. Materials used are usually silk, cotton and linen.Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire in the world today.(www.topchinatravel.com, 2019,Aug-2.)

==Chinese Tunic Suit(Zhongshan Zhuang) :Also called the Yat-sen Suit , it is designed by Dr.Sun Yat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire. It has a turn-down collar and four pockets with flaps. As Chairman Mao Zedong worn it quite frequently, it is also called the Mao Suit by westerners. It is the main attire from the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 till 1980,s. The country's leaders still wear it today when attending important occasions, such as military parades.(www.topchinatravel. com,2016,Auge-2.)

B-Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements

There are many old stories in ancient Chinese civilization, and Chinese traditional elements come up with the tenacity of the Chinese nations long history. Different times has their unique cultural connotations and form elements,which include Chinese architecture, costumes, traditional Chinese painting and folk art etc., and those cultural connotations and form elements are precious heritage that the ancestors leave to their off-springs. The change of dynasties in the history of our country lead to changes of cultural centers, which finally lead to the appearance Chinese traditional elements with different representative features in each historical periods, nations and regions. These elements include: Chinese silk ,cloth of brocade, hemp,blue printed fabric; chirpaur, Chinese -style chest covering, Chinese tunic suit, collar,surplice, mandarin and split etc.; colorful ethnic colors: such as bright red,green,yellow and blueetc.;Neolithic patterns, bronze patterns in Shang and Chou dynasties, ancient lacquer were pattern in Qin and Han dynasties, Buddhism patterns in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties and traditional decorative patterns in Tang,Sing and Qing dynasties. The essence of Chinese traditional culture which bear the role of inheriting national culture, and is the unique and external characteristic of Chinese nation.(Jiangsu,2016, page-3)

Trems and Expressions

历史-history,

期-period,

世代-generations,

服装-clothing,

设计师-designers ,

装饰-ornamentation

中国服饰- Chinese clothing

服饰-Costumes

传统服装-Traditional clothing

服装设计-Clothing design

时尚设计-Fashion design

几代服装设计师-Generations of clothing designers

中国西装-Chinese Suit

旗袍-Cheongsam

中山装-Chinese Tunic Suit

中国传统元素-Chinese traditional elements

===Questions ===

1-What’s archaeological findings in Chinese fashions through the ages?

2-What's Traditional Clothing?

3-What's Traditional culture indispensable?

4-How is means Han Fu?

5-What's the popular Chinese attire?

6-How called was Chinese Tunic Suit?

7-What'are include Chinese traditional elements?
--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 04:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Su Kyi

==Answers===
1- A wealth of archaeological findings coupled with ancient mythology, poetry,
and songs enable us to see the development of distinctive chinese fanshions through the ages.

2-Traditional clothingis the clothing which can reflect the traditional clothing
culture with Chinese characteristics.

3-Chineset traditional culture is an indispensablevsource of inspirationin fashion
design.

4-Han Fu is fu means clothes in Chinese.

5-Cheongsam is the most popular Chinese attire inthe world today.

6-It is also called the Yat-sen Suit,it is designed byDr.SunYat-sen by combining the western-style suit and Chinese attire.

7-Chinese traditional elements include: Chinese silk,cloth of brocade, hemp, blue printed fabric.

--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 11:56, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===References===

1.Jiangsu.“Influences of Chinese Traditional Clothing Elements on Modern Clothing Design”,

Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,Soochow University,Published by Atlantic Press,2016.

2.Mei Hua, `Chinese Clothing´, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building,Cambridge CB28RU,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press,NewYork
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521186896
Originally published byChina Intercontinental Press as Cinese Clothing(9787508516615)in2010©ChinaIntercontinentalPress2010

3.https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/history-of-chinese-clothing.htm

4.https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/clothing/--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 10:26, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

===Chinese traditional dance===

===Chinese Traditional women clothing===

===1- History of Chinese clothing===

History of Chinese clothing China has many ethnic groups with a long history while Han people dominate most periods in history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles.Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000 years ago. Archaeological findings of 18,000 year-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization.

===A- Chinese Clothing during Qin and Han Dynasties (221 B.C - 220 A.D)===

The Qin and Han dynasties (221 B.C. - A.D. 220) witnessed the unification of territory as well as written language. Qin Shihuang, the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, established many social systems, including one for uniforms to distinguish people's ranks and social positions. China's complete code of costume and trappings was established in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). The yarn-dyeing, embroidering and metal-processing technologies developed rapidly in the period, spurring changes in costume and adornments.

===B-Chinese Clothing during Wei,Jin, South and North Dynasties(220-589)===

Chinese clothing experienced a rapid development during the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern dynasties (220-589). Before 265, the cultures and esthetic views of the peoples in north and south China merged because of the moves initiated by frequent wars. Many philosophical schools of thought influenced both people's lives and the conceptions of clothing design.

===C- Chinese Clothing during Tang Dynasty(618-907)===

The Tang Dynasty (618-907) wrote the most brilliant page in the history of Chinese clothing. People's clothes were more varied than before because the state was more open to the outside world and people became more cosmopolitan in their thinking. The clothes for women could be called fashionable because they changed rapidly and were showy. Once only a new style came out, many people would be willing to take it.

===D-Chinese Clothing during Song, Yuan, Ming Dynasties===

Casual wear appeared during the Song Dynasty (960-1279), and clothes were simple and elegant.During the Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), the Mongolian ethnic group, known as the People on Horseback, was in power. The style of clothing was mainly a combination of Mongolian and Han. Clothes were luxurious for upper class yet simple and unadorned in design.Dramatic changes took place during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). A new conception came into being in clothing design, with no limitation to one style and advocating natural beauty, thus bringing vigor and vitality to the clothing culture.

===E- Chinese Clothing during Qing Dynasty===

During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), clothes became elegant, poised, and glorious. During the 200 years of the Qing Empire, the entire world witnessed dramatic changes such as the Renaissance in Italy and Columbus's discovery of the Americas, but the changes did not affect traditional Chinese clothing because China had a closed-door policy. People still wore clothes showing rank and lifestyle. The retreat from outside cultures has left a precious heritage for traditional Chinese clothes.

===F-Chinese Clothing from 1930s till Modern Era===

Chinese clothing from 1930s till now, Qipao has become into fashion since then. During 1930s to 1940s, dress is further westernized, tailored to flatter body shape. During 1940s to 1960s, Qipao(Cheongsam) survives as everyday wear in Hong Kong until the late 1960s.

===Terms and Expressions===

===Questions===

===References===.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 17:37, 25 November 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

===Answers===

===References===--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 04:45, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==The Liquor Culture of China 瞿淼 Student No.202070080604==
--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

====1.The Origin of liquor in China====

With a long history of liquor-making, China boasts a variety of vintage liquor, which is renowned at home and abroad. Penetrating in China’s entire history of civilization, the liquor culture plays a significant role in many aspects, such as cuisine, literature, and health care, of Chinese people’s daily life.
As to the origin of Chinese liquor, opinions vary and no unanimous conclusion can be drawn, and the most widely accepted version is that Du Kang is the person who invented liquor. There are divergent views on Du Kang’s identity, so far, documents have been found which recorded his deeds in the Yellow Emperor era and Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties. And even his address is disputable. Some people think he lived in Baishui, Shaanxi province and was buried here, while others hold the opinion that he lived in Ruyang, Henan province. However, Du Kang is generally believed to be the Chinese Dionysus. According to the legend, one day it rained suddenly while Du Kang was herding the sheep. Hastily driving the sheep back to the sheepfold, he forgot some husked sorghum rice in a hollowed trunk by accident, and when he came back after a few days, the rice he left there became so fragrant that he couldn’t help tasting some. Surprisingly, it was palatable. This unexpected finding made Du Kang start to develop the liquor-brewing technique. Nowadays, Du kang has become the synonym of liquor in many places. Moreover, ancestral halls of Du Kang have been built in Baishui in Shaanxi province and Ruyang in Henan province to enshrine him. And the liquor produced in these places are called “Du Kang Liquor.”

====2.The Types of liquor in Ancient China====
With constant reform and innovation of the techniques of brewing liquor, thousands types of vintage liquor have been created in China. According to the different production techniques, Chinese liquor can be divided into fermented wine and distilled liquor.

Yellow rice wine is the oldest fermented wine around the world. Shaoxing Wine, a famous specialty of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, is the representative of yellow rice wine. It has a very long history, and the wine industry in Shaoxing was prosperous early in the Warring States period. Shaoxing wine looks yellow and clear, hence sugar is added in its raw material. The most prominent of Shaoxing Wine is that it’s fragrance improves with age. In addition to Shaoxing Wine, there are other famous yellow rice wine like Jiujiang Old Seal Wine, Mellow Wine and Dongwu Rice Wine and so on.

Liquor and Spirits(Baijiu), a kind of distilled liquor, is divided into the following flavor types: sauce-flavor type, light flavor type, strong flavor type and other flavour types. Kweichow Moutai is a traditional Chinese specialty liquor. It is one of the world's three major distilled liquors on par with Scotch whiskey and French cognac. It is also the originator of Daqu sauce-flavored liquor with a history of more than 800 years. The style and quality of Kweichow Moutai is characterized by "prominent sauce, elegant and delicate flavour, full-bodied, long aftertaste, and lasting fragrance in an empty cup". Its special style comes from the unique traditional brewing techniques formed over the years and the brewing methods are combined with the agricultural production in the Chishui River Basin, which is affected by the environment and seasonal production, retaining some of the original traces of local life. In 1996, Moutai's craftsmanship was identified as a state secret to be protected. In 2001, the traditional craft of Moutai was included in the first batch of national material cultural heritage. In 2006, the State Council approved the inclusion of the "Moutai traditional brewing process" in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, and declared the world intangible cultural heritage.

====3.The Types of Drinking Vessel in Ancient China====
Chinese people always pay attention to the beauty and delicacy of tableware, and we stress the exquisiteness and suitability of wine vessels when drinking. Therefore, drinking vessels as part of the liquor culture also have a long history and varied appearances.

In different historical periods, due to the continuous development of society and economy, the production technology, materials, and appearance of wine vessels will naturally undergo corresponding changes; therefore, a wide variety of wine vessels have been produced. As early as the Neolithic culture period, pottery with shapes similar to later wine-ware, such as the pottery of the Peiligang culture period, appeared. The development of the liquor industry and the noble identity of the drinker have made it possible for liquor utensils to be differentiated from ordinary eating utensils. The quality of wine-ware often becomes one of the symbols of the status of drinkers. Bronze ware originated in Xia Dynasty, and the earliest bronze wine ware that has been discovered is from the Xia Erlitou culture period. Bronze ware reached its heyday in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and declined in the Spring and Autumn Period. The purpose of the Shang and Zhou drinking vessels was basically specific. In the Shang Dynasty, due to the development of the liquor industry and the improvement of bronze production technology, China's wine ware reached unprecedented prosperity. The bronze wine vessels of Shang and Zhou Dynasties were divided into liquor boiling vessels, liquor serving vessels, drinking vessels and liquor storaging vessels according to their purposes. Each vessel has many styles, some are in common styles, and some take animal shapes. Take Zun as an example, there are Elephant Zun, Rhino Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun, Tiger Zun, etc. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine utensils became popular in southern China. It became the main type in the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its shape basically inherited the shape of bronze liquor vessels. Porcelain roughly appeared around the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with pottery, the performance of porcelain surpassed that of pottery. The shape of liquor glasses in the Tang Dynasty was much smaller than in the past, so some people think that distilled spirits appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic production, and there were many exquisite wine vessels. People in Song Dynasty like to warm rice wine and drink it. So the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl were invented. People placed the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and poured hot water into the bowl to warm the wine. The representative porcelain wine-ware of the Ming and Qing Dynasty is the blue-and-white porcelain wine-ware.

====4.Drinking Order====
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, drinking orders appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Basin. There are many ways to make wine orders. The way the literati and the ordinary people make drinking orders are naturally very different. Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc., while ordinary people use simple ways to act without any preparation. It requires a quick, witty, artistic and talented person to do liquor orders. The drinking order is of great significance to the transformation, enrichment and development of drinking rituals. It is not only an important means to add wine to the fun and to invigorate the banquet, but also to make Chinese culture enter the wine and become the Liquor Culture".

====Terms and Expressions====
1.Du Kang 杜康
2.Chinese Dionysus 中国酒神
3.husked sorghum rice 秫米饭
4.Baishui 白水县（陕西渭南市辖县）
5.Ruyang 汝阳县（河南省洛阳市下辖县）
6.fermented wine 发酵酒
7.Distilled liquor 蒸馏酒
8.Yellow rice wine 黄酒
9.Shaoxing Wine 绍兴酒
10.Jiujiang Old Seal Wine 九江成年封缸酒
11.Mellow Wine 醇香酒
12.Dongwu Rice Wine 东吴老酒
13.Liquor and Spirits 白酒
14.Kweichow Moutai 贵州茅台
15.sauce-flavor type 酱香型
16.light flavor type 清香型
17.strong flavor type 浓香型
18.Daqu sauce-flavored liquor 大曲酱香型白酒
19.the Peiligang culture period裴李岗文化时期
20.the Xia Erlitou culture period 夏二里头文化时期
21.Zun 樽
22.injection vessel and bowl 注子和注碗
23.drinking order 行酒令

====Questions====

1.Who is generally believed to invent liquor in China?

2.What is the most prominent of Shaoxing Wine?

3.How to use the matching combination of injection vessel and bowl in the Song dynasty?

4.How do literati often make drinking orders in China?

====Answers====

1.Du Kang

2.It’s fragrance improves with age.

3.Place the injection vessel with wine in the bowl, and pour hot water into the bowl to warm the wine.

4.Literati often use poems or couplets, guessing characters or guessing puzzles, etc.

====Bibliography====
*Huang Yixi 黄亦锡. (2008) 酒、酒器与传统文化[Wine, Wineset and Traditional Culture: the Study of Wine Culture of Ancient China]. 厦门大学Xiamen University.

*Li Fangzhou 李方舟. (1998) 酒令——酒文化的珍品[Liquor-a treasure of wine culture]. 质量天地Production Room.

*Du Jinpeng 杜金鹏. (1995) 中国古代酒具[Ancient Chinese Wine Set]. 上海文化出版社 Shanghai Culture Publishing House.

*Yang Li 杨利. (2005) 酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[A Probe into Wine Culture and Spiritual Cultural Value of Wine]. 邵阳学院学报Academic Journal of Shaoyang University, 2005(02):82-83.

*Xu Shaohua 徐少华. (1999) 中国酒文化研究50年[Research on 50 years of Chinese wine culture]. 酿酒科技Brewing Technology, 1999(06):15-18.

*Zhao Fengqi 赵凤琦. (2014) 我国白酒产业可持续发展研究[Research on Sustainable Development of Chinese Liquor Industry]. 中国社会科学院研究生院CASS Graduate School.

*Wng Jianguo&Xu Liang 汪建国,徐亮.(2005)我国黄酒的特征及展望[Characteristics and Prospects of Chinese Rice Wine] 江苏调味副食品Journal of Jiangsu Seasoning Food, 2005(06):8-12.

*Ding Jihua 丁季华. (1991) 中国酒文化的结构与功能[The structure and function of Chinese wine culture]. 历史教学问题History Research and Teaching, 1991(2).

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

===China Railway High-Speed (CRH)===

Introduction

High-speed railway (HSR) in China is the longest network of high-speed railways in the world and is used most widely. The network of UNCC includes the recently built railway at the estimated speed of 200-350 km / h (120-220 miles per hour). The Chinese VSM accounts for two thirds of world high-speed railways. Almost all trains, the path and services of the HSR belong to the Chinese railway corporation under the CHINA Railway High Speed brand (CRH). The high-speed railway has developed rapidly in China over the past 15 years. CRH was put into operation in April 2007, the Intercity Line Beijing-Tianjin, which opened in August 2008, became the first HSR allocated passenger line. HSR applies to all administrative provincial levels, except Macau and Tibet. The total length of the HSR network reached 36,000 km (22,000 miles) in August 2020. The HSR construction boom continues, and the HSR network should reach 70,000 km (43,000 miles) in 2035. China's first high-speed trains were imported or built in accordance with the Technology Transfer Agreement with foreign trains manufacturers, including Alstom, Siemens, Bombardier and Kawasaki Heavy Industry Since the initial technical support, Chinese engineers have overpower the internal components of the train and built local trains produced by the CRRC State Corporation. The appearance of a rapidly accelerated railway in China has decreased in the way and changed Chinese society and the economy. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."

Definition and terminology

High-speed trains in China are usually belonging to passenger trades of classes G, D and C. in class G trains (高铁; Gāotiě; "High-speed rail") are commonly used trains E In class D trains (动车; Dòngchē; "Electrical multiple unit") are presented by EMU trains operating at lower speeds, whether in high-speed or low-speed ways. The actual movement speed of class D trains can vary greatly. D211 Creament train from Guyang-east to Guangzhou-South along the High Speed Railway Guang-Guangzhou, a line with an estimated speed of 250 km / h, on average, 207 km / h per trip. The sleeping train D312 EMU between South Beijing and Shanghai at a low speed Beijing - Shanghai on average passing 121 km / h. Class C (c héngjì; “intercity”) trains that run on high-speed tracks at speeds above 250 km / h are also considered high-speed trains.

Influence on airlines

The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights. The effect of high-speed railway on airfare is most acute when traveling for less than 500 km (310 miles). By the spring of 2011, commercial airlines were fully stopped at previously popular routes such as Wuhan Nanjing, Wuhan Nanchang, Xi'an-Zhengzhou and Chengdu Chongqing. Flights along the routes with a length of more than 1500 km (930 miles) usually do not suffer. As of October 2013, half a speed of passengers were transported monthly on high-speed rail than in the country's airlines.
Technologies
Chinese High Speed Railway Controls Various Electric Forms of Trains, Hexie HAO Title (Simplified Chinese: 和谐号; Traditional Chinese: 和諧號; Pinyin: Héxié Hào; Harmony) is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 to CRH-5 and CRH380A (L), CRH380B (L) and CRH380C (L). CRH compositions are designed for fast and convenient movement between cities. The weakness of intellectual property Hexie HAO creates obstacles to China in the export of its products related to high-speed railways, which leads to the development of a fully recycled railway franchise called Fuxing Hao (Rejuvenation) that based on local technologies.

4 + 4 HSR network

The network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km. Most of the lines follow existing routes and are for passenger traffic only. These are known as Passenger Lines (PDL). Several sections of the national network, especially along the southeastern coastal corridor, have been built to connect cities that previously had no rail links. These sections will carry both passenger and cargo. High-speed trains on HSR corridors can usually reach speeds of 300-350 km / h (190-220 mph). On mixed HSR lines, passenger trains can reach a maximum speed of 200–250 km / h (120–160 mph). This ambitious national grid project was slated to be built by 2020, but government incentives have significantly shortened the construction timeframe for many lines.

Advantages

HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances that: Increases economic productivity and long-term competitiveness by increasing rail capacity and unifying labor markets. Moving passengers onto high-speed lines frees up older railways to carry more cargo, which is more beneficial for railways than for passengers whose fares are subsidized. Boosts the economy in the short term as high-speed rail construction creates jobs and stimulates demand in the construction, steel and cement industries during the economic downturn. 110,000 workers were mobilized for the construction of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. Facilitates economic integration between cities and promotes the growth of second-tier cities. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

Wenzhou accident

On July 23, 2011, two high-speed trains collided on the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou railway in the Lucheng district of Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped. Signals failed, causing another train to stop a stopped train. Several carriages derailed. State Chinese media confirmed 40 deaths and at least 192 people were hospitalized, including 12 seriously injured. The train accident in Wenzhou and the lack of accountability by rail officials have generated public outcry and heightened concerns about the safety and management of China's high-speed rail system. Concerns about quality and safety have also influenced plans to export cheaper high-speed train technology to other countries. In the aftermath of the deadly disaster, the Chinese government has suspended approval of new rail projects and began security checks on existing equipment.

Terms and expressions

高铁 - High-speed rail
动车 - Electrical multiple unit
和諧號 – Harmony
復興號 - Rejuvenation

Questions

1. What does the World Bank research say?
2. What forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights?
3. How many high speed rail corridors are there in the 4 + 4 HSR network? What is their total length?
4. What caused the accident?
5. What are the benefits of HSR?

Answers

1. The World Bank study has shown that "a wide range of travelers with different income levels chooses HSR for its comfort, convenience, safety and punctuality."
2. The proliferation of high-speed rail has forced China's domestic airlines to cut airfares and cancel regional flights.
3. The 4 + 4 HSR network consists of eight high-speed rail corridors, four of which run from north to south and four from east to west, for a total length of 12,000 km.
4. The accident occurred when a train passing near Wenzhou was struck by lightning, lost power and stopped.
5. HSR provides a fast, reliable and convenient means of transporting large numbers of travelers across a densely populated country over long distances. The introduction of high-speed rail provides a 59% increase in the market potential of minor cities connected by bullet trains.

References

==Language, The Chinese Language - Seydou, Sagara, Student No:201911080004==
===Introduction===
China is a very big country with a large population, multi-ethnic, and multi-lingual. Each etthnic groups may have its own lingo, or dialects. There are great differences between these dialects because of pronunciation. For example, if people in different places use their dialects to talk, they may not be able to understand each other, and the situation may lead to embarrassment and understanding. Therefore, the Chinese people communicate with each other in a common language, Putonghua, also known as Mandarin in Western countries. Cheng Aimin (2019, 124)

==Putonghua and Dialects==

Putonghua is the national language of China, and Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world. More than one billion of the world's populations are Chinese speakers. The Chinese population is already one fifth of the population of the world and is rapidly expanding its presence everywhere and influence many people around the world. Cheng Aimin (2019, 25)
It is the modern standard Chinese language with the Beijing pronunciation as its standard pronunciation, the northern dialect (also known as Mandarin, the official language in the past) as its basic dialect, and the modern vernacular as its grammatical norm. Therefore, the northern dialect sounds more like Putonghua than other dialects. Putonghua is a standardized language, which is legally used all over the country. In 2000, the law of the People’s Republic of China on common languages and characters established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese Characters as the national language and writing system. Putonghua is also one of the six working language of the United Nation and an important means of communication between China and foreign countries. According to statistics from ethnologist, in 2015, 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, but there were still about 400 million people who spoke dialects or minority languages. Article 19 of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that ‘’ Putonghua is widely used by the state ‘’, and the third week of September is the national Putonghua Publicity week. We often hear some sayings like this: ‘’ Learn Putonghua well and you will have friend all over the world.’’ Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven groups: northern dialect Wu dialect, Hunan dialect, Jiangxi dialect, Hakka dialect, and Cantonese dialect and Fujian dialect. Most northern are close to Putonghua and easy to understand a non-native speaker. Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

The dialects in China differ greatly. Speaking Putonghua allows the Chinese people to communicate better with each other and promote the development of economy and culture everywhere. However, the promotion of Putonghua cannot be achieved in a short time. The Chinese government plans to enable more than 80% of Chinese people to speak Putonghua by 2020. (C.Gov art 10. 2017)
Only by learning Putonghua can you communicate with people from all parts of China and event with Chinese –speaking people all over the world. While striving to promote Putonghua among the people of the whole country, China also pays special attention to the protection of dialects, which should not be lost after learning Putonghua. . Cheng Aimin (2019, 126)

==Ancient Chinese and Modern Chinese ==
Over the past three thousand years, Chinese has undergone a long period of development and changes, and has been constantly interacting with the languages of other nations. Ancient Chinese and written Chinese characters are not exactly the same as they are now. When we visit Chinese historical sites, we often see couplets, poems, and inscriptions. Most of them are written in classical Chinese and traditional Chinese characters. Classical Chinese is a written language formed on the basis of the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Cheng Aimin (2019, 127)

By the time of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties (the 7th century to the 10th century), the spoken Chinese had changed greatly and had significant differences with the classical style of written Chinese. The pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar had changed greatly. But all the time, some people still insisted on writing in classical Chinese, while others wrote in the commonly used vernacular (spoken Chinese). The Four Classical Novels created in the Ming and Qing dynasties, The Dreams of the red Chambers, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Outlaws of the Marsh and the journey to the west, are all representative works of the ancient vernacular. After the May 4th movement in 1919, China launched a vernacular movement advocating ‘’my hand writes my speech’’. Since then, the vernacular has gradually been more widely used in the whole society, and modern Chinese has gradually developed and formed. Compared with ancient Chinese, modern Chinese absorbs a lot Western grammar and has added many disyllabic words. Cheng Aimin (2019 ,128)

==Idiomatic Phrases- Idioms, Proverbs, Common Sayings, and Allegorical Sayings.==
Many phrases with fixed meanings in Chinese have been handed down from the ancient times. Mastering these phrases will make your language more authentic and vivid. For example, ‘’Lofty mountains and flowing rivers ‘’. Playing the lute to the cow’’ ‘’prescribing medicine according to symptoms’’, and ‘’ pleading guilty by carrying a rod on one’s back’ ’these phrases, often contain four Chinese characters each, are called idioms. They are quite formal and often originate from ancient historical stories, fables, myths and legends, or literary works. Sometimes we cannot guess the meaning of an idiom simply according to the meaning of the words. For example, 崇山峻岭，流淌的河流 ‘’lofty mountains and flowing rivers’’ means meeting someone who can really understand and appreciate them, while吹牛的长笛 ‘’ Playing the lute to the cow’’ means the casting pearls before swine. Wendy Abraham: (2018 ,115)
There are also proverbs, common sayings, and allegorical sayings created and passed down by the common people in spoken language, which are quite colloquial and emotional, reflecting the unique culture of China.
Proverbs are common and easy -to understand fixed phrases used orally, often explaining a truth. For example, ‘’ if you are not in charge of a home, you don’t know how expensive the firewood and rice, if you don’t have children, you don’t know kinds your parents are.’’ ‘’Seeing is better than hearing 100 times, and doing is better than seeing 100 times’’ Cheng Aimin (2019, 129)
Common sayings mostly come in a three –character format, but there are also other formats. In addition to the literal meaning, there are deep metaphorical extensions. For example, 吹牛皮 ‘’blow cow skin’’ (meaning bragging or boating) ‘给某人. 穿紧身鞋 ‘’give SB . Tight shoes to wear ‘’ ( meaning making things hard for SB), ‘为外国人工作时的消磨时间‘’kill time when working for foreigners ‘’ ( loafing on the job) , 提一个黑锅 ‘’ carry a black pot’’ ( taking the blame for the fault of others ) , 钉在眼睛里 ‘’ nail in the eyes’’ ( thorn in the flesh ), 狗腿 ‘’ dog leg’’ ( hired thug) , 不管3x7 = 21 ‘’regardless of 3x7= 21’’( regardless of consequences, in the spite of anything ), 打不了八极 ‘’ can’t hit with eight poles’’ ( extremely distant or unrelated ). (Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002,232)
An allegorical saying is divided into two parts. It is like a riddle: The first part is a metaphor, and the second part is an explanation. There are two types of allegorical sayings: homophonic and figurative. Example of the homophonic type ‘’ the nephew carries a lantern – to light up the uncle’’ (pronounced the same ‘’ as before ‘’ in Chinese); ‘’the monk opens an umbrella – no hair and no sky ‘’ (‘’ no hair ‘’ is pronounced similar to ‘’ lawless ‘’ in Chinese). Examples of the figurative type: ‘’ A mute person takes a dose of bitter medicine- they can’t say it is bitter ‘’; ‘’ Mice go to the street – everybody shouts and beats them.’’ Cheng Aimin (2019.130)

==Language policy==
While vigorously promoting Putonghua, the Chinese government has also promulgated many policies to protect dialect and minority languages. In order to promote Putonghua, China promulgated the Chinese Pinyin Program in 1958. Pinyin (the standard Chinese sound- spelling system) is widely used in Putonghua promotion, international Chinese teaching, foreign exchange and other fields. It has become an important tool for reading Chinese characters, learning Putonghua, training and improving reading and writing ability. With the popularization of modern information technology, pinyin is widely used to input the Chinese characters on computers and mobile phones. Pinyin affects all aspects of social life. In translation, Chinese names of people, places, food, and even some cultural concept with Chinese characteristics (Such as Beijing, pingpang, Shaoling, Gongful) are directly spelled with Pinyin, which is therefore an important standard for translation and a bridge for international exchange. Minglang Zhou: (pp.71-95).

==Conclusion.==
Today, an increasing number of people from other countries now want to learn Chinese language and culture and also many universities from different countries throughout the world offer Chinese language courses because Putonghua is also an open door to a huge job market in all of the countries where Putonghua is the language of commerce like Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore. Learning Chinese can help to make a better future for everyone. Abundant opportunities for governments and business careers as well as scientific and cultural exchanges await the student of Chinese. The China market is blossoming after decades of global isolation. As China is rapidly becoming a world economic power as it opens its doors to foreign investment expands its infrastructure, those who know Chinese will be valuable to business.

==References==

Cheng Aimin.(2019), ''中国概况'' [Understanding China]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Minglang Zhou: Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China (p.71-95), Wendy Abraham: let’s talk Mandarin Chinese: 1,001 real-life phrases and Idioms. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) Article 10 Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters shall be used as the basic language in education and teaching in schools and other institutions of education, except where otherwise provided for in laws.
The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary Chinese -English Edition 2002)
===Terms and expressions===
Lingo: 林戈
Putonghua: 普通话
Await student:等待学生
Pinyin: 等待学生
Lofty: 崇高：
Vernacular: 白话：
Swine: 猪：
===Questions===
1. Why Putonghua is spoken in United Nations Organization?
2. How many people speak Putonghua in China and around the world?
3 .Why Chinese government is promoted Putonghua among many others languages?
===Answers===
1. Because it is an important means of communication between China and foreign countries.
2. According to ethnologist 70 percent of China’s population had the ability to speak Putonghua, and according to the10 most spoken languages in the world Chinese (and all of its varieties such as Mandarin) is by far the most spoken language across the world with 1.31 billion speakers.
3. Because Putonghua is become an international language and it also facilitate understanding between different ethnic groups in China.

20201207 cult

2020-12-14T00:39:38Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* Rajabov, Anushervon */

==Alsied, Saffana==

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1.6世纪，佛教从中国经朝鲜传入日本，此后一直成为日本的主要宗教。

Buddhism was introduced to Japan from China via Korea in the 6th century and has been the main religion of Japan ever since.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 10:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.近代中国学者多数认为：道家与道教是两个既相互联系又有区别的概念。

Most modern Chinese scholars believe that Taoism and Daoism are two concepts that are both interrelated and distinct.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 10:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.穆罕默德在早期的宣教中，告诫人们放弃多神信仰和偶像崇拜，宣称真主是宇宙万物的创造者，是唯一的主宰，要求人们信奉独一无二的真主。

In his early preaching, Muhammad admonished people to abandon polytheism and idolatry, proclaimed that God is the creator of all things in the universe and the only Lord, and asked people to believe in the one and only God.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 10:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.上帝的创造以及人作为上帝的形象：世界是上帝创造的，上帝照着自己的形象造人。

God's creation and man as the image of God: The world was created by God, and God made man in His own image.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 10:04, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1.佛教解释了生命的真相，它对世上种种不公正以及不平等现象（人生的痛苦）作出了解释，并提供了修行解脱的道路，使人走向真正的幸福。

Buddhism explains the truth of life, as well as all the injustices and inequalities (the pain of life) around the world. And it provides paths for people to spiritual liberation, which leads them to true happiness. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:19, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教理论的最普遍图形表示就是阴和阳循环的圆形图像，它代表了宇宙中相反事物的平衡关系，当它们都平等地呈现出来，所有的一切都会平静。当其中一个超过另一个的时候，就会出现混淆。

The most common image of Taoist theology is the circular ''yin''-''yang'' figure which represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally presented, all is in a tranquil state. When one is outweighed by the other, there are confusion and disarray. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:19, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教认为《古兰经》是“神圣的语言”，是伊斯兰教信仰和教义的最高准则，是伊斯兰教法的渊源和立法的首要依据，是穆斯林道德行为的重要准绳，也是伊斯兰教各学科和各派别学说赖以建立的理论基础。

Islam believes that ''The Koran'' is the supreme principle of its belief and doctrine, the origin of Islamic law and the primary basis for legislation. It is an important criterion for Muslims' moral behavior, and is also the theoretical foundation on which various disciplines and sects of Islam rely. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:19, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

4.原罪思想，使得治理国家的办法应依托于制度，依托于法律，实现了从“人治”到“法治”的飞跃，不仅如此，赎罪的观念，引起了资本主义精神的产生，推动了西方资本主义的发展。

The thoughts of original sin made the way of governing the country rely on the system and the law, achieving a leap from "rule of man" to "rule of law". In addition, the concept of atonement gave rise to the spirit of capitalism and promoted the development of Western capitalism. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:19, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

1.佛陀涅槃后，弟子们奉行四谛，八正道等基本教义，在教团生活中维持着他在世时的惯例。

After the Buddha’s nirvana, his disciplines followed the basic doctrines of the Four Noble Truths and the Eight-fold Noble Way so as to maintain the conventions of his lifetime.

2.道教主张以清静无为，不争寡欲的态度对待世俗生活，以“我命在我不在天”的精神进行修炼。

Taoism claims that we should let things take their own course and keep ourselves from desires in the secular life, and dominate our own destiny in the process of practicing austerities.

3.各氏族部落各据一方，逐水草而居，彼此之间经常为争夺牧场，水源，土地而发生战争。

The clans occupy various areas by the water and grass, but will frequently launch wars for pasture, water and land.

4.神爱世人，甚至将他的独生子（耶稣基督）赐给他们，叫一切信他的，不至灭亡，反得永生。

God loves people so much that he even bestows his only son-Jesus Christ to them and whoever believes in him will not perish but instead have a eternal life.

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1. One significant difference between Chinese Buddhism and original Buddhist teachings is the belief that Buddha is not just a teacher who taught followers what to do, but a god to be prayed to for help and salvation.

中国佛教与原始佛教教义之间的一个重要区别是，人们相信佛陀不仅是向跟随者传教如何做的老师，而且是向上帝祈祷以寻求帮助和救赎的老师。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 20:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2. At Taoist temples, people may worship Taoist idols that represent a historical figure, an immortal, or a folk god.

在道观中，人们可能会崇拜代表历史人物，神仙或民间神灵的道教神像。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 20:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3. In 1910, it was estimated that Muslims made up about 1 or 2 percent of the population of China (about 7 million people).

据估计，在1910年，穆斯林约占中国人口的1-2％（约700万人）--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 20:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4. Chinese Christians must believe that a man born thousands of years ago and thousands of kilometers away to an unknown alien people was the Son of God.

中国基督徒必须相信，一个千百年前出生在千里之外与一个陌生的外星人相伴的人是上帝的儿子。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 20:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1. 佛教在西汉时期（公元前206年—公元24年）经丝绸之路传入中国。经过500多年的跌宕起伏，它在唐朝达到了顶峰。

Buddhism had been introduced to China via the Silk Road during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC—24 AD). After five hundred years of peaks and troughs, it reached its height during the Tang Dynasty.

2. 道教是中国土生土长的宗教，已经影响了中国人两千多年。道教有三个起源，最古老的是“黄帝”传说。第二个来源是庄子的作品。但最著名的是老子的《道德经》。道家强调自由、自然、修身养性，甚至追求永生。道教对中国文化的许多领域都产生了深刻而持久的影响，包括艺术、哲学、医学和美食，并在东亚地区广泛流传。

Taoism is a Chinese native religion that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2,000 years. There are three sources of Taoism's origin, with the oldest being the legend of "Yellow Emperor". The second source in Zhuangzi's works, while the most famous one is Laozi's Dao De Jing. Taoism emphasizes freedom, nature, self-cultivation and even pursues immortality. Taoism has had a deep and lasting influence in many fields of Chinese culture, including the arts, philosophy, medicine, and cuisine. It has also spread widely throughout East Asia.

3. 在伊斯兰文化中，几何无处不在。在清真寺、宗教学校、宫殿和私人房屋里，你都能觅得它的踪迹。这个传统始于公元8世纪的伊斯兰教早期，那时的工匠们借鉴了罗马和波斯文化中已经存在的图案，用它们转化出新的的视觉效果。

In Islamic culture, geometry is everywhere. You can find it in mosques, madrasas, palaces and private homes. This tradition began in the 8th century CE during the early history of Islam, when craftsmen took preexisting motifs from Roman and Persian cultures and developed them into new forms of visual expression.

4. 基督教开始的时候只是犹太教的一个分支。最早的基督教徒根本没想过创办新的宗教, 他们自视为追随犹太教弥赛亚教义的犹太人。只是后来在许多非犹太人改变信仰之后, 基督教才脱离犹太教, 自成一体。

Christianity began life as a Jewish sect. Far from attempting to find a new religion, the first Christians viewed themselves as Jews following the teachings of the Jewish Messiah . It was only later, after many non-Jews converted, that Christianity became a religion distinct from Judaism.
--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 11:48, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1.“阿弥陀佛”是一个梵语词，字面意思为无限的光和无限的生命。他是极乐世界里的佛，在极乐世界里，众生都享受着无限的幸福。

“Amitabha” is a Sanskrit word literally meaning boundless light and boundless life. He is the Buddha in the Land of Ultimate Bliss, in which all beings enjoy unbound happiness.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:59, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和。

The created universe carries the yin at its back and the yang in front, through the union of the pervading principles it reaches harmony.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:59, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 截止到2009年底，世界人口约68亿人口中,穆斯林总人数是15.7亿,分布在204个国家和地区，占全世界的23%。

By the end of 2009, of the world's population of about 6.8 billion, the total number of Muslims was 1.57 billion, distributed in 204 countries and regions, accounting for 23% of the world's total population.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:59, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 耶稣，又名耶稣基督，是基督教的中心人物，被大多数基督教会尊为上帝的儿子和上帝的化身。

Jesus, known as Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and is revered by most Christian churches as the Son of God and the incarnation of God. --[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:59, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

1. “Amitabha” is a Sanskrit word, literally meaning endless light and forever life. He is the Buddha in the Land of Ultimate Bliss, in which all beings enjoy unbound happiness.

2. The created universe carries the yin at its back and the yang in front, through the union of the pervading principles it reaches harmony.

3. By the end of 2009, the world’s population was about 6.8 billion, of which the total number of Muslims was 1.57 billion, in 204 countries and regions, accounting for 23% of the world’s population.

4. Jesus, known as Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity, revered by most Christian churches as the Son of God and the incarnation of God. --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 06:42, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1. 佛教传播到每一个地区以后，由于受到当地社会、政治、文化的影响，形式和内容都有相应的变化，形成许多宗派。

After Buddhism spreading to every region, because of the influence of local society, politics and culture, its form and content have changed accordingly and formed many sects.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion originated in China and founded by the Chinese, so it is also called native religion. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The Islam is from the religion of a single ethnic group in the Arab region to the religion of multi-ethnic belief in the world, and it is the result of the wide spread of the Arab Islamic countries through various channels, such as continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

4.早期基督教神学家通过发挥基督教的基本教义，依托当时流行的哲学载体，构造出更加复杂的教义体系。

Early Christian theologians constructed a more complex doctrine system by giving full play to the basic teachings of Christianity and relying on the popular philosophical carriers at that time. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==

1、佛教中常说的烦恼，就从妄想中来。妄想爱情美好，妄想荣华富贵，妄想健康长寿，当达不到这些标准的时候，烦恼就来了。

Buddhism says that people's worries come from their desires such as the desire for beautiful love, money, health and longevity. If they cannot reach their desires, worries come.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:32, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2、老子以「道」作为最初本源和内在支配者，认为世间万物存在着互联、互动的密切关系。

Lao zi suggests that Tao is the original source and inner ruler, and everything in the world has close interconnection and interaction with each other.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:32, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3、伊斯兰教自创兴迄今已有1400多年的历史，它作为一种宗教信仰、意识形态和文化体系，传入世界各地后，与当地传统文化相互影响和融合，在不同历史条件下，对许多国家和民族的社会发展、政治结构、经济形态、文化风尚、伦理道德、生活方式等都发生了不同程度的影响。

Islam boasts a long history of more than 1400 years so far. As a religion, ideology and cultural system, it has made influences to different extends on the social development, political structure, economic form, culture, ethic and life style of many countries as well as nations at different stages through the mutual influence and integration with local cultures after it was spread worldwide. --[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:32, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

4、圣经又分为两部分:《旧约》和《新约》，《旧约》与《新约》以耶稣出生为界限划分，前者主要侧重于对犹太民族历史的讲述以及犹太人对于其真神的讲述。

The Bible has two part:"The Old Testament", "The New Testament", which was divided by the birth of Jesus. The former emphasizes on telling the history of Jewish people and their talks about the true god.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:32, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Grosheva, Anna==

1. Mahayana Buddhism was originally founded during the Kushan Empire and spread to China where various school sects were developed; before spreading further and becoming popular in other Asian countries like Japan.

大乘佛教最初是在库山帝国时期建立的，并传播到发展了各种学派的中国。在进一步传播并在日本等其他亚洲国家流行之前。 --[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

大乘佛教最初是在库山帝国时期建立的，并传播到了中国，并在中国发展了各种学派。之后，进一步传播到了日本等其他亚洲国家，并且很受欢迎。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:11, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Taoism is basically a term for China’s indigenous philosophies and religious beliefs, and as defined this way, it has always been China’s main religion that colors all the others.

道教从根本上说是中国本土哲学和宗教信仰的术语，按照这种定义，道教一直是中国的主要宗教，为所有其他宗教增色。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

道教从根本上说是指代中国本土哲学和宗教信仰的术语，按照这种定义，道教一直是中国的主要宗教，并为所有其他宗教增色。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:11, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Thus less than 20 years after the death of the prophet, Islam was officially introduced and started to become established as a new religion and culture in China.

因此，在先知死后不到20年的时间里，伊斯兰教就被正式引入并开始在中国确立为一种新的宗教和文化。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

因此，在先知死后不到20年的时间里，伊斯兰教就被正式引入中国，并在此开始建立一种新的宗教和文化。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:11, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4. Unlike other Chinese religious adherents, Christians in China become Christians by the change of faith and not by birth.

与其他中国宗教信奉者不同，中国的基督徒通过改变信仰而不是出生而成为基督徒。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

与其他中国宗教信奉者不同，中国的基督徒加入基督教是通过改变信仰而不是出生。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:11, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

1.佛教在西汉时期（公元前206年——公元24年）经丝绸之路传入中国，经过500多年的跌宕起伏，在唐朝达到了顶峰。

Buddhism had been introduced to China via the Silk Road during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC—24 AD), reaching its height during the tang Dynasty.After five hundred years of peaks and troughs.

2.一开始，道教只在平民中受欢迎，晋朝(265—420)时开始在上层社会得到广泛流行，在之后的北齐和北凉，道教得到了当权者的恩惠并一度在朝堂上扮演重要角色。

At first, Taoism only gain the popularity among civilians and during the Jin Dynasty (265—420) it became a prevalence in the upper society, and in the succession of Northern Qi and Northern Liang, Taoism gained good graces of the ruler and once play a critical role in court.

3.每年都有众多的朝圣者去麦加朝拜。因此,“ 麦加”这个词后来就被收入英语, 引申为“ 人们渴望拜访的地方。

Every year numerous pilgrims go to Mecca to pay homage. Thus the word“Mecca”has come into English language, meaning“place one aspires to visit”.

4.尽管基督教与犹太教具有很多共同点, 但这两个宗教在像上帝与人的关系等基本问题上有着差别明显。
Although Christianity shares much with Judaism, these two faiths differ significantly with respect to such fundamental issues as God’s relationship with humanity. --[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 14:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

==Guo Lu 郭露==

1.禅宗主张因材施教。它除了要对信徒给予面对面的传教说法之外，还要通过一些动作以及手势来教导信徒。这些特点都让禅宗能够避免走进教条主义以及形式主义等不好的方向，也因此能够长久地在民间得到发展和深入。

Zen Buddhism prefers teaching people according to his or her ability. In addition to giving face-to-face instruction to its adherents, it also teaches through gestures. All these characteristics have enabled Zen to avoid going in the wrong direction of dogmatism and formalism, so as to develop and deepen its popularity in the long run.

Zen Buddhism advocates teaching according to the ability of the student. In addition to giving face-to-face instruction, it also teaches through gestures and gestures to its followers. These characteristics allow Zen to avoid going in the bad direction of dogmatism and formalism, and thus to develop and deepen its popularity in the long run.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教理论的最普遍图形表示就是阴和阳循环的圆形图像。它代表了宇宙中相反事物的平衡关系。当它们都平等地呈现出来，所有一切都会平静。当其中一个超过另一个的时候，就会出现混淆和混乱。阴和阳是信徒追随的原型，有助于让个人去凝视他或她的生命状态。

The most common graphic representation of Taoist theology is the circular Yin Yang figure. It represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally present, all is calm. When one is outweighed by the other, there is confusion and disarray. The Yin and Yang are a model that the faithful follow, an aid that allows each person to contemplate the state of his or her lives.

The most universal graphic representation of Taoist theory is the circular image of the yin and yang cycles. It represents the balance of opposite things in the universe. When they are all equally represented, all is calm. When one outweighs the other, there is confusion and chaos. The yin and the yang are archetypes followed by the devotee, helping the individual to gaze at his or her life state.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一，伊斯兰教世界的国家遍布亚、非两个大洲，总体算来也有大约五十个。此外，在各大洲很多国家里都有信仰伊斯兰教的人民（穆斯林）。这些国家包括一些西方国家诸如英、美、俄、法、德等国家。

Islam is one of the three major religions in the world, it covers Asia and Africa with about fifty Islamic countries. In addition, there are many countries in the world that have people who believe in Islam (Muslim). These countries include some western countries, such as the UK, the US, Russia, France and Germany.

Islam is one of the three major religions of the world, and the countries of the Islamic world are spread over two continents, Asia and Africa, and there are about fifty countries in total. In addition, Islam is practiced by people (Muslims) in many countries on all continents. These countries include some Western countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, France, and Germany.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教对西方文明产生了非常大的影响。自由、平等、博爱为中心的人文主义传统，使得“生而平等”观点深入人心，成为《独立宣言》《人权宣言》中的核心，成为后来西方民主政治的- -种长远的精神推动力。

Christianity had a profound impact on Western civilization. Its humanist tradition, which focused on freedom，equality and fraternity, made the idea of "born equal" popular in the world. It not only became the core of "Declaration of Independence" and "Declaration of Human Rights"，but also a long-term spiritual driving force of the Western democracy.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 08:47, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Christianity has had a great influence on Western civilization. The humanist tradition centered on freedom, equality, and fraternity made the idea of "all men are created equal" deeply rooted in people's hearts, and became the core of the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the long-term spiritual impetus for Western democratic politics.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

1.Buddhism was said to be founded in India in the 6th century BC by Siddhartha Gautama, son of a nobleman and member of the Kshatriya caste, near the present borders of India and Nepal.

据信佛教是在公元前6世纪由印度贵族之子，克萨特里亚种姓的成员悉达多·豪达玛（Siddhartha Gautama）在印度建立的，大约在公元前6世纪，在当今印度和尼泊尔的边界附近。

2.There are two types of Buddhism in China, Mahayana (Big Raft) Buddhism and Hinayana (Little Raft) Buddhism.

在中国，佛教有两种类型，大乘佛教（大木筏）和小乘佛教（小木筏）。

3.Mahayana Buddhism was introduced into regions inhabited by the Han people, the largest ethnic group in China, in the first century.

大乘佛教在公元一世纪被传入中国最大的民族汉族居住的地区。

4.Taoism is the only major religion that came exclusively from Chinese roots and grew to maturity in Chinese soil.

道教是唯一完全起源于中国的宗教，并在中国土壤中逐渐成熟。

==He Changqi 何长琦==

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==

1.公元前6世纪至前5世纪，释迦牟尼于古印度创建佛教。以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

From the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC, Sakyamuni founded Buddhism in ancient India. Since then, it has been widely spread in Asia and all over the world, and has had a significant impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion originated in China and founded by Chinese people, so it is also known as local religion. Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of ancient China, and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.

3.伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世界三大宗教。信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”(意为“顺从者”)。7世纪初兴起于阿拉伯半岛，由麦加人穆罕默德(约570—632)创传。主要传播于亚洲、非洲，以西亚、北非、中亚、南亚次大陆和东南亚最为盛行。

Islam, together with Buddhism and Christianity, is one of the world's three religions. People who believe in Islam are collectively referred to as "Muslims" (meaning "followers"). It originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the early 7th century and was created by Muhammad (570-632) of Mecca. It mainly spreads in Asia and Africa, especially in West Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。此外，历代神学家企图结合其时代的观念阐释和辨明基督教的信仰要理。很多神学家的著作也是阐发基督教基本教义的宝贵资源。

Christianity generally believes that its basic doctrines are derived from the Bible. The church in history has made a lot of concise summary of the basic doctrines of Christianity in various forms, such as creed, creed and epistemology, which is also regarded as the source of doctrine by scholars who study dogmatics today. In addition, the theologians of all ages tried to explain and distinguish the Christian faith principle according to the concept of their times. The works of many theologians are also valuable resources for elucidating the basic tenets of Christianity.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 08:06, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==

1. 道教理论的最普遍图形表示就是阴和阳循环的圆形图像。它代表了宇宙中相反事物的平衡关系。当它们都平等地呈现出来。所有一切都会平静。当其中一个超过另一个的时候，就会出现混淆和混乱。阴和阳是信徒追随的原型，有助于让一个人去凝视他或她的生命状态。

1. The most common graphic representation of Taoist theology is the circular Yin Yang figure. It represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally present, all is calm. When one is outweighed by the other, there is confusion and disarray. The Yin and Yang are a model that the faithfull follow, an aid that allows each person to contemplate the state of his or her lives.

1. The most common graphic representation of Taoist theology is the circular image of the Yin and Yang. It represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally presented, all is calm. When one is outweighed by the other, there is confusion and disarray. The Yin and Yang are the archetypes followed by disciple, helping each person to contemplate the state of his or her lives.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:59, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 佛教与基督教、伊斯兰教并称的世界三大宗教之一。公元前6世纪至前5世纪，释迦牟尼创建于古印度。以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

2. Buddhism, together with Christianity and Islam, is one of the three major religions in the world. Sakyamuni founded it in ancient India from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC. After that, it was widely spread in Asia and all over the world, and had a great influence on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.

2. 佛教是与基督教、伊斯兰教并称的世界三大宗教之一。在公元前6世纪至前5世纪由释迦牟尼创建于古印度，之后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会、政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

Buddhism, enjoying equal popularity with Christianity and Islam, is one of the three major religions in the world. Sakyamuni founded it in ancient India from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC. After that, it was widely spread in Asia and all over the world, making a great impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 13:12, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

2. Buddhism, together with Christianity and Islam, is one of the three major religions in the world. It was founded by Sakyamuni in ancient India from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC and later widely spreaded in Asia and all over the world, having a great influence on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:59, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 伊斯兰教的名字来源于阿拉伯语的音译。它的本义是服从，它的信徒叫穆斯林。伊斯兰教成立于7世纪初，是世界三大宗教之一。

3. The name of Islam derives from the transliteration in Arabic. Its original meaning is obedience, and its believers are called muslem. Islamism was established at the beginning of the 7th century and ranked one of three major religions in the world.

The word Islam is a transliteration of an Arabic word. Its essence is obedience, and its followers are called Muslims. Founded in the early 7th century, Islam is one of the three major religions in the world. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:38, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 基督教是亚伯拉罕的一神论宗教，以耶稣基督的生活和教义为基础，如新约中所述。基督教是世界上最大的宗教，有超过24亿信徒，被称为基督徒。基督徒相信耶稣是上帝的儿子，是人类的救世主，他作为基督或弥赛亚的到来在旧约中被预言。

4. Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion adherents, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as Christ or the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

印度佛教最初传入中国，因文化背景全然不同，故被视为与当时流行的黄老神仙方术同类，仅通行於少数的王公贵族之间。

Because of different cultural background, the Indian Buddhism was considered to be similar to the Huanglao in China, consequently only popular among a small number of nobles.

When Indian Buddhism was first introduced into China, because of its different cultural background, it was regarded as the same as Huang Lao, which was popular at that time, and only popular among a small number of nobles.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 08:10, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

After the founding of the Republic of China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, the Taoism gained a new life and gradually embarked on a path adapting to the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party and government's religious policies in the new era, Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look, making positive contributions to the economic development, social harmony, the unification of China and the world peace.

伊斯兰教反对偶像崇拜，所以清真寺内没有任何由人形和动物形组成的偶像图案。寺内装饰大多以阿拉伯文、几何图纹和花卉画纹组成抽象图案为主。

Islam is against idol worship, so there are no idol motifs consisting of human or animal shapes in the mosques, most of which are decorated with abstract designs consisting of Arabic, geometric patterns and floral paintings.

由于新教（反对教）教义强调只能信上帝，不能拜其他偶像，因此与"祭奠祖先"等很多中国传统习俗产生了很大抵触，使得基督教之前在中国一直没有得到很好的传播和发展，直到后来来中国传教的刚恒毅（1876年－1958年）与雷鸣远神父解释中国人祭祖敬孔礼并不违背教会的信仰，中国人这么地做是为了向已亡的父母和祖先表达尊敬。教宗碧岳十二世因而在1939年12月8日删除了祭祖敬孔的禁令，才解决了这一问题。然而，新教一直也不接受中国人拜祖先。

There was a great conflict between Christianity and many traditional Chinese customs such as "ancestor worship", for the Protestant demands that only God can be believed in and no other idols can be worshipped, so Christianity did not spread and develop well in China until later when the missionary Gang Hengyi (1876-1958) and the priest Lei Mingyuan explained to the Chinese that the ritual of the Confession of Confucius is not contrary to the beliefs of the Church because it is done by the Chinese to show respect to their late parents and ancestors. Pope Pius XII therefore solved the problem by removing the ban on ancestor worship on December 8, 1939. However, Chinese ancestor worship has always been unacceptable to Protestants.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 13:52, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1.禅宗主张心性本净，佛性本有，觉悟不假外求，舍离文字义解，直彻心源。

Zen advocates that the mind and nature are pure, the Buddha's nature is original, enlightenment is achieved by oneself, and the interpretation of words is left, leading to the heart.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道教以道为最高信仰，把《道德经》奉为经典，尊道贵德。认为道是产生天地万物的本源，宇宙、阴阳和万象万物都是由道化生的。德即“得”，道体现在人和万物中即是德。人和万物都是由道生由德育，所以应尊道贵德。

Taoism takes Tao as its highest belief, regards the Tao Te Ching as a classic, and respects the virtue of Taoism. It is believed that Tao is the origin of everything in heaven and earth, and everything in the universe, yin and yang is transformed by Tao. Tao means "getting", and morality is embodied in man and all things. People and all things are born by Tao and moral education, so we should respect Tao and noble virtue.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 《古兰经》是伊斯兰教唯一的根本经典。

The Koran is the only fundamental classic of Islam.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 后人为纪念耶稣的诞生，便定十二月二十五为圣诞节，年年望弥撒，纪念耶稣的出世。

Later generations, in order to commemorate the birth of Jesus, set December 25th as Christmas, and observed Mass every year to commemorate the birth of Jesus.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==
1.佛教自汉代传入中国,并逐渐与儒道并行互融,成为中国文化有机而重要的组成部分,对中国文化的影响至深至远。

Since its introduction to China in the Han Dynasty, Buddhism has gradually become an organic and important part of Chinese culture in parallel with Confucianism and Taoism, and has had a profound and far-reaching impact on Chinese culture.

2.道教文化体现着中国人的哲学思维、认知观念、价值取向、审美情趣，正如鲁迅先生所说，每一个中国人在意识深处都是一个道教徒。

Taoist culture embodies the philosophical thinking, cognitive concepts, values, and aesthetic interests of the Chinese people, and as Mr. Lu Xun said, every Chinese person is a Taoist deep in his or her consciousness.

3.新疆伊斯兰教作为中国的宗教,坚持中国化方向,进行中国化改造是历史必然,符合客观规律。

As a Chinese religion, it is historically inevitable for Xinjiang Islam to adhere to the direction of Chineseness and undergo Chineseness transformation, which is in line with objective laws.

4.自唐代传入中国以来,基督教在华传播的历程伴随着问题与挑战,在很长的历史时期中基督教与中国既有的哲学、宗教与伦理体系(包括儒家思想、道教、中国佛教以及鬼神和祖先崇拜的"中国民间宗教")互动,同时通过适应和文化融入的方式努力将自身"本土化"与"中国化"。

Since its introduction to China in the Tang Dynasty, the spread of Christianity in China has been accompanied by problems and challenges, and over a long historical period Christianity has interacted with China's established philosophical, religious, and ethical systems (including Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and the "Chinese folk religions" of ghosts, gods, and ancestor worship) while trying to "localize" and "sinicize" itself through adaptation and cultural integration.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:22, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

1、三大宗教中，以基督教人数最多，伊斯兰教次之，佛教最后，虽然人数各有不同，但是各个宗教的信徒都是平等的。虽说是三大宗教，但三大宗教提倡和平共处，可以相互交流文化。慈悲，博爱，和平，是这三大宗教的真谛。同时这也是所有宗教的共同目标。

Among the three major religions, Christianity has the largest number of people, followed by Islam and Buddhism last. Although the number of people varies, the followers of each religion are equal.Despite they are the three major religions, but they promote peaceful coexistence and mutual cultural exchange. Compassion, love and peace are the true meaning of these three religions. This is also the common goal of all religions.

In terms of the number of believer, Christianity ranks the first, followed by Islam and Buddhism the last. Varied in number, the followers of each religion are equal. Despite of different beliefs, the three major religions called for peaceful coexistence and mutual cultural exchanges. Compassion, love and peace are the essence and common goal of these three religions. --[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 16:12, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2、约在公历纪元前后，佛教传入中国。在汉代被视为神仙方术的一种。至南北朝时传播于全国，出现了很多学派。隋唐时期进入鼎盛阶段，形成了很多具有中国民族特点的宗派。

Buddhism was introduced into China around the time of the Gregorian calendar. During the Han Dynasty, it was regarded as a form of divine magic. By the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it spread throughout the country and many schools of thought emerged. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, it reached its peak and many sects with Chinese national characteristics were formed.

3、在基督教早期阶段，教会曾实行财产共有，外界视其为一种秘密性的宗教组织。犹太人视教会为离经判道的异端，常常向罗马当局控告他们。

In the early stages of Christianity, the Church was a community of shared property and was seen by others as a secret religious organization. The Jews regarded the church as a deviant heresy and often brought charges against them to the Roman authorities.

4、伊斯兰教要求人们信仰真主并服从真主，从心灵深处信仰真主的存在和伟大，同时要求在行为上要表现出顺从真主的意志，力行一定的功修，把信仰和行为的实践联合起来，达到增强信仰、巩固信仰的目的。

Islam requires people to believe in God and obey Him, to believe in His existence and greatness from the depths of their hearts, and to demonstrate obedience to His will in their actions, to perform certain practices, and to unite their faith with the practice of their actions in order to strengthen their faith and consolidate it.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:08, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

Islam requires people to believe in Allah and obey Him, to believe in His existence and greatness from the depths of their hearts, and to demonstrate obedience to His will in their actions, to perform certain practices, and to unite their faith with the practice of their actions in order to strengthen and consolidate their faith.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 16:12, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1．中国佛教译经事业的历时久远，可说是世界文化史上首屈一指的大业，而所译经论卷帙的庞复，诚为世界文化的瑰宝。
Chinese Buddhism's translation with a long history can be said to be one of the greatest undertakings in the history of world culture, and the vast number of translated scriptures is truly a treasure of world culture.

Chinese Buddhist scripture translation has a long history, and it can be said to be a major cause in the history of world culture. The Pangfu of the translated scriptures is truly a treasure of world culture. --[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:14, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2．新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。
After the founding of People’s Republic of China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, Chinese Taoism was reborn and gradually made its way in line with the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party’s and government's new religious policy, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look, and thus has made a positive contribution to promoting economic development, social harmony, the unification of China, and world peace.

3．基督教文化是属于扩张型的，其哲学观念认为时间是有始有终的，而空间是无限可重复的，所以欧洲人最早猜测出地球是圆的。
Christian culture is expansive, and its philosophy holds that time has a beginning and an end, while space is infinitely repeatable, so Europeans first guessed that the earth is round.

4．伊斯兰教的形成是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。
The Islam came from its wide spread in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, sending missionaries to the world and other means.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:40, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

The formation of Islam is the result of the widespread dissemination of Arab Islamic countries through various channels such as continuous external expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and sending missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:14, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==

1. 佛教僧侣并不扮演牧师的角色——他们并非人神的中介——其律例也不诉诸超自然的力量或权威。其次，简化物质，佛教认为对物质的执着是造成痛苦的根源，因为没有什么是永恒的。

Buddhist monks have no priestly role--they are not intermediaries between God and mankind--and their ordination confers no supernatural powers or authority. In addition, to simplify it, Buddhists believe that attachment- the clinging onto objects- is what causes suffering because nothing will last forever. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:33, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Buddhist monks have no priestly role--they are not intermediaries between God and mankind--and their ordination confers no supernatural powers or authority. In addition, Buddihism also simplify substance. It regards clinging onto objects as the causes suffering because nothing will last forever.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:06, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 作为早期道教的重要经典，《太平经》蕴含着丰富的美学思想，对后世道教美学产生过深远影响。《太平经》不仅记载了我国古代最早的道教音乐理论，而且对乐律与人的身心健康的关系给予了相当的重视。

As an important classic of early Taoism, Scripture of the Great Peace reserves plenty of aesthetic thoughts and had profoundly influenced the Taoist aesthetics. Scripture of the Great Peace not only records the earliest Taoist musical theories of our ancient country, but also attaches importance to the relation between music and physical and psychological health .--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:33, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 伊斯兰系阿拉伯语音译，愿意为“顺从”“和平”。信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”。伊斯兰教至今已有1400多年的历史，它传入世界各地后，对许多国家和民族的社会发展、政治结构、经济形态等都产生了不同程度的影响。

Islam is an Arabic word meaning “obedience ”and “peace”. People who believe in it are called “Muslims”. Islam has a history of more than 1400 years. After its introduction to other parts of the world, it has posed varying degrees of influence on the social development, political structure, economic form and others. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:33, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 在西方天主教的传统中，白色代表喜庆，其他地区，白色在婚礼和葬礼上代表了不同的意义。《圣经》是天主教徒奉为圣言的经典、必读之书。它不仅是一部宗教经典，也是世界文化和知识宝库的一部杰作。

According to Catholic tradition in the West, white represents happiness; in other areas, white embodied different significance at weddings and funerals. The Bible is a classic and required reading for Catholics. It is more than a religious classic, but also a masterpiece of the world’s culture and intellectual treasures. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:33, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

According to Catholic tradition in the West, white represents happiness, while in other areas, it embodied different significance at weddings and funerals. The Bible is a classic and required book for Catholics. It is more than a religious classic, but also a masterpiece of the world’s culture and intellectual treasures.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:06, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.佛教传播到每一个地区以后，由于受到当地社会、政治、文化的影响，形式和内容都有相应的变化，形成许多宗派。

Due to local social, political, and cultural influences, the form and content of Buddhism will change accordingly when spread to every region, resulting in the formation of many sects.

After its spreading to other regions, forms and contents saw changes and various sects were formed. The reason is that Buddhism was influenced by different local social, political and cultural environments. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:48, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2.新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

After the founding of People’s Republic of China, Chinese Taoism was reborn through democratic reforms of religious system, and gradually embarked on a path compatible with the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look thanks to religious policies carried out by Chinese Communist Party and the government, which has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, national reunification and world peace.

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam has developed from a single -ethnic religion in Arab region to a multi-ethnic one in the world,which is a result of the wide spread of Islam of Islamic states in Arab in many ways, such as continuous expansion, trade and cultural exchange and the dispatch of missionaries all over the world.

Islam has developed from a exclusive religion in Arab region to a multi-ethnic one in the world,which is a result of efforts from Islam of Islamic states in Arab in many ways, from continuous expansion, trade and cultural exchange to the dispatch of missionaries all over the world.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 10:25, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Liu Yiyu

4.历史上的教会以信经、信条等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。此外，神学家们企图结合其时代的观念阐释和辨明基督教的信仰要理。

The churches in history have provided many concise summaries of the basic doctrine of Christianity in the form of creed, tenet, etc., which are considered the origin of doctrine by today's scholars of dogmatics.What’s more, theologians have attempted to elucidate and discern the essentials of the belief in Christianity combing with the concepts of their time.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:34, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、创始人释迦牟尼生于今尼泊尔境内的蓝毗尼，是释迦族的一个王子。关于他的生卒年，在南、北传佛教中，至今仍有种种不同的说法，一般认为生于公元前6至前5世纪间。他在青少年时即感到人世变幻无常，深思解脱人生苦难之道。29岁出家修行。得道成佛。

The founder, Sakyamuni, was born in Lumbini in present-day Nepal and was a prince of the Sakya tribe. There are still different theories about his birth and death dates in Northern and Southern Buddhism, but it is generally believed that he was born between the 6th and 5th centuries BC. At the age of 29, he became a monk and practiced Buddhism. He became a monk and became a Buddha.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:16, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

The founder, Sakyamuni, was born in Lumbini in present-day Nepal and was a prince of the Sakya tribe. There are still different theories about his birth and death dates in Northern and Southern Buddhism, but it is generally believed that he was born between the 6th and 5th centuries BC. At the age of 29, he became a monk and practiced Buddhism. --[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:51, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2、解放前的道教中充满着浓厚的封建气息，对广大道教徒进行爱国主义教育，改革宫观封建经济，废除道教中的封建残余，与反动会道门划清界限，成为道教在新中国面临的重大任务。
新中国成立后，广大道教徒拥护社会主义制度，拥护共产党的领导。

Before the liberation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taoism was full of feudalism. It was a major task for Taoists in the new PRC to educate themselves about patriotism, reform the feudal economy of the palaces, abolish the feudal remnants of Taoism, and clear the boundaries with the reactionary Taoists.
Since the founding of New China, the majority of Taoists have embraced the socialist system and the leadership of the Communist Party.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:16, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Before the liberation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taoism was full of feudalism. It was a major task for Taoists in the new PRC to educate themselves about patriotism, reform the feudal economy of the palaces, abolish the feudal remnants of Taoism, and clear the boundaries with the reactionary Taoists.
After the founding of new China, the majority of Taoists have given support to the socialist system and the leadership of the Communist Party.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3、伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from a mono-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world is the result of the spread of Islam in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:16, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Developing from a single ethnic religion in the Arab region, Islam finally became a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the result of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 10:43, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

The development of Islam from the religion of a single nation in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world is the result of the extensive spread of the Arab Islamic countries through various channels, such as continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, sending missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:51, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4、基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。此外，历代神学家企图结合其时代的观念阐释和辨明基督教的信仰要理。

Christianity is generally believed to derive its basic doctrines from the Bible. The historical church has provided many concise summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in the form of creeds, epistles, confessions, and other forms, which are also regarded as sources of doctrine by scholars of doctrine today. In addition, theologians throughout the ages have attempted to explain and discern the essentials of the Christian faith in light of the concepts of their time.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:16, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Christianity generally believe that its basic doctrines derive from the Bible. The historical church has provided many concise summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in the form of creeds, epistles, confessions, and other forms, which are also regarded as sources of doctrine by scholars of doctrine today. In addition, theologians throughout the ages have attempted to explain and discern the essentials of the Christian faith in light of the concepts of their time.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:51, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
1. 隋唐佛教的兴盛繁荣，除得力於佛教本身在南北朝所奠定的稳固基础外，更有赖於国家的统一强盛及护持提倡。
The prosperity of Buddhism in the Sui and Tang dynasties not only resulted from the solid foundation of Buddhism in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but also from the unification of the state and the promotion of its support.

2. 建国前的道教中充满着浓厚的封建气息，对广大道教徒进行爱国主义教育，废除道教中的封建残余，与反动会道门划清界限，成为道教在新中国面临的重大任务。
The Taoism before 1949 was full of feudalism. It became a major task for Taoism in the new China to educate the Taoists on patriotism, abolish the feudal remnants in Taoism, and draw a clear line with the reactionary Taoism sects.

3. 伊斯兰教反对偶像崇拜，所以清真寺内没有任何由人形和动物形组成的偶像图案。寺内装饰大多以阿拉伯文、几何图纹和花卉画纹组成抽象图案为主。
Islam is against idol worship. Therefore, the mosque does not have any idol pictures made of human and animal shape. Most of the mosques are ornamented with abstract designs featuring Arabic, geometric and floral patterns.

4. 基督徒看重信徒间的交通。跟随基督是学效他的慈爱、公义与服侍人的榜样。要做到这些，必须在人际关系中具体表现出来；而这种机会得在教会中去找。
Christians attach importance to fellowship among believers. To follow Christ is to learn from his love, justice and service to others. And those believers should practice it in human relationships; and such opportunities have to be found in the church.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 10:20, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Liu Yiyu

1.The prosperity of Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties depends not only on the solid foundation laid by Buddhism itself in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but also on the unity, prosperity and advocacy of the country.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 11:49, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taoism was full of strong feudal atmosphere. It was an important task for Taoism in New China to carry out patriotic education for Taoist believers, abolish feudal remnants of Taoism and draw a clear line with reactionary sects.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 11:49, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

3.Islam opposes idolatry, so there are no idol patterns composed of human and animal in mosques. Most of the decorations in the temple are mainly abstract patterns composed of Arabic, geometric patterns and flower patterns.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 11:49, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

4.Christians value the communication between its believers. To follow Christ is to learn from his love, justice and service to others. To do this, we must practise it in interpersonal relationships; and this kind of opportunity has to be found in the church.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 11:49, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==

1.中国佛寺建筑与印度相同，没有殿堂，建塔藏舍利。后来建殿堂供奉佛像，殿堂与塔并重，但塔依然在殿堂之前。唐宋时期，佛寺发展以殿堂为主的布局。
Chinese buddhist temple architecture is the same as India's, there is no temple, building pagoda and collecting relics. Later, the temple was built to worship the Buddha. The temple and the tower were equal, but the tower was still before the temple. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the temple of Buddhism developed in the form of halls.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:27, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.东汉末年出现大量道教组织，著名的有太平道、五斗米道。张道陵正式创立教团组织，距今已有1800年历史。
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of Taoist organizations appeared, including the famous Taiping Taoism and the Daodoumi Taoism. It has a history of 1800 years since the official founding of the organization by Zhang Daoling.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:27, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰系阿拉伯语音译，公元七世纪由麦加人穆罕默德在阿拉伯半岛上首先兴起，原意为“顺从”、“和平”，指顺从和信仰创造宇宙的独一无二的主宰安拉，以求得和平与安宁。
Islam originated in The Arabian Peninsula by Muhammad in the 7th century. Its original meaning is "obedience" and "peace". It refers to obeying and believing in Allah, the unique master who created the universe, in order to seek peace and tranquility.

4.基督教是对奉耶稣基督为救世主的各教派统称，亦称基督宗教。公元1世纪，发源于罗马的巴勒斯坦省（今日的以色列、巴勒斯坦和约旦地区）。它建立的根基是耶稣基督的诞生、传道、死亡与复活。基督教主要包括：天主教、新教、东正教三大教派和其他一些较小教派。--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:27, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Christianity is a collective name for all denominations that worship Jesus Christ as the Savior, also known as Christianity.The Roman province of Palestine (present-day Israel, Palestine, and Jordan) in the 1st century AD. It is based on the birth, preaching, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Christianity mainly includes: Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox three denominations and some other smaller denominations.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:27, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

1.佛教创立后，在印度几经演变。佛陀及其直传弟子所宣扬的佛教，称为根本佛教。佛陀涅槃后，弟子们奉行四谛、八正道等基本教义，在教团生活中维持着他在世时的惯例。由于佛陀在世时于不同场合对不同的对象有着不同的说法，弟子们对此便产生不同的理解。

After the foundation of Buddhism, it has experienced several changes in India. The Buddhism advocated by Buddha and his direct disciples is called fundamental Buddhism. After the nirvana of the Buddha, the disciples pursued the basic doctrines of the four truths and the eight righteous doctrines, and maintained the conventions of his lifetime in the life of groups. Because Buddha had different views on different objects in different situations, so the disciples had different understandings about it.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 02:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.新中国成立后，对旧社会道教中存在的一些不合理制度和陋习进行了改革，道教的面目为之一新。中国道教协会的成立实现了全国道教徒的大联合，广大爱国道教徒开始为发展道教事业共同努力。道教在反右斗争、大跃进、人民公社化等政治运动中受到波及。

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, some unreasonable systems and bad habits of Taoism in the old society were reformed, making the Taoism take on a new look. The establishment of the Chinese Taoist Association has realized the great union of Taoists in China, and the majority of taoists who love the nation have begun to work together for the development of Taoism which has been affected by the Anti-Rightist Movement, the Great Leap Forward, the People's Commune and other political movements.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 02:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from the religion of a single nation in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world is the result of the extensive spread of the Arab Islamic countries through various channels, such as continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, sending missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 02:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。

Christianity generally believes that its basic doctrines are derived from the Bible. The church in history has made a lot of concise summary of the basic doctrines of Christianity in various forms, such as creed, creed and epistemology, which is also regarded as the source of doctrine by scholars who study dogmatics today.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 02:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.佛事仪式原是释迦时代所行的宗教活动，传到中国后演变为满足信众需求的经忏、佛事活动。主要有各种忏法、水陆法会、盂兰盆会、焰口等。

The Buddhist ceremony was originally a religious activity in the Sakyamuni era. After it was introduced to China, it evolved into a Buddhist activity to meet the needs of believers. The main activities include repentance rituals, water and land assembly, Yulan ceremony, Yankou, etc.

Buddhist rituals were originally religious activities practiced during the time of Sakya, but after their arrival in China, they evolved into sutra confessions and Buddhist rituals to meet the needs of the faithful. The main rituals include various confessions, water and land rituals, Bon rituals, and fireworks.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:45, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2.后经魏晋南北朝数百年的改造发展，道教的经典教义、修持方术、科戒仪范渐趋完备，新兴道派滋生繁衍，并得到统治者的承认，演变为成熟的正统宗教。

After hundreds of years of transformation and development in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, the classic doctrines, practicing methods, discipline and etiquette of Taoism became more and more complete, and the new Taoism school emerged and prospered, which was recognized by the rulers, and evolved into a mature orthodox religion.

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from the religion of a single nation in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world is the result of the extensive spread of the Arab Islamic countries through various channels, such as continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.

The development of Islam from a mono-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world is the result of the spread of Islam in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:45, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教作为一神论的特色是基督教的神是“三位一体”的神，同一个上帝具有三个位格：圣父、圣子和圣灵。

The characteristic of Christianity as monotheism is that the God of Christianity is "Trinity" God, and a single God has three personalities: the Father,the Son and the Holy Ghost.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 13:04, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

The distinctive feature of Christianity as monotheism is that the Christian God is a "triune" God, the same God in three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:45, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==
1.中国佛教经南北朝时期的拓展发扬，随着隋唐的统一，在政治稳定、经济繁荣、文化融和及帝王的护持等条件下，使得佛教经典翻译更有系统，义理更为明确。

After Buddhism was extended and developed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, along with the unity of China in Sui and Tang dynasties, a more complete system and theories were elaborated in a clearer way in the translation of Buddhist scriptures due to the political stability, buoyant economy, cultural integration and the emperors’ support.

2.道教从创教之初，就以老子的《道德经》为根本经典，将其中“道”和“德”作为基本的信仰。道教认为“道”是宇宙万物的本原和主宰，无所不在，无所不包，万物都是从“道”演化而来的。

Since Taoism was set up, it has regarded the Tao Te Ching by Laozi as its keystone work and considered the Tao, the Way and the Te, the Morality as its fundamental belief. Taoism emphasized the “Tao” is the source and principle of the universe; it exists everywhere and contains everything; it is the origin of everything that exists.

3.伊斯兰教既然认为安拉为人类造化了大地上的一切，所以就允许而且要求所有的穆斯林尽可能利用大地上的物质把自己装饰得美观一些、衣着讲究一些，因为这同享受安拉所创造的一切佳美的食物一样是对安拉恩赐的接纳。

Since Islam believes Allah created everything in the earth, all Muslims are required to make the most of the material to beautify and dress themselves, which is regarded as an acceptance of Allah’s gift, just like enjoying all the good food created by Allah.

4.康熙末年，因天主教会内部发生的可否允许中国内地教徒祭祖的“礼仪之争”相持日久，逐步升级为罗马教廷与中国朝廷的政治冲突，康熙帝断然对在华传教采取限禁措施。

In the last years of reign of Kangxi, there was a long-standing debate within the Catholic Church on whether to allow the Christians in mainland China to offer sacrifices to their ancestors. This debate gradually escalated into a political conflict between the Vatican and the Chinese imperial court, so the Emperors Kangxi resolutely put forward restrictions and a ban on missionary work in China.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 06:31, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.约在19世纪末和20世纪初，佛教先后传入欧洲和北美。1906年英国成立“英国佛教协会”，欧洲佛教徒开始有自己的组织。以后英、法、德、瑞士、瑞典、捷克斯洛伐克、匈牙利等国都有佛教僧团和研究机构。佛教传入美国后，又北传加拿大，南传巴西、秘鲁、阿根廷等国。

Around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Buddhism was introduced to Europe and North America successively. In 1906, Britain established the "British Buddhist Association", and European Buddhists began to have their own organizations. In the future, Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries will have Buddhist monks and research institutions. After Buddhism was introduced to the United States, it spread to Canada in the north and Brazil, Peru, Argentina and other countries in the south.

2.新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。

After the founding of New China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, Taoism in China gained a new life and gradually embarked on a path compatible with socialist society.

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, through the democratic reform of religious system, Taoism of China was resurrected and gradually embarked a path compatible with the socialist society.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 01:33, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, through the democratic reform of religious system, Taoism of China was resurrected and gradually embarked on a path compatible with the socialist society.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 03:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.据统计，全世界穆斯林约有16亿人口（2018年），占同期世界人口总数的23.4％。在亚非40多个伊斯兰国家中，穆斯林占全国总人口的大多数。一些国家将伊斯兰教定为国教。

According to statistics, there are approximately 1.6 billion Muslims in the world (2018), accounting for 23.4% of the total world population in the same period. In more than 40 Islamic countries in Asia and Africa, Muslims account for the majority of the country's total population. Some countries have designated Islam as the state religion.

According to statistics, there are approximately 1.6 billion Muslims in the world (2018), accounting for 23.4% of the total world population during the period . In more than 40 Islamic countries in Asia and Africa, Muslims account for the majority of the country's total population. Some countries have designated Islam as their state religion.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 01:33, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

4.由于历史原因，在华人中长期以来都习惯只把新教称为基督教。大陆的新教教会也从不称自己为新教，而只称基督教或耶稣教，而将罗马公教称为天主教，正教称为东正教。

Due to historical reasons, it has long been accustomed to call Protestantism only Christianity among Chinese. The Protestant churches on the mainland never call themselves Protestant, but only Christianity or Jesus, and the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church are called Eastern Orthodox.--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 06:29, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1-一种源自Siddhārtha Gotama教义的东亚和中亚宗教，苦难是生活中固有的，可以通过培养智慧，美德和专注力来摆脱苦难。

A religion of eastern and central Asia growing out of the teaching of Siddhārtha Gautama that suffering is inherent in life and that one can be liberated from it by cultivating wisdom, virtue, and concentration.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 12:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

2-道教或道教是中国血统的哲学传统，强调与道家和谐相处。道是大多数中国哲学流派的基本思想。然而，在道教中，它表示的原则是存在的一切的来源，模式和实质。

Taoism, or Daoism, is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 12:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

3-伊斯兰教是一种亚伯拉罕式的一神教，教导人们穆罕默德是上帝的最终和最终的使者。它是世界上第二大宗教，有18亿追随者，占世界人口的24.1％，被称为穆斯林。穆斯林占49个国家人口的绝大多数。

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that Muhammad is the final and ultimate messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the world's population, known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries. --[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 12:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

Islam, as an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, teaches people that Muhammad is the ultimate messenger of God. As the world's second-largest religion, it has 1.8 billion followers, accounting for 24.1% of the world's population, known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:51, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4-基督教是一种拿撒勒人耶稣的生活和教导为基础的亚伯拉罕一神教。它的信徒被称为基督徒，他们相信耶稣是基督，弥赛亚的到来是在希伯来圣经中被预言的，该圣经在基督教中被称为旧约，并在新约中被记载。

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Its adherents, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the Christ, whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, called the Old Testament in Christianity, and chronicled in the New Testament.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 12:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==
1.佛教由Suddhadhon和Rani Mahamaya的儿子Siddhartha Gautama于公元前6日在印度（菩提伽耶）建立。
Buddhism was founded in india (Bodh Gaya) in 6th BC by Siddhartha Gautama son of Suddhadhan and Rani Mahamaya.

2.大乘佛教是由中国最大的民族汉朝传入的。
Mahayana Buddhism was introduced by the Han Dynasty, the largest ethnic group in china.

3.小乘佛教是公元前9世纪从缅甸传入的。
Hinayana Buddhism was introduced from Burma, in 9th century BC.

4.喇嘛教是藏族土著宗教引入的一种佛教形式。
Lamaism is a form of Buddhism introduces by indigenous Tibetan religion.

5.道教是最初来自中国人民的唯一宗教。它起源于顺帝皇帝统治时期的汉朝。
Taoism is the only religion originally came from Chinese people. It originated of the Han dynasty during the reign of Emperor Shundi.

6.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯先知穆罕默德创立。对于具有伊斯兰信仰的穆斯林人民来说，只有一位真主真主。
Islam was founded by the Arab prophet Muhammad. For Muslim people with Islamic faith, there is only one Allah.

7.基督教起源于耶稣的事奉，犹太人的老师和治疗者。基督教是世界上最大的宗教，约有21亿追随者。
Christianity originated from the ministry of Jesus, the teacher and healer of the Jews. Christianity is the largest religion in the world, with approximately 2.1 billion followers.--[[User:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4]] ([[User talk:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|talk]]) 19:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

1. Mahayana Buddhism was introduced into regions inhabited by the Han people, the largest ethnic group in China, in the first century.

大乘佛教于一世纪传入中国最大的民族汉族居住的地区。

2. Taoism is the only major religion that came exclusively from Chinese roots and grew to maturity in Chinese soil.

道教是唯一完全起源于中国的宗教，并在中国土壤中逐渐成熟。

3. Islam was officially introduced into China by Arabian envoys. Throughout the dynasties, many came over land to Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty.

伊斯兰由阿拉伯特使正式引入中国。在整个王朝中，许多人来到了唐朝的高宗皇帝手中。

4. Christianity is a religion centered in Jesus Christ as the supreme revelation of God and Lord of His followers, and is based on His teaching.

基督教是以耶稣基督为中心的一种宗教，是上帝及其信徒的至高启示，是建立在他的教导基础上的。--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 00:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1.佛教始于印度，距今已有两千五百多年的历史。佛是梵语，翻译成汉语是觉悟，觉悟超越生死、断尽烦恼，使众生得到解脱、脱离苦海。

With a history of more than 2500 years, Buddhism began in India. Buddha is a Sanskrit word that translates into Chinese as enlightenment, which transcends life and death, cuts off worries, and liberates sentient beings from the sea of suffering.

2.道教音乐，是中国宗教音乐之一。道教音乐是道教仪式中不可缺少的内容，它具有烘托、渲染宗教气氛，增强信仰者对神仙世界的向往和对神仙的崇敬。道教音乐吸取了中国古代宫廷音乐和传统民间音乐的精华，渗入道教信仰的特色，形成道教音乐的独特艺术风格，也是中国传统音乐的重要组成部份。

As one of the Chinese religious music. Taoist music is an indispensable element of Taoist rituals, which has the function of setting and rendering the religious atmosphere and enhancing the believers' yearning for the immortal world and reverence for the gods. Taoist music has absorbed the essence of ancient Chinese court music and traditional folk music, and infiltrated the characteristics of Taoist beliefs, forming the unique artistic style of Taoist music, which is also an important part of traditional Chinese music.

3.伊斯兰教礼仪，是伊斯兰穆斯林遵守的行为规范。《古兰经》是伊斯兰教的唯一经典，也是指导穆斯林行为的规范。

Islamic rituals, which are the codes of conduct observed by Islamic Muslims. The ''Koran'' is the only classic of Islam and the norm that guides the behavior of Muslims.

4.我们要遵行另一个原则：我们不是寻求自己的意愿，而是跟随上帝的旨意，并为了荣耀他而活。我们要忘却自我，学习顺服上帝和他的命令，成为忠于他的人。因为当圣经要求我们放下一切的挂念时，它不仅要我们除去对财富、权力、利益的非分之想，而且要根除一切企求属世荣耀的野心及渴慕，及其他不能为人知的歪念。

We are to follow another principle: we are not to seek our own will, but to follow God's will and live for his glory. We are to forget self, learn to obey God and his commands, and become faithful to him. For when the Bible asks us to let go of all our preoccupations, it does not only ask us to remove all thoughts of wealth, power, and profit, but also to eradicate all ambitions and desires for worldly glory, and other perverse thoughts that cannot be known to man.

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

The spread of Buddhism to Asian countries can be divided into two routes: in its south direction, it was spread to Sri Lanka at first, then from Sri lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos and other countries. In its north direction, it was spread to China via Pamir Plateau and then from China to the North Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:24, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。
Among the five religions of China, Daoism is the only one that originated from China and established by the Chinese. That’s why it is called indigenous religion. Daoism has had profound impact on ancient China’s politics, economic and culture and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class. After the founding of People’s Republic of China, Daoism was revitalized through democratic reform in religions system and started to set out on the path of adapting to socialist society.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:24, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Among the five religions of China, Daoism is the only one that originated from China and established by the Chinese， thus being called indigenous religion. Daoism has had profound impact on ancient China’s politics, economy and culture and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class. After the founding of People’s Republic of China, Daoism was revitalized through democratic reform in religions system and started to set out on the path of adapting to socialist society.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:22, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.穆罕默德早年失学替人放牧，12岁时跟随伯父及商队，曾到叙利亚、巴勒斯坦和地中海东岸一带经商，广泛接触和目睹了阿拉伯半岛和叙利亚地区的社会状况，了解到半岛原始宗教、犹太教、基督教的情况，为他后来的传教活动提供了大量社会知识和宗教素材。
When he was little, Muhammad dropped out of school and herded animals for people. At the age of 12, he followed his uncle and caravan of merchants to do business in areas such as Syria, Palestine, Mediterranean East Coast, where he had extensive contact with and witnessed social conditions of the Arabian Peninsula and Syria region, and learned about the primitive religions of Peninsula, Judaism and Christianity. All these provided a great amount of social knowledge and religious materials to his preach afterwards.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:24, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。此外，历代神学家企图结合其时代的观念阐释和辨明基督教的信仰要理。
Generally speaking, Christians think that they derive their basic doctrines from the Bible. The historical churches have made many concise summaries of the basic doctrines in the form of creeds, tenets, confessions, etc. , which are seen as sources of doctrines by scholars studying doctrines. In addition, many theologians throughout the ages have attempted to explain and distinguish key points of beliefs of Christian faith in the light of the ideas of their time.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:24, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Generally speaking, it is believed that the basic doctrines of Christianity derive from the Bible. Historical churches have given many concise summaries of the basic doctrines in the form of creeds, tenets and confessions, which are regarded as the source of doctrines by scholars studying dogmatics. Besides, theologians throughout the ages attempted to expound and clarify the essential points of beliefs of Christain faith in the light of the concepts of their time.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1. 佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

The spread of Buddhism to Asia can be divided into two routes: Southward to Sri Lanka, then from Sri Lanka to Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and other countries. In the north, Buddhism spread to China via the Pamir High Plain, and then from China to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and other countries.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 02:23, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

The spread of Buddhism to Asia can be divided into two routes: Southward to Sri Lanka, then from Sri Lanka to Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and other countries. In the north, Buddhism spread to China via the Pamirs Plateau, and then from China to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and other countries.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 13:56, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

2. 新中国成立后，对旧社会道教中存在的一些不合理制度和陋习进行了改革，道教的面目为之一新。中国道教协会的成立实现了全国道教徒的大联合，广大爱国道教徒开始为发展道教事业共同努力。道教在反右斗争、大跃进、人民公社化等政治运动中受到波及。

After the founding of New China, some of the unreasonable systems and bad habits of Taoism in the old society were reformed, and Taoism was given a new face. The founding of the Chinese Taoist Association brought about a great union of Taoists throughout the country, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism. Taoism was affected by the Anti-Rightist Struggle, the Great Leap Forward, the Communization of the People's Republics and other political movements.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 02:23, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

After the founding of New China, some of the unreasonable systems and bad habits of Taoism in the old society were reformed, and Taoism was given a new face. The founding of the Chinese Taoist Association brought about a great union of Taoists throughout the country, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism. Taoism was affected by the Anti-Rightist Struggle, the Great Leap Forward, the Movement of People's Commune and other political movements.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 13:56, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

3. 穆罕默德是一位杰出的历史人物。生于麦加城古莱什部落哈希姆家族。他自幼父母双亡，由祖父和伯父抚养。早年失学替人放牧，12岁时跟随伯父及商队，曾到叙利亚、巴勒斯坦和地中海东岸一带经商，广泛接触和目睹了阿拉伯半岛和叙利亚地区的社会状况，了解到半岛原始宗教、犹太教、基督教的情况，为他后来的传教活动提供了大量社会知识和宗教素材。

Muhammad is an outstanding historical figure. He was born into the H1ashemite family of the Quraysh tribe in the city of Mecca. His parents died at an early age and he was raised by his grandfather and uncle. At the age of 12, he followed his uncle and his caravan to Syria, Palestine and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, where he was exposed to and witnessed the social conditions in the Arabian Peninsula and Syria, and learned about the primitive religions of the Peninsula, Judaism and Christianity, which provided him with a great deal of social knowledge and religious materials for his later missionary activities.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 02:23, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Muhammad is an outstanding historical figure. He was born into the H1ashemite family of the Quraysh tribe in the city of Mecca. His parents died when he was was a kid and he was raised by his grandfather and uncle since then. At the age of 12, he followed his uncle and his caravan to Syria, Palestine and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, where he was exposed to and witnessed the social conditions in the Arabian Peninsula and Syria, and learned about the primitive religions of the Peninsula, Judaism and Christianity, which provided him with a great deal of social knowledge and religious materials for his later missionary activities.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 13:56, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

4. 宗教改革运动直接的导火线是教宗利奥十世以修建罗马圣彼得大教堂为名，于1517年派多明我会修士台彻尔到德国去兜售赎罪券，此事激起极大反感，据传马丁·路德于同年10月31日在维滕贝格教堂门前张贴反对兜售赎罪券的《九十五条论纲》,揭开这场宗教改革运动的序幕。

The direct trigger for the Reformation movement was Pope Leo X's sending of the Dominican friar Thacher to Germany in 1517 to sell atonement tickets under the guise of building St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, which aroused such disgust that Martin Luther is said to have opened the Reformation movement by posting a "95 Theses" against the sale of atonement tickets in front of the Wittenberg church on October 31 of the same year.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 02:23, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

The direct trigger for the Reformation movement was Pope Leo X's sending of the Dominican friar Thacher to Germany in 1517 to sell atonement tickets under the guise of building St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, which aroused such disgust that Martin Luther is said to have opened the Reformation movement by posting a "95 Theses" against the sale of atonement tickets in front of the Wittenberg Church on October 31 of the same year.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 13:56, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==
1.佛教是中国人得主要信仰之一，它相信轮回，认为有生命得东西会一直在六道中循环。佛教得一些教义包含着丰富得辩证思维内容，同时它给人们带来了新视野和新文体，因此，佛教是中国历史上灿烂辉煌得文化遗产之一。

Buddhism is one of the chief beliefs of Chinese people. And it believes in samsara, which means that living beings are always circling around the six spheres. The doctrines of Buddhism contains abundant dialectical thoughts in thinking mode, and it brings us a new vision and a literary style. Therefore, Buddhism is one of the splendid and magnificent cultural heritages in Chinese history.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 11:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家思想的核心是“道”，老子用“道”来说明宇宙万物的产生和演变，认为人们在思想和行为上都要遵循“道”的规律，一切都要顺其自然。

The “Tao”, as the core of Taoism, was applied by Laozi to explain the origin and evolution of universe. Laozi maintained that the law of the “Tao” should be applied to guide people’s thinking as well as behavior, and everything should be in accordance with the nature.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 11:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.佛教、基督教、伊斯兰教，都是外来的宗教，中国都容纳了这些外来的不同文化。而且还主动走出去学习，吸纳不同地不同名族的异质文化。

Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, were foreign religions, and accommodated by Chinese cultures. Furthermore, Chinese take the initiative to go out to learn and absorb in cultural heterogeneity of different regions and different ethnic.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 11:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.儒家思想的核心是“仁”，主张仁爱之心是处理人际关系的有效方法。孟子认为统治者应爱护人民，保障人民权利。荀子强调社会秩序和个人的努力。作为中国古代传统思想的主要流派，儒家思想对中国人的思想观念特别是价值观念有着极其深远的影响。

The core of Confucianism is benevolence, which maintains that the effective way to harmonize interpersonal relationship is benevolence. Mencius advocated that the rulers should love people and guarantee people’s rights. Xunzi laid emphasis on social order and individual effort. As the main school of the traditional Chinese thinking in ancient times, Confucianism has an extremely far-reaching influence on Chinese ideology,values in particular.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 11:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

1.佛教发源于印度，其後能在中国弘传生根，便是通过经典的翻译。从东汉末年到唐代中叶，译经事业由初创到隆盛，历八百年之久。中国佛教译经事业的历时久远，可说是世界文化史上首屈一指的大业，而所译经论卷帙的庞复，诚为世界文化的瑰宝。

Buddhism originated in India, and later took root in China through the translation of the classics. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the translation of scriptures lasted for 800 years from its inception to its flourishing. The long history of Chinese Buddhist sutra translation is one of the greatest in the history of world culture, and the volume of sutras translated is a treasure of world culture.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:41, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2.新中国成立后，对旧社会道教中存在的一些不合理制度和陋习进行了改革，道教的面目为之一新。中国道教协会的成立实现了全国道教徒的大联合，广大爱国道教徒开始为发展道教事业共同努力。

After the founding of New China, some unreasonable systems and bad practices that existed in Taoism in the old society were reformed, and Taoism took on a new face. The establishment of the Chinese Taoist Association realized the unification of Taoists nationwide, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:41, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from a regional Arab mono-ethnic religion to a world-wide multi-ethnic religion is the result of the widespread spread of the Arab Islamic countries through continuous foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the sending of missionaries to various parts of the world.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:41, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。

Christianity is generally believed to derive its basic doctrines from the Bible. The historical Church has given many concise summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in the form of creeds, creeds, confessions, etc., which are also regarded as the source of doctrine by scholars studying doctrine today.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:41, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==
1. 佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。
Buddhism spread to all parts of Asia in two ways: first to Sri Lanka in the south, and then to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries from Sri Lanka. It was introduced to China through the Pamir Plateau in the north, and then to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries from China.

2. 道教在中国发展的几千年来,形成了自己特有的文化.道教文化极其高雅,极其通俗。亦其中一部分已演化为民间世俗，成为劳动群众精神生活的组成部分。
With the development of Taoism in China for thousands of years, it has formed its own unique culture, which is extremely elegant and popular. Some of them have evolved into folk customs and become part of the spiritual life of the working people.

Taoism has developed its own unique culture in China for thousands of years. Taoism culture is extremely elegant and popular. Part of it has evolved into folk and secular, becoming a part of the spiritual life of the working people.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3. 伊斯兰教的兴起，是阿拉伯半岛各部落要求改变社会经济状况和实现政治统一的反映。穆罕默德顺应了历史发展的需要，创传伊斯兰教，在宗教革命的旗帜下，领导了阿拉伯的社会变革运动，统一了阿拉伯半岛。
The rise of Islam is a reflection of the demands of various tribes in the Arabian Peninsula to change their social and economic conditions and achieve political unity. Muhammad complied with the needs of historical development, created and spread Islam. Under the banner of religious revolution, he led the Arab social change movement and unified the Arabian Peninsula.

The rise of Islam is a reflection of the demands of various tribes in the Arabian Peninsula to change their socio-economic conditions and achieve political unity. Muhammad conformed to the needs of historical development, created Islam, led the Arab social transformation movement under the banner of religious revolution, and unified the Arabian Peninsula.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4. 基督宗教发端于公元1世纪罗马帝国统治下巴勒斯坦地区的犹太团体。1至5世纪是基督宗教创立并从以色列传向希腊罗马文化区域的时期，是基督宗教发展的早期阶段，是使徒和早期教父建立基督宗教基本教义和神学学说的时期。这一时期常被称为基督宗教发展上的第一个阶段。
Christianity originated in the Jewish community in Palestine under the rule of Roman Empire in the first century. From the 1st to the 5th century, Christianity was founded and spread from Israel to the Greek and Roman cultural areas. It was the early stage of the development of Christianity. It was the period when the apostles and early fathers established the basic doctrines and theological theories of Christianity. This period is often called the first stage in the development of Christianity.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 09:25, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

1.由于传入的时间、途径、地区和民族文化、社会历史背景的不同，中国佛教形成三大系，即汉传佛教（汉语系）、藏传佛教（藏语系）和云南地区 [1] 上座部佛教（巴利语系）。
As a result of differences in time, route, region, ethnic culture, and socio-historical background, Chinese Buddhism has formed three major lineages, namely, Han Buddhism (Chinese), Tibetan Buddhism (Tibetan), and Shangban Buddhism (Pali) in Yunnan.

As a result of differences in time, routes, region, ethnic culture, and socio-historical background, Chinese Buddhism has formed three major lineages, namely, Han Buddhism (Chinese), Tibetan Buddhism (Tibetan), and Shangban Buddhism (Pali) in Yunnan.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 09:37, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

2.道教继承和发展了先秦道家思想，将“道”作为最高信仰，从中演化出最高经典，最上道术及最高的神灵，构建了庞大的经典道术神仙体系。道教认为道可以修得，修炼的目的是得道成仙，最终目标是形神俱妙，与道合真。
Taoism inherits and develops the ideas of the pre-Qin Taoists, taking "Tao" as the highest belief, from which the highest classics, the highest Taoist techniques and the highest gods evolve, building a huge system of classical Taoism and immortality. Taoism believes that Tao can be cultivated, and that the purpose of cultivation is to attain immortality, with the ultimate goal of having both form and spirit, and being in harmony with Tao.

3.全世界穆斯林约有16亿人口（2018年），占同期世界人口总数的23.4％。在亚非40多个伊斯兰国家中，穆斯林占全国总人口的大多数。一些国家将伊斯兰教定为国教。
There are approximately 1.6 billion Muslims in the world (2018), representing 23.4% of the world's population over the same period. In more than 40 Islamic countries in Asia and Africa, Muslims make up the majority of the total population. Some countries have made Islam the state religion.

4.基督教一般认为，上帝的三位一体：基督教作为一神论的特色是基督教的神是“三位一体”的神，同一个上帝具有三个位格：圣父、圣子和圣灵。
Christianity generally holds that there is a trinity of God: Christianity as monotheism is characterized by the fact that the Christian God is a "triune" God, and that the same God has three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:43, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==

1.隋唐佛教因有帝王的护持，得以迅速发展，其兴盛繁荣表现在许多方面，如译经、著述、艺术等，尤其中国化佛教宗派的成立，更是重要的特色之一。

Buddhist in Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty developed rapidly with support of emperors. Its prosperity was manifested in many ways, including scriptures, writings and art. The establishment of Chinese Buddhist sects in particular was one of the important features.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:28, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.解放前的道教中充满着浓厚的封建气息，对广大道教徒进行爱国主义教育，改革封建经济，废除道教中的封建残余，与反动会道门划清界限，成为道教在新中国面临的重大任务。

Before the Liberation, Daoism was full of strong feudalism. So it became a major task for Taoism in the new China to launch patriotic education to Taoists, reform the feudal economy and abolish the feudal remnants in Taoism and draw a clear line with the reactionary Huidao Sect.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:28, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《古兰经》是穆斯林最重要的典籍，对猪肉的禁令就来自于《古兰经》的第五章，这一章规定了穆斯林的饮食戒律，尤其是第三节，明确规定死物，血液，猪肉和各种不是按照伊斯兰教的方式宰杀的动物，穆斯林都不能吃。

The Koran is the most important book for Muslims. And the prohibition on pork originates from the fifth chapter of this book, which sets out the dietary commandments for Muslims, especially the third verse. It clearly states that Muslims mustn’t eat any dead animals, blood, pork and all kinds of animals that are not slaughtered in the Islamic way.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:28, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教、正教、新教三大派及其他一些小教派在内。

In a broad sense, Christianity refers to all denominations which believe in Jesus Christ as their Savior, including the three major denominations-- Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant, and some other small ones.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:28, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

1.宗教是人类社会发展到一定历史阶段出现的一种文化现象，属于社会特殊意识形态。

1.Religion is a kind of cultural phenomenon that appears when human society develops to a certain historical stage, and it is a special social ideology.

1. Religion is a kind of cultural phenomenon in the development of human society at a certain historical stage, which belongs to the special ideology of society.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Religion is a kind of cultural phenomenon in the development of human society at a certain historical stage, belonging to a special ideology of society.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 08:21, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2.伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世界三大宗教。伊斯兰系阿拉伯语音译，原意为“顺从”“和平”。信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”(意为“顺从者”)。

2.Islam is one of three major religions in the world together with Buddhism and Christianity.It is an Arabic word meaning "obedience" and "peace". People who have a religious belief of Islam are called "Muslims" (meaning "obedient").
2. Islam, together with Buddhism and Christianity, is one of the world's three major religions. Islam is transliteration of Arabic and its original meaning is "obedience" and "peace". People who believe in Islam are collectively referred to as "Muslims" (meaning "followers").--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

3.天主教强调罪与罚，天堂与地狱；基督教强调因信称义，和神之间的亲密关系，信奉耶稣。

3.Catholicism emphasizes sins and punishment,heaven and hell,while Christianism emphasizes honesty,intergrity,affinity of god ,and the firm belief of Jesus.
3. Catholicism emphasizes sin and punishment, heaven and hell; Christianity underlines righteousness by faith, close relationship with God, and believes in Jesus.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

4.虽然学者们对确切的日期争论不休，但许多人都认为，释迦牟尼可能出生于公元前490年左右的印度北部（印度年表将其出生时间定为公元前448年）。他的父母属于刹帝利种姓，他的父亲是一位受人尊敬的首领。他虽然比较富有，但从小就接触到了人间疾苦。

4.While scholars debate the exact date, many agree that Siddhartha Gautama is probably born around 490 BCE in northern India (Indian chronology dates his birth to 448 BCE). His parents belong to the Shakya caste, and his father is a respected head of the community. Although he is relatively wealthy, Gautama is exposed to human suffering from an early age.--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 09:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

4. Although scholars have been arguing about the exact date, many people believe that Sakyamuni may have been born in northern India around 490 B.C. (the Indian chronology sets his date of birth as 448 BC). His parents belonged to the shatiri caste, and his father was a respected leader. Although he is relatively rich, he has been exposed to human suffering since childhood.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

1.Buddhism spread to all parts of Asia in two ways: first to Sri Lanka in the south, and then to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries from Sri Lanka. It was introduced to China through the Pamir Plateau in the north, and then to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries from China.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:29, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.作为一种宗教实体，道教不仅有其独特的经典教义、神仙信仰和仪式活动，而且还有其宗教传承、教团组织、科戒制度、宗教活动场所。

2.As a religious entity, Taoism not only has its unique classic doctrines, fairy beliefs and ritual activities, but also its religious inheritance, religious group organization, discipline system, and religious activities venues.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:29, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuanngling

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

3.Islam developed from a single ethnic religion in The Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the result of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:29, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4.1至5世纪是基督宗教创立并从以色列传向希腊罗马文化区域的时期，是基督宗教发展的早期阶段，是使徒和早期教父建立基督宗教基本教义和神学学说的时期。

4.The first to the fifth centuries were the period in which Christianity was founded and spread from Israel to the Greco-Roman cultural regions. It was the early stage in the development of Christianity and the period in which the apostles and early fathers established the basic doctrines and theology of Christianity.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:29, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1. 峨眉山高出五岳、秀甲天下，山势雄伟、气象万千，素有“一山有四季，十里不同天”之妙喻。集自然风光与佛教文化为一体，著名的旅游胜地和佛教名山，1996年12月6日被列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。
Higher than any of the five great mountains of China, the awe-inspiring, majestic and picturesque Mount Emei is the perfect place to experience all four seasons in one day. Because of its natural beauty and Buddhist cultural heritage, Mount Emei, a tourist destination and a noteworthy Buddhist mountain, was listed as one of UNESCO’s World Natural and Cultural Heritages sites on Dec.6, 1996.

2. 穆罕默德是一位杰出的历史人物。生于麦加城古莱什部落哈希姆家族。他自幼父母双亡，由祖父和伯父抚养。早年失学替人放牧，12岁时跟随伯父及商队，曾到叙利亚、巴勒斯坦和地中海东岸一带经商，广泛接触和目睹了阿拉伯半岛和叙利亚地区的社会状况，了解到半岛原始宗教、犹太教、基督教的情况，为他后来的传教活动提供了大量社会知识和宗教素材。

Muhammad is an outstanding historical figure. Born into the Hashemite family of the Quraysh tribe in the city of Mecca , he was raised by his grandfather and uncle because his parents died when he was young . In his early years, he dropped out of school to graze for someone.At the age of 12, he followed his uncle and a caravan of merchants to Syria, Palestine and the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, where he had extensive contact with and witnessed the social conditions of the Arabian Peninsula and Syria, and learned about the primitive religions of the Peninsula, Judaism and Christianity, which provided him with a great deal of social knowledge and religious materials for his later missionary activities.

3. 天主教是基督教的一个派别，和东正教、新教并称基督教三大教派。亦称“公教”，有时也被称为“旧教”以区分于基督教的新教。其领导中心设在梵蒂冈，首脑是教皇，掌握世界各地的传教事业，是大部分的天主教徒的精神领袖。

Catholicism is one of the three major Christian denominations, along with the Orthodox and Protestant. It is also known as the "Catholic Church" and sometimes as the "Old Church" in order to be distinguished from Protestant Christianity. Its leadership is centered in the Vatican and is headed by the Pope, who is in charge of missionary work around the world and is the spiritual leader of most Catholics.

4.新中国成立后，广大道教徒拥护社会主义制度，拥护共产党的领导。他们自发成立学习小组，开展爱国主义、社会主义和时事政治的学习，发表《反帝爱国宣言》，开展捐献运动支援抗美援朝。
After the founding of People’s Republic of China,the majority of Taoists embraced the socialist system and the leadership of the Communist Party. They set up study groups on their own initiative, conducted studies on the doctrine of patriotism and socialism and current affairs and politics, issued the Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Manifesto, and carried out donation campaigns to support the Korean War.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:58, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

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==Xie Fan 解帆==

1.佛教信徒依照悉达多所悟到修行方法，发现生命和宇宙的真相，最终超越生死和苦、断尽一切烦恼，得到究竟解脱。

Based on Siddhartha's enlightenment, Buddhist believers hope to discover the truth of life and the universe, and finally be free from all the troubles brought by life and death. --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:07, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Among the five major religions, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also regarded as China's native religion.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:07, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese among the five major religions, so it is also known as the native religion.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:27, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam is the fruit of the wide spread of Islamic countries through the continuous aggression and expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries all over the world. --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:07, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

The widespread Islam results from the efforts of Islamic countries in terms of continuous aggression and expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries all over the world.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 13:04, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

4.耶稣为救赎人类，被钉十字架而死，故尊十字架为信仰的标记。

Jesus died by crucifixion for the redemption of mankind, so Christians honored the cross as a sign of faith.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:07, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.纵观日本佛教，教理上多源自中国宗派而发展，然在修行实践上则趋于易行及通俗化，二十世纪后，日本佛教各大宗派更各自发展法会祝祷、办学教育、社会慈善、学术研究等，佛教事业欣欣向荣，尤以佛学研究堪称代表。

Historically, the doctrines of Japanese Buddhism evolved from Han Buddhism and its practice turned to be easier and more secular. Since 20th century, Buddhist schools in Japan have greatly developed in rituals, education, charity, academic research, etc. Buddhism, particularly in Buddhist studies, is flourishing in the country.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:47, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2.道教发源于中国本土，她以“道”作为最高信仰：道在有无之先，是生成宇宙万物的本体，但道之本身是窈冥难测的。

Taoism, which originated in China, regards Tao as its supreme belief. Taoists believe that Tao is the first thing that came into being, and the essence that generated all things in the universe, but Tao itself is mysterious and unpredictable.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:47, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

3.阿拉伯语 "伊斯兰教 "的意思是自愿承认并积极服从唯一的真主安拉的指导命令。凡是以这种方式行事的人都被称为穆斯林，即承认并服从唯一的真主的人。

The Arabic word islam means the willing recognition of and active submission to the guiding command of the One God, Allah. Whoever acts in this manner is called a muslim, one who acknowledges and submits to the sole, unique God.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:47, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

4.基督教的经典著作《圣经》也以其博大精深的思想内涵和丰富多彩的叙事模式，为西方艺术提供了取之不尽的精神资源。

The Bible, the classic work of Christianity, has provided inexhaustible spiritual resources for Western art with its profound ideological connotations and colorful narrative patterns.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:47, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

==Xu Jing 许静==

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==
1. 结束南北分裂局面而开展的隋唐，是中国历史上政治、经济、文化最强盛的朝代，也是中国佛教史上经典翻译、宗派竞立的巅峰时期，其影响不仅深入中国各阶层，而且远播至韩国(高丽、百济、新罗)、日本、越南，开启各国佛教的灿烂新页。

1. The Sui and Tang dynasties, which ended the division between the north and the south, were the most politically, economically and culturally powerful dynasties in Chinese history, also the peak period of classical translations and sects in the history of Chinese Buddhism, whose influence spread not only to all classes in China, but also to Korea (Koguryo, Silla and Paekche), Japan and Vietnam, opening a new page of Buddhism development in all countries.

2. 隋唐至北宋时期，由于统治阶级的尊崇，道教极为兴盛，社会影响极大，道教的哲学、养生术、符咒法、科仪规章也更为完善。

2. From the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Northern Song dynasties, Taoism flourished due to the respect of the ruling class, which influenced the society a lot. Besides, its philosophy, health preservation, spell and regulations were further implemented.

3. 伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

3. Islam was developed from a mono-ethnic Arab religion to a world-wide multi-ethnic religion, due to the widespread spread of Islam in Arab countries through continuous expansion, business, cultural exchanges, and the sending of missionaries to various parts of the world.

4. 基督教新教主要宗派包括信义宗、长老宗、圣公宗、浸礼宗、公理宗、卫斯理宗等。除这些较大派别外，新教还分化为众多的小教派和教会团体。

4. The main denominations of Protestant Christianity include Lutheranism, Presbyterianism, Anglicanism, Baptism, Congregationalism, Wesleyanism, and so on. In addition to these large denominations, Protestantism is also divided into numerous smaller denominations and church groups.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 06:34, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==
1.瑜伽行派传入中国是唐玄奘在大乘佛教时期入印求法，归国后创建了唯实宗，其思想根基主要来源于印度瑜伽行派。
The introduction of the Yoga to China was when Xuanzang entered India to seek Dharma during the Mahayana Buddhism period. After returning to China, he founded the Wei Shi Sect. Its ideological foundation mainly comes from the Indian Yoga.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 11:52, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.“无为”是不妄为，不乱来的意思。是说统治者行为要顺应自然、社会发展的规律，并按照规律去定相应的法律、制度、不轻易变更，人们在这样的法律、制度下尽情发挥自己的聪明才干，努力去做。
"Effortless action" means not to act rashly and not to mess around. It means that the behavior of the ruler should conform to the laws of nature and social development, and the corresponding laws and systems should be determined in accordance with the laws and not easily changed. People under such laws and systems can give full play to their talents and work hard.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 11:52, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教认为《古兰经》是安拉“神圣的语言”，是一部“永久法典”。它是伊斯兰教信仰和教义的最高准则，是伊斯兰教法的渊源和立法的首要依据，是穆斯林社会生活、宗教生活和道德行为的准绳，也是伊斯兰教各学科和各派别学说赖以建立的理论基础。
Islam believes that the "Kuran" is the "sacred language" of Allah and a "permanent code." It is the highest standard of Islamic beliefs and teachings, the origin of Islamic law and the primary basis for legislation, the criterion of Muslim social life, religious life and moral behavior, and the theoretical basis on which the various disciplines and sects of Islam rely.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 11:52, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.路德派在教义上主要强调因信称义，认为人要得到上帝的拯救，不在于遵守教会的规条，而在于对上帝的信心；不在于个人的功德或善行，而在于上帝给人的恩赐。
The Lutheran doctrine mainly emphasizes justification by faith, and believes that people's salvation from God does not lie in observing the rules of the church, but in faith in God; it does not lie in personal merit or good deeds, but in the gift that God gives to people.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 11:52, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
1.佛教的宇宙观是缘起论，即它认为--切事物都是因缘合和而起的。就认识问题而言，佛教认为，认识的成立必须具备三个因素:认识的器官或机能(根)、客观的对象(境)和主观的认识。

Buddhism's world outlook is the theory of origin, that is, it believes that everything is the cause and effect.In terms of cognition, Buddhism believes that there must be three factors for the establishment of cognition: the organ or function of cognition (root), objective object (context) and subjective cognition.

2.伊斯兰国家：是指在全国总人口中大部分人都信奉伊斯兰教的国家。据有关资料介绍，在全世界180多个国家中，有69个伊斯兰国家，占全世界国家总数三分之一以上。

A country in which the majority of the population of the country believes in Islam.According to relevant information, there are 69 Islamic countries out of more than 180 countries in the world, accounting for more than one third of the total number of countries in the world.

Islamic countries refer to countries in which the majority of the population believe in Islam. According to relevant data, there are 69 Islamic countries out of 180 plus countries in the world, accounting for more than one third of the total number around the world.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:11, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3.基督教信仰的对象为上帝，上帝(天主)是基督教的最高神。基督教宣称上帝是天地的主宰，是天地万物的唯一创造者。上帝虽然只有一个，但包括圣父、圣子、圣灵三个位格，三位一体，同受拜敬。

The object of a Christian belief is God, the supreme God of Christianity.Christianity claims that God is the master of heaven and earth and the sole creator of all things.Although God has only one, it includes the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

4.道教是中国土生土长的宗教，它的理论广泛容纳了中国古代社会的宗教意识和学术思想，是古代宗教、民间巫术、神仙方术、阴阳五行及道家思想等汇聚、融合的产物，带着鲜明的中国特色。

Taoism is a religion born and bred in China . Its theory widely contains the religious consciousness and academic thought of ancient Chinese society . It is the product of the convergence and fusion of ancient religion, folk witchcraft, celestial magic, yin and yang, five elements and Taoist thought.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 11:53, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==
1、佛教是一种约有三亿人信仰的世界性宗教。这个词来自于'菩堤'，意思是'觉悟' 。佛教大约起源于2500年前，是悉达多乔达摩(称为佛陀)在35岁时觉悟后所发起的。

Buddhism is a religion to about 300 million people around the world. The word comes from 'budhi', 'to awaken'. It originates from about 2,500 years ago when Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha, was himself awakened (enlightened) at the age of 35.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:23, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2、道教是中国固有的一种宗教，距今已有1800余年的历史。它深深扎根于中华沃土之中，具有鲜明的中国特色,并对中华文化的各个层面产生了深远影响。

Taoism, an inherent religion of China, has a history of over 1800 years. It is deeply rooted in the Chinese fertile soil with distinct Chinese characteristics, and have a profound impact on all levels of Chinese culture.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:23, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3、“伊斯兰”是阿拉伯语音译，本意为“顺服”。从宗教意义上讲，“伊斯兰”是指一种顺服惟一的主宰——安拉的旨意和戒律的宗教。其宗教徒称为“穆斯林”，意为顺服安拉意志的人。

"Islam" is Arabic transliteration, intended for the" obedience". From the religious sense," Islam" refers to a kind of obedience -- only to dominate the will of Allah and the precepts of religion. Its religious believers are known as" Muslim", meaning to the will of allah. --[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:23, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4、基督教根源于犹太教，公元1世纪中叶耶稣创立。135年从犹太教中分裂出来成为独立的宗教。早期基督教曾受到罗马皇帝的残酷迫害和镇压。

Christianity is rooted in Judaism and founded by Jesus in the middle of 1st century. And it split from Judaism as an independent religion in 135 years. Early Christianity had been subjected to cruel persecution and repression of Roman emperors.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:23, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Christianity is rooted in Judaism and founded by Jesus in the middle of 1st century. And it was split from Judaism as an independent religion in 135. Early Christianity had been subjected to cruel persecution and repression of Roman emperors.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:23, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==
佛教与基督教、伊斯兰教并称的世界三大宗教之一。公元前6世纪至前5世纪，释迦牟尼创建于古印度。以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam are the world's three major religions. From the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC, Shakyamuni was founded in ancient India. Since then, it has been widely spread in Asia and around the world, and has had a significant impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 17:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

隋唐至北宋时期，由于统治阶级的尊崇，道教极为兴盛，社会影响极大，道教的哲学、养生术、符咒法、科仪规章也更为完善。

From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the respect of the ruling class, Taoism was extremely prosperous and had a great social influence. Taoism's philosophy, health-preserving techniques, spells, and ritual regulations were also more perfect. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 17:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

阿拉伯地区日益加剧的社会危机，外族的不断入侵，促进了阿拉伯人的觉醒，社会各阶级都在寻求出路。

The increasing social crisis in the Arab region and the constant invasion of foreigners have promoted the awakening of Arabs, and all classes of society are seeking a way out. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 17:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

由于历史原因，在华人中长期以来都习惯只把新教称为基督教。大陆的新教教会也从不称自己为新教，而只称基督教或耶稣教，而将罗马公教称为天主教，正教称为东正教。

Due to historical reasons, it has long been accustomed to call Protestantism only Christianity among Chinese. The Protestant churches on the mainland never call themselves Protestant, but only Christianity or Jesus, and the Roman Catholic Church is called Catholicism, and the Orthodox Church is called Eastern Orthodox. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 17:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==
1. 公元313年，罗马帝国皇帝君士坦丁一世发布“米兰敕令”，宣布基督教可与所有其他宗教同享自由，不受歧视。从此基督教成为官方认可的合法宗教。
In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine I issued "Edict of Milan", declared common freedom with Christianity and all other religions, without discrimination. Since then, Christianity became an official recognition of the legitimate religion.
2. l6 世纪，随着西欧民族国家和市民阶级的兴起，爆发了反对罗马教皇封建统治的宗教改革运动，后陆续分化出脱离天主教会的一些新宗派，称为“新教”。所以，基督教是天主教、东正教和新教的总称。
In the 16 century, with the rise of Western European nation-state and public class, Rome, the Reformation movement broke out against rule of the Pope. After these, some of the new sect, known as the "Protestant", were split from the Catholic Church. So, Christianity is general of Catholic, Orthodox and Protestan.
3. 佛教是一种约有三亿人信仰的世界性宗教。这个词来自于'菩堤’，意思是'觉悟’。佛教大约起源于2500年前，是悉达多乔达摩(称为佛陀)在35岁时觉悟后所发起的
Buddhism is a religion to about 300 million people around the world. The word comes from '"budhi', 'to awaken'. It has its origins about 2,500 years ago when Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha, was himself awakened (enlightened) at the age of35.
--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 03:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。

The spread of Buddhism throughout Asia can be roughly divided into two routes: the south route, to Sri Lanka first, then from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries.

2.道教界积极开展公益慈善活动，在长江流域特大洪水、汶川地震等重大灾难发生后，都及时组织祈福法会和捐款捐物活动，以道教特有方式为救灾工作作出贡献。

Taoism has actively carried out public welfare and charity activities. After the catastrophic floods in the Yangtze River basin and the Wenchuan earthquake, Taoism organized prayer meetings and donation activities in a timely manner, contributing to the relief work in a unique Daoist way.

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam developed from a single ethnic religion in The Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the product of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括。

Christianity is generally believed to originate its basic teachings from the Bible. The church in history has made many essential summaries of the basic tenets of Christianity in various forms, such as creed and epistle.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:35, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==
1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

Buddhism spread to all parts of Asia in two ways: first to Sri Lanka in the south, and then to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries from Sri Lanka. It was introduced to China through the Pamir Plateau in the north, and then to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries from China.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:20, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion originated in China and founded by Chinese people, so it is also known as local religion. Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of ancient China, and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, Chinese Taoism gained a new life and gradually embarked on the road to adapt to the socialist society.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:20, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教的兴起，是阿拉伯半岛各部落要求改变社会经济状况和实现政治统一的反映。穆罕默德顺应了历史发展的需要，创传伊斯兰教，在宗教革命的旗帜下，领导了阿拉伯的社会变革运动，统一了阿拉伯半岛。

The birth of Islam is a reflection of the demands of various tribes in the Arabian Peninsula to change their social and economic conditions and achieve political unity. Muhammad complied with the needs of historical development, created and spread Islam. Under the banner of religious revolution, he led the Arab social change movement and unified the Arabian Peninsula.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:20, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督宗教是一个一神论的宗教，指所有相信主耶稣基督为救主的教会。虽然耶稣基督所建立的是一个合一的基督教会,但基督教在历史进程中却分化为许多派别，主要有天主教、东正教、新教三大传统教派。

Christianity is a monotheistic religion, which refers to all the churches that believe in the Lord Jesus Christ as the Savior. Although the church established by Jesus Christ is a United Christian Church, Christianity has been divided into many factions in the historical process, including three traditional sects, namely Catholicism, Orthodox Church and Protestantism.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:20, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

佛教传播到每一个地区以后，由于受到当地社会、政治、文化的影响，形式和内容都有相应的变化，形成许多宗派。

After the spread of Buddhism to every part of the world, due to the locally social, political and cultural influence, its form and content have changed accordingly, thus giving birth to many sects.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

After its spreading to other regions, forms and contents saw changes and various sects were formed. The reason is that Buddhism was influenced by different local social, political and cultural environments. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:50, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

明清两代，随着中国封建社会进入晚期，道教发展陷入停滞僵化。近代中国道教承明清余绪，除个别时期，一直处于低谷。

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the entering of the late period of feudal society in China, the development of Taoism stagnated and ossified. Taoism in modern China, inheriting fruit in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, except for a few periods, has been at a low ebb.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Developing from a single ethnic religion in the Arab region, Islam finally became a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the result of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。

It is generally believed in Christianity that its basic teachings derived from the ''Bible''. The church in history has made many essential summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in various forms, such as creed and epistles, which are also regarded as the source of the doctrines by scholars studying the doctrines today.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

It is generally believed in Christianity that its basic teachings derived from the ''Bible''. The churches in history have made many summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in various forms, such as creed and epistles, which are also regarded as the source of the doctrines studyed today.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 08:50, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.与世界其他主要宗教不同的是，佛教是唯一基于全人类所共知的苦难而产生发展起来的。佛教使哲学和宗教思想发生了根本转变。
Uniquely among the great world religions, Buddhism is rooted only in the universal experience of suffering known to all human beings. Buddhism have revolutionized philosophical and religious thought.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:50, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.儒道两家各有偏重又相互补充，相反相成地融合为共同的和谐美的思想。
Confucianism and Daoism oppose and complement and fuse into the thought of beauty of harmony.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:50, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世界三大宗教。截至到2009年底，世界人口约68亿人，穆斯林总人数是15.7亿，分布在204个国家和地区，占全世界的百分之二十三。
Islam is one of the world’s religious, with Buddhism and Christianity as the three major religions in the world. By the end of 2009, the world population of 6 billion 800 million people, the total number of Muslims was 1 million 570 million, distributed in 204 countries and regions, accounting for twenty-three percent of the world.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:50, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教对西方文明产生了非常大的影响，自由、平等、博爱、为中心的人文主义传统，使得“生而平等”观点深入人心，成为《独立宣言》《人权宣言》的核心，成为后来西方民主政治的一种长远的精神推动力。
Christianity had a very big impact to Western civilization. Humanist tradition, as the center of freedom, equality, and fraternity, enjoyed “born equal” popular support, became heart of “Declaration of Independence,” “Declaration of Human Rights”, and a long-term spiritual driving force of the Western democratic. --[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:50, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

==Zhang Hui 张慧==

1.佛教传播到每一个地区以后，由于受到当地社会、政治、文化的影响，形式和内容都有相应的变化，形成许多宗派。

After Buddhism spread to each region, due to local social, political, and cultural influences, there were corresponding changes in form and content, resulting in the formation of many sects.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:54, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

After Buddhism spread to every region, due to the influence of local society, politics, and culture, the form and content have changed accordingly, forming many sects.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

After Buddhism spread to every region, due to the influence of local social and political culture, its form and content changed accordingly, and many sects formed--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:31, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the party and government’s religious policies in the new era, Taoism in China has shown an unprecedented new atmosphere, and has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:54, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party and government's new religious policy, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look, making positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the unification of the motherland, and world peace.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam has developed from a regional single-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world. It is widely spread by Arab Islamic countries through continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and missions to the world. the result of.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:54, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

The development of Islam from a mono-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world is the result of the spread of Islam in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4.虽然耶稣基督所建立的是一个合一的基督教会,但基督教在历史进程中却分化为许多派别，2013年全世界范围当中有超过一万个基督教派，主流的派别主要有天主教、基督新教、东正教三大传统教派，以及一些在信仰人数上虽不如传统教派多，但也有了相当的规模的非传统教派，如:摩门教。

Although Jesus Christ established a united Christian church, Christianity has divided into many sects in the course of history. In 2013, there were more than 10,000 Christian sects worldwide. The mainstream sects are mainly Catholicism, Protestantism, The three traditional sects of Eastern Orthodox Church, and some non-traditional sects that are not as large as traditional sects in the number of believers, such as Mormonism.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:54, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Although Jesus Christ established a unified Christian Church, Christianity has been divided into many denominations over the course of history; in 2013 there were more than 10,000 Christian denominations worldwide, with the dominant denominations being the three traditional denominations of Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy, as well as some non-traditional denominations that are not as numerous as the traditional denominations, but have grown in size, such as Mormonism. --[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1. 目前佛教已传播到世界各大洲。但主要仍集中在东亚和东南亚一带，这个地区的佛教信徒人数远远超过其他宗教信徒。

At this moment, Buddhism has spread to all continents of the world. However, it is still concentrated in East Asia and Southeast Asia, where the number of Buddhists is far more than that of other religions. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 01:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道教是我国土生土长的宗教，是在汉代黄老道家思想基础上，吸收古代神仙家的方术和民间巫术及鬼神信仰，于东汉末年形成的。

Taoism, a native-born religion in China, was formed at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty by absorbing the ancient alchemy, folk witchcraft and belief in ghosts and gods on the basis of Taoist thought of Huang Lao in Han Dynasty. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 01:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 伊斯兰教有着一套具有自己从教特色的体系，它在神学信仰、政治主张、经济思想、道德规范等各方面所提倡的行为规范是每一个穆斯林都必须遵守的。

Islam has a system with its own religious characteristics. Every Muslim must abide by the code of conduct it advocates in theological belief, political opinion, economic thought and moral standards. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 01:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 天主教在教会体制上遵循“圣统制”，即各地的天主教会以罗马主教为尊，受罗马教宗管理，神权事务由罗马教宗授权，在天主教会看来，罗马教宗就是上帝在世的代表，是继承了耶稣门徒的传统，上帝授权他来管理教会。

Catholicism follows the “Hierarchy” in its church system, that is, the Catholic churches everywhere respect the Bishop of Rome and are under the management of the Pope, and the theocracy affairs are authorized by the Pope. In the view of the Catholic Church, the Roman Pope is the representative of God in the world, inheriting the tradition of Jesus' disciples, and God authorized him to manage the church. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 01:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==

玄奘少时家境贫困，跟着哥哥在洛阳净土寺，学习佛经。后来他从兰州出发，经河西走廊，到达瓜州，想要从那里出境，沿着我们现在所讲的“丝绸之路”去印度求法。
When he was young, Xuanzang came from a poor family and followed his brother to study Buddhist sutras in The Jingtui Temple in Luoyang. Later, he set out from Lanzhou and reached Guazhou through the Hexi Corridor. He wanted to leave from there and go to India to seek dharma along the Silk Road we now speak。--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:30, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

道教是中国的本土宗教，以历史唯物主义作为指导。道教从东汉诞生并演变，至近代大约有两千多年。
Taoism is the indigenous religion of China, which was guided by historical materialism from the birth and evolution of The Eastern Han Dynasty to the modern times over two thousand years--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:30, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
Islam
伊斯兰教主要分布地区有中东和北非等地。在我国，伊斯兰教也被称之为清真教。
Islam is mainly found in the Middle East and North Africa. It is also called “Qingzhen”in China。--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:30, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
Christianity
基督教发源于巴勒斯坦地区犹太人社会，创始人是耶稣。基督教在人类的发展史上有着不可替代的作用，尤其是当今的西方社会，许多发达国家都以基督教文化为主导。
Christianity originated from the Jewish society in Palestine, and its founder was Jesus Christ. Christianity has played an irreplaceable role in the development history of mankind, especially in today's Western society, where many developed countries are dominated by Christian culture。--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:30, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==
1. 佛教四大名山闻名遐迩，鲜为人知的是中国还有一座山——终南山，堪称佛教诸宗的祖山，大乘佛教九宗中有六宗祖庭集于此处。佛教进入中国初期，并没有宗派之分，而当佛教走入山川形胜的终南秘境，仰对峰峦、俯拾河溪，却体会出更多佛法的真味。

The four famous Buddhist mountains are well known. What is little known is that there is another mountain in China-Zhongnan Mountain, which can be called the ancestral mountain of all Buddhist sects. Six of the nine Mahayana Buddhist sects are gathered here. In the early days of Buddhism's entry into China, there was no sectarian distinction. However, when Buddhism entered the secret land of the south, where mountains and rivers prevailed, it realized more of the true flavor of Buddhism.
--[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 15:01, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道教深深扎根于民间，体现着百姓最朴素的信仰——衣食住行的每个诉求，都可以在道教神灵那里得以满足。在中国道教石窟中，你依然能感受到道教在中国人日常生活中的重要。

Taoism is deeply rooted in the people and embodies the most simple belief of the people-every demand for food, clothing, housing and transportation can be satisfied by Taoist gods. In the Chinese Taoist grottoes, you can still feel the importance of Taoism in the daily life of the Chinese people.

3. 清真寺是伊斯兰教进行宗教活动的中心，主要是供信徒礼拜之处。伊斯兰教，发源于阿拉伯半岛的麦加，信奉独一无二的造物主安拉，信徒被称作穆斯林。它和基督教一样，是外来的宗教。

Mosque is the center of Islamic religious activities, mainly for believers to worship. Islam, which originated in Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula, believes in the unique Creator Allah and its followers are called Muslims. Like Christianity, it is a foreign religion.

4. 以“耶稣基督”诞辰为记的圣诞节，是属于基督教的节日。这个现今世界上最大的宗教信仰，建立在一个丰满的神话体系上，在这些故事中，不仅有曲折动人的情节，还充满了爱与人情味儿。
Christmas, which is marked by the birth of Jesus Christ, is a Christian festival. The largest religious belief in the world today is based on a full myth system. In these stories, there are not only tortuous and touching plots, but also full of love and human touch.
--[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 15:01, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Zhang Weihong

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.佛教中国本土化在隋唐时期已初步完成，而儒、释、道三教的合流则在两宋时期。

The localization of Buddhism in China has preliminarily finished in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, while the confluence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism was in the Song Dynasty.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

The localization of Buddhism in China has preliminarily completed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, while the confluence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism was in the Song Dynasty.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Under the guidance of religious policy published by party and government in the new era, China’s Daoism has emerged an unprecedented new look since the reform and opening-up. It made positive contribution to promoting economic development, harmonious society, national unity and world peace.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教是科学的宗教，它鼓励人们通过真科学对宇宙、世界进行认识和思考，从而使信仰更加坚固。

Islam, as a scientific religion, encourages people to understand and reflect on the universe and the world through authentic science, making the belief more stable.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Islam, as a scientific religion, encourages people to understand and reflect on the universe and the world through authentic science, thus making the belief more stable.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 03:03, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Islam, as a scientific religion, encourages people to understand and reflect on the universe and the world through authentic science, making their beliefs more stable.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 07:55, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.在基督教早期阶段，教会曾实行财产共有，外界视其为一种秘密性的宗教组织。
In the early stage of Christianity, the church ever implemented the policy of common ownership. However, the outside world regarded it as a secret religious organization.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
公元前6世纪至前5世纪，佛教创建于古印度。以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

In the 6th century BC or the 5th century BC, Buddhism was founded in ancient India. Since then, it has been widely spread in Asia and around the world, and has had a significant impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.

道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Taoism is the only religion that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also called the local religion.

伊斯兰教公元七世纪由麦加人穆罕默德在阿拉伯半岛上首先兴起，公元7世纪中叶自西亚、中东传入中国。

Islam first emerged on the Arabian Peninsula by Mecca, Muhammad, in the seventh century AD, and was introduced to China from West Asia and the Middle East in the middle of the seventh century.

基督教是对奉耶稣基督为救世主的各教派统称，亦称基督宗教。基督教与佛教、伊斯兰教并称三大宗教。

Christianity is the collective name for all denominations that hold Jesus Christ as the savior, also known as the Christian religion. Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam are called the three major religions.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 08:02, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

The spread of Buddhism throughout Asia can be roughly divided into two routes: southward to Sri Lanka first, and from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries. The northward spread to China via the Pamir Plateau, and then from China to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries.

2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the Party and the government in the new era, Taoism in China, in an unprecedented new atmosphere, has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.

3.伊斯兰教自创兴迄今已有1400多年的历史，它作为一种宗教信仰、意识形态和文化体系，传入世界各地后，与当地传统文化相互影响和融合，在不同历史条件下，对许多国家和民族的社会发展、政治结构、经济形态、文化风尚、伦理道德、生活方式等都发生了不同程度的影响。

Islam has a history of more than 1400 years since its inception. As a religious belief, ideology and cultural system, it has influenced and integrated with local traditional culture after it was introduced into various parts of the world. Under different historical conditions, it has influenced the social development, political structure, economic form, cultural fashion, ethics and morality, lifestyle of many countries and nationalities to varying degrees.

4.基督宗教各派都信奉耶稣基督为救主，都以《圣经》，又称《新旧约全书》为经典，其中《新约》各章节都相同，而《旧约》有所不同，东正教和天主教的内容比新教（基督教）要多几章。

All denominations of the Christian religion believe in Jesus Christ as their Savior, and all use the Bible, also known as the Old and New Testaments, as their classics, with all chapters of the New Testament being the same and the Old Testament being different as the Orthodox and Catholics having a few more chapters than the Protestants (Christianity).--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 10:09, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==
1.佛教产生于印度,最迟于东汉明帝时期传入内地。在魏晋南北朝时期快速发展,基于佛教思想意识体系完备,中国皇帝大力支持和寺院经济基础雄厚等原因,逐渐在中国广泛流传。

Buddhism grew out of India and was introduced to the mainland at least by the reign of the Ming emperor in the Eastern Han dynasty. In the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties, Buddhism developed rapidly and spread extensively and gradually in China due to complete Buddhist ideology systems, great support from Chinese emperors and strong economic fundamentals of temples.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 07:59, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Buddhism, emerging in India, was introduced to the mainland at least by the reign of the Ming emperor in the Eastern Han dynasty. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Southern and Northern dynasties, Buddhism developed rapidly. With complete Buddhist ideology systems, great support from Chinese emperors and strong economic fundamentals of temples, it began to spreading extensively in China at that time.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 10:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2.经过一千多年发展,道教已经形成了系统的养生理论与操作方法,得到社会的一定认可。在养生旅游蓬勃发展的今天,道教养生旅游成为养生旅游的重要形式之一,但就目前国内道教养生旅游开发来看,多处景区对道教养生文化资源的开发还有待深入,养生旅游产品特色不足。

After more than one thousand years of development, Taoism has formed its own systematic regiment and operational methods, which obtain certain approvals from the whole society. At present, with the booming development of wellness tourism, Taoism health tourism is one of the significant forms of health tourism. However, considering from the present development of domestic health tourism, many scenic spots still have a long way to go for developing Taoist health-keeping culture for lacking of characteristics of products.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 07:59, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

After more than one thousand years of development, Taoism has formed a system of health theory and operation methods, which has been recognized by the society. With the vigorous development of health tourism today, Taoist health tourism has become one of the important forms of health tourism. However, as far as the development of domestic Taoist health tourism is concerned, the tapping of Taoist health culture resources in many scenic spots remains to be deepened, and the characteristics of health tourism products are insufficient.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教自唐朝传入中国,到明清时完成了中国化进程,形成了回族这一特殊的民族。

Islam was introduced to China from the Tang dynasty and completed its process of Sinicization in the Ming and Qing dynasties, forming the Hui, such a special ethnic group.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 07:59, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4.在世界基督教的历史中,依托于欧洲文明的西方基督教成为基督教史的主流,具有同样深厚渊源的东方基督教却在历史长河中湮没不闻。

In the world history of Christianity, the western Christianity based on European civilizations has become the mainstream of the history of Christianity while the eastern Christianity possessing the same profound origin has disappeared in the history.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 07:58, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==

1.佛教于公元前6世纪至前5世纪，释迦牟尼创建于古印度，以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in ancient India between the 6th and 5th centuries B.C. It spread widely throughout Asia and the rest of the world, and had a significant impact on the socio-political and cultural life of many countries.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:05, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Buddhism was founded in ancient India from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC by Siddhartha Gautama. After that, it spread widely in Asia and all over the world, and had a significant impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:12, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教是一种多神教，沿袭了中国古代对于日月、星辰、河海山岳以及祖先亡灵都奉祖的信仰习惯，形成了一个包括天神、地祗和人鬼的复杂的神灵系统。

Taoism is a polytheistic religion, inheriting the ancient Chinese belief in the sun, moon, stars, rivers, oceans and mountains, as well as the spirits of ancestors and the dead, and has formed a complex system of gods and spirits, including the gods of heaven, earth, humans and ghosts.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:05, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from a mono-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world is the result of the spread of Islam in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:05, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Islam has developed from a regional single-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world. It is widely spread by Arab Islamic countries through continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and missions to the world. the result of.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:12, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教文化是一种以基督教为其存在基础和凝聚精神的文化形态，包括其崇拜上帝和耶稣基督的宗教信仰体系，以及相关的精神价值和道德伦理观念。

Christian culture is a cultural form that has Christianity as its foundation and unifying spirit, including its religious belief system of worshipping God and Jesus Christ, as well as the related spiritual values and moral and ethical concepts.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:05, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Christian culture is a cultural form that takes Christianity as its basis of existence and a cohesive spirit, including its religious belief system of worshiping God and Jesus Christ, as well as related spiritual values and moral and ethical concepts.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:12, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

The spread of Buddhism throughout Asia can be roughly divided into two routes: in the south to Sri Lanka first, and from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries. North spread through the Pamir plateau into China, and then from China into Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries.

The spread of Buddhism throughout Asia can be roughly divided into two routes: in the south to Sri Lanka first, and from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries. In the north way, it was spread through the Pamir plateau into China, and then from China into Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:40, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also known as the native religion. Taoism had a profound influence on the politics, economy and culture of ancient China and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam developed from a single ethnic religion in The Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the result of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.

4.到了476年，罗马帝国在内部的矛盾和外族的入侵下分裂为以意大利的罗马城为中心的西罗马和以君士坦丁堡为首都的东罗马。随着东西罗马的分裂，基督宗教也开始分裂为罗马天主教和东正教。

In 476, due to internal conflicts and foreign invasions, the Roman Empire was divided into two empires, the west and the east, Italy and Constantinople as the capital respectively. With the division, Christianity began to split into Roman Catholicism and the Orthodox Eastern Church.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 11:40, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==

1.藏传佛教法器类繁多，具有浓厚的神秘色彩。这些法器大体可以分为礼敬、称赞、供养、持验、护魔、劝导六大类。每件法器都有其不同的宗教含义，有的法器兼有数种用途。

There are many kinds of magical instruments in Tibetan Buddhism, which are full of mystery. These implements can be roughly divided into six categories: homage, praise, support, holding, magic protection, persuasion. Each has its own religious meaning, and some serve several purposes.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 10:21, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教文学艺术就是以宣传道教教义、神仙长生思想以及反映其宗教生活为题材的内容的各种形式的文学艺术作品。文学艺术可以扩大道教的社会影响，进而提高道教的宗教素质。反过来，道教的神仙信仰也给中国文学艺术的发展巨大的影响。

Taoist literature and art are all kinds of literature and art works with the theme of promoting Taoist Doctrine, immortal and longevity thought and reflecting religious life. Literature and art can enlarge the social influence of Taoism, and then improve the religious quality of Taoism. In turn, the immortal belief of Taoism also to the Chinese literature and art development profound influence.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 10:21, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.穆罕默德在早期的宣教中，告诫人们放弃多神信仰和偶像崇拜，宣称真主是宇宙万物的创造者，是唯一的主宰，要求人们信奉独一无二的真主。

In Muhammad's early preachings,he exhorted people to abandon polytheism and idolatry, declaring that God is the creator of all things in the universe and the only master, and asking people to believe in the one and only God.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 10:21, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.三位一体，基督教教义，谓上帝只有一个，但包括圣父、圣子耶稣基督和圣灵三个位格。三者虽位格有别，而本质绝无分别，同受钦崇，同享尊荣，同为永恒。三位一体把《圣经》中所记述的对上帝本性的认识的三个中心要素放在一起，即：神创造世界、神藉着耶稣基督救助人类、神藉着圣灵与基督徒和教会同在。

The Trinity, a Christian doctrine that there is only one God but includes the father, the son Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. Although the three positions are different, but there is no difference in nature. The Trinity brings together the three central elements of biblical knowledge of the nature of God: God’s creation of the world, God’s salvation through Jesus, and God’s presence with Christians and the church through the Holy Spirit.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 10:21, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.佛教经由两条路径传入中国，一支由古印度经西域传入中原地区，尔后传入朝鲜半岛、越南、日本等处，称北传佛教。另一支则由东南亚传至中国南方，为南传佛教，但其影响力不及于中原，因此并不被包括在汉传佛教中。

Buddhism was introduced into China through two routes, one was introduced into the Central Plains from ancient India via the Western Regions, and then into the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam, Japan and other places, called Northern Buddhism. The other one was spread from Southeast Asia to southern China as Southern Buddhism, but its influence was not as great as that of the Central Plains, so it was not included in Chinese Buddhism.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 12:28, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

Buddhism was introduced to China through two routes: one was from ancient India to the Central Plains via the Western region, and then to the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam, and Japan, called Northern Buddhism. The other one came from Southeast Asia to Southern China, called Southern Buddhism, but its influence was not as good as in the Central Plains, so it was not included in the Chinese Buddhism. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2.开光是道教特有的一种宗教科仪，道教认为凡是所塑的神像都要经过一道程序，即装藏。

Consecration is a religious ritual peculiar to Taoism. Taoism believes that all statues of gods must go through a process, which is to hide.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 12:28, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

Consecration (refers to invite benevolent spirit ) is a religious ritual unique to Taoism. Taoism believes that all statues of deities go through a process called ''zhuangzang'', which refers to a hole is left behind the statue and when consecrating, the monk will put scriptures, jewels, grains, and metal lungs and livers in and seal the hole. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3.“伊斯兰”系阿拉伯语音译，意为“顺从”、“和平”，指顺从和信仰创造宇宙的独一无二的主宰安拉及其意志，信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”，意为“顺从者”。

"Islam" is an Arabic transliteration, meaning "obedience" and "peace". It refers to obedience and belief in the unique ruler of Allah and its will that created the universe. People who believe in Islam are collectively referred to as "Muslims", meaning "submissive ".--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 12:28, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

"Islam" is a transliterated word of the Arabic, meaning "obedience" and "peace" which refers to obedience to and faith in Allah and his will, the unique master who created the universe. Those who believe in Islam are known as "Muslims", meaning "the obedient". --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

4.“基督”是希腊语的弥赛亚（救世主），当时在犹太人中传布着一种弥赛亚的预言，大致是说，犹太人将要出一个像古代名王大卫（公元前11世纪的一位犹太民族英雄，建立犹太王国，定都耶路撒冷）那样的民族救世主，实现“上帝的国”。

"Christ" is the Greek Messiah (Savior). At that time, a Messianic prophecy was preached among the Jews. It roughly means that the Jews will have a national savior like the ancient king David (a Jewish national hero in the 11th century BC who established the Jewish kingdom and set the capital in Jerusalem), and realize the "kingdom of God".--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 12:28, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

"Christ" is the Greek word for Messiah (Savior). At that time, there was a Messianic prophecy spreading among the Jews that the Jews would have a national savior like the ancient king David (a Jewish national hero of the 11th century BC who founded the Jewish kingdom and set its capital in Jerusalem),and realize the "Kingdom of God". --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

20201130 cult

2020-12-07T04:44:39Z

RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10: /* Rajabov, Anushervon */

==Alsied, Saffana==

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1 中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系

Traditional Chinese medicine carries the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people in fighting against diseases. It is a medical theory system that has been gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient materialism and spontaneous dialectics.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2 望、闻、问、切四诊各具有独特的作用，又都有局限性，不能互相替代。必须四诊并用才能全面收集辨证论治所需要的各方面资料。

The four diagnoses of observing, listening , inquiring, and feeling the patient’s pulse each have their own unique functions, but they all have their limitations and cannot be substituted for each other. The four diagnoses must be used together to comprehensively collect all aspects of data needed for syndrome differentiation and treatment.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3 针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段，是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture is a unique method of treating diseases in China. It uses the conduction of meridians and acupoints to treat systemic diseases.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4 周代已经使用望、闻、问、切等诊病方法。秦汉时期，形成了《黄帝内经》这样具有系统理论的著作，此书是现存最早的一部中医理论性经典著作。

The Zhou Dynasty has used the methods of diagnosis including observing,listening,inquiring and feeling the patient’s pulse. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a book with a systematic theory such as "The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon" was formed, which is the earliest existing theoretical classic of Chinese medicine.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1.气血津液都是机体腑脏、经络等组织器官进行生理活动所需要的能量，而气血津液又依赖于腑脏、经络等组织器官正常的生理活动。如果气血津液代谢不正常或腑脏、经络等组织器官不能进行正常的生理活动，就会引起疾病的发生。

Qi, blood and body fluid provide energy required for the body’s viscera, main and collateral channels, and other tissues and organs, and also depend on their normal physiological activities. If the metabolism of qi, blood and body fluid is abnormal or the viscera, main and collateral channels, and other tissues and organs cannot carry out normal physiological activities, it will cause diseases. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Qi, blood and body fluid provide energy required for the body issues such as viscera, main and collateral channels to engage in physiological activities, while the formers also depend on normal physiological activities of the latters. Any malfunction of them will cause diseases.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 05:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.简单来说，望诊包括一般望诊和舌诊两部分内容，一般望诊又包括望神察色，望形态、望五官等，舌诊包括望舌质望舌苔。

To put it simply, observing diagnosis includes two parts: general inspection and tongue inspection. General inspection includes observing appearance, body statue and movements, and five apertures. Tongue inspection consists of observing tongue body and tongue fur. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

In short, observing diagnosis includes general inspection and tongue inspection. The former includes observing appearance, body statue and movements, and five apertures. The latter consists of observing tongue body and tongue fur.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 05:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.我们将艾条的一端点燃后，距施灸部位皮肤约2-3厘米处进行熏灸，使患者局部产生温热感而无灼痛为宜，一般每穴施灸15分钟左右，以皮肤潮红为度。

We ignite one end of a moxa stick and place it 2 to 3 centimeters away from the specific point to bring a mild warmth to the local place. The patient do not have a burning sensation. It will last some 15 minutes until the skin turns slightly red. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

4.华佗五禽戏真实反映了中国人民群众健身文化的发展变迁，开创了祛病健身的体育医疗先河，展现了养生哲学和道家文化的深厚审美底蕴，具有重要的历史价值和养生医疗价值。

Five-Animal Exercises of Hua Tuo truly reflects the development and changes of Chinese people's fitness culture, leads the way in medical treatment through sports which helps to cure diseases and keep fit, and shows the profound aesthetic heritage of regimen philosophy and Taoist culture, thus it has important values in history, health preservation, medical treatment. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

1.中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。

Chinese medicine, complete with ancient people’s experience gained from fighting with ailments and theoretical knowledge, is a medical theory system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectics.

Chinese medicine embodies the experiences and theoretical knowledge which gained from ancient Chinese’ fightings with diseases. It’s a medical theoretical system which gradually formed and developed through long time medical practices under the guidance of ancient Naive Materialism and spontaneous dialectics.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.远古时代人们为了生存从生活经验中得知某些天然物质可以治疗疾病与伤痛，这是药物的源始。

In ancient times, people came to find that some natural substances could help to cure diseases and pains when striving to survive. This lies the origin of medicine.

In ancient times, in order to survive, people found out from their living experiences that some natural substances could cure diseases and relieved pains, which is the origin of medicine.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸可以纠正患者的异常食欲，通过对神经系统的调节，可以抑制胃酸分泌过多，达到不乏力、不饥饿的目的。

Acupuncture, by dint of adjusting the patient’s abnormal diet and nervous system, can restrain stomach from secreting excessive acid, thus achieving the purpose of not being fatigued and hungry.

Acupuncture, by dint of adjusting patients’ nervous system, can improve their appetite, and restrain stomach from secreting excessive acid, so as to not being tired and hungry.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4."神农尝百草……一日而遇七十毒"是流传下来最早的典故，真实地反映了人与自然、疾病斗争，逐步地发现和应用药物，积累医学经验的艰辛过程。

“Shen Nong tried hundreds of herbs and became poisoned for seventy times...” is the earliest allusion handed down. It truly reflects what a tough process people have experienced from fighting against nature and diseases to gradually discovering and applying medicines to eventually accumulating medical experience.

“ Shen Nong tried hundreds of herbs …and met many poisonous weeds within a day” is the earliest allusion handed down. It truly reflects the tough process that people fight against nature and diseases. People have accumulated medical experiences from gradually discovering to applying medicines.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1. The approaches that make up traditional Chinese medicine (such as acupuncture, tai chi, and herbal products) have been the subjects of many clinical studies and scientific reviews.
组成中药（如针灸，太极拳和草药产品）的方法已成为许多临床研究和科学评论的主题--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 09:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)。

中医的组成部分(如针灸、太极和草药)一直是许多临床研究和科学评论的主题。--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2. In Taoist thinking, the internal workings of the body were likened to phenomena seen in the natural world. Therefore, Chinese Medicine is often described in terms such as rivers, seas, fire, earth and wood.
在道家思想中，身体的内部运作被比作自然界中的现象。因此，经常用河流，海洋，火，泥土和木材等术语来描述中药。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 09:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

道家认为，身体内部的运作与自然界中的现象相似。所以中医往往是用江、海、火、土、木等术语来描述的。--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Results from a number of studies, however, suggest real acupuncture may help ease types of pain that are often chronic, such as low-back pain, neck pain, osteoarthritis/knee pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
然而，许多研究的结果表明，真正的针灸可以缓解通常为慢性的疼痛类型，例如腰背疼痛，颈部疼痛，骨关节炎/膝关节疼痛和腕管综合症。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 09:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

然而，许多研究结果表明，真正的针灸可能有助于缓解慢性疼痛类疾病，如腰痛、颈痛、骨关节炎或膝关节痛和腕管综合征。--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4. The history of Chinese medicine begins about the second century BC because there are no clear records of medical techniques that are older that. There exist written descriptions about disease from the Shang Dynasty era (1600-1046 BC), but there isn't a record of their medical techniques.
中医的历史大约始于公元前二世纪，因为尚无较早的医学技术记录。尚有关于商朝时期（公元前1600年至1046年）的疾病的书面描述，但没有关于其医疗技术的记录。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 09:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

中医的历史大约始于公元前二世纪，因为没有比这更为古老的明确的医学技术记录。商朝(公元前1600-1046年)就有关于疾病的文字描述了，然而并没有关于他们医疗技术的记录。--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1. 中医的阴阳说认为世上一切万物都是由阴阳两种互为补充的能量组成。阴阳说强调世间万物相互依存互相联系的关系。

TCM understands that everything is composed of two complementary energies; one energy is yin and the other is yang; one cannot exist without the other. This is the yin/yang principle of interconnectedness and interdependence.

2. 中药黄芩传统上用于治疗发烧,肝病和肺病.

The Chinese skullcap - known as Huang-Qin - is traditionally used for fever, liver and lung problems.

3. 研究发现，针灸可以极大地减少痛经的严重程度和持续时间。

Researchers have found that acupuncture can significantly reduce the severity and duration of period pain.

4. 自从“一带一路”倡议首次提出以来，中医药作为医疗行业不可或缺的一部分，不断挖掘发展的潜力，以推动其改革，从而更好地打入国际市场。

Since "The Belt and Road Initiative" proposed for the first time, as an indispensable part in medical industry, TCM has tapped the potential of development opportunity to boost its reform so as to better make inroads into the international market.
--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 06:39, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1.中医药与西医药优势互补，相互促进，共同维护和增进民众健康。

Traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine have their different strengths. They work together to protect people from diseases and improve public health.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:04, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.准确的诊断必须以四种诊断方法，即视诊、听嗅诊、问诊和触诊为基础。

An accurate diagnosis must be based on four diagnostic methods, namely observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:04, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸是一种有效的能够替代药物治疗抑郁症、吸毒、酗酒、吸烟和暴饮暴食以及其他成瘾行为的疗法。

Acupuncture is an effective alternative to drugs for the treatment of depression, drug and alcohol addiction, and other addictive behaviors such as smoking and overeating. --[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:04, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医药在历史发展进程中，兼容并蓄、创新开放、形成了独特的生命观、健康观、疾病观、防治观，实现了自然科学和人文科学的融合和统一,蕴含了中华民族深邃的哲学思想。

Traditional Chinese medicine has created unique views on life, on fitness, on diseases, and on the prevention and treatment of diseases during its long history of absorption and innovation. It represents a combination of natural sciences and humanities, embracing profound philosophical ideas of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:04, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1.中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有发展。

The traditional Chineses medicine originated in primitive society and formed basic theory in the Warring States period, later made progress in all ages.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 03:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

2.望闻问切是中医用语,望，指观气色；闻，指听声息；问；指询问症状；切；指摸脉象。合称四诊。

Four Diagnostic Methods like look, listen, ask and feel the pulse are the terms of Traditional Chinese medicine. Look is for facial complexion, and listen is for sound and breath,and ask is for symptom and the last is for pulse condition.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 03:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

3.2006年中国中医科学院申报针灸经国务院列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

In 2006, the acupuncture was declared by the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and approved by the State Counil to be listed as the first batch of intangible cultural heritage list.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 03:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

4.唐代孙思邈总结前人的理论并总结经验，收集5000多个药方，并采用辨证治疗，因医德最高，被人尊为“药王”。

Summarizing the theories of predecessors and their experience, the Su Simiao in Tang Dynasty collected more than 5000 prescriptions and adopted a dialectic therapy. He was famed as the "king of medicine" due to his highest medical ethics.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 03:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==

1、中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。

Chinese medicine carries the experience and theories of ancient Chinese people's fighting against diseases and is a medical theory system which was gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practices following the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectic thought.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2、中医药学是中华民族在生存与发展过程中与疾病作斗争的实践经验总结。在其形成和发展中受到中国传统文化的熏陶,与之紧密融合,形成了以中国传统文化为底蕴的独特的理论体系。

Chinese pharmacy is the summary of practices and expirence of Chinese people's fighting against diseases in the course of its existence and development. It formed a unique theory system based on Chinese traditional culture because it had been influenced by and closely integrated with Chinese traditional culture during its formation and development.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3、“家有三年艾，郎中不用来”。艾灸使用的艾草需要经过三年的陈干置放，调理效果才好，但是如果使用劣质艾条的话会直接损伤到健康。

"If you have a three-year-old wormwood, you can keep doctors away." The wormwood used in moxa-moxibustion need to be hanged in the dry air for three years and only in this way can it bring a good conditioning effect, but it will directly harm our health if we choose inferior wormwood.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4、“中药”一词，最早记载于《神农本草经》，将药物按有毒无毒分为上、中、下三品。

"Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic" is the earliest book which recorded the word "Chinese Medicine" and it classified medicine into top grade, middle grade and lower grade according to its toxicity.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Grosheva, Anna==
1.Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners use various mind and body practices (such as acupuncture and tai chi) as well as herbal products to address health problems.

中医从业人员运用各种身心方法（例如针灸和太极拳）以及草药来解决健康问题。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:27, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Early Chinese physicians had to depend on what they could see or feel like any sort of anatomical study or dissection was not widely practiced.

早期的中国医师不得不依靠自己能看到或感觉到的东西，因为没有进行任何形式的解剖学研究或解剖。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:27, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

3.Studies suggest that acupuncture stimulates the release of the body’s natural painkillers and affects areas in the brain involved in processing pain; however, some trials suggest that real acupuncture and sham acupuncture are equally effective, indicating a placebo effect.

研究表明，针灸刺激人体天然止痛药的释放，并影响大脑中涉及疼痛处理的区域；但是，一些试验表明，真正的针灸和假针灸是同等有效的，表明有安慰剂作用。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:27, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

研究表明，针灸刺激人体释放天然的止痛剂，并影响大脑中感知疼痛的区域；但是，一些试验表明，真正的针灸和假针灸具有同等功效，表现在都有安慰剂的效用。--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:54, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.The first clear medical treatise is the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. In the text, the use of moxibustion or acupuncture to manipulate the Yin and Yang are described in ways similar to that practiced nowadays.

第一个明确的医学论文是《黄帝内经》。在本文中，以类似于当今的方式描述了使用艾灸或针灸操纵阴阳的方法。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:27, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

《黄帝内经》是我国第一本医学专著，它描述了如何使用艾灸或针灸调理阴阳平衡，其方法跟现在使用的方法类似。--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

1.中医起源于6000多年前的神农氏时代，这位著名的中国古代药王所生活的时代被认为是中医史上的萌芽阶段。中医学在长期的发展过程中，逐渐形成了一整套医学原则和观点。首先，中医认为“万物人为贵”。中医将“救死扶伤”视为职业道德规范。第二，中医注重无病防病，强调以食补来延缓衰老，减少疾病。第三，中医理论认为，社会环境与自然环境相互作用、互为依存，人的身心也是一种相互作用、互为依存的关系。

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) originated from Shennong, the famous king of medicine in ancient China who lived about 6000 years ago. The time Shennong lived is considered to be the embryo stage of the development of TCM. During its long process of development, TCM has gradually developed a set of medical principles and concepts. First, it believes that “nothing is more important than a human life”. It regards “healing the wounded and rescuing the dying” as its professional ethics. Second, it pays attention to the early prevention of diseases, advocating the food treatment to defer senility and reduce diseases. Third, in the TCM theory, the relationship between social and natural environment, as well as the relationship between human body and spirit, is of mutual influence and interdependence.

2.针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)。In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM，the purpose of acupuncture is to unchoke the channel so as to keep the body‘s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features internal diseases being treated with external therapies.With its unique advantages，acupuncture has been passed down over generationsand has now spread over the world.Nowadays， acupuncture，along with Chinese food，kung fu，and traditional Chinese medicine，has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national essences.”

3.秦汉时期（前221—公元220）的中医典籍《黄帝内经》，系统论述了人的生理、病理、疾病以及“治未病”和疾病治疗的原则及方法，确立了中医学的思维模式，标志着从单纯的临床经验积累发展到了系统理论总结阶段，形成了中医药理论体系框架。

The Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) compiled during the Qin and Han times (221 BC-AD 220) offered systematic discourses on human physiology, on pathology, on the symptoms of illness, on preventative treatment, and on the principles and methods of treatment. This book defined the framework of TCM, thus serving as a landmark in TCM's development and symbolizing the transformation from the accumulation of clinical experience to the systematic summation of theories. A theoretical framework for TCM had been in place.

4.在数千年的发展过程中，中医药不断吸收和融合各个时期先进的科学技术和人文思想，不断创新发展，理论体系日趋完善，技术方法更加丰富，形成了鲜明的特点。

During its course of development spanning a couple of millennia, TCM has kept drawing and assimilating advanced elements of natural science and humanities. Through many innovations, its theoretical base covered more ground and its remedies against various diseases expanded, displaying unique characteristics.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:42, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

==Guo Lu 郭露==

1. 简而言之，中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

In short, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to substances that are used for prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases and have functions of rehabilitation and health care under the guidance of TCM theories.

In short, Chinese medicine refers to substances that are used to prevent, treat, and diagnose diseases under the guidance of Chinese medicine theory and have the functions of rehabilitation and health care.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:29, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 药理学是基础医学与临床医学，医学与药学之间的桥梁学科。在药理学科学的理论指导下进行临床实践，在实验研究的基础上丰富药理学理论。

Pharmacology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, medicine and pharmacy. To carry out clinical practice under the guidance of the theory of pharmacology and enrich the theory of pharmacology on the basis of experimental research.

Pharmacology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, medicine and pharmacy. Clinical practice is carried out under the guidance of pharmacology theory, which has been enriched through experimental research.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 12:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

3. 针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that the treatment is not taking medicine, but a certain part of the patient's body is penetrated by acupuncture to reach the stinging nerve and cause the local reaction, or the warm stimulation of fire is used to cauterize the local part, so as to achieve the purpose of treating the disease. The former is called acupuncture and moxibustion, and the latter is called moxibustion.

The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that the treatment has nothing to do with taking medicine,what needs to be done is pricking with needles in certain parts of the patient’s body to stimulate the nerve and cause local reaction, or burns the local part with the warm stimulation of fire,so as to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. The former is called acupuncture and moxibustion, and the latter is called moxibustion.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 12:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

4. 中药是中华民族五千年传统文化的瑰宝，是千百年医疗实践得出的结晶，也是世界优秀文化的精华。我国中药产业经过几十年的发展，已具有了一定的规模和研发能力，在中药材、中药饮片和剂型等方面取得了一定的成绩。同时中药产业由于自身的快速增长，加之有力的政策扶植，及城市化进程的加快都将进一步促进我国中药事业的发展，中药发展将进入一个新的时期。

Traditional Chinese medicine is the treasure of the traditional culture of 5000 years of Chinese nation, is thousands of years of medical practice that crystallization, is also the world 's outstanding culture essence. Traditional Chinese medicine industry after decades of development, already has a certain scale and R&D capability, in Chinese herbal medicines, Chinese herbal pieces and dosage form has made some achievements. At the same time, Chinese traditional medicine the industry due to its rapid growth, coupled with the strong policy support, and the city changes a course accelerate, will further promote the development of the cause of Chinese medicine,
Chinese medicine development will enter a new period.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 06:59, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

1. In short, traditional Chinese medicine refers to substances used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis of diseases, which are able to rehabilitate and care the body under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theories.

2. Pharmacology is a subject that bridges basic medicine and clinical medicine and between medicine and pharmacy. Clinical practice is guided by the theories of pharmacological sciences, and pharmacological theories are enriched on the basis of experimental research.

3. Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is characterized by the fact that the treatment does not rely on medicine, but only pricks with needles in certain parts of the patient’s body to stimulate the nerve and cause local reaction, or burns the local area with the warm stimulation of fire, so as to cure the disease. The former method is called acupuncture, and the latter is moxibustion, collectively known as acupuncture and moxibustion therapy.

4. Chinese medicine is the treasure of 5,000 years of Chinese traditional culture, the crystallization of thousands of years of medical practice, while the essence of the world’s excellent culture. After decades of development, China’ s TCM industry has reached a certain scale and R&D capability, and has made certain achievements in Chinese herbal medicines, Chinese herbal Yinpian and dosage forms, etc. At the same time, due to the rapid growth of the Chinese medicine industry, strong policies and the accelerating process of urbanization, the development of Chinese medicine will further be promoted, entering a new period.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 12:25, 2 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

1. A rich treasure house created by ancient Chinese people in their long years of struggle against diseases, traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology forms an independent school within the healing arts.

中国古代人民在与疾病，传统医学和药理学的长期抗争中建立了一座丰富的宝库，构成了康复艺术领域的一所独立学校。

在与疾病的长期斗争中，中国古代人民在传统医学和药理学成就颇丰，建立了康复领域一个独立的流派。--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 01:00, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Chinese medicine is concerned with the general physiological changes which may have brought about the condition and, beyond operating or applying some form of therapy, seeks to improve the patient’s ability to resist the disease.

中医关注可能引起疾病的一般生理变化，除了进行手术或采取某种形式的治疗外，中药还致力于提高患者抵抗疾病的能力。

3. Since the establishment of New China, the Chinese government has made great efforts to promote the development of natural medicines, which are believed to have minor or no side-effects.

新中国成立以来，中国政府为促进天然药物的发展做出了巨大的努力，人们认为天然药物的副作用很小或没有副作用。

新中国成立以来，中国政府为促进天然药物的发展做出了巨大的努力，人们认为其的副作用很小或没有副作用。--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 01:00, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

4. Acupuncture and moxibustion are important components of Chinese traditional medicine. The historical development of the two therapies shows Chinese people’s wisdom and creativity.

针灸是中药的重要组成部分。两种疗法的历史发展表明了中国人民的智慧和创造力。--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 17:08, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

针灸是中药的重要组成部分，这两种疗法的历史发展展现了中国人民的智慧和创造力。--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 01:00, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==He Changqi 何长琦==
1.中医药在历史发展进程中，兼容并蓄、创新开放，形成了独特的生命观、健康观、疾病观、防治观，实现了自然科学与人文科学的融合和统一，蕴含了中华民族深邃的哲学思想。
TCM has created unique views on life, on fitness, on diseases and on the prevention and treatment of diseases during its long history of absorption and innovation. It represents a combination of natural sciences and humanities, embracing profound philosophical ideas of the Chinese nation.

2.保健灸法是中国独特的养生方法之一，不仅可用于强身保健，也可用于久病体虚之人的康复。所谓保健灸法，就是在身体某些特定穴位上施灸，以达到和气血、调经络、养脏腑、延年益寿的目的。

Health moxibustion is one of the unique health methods in China, which can be used not only for strengthening the body, but also for the rehabilitation of people who are chronically ill and deficient. Moxibustion is a method of applying moxibustion to certain specific points on the body in order to harmonise Qi and blood, regulate the meridians, nourish the internal organs and prolong life.

3.《本草纲目》是一部集十六世纪以前中国本草学大成的著作。是中国古代药学史上部头最大、内容最丰富的药学著作。

The Compendium of Materia Medica is a collection of the major achievements of Chinese herbology before the 16th century. It is the largest and richest pharmacological work in the history of ancient Chinese medicine.

4.唐代孙思邈总结前人的理论并总结经验，采集5000多个药方，且使用辨证治疗的方法。During the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao summarised the theories and experiences of his predecessors, collected more than 5,000 prescriptions, and used methods of treatment based on the identification of evidence.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:03, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==
1. 中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in the primitive society. The theory of traditional Chinese medicine has been basically formed in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. In addition, it has a far-reaching impact on the countries in the Chinese character cultural circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and Vietnam east medicine, which are all developed on the basis of traditional Chinese medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in primitive society. The theory of traditional Chinese medicine has been basically formed during the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. In addition, it has a far-reaching impact on the countries in the Chinese character cultural circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and Vietnam east medicine, all of which are all developed on the basis of traditional Chinese medicine.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 08:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 问诊是指中医采用对话方式，向病人及其知情者查询疾病的发生、发展情况和现在症状、治疗经过等，以诊断疾病的方法。

Diagnosis refers to the way that TCM uses dialogue to inquire about the occurrence, development, current symptoms and treatment process of the disease from patients and their insiders, so as to diagnose the disease.

Diagnosis through inquiry refers to the way that TCM uses dialogue to inquire about the occurrence, development, current symptoms and treatment process of the disease from patients and their insiders, so as to diagnose the disease. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:22, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture and moxibustion is a unique method of treating diseases in China. It is a kind of internal disease and external treatment. Acupoints, as well as the application of acupoints, are used to treat diseases.

Acupuncture is a unique method of treating diseases in China. It is a kind of method to treat an internal illness by external treatment. It treats systemic diseases through the transmission between meridians and acupuncture points and the application of certain manipulation methods. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:22, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 中医药学是中国古代科学的瑰宝，发展千年，留下了许多精华，近年来国家也越来越重视传统中医的发展，建立健全中医药规律的治理体系，深入实施中医药法，把中医药财富继承好、发展好、创新好、利用好。

Chinese medicine is a gem of China's ancient science. It has left many essences in the development of the millennium. In recent years, the state has paid more and more attention to the development of traditional Chinese medicine, established and improved the governing system of Chinese medicine, implemented the Chinese medicine law in depth, inherited, developed, innovating, and made good use of the wealth of Chinese medicine.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 09:44, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==

1. 中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为中华的繁荣昌盛做出了极大的贡献。如今，中医和西医都被世界各地的医生用来治疗疾病。中医，以其独特的诊断手法、悠久的历史和显著的疗效被用来医治各种癌症和重大疾病。中药不像西药那样会产生许多副作用。

1. Traditional Chinese Medicine is an indispensable part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Nowadays, both Traditional Chinese Medicine and western medicine are being used to cure people all around the world. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, have been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases. Unlike the western medicine, the TCM has fewer side effects.

1. As an indispensable part of Chinese culture, Traditional Chinese Medicine has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Nowadays, both Traditional Chinese Medicine and western medicine are being used for treatment all around the world. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, has been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases. Unlike the western medicine, the TCM has fewer side effects.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:34, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 在诊断方面，中医以四诊（望、闻、问、切）为技术原则，八纲辨证为指导总纲并把脏腑辨证、六经辨证、卫气营血辨证作为其辨证论治的基础。

2. In diagnosis, TCM takes the four diagnostic methods (inspection, inquiry, listening, smelling and palpitation) as its principal techniques,eight principal syndromes as its general guideline, and differentiation of syndrome according to the zang-fu theory, differentiation of syndromes according to the six-meridian theory, and differentiation of syndromes according to the theory of wei,qi, ying and xue as its basic theories of the differentiation of syndromes.

3. 针灸是治疗多种疾病的两种不同的治疗方法。针灸通过用不同类型的针穿刺身体的穴位来治疗疾病，而艾灸将点燃的木柴产生的热量施加在身体的某些穴位上。

3. Acupuncture and moxibustion are 2 distinct therapeutic approaches for curing a variety of diseases. Acupunture treats diseases by puncturing points of the body with different types of needles while moxibustion applies heat produced by ignited moxawood over certain points of the body.

4. 在中国，中药由国家中医药管理局管理。中医及其发展是有规律的。国家战略、法律和中医药法规已经到位，以指导和促进这一有前途的行业的研究和发展。

4. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. TCM and its development are regulated. National strategies, law and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 07:33, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

In China, TCM( Traditional Chinese Medicine ) is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. TCM and its development have their own rules. National strategies, law and regulations all have been in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in primitive society, basically during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. In addition, it has exerted profound influence on the countries of the Chinese character culture circle, and Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and Vietnamese medicine are all developed on the basis of Chinese medicine.

中医药事业是我国医药卫生事业的重要组成部分。国家大力发展中医药事业，实行中西医并重的方针，建立符合中医药特点的管理制度，充分发挥中医药在我国医药卫生事业中的作用。

Traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in China's medical and health services. China has vigorously developed traditional Chinese medicine, implemented the policy of equal emphasis on Chinese and Western medicine to establish management system that is in accordance with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, giving full play to the role of traditional Chinese medicine in medical and health services.

针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture is a unique method of curing patients in China, which focuses on kind of "treatment of internal disease and external treatment". Through the conduction of meridians and acupoints, as well as the application of certain manipulation methods, it treats systemic diseases.

李时珍念《本草》一书历代注解者谬误亦多，遂考古证今，辨疑订误，广采博收群书，在宋代唐慎微《经史证类备急本草》基础上编成《本草纲目》。

Li Shizhen read the book "The Herbal Medicine of Shennong" , and recognized that there are many mistakes in the commentator. By wildly searching and reading the ancient books, he solved doubts, corrected errors, and eventually compiled the "Compendium of Materia Medica" on the basis of Tang Shenwei in Song Dynasty ".--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 00:18, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==
1.中医是基于阴和阳的一套传统医疗体系，包括针灸治疗以及以动物和植物为来源的一系列药物治疗。

Chinese medicine refers to a traditional system of medical treatment based on the principles of Yin and Yang, involving such treatments as acupuncture and the use of a range of drugs derived from animal and vegetable sources.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:52, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.仅仅50毫克的咖啡因就能产生药理效果。

As little as 50 mg of caffeine can produce pharmacological effects.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:52, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸是针法和灸法的总称，是东方医学的重要组成部分，有着悠久的历史。人们利用金属针具或艾炷、艾卷，在人体特定的部位进针施灸，用以治疗疾病，解除病痛，并由此创立了独具特色的人体经络腧穴理论，在形成、应用和发展的过程中，具有鲜明的中华民族文化与地域特征。针灸于2006年经国务院列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

Acupuncture is a general term for acupuncture and moxibustion. It is an important and long-standing part of eastern medicine. People employ metal needles, moxa cones and moxa rolls on specific parts of human body to cure diseases and relieve ailments, and thus established the unique theory of meridians and acupoints, which has distinct Chinese cultural and regional characteristics in the process of formation, application and development. And acupuncture and moxibustion was listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage by The State Council in 2006.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:52, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医药反映了中华民族对生命、健康和疾病的认识，具有悠久的历史传统和独特的理论及技术方法，凝聚着中国人民和中华民族的博大智慧。
Chinese medicine reflects the Chinese nation's understanding of life, health and disease. It has a long history and tradition, unique theories and technical methods, embodying the broad wisdom of the Chinese people and nation.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:52, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==

1. 天山雪莲生长于天山山脉海拔4000米左右的悬崖陡壁之上、冰渍岩缝之中；那里气候奇寒、终年积雪不化，一般植物根本无法生存，而雪莲却能在零下几十度的严寒中和空气稀薄的缺氧环境中傲霜斗雪、顽强生长。这种独有的生存习性和独特的生长环境使其天然而稀有，并造就了它独特的药理作用和神奇的药用价值，人们奉雪莲为“百草之王”、“药中极品”。

Saussurea involucrata grows on the steep cliffs and ice crevices at an altitude of about 4,000 meters in Tianshan Mountains. There, the climate is extremely cold and snow does not melt all the year round, where ordinary plants can't survive at all, while Saussurea involucrata can grow tenaciously in the cold of tens of degrees below zero and the oxygen-deficient environment. This unique living habit and unique growing environment make it natural and rare, thus bestowing it with unique pharmacological and medicinal value. People regard Saussurea involucrata as "the king of herbs" and "the best medicine".--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 党参为中国常用的传统补益药，古代以山西上党地区出产的党参为上品.党参有增强免疫力、扩张血管、降压、改善微循环、增强造血功能等作用。此外对化疗放疗引起的白细胞下降有提升作用。

Codonopsis pilosula is a traditional tonic commonly used in China. In ancient times, Codonopsis pilosula produced in Shangdang area of Shanxi Province was the top grade. Codonopsis pilosula has the functions of enhancing immunity, dilating blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, improving microcirculation and enhancing hematopoietic function. In addition, it can improve the leukopenia caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 艾灸对人体局部的温热刺激，能增强局部血液循环和淋巴循环，皮肤组织的代谢能力也会得到加强，炎症、粘连、渗出物、血肿等病理产物同时能得到很好的消散。

Moxibustion can enhance local blood circulation and lymphatic circulation, enhance metabolism of skin tissue, and dissipate pathological products such as inflammation, adhesion, exudate and hematoma.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Moxibustion can bring local warmth of the human body, which can enhance local blood circulation and lymphatic circulation, and the metabolism of skin tissues will be improved. Pathological products such as inflammation, adhesions, exudates, hematoma, etc. can also be well alleviated. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:33, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 饺子起源于东汉时期，为东汉河南邓州人张仲景首创。当时饺子是药用，张仲景用面皮包上一些祛寒的药材用来治病(羊肉、胡椒等)，避免病人耳朵上生冻疮。

Dumplings originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty and were initiated by Zhang Zhongjing, a native of Dengzhou, Henan Province in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, dumplings were used for medicinal purposes. Zhang Zhongjing wrapped some cold-dispelling medicinal materials in his dough to treat diseases (mutton, pepper, etc.), so as to avoid frostbite on his ears.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Dumplings originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty and were first created by Zhang Zhongjing, a native of Dengzhou, Henan Province. At that time, dumplings were used for medicinal purposes. Zhang Zhongjing wrapped some cold-dispelling medicinal materials in dough to treat diseases (mutton, pepper, etc.) to prevent frostbite on the ears of patients. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:33, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

1.说起中医文化，不得不从中华文化说起，我们知道中华文明已有上下五千年的沉淀，五千年虽然经历了风风雨雨，但其主线却从未动摇！

We know that Chinese civilization has been in existence for 5,000 years, and although it has experienced ups and downs in the past 5,000 years, its main thread has never wavered!

2.中医针灸在2010年入选"非遗"名录,是历史性的一刻,也是中医针灸走向世界的重要举措。中医针灸至今为止已有5 000多年历史,为中华民族健康事业做出了巨大的贡献。

The inclusion of TCM and acupuncture in the "Non-heritage" list in 2010 is a historic moment and an important step for TCM and acupuncture to go global. TCM acupuncture has a history of over 5,000 years and has made great contributions to the health of the Chinese people.
--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 19:08, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.中医诊断学，是历代医家临床诊病经验的积累，它的理论和方法起源很早。公元前五世纪著名医家扁鹊就以“切脉、望色、听声、写（犹审）形”等为人诊病。

TCM diagnostics is the accumulation of clinical experience of medical practitioners over the ages, and its theories and methods originated very early. In the fifth century B.C., magpie, a famous doctor, diagnosed people's illnesses by "cutting the pulse, looking at colors, listening to sounds and writing (Judgment)".

4.张仲景的著述除《伤寒杂病论》外，还有《辨伤寒》十卷、《评病药方》一卷、《疗妇人方》二卷、《五藏论》一卷、《口齿论》一卷，可惜都早已散失不存。然而仅此一部《伤寒杂病论》的杰出贡献，也足以使张仲景成为海内外景仰的世界医学伟人。

In addition to the Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of Typhoid Fever, Zhang Zhongjing's writings included ten volumes of the Treatise on the Identification of Typhoid Fever, one volume of the Treatise on Medical Formulas, two volumes of the Treatise on the Treatment of Women, one volume of the Treatise on Five Treasures, and one volume of the Treatise on Mouth and Teeth, all of which, unfortunately, have long been lost. However, the outstanding contribution of the "Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of Typhoid Fever" alone was enough to make Zhang Zhongjing a great medical figure admired at home and abroad.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 19:17, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

1、有些人认为中药越贵越补，常不惜花高价买鹿茸、人参之类的中药，其实进补功效未必就好。“缺什么，补什么”是进补的基本原则，中药不应以售价的贵贱来分功效的高低，关键是根据自身体质来选择相应补品。

Some people think that the more expensive traditional Chinese medicine is, the more healthy it is. They are often willing to pay a high price for traditional Chinese medicine such as deer antler and ginseng, but the effect of tonic is not necessarily good. The basic principle of tonic is "fill what you lack". Traditional Chinese medicine should not be graded according to its high or low price. The key is to choose the corresponding tonic according to your physical condition.

2、滑脉脉象跳动有力，因为怀孕后孕妇体内的血流量比平常增加20%以上，因此脉搏的跳动会比普通人的有力，这是最明显的区别，因此怀孕的脉象通常是滑脉。

The strong beating pulse is the most obvious difference because the blood flow in a pregnant woman's body increases by more than 20% compared to normal, so the pulse will beat more forcefully than that of an average person.

3、针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

The characteristic of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is that it does not rely on medicine to cure the disease, but only pricks the patient with needles in certain parts of the body to prick the nerves and cause local reaction, or burns the local area with the warm stimulation of fire to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. The first one is called acupuncture, and the second one is called moxibustion, collectively known as acupuncture therapy.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 15:29, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1.中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。中药主要来源于天然药及其加工品，包括植物药、动物药、矿物药及部分化学、生物制品类药物。

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to the substances used in the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases under the guidance of TCM theory, and has the function of rehabilitation and health care. Traditional Chinese medicine mainly comes from natural medicine and its processed products, including plant medicine, animal medicine, mineral medicine and some chemical and biological products. --[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:07, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to the substances used in the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases under the guidance of TCM theory, and has the function of rehabilitation and health care. Traditional Chinese medicine mainly comes from crude drug and its processed products, including plant medicine, animal medicine, mineral medicine and some chemical and biological medicine.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:07, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗疾病。

Acupuncture and moxibustion is a unique method of treating diseases in China，which is through the conduction of meridians and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operation, to treat diseases.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:07, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Acupuncture and moxibustion is a unique method of treating diseases in China，which is through the conduction of meridians and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operations.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:56, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Acupuncture is a unique method of treating diseases in China，which cures diseases through the conduction of meridians and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operation.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:07, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.中医诊断学是在中医基础理论指导下，研究如何诊察病情、辨别病证一门学科。

Under the guidance of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine is a basic theory of how to diagnose and identify diseases and syndromes.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:07, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Under the guidance of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine is a discipline of studying how to diagnose and identify diseases and syndromes.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:07, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.扁鹊是一位能兼治各科疾病的多面手，扁鹊还能根据当地的需要，开展医疗活动。据记载，扁鹊还精于外科手术，而且应用了药物麻醉来进行手术。

Bian Que is a versatile person who can treat all kinds of diseases. He can carry out medical activities according to local needs. According to records, Bian Que is also good at surgery, and used drug anesthesia to carry out surgery.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:07, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Bian Que was a versatile doctor who can cure various diseases. He carried out medical activities according to local needs. According to the records, Bian Que was also good at surgery, and used drug anesthesia to take surgery.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:07, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==
1. 中医可能不像西医那样有完整的、逻辑性很强的理论，有些方面要凭经验。中医的治疗手段建立在对病人全身的功能性分析基础上，应用药物和其他治疗手段来激发身体的自愈功能。在当今社会，在保持中医传统优势的基础上，使其规范化、科学化，必将促进现代中医的发展。

Traditional Chinese medicine, having no integrated and logical theory like that of western medicine, relies heavily on experience. TCM treatments are based on functional analysis of the patient’s entire body, and leverage the body’s self-healing abilities along with drugs and other medications. Today, on the basis of the traditional predomination, standardization of combination of TCM and Western medicine in recipe construction of TCM might promote the modernization of it. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:05, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 药理学是研究药物与机体间相互作用规律及其药物作用机制的一门科学，主要包括药效动力和药代动力两个方面。近年来逐渐发展而设立起来的临床药理学是以临床病人为研究和服务对象的应用科学，其任务是将药理学基本理论转化为临床用药技术。

Pharmacology is a science that studies the law of interaction between drugs and the body and the mechanism of drug effects, mainly including pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Clinical pharmacology, which has witnessed development in recent years, is an applied science that serves clinical patients. Its task is to transform the basic theories of pharmacology into clinical medication technology. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:05, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 针灸是一种有效的能够替代药物治疗抑郁症、吸毒、酗酒、吸烟和暴饮暴食以及其他成瘾行为的疗法。

Acupuncture is an effective alternative to drugs for the treatment of depression, drug and alcohol addiction, and other addictive behaviors such as smoking and overeating. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:05, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 中医是以阴阳五行学说为其基本理论，更注重人与自然界的关系，有着独特的理念和诊病治病方法。中医是我国优秀的民族文化遗产，它记录着中国人民几千年来同疾病作斗争的丰富经验和理论知识。

Based on the theory of Ying-yang and Five Elements, Chinese medicine pays more attention to the relationship between human and nature. It has unique concepts and methods of diagnosis and treatment. Chinese medicine is an excellent national cultural heritage in China. It records the rich experience and theoretical knowledge of the Chinese people in fighting against diseases for thousands of years. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:05, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.新冠肺炎疫情中，中医药在救治工作中发挥了更加重要、更为广泛的作用。强化中西医结合、中医深度介入诊疗过程，成为医疗救治的鲜明特点，中医药在全国各地新冠肺炎防治中的价值被极大地肯定。

Traditional Chinese medicine has played a more important and more extensive role in the treatment of COVID-19.Medical treatment is characterized distinctively by the emphasis on the comnbination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine and in-depth involvement of traditional Chinese medicine in the process of diagnosis and treatment.The value of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 has been widely recognized.

2.人们生活水平的提高要求更多更好的新药，药物科学的发展为新药开发提供了理论基础和技术条件，市场经济竞争也促进了新药快速发展。

People demand more better new drugs because of the improvement of living standards.The development of pharmaceutical science provides theoretical basis and technical conditions for the development of new drugs and the competition in the market economy also promotes the rapid development of new drugs.

The improvement of people's living standard requires more and better new drugs, the development of drug science provides the theoretical basis and technical conditions for the development of new drugs, and the market economy competition also promotes the rapid development of new drugs.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 08:15, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.中国有句老话叫“吃水不忘挖井人”，在记住我们的祖先发明了针灸术、创造了中华民族的健康和昌盛的同时，还应记住诸多为针灸西进而做过贡献的中外医生和科学家、社会活动家和患者们，同时也不要忘记美国记者罗斯顿和他30年前发表在纽约时报上的《北京之行》。

There is an old saying in China which goes "When you drink water,think of those who dug the well."While we bear in mind that our ancestors invented acupuncture and moxibustion and created the health and prosperity of the Chinese nation,we should also keep in mind so many Chinese and foreign doctors,scientists,social activists and patients who have contributed to the westward spread of acupuncture and moxibustion,and the American journalist Reston and his article ''The Trip To Beijing'' published in the New York Times 30 yeas ago.

4.《伤寒杂病论》奠定了张仲景在中医史上的重要地位，并且随着时间的推移，这部专著的科学价值越来越显露出来，成为后世从医者人人必读的重要医籍。

''On Typhoid and Other Diseases'' has built up Zhang Zhongjing's important position in the history of traditional Chinese medicine.As time goes by,its scientific value becomes increasingly apparent and it has been a significant book that every medical practitioner in later generations should read.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 00:56, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、中药剂量是指临床应用时的分量。它主要指明了每味药的成人一日量。中药绝大多数来源于生药，安全剂量幅度较大，用量不像化学药品那样严格，但用量得当与否，也是直接影响药效的发挥、临床效果好坏的重要因素之一。

The herbal dose is the amount of the medicine to be used clinically. It mainly indicates the adult daily dose of each medicine. The vast majority of Chinese medicines are derived from raw materials, and the safe dosage range is large, the dosage is not as strict as that of chemicals, but the proper dosage is also one of the important factors that directly affect the efficacy and clinical results.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:33, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2、药理学是基础医学与临床医学，医学与药学之间的桥梁学科。在药理学科学的理论指导下进行临床实践，在实验研究的基础上丰富药理学理论。药物的研究和应用除了要尊重科学规律，还要依照法律、法规和相关指导原则的规定，以保障人们的生命健康。

Pharmacology is a discipline that bridges the gap between basic medicine and clinical medicine, between medicine and pharmacy. Clinical practice is guided by the scientific theories of pharmacology, and the theories of pharmacology are enriched on the basis of experimental research. The research and application of drugs should not only respect scientific laws, but also comply with laws, regulations and relevant guidelines to protect people's life and health.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:33, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3、当前减肥方法很多，但针灸减肥有独特的疗效，即安全方便，又无不良反应。针灸减肥不同于药物减肥等，药物作用通常有一定的期限，而针灸减肥是通过调整患者内在功能而发挥内因作用，所以一般不会在针灸减肥治疗停止后很快又发胖。也就是说，针灸减肥一般不反弹。

There are many current weight loss methods, but acupuncture has a unique therapeutic effect that is safe, convenient and without adverse reactions. Acupuncture is different from drugs in that the effects of drugs usually have a certain time limit, but acupuncture plays an internal role by adjusting the patient's internal function, so the patient usually does not gain weight again soon after acupuncture treatment stops. In other words, acupuncture for weight loss generally does not bounce back.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:33, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4、中医药作为我国独特的卫生资源、潜力巨大的经济资源、具有原创优势的科技资源、优秀的文化资源和重要的生态资源，在经济社会发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。认真贯彻落实党中央、国务院发展中医药的方针政策，推进中医药振兴发展，更好地为建设健康中国服务，为全面建成小康社会服务。

As China's unique health resources, economic resources with great potential, scientific and technological resources with original advantages, excellent cultural resources and important ecological resources, Chinese medicine is playing an increasingly important role in economic and social development. We will conscientiously implement the guidelines and policies of the Central Committee of the Party and the State Council on the development of Chinese medicine, promote the revitalization and development of Chinese medicine, and better serve the building of a healthy China and the building of a well-off society in an all-round way.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:33, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
1. 目前，国家药监局与国家中医药管理局紧密携手，正在加快清肺排毒汤等有效抗疫方药成果转化，开启中药经典名方由“方”到“药”的新路径。
The SFDA is working hand in hand with the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine to advance the transformation of anti-epidemic prescriptions, such as Lung Clearing Soup, to make a breakthrough from "prescription" to "medicine" in classical Chinese medicine prescriptions.

2.问诊应有目的地重点探问，围绕患者主诉，突出的主要症状、体征，深入查询其特点，及可能发生的兼症，了解病情发展及诊治经过，以提高判断的准确性。
Diagnosis require doctors inquiring with certain purpose, focusing on the main complaint of the patient from the main symptoms and signs, in-depth research of its characteristics, possible complications to the development of the disease and the history of diagnosis and treatment to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.

3.拔火罐既然是一种专业的治疗手段，拔火罐当然并不简单，如果不管三七二十一就自行在家拔火罐，容易造成危险，生活中并不乏拔火罐时出现意外的事件。如果乱施穴道，有时还会适得其反。
Moxibustion, as a professional treatment, is far from easy. If you do it at home without guidance, danger will be around the corner. There is no lack of accidents from that in life. If acupuncture points are used indiscriminately, sometimes it will backfire.

4.随着17—18世纪我国西学东渐速度的加快，西方医药输入日益增多。由于中西药之间有明显的差异，为便于区分，人们逐渐把中国传统药物称为“中药”。
With the acceleration of Western Learning from the 17th to the 18th centuries in China, the import of western medicine increased gradually. Given the obvious differences between Chinese and Western medicines, people gradually refer to traditional Chinese medicines as "Chinese medicines" for discrimination.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 02:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Liu Yiyu

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==
1 受传统中医疗法的启发，1969年，在中国军方的一个项目中，屠呦呦发现了青蒿素，这种药物现在是治疗疟疾的主要药物。她说，这一荣誉“表明中医药已经引起了国际学术界的关注”。
Inspired by a classical traditional Chinese medicinal treatment, Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin, a drug that’s now the primary treatment against malaria, during a project for the Chinese military in 1969. She said the honor “shows that traditional Chinese medicine has drawn the attention of the international academia”.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:25, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

2 对于吃野生动物肉类容易染上疾病这件事，早在四五百年前的明代就已经被著名的医学家李时珍详细记载于《本草纲目》之中。
As early as four or five hundred years ago in the Ming Dynasty, the famous medical scientist Li Shizhen has recorded the fact that people eating meat from wild animals are prone to develop diseases in the Compendium of Materia Medica in detail.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:25, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

3 针灸起源于2000多年前的中国。从本质上说，它的作用是改善生命能量的顺畅流动，也就是中国人所说的“气”，从身体的主要器官到皮肤、肌肉、肌腱、骨骼和关节等身体组织。
Acupuncture originated in China more than 2,000 years ago. Essentially, it functions by improving the smooth flow of life force energy, known in Chinese as qi, from the body's primary organs to body tissues of the skin, muscles, tendons, bones, and joints.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:25, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

4 三国的时候，曹操常常头痛剧烈，寝食难安。于是就请来了神医华佗为他医治。华佗对曹操说，要想根治此病，除非抛开头颅，做一个手术。
During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao often had severe headaches and could not sleep well. So he invited hua Tuo, an outstanding doctor, to treat him. He told Cao Cao that the only way to cure the disease was to open his brain and perform an operation. --[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:25, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Three Kingdoms period,Cao Cao often suffer severe headaches making him have trouble sleeping and eating.So he invited hua Tuo, an outstanding doctor, to treat him. He told Cao Cao that the only way to cure the disease was to open his brain and perform an operation.-[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 01:37, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==
1.中药剂量是指临床应用时的分量。它主要指明了每味药的成人一日量。中药绝大多数来源于生药，安全剂量幅度较大，用量不像化学药品那样严格，但用量得当与否，也是直接影响药效的发挥、临床效果好坏的重要因素之一。

The dosage of traditional Chinese medicine refers to the amount of clinical application. It mainly indicates the adult daily dose of each medicine. The vast majority of traditional Chinese medicine comes from crude drugs, the safe dose range is larger, the dosage is not as strict as chemical drugs, but the dosage is appropriate or not, is also one of the important factors that directly affect the efficacy and clinical effect.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 09:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.导致误诊的原因很多，医生责任心不强、病史采集不全、不细心体检、不适当解释和评价检查结果、不密切观察病情等均可引起误诊。其中以病史采集不全引起者最为多见。

There are many reasons for misdiagnosis, such as doctors' weak sense of responsibility, incomplete collection of medical history, careless physical examination, improper interpretation and evaluation of examination results, and lack of close observation of the disease, etc. Among them, incomplete history collection is the most common cause.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 09:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分，也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。千百年来，对保卫健康，繁衍民族，有过卓越的贡献，直到如今，仍然担当着这个任务，为广大群众所信赖。

Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a part of the medical heritage of the motherland, and also a unique national medical method in China. For thousands of years, he has made outstanding contributions to the protection of health and the reproduction of the nation. Up to now, he still undertakes this task and is trusted by the masses.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 09:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中国医药学具有数千年的悠久历史，它是中国人民长期以来与疾病作斗争的智慧结晶，是我们优秀民族文化遗产中的一颗璀灿明珠。千百年来，中国医药学为中华民族的繁衍昌盛和促进世界医学的发展作出了卓越的贡献。

Chinese medicine has a long history of thousands of years. It is the wisdom of the Chinese people to fight against diseases for a long time. It is also a shining pearl in our excellent national cultural heritage. For thousands of years, Chinese medicine has made outstanding contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation and the development of world medicine.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 09:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.中药指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Traditional Chinese medicine refers to the substance used in prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory, and possesses the function of recovery and health care.

2.脉象的产生与心脏的波动，心气的盛衰，脉道的通利和和气血的盈亏直接相关。

The condition of pulse is directly related to the fluctuation of heart, the rise and fall of heart-qi, the degree of patency and the quantity of Qi and blood.

3.灸法以预制的灸炷或灸草在体表一定的穴位上烧灼、熏熨，利用热的刺激来预防和治疗疾病。

Moxibustion utilizes prefabricated moxibustion stick or moxibustion grass to cauterize and fumigate certain acupoints on the body surface to prevent and treat diseases by hot stimulation.

4.华佗医术全面，尤其擅长外科，精于手术。并精通内、妇、儿、针灸各科。

Hua Tuo mastered comprehensive medical skills, especially good at surgery and proficient in operation, internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 02:08, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

1.中医重“德”的作用，所谓德，就是能够正确履行自己职责的一种品质。在传统中国哲学中，四季变化是天的德，生养万物是地的德。中医认为，如果一种生命不能正确发挥自己的职能，就可能导致疾病发生。

The traditional Chinese medicine emphasizes the “virtue”, which is the quality of being able to fulfill one’s duties. In the Chinese traditional philosophy, the virtue of heaven is to perform the changing of seasons while the virtue of earth is to grow all the living things. According to traditional Chinese medicine, if a living thing fails to perform duties, diseases may occur.

2.中药毒性有广义狭义之分，有别于现代药物毒性概念，同时，中药有严格的毒性分级和使用禁忌。“是药三分毒”，在中医理论指导下合理用药是问题关键，加强中药安全性评价研究是保证中药安全有效的基础。

The toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine has its broad sense and narrow sense, which is different from the concept of medicine toxicity in modern times. Meanwhile, there are strict classifications of toxicity and contraindications to prescribe the medicine. All medicine have certain toxicity. Therefore, to prescribe medicine directed by the theory of traditional Chinese medicine is the key to the problem, and to strengthen the research on safety evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine is the basis to ensure the safety and effectiveness of that.

3.我国古代医家早就认识到预防疾病的重要性，并提出了“防病于未然”的学术思想，而艾灸除了有治疗作用外，还有预防疾病和保健的作用，这在古代文献中有很多记载。

Chinese ancient doctors have long recognized the importance of disease prevention, and put forward the academic thought of "preventing disease before it happens". Moxibustion is not only a therapeutic method, but also helpful in disease prevention and health care, which was recorded in many ancient documents.

4.在西医未传入中国之前，我们的祖祖辈辈都用中医中药来治疗疾病，挽救了无数人的生命。中医对疾病的治疗是宏观的、全面的。但是到了现代，随着西方自然科学和哲学的进入，西方医学的思维方式和研究方法构成了对中医学的挑战。

Before the introduction of Western medicine into China, traditional Chinese medicine was used by our ancestors to treat diseases and saved countless lives. Traditional Chinese medication is a macro and comprehensive method. However, in modern times, along with the introduction of the western natural science and philosophy, the mode of thinking and research method are brought into China, thereby causing a threat to traditional Chinese medicine science. --[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 07:01, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in primitive society. The theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine has basically taken shape during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. In addition, it has far-reaching influence on the countries of the Chinese character culture circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and Vietnamese medicine are all developed on the basis of Chinese medicine.

2.在我国丰富的医药学遗产中，有一部闻名中外的药物大辞典——《本草纲目》。它是我国明代杰出的医药学家和药物学家李时珍用了毕生精力，总结前人和群众的经验，加上自己辛勤的劳动实践，才写成的。

Among the rich medical heritage in our country, there is a well-known dictionary of medicines at home and abroad-"Compendium of Materia Medica". It was written by Li Shizhen, an outstanding medical scientist and pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty in my country, who spent his entire life, summing up the experience of predecessors and the masses, and his own hard work practice.

3.针法是指在中医理论的指导下把针具（通常指毫针）按照一定的角度刺入患者体内，运用捻转与提插等针刺手法来对人体特定部位进行刺激从而达到治疗疾病的目的。刺入点称为人体腧穴，简称穴位。根据最新针灸学教材统计，人体共有361个正经穴位。

Acupuncture refers to piercing a needle (usually a filiform needle) into the patient's body at a certain angle under the guidance of Chinese medicine theory, and using acupuncture techniques such as twisting and lifting to stimulate specific parts of the human body to achieve the purpose of curing diseases . The point of penetration is called acupoint of the human body, or acupoint for short. According to the latest statistics of acupuncture and moxibustion textbooks, there are 361 serious meridian points in the human body.

4.《黄帝内经》奠定了人体生理、病理、诊断以及治疗的认识基础，是中国影响极大的一部医学著作，被称为医之始祖。

"The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic" laid the foundation for the understanding of human physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment. It is a medical work with great influence in China and is known as the ancestor of medicine.--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 04:35, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1-中医（TCM）是一种广泛的医学实践，它们具有2000多年的传统，并在中国已发展出一些共同的概念，包括各种形式的草药，针灸，推拿，运动（气功）和饮食疗法。

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy.

2-传统中药中常用的草药包括：黄芪,银杏叶,红色酵母米,肉桂,生姜,参,Gotu可乐,曹玉兴。
Herbs commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine include:Astragalus, Ginkgo biloba,Red yeast rice.Cinnamon.Ginger.Ginseng.Gotu kola.Yu Xing Cao.

传统中药中常用的草药包括：黄芪,银杏叶,红曲米,肉桂,生姜,人参,雷公根,鱼腥草。
Herbs commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine include:Astragalus, Ginkgo biloba,Red yeast rice,Cinnamon,Ginger,Ginseng,Gotu kola and Yu Xing Cao.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:40, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

3-针灸是中药的重要组成部分。
Acupuncture and moxibustion are important components of Chinese traditional medicine.

4-中国拥有世界上最古老的医疗系统之一。针灸和中药疗法至少可以追溯到2200年，尽管最早的中药书面记录是公元前3世纪的黄帝内经。
China has one of the world's oldest medical systems. Acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies date back at least 2,200 years, although the earliest known written record of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic) from the 3rd century BC.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 13:15, 3 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

China has one of the world's oldest medical systems. Acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies date back at least 2,200 years, although the earliest known written record of Chinese medicine is The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic (Huangdi Neijing)from the 3rd century BC.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 03:35, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Pingki, Tanchangya==
1.传统中医已有2000多年的历史，在中医中阴主要指机体的物质方面，阳则指机能，中医通过实践来改善其思想观念。
Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history over 2000 years.In TCM, Yin refers largely to the material aspect of the organism and Yang to functions.Traditional Chinese medicine improve their ideas and views through practice.

2.一位中医观察患者的面部表情，呼吸，咳嗽，肤色并感觉到自己的脉搏。一个好的医生可以区分20多种脉冲。
A Chinese physician observes patient's facial expression, breathing, cough,skin colour and feels his pulse. A good doctor can distinguish more than 20 types of pulse.

3.在汉代，司马迁在《史记》中记录了针灸史学家的成功。
In Han Dynasty, a historian success with acupuncture and moxibustion is recorded in Records of the Historian by Sima Qian.

4.边是司马迁《史记》中的著名医生。他在医学和五个感觉器官方面非常熟练。
Bian Que was a famous doctor in Sima Qian's Records of the Historian. He was very skilled in medicine and five sense organs.

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==
1、中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。
Chinese medicine was born in primitive society. Its theory was basically formed in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States Period, and has been summarized and developed in successive dynasties. In addition, it has a profound influence on countries in the cultural circle of Chinese characters. For example, Japanese medicine, South Korean medicine, North Korean medicine, and Eastern Vietnamese medicine are all developed on the basis of Chinese medicine.
2、在长期的医疗实践活动中，历代医家积累了丰富的临床诊断经验，形成了中国特有的完整的诊病体系，即四诊(望、闻、问、切)、辨证与辨病。
In the long period of medical practice, doctors of all dynasties have accumulated rich experience in clinical diagnosis and formed a complete diagnostic system unique to China, namely, four diagnostic methods (observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating), syndrome differentiation and disease differentiation.

3、艾灸，是用艾叶制成的艾条，艾柱，产生的艾热刺激人体穴位或特定部位，通过激发经气的活动来调整人体紊乱的生理生化功能，从而达到防病治病目的的一种治疗方法。
Moxibustion is a treatment method that uses mugwort leaves to stimulate the acupuncture points or specific parts of the human body and adjust the physiological and biochemical functions of the human body by stimulating the activity of channels and collaterals, so as to achieve the purpose of disease prevention and treatment.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 03:31, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

1. Traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology embodies a great many valuable ideas.

中医和药理学蕴含着许多宝贵的思想.

2. In traditional Chinese medicine, doctors use four basic diagnostic methods: observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating.

在中医中，医生使用四种基本的诊断方法：观察，听和闻，询问和触诊。

3. Acupuncture and moxibustion are important components of Chinese traditional medicine.

针灸是中药的重要组成部分。

4. Preventive medicine, so highly acclaimed by people today, has always been stressed in traditional Chinese medicine.

预防医学在当今中医界中一直受到人们的高度赞扬，一直受到人们的高度重视。--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 04:44, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Seydou, Sagara==

1 Chinese medicinal refers to the medicines applied under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory. It is mainly composed of medicines from plants, animals, and minerals. Because most of the medicines are plants, traditional Chinese medicine is also known as “herbal medicine’’

2 Reading of the electric acupuncture are large and they coincide with indications of traditional acupuncture can also treat.

3 More than a thousand years ago, Chine medicine had already spread into and interacted with the medical culture in Asia, Europe and even appreciate by world health Organization. Chinese medicine is developing too fast and very efficient.

1中药是指在中医理论指导下应用的药物. 它主要由植物，动物和矿物质制成. 由于大多数药物都是植物，因此中药也被称为“草药”.

2 电针的阅读量很大，它们与传统针灸的适应症吻合，也可以治疗.

3一千多年前，中国医学已经在亚洲，欧洲传播并与医学文化互动，甚至受到世界卫生组织的赞赏。中药发展太快而且效率很高.--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 13:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1.中药熬制时长应该根据药材的性质以及患者的病情来决定，没有固定的最佳时间。一幅中药一般煎两次比较好，不宜多次煎煮。

The decocting time of traditional Chinese medicine should be determined by the nature of the medicinal material and the condition of patients. There is no fixed optimal time. A piece of Traditional Chinese medicine generally decocted twice is better, should not be decocted for many times.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 10:19, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.药理学的学科任务是要为阐明药物作用及作用机制、改善药物质量、提高药物疗效、防治不良反应提供理论依据；研究开发新药、发现药物新用途并为探索细胞生理生化及病理过程提供实验资料。

The mission of pharmacology is to provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the effects and mechanisms of drugs, improving drug quality, enhancing drug efficacy, and preventing adverse reactions; to research and develop new drugs, discover new uses for drugs, and provide experimental data for exploring cellular physiological, biochemical, and pathological processes.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 10:19, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.艾灸历史源远流长，纵观艾灸的发展，可分为两个里程，第一个是传统艾灸，第二个是现代艾灸，不论是传统艾灸还是现代艾灸都有各自的特点、优势和不足之处。

Moxibustion has a long history. Throughout the development of moxibustion, it can be divided into two milestones, the first is traditional moxibustion, the second is modern moxibustion, both of them have their own characteristics, advantages and deficiencies.
--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 10:19, 6 December 2020 (UTC)
4.中草药的使用从可以追溯到几千年前，是我们中华民族的宝贵财富。现在西医的发展，西药和抗生素的使用，由西方传来，引起了人们对中药的热议，近些年对于中草药的使用和发展，依然存在着一些问题和争议。

The use of Chinese herbal medicine dates back thousands of years and is a valuable asset of our Chinese nation. Nowadays, the development of Western medicine, the use of Western drugs and antibiotics, which came from the West, has caused a lot of discussion on Chinese medicine, and in recent years, there are still some problems and controversies regarding the use and development of Chinese herbs.----

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.我国劳动人民几千年来在与疾病作斗争的过程中，通过实践逐渐积累了丰富的医药知识。由于太古时期文字未兴，这些知识只能依靠师承口授，后来有了文字，便逐渐记录下来，中药出现了医药书籍。这些书籍起到了总结前人经验并便于流传和推广的作用。

In struggling with diseases for the past thousands of years, Chinese working people have accumulated rich medical knowledge through practice. In the immemorial time when words were not invented, these knowledge can only be inherited from teachers and be taught through oral languages. They were recorded after the invention of words, which were medicine books. These books summarize experience the forefathers to help its circulation and promotion.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 00:42, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

2.疾病是一个由发生到缓解的连续过程。在作诊断时，病人往往处于疾病的某一阶段，医生只能根据当时掌握的资料，经分析推理，得出诊断。这个诊断是否切合病的总体情况，还需要在临床实践中，通过进一步观察病情演变、继续收集资料以及客观地观察治疗反应来验看。
Disease is a serial process from its onset to remission. At the time of diagnosis, the patient is often at a certain stage of the disease and physician can only make a diagnosis based on the information available through analysis and reasoning. Whether the diagnosis fits in with the overall condition needs to be examined through further observation of the evolution of the disease, continued data collection and objective observation of the response to treatment in clinical practice.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 00:42, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

3.由于针灸疗法具有独特的优势，有广泛的适应性，疗效迅速显著，操作方法简便易行，医疗费用经济，极少副作用，远在唐代，中国针灸就如今传播到日本、朝鲜、印度、阿拉伯等国家，繁衍出具有异域特色的针灸医学。到如今为止，针灸已经传播世界140多个国家和地区，为保障全人类的生命健康发挥了巨大的作用。
Due to the unique its strengths including wide applicability, rapid effectiveness, easy operational approach, a small amount of medical expenses and few side effects, it was spread to countries such as Japan, the North Korea, India and Arab. And they developed acupuncture with their own characteristics. Until now, it has been spread to over 140 countries and regions and played a great role in securing health of all human kind.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 00:42, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

4.当今，电子商务已经进入市场。预计在不久的将来，作为医学咨询或医疗、预防等辅助手段，电子医疗和网上医院一定会走向社会，走入市场。但必须强调一句，无论科学怎样发达，电子医疗、远程会诊都不能代替最基本的医生与患者面对面的诊疗。
Nowadays, e-business has entered the market. Supposedly, e-medicare and online hospital which act as auxiliary approaches and boast functions of medical consultation, medicare and prevention will enter the market. But it is necessary to emphasize that e-medicare and long-distance consultation will not replace face-to-face diagnosis between doctors and patients no matter how advanced technology is.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 00:42, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1. 所谓道地药材，又称地道药材，是优质纯真药材的专用名词，它是指历史悠久、产地适宜、品种优良、产量宏丰、炮制考究、疗效突出、带有地域特点的药材。如甘肃的当归，宁夏的枸杞，青海的大黄，内蒙的黄芪，东北的人参、细辛、五味子，山西的党参，河南的地黄、牛膝、山药、菊花等。

The so-called authentic medicinal materials, also known as authentic medicinal materials, is a term for high-quality pure medicinal materials. It refers to medicinal materials with a long history, suitable production area, excellent variety, great output, sophisticated processing, outstanding curative effect, and regional characteristics. Such as Angelica from Gansu, Chinese wolfberry from Ningxia, Rhubarb from Qinghai, Astragalus from Inner Mongolia, Ginseng, Asarum, Schisandra from Northeast, Codonopsis from Shanxi, Rehmannia, Achyranthes, Chinese yam, Chrysanthemum, etc.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 望诊，是对病人的神、色、形、态、舌象等进行有目的的观察，以测知内脏病变，中医通过大量的医疗实践，逐渐认识到机体外部，特别是面部、舌质，舌苔与脏腑的关系非常密切。

Inspection is a purposeful observation of the patient’s look, color, shape, state, tongue, etc. to detect visceral lesions. Through a large number of medical practices, Chinese medicine gradually recognizes the outside of the body, especially the face and tongue. The tongue coating has a very close relationship with the viscera.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that it does not rely on taking medicine to cure the disease, but only punctures a certain part of the patient's body with a needle to pierce the nerve and cause a local reaction, or use the warm heat of fire to stimulate the local area to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. The former is called acupuncture, and the latter is called moxibustion, collectively referred to as acupuncture therapy.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 新中国成立后特别是改革开放以来，党中央、国务院高度重视中医药工作，制定了一系列政策措施，推动中医药事业发展取得了显著成就。中医药总体规模不断扩大，发展水平和服务能力逐步提高，初步形成了医疗、保健、科研、教育、产业、文化整体发展新格局，对经济社会发展贡献度明显提升。

After the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance to the work of Chinese medicine, formulated a series of policies and measures, and made notable achievements in promoting the development of Chinese medicine. The overall scale of traditional Chinese medicine has continued to expand, and the level of development and service capabilities have gradually improved. A new pattern for the overall development of medical care, health care, scientific research, education, industry, and culture has initially formed, and its contribution to economic and social development has increased significantly.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

1中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分。在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草药、针灸、推拿和气功。中医为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贡献。如今，中医和西医在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料，备受世界而瞩目。

Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture. It is defined as a medical science governing the traditional Chinese medical theory and practice, and it includes Chinese therapies, herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage and Qigong. TCM has made great contributions to the prosperity of China, and today both western medicine and TCM are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic treatment, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot of attention from the international community.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 03:16, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

2.针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络，调和气血，来达到阴阳平衡，脏腑调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络，治疗病痛的目的。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 03:16, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

3.中药主要由植物药(根、茎、叶、果)、动物药(内脏、皮、骨、器官)和矿物药组成。因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特，认为中药有四气五味。“四气”指的是药性的“寒热温凉”，“五味”指的是药物的“辛酸甘苦咸”。

Traditional Chinese medicine mainly consists of plant medicine(roots,stems,leaves,fruits), animal medicine(viscera,skins,bones,organs), and mineral medicine. Chinese herbal medicine is based on plant medicine. According to the unique application theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that it contains “four natures and flavors.” “Four matures” refers to the properties of “coldness, heat, mildness, and coolness,” while “five flavors” refers to the properties of being “pungent, sour, sweet,bitter and salty”.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 03:16, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

1.余知百病生于气也。怒则气上，喜则气缓，悲则气消，恐则气下，惊则气乱，思则气结。

I know that many diseases are caused by imbalance of Qi. Anger leads to upward-surging Qi, joy smoother Qi, sadness Qi depression, fear downward-flowing Qi, frightening Qi disorder and meditation Qi stagnation.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2.望而知之者，望见其五色，以知其病。望诊中的五色。按照五行学说，青属木属肝，黄属土属脾，赤属火属心，白属金属肺，黑属水属肾。

An excellent doctor can get to know the disease by observing his or her Wuse (According to the theory of five elements, Green relates to the liver, Yellow the spleen, Red the heart, White the lung, and Black the kidney.)--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3.人于无病时，常灸关元、气海、命门……虽未得长生，亦可得百余岁矣。

When there is no disease, people often acupuncture their Guanyuan, Qihai, Mingmen. In this way, they can live to be over 100 years old even if unable to be immortal.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4.太阳之为病，脉浮，头项强痛而恶寒。

Problems in Taiyang Meridian result in a floating pulse, strong pain on the head and aversion to cold.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

1.中药在我国古代被称为“本草”。“本草”一词，沿用已有两千多年之久。一指中国传统医药学中的药物，二指中国传统药物学及药物学专著，如《本草纲目》。

Traditional Chinese medicine was called "Materia Medica" in ancient China,which has been used for more than 2000 years. On the one hand，it refers to the drugs in traditional Chinese medicine;on the the other hand,it refers to Chinese traditional pharmacology and pharmacology monographs, such as Compendium of Materia Medica.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 06:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.诊断内容可以是实体性疾病或某种生理状态，也可以是综合征。有时是某主要症状、体征或检查结果。完整的临床诊断应包括病因、病理形态和病理生理方面的内容。诊断就其内容的含义还可分为描述性和实体性两大类。

The diagnosis can range from a solid disease or a physical condition to a syndrome. Sometimes it is a major symptom, sign, or test result. A complete clinical diagnosis should include the etiological, morphological, and pathophysiological aspects of the disease. Diagnoses can also be classified as descriptive or substantive in terms of the meaning of their content.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 06:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸由“针”和“灸”构成，是东方医学的重要组成部分之一，其内容包括针灸理论、腧穴、针灸技术以及相关器具，在形成、应用和发展的过程中，具有鲜明的中华民族文化与地域特征，是基于中华民族文化和科学传统产生的宝贵遗产。

Acupuncture ,which consists of "needles" and "moxibustion", is one of the important components of Oriental medicine. It includes acupuncture theory, acupoints, acupuncture techniques and related instruments. In the process of its formation, application and development, acupuncture boasts distinctive Chinese cultural and regional characteristics,which is a valuable heritage based on the cultural and scientific traditions of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 06:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.综观中药学发展历史，我们可以看到，它的发展轨迹基本上遵循着由简单到复杂，由低级到高级的规律发展，并与社会各个时期的政治、经济、科学、文化密切相关，是系统的、科学的实践经验的总结，是一个伟大的宝库。

Throughout the development history of traditional Chinese medicine, we can see that its development track basically follows the law from simple to complex, from low to high end, and closely related to politics, economy, science and culture in various periods of society. It is a systematic and scientific summary of practical experience and a great treasure house. --[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 06:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

1.汤剂是中药最为常用的剂型之一。汤剂的制作对煎具、用水、火候、煮法都有一定的要求。煎药用具以砂锅、瓦罐为好，搪瓷罐次之，忌用铜铁锅，以免发生化学变化，影响疗效。
Decoction is one of the most commonly used dosage forms of Chinese medicine. The preparation of decoction has certain requirements for decoction, water, heat, and cooking methods. The decocting utensils are preferably casserole and earthenware pots, followed by enamel pots. Avoid using copper and iron pots to avoid chemical changes and affect the efficacy.

2.药理学是研究药物与机体间相互作用规律及其药物作用机制的一门科学，主要包括药效动力学和药代动力学两个方面。前者是阐明药物对机体的作用和作用原理,后者阐明药物在体内吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄等过程,及药物效应和血药浓度随时间消长的规律。
Pharmacology is a science that studies the law of interaction between drugs and the body and the mechanism of drug action, including pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The former is to clarify the role and principle of the drug on the body, the latter clarifies the process of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion in the body, and the law of drug effects and blood drug concentration with time.

3.针灸由“针”和“灸”构成，是东方医学的重要组成部分之一，其内容包括针灸理论、腧穴、针灸技术以及相关器具，在形成、应用和发展的过程中，具有鲜明的中华民族文化与地域特征，是基于中华民族文化和科学传统产生的宝贵遗产。
Acupuncture is composed of "needles" and "moxibustion". It is one of the important components of Oriental medicine. Its content includes acupuncture theory, acupoints, acupuncture techniques and related appliances. In the process of formation, application and development, it has a distinctive Chinese nation Cultural and regional characteristics are precious heritage based on the Chinese nation’s cultural and scientific traditions.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:16, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==

1.自古以来，中医药就是古丝绸之路沿线国家交流合作的重要内容，伴随早期的商贸活动在沿线国家落地生根，以不同形态成为沿线民众共享共建的卫生资源。

Since ancient time， Chinese medicine has been the essential part of exchanges and cooperation among countries along the ancient Silk Route. With the early commercial activities taking root in these countries, TCM has become a health resource jointly shared and built by the people along the Silk Road in different forms. --[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2.医学科学的任务是防治疾病，益寿延年，而诊断学对人体生命活动状态和疾病的认识，则是防治疾病、预防早衰的基础。

The task of medical science is to prevent and cure diseases and prolong life, while diagnosis, studying activities and diseases of human life, is the basis of preventing and curing diseases and preventing premature senility.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Medical science aims to prevent and cure diseases as well as to prolong longevity, while Diagnosis, studying activities and diseases of human body, is the basis of preventing and curing diseases and preventing premature senility.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:17, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3.灸法是有着上千年历史的中医外治法,其疗效已经被历朝历代无数医家临床实践所证实。随着艾灸疗法临床范围的不断扩大，对其治病机理的探究也在进一步深入。

Moxibustion is an external treatment of traditional Chinese medicine with a history of thousands of years. Its curative effect has been proved by clinical practices of countless doctors in successive dynasties. With the continuous expansion of the clinical scope of moxibustion therapy, the research on the mechanism of its treatment is further deepened. --[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4.随着政府相关部门对中医药全产业链监管政策法规的日趋完善，中药材的质量将有大幅提升，生产工艺的不断优化和物流条件的改善使得中成药和中药饮片的质量也将随之迈上一个新台阶，中药疗效将愈加有保障。

With the improvement of the regulatory policies and regulations of relevant government and departments on the whole traditional Chinese medicine industry chain, the quality of TCM material will have a dramatic improvement. The continuous optimization of production technology and the improvement of logistics conditions will make the quality of TCM proprietary drugs and TCM prepared slices step up to a new level. In addition, the efficacy of TCM will be more and more guaranteed. --[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

1.传统中医理论描述了特殊的穴位，或指穴位，它们位于体内的经脉上。据信，在人体内的经脉（这些经脉并不真实存在）里流动着一股能量——一种叫做“气”的生命力。

1.Traditional Chinese medical theory describes special acupoints, or acupressure points, that lie along meridians, or channels, in your body. It is believed that through these invisible channels flows vital energy -- or a life force called qi (ch'i).

2.太阳穴在耳廓前面，前额两侧，外眼角延长线的上方。太阳穴在中医经络学上被称为“经外奇穴”，也是最早被各家武术拳谱列为要害部位的“死穴”之一。
2.Temple is in front of the auricle, both sides of the forehead and above the extension line of the outer corner of the eye. Temple in traditional Chinese medicine is known as "the magic point outside meridian ", and is also among the earliest one being considered as "killing point" by many martial arts books.

3.百会(GV20)是督脉(主脉)的重要穴位之一，常用于神经病学和精神病学，百会穴位于头部，前发际正中直上5寸。针灸和中医常通过按摩百会穴来“清觉”和“镇定精神”。

3.Baihui (GV20) is one of the most important points of the Du meridian (the government vessel) and is commonly used in neurology and psychiatry。It is located in the head, 5 inches perpendicular to the center of the front hairline. In the practice of acupuncture and Chinese Medicine, Bai Hui is used generally to “clear the senses” and “calm the Spirit.”

4.风池穴是人体的穴位，在头额后面大筋的两旁与耳垂平行处，所属经络为足少阳胆经。按摩风池穴可以缓解目眩、目昏、目痛等。

4.Fengchi is an point of human body that is parallel to the earlobe on both sides of the tendon behind the forehead, and belongs to the meridian of foot shaoyang gallbladder. Massaging the fengchi point can help relieve your dizziness, ease the pain of your eyes and so on .--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 13:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

1.我国劳动人民几千年来在与疾病作斗争的过程中，通过实践，不断认识，逐渐积累了丰富的医药知识。由于太古时期文字未兴，这些知识只能依靠师承口授，后来有了文字，便逐渐记录下来，中药出现了医药书籍。

1.In the course of fighting against diseases for thousands of years, the working people of our country have gradually accumulated a wealth of medical knowledge through practice and continuous understanding.Due to the lack of literature in the Archaic period, these knowledge could only be taught orally by teachers. Later, when words were written, they were gradually recorded, and Chinese medicine books appeared.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

1. In the course of fighting against diseases for thousands of years, the working people of China have gradually accumulated rich medical knowledge through continuous practices and understanding. As the lack of written language in the Archaic period, these knowledge could only be handed down by teaching orally. Later, these knowlege were recorded since the appearencce of characters. Then there were Chinese medicine books.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:49, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2.药理学的方法是实验性的，即在严格控制的条件下观察药物对机体或其组成部分的作用规律并分析其客观作用原理。

2.The method of pharmacology is experimental, that is to observe the law of action of drugs on the body or its components under the condition of strict control and analyze its objective principle of action.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

3.The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that it does not rely on taking medicine to cure the disease. It only pierces a certain part of the patient's body with a needle to pierce the nerve and cause a local reaction, or use the warm heat of fire to stimulate the local area to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. The former is called acupuncture, and the latter is called moxibustion, collectively referred to as acupuncture moxibustion.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4.中国医药学已有数千年的历史，是我国人民长期同疾病作斗争的极为丰富的经验总结，对于中华民族的繁荣昌盛有着巨大的贡献。由于药物中草类占大多数，所以记载药物的书籍便称为“本草”。

4.Chinese medicine has a history of thousands of years. It is a summary of the extremely rich experience of our people in the long-term struggle against diseases, and has made a huge contribution to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. Since herbs account for the majority of medicines, books that record medicines are called "Materia Medica".--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1.以人名命药名：有些中药的用名带有传说色彩，这些药多半是以发现者或最初使用者的名字来做药名。

Naming after people:The names of some medicines are legendary. The names of these medicines are mostly based on the name of the discoverer or original user of the medicine.

Naming the medicine after a person’s name :The names of some medicines are legendary. The names of these medicines are mostly based on the names of the discoverers or original users of the medicine.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:55, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Naming after people:The names of some medicines are legendary and most of them use the name of the discoverers or original users of the medicine.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 01:46, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.问诊内容涉及范围很广，是获取疾病信息的重要途径，很多名老中医非常重视问候，问诊包括问一般情况，问生活史，问家族病史和既往病史，问起病，问现在症。

The inquiring covers a wide range of topics which is an important way to obtain information about the disease, and many famous TCM physicians attach great importance to it, including inquiring about the general information, life history, family and past medical history, onset of illness, and present symptoms.

3.灸法是以预制的灸炷或灸草在体表一定的穴位上烧灼、熏熨，利用热的刺激来预防和治疗疾病。通常以艾草最为常用，故而称为艾灸，另有隔药灸、柳条灸、灯芯灸、桑枝灸等方法。如今人们生活中也经常用到的多是艾条灸。

Moxibustion is the use of ignited preprepared moxa cones or grass to heat over the points of skin or certain locations in the human body by using heat to prevent and treat disease. The most common use of moxibustion is usually moxahood thus named moxibustion,and there are also many different equipment and materials being used,such as moxibustion through herbs, wicker moxibustion, wicker moxibustion, and mulberry moxibustion.Nowadays, moxibustion is very popular used in people's lives.

4.新中国成立以后，对中医药事业高度重视，先后制定了许多有利于中药发展的措施，中医药的教育、科研事业也有了空前的发展。

After the founding of People's Repulic of China, it has attached great importance to TCM, and has formulated many conducive measures to the development of TCM, thus the education and scientific research of TCM have also achieved unprecedented development

Since the founding of People's Republic of China, great attention has been paid to Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) that a lot of measures benificial to its development have been implemented and great progress has been made in the education and scientific research of TCM.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 02:17, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Xie Fan 解帆==
1.中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Under the guidance of the theory, traditional Chinese medicine is used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and has the function of rehabilitation and health care.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:09, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine refers to the substances used in the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases under the guidance of TCM theory, and has the function of rehabilitation and health care.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.中医药方是传统中医文化的智慧结晶和组成部分。可以说，如果没有那些神奇灵妙的药方，中医必将黯淡无光，奇迹也将无从谈起。

Chinese medicine prescription is the crystallization and essential component of TCM culture. It can be said that without those magic ones, Chinese medicine will lose its luster, let alone any miracles.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:09, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine prescription is the wisdom crystallization and component of TCM culture. It can be said that without those miraculous ones, traditional Chinese medicine will be dim, let alone any miracles.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸以通经脉，调气血，使阴阳归于相对平衡，脏腑功能趋于调和，从而达到防疾病的目的。

By connectting the meridians,regulating qi and blood,Acupuncture and moxibustion break a balance between Yin and Yang,and harmonize the functions of viscera, so as to prevent diseases.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:09, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

By connectting the meridians,regulating qi and blood,Acupuncture and moxibustion bring a relative balance between Yin and Yang,and harmonize the functions of viscera, so as to prevent diseases.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医学以阴阳五行作为理论基础，将人体看成是气、形、神的统一体，通过“望闻问切”四诊合参的方法，探求病因、病性、病位。

Based on the Yin and Yang theory and the theory of five elements, TCM regards the human body as the unity of qi, form and spirit, and explores the etiology, pathogenesis and location of diseases through the method of "observing the overall way the patient looks, listening to the voice and observing any odor, asking questions, and feeling the patient’s pulse".--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:09, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Based on the theory of Yin, Yang and five elements, TCM regards the human body as the unity of Qi, form and spirit, and explores the etiology, nature and location of the disease through the method of "look, listen, ask and feel the pules".--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.中药绝大多数来源于生药，安全剂量幅度较大，用量不像化学药品那样严格，但用量得当与否，也是直接影响药效的发挥、临床效果好坏的重要因素之一。

The vast majority of Chinese medicines are made of raw materials, which allows a high safe dosage. They are not so strict as chemicals in terms of dosage but whether it is appropriate or not will directly affects the drug efficacy and clinical results.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2.传统的中医诊法包括望、闻、问、切四诊，主要依靠医生的视觉、触觉、听觉、嗅觉等感觉器官收集病情资料，但依据人体五官收集的资料，其分辨率低、信息量少，难以合参；模糊性大，有很大的主观性，且量化与客观化不足，缺少定性与定量结合的综合分析。

Traditional diagnostic methods include looking, listening, asking and pulse feeling, which mainly rely on the doctor's senses such as sight, touch, hearing, and smell to collect information about the patient's condition. Such information is rough, vague and subjective, and it is difficult to be quantified, so there is a lack of comprehensive analysis using qualitative and quantitative methods.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

3.出针时医生应先以左手拇、食指按住针孔周围皮肤，右手持针作轻微捻转，慢慢将针提至皮下，然后将针起出，用消毒干棉球揉按针孔，以防出血。

When withdrawing the needle, the doctor should first press the skin around the needle hole with the left thumb and index finger, then twist the needle slightly with the right hand and slowly lift the needle to the subendothelial layer, then draw the needle out and press the needle hole with a sterile dry cotton ball to prevent bleeding.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

4.清朝末年，中国受西方列强侵略，国运衰弱。同时现代医学（西医）大量涌入，严重冲击了中医发展。中国出现许多人士主张医学现代化，中医学受到巨大的挑战。

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, China was invaded by Western powers, and then went through a difficult time. At the same period, the modern medicine was brought into China, which severely impacted the development of traditional Chinese medicine. Voices of advocating medical modernization emerged in China, and position of the Chinese medicine was greatly challenged.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

==Xu Jing 许静==
1. 东汉末年，社会动荡，民不聊生，人祸导致疫灾，成千上万贫民百姓死于以伤寒病为代表的疾病和瘟疫。一个叫张机的河南人，面对处于水深火热之中的百姓，痛下决心要悬壶济世，造福一方。

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, social unrest and discontent led to epidemics, with tens of thousands of poor people dying from diseases and epidemics such as typhoid fever. In the face of the people stranded in this plight, Zhang Ji, a man in Henan province, was determined to practise medicine to help and benefit the people.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 11:28, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 古人很早就注意到，由于体力活动、精神、饮食之干扰，都能使脉象出现一时性变化，如疾行、剧动后脉弦数有力，愤怒后脉多弦大，饮酒之后洪大弦滑，食后右脉浮滑等。以上所述系诊脉理想时间，但非指其它时间不能诊脉。

The ancients had long noted that physical activity, mental and dietary disturbances could cause temporary changes in the pulse, such as a stronger and tenser pulse after walking fast and vigorously, a wirier and larger pulse after anger, a louder and more slippery pulse after drinking alcohol, and a more superficial and slippery right pulse after eating. The above mentioned times are ideal for diagnosing the pulse, but they do not mean that the pulse cannot be diagnosed at other times.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 11:28, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 现代研究表明，以艾灸治疗气滞血瘀所致的疼痛性疾病具有较好的疗效，从中医的角度来理解，就是艾灸的温通效应。主要用于各种痛症、以肿胀为特点的疾病（如腹胀）及各种气滞所导致的病症（如气滞所致的便秘）等。临床可局部灸、循经灸、对症灸。

Modern research has shown that moxibustion is effective in treating painful conditions caused by Qi stagnation and blood stasis, which in Chinese medicine is the warming effect of moxibustion. It is mainly used for a variety of painful conditions, diseases characterised by swelling (e.g. abdominal distension) and various conditions caused by Qi stagnation (e.g. constipation due to Qi stagnation). Clinical moxibustion can be applied topically, via the meridians or symptomatically.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 11:28, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 对一些地方在中小学尝试“识百草”、加强中医药文化教育的做法，专家们表示肯定。安徽中医药大学校长王键说，中医药传承更为根本的是要“从娃娃抓起”，中医药知识要写进中小学课本，为中医药的传承创造良好的社会土壤和环境。

The experts commented favourably that some places have tried to promote "learning about all kinds of herbs" in primary and secondary schools and strengthen the education of TCM culture. Wang Jian, president of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, said that it is more fundamental to grasp the heritage of TCM from childhood, and that knowledge of TCM should be written into primary and secondary school textbooks to create a good social soil and environment for the inheriting of TCM.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 11:28, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==
1. “中药”一词在不同的历史时期存在不同的内涵，随着中医药理论实践的发展，其内涵不断得以丰富，形式不断得到拓展。

1. The term “traditional Chinese medicine” has different connotations in different historical periods, and with the development of Chinese medicine theory and practice, its connotations are constantly enriched and its forms are constantly expanded.

1. The term “traditional Chinese medicine” has different connotations in different historical periods. With the development of Chinese medicine theory and practice, its connotations are constantly enriched and its forms are constantly expanded.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:50, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 对于人体疾病的诊断过程是一个认识过程，认识的目的在于进一步指导实践。而望、闻、问、切四诊，是认证识病的主要方法。

2. The process of diagnosing is about understanding, aiming to further guide practice. The four diagnostic methods of looking, listening, questioning and feeling the pulse are the main methods to know about the disease.

3. 针灸的原理是刺激能量中心以达到治疗效果。人体的本质是一个能量体，经络是能量网格。

3.The principle of acupuncture is to stimulate the energy center to achieve a therapeutic effect. The nature of the human body is an energy body, and the meridians are energy grids.

4. 早在几千年前的远古时代，我们的祖先在日常饮食劳作和与大自然的抗争中就积累了一些用药知识。

4. Thousands of years ago, in ancient times, our ancestors accumulated some knowledge of medicine in their daily life and struggle with nature.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 12:12, 2 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

Ancestors in ancient times accumulated some knowledge of medical and pharmacy in their daily life and in the fight with nature.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 03:38, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

1. 如今，随着对中药资源的开发和研究，许多民间药物也归入中药的范畴。所以，中药是以中医理论为基础，用于防治疾病的植物，动物矿物及其加工品，不论产于中国，外国均称中药。 Nowadays, with the development and research of Chinese medicine resources, many folk medicines are also included in the category of Chinese medicine. Therefore, Chinese medicine is based on the theory of Chinese medicine. Plants, animal minerals and processed products used to prevent and treat diseases are called Chinese medicine regardless of whether they are produced in China or abroad.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 02:50, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 四诊的基本原理是建立在整体观念和恒动观念的基础上的，是阴阳五行、藏象经络、病因病机等基础理论的具体运用。The basic principles of the Four Diagnoses are based on the overall concept and the concept of perpetual movement, and are the specific application of basic theories such as Yin-Yang and Five Elements, Zangxiang Meridian, etiology and pathogenesis.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 02:50, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 艾叶实际上是一种中药，而且具有着非常大的作用，能够宣理气血、除湿开郁。艾叶针灸的方法是通过安火的温热刺激，达到治疗的作用。Mugwort is actually a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, and it has a very great effect, which can regulate qi and blood, remove dampness and relieve depression. The method of acupuncture and moxibustion of mugwort is to achieve the therapeutic effect through the warm stimulation of Anhuo.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 02:50, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 清代医家张志聪说过：“不明四书者不可以为儒，不明本论（《伤寒论》）者不可以为医。”后该书流传海外，亦颇受国外医学界推崇，成为研读的重要典籍。 Zhang Zhicong, a physician in the Qing Dynasty, said: “Those who do not understand the Four Books cannot be Confucianism, and those who do not understand the original theory ("Treatise on Febrile Diseases") cannot be medical." Later, the book spread overseas and was highly praised by foreign medical circles and became an important study.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 02:50, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hui 阳慧==

1.中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。
Traditional Chinese medicine bears the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people's struggle against disease . It is a medical theory system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectics.

Traditional Chinese medicine carries the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people's struggle against disease . It is a medical theory system gradually shaped and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectics.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 03:23, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.食疗与药疗是相对而言的，只是食物的作用缓，和，副作用小;药物的作用显著，副作用大。因此，食疗应该是日常生活中比较方便的既廉价，方便又健康的。
Dietotherapy and drug therapy are relative, but the effect of food is slow, and, side effects are small ;The action of the medicine shows off, the side effect is big.Therefore, dietotherapy should be more convenient in daily life both cheap, convenient and healthy.

Dietotherapy and drug therapy are relative, but the effect of food is slow and side effects are minor while the effect of the medicine is remarkable and the side effects are major. Therefore, dietotherapy is more convenient in daily life, cheap, convenient and healthy.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:49, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经络是运行全身气血，联络脏腑肢节，沟通上下内外的通路。经，有路径的意思，是经络系统的主干;络，有网络的意思，是经脉的分支，纵横交错，网络全身。
The channels and collaterals are the way to run the whole body qi and blood, connect the viscera and limbs, and communicate the upper and lower internal and external.Classics, has the meaning of the path, is the main trunk of the meridian system ;Collateral, have network meaning, is the branch of meridian, crisscross, network whole body.

4.中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。
Chinese medicine was born in primitive society, the theory of Chinese medicine in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period has been basically formed, and has been summarized and developed throughout the ages.Besides, it has a profound influence on the countries of Chinese cultural circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, East Vietnamese medicine and so on.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 08:08, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was born in primitive society. TCM theory was basically formed in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States Period, and has been summarized and developed in successive dynasties. In addition, it has a far-reaching impact on the countries in the Chinese character cultural circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, North Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and East Vietnam medicine, which are all developed on the basis of TCM. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==
1、中医师中华文化不可分割的一部分，为中华的繁荣昌盛做出了极大的贡献。中医，以其独特的诊断手法、悠久的历史和显著的疗效被用来医治各种癌症和重大疾病。

Traditional Chinese Medicine is an indispensable part of Chinese culture. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, have been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese Medicine is an indispensable part of Chinese culture. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, has been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 13:02, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

2、望、闻、问、切是中医的四诊。望诊，是对病人的神、色、形、态、舌象等进行有目的的观察，以测知脏病变，中医通过大量的医疗实践，逐渐认识到机体外部，特别是面部、舌质，舌苔与脏腑的关系非常密切。

Looking, smelling, asking, and cutting are the four diagnoses of Chinese medicine. Inspection is the purposeful observation of the patient’s look, color, shape, state, tongue, etc. to detect visceral lesions. Through a large number of medical practices, Chinese medicine gradually recognizes that the outside of the body, especially the face, tonguet and tongue coating has a very close relationship with the viscera.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3、灸法是以艾绒作为主要原料，制成艾炷或艾条，或将艾绒置于特制的容器中，点燃后，在体表一定的穴位上熏灼、温熨，借助灸火的温和热力的刺激，并通过经络的传导，腧穴的功用，起到温通经络，行气活血，扶正祛邪的作用，从而达到治疗疾病和防病保健目的的一种疗法。

Moxibution is a therapy which treats and prevents diseases by means of moxa wool, the main material in the therapy inthe forms of moxa cones or sticks. The combustion of the moxa wool permits transmission of heat to points or certain locations of human body. With the heat, the points and meridians would be stimulated so that the purpose of warning the meridians and collaterals, invigorating the flow of Qi and blood, strengthening the body resistance and eliminating pathogens from the body is achieved.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4、中医产生于原始社会，春秋战国中医理论已经基本形成，出现了解剖和医学分科，已经采用“四诊”。

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in primitive society. The theory of Chinese medicine in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period has basically taken shape. Anatomy and medical divisions have appeared, and the "four diagnosis" has been adopted.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

1. 中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。Traditional Chinese medicine carries the experience and theoretical knowledge of the Chinese people in fighting against diseases. It is a medical theory system that has been gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectics. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:05, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 病史采集和体格检查是医生的基本功，而正是这项基本技能却随着临床检查仪器和设备的不断更新，正被越来越多的医生所轻视，“望、闻、问、切”正逐渐成为医学历史的痕迹。
Medical record and physical examination are regarded as basic skills of medical workers. But now more and more doctors despise these basic skills as clinical equipments are renewed continually. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:05, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 有人质疑针灸的效用极其微弱不足以创建临床关系，认为显示针灸有效果的研究结论可能是安慰剂效应、不完全双盲实验或发表偏倚的结果。
Some people questioned that the effectiveness of acupuncture is extremely weak and insufficient to create a clinical relationship. They believe that the conclusions of studies showing the effectiveness of acupuncture may be the result of placebo effects, incomplete double-blind experiments, or publication bias. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:05, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 中医上的理物论主要体现在" 人禀天地之气而生" 、" 形与神俱，不可分离" 与" 疾病可知，又可防治" 这些观点中。
In TCM, materialism means that the existence of human beings depends on the interaction between the celestial qi and terrestrial qi. The spirit and the body are inseparable. Diseases are cognizable and curable. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:05, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==
1. 中医学在长期的发展过程中，逐渐形成了一整套医学原则和观点。中医认为“万物人为贵”，将救死扶伤作为职业道德规范
During its long process of development , TCM has gradually developed a complete set of medical principles and concepts. It believes that “nothing is more important than a human life.” It regards healing the sick and rescuing the dying as its professional ethics.
2.中医注重无病防病，强调以食补来延缓衰老，减少疾病
TCM pays attention to the prevention of diseases, advocating the food treatment approach to defer senility and reduce diseases.
3.中医理论认为，社会环境与自然环境相互作用，相互依存，人的身心也是一种相互作用，互为依存的关系
According to TCM theory, the relationship between the social environment and natural environment, as well as relationship between the human body and spirits is of mutual influence and independence --[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 02:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.中医中药在中国古老的大地上已经运用了几千年的历史，经过几千年的临床实践，证实了中国的中医中药无论是在治病上、在防病上，还是在养生上，都是确凿有效可行的。

Traditional Chinese medicine has been applied for thousands of years in the ancient land of China. After thousands of years of clinical practice, it has been proved that Traditional Chinese medicine is effective and feasible in treating and preventing disease and maintaining health.

2.中药药理学是以中医基本理论为指导，用药理学的方法研究中药对机体各种功能的影响及其作用原理的科学。重点研究与中医理论有关的现代科学研究中药的成果，通过研究和实验了解中药药理研究的概貌。

Chinese medicine pharmacology is the science of studying the effects of Chinese medicine on various functions of the body and the principles of action by means of pharmacology under the guidance of the basic theories of Chinese medicine. Attention is paid on the research of modern scientific research on Traditional Chinese medicine related to the theory of Traditional Chinese medicine, through research and experiment to understand the general picture of pharmacological research on traditional Chinese medicine.

3.针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分，也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。千百年来，对保卫健康，繁衍民族，有过卓越的贡献，直到如今，仍然担当着这个任务，为广大群众所信赖。

Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a part of the Chinese medical heritage, as well as a unique ethnic medical method in China. For thousands of years, it has made outstanding contributions to the protection of health and the reproduction of the nation. Until now, it still bears this task and is trusted by the broad masses.

Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a part of the Chinese medical heritage, as well as a unique ethnic medical method in China. For thousands of years, it has made outstanding contributions to keeping health and breeding the nation. Until now, it still bears this task and is trusted by the broad masses.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.在西医未传入中国之前，我们的祖祖辈辈都用中医中药来治疗疾病，挽救了无数人的生命。中医对疾病的治疗是宏观的、全面的。但是到了现代，随着西方自然科学和哲学的进入，西方医学的思维方式和研究方法构成了对中医学的挑战。

Before western medicine was introduced into China, generations of our ancestors used traditional chinese medicine to treat diseases and save countless lives. The treatment of diseases in TCM is macroscopic and comprehensive. However, in modern times, with the introduction of western natural science and philosophy, the way of thinking and research methods of western medicine have posed a great challenge to Traditional Chinese medicine.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 03:21, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==

1.这部本草载药844种，并附有药物图谱，开创了我国本草著作图文对照的先例，不但对我国药物学的发展有很大影响，而且不久即流传国外；对世界医药的发展作出了重要贡献。

There are 844 kinds of herbal medicines in this book, which is attached with drug atlas. It sets a precedent for the comparison of Chinese herbal works with pictures and texts. It not only has a great influence on the development of Chinese pharmacology, but also spreads abroad soon, making an important contribution to the development of medicine in the world.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.李时珍的《本草纲目》(1596)在药物发展史上有巨大贡献，是我国传统医学的经典著作，全书共52卷，约190万字，收载药物1892种，插图1160帧，药方11000余条，是现今研究中药药理学的必读书籍，在国际上有七种文字译本流传。

Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica (1596) has made great contributions to the development of drug. It is a classic work of traditional Chinese medicine with 52 volumes and about 1.9 million words. It contains 1892 kinds of drugs, 1160 pictures and more than 11000 prescriptions, which is a necessary book for the study of Pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine. There are seven versions of it in the world.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

The characteristic of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is not to take medicine, but to prick nerves and cause reactions, or to burn skin with warm fire stimulation, so as to achieve the purpose of treatment. The former is called acupuncture, and the latter is called moxibustion.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中药产业是我国医药产业中独具特色和优势的领域，中药在我国使用已有五千年的历史积累，拥有系统的中医理论和丰富的临床经验。以现代科技手段开发中药，与化学药物和生物技术药物相比，具有风险低、命中率高、周期短、成本低的显著优势。

Traditional Chinese medicine industry is a unique and advantageous field in China's pharmaceutical industry. Chinese medicine has been used in China for 5000 years, and has systematic TCM theory and rich clinical experience. Compared with chemical drugs and biotechnological drugs, the development of traditional Chinese medicine by modern scientific and technological means has obvious advantages of low risk, high hit rate, short cycle and low cost.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

中医认为人体是一个有机整体，是由若干脏器和组织、器官所组成的。各个组织、器官都有着各自不同的功能，决定了机体的整体统一性。

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) holds that human body is integral, composed of numerous organs, and tissues. Each tissue and organ boasts sundry functions, determining the whole body’s integral unity.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) holds that human body is integral, composed of numerous organs and tissues. Each tissue and organ boasts respective functions, determining the whole body’s integral unity.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:28, 3 December 2020 (UTC)
TCM emphasis the human body as a organic whole, comprising numerous organs and tissues. Respective function of each organ or tissue makes up this entity.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:45, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

新冠肺炎疫情中，中医药在救治工作中也发挥了更加重要、更为广泛的作用。强化中西医结合、中医深度介入诊疗过程，成为医疗救治的鲜明特点，中医药在全国各地新冠肺炎防治中的价值被极大地肯定。

During the COVId-19 pandemic, TCM has played a more significant and widespread role on the medical work. The strengthening of the combination between TCM and Western medicine, and the deep intervention into therapy of TCM have become vivid specialties of medical therapy, thus gaining great affirmation for its value in the process of the prevention and diagnosis of COVID-19 across China.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

药理学的学科任务是要为阐明药物作用及作用机制、改善药物质量、提高药物疗效、防治不良反应提供理论依据；研究开发新药、发现药物新用途并为探索细胞生理生化及病理过程提供实验资料。

The academic task of pharmacy is to offer theoretical gists for the explanation of the effects and effective mechanism of medicine, improvement of the quality of medicine, improvement of effects of medicine, prevention and control of side effects, and to provide experimental data for the exploration of the new functions of medicine and the discovery of the physiological, biological, chemical and pathological processes of cells.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture, as an approach to curing illnesses, is unique to China. It is a medical skill appealing to” taking external measures to treat internal illnesses”. And it also remedies sickness through conducting the meridians and acupoints, and applying certain methods of operation.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1. 她的团队从2000多种传统中药配方中提取了数百种药物，在疟疾感染的老鼠身上进行试验，最终锁定了一种青蒿提取物。
Starting from 2000 traditional Chinese medicine remedies, her team made hundreds of herbal extracts and tested them in malaria-infected mice, finally settling on one made from sweet wormwood.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 11:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2.金莲花在生物学、药物化学、药理学、药剂学和临床等方面具有很高的应用价值。
Trollius chinensis Bge in pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacy and clinical application has higher application value.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 11:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸在中国自远古以来就被用作医疗手段了。针刺麻醉在外科手术上正在得到广泛应用。
Acupuncture has been used as medical means since antiquity in China. Acupuncture anesthesia is rapidly gaining ground in surgical operations.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 11:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Acupuncture has been used as a medical treatment in China since ancient times. Acupuncture anesthesia is being widely used in surgery.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:50, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.随着人类回归大自然愿望的增强，以及崇尚天然药物和传统疗法的兴起，中医药发展方兴未艾，并已经传播到世界120多个国家和地区，受到各国人民的欢迎。
As the aspiration of mankind for coming back to the mature increase, the natural medicine and the traditional therapy are now arising and being beeo development quite well. The traditional Chinese medicine has been given warm welcome by the people all over the world.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 11:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

With the increasing desire of mankind to return to nature, and the rise of respect for natural medicine and traditional therapies, the TCM is flourishing, and has spread to more than 120 countries and regions around the world, and is welcomed by people from all over the world. --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。
Chinese medicine embodies the experiences and theoretical knowledge which gained from ancient Chinese’ fightings with diseases. It’s a medical theoretical system which gradually formed and developed through long time medical practices under the guidance of ancient Naive Materialism and spontaneous dialectics.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

四诊指的是望、闻、问、切。古称“诊法”。
The Four Diagnosis refers to inspection, olfaction, and auscultation, also known as diagnostic methods in ancient times.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

根据中国传统医学，健康的身体取决于一种极其重要的能量循环，这就是身体中的“气”。
According to traditional Chinese medicine, a healthy body depends on a significant energy circulation, which refers to “Qi” in one’s body.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

就宏观来看，中医发展前景由于近些年的宣传和支持算是打开了一定局面，但由于中医学科的特殊性，良莠不齐的现象还是很普遍，
In the bigger picture, Chinese medicine is opening up a new prospect with publicity and supports in recent years. However, due to specialty of the subject of Chinese medicine, it’s still popular that the good and bad are intermingled.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Hui 张慧==
1.中医药事业是我国医药卫生事业的重要组成部分。国家大力发展中医药事业，实行中西医并重的方针，建立符合中医药特点的管理制度，充分发挥中医药在我国医药卫生事业中的作用。

The state vigorously develops the cause of Chinese medicine, implements the policy of equal emphasis on Chinese and Western medicine, establishes a management system that meets the characteristics of Chinese medicine, and gives full play to the role of Chinese medicine in my country's medical and health services.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an important part of China's medical and health undertakings. The state vigorously develops TCM, implements the policy of giving equal emphasis to both Chinese and Western medicine, establishes a management system in line with the characteristics of TCM, and gives full play to the role of TCM in China's medical and health undertakings.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:11, 3 December 2020 (UTC)
2.药理学是基础医学与临床医学，医学与药学之间的桥梁学科。在药理学科学的理论指导下进行临床实践，在实验研究的基础上丰富药理学理论。

Pharmacology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, medicine and pharmacy. We can carry out clinical practice under the theoretical guidance of pharmacological science and enrich pharmacological theory on the basis of experimental research.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Pharmacology is a discipline that bridges the gap between basic medicine and clinical medicine, between medicine and pharmacy. Clinical practice is guided by the theories of the science of pharmacology, and the theories of pharmacology are enriched on the basis of experimental research.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:11, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.艾灸历史源远流长，纵观艾灸的发展，可分为两个里程，第一个是传统艾灸，第二个是现代艾灸，不论是传统艾灸还是现代艾灸都有各自的特点、优势和不足之处。

Moxibustion has a long history. From the development of moxibustion, it can be divided into two milestones. The first is traditional moxibustion and the second is modern moxibustion. Both traditional and modern moxibustion have their own characteristics, Strengths and weaknesses.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Moxibustion has a long history. Throughout the development of moxibustion, it can be divided into two milestones, the first is traditional moxibustion, the second is modern moxibustion, both traditional and modern moxibustion have their own characteristics, advantages and shortcomings.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:11, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医药作为我国独特的卫生资源、潜力巨大的经济资源、具有原创优势的科技资源、优秀的文化资源和重要的生态资源，在经济社会发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。

As China's unique health resources, economic resources with huge potential, scientific and technological resources with original advantages, excellent cultural resources and important ecological resources, Chinese medicine plays an increasingly important role in economic and social development.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

As China's unique health resources, economic resources with great potential, scientific and technological resources with original advantages, excellent cultural resources and important ecological resources, Chinese medicine plays an increasingly important role in economic and social development.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:11, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1. 中国历史上有“神农尝百草，日遇七十二毒”的传说，反映了古代劳动人民在与自然和疾病作斗争的过程中发现药物、积累经验的艰苦过程，也是中药起源于生产劳动的真实写照。

In Chinese history, there is a legend that "Shen Nong ever suffered 72 poisons in trying herb medicines”, which reflects the hard process of discovering drugs and accumulating experience in the process of fighting against nature and diseases. It is also a true portrayal of the origin of traditional Chinese medicine from productive labor. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 脉诊在我国有悠久的历史，它是我国古代医学家长期医疗实践的经验总结。据不完全统计，清代以前脉学著述已不下一百多种。其中虽有重复，但是仍不同程度地反映了我国古代脉学的发展。

Pulse-feeling has a long history in China. It is the experience summary of ancient Chinese medical practice. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 100 kinds of studies about pulse-feeling before Qing Dynasty. Although there are some repetitions, they still reflect the development of the sphygmology in ancient China. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 灸法的起源与火的发现和使用有着密切的关系，当身体有某种不适时，用火去烘烤得以减轻，继而用各种树枝作为施灸工具，逐渐发展到艾灸。

The origin of moxibustion is closely related to the discovery and use of fire. When one feels unwell, the uncomfortable symptom can be reduced by baking with fire, and then various branches are used as moxibustion tools, which gradually developed into moxibustion. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

The origin of moxibustion is closely related to the discovery and use of fire. When one feels bad, the uncomfortable symptom can be reduced by baking with fire, and then various branches are used as moxibustion tools, which gradually developed into moxibustion. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:14, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 华佗是一位精通医术的著名医生，尤其出名的是他在外科方面的成就。当华佗成功地应用麻沸散麻醉病人而进行腹部手术时，世界其它国家的外科麻醉术尚处于摸索阶段。

Hua Tuo is a distinguished doctor who is proficient in medical skills, and he is especially famous for his achievements in surgery. When Hua Tuo successfully used mafeisan to anesthetize patients for abdominal surgery, the surgical anesthesia in other countries in the world was still in the exploratory stage. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Hua Tuo was a distinguished doctor proficient in medical skills, and he was especially famous for his achievements in surgery. When Hua Tuo successfully used mafeisan to anesthetize patients for abdominal surgery, the surgical anesthesia in other countries in the world was still in the exploratory stage. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:14, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==
中医是研究人体生理病理以及疾病的诊断和防治的一门学科。
TCM is a subject focus on the physiology, pathology and the prevention and diagnose of disease.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:38, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a subject that explores the physiology and pathology of human body and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:20, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

把脉是中国古代传统医学家独创创，即用手指按脉，根据脉象来诊断疾病。
pulse taking, invented in ancient China, needs somebody use the finger to feel the pulse so as to diagnose.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:38, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
Pulse monitoring, initiated by ancient Chinese traditional medicine researchers, is a method of pressing the pulse with the finger and diagnosing diseases according to the pulse condition.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:20, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

针灸治疗很温和，无痛，也很放松。
Acupuncture treatment is gentle, painless and relaxing.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:38, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
Acupuncture is mild, painless and relaxing--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:20, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

1. 每种中药都有自己特定的适宜生长环境。中药的地域特色——“道地性”——是指特定的地域所产的药材具有独特的药效。道地药材在某种意义上代表着药材的优异品质,也就是药材中的名牌了。

Each Chinese medicine has its own specific suitable growth environment. The regional characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine-"authentic"-refer to the unique efficacy of the medicinal materials produced in a specific region. Genuine medicinal materials represent the excellent quality of medicinal materials in a sense, that is, the famous brand of medicinal materials.

2. 用自然之物养生或治病的生活智慧，是中国人留传亘古的宝贵遗产。这就是至今仍让一些外国人以为是迷信、妖术的中医学。追溯中医学的历史可知，“世间百草皆入药”，是人类逐步认识自然和总结实践经验的产物。

The wisdom of using natural things to preserve one's health or cure diseases is a precious legacy left by the Chinese people. This is traditional Chinese medicine, which still makes some foreigners think it is superstition and witchcraft. Tracing back to the history of traditional Chinese medicine, we can see that "all herbs in the world are used as medicines", which is the product of human beings' gradual understanding of nature and summing up practical experience.

3. 针刺疗法简称“针刺”，是古人将金属制作的细针刺入人体的某些部位，即穴位，来达到治病的目的。由于汉语为单音词，人们通常习惯于将“针刺疗法”与“灸法”并称为“针灸”。“灸”法是烧灼的意思，是用草纸将干燥的艾叶等卷成圆柱状，点燃一端靠近皮肤，利用艾叶燃烧时所散发出来的热量刺激人体穴位治疗疾病。

Acupuncture therapy is referred to as "acupuncture" for short. The ancients put fine needles made of metal into some parts of the human body, i.e. Acupuncture points, to achieve the purpose of curing diseases. As Chinese is a monosyllabic word, people are usually used to calling "acupuncture therapy" and "moxibustion method" acupuncture and moxibustion ". "Moxibustion" means cauterization. It is to roll dry Artemisia argyi leaves and the like into a cylinder with straw paper, ignite one end close to the skin, and use the heat emitted by the burning of Artemisia argyi leaves to stimulate human acupuncture points to treat diseases.

4. 近几十年来，中医在海外尤其是在西方发展迅猛。从某种角度看，这显示了传统医学与占主流的西方医学的一次互补。实际上，中医与西医在海外的相遇已有几百年了；奇妙的是，我们在这一历史中，始终可以感觉到隐含在中医里的那种柔和似水的力量。
In recent decades, traditional Chinese medicine has developed rapidly overseas, especially in the West. From a certain point of view, this shows a complementarity between traditional medicine and mainstream western medicine. In fact, Chinese medicine and Western medicine have met overseas for hundreds of years. Amazingly, in this history, we can always feel the soft and watery power hidden in traditional Chinese medicine.

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==

1. 中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本汉方医学，韩国韩医学，朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

Traditional Chinese Medicine was born in primitive society. The theory of Chinese medicine has basically taken shape during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period and developed in later dynasties. In addition, it has a far-reaching influence on the countries which have Chinese character culture. For example, Japanese Kampo medicine, Korean medicine, North Korean medicine, and Vietnamese Dong medicine are all developed on the basis of Chinese medicine.

2. 药理学是基础医学与临床医学，医学与药学之间的桥梁学科。在药理学科学的理论指导下进行临床实践，在实验研究的基础上丰富药理学理论。

Pharmacology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, medicine and pharmacy. We should carry out clinical practice under the theoretical guidance of pharmacological science and enrich pharmacological theory on the basis of experimental research.

3. 灸法是以预制的灸炷或灸草在体表一定的穴位上烧灼、熏熨，利用热的刺激来预防和治疗疾病。通常以艾草最为常用，故而称为艾灸。

Moxibustion uses prefabricated moxibustion sticks or moxibustion grass to burn and iron on certain acupoints on the body surface, using heat stimulation to prevent and treat diseases. Moxa is usually the most commonly used, so it is called moxibustion.

4. 扁鹊是中医学的开山鼻祖,世人敬他为神医。从司马迁的不朽之作《史记》及先秦的一些典籍中可以看到扁鹊既真实又带有传奇色彩的一生。

Bian Que is the originator of Traditional Chinese medicine. The world respected him as a highly skilled doctor. From Sima Qian's immortal work "Historical Records" and some of the classics of the pre-Qin period, we can see that Bian Que's life is both true and legendary.--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 13:37, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.中医药，是包括汉族和少数民族医药在内的我国各民族医药的统称，反映了中华民族对生命、健康和疾病的认识。

Traditional Chinese Medicine, the general term for China’s medicine of ethnic groups including Han and minorities, reflects Chinese nation’s cognition to life, health and diseases.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese Medicine, reflecting Chinese people's knowledge about life, health and illness, is the general term for medicines of all ethnic groups of China including medicines of Han nationality and other ethnic minorities.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2.古代医药先贤对中草药和中医药学的深入探索、研究和总结，使得中草药得到了最广泛的认同与应用。如《本草纲目》被誉为“东方药物巨典”，对人类近代科学以及医学方面影响最大。

The ancient Chinese wise man of medicine deeply explored, researched and concluded the Chinese herbal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, leading to the wide recognition and application of the Chinese herbal medicine. For example, ''Compendium of Materia Medica'', honored as the great masterpiece of oriental medicine, has a far-reaching influence on modern human science and medicine.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.到如今为止，针灸已经传播世界140多个国家和地区，为保障全人类的生命健康发挥了巨大的作用。

By now acupuncture has spread to more than 140 countries and regions around the world, playing a great role in safeguarding the life and health of the whole of humanity.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

So far, acupuncture has spread to more than 140 countries and regions in the world, which has played a huge role in protecting the life and health of all mankind.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:45, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。

Traditional Chinese Medicine was born in primitive society, formed the fundamental theory of traditional Chinese medicine in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and further concluded and developed in other dynasties.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese Medicine was born in primitive society, formed its fundamental theory in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and further concluded and developed in the later dynasties.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:15, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
1.宋朝是我国成药大发展时期，设立有专门的制药、售药机构.

The Song Dynasty was a period of great development of medicines, when specialized pharmaceutical and drug sales agencies were established.

2.《黄帝内经》、《难经》、《神农本草经》和《伤寒杂病论》四部经典著作奠定了中医的理论基础。

The four classics "Huangdi Neijing", "Difficulty Classics", "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" and "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" laid the theoretical foundation of Chinese medicine.

3.明代是针灸发展的鼎盛时期，名医辈出，针灸理论研究逐渐深化，也出现了大量的针灸专著.

The Ming dynasty was the heyday of the development of acupuncture, when famous doctors appeared in large numbers, the theoretical research of it deepened, and a large number of acupuncture works appeared.

4.综观我国药物发展历程，可以看到其发展轨迹基本上遵循着由简单到复杂，由低级到高级的规律发生发展，并与社会各个时期的政治、经济、科学、文化密切相关.

Looking at the development history of drugs in my country, we can see that its development trajectory basically follows the law of development from simple to complex, from low-level to high-level, and is closely related to the politics, economy, science, and culture of society.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 02:00, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1.中医学是“以中医药理论与实践经验为主体，研究人类生命活动中医学中健康与疾病转化规律及其预防、诊断、治疗、康复和保健的综合性科学”。

Traditional Chinese medicine is "a comprehensive science that takes the theory and practical experience of traditional Chinese medicine as the main body, and studies the transformation laws of health and diseases, and its prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and health care in human life activities".

2.中医医生运用望、闻、问、切等对病人辩证审因，推断病机，确定病证，为预防、治疗疾病提供判断依据；运用中药方剂对病人进行整体治疗，或结合现代科技手段进行综合治疗。

Doctors of traditional Chinese medicine use looking, smelling, asking and cutting (Wang, Wen, Wen, Qie) to dialectically examine the causes of patients, infer the pathogenesis, determine the disease and syndrome, and provide judgment basis for preventing and treating diseases. They also use traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions to treat patients as a whole, or combine modern scientific and technological means to carry out comprehensive treatment.

3.艾灸，简称灸疗或灸法，是用艾叶制成的艾条，艾柱，产生的艾热刺激人体穴位或特定部位，通过激发经气的活动来调整人体紊乱的生理生化功能，从而达到防病治病目的的一种治疗方法。

Moxibustion, abbreviated as moxibustion or moxibustion, is a treatment method that uses moxa sticks and moxa pillars made of mugwort leaves to stimulate acupuncture points or specific parts of the human body, and adjusts the physiological and biochemical functions of human body disorders by stimulating the activities of meridians and qi, thus achieving the purpose of preventing and treating diseases.

4.中医药，是包括汉族和少数民族医药在内的我国各民族医药的统称，反映了中华民族对生命、健康和疾病的认识，具有悠久历史传统和独特理论及技术方法的医药学体系。

Traditional Chinese medicine is a general designation for the medicines of all ethnic groups in our country, including the medicines of the Han nationality and ethnic minorities. It reflects the Chinese nation's understanding of life, health and diseases and has a long historical tradition and unique theories and technical methods.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 08:29, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==
1.中医学凝聚着中华民族的健康养生理念和实践经验,在应对复杂疾病及慢性病、促进人类健康等方面具有独特的优势,并在国外掀起传播的热潮。

Traditional Chinese medicine represents the health regiment idea and practice experience, which has unique advantages in dealing with complicated diseases and chronic diseases, promoting human health and other aspects.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:40, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine embodies the concept and practical experience of health preservation of the Chinese nation. It has unique advantages in dealing with complex diseases and chronic diseases and promoting human health, and it has set off an upsurge of spread abroad.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2.一名好中医既要会号脉作出诊断，还要能根据病人情况开出一个最适合的药方。中药的汤药是不固定的。可以说每一个中医都要从头学起，号脉、开方的能力决定治疗水平。

A good Chinese medicine doctor is required to not only diagnose by feeling the pulse, but also write a most suitable prescription based on the patient’s condition. A decoction of medicinal ingredients of Chinese medicine is fixed. It can be said that every Chinese medicine doctor needs to study from the beginning and the ability of feeling the pulse and writing a prescription decides the treatment levels.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:40, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.简单来说艾灸就是利用艾草燃烧之后产生的温热能量来刺激人体特定部位，从而激发人体内部气的活动，进而达到保健养生的效果。

Briefly speaking, moxibustion is an activity that uses the thermal energy produced by burning the artemisia to stimulate specified parts of body, promoting the movement of qi within the body and further reaching the effect of health care.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:40, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.没有传承，中医药发展就没有根和魂；没有创新，中医药发展就没有活力和未来。

Without heritage, the development of TCM will be lack of its root and spirit; without innovation, the development of TCM will be short of vitality and future.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:40, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Without inheritance, the development of Chinese medicine will have no root and soul; without innovation, the development of Chinese medicine will have no vitality and future.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==
1.中国传统医学的治疗理念正逐渐被世界所接受，传统医药受到国际社会越来越多的关注，世界范围内对中医药的需求日益增长，这为中医药的发展提供了广阔的空间。

The treatment concept of traditional Chinese medicine is gradually being accepted by the world, receiving more and more attention from the international community. The demand for traditional Chinese medicine is increasing worldwide, which provides a broad space for the development of traditional Chinese medicine.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 10:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

The healing philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine is gradually being accepted by the world, traditional medicine is receiving more and more attention from the international community, and the demand for TCM is increasing worldwide, which provides a broad space for the development of TCM.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:35, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2.诊病，亦称辨病，是在中医学理论指导下，综合分析四诊资料，对疾病的病种作出判断，得出病名诊断的思维过程。

Diagnosis, also known as disease differentiation, is the thought process of comprehensively analyzing the data of the four diagnoses under the guidance of the theory of Chinese medicine, making judgments on the type of disease, and deriving the diagnosis of the disease name.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 10:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Diagnosis of diseases, also known as disease identification, is a thought process to comprehensively analyze the information of the four diagnoses under the guidance of Chinese medicine theory, make judgments on the types of diseases, and arrive at a diagnosis of disease names.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:35, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.在战国时代的《黄帝内经》中，已形成了人体完整的经络系统，并对针灸方法、针刺适应证等做了详细论述。

In the ''Huangdi Neijing'' of the Warring States Period, a complete meridian system of the human body has been formed, and acupuncture methods and indications of acupuncture are discussed in detail.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 10:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

In the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine of the Warring States period, the complete meridian system of the human body has been formed, and acupuncture methods, acupuncture indications, etc. have been discussed in detail.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:35, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中药在中国古籍中通称“本草”。我国最早的一部中药学专著是汉代的《神农本草经》，唐代由政府颁布的《新修本草》是世界上最早的药典。

Traditional Chinese medicine is commonly called "Materia Medica" in ancient Chinese books. The earliest monograph on traditional Chinese medicine in China is the ''Shen Nong's Materia Medica'' in the Han Dynasty. The ''Xinxiu Materia Medica'' promulgated by the government in the Tang Dynasty is the world's earliest pharmacopoeia.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 10:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Chinese medicine is commonly referred to as "materia medica" in ancient Chinese texts. China's earliest monograph on TCM is the Divine Husbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica (Divine Husbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica) from the Han Dynasty, and the Xin Xiu Ben Cao (Newly Revised Classic of the Materia Medica) from the Tang Dynasty is the world's oldest pharmacopoeia.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:35, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。

Traditional Chinese medicine bears the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people's struggle against diseases. It is a medical theoretical system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient naive materialism and spontaneous dialectics.

2. 问诊是询问病人及其家属，了解现有证象及其病史，为辨证提供依据的一种方法。

Inquiring is a method to inquire the patient and his family members, understand the existing syndromes and their medical history, and provide the basis for syndrome differentiation.

Interrogation is a method of asking patients and their family members, understanding the existing symptoms and medical history, and providing a basis for syndrome differentiation.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:01, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture is a unique Chinese treatment for diseases. It is a kind of medical method to treat internal diseases by external treatment". It is through the conduction of channels and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operations, to treat systemic diseases.

Acupuncture is a unique Chinese treatment for diseases and a medical method to "treat internal diseases by external treatments" which treat systemic diseases through the conduction of channels and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operations.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:19, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.东汉出现了著名医学家张仲景，他已经对“八纲”（阴阳、表里、虚实、寒热）有所认识，总结了“八法”。华佗则以精通外科手术和麻醉名闻天下，还创立了健身体操“五禽戏”。唐代孙思邈总结前人的理论并总结经验，收集5000多个药方，并采用辨证治疗，因医德最高，被人尊为“药王”。

Zhang Zhongjing, a famous medical scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He had already understood the "eight principal syndromes" (yin and yang, exterior and interior, cold and heat, under activity and over activity) and summarized the "eight methods". Hua Tuo was well known for his expertise in surgery and anesthesia, and founded the "the frolics of five animals" exercise program. Sun Simiao in the Tang Dynasty summarized the theories and experiences of his predecessors, collected more than 5,000 prescriptions, and treated them with syndrome differentiation. He was respected as the "king of medicine" for his highest medical ethics.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 09:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

1.简而言之，中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。由于中药以植物药居多，故有“诸药以草为本”的说法。

2.中药学是研究中药的基本理论和临床应用的学科，是中医药各专业的基础学科之一。

3.针灸如今可以治疗的病症达800多种，其中30%～40%治疗效果显著。包括一些常见疾病，功能性疾病，慢性病，某些疑难病症与急性病用以针灸辅助更见疗效。

4.现知的最早本草著作称为《神农本草经》，著者不详，根据其中记载的地名，可能是东汉医家修订前人著作而成。

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

中医预防医学首先强调人体在能量摄入上的平衡。没有能量，人的生命将无法维持。

TCM preventive medicine emphasizes first and foremost the balance of energy intake in the body. Without energy, human life cannot be sustained.

中医批评那种不注重整体性的诊治方式，是“头痛医头，脚痛医脚“。

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has criticized that kind of diagnosis and treatment as "stop-gap" and "removal of lesion" without focusing on a holistic approach.

针灸是中医的中药治疗方法，它的神奇疗效已为世人所知。

Acupuncture is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment method that has been well- known for its miraculous healing properties.

当前中药产业国际化进程还面临着出口产品结构单一、中药文化壁垒、海外准入门槛较高、出口分类不规范等挑战。

The current internationalization process of the TCM industry is still facing challenges such as single export product structure, cultural barriers to TCM, high threshold for overseas entry, and irregular export classification.--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==
1.中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为中华的繁荣昌盛做出了极大的贡献。如今，中医和西医都被世界各地的医生用来治疗疾病。中医，以其独特的诊断手法、悠久的历史和显著的疗效被用来医治各种癌症和重大疾病。中药不像西药那样会产生许多副作用。

Traditional Chinese Medicine is an indispensable part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Nowadays, both Traditional Chinese Medicine and western medicine are being used to cure people all around the world. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, have been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases. Unlike the western medicine, the TCM has fewer side effects.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 12:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.中医开得药方多包括植物的根、茎、树皮、叶子、种子或花，以及一些矿物质和动物器官。这些草药通常需要熬煮。为了配方，中医会将一些具有特殊功效的药草混合在一起。

Prescriptions are made from the roots, stems,bark, leaves, seeds or flowers of many plants, as well as some mineral and animal parts.The herbs are usually decocted into a soup.To make up a prescription, the TCM doctor carefully blends together a number of herbs which have specific functions.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 12:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.刮痧是以中医经络腧穴理论为指导，通过特制的刮痧器具和相应的手法，蘸取一定的介质，在体表进行反复刮动、摩擦。

Gua Sha is form guided by the theory of Meridians and collaterals and acupoints in traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) . By using special scraping instruments and corresponding ways to irritate repeatedly on the body surface with a certain medium.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 12:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.葛洪，东晋人，预防医学介导者，其理论包括了免疫学的萌芽思想。

Ge Hong is the mediator of preventive medicine,he was born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and his theory contains the sprout idea of immunity.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 12:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.中医药学是中华民族的传统医学，具有浓郁民族文化特色和天人合一的哲学认知优势，历史悠久，博大精深。

Traditional Chinese Medicine is the traditional medicine of the Chinese nation. It has strong national cultural characteristics and the philosophical cognition advantage of harmony between man and nature, which has a long history and is broad and profound.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 15:34, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

2.中医认为，疾病的发生发展及转归的过程，实质上就是正邪相争、损伤与抗损伤的博弈过程。中医治病运用的是扶正祛邪、标本兼治的辨证思想。

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the process of the occurrence, development and outcome of a disease is essentially a game between good and evil, injury and anti-injury. TCM treatment uses the dialectical thought of strengthening the body and eliminating evils, and treating both symptoms and root causes.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 15:34, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

3.针灸是以中医经络腧穴理论为指导，运用针具与艾叶等主要工具和材料，通过刺入或薰灼身体的特定部位，以调节人体平衡状态，从而达到保健和治疗疾病的传统知识与实践。

Acupuncture is guided by the theory of meridians and acupoints in Chinese medicine. It uses needles, wormwood and other main tools and materials to pierce or burn specific parts of the body to adjust the balance of the body, thereby achieving traditional knowledge and practice of health care and treatment of diseases.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 15:34, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

4.中医药文化作为我国传统文化的重要组成部分，蕴涵着丰富的哲学思想和精神价值，是前人留下的宝贵的非物质文化遗产，推进中医药文化的对外传播，对于提高国家软实力以及国际影响力，维护世界文化的多样性发展都具有重要的意义。

As an important part of our country’s traditional culture, TCM culture contains rich philosophical thoughts and spiritual values. It is a precious intangible cultural heritage left by predecessors. Promoting the external dissemination of TCM culture is of great significance for improving the country’s soft power and international Influence and maintaining the diversity of world culture.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 15:34, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

1.Traditional Chinese medicine aims to restore the body’s balance and harmony between the natural opposing forces of yin and yang, which can block qi and cause disease.

传统中药的目的是恢复人体自然平衡的阴阳力量之间的平衡与和谐。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Of major importance to clinical pharmacology are recent Traditional Chinese Medicine evidenced-based empirical studies, correlations, and interactions between herbs and pharmaceuticals, updated data on toxicity, adverse reactions, quality assurance, and herbal medicine standardization.

对于临床药理学而言，最重要的是最近的基于中医证据的实证研究，草药与药物之间的相关性和相互作用，毒性，不良反应，质量保证和草药标准化的最新数据。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.The purpose of moxibustion, as with most forms of traditional Chinese medicine, is to strengthen the blood, stimulate the flow of qi, and maintain general health.

与大多数传统中药一样，艾灸的目的是增强血液，刺激气血流动和维持整体健康。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.Traditional Chinese Medicine evolved as a system of medical practice from ancient China more than 2000 years ago.

中医从2000年前的古代中国发展成为一种医疗实践体系。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)